paris. - this exhibition explores a time of unprecedented artistic contact and creative effervescence in france, which many people know little about. it is the first major exhibition devoted to a turning point in french history, in the reigns of charles viii ( 1483 - 1498 ) and louis xii ( 1498 - 1515 ), which was dominated by the personality of anne de bretagne, successively the wife of both kings. a period of economic recovery, demographic growth, and territorial ambitions with the famous italian wars, as well as cultural development in the humanist spirit. it was also a time of exceptional flowering and sharp contrasts in art. nonetheless, these movements are often skimmed over to the extent that most books on europe european art in the period barely mention france at all. the exhibition draws on recent research and presents 200 masterly works which give a clearer view of france at a crucial intersection in history, while questioning the ideas of tradition and movement, continuity and breaks. it brings together exceptional ensembles by great artists, for example, paintings by the master of moulins, alias jean hey, the most famous french painter of the period, on loan from chicago, munich, brussels, autun or paris. remarkable collections of sculptures and stained glass from all over france, tapestries owned by public or private collections in europe and the united states, and rare pieces of gold work complete this panorama. the decoration of manuscripts or printed books was a significant aspect of art at the time, and is represented by a number of masterpieces, some generously lent by the bibliotheque nationale de france, which has a particularly rich collection of books from this period. the exhibition is divided into three main sections, taking a closer look at various facets of the art of the time : the stimulus : patrons and artists the first section explores the stimulating effect of direct contact between patrons and artists. the political capital of france in 1483 - 1515 did not have a monopoly of cultural activity. on the contrary, there was creative ferment throughout the country. without seeking to give an exhaustive tour of france, the exhibition focuses on several significant art centres in which individual and group commissions triggered creative endeavour : the val de loire, a favourite haunt of the french kings, the bourbonnais, under the influence of great princes, normandy, champagne, languedoc images of all kinds the recent invention of the printing press made the circulation of pictures and designs possible on an unprecedented scale and artists used recent or new media such as books and printed images as well


of great princes, normandy, champagne, languedoc images of all kinds the recent invention of the printing press made the circulation of pictures and designs possible on an unprecedented scale and artists used recent or new media such as books and printed images as well as medals or enamel work. versatile artists illustrated manuscripts and printed books and adapted the same models for cartoons for stained glass and tapestries. innovation was not always where one might expect : modern gothic ornament and ancient roman models were both successful and sometimes surprisingly found side - by - side. northern and southern influences the last part of the exhibition, rising to a crescendo, looks at the interaction between men, works and forms, some local and others coming from the north or south. artists settled permanently or briefly in france ; imported works provide evidence of the vitality of some sites ( altar pieces from antwerp, for example ) and the interest shown by french collectors. the exhibition offers spectacular groupings and comparisons, such as the four panels by the master of st giles, brought from london and washington. exceptional loans from the louvre and the art institute of chicago remind us that the french king and his entourage had bought works by artists such as andrea solario, baccio della porta ( fra bartolommeo ) and leonardo da vinci before 1515.


- drawing from imagination - recognizing the unique characteristics which define an animal. - working with details and patterns. realistic, pattern, unique characteristics you will need - 12 x 18 - inch white drawing paper - non - toxic black permanent markers - watercolor markers - pencils ( optional ) - set out the pencils, markers, and drawing paper. - have the watercolor markers ready, but put aside until the drawings are completed. creating the animals - explain to the children that, by combining the parts of three or more animals, they will be creating one - of - a - kind, never - before - seen animals. ask them to imagine an animal with an alligator ' s head, a tiger ' s body, and an elephant ' s ears. - discuss the unique characteristics which identify an animal, such as a squirrel ' s tail, a giraffe ' s neck, and a camel ' s hump. emphasize the importance of including patterns and details. for example, leopards and tigers have similar body shapes, but are immediately recognized by their spots or stripes. - have the children each draw one large animal combining the parts of three or more animals. older children appreciate drawing with pencils first and then going over their lines with the black markers. younger children work best drawing directly with the black markers. - when the drawings are completed, have the children color their animals with watercolor markers. since this project is most effective when the parts of the animals are quickly recognizable, encourage the children to use realistic colors as seen in nature. - have the children name their new species of animals by combining several sounds or syllables from the names of the animals used in the drawings, such as a " chelegator " ( ch - ele - gator ), which includes parts of a chicken, an elephant, and an alligator. the older children can work individually to name their animals, but plan this as a group activity with the younger children. - tongue twisters are fun, as long as the children are able to pronounce the names. - prepare a list of the unique characteristics which define some animals to offer when ideas run short. for a greater variety of even zanier animals, include insect and / or fish parts. - encourage the children to draw one large animal that fills their paper instead of several smaller ones. - for the most impact, the animals need to be quickly recognizable. encourage the children to include lots of details and use realistic colors. - young children tend to fill in their work with the black markers, so be


paper instead of several smaller ones. - for the most impact, the animals need to be quickly recognizable. encourage the children to include lots of details and use realistic colors. - young children tend to fill in their work with the black markers, so be sure they understand that colored markers will be available when their drawings are completed. - the lighter shades of watercolor markers work best because they won ' t cover up the black lines of the drawings. - ask the children to identify the different animal parts in the drawings. - discuss what information helps them to recognize these parts. - do i have to use three animals? - can i use ten animals? - my animal has four legs and they are all different. - do i have to use gray for my elephant ' s legs? i wanted to stripe them like a tiger ' s legs. - i ' ve never seen animals like these before! - the never - before - seen animals are more fun if you use at least three different animal parts. - you can decide the number of different animal part to use as long as you have included at least three. - be sure to draw and color the parts carefully, so we can have the fun of recognizing each one. - it will be easier to recognize the different animal parts if you color them as they are in nature. however, you as the artist can decide how to color your animal. - if all these animals were in a zoo, it would surely be a zany zoo!


research questions and answers commonly asked questions about nonhuman primate research why are nonhuman primates studied, and what kinds of research are conducted? for the most part, nonhuman primates are research subjects because they are so similar to humans, and the principal reason for this similarity is simple : humans * are * primates. current ideas are that the first primates appeared more than 60 million years ago. in contrast, the common ancestor of humans and african apes lived only about 5 - 8 million years ago ; so, for more than 50 million years, humans and the african apes have shared primate ancestry. shared ancestry is a major reason why human and nonhuman primates have many characteristics in common - - tool use, long - lasting social relationships, and complex communication systems. by learning about nonhuman primates we may come to learn more about ourselves. for example, humans walk upright, on two limbs - - we are bipedal. why might humans have evolved to be bipedal, when the vast majority of nonhuman primates are quadrupedal? individuals of certain nonhuman primate species, however, are bipedal for some activities. by studying those species of nonhuman primates that are occasionally bipedal, and discovering the circumstances in which they display bipedality, we may gain some understanding of the factors that promoted the evolution of bipedality in humans. human and nonhuman primates also share physiological characteristics. for example, the way in which the brains of rhesus monkeys and humans are organized is similar. one brain area that has been studied extensively is the visual system. neuroanatomical studies of the nonhuman primate brain have been extremely useful in helping us to understand how the human brain functions and how we see. in this way, nonhuman primates serve as models of particular processes that would be extremely difficult or impossible to study in humans. study of nonhuman primates has also contributed to our understanding of basic biological phenomena such as reproduction ; to better understanding of diseases such as aids ; and to the development of drugs, treatments, and vaccines for the promotion of better health for human and nonhuman primate alike. in fact, research conducted with nonhuman primates has contributed to nobel - prize - winning research : development of yellow fever vaccine ( 1951 ) ; culturing of poliovirus that ultimately led to a polio vaccine ( 1954 ) ; and the significant discoveries in visual processing in the brain ( 1981 ) ( reference


to nobel - prize - winning research : development of yellow fever vaccine ( 1951 ) ; culturing of poliovirus that ultimately led to a polio vaccine ( 1954 ) ; and the significant discoveries in visual processing in the brain ( 1981 ) ( reference : r. w. leader & d. stark, 1987, the importance of animals in biomedical research. perspectives in biology and medicine, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 470 - 485 ; see also the foundation for biomedical research, the payoff from animal research ). of course, nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. they live in a wide range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. for example, in some species like squirrel monkeys, many adult males and many adult females live together the year round in a troop that also contains infants and juvenile animals. in other species, like titi monkeys that live in the same area as squirrel monkeys, a single adult male and a single adult female live together with their offspring. what might account for the differences between these two types of social systems? are there differences in psychological characteristics between squirrel and titi monkeys that might be related to their different social systems? male titi monkeys appear to exhibit behavior that looks very much like jealousy, but male squirrel monkeys do not. why is that? as you can see, there are many kinds of ' primate research ', including field observations of undisturbed wild primates, behavioral observations of animals in captive colonies, experimental behavioral and physiological research, biomedical research, and more. for further information on many types of research involving nonhuman primates, see f. king, c. yarbrough, d. anderson, t. gordon, and k. gould, 1988. primates. science, 1988, vol. 240, pages 1475 - 1482. how many primates are research subjects per year? according to the fiscal year 2006 animal welfare enforcement report, 1, 012, 713 warm - blooded animals were used in research, testing, teaching, or experimentation. this figure does not cover laboratory rats and mice, and farm animals used exclusively in agricultural research. of these, 62, 315 primates ( 6. 15 % of the total ) were used. two points should be made. first, the vast majority of animals used in research are laboratory rats and mice. in 1995, researchers at tufts university center for animals and public policy estimated that 14 - 21 million animals were used in american laboratories in 1992.


two points should be made. first, the vast majority of animals used in research are laboratory rats and mice. in 1995, researchers at tufts university center for animals and public policy estimated that 14 - 21 million animals were used in american laboratories in 1992. in 1986, the u. s. congress office of technology assessment reported that that its best estimate was 17 - 22 million. the difference between the 1. 01 million and the estimated 14 - 22 million numbers mostly reflects rats and mice ( and birds ). second, individual animals are ' used ' more than once, in most cases. that is, many, if not most, of the 62, 315 primates studied in 2006 were probably also studied in 2005, and again in 2007. these numbers refer just to captive animals ; unfortunately, there is no estimate available for the number studied in their natural habitat. ( reference : http : / / www. aphis. usda. gov / animal _ welfare / publications _ and _ reports. shtml ). what kinds of primates are used for research purposes? in laboratories, the most common species studied are old world monkeys like rhesus monkeys ( macaca mulatta ), and cynomolgus ( also known as crab - eating or long - tailed ) monkeys ( macaca fascicularis ). of course, in field and zoo settings, a variety of different species are studied. where do primates used for research purposes come from? the majority of primates used for laboratory research in the united states come from the united states. that is, they are bred domestically at several facilities around the country. this minimizes the need for importing animals from the wild. also, domestic breeding insures that animals do not possess pathogens ( viruses, bacteria ) that could adversely influence the outcome of research projects. some species are still imported : rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys. it has been estimated that perhaps 12, 000 to 15, 000 monkeys are imported per year. monkeys are imported from the phillippines, china, and peru. every effort is made to ensure that imported monkeys are not captured from the wild. primatologists work with governments and conservation organizations to see that all international trade in nonhuman primates follows regulations set forth in the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ). currently, more than 120 countries have signed this agreement. how are the primates that are used for research kept in captivity? in some cases, captive


be conducted with monkeys rather than some other animal ; whether there are any alternative ways that the scientist can find the answer to his or her question ( for example, by studying cells rather than whole monkeys ) ; and why the scientist needs to study the specific number of animals that he or she is proposing to study in the research. in addition, the scientist must indicate that the proposed research does not unnecessarily duplicate research that has already been conducted, and must describe the sources he or she used to determine that the study has not already been done. finally, the scientist must list all personnel who will be involved in the project, and must be able to document the training that those individuals have had with respect to the procedures to be employed and the animals to be used. the iacuc must approve this proposal before the research can be begun. the same principles apply to research on wild nonhuman primates in their natural habitat. the precise regulations governing research on wild primates vary from country to country, and it is the responsibility of the researcher to make sure all application procedures have been followed. generally, such applications include a detailed description of the research, its possible consequences for the subjects, and likely benefits for the country involved. through such fieldwork, primatologists help to educate people around the world about biology, wildlife conservation, and the importance of natural resources. where can i find out more about the places that do primate research? one good source of information is the international directory of primatology which lists many web sites where primate research is conducted. this page was written by john p. capitanio, ph. d., with assistance and updates from the publications committee of asp. special thanks to jim moore, ph. d., and phil tillman, d. v. m. modified : 20 july 2008


- scientific name : - astragalus and oxytropis species - where found : - 300 different species in north america ; those of toxic concern typically found from the rocky mountains westward and western texas into new mexico, arizona and mexico. - toxic to horses - toxic principles : - clinical signs : - the plant is not very palatable, but will be eaten by animals with no other forage ; once eaten, animals become " addicted " to the plant and will not consume other forage. the toxic principle has the most profound effect on the brain, and toxicity ( known as " locoism " ) occurs after ingestion of more than 30 % of the animal ' s body weight over a period of 6 weeks or longer. clinical signs include a loss of sensory and motor nerve function, central nervous system depression, progressive loss of coordination, inability to eat and drink, as well as fetal death and birth defects. affected animals may become excessively excitable and wild when stimulated, and may also become unaware of their surroundings. if your pet ingested this plant, contact your local veterinarian or the aspca animal poison control center at 888 - 426 - 4435. * * a $ 65 consultation fee may apply. credit : image courtesy of gary coffman, pbase. com gallery 2006.


1. 1 this test method covers a test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance of solid materials. a submerged cavitating jet, issuing from a nozzle, impinges on a test specimen placed in its path so that cavities collapse on it, thereby causing erosion. the test is carried out under specified conditions in a specified liquid, usually water. this test method can also be used to compare the cavitation erosion capability of various liquids. 1. 2 this test method specifies the nozzle and nozzle holder shape and size, the specimen size and its method of mounting, and the minimum test chamber size. procedures are described for selecting the standoff distance and one of several standard test conditions. deviation from some of these conditions is permitted where appropriate and if properly documented. guidance is given on setting up a suitable apparatus, test and reporting procedures, and the precautions to be taken. standard reference materials are specified ; these must be used to verify the operation of the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other materials. 1. 3 two types of tests are encompassed, one using test liquids which can be run to waste, for example, tap water, and the other using liquids which must be recirculated, for example, reagent water or various oils. slightly different test circuits are required for each type. 1. 4 this test method provides an alternative to test method g 32. in that method, cavitation is induced by vibrating a submerged specimen at high frequency ( 20 khz ) with a specified amplitude. in the present method, cavitation is generated in a flowing system so that both the jet velocity and the downstream pressure ( which causes the bubble collapse ) can be varied independently. 1. 5 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are for information only. this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. a276 specification for stainless steel bars and shapes b160 specification for nickel rod and bar b211 specification for aluminum and aluminum - alloy rolled or cold finished bar, rod, and wire d1193 specification for reagent water e691


significance and use a main purpose of using robots in emergency response operations is to enhance the safety and effectiveness of emergency responders operating in hazardous or inaccessible environments. the testing results of the candidate robot shall describe, in a statistically significant way, how reliably the robot is able to traverse the specified types of terrains and thus provide emergency responders sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the robot. this test method addresses robot performance requirements expressed by emergency responders and representatives from other interested organizations. the performance data captured within this test method are indicative of the testing robot ’ s capabilities. having available a roster of successfully tested robots with associated performance data to guide procurement and deployment decisions for emergency responders is consistent with the guideline of, “ governments at all levels have a responsibility to develop detailed, robust, all - hazards response plans, ” as stated national response framework. this test apparatus is scalable to constrain robot maneuverability during task performance for a range of robot sizes in confined areas associated with emergency response operations. variants of the apparatus provide minimum lateral clearance of 2. 4 m ( 8 ft ) for robots expected to operate around environments such as cluttered city streets, parking lots, and building lobbies ; minimum lateral clearance of 1. 2 m ( 4 ft ) for robots expected to operate in and around environments such as large buildings, stairwells, and urban sidewalks ; minimum lateral clearance of 0. 6 m ( 2 ft ) for robots expected to operate within environments such as dwellings and work spaces, buses and airplanes, and semi - collapsed structures ; minimum lateral clearance of less than 0. 6 m ( 2 ft ) with a minimum vertical clearance adjustable from 0. 6 m ( 2 ft ) to 10 cm ( 4 in. ) for robots expected to deploy through breeches and operate within sub - human size confined spaces voids in collapsed structures. the standard apparatus is specified to be easily fabricated to facilitate self - evaluation by robot developers and provide practice tasks for emergency responders that exercise robot actuators, sensors, and operator interfaces. the standard apparatus can also be used to support operator training and establish operator proficiency. although the test method was developed first for emergency response robots, it may be applicable to other operational domains. 1. 1. 1 the purpose of this test method, as a part of a suite of mobility test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate a teleoperated ground robot ’ s ( see terminology e2521 ) capability of traversing complex terrain composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps in confined


test method, as a part of a suite of mobility test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate a teleoperated ground robot ’ s ( see terminology e2521 ) capability of traversing complex terrain composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps in confined areas. 1. 1. 2 robots shall possess a certain set of mobility capabilities, including negotiating complex terrains, to suit critical operations such as emergency responses. a part of the complexity is that the environments often pose constraints to robotic mobility to various degrees. this test method specifies apparatuses to standardize a confined areas terrain that is composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps and that notionally represents types of terrains containing moderate discontinuities, existent in emergency response and other environments. this test method also specifies procedures and metrics to standardize testing using the apparatus. 1. 1. 3 the test apparatuses are scalable to provide a range of lateral dimensions to constrain the robotic mobility during task performance. fig. 1 shows three apparatus sizes to test robots intended for different emergency response scenarios. 1. 1. 4 emergency ground robots shall be able to handle many types of obstacles and terrains. the required mobility capabilities include traversing gaps, hurdles, stairs, slopes, various types of floor surfaces or terrains, and confined passageways. yet additional mobility requirements include sustained speeds and towing capabilities. standard test methods are required to evaluate whether candidate robots meet these requirements. 1. 1. 5 astm task group e54. 08. 01 on robotics specifies a mobility test suite, which consists of a set of test methods for evaluating these mobility capability requirements. this confined area terrain with crossing pitch / roll ramps is a part of the mobility test suite. fig. 2 shows examples of other confined area terrains, along with the traversing paths. the apparatuses associated with the test methods challenge specific robot capabilities in repeatable ways to facilitate comparison of different robot models as well as particular configurations of similar robot models. 1. 1. 6 the test methods quantify elemental mobility capabilities necessary for ground robots intended for emergency response applications. as such, users of this standard can use either the entire suite or a subset based on their particular performance requirements. users are also allowed to weight particular test methods or particular metrics within a test method differently based on their specific performance requirements. the testing results should collectively represent an emergency response ground robot ’ s overall mobility performance as required. these performance data can be used to guide procurement specifications and acceptance testing for robots intended for emergency response applications. note 1 — additional test methods


specific performance requirements. the testing results should collectively represent an emergency response ground robot ’ s overall mobility performance as required. these performance data can be used to guide procurement specifications and acceptance testing for robots intended for emergency response applications. note 1 — additional test methods within the suite are anticipated to be developed to address additional or advanced robotic mobility capability requirements, including newly identified requirements and even for new application domains. 1. 2 performing location — this test method shall be performed in a testing laboratory or the field where the specified apparatus and environmental conditions are implemented. 1. 3 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversions to inch - pound units. they are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. these values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1. 4 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. fig. 1 mobility : confined area terrains : crossing pitch / roll ramps apparatuses fig. 2 three confined area terrain apparatuses in the mobility test suite with increasing complexity ; the continuous pitch / roll ramps terrain is shown on the left. the crossing pitch / roll ramps terrain is shown at the center. the symmetric stepfields terrain is shown on the right. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. e2521 terminology for urban search and rescue robotic operations e2592 practice for evaluating cache packaged weight and volume of robots for urban search and rescue nistspecialpublicati autonomy levels for unmanned systems alfus framework volume 1 : terminology, version 2. 0 available from national institute of standards and technology ( nist ), 100 bureau dr., stop 1070, gaithersburg, md 20899 - 1070, http : / / www. nist. gov / customcf / get _ pdf. cfm? pub _ id = 824705. abstain ; emergency response ; emergency responder ; full ramp terrain element ; half ramp terrain element ; human - scale ; mobility ; ocu ; operator control unit ; operator


last flight of shuttle atlantis and last space shuttle flight. delivered supplies to keep iss running at six - crew level until commercial resupply was to come on line in 2012. crew : ferguson ; hurley ; walheim ; magnus. extra contingency mission at end of shuttle program. the crew trained as sts - 335, a rescue mission to return the sts - 134 crew to earth if they became marooned in space. after the safe return of sts - 134, the mission proceeded as sts - 135, with a reduced crew that could be returned over an 18 month period aboard soyuz capsules in case the crew could not return in atlantis. aka : atlantis ; sts - 335. more... - chronology... first launch : 2011. 07. 08. duration : 12. 77 days. ferguson ferguson, christopher john ( 1961 - ) american test pilot astronaut. flew on sts - 115, sts - 126, sts - 135. more... walheim walheim, rex joseph ( 1962 - ) american test pilot mission specialist astronaut. flew on sts - 110, sts - 122, sts - 135. more... magnus magnus, sandra hall ( 1964 - ) american materials scientist mission specialist astronaut. flew on sts - 112, iss eo - 18 - 1. more... hurley hurley, douglas gerald ( 1966 - ) american test pilot astronaut, 2000 - on. flew on sts - 127, sts - 135. us marine corps. more... atlantis american manned spaceplane. 33 launches, 1985. 10. 03 to 2011. 07. 08. the space shuttle atlantis was the fourth orbiter to become operational at kennedy space center, and the last of the original production run. more... associated manufacturers and agencies nasa american agency overseeing development of rockets and spacecraft. national aeronautics and space administration, usa, usa. more... iss finally completed in 2010 after a torturous 25 - year development and production process, the international space station was originally conceived as the staging post for manned exploration of the solar systrem. instead, it was seemed to be the death knell of manned spaceflight. more... 2011 july 8 - 15 : 29 gmt -. : cape canaveral. launch complex : cape canaveral lc39a. lv family. launch vehicle - sts - 135 -. payload : atlantis f33 / rafaello mplm - 2. nation : usa. program : iss. class : manned. type : manned spaceplane. flight : sts


lc39a. lv family. launch vehicle - sts - 135 -. payload : atlantis f33 / rafaello mplm - 2. nation : usa. program : iss. class : manned. type : manned spaceplane. flight : sts - 135 ; iss eo - 27 ; iss eo - 28. spacecraft : atlantis. duration : 12. 77 days. decay date : 2011 - 07 - 21. usaf sat cat : 37736. cospar : 2011 - 031a. apogee : 385 km ( 239 mi ). perigee : 371 km ( 230 mi ). inclination : 51. 6000 deg. period : 92. 10 min. final space shuttle flight, denoting the end of the space age. atlantis docked with the harmony module of the iss on 10 june at 15 : 07 gmt. primary payload was the raffaello multipurpose logistics module delivering consumables and spare parts to the station sufficient to support the six crew members through the end of 2012 should delays occur in nasa ' s commercial robotic resupply program. main crew task while docked with the station was to unload rafaello and return of the station ' s failed coolant pump module for analysis. atlantis undocked on 19 july at 06 : 28 gmt. the picosat solar cell experiment satellite was released from the cargo bay on 20 july. atlantis made the final shuttle landing at the kennedy space center on 21 july at 09 : 57 gmt. payload delivered was : - external airlock / ods : 1800 kg - emu spacesuits 3015, 3006 : 260 kg - rms arm 301 : 410 kg - orbiter boom sensor system : 382 kg - mplm - 2 rafaello : 11, 556 kg - spdu : 17 kg - roeu 755 umbilical for mplm : 78 kg - lightweight mpess carrier : 1050 kg - robotic refuelling mission : 300 kg - picosat launcher : 22 kg - pssc - 2 / mtv aerospace corporation picosat solar cell experiment satellite : 4 kg - total payload : 15, 879 kg 2011 july 12 - - eva sts - 135 - 1 -. crew : fossum ; garan. eva type : extravehicular activity. eva duration : 0. 27 days. nation : usa. program : iss. flight : sts - 135 ; iss eo - 27 ; iss eo - 28. summary : final eva from a shuttle. the astronauts moved a


telescopium, indus, and pavo - downloadable article galaxies galore populate this trio of southern constellations. march 3, 2009 | this downloadable article is from an astronomy magazine 45 - article series called " celestial portraits. " the collection highlights all 88 constellations in the sky and explains how to observe each constellation ' s deep - sky targets. the articles feature star charts, stunning pictures, and constellation mythology. we ' ve put together 11 digital packages. each one contains four celestial portraits articles for you to purchase and download. | " telescopium, indus, and pavo " is one of four articles included in celestial portraits package 4. as the cooler air of autumn descends across the northern hemisphere, the splendors of the summer sky sink in the west. sagittarius and the center of the milky way dip below the horizon by midevening, yielding to a rather sparse region where star patterns are difficult to trace and galaxies prevail. the southernmost of the constellations east of the milky way rank among the most obscure in the entire heavens. from the northern united states, only the top stars in telescopium and indus poke above the southern horizon, while pavo remains completely hidden. most of this area comes into view from the southern tier of states, though the vista improves markedly from locales even farther south. a small triangle of modest stars south of corona australis forms the shape of telescopium the telescope. only alpha ( α ) telescopii, a yellowish star located 250 light - years from earth, shines brighter than magnitude 4. 0. to read the complete article, purchase and download celestial portraits package 4. | deep - sky objects in telescopium, indus, and pavo | ic 4662, ngc 6684, ngc 6744, ngc 6752, ngc 6810, ic 4889, dunlop 227, ngc 6868, ngc 6876, abell 3716, ngc 7020, ngc 7041, ngc 7049, theta indi, ngc 7090, y pavonis, ic 5152


spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that results in paralysis ( loss of mobility, reflexes, or sensation ). sci can occur from : vehicular accidents, sporting activities, gunshot wounds, falls, etc. spinal cord injury is dependent on the type and level of injury. an injury can be complete or incomplete. a complete injury means that there is no function, no sensation, and no voluntary mobility below the level of injury. an incomplete injury means that there is some functioning below the primary level of the injury. a person may have partial or complete movement in limb ( s ) or sensation and feeling in different parts of the body. when a spinal cord injury occurs, there is usually swelling of the spinal cord. some people may regain some functioning if the swelling subsides after several days or weeks. every case of sci is different and the amount of function that is regained differs among individuals. after an sci patient is stabilized, the next step is usually rehabilitation. the amount of stay in a rehabilitation center or unit is dependent on insurance and financial resources. at the rehab center, physical and occupational therapists will work with the sci patient to achieve as much independence as possible ( dependent on level of inury ). also, it is important that family members make sure that the patients stay be one in which a patient learns everything that will fully prepare him when he is discharged. following an sci, the alan t brown foundation ( atbf ) is here to answer any questions that may arise regarding a newly - injured person. please feel free to contact atbf at 212 - 944 - 8727 or via email at email @ example. com. atbf can show you that there is life after paralysis.


immerse yourself in a rich array of aboriginal art in the national gallery of australia. a total of 13 galleries now showcase more than 7, 500 works, from dot and bark paintings to watercolours, textiles, prints, ceramics and sculptures. meander through different rooms, learning about the landscapes, dreaming legends and historic events entwined with each art tradition. this important collection is a living, evolving expression of the world ’ s oldest living culture. aboriginal art is incredibly diverse but also unified, with stories and themes that consistently draw on the land and its spirituality. wandering through the huge collection of the national gallery of australia, you can truly appreciate the variety of artistic styles and mediums, as well as the common inspirations. each gallery space showcases aboriginal art from a particular time period or region, such as the exhibition of aboriginal artefacts from the 1800s. discover spears, didgeridoos, baskets, ceremonial tools and objects that have weathered the test of time due to the skill and imagination of their creators. another room exhibits the ancient bark paintings and sculptures of western arnhem land. get up close to the distinctive x - ray designs found in kakadu national park and see dreamtime ancestors depicted on crosshatching. learn more early western desert painting, or the papunya school, from the remote papunya community of central australia between 1971 and 1974. under the guidance of art teacher geoffrey bardon, the children, and later the senior men of papunya began to paint their dreaming stories on canvas. their dot paintings marked the beginning of a style that spread across the central desert, transformed the australian art market and became recognizable around the world. see how the papunya tradition has evolved in the next gallery, which displays desert paintings from 1975 onwards. these works are increasingly experimental, often using colourful and abstract styles and depicting historical or contemporary events as well as dreamtime legends. see the acclaimed watercolour paintings of albert namatjira, one of the first aboriginal artists to adopt western techniques. also hanging are the works of other aboriginal artists from the hermannsburg mission, who learnt watercolour painting from namatjira. together these paintings represent the hermannsburg school art tradition. learn about the wandjina stick figures found on rock paintings in western australia ’ s kimberley region and see the screen - printed textiles crafted by the anmatyerr and alyawarr women of central australia. one gallery is dedicated to the vibrant art of the torres strait islands, including their elaborate masks and more recent printmaking traditions


do deficits in visual motion processing underlie social difficulties in autism? little is known about the perceptual deficits associated with autism. this is surprising because the accurate perception of socially relevant information is a necessary first step in social behavior. people communicate vast amounts of rich social information, such as emotion and intention, through their actions. given the importance of human action perception to social behavior, vision researchers have conducted numerous experiments to understand how the human visual system normally analyzes the bodily movements or actions of other people. this is done by simulating human movements using multiple points of light across a computer screen. this psychophysical measurement will be applied to individuals with high functioning autism ( hfa ) to determine how, and how well, adults with autism can differentiate patterns of individual points of light that mimic human movement. significance : this proposal addresses the question of whether individuals with high functioning autism ( hfa ) are compromised in their ability to perceive human action. if individuals with hfa have difficulty perceiving the actions of other people, then this might account for aspects of their social deficits. such a finding would indicate that significant changes are needed in our understanding, assessment, and treatment of hfa. the results of this study are complemented by the group at the university of glasgow which will investigate neural activation during tasks which involve visual processing while observing biological stimuli.


| site map site search | | there are 523 active applicants logged in. | | | history of aviation | history of aviation on december 17, 1903, orville and wilbur wright capped four years of research and design efforts with a 120 - foot, 12 - second flight at kitty hawk, north carolina - the first powered flight in a heavier - than - air machine. prior to that, people had flown only in balloons and gliders. the first person to fly as a passenger was leon delagrange, who rode with french pilot henri farman from a meadow outside of paris in 1908. charles furnas became the first american airplane passenger when he flew with orville wright at kitty hawk later that year. the first scheduled air service began in florida on january 1, 1914. glenn curtiss had designed a plane that could take off and land on water and thus could be built larger than any plane to date, because it did not need the heavy undercarriage required for landing on hard ground. thomas benoist, an auto parts maker, decided to build such a flying boat, or seaplane, for a service across tampa bay called the st. petersburg - tampa air boat line. his first passenger was ex - st. petersburg mayor a. c. pheil, who made the 18 - mile trip in 23 minutes, a considerable improvement over the two - hour trip by boat. the single - plane service accommodated one passenger at a time, and the company charged a one - way fare of $ 5. after operating two flights a day for four months, the company folded with the end of the winter tourist season. world war i these and other early flights were headline events, but commercial aviation was very slow to catch on with the general public, most of whom were afraid to ride in the new flying machines. improvements in aircraft design also were slow. however, with the advent of world war i, the military value of aircraft was quickly recognized and production increased significantly to meet the soaring demand for planes from governments on both sides of the atlantic. most significant was the development of more powerful motors, enabling aircraft to reach speeds of up to 130 miles per hour, more than twice the speed of pre - war aircraft. increased power also made larger aircraft possible. at the same time, the war was bad for commercial aviation in several respects. it focused all design and production efforts on building military aircraft. in the public ' s mind, flying became associated with bombing runs, surveillance and aerial dogfights. in addition, there was such a large surplus of


for commercial aviation in several respects. it focused all design and production efforts on building military aircraft. in the public ' s mind, flying became associated with bombing runs, surveillance and aerial dogfights. in addition, there was such a large surplus of planes at the end of the war that the demand for new production was almost nonexistent for several years - and many aircraft builders went bankrupt. some european countries, such as great britain and france, nurtured commercial aviation by starting air service over the english channel. however, nothing similar occurred in the united states, where there were no such natural obstacles isolating major cities and where railroads could transport people almost as fast as an airplane, and in considerably more comfort. the salvation of the u. s. commercial aviation industry following world war i was a government program, but one that had nothing to do with the transportation of people. by 1917, the u. s. government felt enough progress had been made in the development of planes to warrant something totally new - the transport of mail by air. that year, congress appropriated $ 100, 000 for an experimental airmail service to be conducted jointly by the army and the post office between washington and new york, with an intermediate stop in philadelphia. the first flight left belmont park, long island for philadelphia on may 14, 1918 and the next day continued on to washington, where it was met by president woodrow wilson. with a large number of war - surplus aircraft in hand, the post office set its sights on a far more ambitious goal - transcontinental air service. it opened the first segment, between chicago and cleveland, on may 15, 1919 and completed the air route on september 8, 1920, when the most difficult part of the route, the rocky mountains, was spanned. airplanes still could not fly at night when the service first began, so the mail was handed off to trains at the end of each day. nonetheless, by using airplanes the post office was able to shave 22 hours off coast - to - coast mail deliveries. in 1921, the army deployed rotating beacons in a line between columbus and dayton, ohio, a distance of about 80 miles. the beacons, visible to pilots at 10 - second intervals, made it possible to fly the route at night. the post office took over the operation of the guidance system the following year, and by the end of 1923, constructed similar beacons between chicago and cheyenne, wyoming, a line later extended coast - to - coast at a cost of $ 550, 000. mail then


took over the operation of the guidance system the following year, and by the end of 1923, constructed similar beacons between chicago and cheyenne, wyoming, a line later extended coast - to - coast at a cost of $ 550, 000. mail then could be delivered across the continent in as little as 29 hours eastbound and 34 hours westbound - prevailing winds from west to east accounted for the difference which was at least two days less than it took by train. the contract air mail act of 1925 by the mid - 1920s, the post office mail fleet was flying 2. 5 million miles and delivering 14 million letters annually. however, the government had no intention of continuing airmail service on its own. traditionally, the post office had used private companies for the transportation of mail. so, once the feasibility of airmail was firmly established and airline facilities were in place, the government moved to transfer airmail service to the private sector, by way of competitive bids. the legislative authority for the move was the contract air mail act of 1925, commonly referred to as the kelly act after its chief sponsor, rep. clyde kelly of pennsylvania. this was the first major step toward the creation of a private u. s. airline industry. winners of the initial five contracts were national air transport ( owned by the curtiss aeroplane co. ), varney air lines, western air express, colonial air transport and robertson aircraft corporation. national and varney would later become important parts of united air lines ( originally a joint venture of the boeing airplane company and pratt & whitney ). western would merge with transcontinental air transport ( tat ), another curtiss subsidiary, to form transcontinental and western air ( twa ). robertson would become part of the universal aviation corporation, which in turn would merge with colonial, southern air transport and others, to form american airways, predecessor of american airlines. juan trippe, one of the original partners in colonial, later pioneered international air travel with pan am - a carrier he founded in 1927 to transport mail between key west, florida, and havana, cuba. pitcairn aviation, yet another curtiss subsidiary that got its start transporting mail, would become eastern air transport, predecessor of eastern air lines. the morrow board the same year congress passed the contract air mail act, president calvin coolidge appointed a board to recommend a national aviation policy ( a much - sought - after goal of then secretary of commerce herbert hoover ). dwight morrow, a senior partner in j. p. morgan ' s bank, and later the father


president calvin coolidge appointed a board to recommend a national aviation policy ( a much - sought - after goal of then secretary of commerce herbert hoover ). dwight morrow, a senior partner in j. p. morgan ' s bank, and later the father - in - law of charles lindbergh, was named chairman. the board heard testimony from 99 people, and on november 30, 1925, submitted its report to president coolidge. the report was wide - ranging, but its key recommendation was that the government should set standards for civil aviation and that the standards should be set outside of the military. the air commerce act of 1926 congress adopted the recommendations of the morrow board almost to the letter in the air commerce act of 1926. the legislation authorized the secretary of commerce to designate air routes, to develop air navigation systems, to license pilots and aircraft, and to investigate accidents. the act brought the government into commercial aviation as regulator of the private airlines spawned by the kelly act of the previous year. congress also adopted the board ' s recommendation for airmail contracting, by amending the kelly act to change the method of compensation for airmail services. instead of paying carriers a percentage of the postage paid, the government would pay them according to the weight of the mail. this simplified payments, and proved highly advantageous to the carriers, which collected $ 48 million from the government for the carriage of mail between 1926 and 1931. ford ' s tin goose henry ford, the automobile manufacturer, was also among the early successful bidders for airmail contracts, winning the right, in 1925, to carry mail from chicago to detroit and cleveland aboard planes his company already was using to transport spare parts for his automobile assembly plants. more importantly, he jumped into aircraft manufacturing, and in 1927, produced the ford trimotor, commonly referred to as the tin goose. it was one of the first all - metal planes, made of a new material, duralumin, which was almost as light as aluminum but twice as strong. it also was the first plane designed primarily to carry passengers rather than mail. the ford trimotor had 12 passenger seats ; a cabin high enough for a passenger to walk down the aisle without stooping ; and room for a " stewardess, " or flight attendant, the first of whom were nurses, hired by united in 1930 to serve meals and assist airsick passengers. the tin goose ' s three engines made it possible to fly higher and faster ( up to 130 miles per hour ), and its sturdy appearance, combined with the ford


were nurses, hired by united in 1930 to serve meals and assist airsick passengers. the tin goose ' s three engines made it possible to fly higher and faster ( up to 130 miles per hour ), and its sturdy appearance, combined with the ford name, had a reassuring effect on the public ' s perception of flying. however, it was another event, in 1927, that brought unprecedented public attention to aviation and helped secure the industry ' s future as a major mode of transportation. at 7 : 52 a. m. on may 20, 1927, a young pilot named charles lindbergh set out on an historic flight across the atlantic ocean, from new york to paris. it was the first trans - atlantic non - stop flight in an airplane, and its effect on both lindbergh and aviation was enormous. lindbergh became an instant american hero. aviation became a more established industry, attracting millions of private investment dollars almost overnight, as well as the support of millions of americans. the pilot who sparked all of this attention had dropped out of engineering school at the university of wisconsin to learn how to fly. he became a barnstormer, doing aerial shows across the country, and eventually joined the robertson aircraft corporation, to transport mail between st. louis and chicago. in planning his trans - atlantic voyage, lindbergh daringly decided to fly by himself, without a navigator, so he could carry more fuel. his plane, the spirit of st. louis, was slightly less than 28 feet in length, with a wingspan of 46 feet. it carried 450 gallons of gasoline, which comprised half its takeoff weight. there was too little room in the cramped cockpit for navigating by the stars, so lindbergh flew by dead reckoning. he divided maps from his local library into thirty - three 100 - mile segments, noting the heading he would follow as he flew each segment. when he first sighted the coast of ireland, he was almost exactly on the route he had plotted, and he landed several hours later, with 80 gallons of fuel to spare. lindbergh ' s greatest enemy on his journey was fatigue. the trip took an exhausting 33 hours, 29 minutes and 30 seconds, but he managed to keep awake by sticking his head out the window to inhale cold air, by holding his eyelids open, and by constantly reminding himself that if he fell asleep he would perish. in addition, he had a slight instability built into his airplane that helped keep him focused and awake. lindbergh landed at le bourg


, by holding his eyelids open, and by constantly reminding himself that if he fell asleep he would perish. in addition, he had a slight instability built into his airplane that helped keep him focused and awake. lindbergh landed at le bourget field, outside of paris, at 10 : 24 p. m. paris time on may 21. word of his flight preceded him and a large crowd of parisians rushed out to the airfield to see him and his little plane. there was no question about the magnitude of what he had accomplished. the air age had arrived. the watres act and the spoils conference in 1930, postmaster general walter brown pushed for legislation that would have another major impact on the development of commercial aviation. known as the watres act ( after one of its chief sponsors, rep. laurence h. watres of pennsylvania ), it authorized the post office to enter into longer - term contracts for airmail, with rates based on space or volume, rather than weight. in addition, the act authorized the post office to consolidate airmail routes, where it was in the national interest to do so. brown believed the changes would promote larger, stronger airlines, as well as more coast - to - coast and nighttime service. immediately after congress approved the act, brown held a series of meetings in washington to discuss the new contracts. the meetings were later dubbed the spoils conference because brown gave them little publicity and directly invited only a handful of people from the larger airlines. he designated three transcontinental mail routes and made it clear that he wanted only one company operating each service rather than a number of small airlines handing the mail off to one another. his actions brought political trouble that resulted in major changes to the system two years later. scandal and the air mail act of 1934 following the democratic landslide in the election of 1932, some of the smaller airlines began complaining to news reporters and politicians that they had been unfairly denied airmail contracts by brown. one reporter discovered that a major contract had been awarded to an airline whose bid was three times higher than a rival bid from a smaller airline. congressional hearings followed, chaired by sen. hugo black of alabama, and by 1934 the scandal had reached such proportions as to prompt president franklin roosevelt to cancel all mail contracts and turn mail deliveries over to the army. the decision was a mistake. the army pilots were unfamiliar with the mail routes, and the weather at the time they took over the deliveries, february 1934, was terrible. there were a number of accidents as the pilots flew practice


over to the army. the decision was a mistake. the army pilots were unfamiliar with the mail routes, and the weather at the time they took over the deliveries, february 1934, was terrible. there were a number of accidents as the pilots flew practice runs and began carrying the mail, leading to newspaper headlines that forced president roosevelt to retreat from his plan only a month after he had turned the mail over to the army by means of the air mail act of 1934, the government once again returned airmail transportation to the private sector, but it did so under a new set of rules that would have a significant impact on the industry. bidding was structured to be more competitive, and former contract holders were not allowed to bid at all, so many companies were reorganized. the result was a more even distribution of the government ' s mail business and lower mail rates that forced airlines and aircraft manufacturers to pay more attention to the development of the passenger side of the business. in another major change, the government forced the dismantling of the vertical holding companies common up to that time in the industry, sending aircraft manufacturers and airline operators ( most notably boeing, pratt & whitney, and united air lines ) their separate ways. the entire industry was now reorganized and refocused. for the airlines to attract passengers away from the railroads, they needed both larger and faster airplanes. they also needed safer airplanes. accidents, such as the one in 1931 that killed notre dame football coach knute rockne along with six others, kept people from flying aircraft manufacturers responded to the challenge. there were so many improvements to aircraft in the 1930s that many believe it was the most innovative period in aviation history. air - cooled engines replaced water - cooled engines, reducing weight and making larger and faster planes possible. cockpit instruments also improved, with better altimeters, airspeed indicators, rate - of - climb indicators, compasses, and the introduction of artificial horizon, which showed pilots the attitude of the aircraft relative to the ground - important for flying in reduced visibility another development of enormous importance to aviation was radio. aviation and radio developed almost in lock step. marconi sent his first message across the atlantic on the airwaves just two years before the wright brothers? first flight at kitty hawk. by world war i, some pilots were taking radios up in the air with them so they could communicate with people on the ground. the airlines followed suit after the war, using radio to transmit weather information from the ground to their pilots, so they could avoid storms an even more significant development, however, was


in the air with them so they could communicate with people on the ground. the airlines followed suit after the war, using radio to transmit weather information from the ground to their pilots, so they could avoid storms an even more significant development, however, was the realization that radio could be used as an aid to navigation when visibility was poor and visual navigation aids, such as beacons, were useless. once technical problems were worked out, the department of commerce constructed 83 radio beacons across the country. they became fully operational in 1932, automatically transmitting directional beams, or tracks, that pilots could follow to their destination. marker beacons came next, allowing pilots to locate airports in poor visibility. the first air traffic control tower was established in 1935 at what is now newark international airport in new jersey the first modern airliners boeing built what generally is considered the first modern passenger airliner, the boeing 247. it was unveiled in 1933, and united air lines promptly bought 60 of them. based on a low - wing, twin - engine bomber with retractable landing gear built for the military, the 247 accommodated 10 passengers and cruised at 155 miles per hour. its cabin was insulated, to reduce engine noise levels inside the plane, and it featured such amenities as upholstered seats and a hot water heater to make flying more comfortable to passengers. eventually, boeing also gave the 247 variable - pitch propellers, that reduced takeoff distances, increased the rate of climb, and boosted cruising speeds not to be outdone by united, twa went searching for an alternative to the 247 and eventually found what it wanted from the douglas aircraft company. its dc - 1 incorporated boeing ' s innovations and improved upon many of them. the dc - 1 had a more powerful engine and accommodations for two more passengers than did the 247. more importantly, the airframe was designed so that the skin of the aircraft bore most of the stress on the plane during flight. there was no interior skeleton of metal spars, thus giving passengers more room than they had in the 247. the dc - 1 also was easier to fly. it was equipped with the first automatic pilot and the first efficient wing flaps, for added lift during takeoff. however, for all its advancements, only one dc - 1 was ever built. douglas decided almost immediately to alter its design, adding 18 inches to its length so it could accommodate two more passengers. the new, longer version was called the dc - 2 and it was a big success, but the best was still to come called the plane that


almost immediately to alter its design, adding 18 inches to its length so it could accommodate two more passengers. the new, longer version was called the dc - 2 and it was a big success, but the best was still to come called the plane that changed the world, the dc - 3 was the first aircraft to enable airlines to make money carrying passengers. as a result, it quickly became the dominant aircraft in the united states, following its debut in 1936 with american airlines ( which played a key role in its design ). the dc - 3 had 50 percent greater passenger capacity than the dc - 2 ( 21 seats versus 14 ), yet cost only ten percent more to operate. it also was considered a safer plane, built of an aluminum alloy stronger than materials previously used in aircraft construction. it had more powerful engines ( 1, 000 horsepower versus 710 horsepower for the dc - 2 ), and it could travel coast to coast in only 16 hours - a fast trip for that time. another important improvement was the use of a hydraulic pump to lower and raise the landing gear. this freed pilots from having to crank the gear up and down during takeoffs and landings. for greater passenger comfort, the dc - 3 had a noise - deadening plastic insulation, and seats set in rubber to minimize vibrations. it was a fantastically popular airplane, and it helped attract many new travelers to flying. although planes such as the boeing 247 and the dc - 3 represented significant advances in aircraft design, they had a major drawback. they could fly no higher than 10, 000 feet, because people became dizzy and even fainted, due to the reduced levels of oxygen at higher altitudes. the airlines wanted to fly higher, to get above the air turbulence and storms common at lower altitudes. motion sickness was a problem for many airline passengers, and an inhibiting factor to the industry ' s growth. the breakthrough came at boeing with the stratoliner, a derivation of the b - 17 bomber introduced in 1940 and first flown by twa. it was the first pressurized aircraft, meaning that air was pumped into the aircraft as it gained altitude to maintain an atmosphere inside the cabin similar to the atmosphere that occurs naturally at lower altitudes. with its regulated air compressor, the 33 - seat stratoliner could fly as high as 20, 000 feet and reach speeds of 200 miles per hour. the civil aeronautics act of 1938 government decisions continued to prove as important to aviation ' s future as technological breakthroughs, and one of the most important aviation bills ever enacted by congress


high as 20, 000 feet and reach speeds of 200 miles per hour. the civil aeronautics act of 1938 government decisions continued to prove as important to aviation ' s future as technological breakthroughs, and one of the most important aviation bills ever enacted by congress was the civil aeronautics act of 1938. until that time, numerous government agencies and departments had a hand in aviation policy. airlines sometimes were pushed and pulled in several directions, and there was no central agency working for the long - term development of the industry. all the airlines had been losing money, since the postal reforms in 1934 significantly reduced the amount they were paid for carrying the mail. the airlines wanted more rationalized government regulation, through an independent agency, and the civil aeronautics act gave them what they needed. it created the civil aeronautics authority ( caa ) and gave the new agency power to regulate airline fares, airmail rates, interline agreements, mergers and routes. its mission was to preserve order in the industry, holding rates to reasonable levels while, at the same time nurturing the still financially - shaky airline industry, thereby encouraging the development of commercial air transportation. congress created a separate agency - the air safety board - to investigate accidents. in 1940, however, president roosevelt convinced congress to transfer the accident investigation function to the caa, which was then renamed the civil aeronautics board ( cab ). these moves, coupled with the tremendous progress made on the technological side, put the industry on the road to success. world war ii aviation had an enormous impact on the course of world war ii and the war had just as significant an impact on aviation. there were fewer than 300 air transport aircraft in the united states when hitler marched into poland in 1939. by the end of the war, u. s. aircraft manufacturers were producing 50, 000 planes a year. most of the planes, of course, were fighters and bombers, but the importance of air transports to the war effort quickly became apparent as well. throughout the war, the airlines provided much needed airlift to keep troops and supplies moving, to the front and throughout the production chain back home. for the first time in their history, the airlines had far more business - for passengers as well as freight - than they could handle. many of them also had opportunities to pioneer new routes, gaining an exposure that would give them a decidedly broader outlook at war ' s end. while there were numerous advances in u. s. aircraft design during the war, that enabled planes to go faster, higher, and farther than ever before, mass production was the chief


that would give them a decidedly broader outlook at war ' s end. while there were numerous advances in u. s. aircraft design during the war, that enabled planes to go faster, higher, and farther than ever before, mass production was the chief goal of the united states. the major innovations of the wartime period - radar and jet engines - occurred in europe. the jet engine isaac newton was the first to theorize, in the 18th century, that a rearward - channeled explosion could propel a machine forward at a great rate of speed. however, no one found a practical application for the theory until frank whittle, a british pilot, designed the first jet engine in 1930. even then, widespread skepticism about the commercial viability of a jet prevented whittle ' s design from being tested for several years. the germans were the first to build and test a jet aircraft. based on a design by hans von ohain, a student whose work was independent of whittle ' s, it flew in 1939, although not as well as the germans had hoped. it would take another five years for german scientists to perfect the design, by which time it was, fortunately, too late to affect the outcome of the war. whittle also improved his jet engine during the war, and in 1942 he shipped an engine prototype to general electric in the united states. america ' s first jet plane - the bell p - 59 - was built the following year. another technological development with a much greater impact on the war ' s outcome ( and later on commercial aviation ) was radar. british scientists had been working on a device that could give them early warning of approaching enemy aircraft even before the war began, and by 1940 britain had a line of radar transceivers along its east coast that could detect german aircraft the moment they took off from the continent. british scientists also perfected the cathode ray oscilloscope, which produced map - type outlines of surrounding countryside and showed aircraft as a pulsing light. americans, meanwhile, found a way to distinguish between enemy aircraft and allied aircraft by installing transponders aboard the latter that signaled their identity to radar operators. dawn of the jet age aviation was poised to advance rapidly following the war, in large part because of the development of jets, but there still were significant problems to overcome. in 1952, a 36 - seat british - made jet, the comet, flew from london to johannesburg, south africa, at speeds as high as 500 miles per hour. two years later, the


jets, but there still were significant problems to overcome. in 1952, a 36 - seat british - made jet, the comet, flew from london to johannesburg, south africa, at speeds as high as 500 miles per hour. two years later, the comet ' s career ended abruptly following two back - to - back accidents in which the fuselage burst apart during flight - the result of metal fatigue. the cold war between the soviet union and the united states, following world war ii, helped secure the funding needed to solve such problems and advance the jet ' s development. most of the breakthroughs related to military aircraft that later were applied to the commercial sector. for example, boeing employed a swept - back wing design for its b - 47 and b - 52 bombers to reduce drag and increase speed. later, the design was incorporated into commercial jets, making them faster and thus more attractive to passengers. the best example of military - civilian technology transfer was the jet tanker boeing designed for the air force to refuel bombers in flight. the tanker, the kc - 135, was a huge success as a military plane, but even more successful when revamped and introduced, in 1958, as the first u. s. passenger jet, the boeing 707. with a length of 125 feet and four engines with 17, 000 pounds of thrust each, the 707 could carry up to 181 passengers and travel at speeds of 550 miles per hour. its engines proved more reliable than piston - driven engines - producing less vibration, putting less stress on the plane ' s airframe and reducing maintenance expenses. they also burned kerosene, which cost half as much as the high - octane gasoline used in more traditional planes. with the 707, first ordered and operated by pan am, all questions about the commercial feasibility of jets were answered. the jet age had arrived, and other airlines soon were lining up to buy the new aircraft. the federal aviation act of 1958 following world war ii, air travel soared, but with the industry ' s growth came new problems. in 1956 two aircraft collided over the grand canyon, killing 128 people. the skies were getting too crowded for existing systems of aircraft separation, and congress responded by passing the federal aviation act of 1958. the legislation created a new safety regulatory agency, the federal aviation agency, later called the federal aviation administration ( faa ) when congress created the department of transportation ( dot ) in 1967. the agency was charged with establishing and running a broad air traffic control system, to maintain safe separation of all commercial aircraft through all


aviation agency, later called the federal aviation administration ( faa ) when congress created the department of transportation ( dot ) in 1967. the agency was charged with establishing and running a broad air traffic control system, to maintain safe separation of all commercial aircraft through all phases of flight. in addition, it assumed jurisdiction over all other aviation safety matters, such as the certification of aircraft designs, and airline training and maintenance programs. the civil aeronautics board retained jurisdiction over economic matters, such as airline routes and rates. wide - bodies and supersonics 1969 marked the debut of another revolutionary aircraft, the boeing 747, which, again, pan am was the first to purchase and fly in commercial service. it was the first wide - body jet, with two aisles, a distinctive upper deck over the front section of the fuselage, and four engines. with seating for as many as 450 passengers, it was twice as big as any other boeing jet and 80 percent bigger than the largest jet up until that time, the dc - 8. recognizing the economies of scale to be gained from larger jets, other aircraft manufacturers quickly followed suit. douglas built its first wide - body, the dc - 10, in 1970, and only a month later, lockheed flew its contender in the wide - body market, the l - 1011. both of these jets had three engines ( one under each wing and one on the tail ) and were smaller than the 747, seating about 250 passengers. during the same period of time, efforts were underway in both the united states and europe to build a supersonic commercial aircraft. the soviet union was the first to succeed, testing the tupolev 144 in december of 1968. a consortium of west european aircraft manufacturers first flew the concorde two months later and eventually produced a number of those fast, but small, jets for commercial service. u. s. efforts to produce a supersonic passenger jet, on the other hand, stalled in 1971 due to public concern about it ' s expense and the sonic boom produced by such aircraft. log in - view aviation jobs aviation job of the week aviation career news aviation jobs newsletter free aviation employment toolbar post aviaiton jobs view aviation resumes aviation employer services aviation company directory cares re - employment service aviation salary wages & pay aviation jobs blog student aviation program discounts aviation career overviews site map and table of contents link to us © avjobs, inc. 1988 - 2013 all rights reserved | federal copyright law prohibits unauthorized reproduction by any means. dissemination via email is prohibited without prior written consent of avjobs


ah, the pleasures of a summer evening in the south. the warm, sultry air, a freshly brewed glass of iced tea, the scent of magnolia and jasmine - the sudden cry of pain and the smack of hand upon skin. paradise has a price : florida is home to 77 species of mosquitoes, all of them ornery. so how can a small town with almost no budget tackle pest control? in cinco bayou, in northwest florida, resident jim bratton had an inspiration. he knew that a few bats already lived under the cinco bayou bridge near his home, and he knew that bats eat an enormous amount of bothersome insects. so why not recruit more bats to help fight insect pests? jim pitched his plan to the town council in july 2001. four months later, the initially skeptical council had warmed to the idea of placing a bat house under the bridge to increase the bat population, but the $ 5, 000 cost was prohibitive for a town of about 500 people. councilman and educator dan farley suggested partnering with liza jackson preparatory school to defray costs. the goal was a bridge lodge bat house from bci friends marvin and linda maberry of maberry centre bat homes. the super condo is a 183 - pound ( 83 - kilogram ), 16 - crevice structure with room for 5, 000 bats. designed specifically for bridges, florida already has 37 installed. liza jackson ' s k - 8 students adopted the plan as a combination community service / science project and began fund - raising - and studying bats. they quickly covered the $ 2, 000 cost of the bridge lodge. engineering fees ( $ 1, 000 ) were waived, and a local marina donated installation ( $ 2, 000 ). the june 2002 dedication marked the culmination of a significant community effort at no taxpayer expense. bats are already in residence, and the town is hoping to see a nursery colony next year. bats are staying on the school ' s urriculum and the students will report each year to the bci ' s bat house research project.


“ brain training is most cost - effective treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome, ” bbc news reports, while pacing therapies ( learning to live within limits ) “ offer little value ”. chronic fatigue syndrome ( cfs ) is a poorly understood and often controversial condition. the most common symptom of cfs is extreme tiredness ( fatigue ). this news is based on research that aimed to determine how cost - effective four treatment options were for people with cfs. these were : - specialist medical care for cfs - cognitive behavioural therapy ( cbt ) – a type of talking therapy - graded exercise therapy – a structured exercise programme that aims gradually to increase how long a person can exercise for - adaptive pacing therapy ( often just referred to as ‘ pacing ’ ) – pacing is where a person with cfs is encouraged to schedule in periods of rest in their day - to - day activities to determine the cost - effectiveness, three main factors were taken into account : - improvement in quality of life - the cost of providing the treatment - the potential savings to society based on the statistical models used by the researchers, cbt and graded exercise therapy were found to be most cost - effective, while specialist medical care and pacing were the least cost - effective. the researchers did not consider patient preference, which could have an impact. while patients may well benefit from cbt and exercise therapy, the researchers note that there needs to be investment to ensure properly trained staff are available to deliver them. this study supports the case for this training. cost - effectiveness of treatment this study looked at the cost - effectiveness of treatments. this is not the same as judging whether a treatment is effective. where a treatment is judged not to be cost - effective, that does not necessarily mean that it doesn ’ t work at all. instead it means that it does not provide enough effectiveness for its cost, based on a selected “ value for money ” threshold. while this may be a distasteful concept to some, it helps policymakers make more objective decisions about which treatments to fund from the finite amount of money available. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from king ’ s college london, oxford university, london school of economics and other institutions. it was funded by the uk medical research council, the department of health, the department for work and pensions and the scottish chief scientist office of the scottish government health directorates. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal plos one. the coverage by the bbc news was appropriate, though it


the department of health, the department for work and pensions and the scottish chief scientist office of the scottish government health directorates. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal plos one. the coverage by the bbc news was appropriate, though it is unclear how the “ millions of pounds ” they say the economy could save from wide adoption of these treatments was derived. the term " brain training " used in the headline could give the misleading impression that people with cfs were given computer games consoles to play, but that was not what was looked at in this research. what kind of research was this? this was a cost - effectiveness study based on the results of previous research ( the pace trial ) that investigated the effectiveness of four treatment options for patients with cfs. a cost - effectiveness study models the expected total costs of different treatments or interventions ( in this case interventions for chronic fatigue syndrome ), and compares the effects on health outcomes, to assess which treatments or interventions can be considered to give the best “ value for money ”. this is usually done from the perspective of the health service. in this case societal costs such as lost employment and the cost of informal care for people affected by the illness were included. this sort of information helps decision - makers decide how best to allocate limited healthcare resources. as this approach takes into account benefits of improvements in health and the savings made from better care, the cheapest treatment option is not necessarily the most cost - effective. it allows different treatments in different diseases to be compared against each other and against society ’ s willingness to pay for such things. what did the research involve? the researchers used data from a previous study on 640 people with chronic fatigue syndrome. this study compared the effectiveness of adding adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy or graded exercise therapy to specialist medical care for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. in this latest study the researchers have investigated the relative cost - effectiveness of these interventions by calculating : - quality - adjusted life years ( qalys ), which are a standard measure used to determine how much somebody ’ s life can be extended and improved as a result of receiving a particular intervention - the one - year healthcare and societal costs involved with providing each intervention ( societal costs were considered by the researchers as lost employment and unpaid informal care ) the researchers then compared the : - one - year service and societal costs of providing each intervention - one - year cost - effectiveness of each intervention in terms of gains in qalys, and reductions in fatigue and disability the number and duration of treatment sessions for each


then compared the : - one - year service and societal costs of providing each intervention - one - year cost - effectiveness of each intervention in terms of gains in qalys, and reductions in fatigue and disability the number and duration of treatment sessions for each treatment was recorded ( with time added for support activities ) and the costs per hour of therapy were estimated based on nationally registered sources. specific types of medication were also included in the analysis and unpaid and informal care from family and friends estimated at £14. 60 per hour based on national mean earnings. days lost by patients from work and reduced hours due to fatigue while at work was also recorded. qalys were calculated from health - related quality of life questionnaires carried out at the beginning of the study ( baseline ) and throughout the study. one - year healthcare, informal care and societal costs were compared using statistical modelling and adjustments were made for estimated standard costs. earlier findings of the pace trial were reported by nhs choices in february 2011. what were the basic results? the researchers report the healthcare and societal findings of this study separately. the findings include the following : - patients receiving specialist medical care alone had significantly lower healthcare costs than those receiving cbt, graded exercise therapy and adaptive pacing therapy - the healthcare costs per qaly gained for cbt and graded exercise therapy were likely to be lower than the £30, 000 threshold that, in england, has become a standard for the reasonable use of nhs resources, indicating they were cost - effective - the healthcare costs per qaly for adaptive pacing therapy were found to be unlikely to be lower than this threshold and, therefore, thought unlikely to be a good use of nhs resources - when all three were compared to specialist medical care alone, the incremental healthcare cost per qaly was £18, 374 for cbt, £23, 615 for graded exercise therapy and £55, 235 for adaptive pacing therapy, meaning that cbt appeared to be the best value for money how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers say that “ their study has found that cbt and graded exercise therapy are cost - effective options for treating patients with cfs. however, for patients to benefit from these therapies there needs to be investment to provide the staff trained to deliver them. the findings we report suggest that such investment would be justified in terms of improved quality of life of patients and would actually be cost saving if all costs including societal costs are considered ”. in discussing the research findings, king ’ s college london health economist professor paul mccrone said “


that such investment would be justified in terms of improved quality of life of patients and would actually be cost saving if all costs including societal costs are considered ”. in discussing the research findings, king ’ s college london health economist professor paul mccrone said “ there is now a strong case for the nhs to invest in providing these therapies ”. another of the researchers from oxford university said “ this new evidence should encourage health service commissioners to provide these treatments to all those patients who need them ”. overall, this study provides evidence to suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy are reasonable value for people with chronic fatigue syndrome. the study does list some points made by the authors that may limit the study findings, including : - service use and information on employment was by self - report, which may have led to some unavoidable inaccuracies. - the researchers estimated costs for medications from average data and this may not have reflected the actual costs in different settings. - data were only analysed where baselines and one - year follow - up data were available and the results apply to all costs and benefits over one year only. this is a relatively short time span for an illness that can last a long time and so the researchers call for longer - term studies. overall, this is important research into a disabling illness. cfs can last for years. it affects between 0. 2 and 2. 6 % of people worldwide and can be highly disruptive to employment and family life. any treatments that can be proven to help will most likely be welcomed by those affected by the condition. search for a job search for a car search for a house weather for bedford sunday 19 may 2013 temperature : 10 c to 18 c wind speed : 14 mph wind direction : north temperature : 11 c to 17 c wind speed : 15 mph wind direction : north


the initial discovery and recognition of the importance of chocolate is often attributed to hernan cortez. yet in 1502 christopher columbus, or colon, on his fourth and final voyage to the caribbean, reached the island of guanaja off the coast of honduras. history says that he was greeted by aztecs who offered him sacks full of almond shaped pods in exchange for items they desired. when he did not immediately understand the offering they were giving in exchange, the aztecan explained to him that a very special drink could be prepared from the beans called tchocolatl or xocolatl. columbus and his crew found the drink to be bitter and repellent concoction. little realizing the value of the beans they still took some of the beans back to spain out of curiosity of the value of them never to realize the economic value of the beans. when hernan cortez arrived seventeen years later to the new world, the then aztecan leader of the time, montezuma ii, believed cortez to be the reincarnated quetzalcoatl, the exiled toltec god - king whose return was predicted in aztecan and toltec mythology. it was according to that myth that that year would be the appointed year of return of the great king who would bring freedom to his people. this confusion made access to the aztec capital, tenochtitlan, where he received the god - kings royal welcome. cortez was offered many gifts from montezuma ii, including a cocao plantation and a lavish banquet prepared in their honor. montezuma realized eventually that he had made a mistake by identifying cortez as the returned god - king. cortez enlisted the help of many sympathetic natives and took montezuma prisoner upon realizing his venerability. it was only a matter of two to three years later that history would see the complete downfall of the aztec empire. not to be compared to his predecessor colon, cortez realized rapidly the value of the cocao beans and the impact it would have economically for spain both as a food and a currency. the value as reported by a contemporary or cortez was a slave could be purchased for 100 cocao beans, the services of a prostitute for 10, and a rabbit for 4. pedro martyre de angleria, a well known jesuit, called the cocao beans " pecuniary almonds " thus describing them as " blessed money ". he proclaimed that it could exempt it ' s possessor ' s from avarice


pedro martyre de angleria, a well known jesuit, called the cocao beans " pecuniary almonds " thus describing them as " blessed money ". he proclaimed that it could exempt it ' s possessor ' s from avarice since it can not be hidden or horded underground. the common understanding is that he was referring to the fact that you could not store them for very long without them rotting. an english friar, thomas gage wrote a great collection and extensively on the value of the cocao beans. he is recorded as stating that the natives there bought what they desired or needed for two cocao beans. the exchange he noted also was based on the exchange and value of currency of the time. at the time ( 1625 ) the spanish real was valued at a sixpence or four cents for our understanding. he went on to explain that the natives did in fact make their purchases at the rate of two cocaos, the cost or value placed on the cocaos by the foreigners was 200 cocao beans for a spanish real or a sixpence being four cents in our day. this is all to say that among the natives the cocao beans were significant and highly valued and was the preferred currency of the day. cortez set out to find el dorado the lost fabled city of aztec gold. not too long after his arrival and after realizing the value of the cocao beans to the natives, he realized that due to the importance placed on the cocao beans by the natives that truly money did grow on trees. the next few years he would set up to exploit the commercial potential of the cocao beans by setting up plantations through out the caribbean and there by producing " liquid gold ". dur to the nature of the ease and profitability of cultivating the cocao beans, it drew many spaniards to the new world and the prospect of the easy riches caused many settlers to come and start colonies. soon spain established plantations in mexico, ecuador, venezuela, peru, and the jamaican and hispaniola islands. though the production of cocao beans has since spread through out the world, to date the most highly prized variety of beans still hails from the original areas. this " liquid gold " was kept a secret for as long as was possible by the spaniards due to the ease and huge profits they gained by processing the cocao beans in the new world and then transporting it through out the old world. but the secret of true aztec gold would not last. in 1580 the first ever chocolate plant outside of


spaniards due to the ease and huge profits they gained by processing the cocao beans in the new world and then transporting it through out the old world. but the secret of true aztec gold would not last. in 1580 the first ever chocolate plant outside of the new world was set up in spain. from that point on the popularity of chocolate began to spread through out spain at large and into the european countries with great popularity. the dutch transplanted some trees to their settlements in east indian states in the early seventeenth century. from there the popularity and cultivation spread to the philippines, new guinea, samoa and indonesia. the financial success it should be noted was due to the exploitation of hundreds of thousands of african slaves. plantations were spreading throughout the world and many europeans countries came and settled the new world in the pursuit of aztecan gold, what we all enjoy today as chocolate. in reflection it is amazing that something found so commonly today in store through out the world was once the catalyst to expedite the colonization and to activate the " settling " of the new world. that is why to this day we refer to chocolate as the food of hods and it has rightfully been seen in the venue that it deserves. not many items have moved a world to action as chocolate did. not even the greed for gold moved the world into action as did the first taste of cocao. if you love poetry check out my book at amazon. com lamentations of the caves by rebecca cuevas de caissie


basalt is used for a wide variety of purposes. it is most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in construction projects. crushed basalt is used for road base, concrete aggregate, asphalt pavement aggregate, railroad ballast, filter stone in drain fields and may other purposes. basalt is also cut into dimension stone. thin slabs of basalt are cut and sometimes polished for use as floor tiles, building veneer, monuments and other stone objects. jaw crusher used in basalt mining processes various kinds of material with crushing compression strength not more than 320mp. it features firm structure, stable performance, and large capacity, even producing granularity, convenient maintenance and economical running expense. it has been widely applied in area of mining, construction material, smelting, railway, high grade road surface, water conservancy, etc. cone crusher in basalt crushing has a feature of reliable construction, high productivity, easy adjustment and low operating cost. it is widely used both domestic and abroad in metallurgy, architecture, road making, chemistry and silicate industry for crushing various mid - hard and hard ores and rocks. basalt grinding machine is widely used in metallurgy, building materials, chemicals, mining minerals in areas which had better pulverize basalt. according to the fine grinding of basalt and discharging basalt fineness, basalt grinder can be divided into raymond mill powder machine, high pressure hanging roller mill grinding machines, high pressure powder mill, through centrifugal mill overpressure trapezoid mill, tricycle in the six - speed milling machine types. basalt mining equipment basalt mining equipment like mining crusher and mining mill is an important mining tool which is widely used in stone quarrying, mining, ore dressing plant, aggregate production plant, powder making industry, recycling industry and so on. usually, the crushing plant flow chart goes as follows : crushing, grinding, screening, washing, drying etc. benco machinery can supply the contractors, end users with whole unit crushing plant from primary, secondary, tertiary crushing to powder making machine, sieving, screening equipment. complete stationary, mobile, portable systems in open - circuit or closed - circuit type are available for the customer.


increment 5 digits number hello, i need help here. what i ' m trying to do : 1 ) to has a function that will generate a unique 5 digits number that will increase everytime i call the function. i want to use it as slip number. it start from 00000 to 99999. if it more than 99999 then it will be reset to 00000. 2 ) this function will search in the table whether the number generated already existed or not, if yes it will increment the number if no then it will assign the number to the txtfields ( 1 ). below is my code but it doesn ' t work well. private function tranno ( ) static code1 as double txtfields ( 1 ). text = format ( code1, " 00000 " ) if code1 < 99999 then if adodc1. recordset. recordcount > 0 then do until adodc1. recordset. eof if adodc1. recordset ( " tranno " ) = code1 then code1 = code1 + 1 code1 = 0 in summary, this number like an autonumber. can anyone help me to correct the code, or suggest another way to do it? help me please! view complete forum thread with replies see related forum messages : follow the links below to view complete thread number gen with different digits i am working on a program where the user can pick how many digits and it will generate txtnumber. text amout of a certain digit. here is the code : ' int ( ( upperbound - lowerbound + 1 ) * rnd + lowerbound ) private declare sub sleep lib " kernel32 " ( byval dwmilliseconds as long ) private sub cmdclear _ click ( ) list1. clearend sub private sub cmdexit _ click ( ) unload meend sub private sub cmdgenerate _ click ( ) combo1. enabled = falsetxtnumber. enabled = falseprogressbar1. max = txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = 0lblstatus. caption = " 0 / " + txtnumber. text if combo1. text = 5 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 99999 - 10000 + 1 ) * rnd + 10000 ) list1. addite


if combo1. text = 5 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 99999 - 10000 + 1 ) * rnd + 10000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1tempr = progressbar1. valuelblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + " / " + txtnumber. textsleep ( 50 ) nextend if if combo1. text = 6 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 999999 - 100000 + 1 ) * rnd + 100000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1lblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + " / " + txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1sleep ( 50 ) nextend if if combo1. text = 7 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 9999999 - 1000000 + 1 ) * rnd + 1000000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1lblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + " / " + txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1sleep ( 50 ) nextend if if combo1. text = 8 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 99999999 - 10000000 + 1 ) * rnd + 10000000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1lblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + " / " + txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1sleep ( 50 ) nextend if combo1. enabled = truetxtnumber. enabled = trueend subpr