parkinson ' s disease ( pd ) is a movement disorder. the symptoms get worse over time and can include : - muscle rigidity - tremor at rest - slowing down of movements ( bradykinesia ) - difficulty moving and gait instability pd is caused by a loss of certain nerve cells in the brain. the loss of these cells causes a decrease in the amount of a brain chemical called dopamine. low dopamine levels cause pd symptoms. the brain cells may be lost because of genetic defects, the environment, or some combination of the two. a small amount of people with pd have an early - onset form. this type is caused by an inherited gene defect. secondary pd has similar symptoms but is caused by several factors such as : - antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol ( haldol ), fluphenazine ( prolixin ), trifluoperazine ( stelazine ), and chlorpromazine ( thorazine ) - antinausea / gastric motility medications such as prochlorperazine and metoclopramide - cardiovascular drugs, such as some calcium channel blockers and antiarrhythmic drugs - valproic acid ( a medication used for seizures, migraines, and bipolar disorder ) - carbon monoxide poisoning - manganese poisoning - brain tumors - iv drug abuse contaminated by mptp ( a type of neurotoxin ) - reserpine ( medicine to treat schizophrenia and high blood pressure ) - insecticide exposure factors that increase the chance of pd include : symptoms of pd begin mildly. they will worsen over time. - " pill - rolling " tremor in the hands - tremors are present at rest, improve with movement, and are absent during sleep - stiffness and rigidity of muscles, usually beginning on one side of the body - difficulty and shuffling when walking - short steps - slowness of purposeful movements - trouble performing usual tasks, due to shaking in hands and slowness of movement - trouble speaking ( often speaking with a low volume ) - flat, monotonous voice - shaky, spidery, or small handwriting - poor balance - difficulty with rising from a sitting position - seborrhea ( a skin problem that causes a red rash and white scales ) - loss of smell - urinary symptoms ( frequency and urgency ) - bowel movement symptoms ( straining, constipation ) - tendency to fall - stooped posture - increasingly mask - like face, with little


red rash and white scales ) - loss of smell - urinary symptoms ( frequency and urgency ) - bowel movement symptoms ( straining, constipation ) - tendency to fall - stooped posture - increasingly mask - like face, with little variation in expression - trouble chewing and swallowing - drooling and excessive salivation - difficulty thinking, problems with memory - decreased sense of smell - sleep problems such as rem - behavior disorder the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. there are no tests to definitively diagnose pd. the doctor will ask many questions. this will help to rule out other causes of your symptoms. tests to rule out other conditions may include : - blood tests - urine tests - ct scan — a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the head - mri scan — a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the head - pet scan — a scan that makes images that show the amount of activity in the brain. a special kind of pet scan called a dat scan may be used in the evaluation of pd. currently, there are no treatments to cure pd. there are also no proven treatments to slow or stop its progression. some medications may help to improve symptoms. over time, the side effects of the medication may become troublesome. the medications may also lose their effectiveness. examples of medicines include : - levodopa / carbidopa ( sinemet ) - amantadine ( symmetrel ) - anticholinergics : benztropine ( cogentin ) and biperiden ( akineton ) - monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as selegiline ( eldepryl ) - dopamine agonists : bromocriptine ( parlodel ), pramipexole ( mirapex ), cabergoline ( dostinex ), rotigotine ( neupro ), apomorphine ( apokyn ), and ropinirole ( requip ) - comt inhibitors : entacapone ( comtan ) and tolcapone ( tasmar ) depression or hallucinations may also occur with pd and its treatment. medicines may be prescribed to attempt to treat these conditions. the drugs may include : - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) - tricyclic antidepressant ( such as, nortriptyline ) - antipsychotic


be prescribed to attempt to treat these conditions. the drugs may include : - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) - tricyclic antidepressant ( such as, nortriptyline ) - antipsychotic medicine ( such as, clozapine ) hip fractures are common in those with pd. bisphosphonates are medications that may help reduce this risk. constipation, drooling, and lightheadedness when standing are common and may improve with medications or other treatments. different brain operations are available, and many more are being researched including : - deep brain stimulation ( dbs ) — implanting a device to stimulate certain parts of the brain ; can decrease tremor and rigidity - thalamotomy and pallidotomy — destroying certain areas of the brain to improve tremor when medication does not work ( not as common as deep brain stimulation ) - nerve - cell transplants ( research only ) — to increase amount of dopamine made in the brain therapy can improve muscle tone, strength, and balance. it will include exercises and stretches. consider joining a support group with other people with pd. it will help to learn how others are learning to live with the challenges of pd. if you are diagnosed with pd, follow your doctor ' s instructions. - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 09 / 10 / 2012 -


educator and community activist charles gomillion worked at the tuskegee institute for more than forty years. as president of the tuskegee civic association, he worked with martin luther king, jr., and the southern christian leadership conference to increase african american voter registration in the south. gomillion was the lead plaintiff in the landmark 1960 civil rights case gomillion v. lightfoot, which led the u. s. supreme court to declare gerrymandering unconstitutional. gomillion was born in johnston, south carolina, in 1900. although his parents encouraged his education, johnston ’ s african american school only ran three months out of the year. gomillion left home at 16 to attend secondary school at paine college, a methodist school in augusta, georgia, where he completed high school and some college before dropping out to help his aging parents. after working as a junior high school principal, he returned to paine to finish college and began teaching at tuskegee institute in 1928. gomillion continued his own studies in sociology, eventually earning a phd from ohio state university when he was 59 years old. in the 1930s, gomillion attempted to register to vote several times, starting in 1934, and was finally successful in 1939. throughout the 1940s and 1950s, gomillion, by then the dean of students at tuskegee, worked to register voters which prompted the state legislature to redraw the borders of the city in 1957 to maintain white political power. tuskegee ’ s municipal boundaries were gerrymandered to create a 28 - sided shape that retained every white person within the new city boundaries and excluded all but 12 african americans. gomillion brought suit to contest the redistricting in gomillion v. lightfoot. king sought gomillion ’ s advice for his book, stride toward freedom and thanked him for his “ significant suggestions and real encouragement ” in the book ’ s preface ( king, 11 ). after the supreme court ruled in his favor in gomillion vs. lightfoot, gomillion encouraged the tuskegee civic association to work for collaboration between whites and blacks. however, by the mid - 1960s, the prospect of interracial politics was met with firm resistance from local african americans who had been thoroughly excluded for so long. gomillion left the tuskegee civic association and in 1970 retired from tuskegee institute. william a. elwood, “ an interview with charles g. gomillion, ” callaloo, 40 ( summer, 1989 )


is morgellons disease a physical or psychological condition? last year, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) launched a study of a curious and controversial condition known as morgellons disease, which is characterized by creeping, crawling and stinging sensations under the skin. the project, whose goal is to identify possible risk factors and causes, was prompted by pressure from afflicted people, along with the advocacy groups and congressmen that represent them, according to cdc spokesperson lola russell. many in the medical community question whether morgellons is an infectious disease or a psychiatric disorder. morgellons has drawn increasing attention since 2002, when a pittsburgh woman named mary leitao launched a web site describing skin sores and filamentlike structures emerging from her two - year - old son ’ s s skin. after being inundated with e - mails from people complaining of similar symptoms, leitao founded the morgellons research foundation ( mrf ) to raise awareness and secure research funding for the bizarre condition. since then, nearly 14, 000 families have reported morgellons cases to mrf, although the actual number may be higher, the organization says. to learn more about morgellons, which many patients believe is caused by parasites, we consulted michael cappello, a pediatrics professor and infectious disease specialist at yale university school of medicine in new haven, conn. [ an edited transcript of the interview follows. ] what is morgellons disease? it is a skin condition that does not have an accepted medical definition. the name itself was given not by physicians per se — at least contemporary physicians — but by an advocacy group. [ leitao borrowed the name from 17th - century french doctors who observed a similar condition in children. ] what are the symptoms? patients complain of itching and scratching sensations. they get wrapped up in the belief that there is something beneath their skin — an infectious agent, such as a parasitic worm — that can be extracted. they often try to pull that something out of their skin, which creates open sores. patients will say, “ i scratched and i pulled this living thing out of my skin. ” how do the patients describe these living things they believe are beneath their skin? often they describe them as tiny fibers. [ according to the mrf, the fibers or " filaments " are " near microscopic " and may be white, blue, red or black. in addition to the filaments, there may also be


they describe them as tiny fibers. [ according to the mrf, the fibers or " filaments " are " near microscopic " and may be white, blue, red or black. in addition to the filaments, there may also be black or white sandlike granules on or in the skin. ]. have you seen any evidence of these organisms? individuals and their physicians have sent me pictures of these filaments and skin samples purportedly containing them, but i have never found evidence of any parasites. looking under the microscope, the samples look like amorphous skin, like a skin sample from a normal person might look. some contain hair follicles. and apart from my personal experience, i am not aware of any evidence in the scientific literature suggesting that these patients have infectious agents crawling under their skin. do these patients have other signs of infectious disease? frequently, the patient ’ s history and skin lesions are not consistent with what we know about infectious diseases. if, for example, a person had toxoplasmosis [ a disease caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii, often contracted via contact with soiled kitty litter, for example ], he or she would have enlarged lymph nodes and flulike illness. or if a patient had pinworm [ a common parasitic infection in young children ], he or she would have rectal itching. there are even parasitic infections that cause itching and skin manifestations, but none of them are consistent with the clinical presentation of morgellons. if there are no parasites, what else could cause the sores — some kind of skin disease? to my knowledge, there is no consistent feature of these skin lesions that have been linked to a dermatological diagnosis. they are self - inflicted. so what is wrong with these patients? they are clearing suffering. my interpretation is that the symptoms are most consistent with a psychiatric condition. continue reading morgellons disease parasites skin psychiatric


the bulldog is a member of the non - sporting group. the non - sporting group is the most diverse group and is made up of dogs that don ’ t fit in any other group. the bulldog is a muscular dog of medium size with a smooth coat. females should weigh approximately 45 pounds while males should weigh around 55 pounds. their head is their most prominent feature. the circumference of their head should measure their height. the legs are short, shoulders are very wide, and the chest is deep with well - sprung rounded ribs. a well - bred bulldog ’ s general appearance suggests stability, strength, and courage. in attitude, they are passive yet dignified, and exude kindness. bulldogs are lovable and playful in short spurts. they are happiest when they are around people, and they tend to need a lot of attention. they enjoy a loving environment and should not be forced to endure fear or neglect. they are usually quiet and make a good companion. the bulldog breed is a friendly breed and will leave with anyone who will take them ; therefore, it is best to keep them indoors and in a secure, fenced yard when outdoors. the short face of a bulldog causes them breathing difficulties, which are magnified in the hot weather. bulldogs must be indoor dogs all of the time. in hot weather they tend to overheat. they need to be protected from heat exhaustion. when walking a bulldog in warmer weather, always bring along ice water.


providing digital resourcesfor the australian curriculum biological, physical and earth and space sciences for early learners early learners discover the past through toys and games multimedia and inquiry questions about life in ancient times conducting historical inquiry related to australian history this is a short story about the lives of stick insects. living things have basic needs! these videos show how bugs handle their prey. dr tanya hill, astronomer, explains why we experience day and night. dr tanya hill, astronomer, explains changes in the sky and the star patterns. an interactive where students match objects that move the same way. this is a story about toys used by several generations of a family. toys from the museum ' s collection are used to explore continuity and change. children sequence images of toys from the my grandmother ' s toy box story. students investigate primary and secondary sources about the vesuvius eruption. students examine the importance of conserving the remains of pompeii. the features and functions of a roman house are explored in this resource. what does the practice of public bathing tell us about everyday roman life? illustrations of daily life and slaves ' videos prompt an inquiry into slavery. alistair thomson offers advice to students on how to record oral histories. dr moya mcfadzean discusses the role of objects in personal migration stories. michael reason discusses how photographs assist in understanding the past. dr paula hamilton reflects on creating community histories. museum victoria learning lab material is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 australia license, displayed at the bottom of each learning lab page unless stated otherwise. where website users are directed via links to museum victoria material which is not a component of the learning lab, the applicable copyright notice for that material appears in the rights tab in the page footer. hi haidar - we checked with our live exhibits department with your query, and they have said the following : no - one has ever recorded the life span of a male vi... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow museum victoria on hello kristen - if you can upload a clear image to us via our ask the experts page, we will see if the bird can be identified - it would also be useful to know...


search national agricultural library ( nal ) digital collections showing item 0 of from your search. a system for estimating bowen ratio and evaporation from waste lagoons - a low - cost system was deployed above a swine waste lagoon to obtain estimates of bowen ratios and characterize lagoon temperatures. the system consisted of humidity and temperature sensors and anemometers deployed above the lagoon, water temperature sensors, and a meteorological station located by the lagoon. to evaluate the system, data was analyzed from the 25th through 28th june 2007. bowen ratios showed diurnal behavior near the lagoon surface characterized by negative values during day and positive ones at night. latent ( evaporation ) and sensible heat fluxes were towards the atmosphere and the lagoon, respectively for most of the day. a diurnal cycle in atmospheric and lagoon temperatures was also observed. furthermore, wind speeds above the lagoon were highest in the afternoon. these variations were linked to lagoon temperature stratifications which became more pronounced as wind speeds increased. temperature stratification at the lagoon indicated increased heat exchange at the lagoon ' s interface with the atmosphere. during the night, the stratification disappeared and temperatures in the water column were almost identical down to about 60 cm. this behavior is similar to that observed in other shallow water bodies that are fetch - limited. lagoon heating was driven by the diurnal cycle of solar radiation and net radiation. this suggests that bowen ratios had an inverse relationship with lagoon heating and its thermal stratification. this also indicates that there was an increase in latent heat flux and evaporation during the daytime. these results are important for characterizing the thermal behavior of the lagoon leading to a better representation of processes responsible for emissions. quintanar, a. i., mahmood, r., loughrin, j. h., lovanh, n., motley, m. v. estimation, evaporation rate, waste lagoons, swine, pig manure, water temperature, sensors, anemometers, meteorological data, temperature profiles - includes references - applied engineering in agriculture 2009, v. 25, no. 6 journal articles, usda authors, peer - reviewed - works produced by employees of the u. s. government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the u. s. the content of this document is not copyrighted.


sunlight is earth ’ s most abundant energy source and is delivered everywhere free of charge. yet direct use of solar energy — that is, harnessing light ’ s energy content immediately rather than indirectly in fossil fuels or wind power — makes only a small contribution to humanity ’ s energy supply. in 2008, about 0. 1 % of the total energy supply in the united states came from solar sources. in theory, it could be much more. in practice, it will require considerable scientific and engineering progress in the two ways of converting the energy of sunlight into usable forms. photovoltaic systems are routinely employed to power a host of devices — from orbiting satellites to pocket calculators — and many companies make roof - sized units for homes and office buildings. photovoltaic ( pv ) systems exploit the photoelectric effect discovered more than a century ago. in certain materials, the energy of incoming light kicks electrons into motion, creating a current. sheets of these materials are routinely employed to power a host of devices — from orbiting satellites to pocket calculators — and many companies make roof - sized units for homes and office buildings. at the present time, however, the best commercial pv systems produce electricity at five to six times the cost of other generation methods, though if a system is installed at its point of use, which is often the case, its price may compete successfully at the retail level. pv is an intermittent source, meaning that it ’ s only available when the sun is shining. furthermore, unless pv energy is consumed immediately, it must be stored in batteries or by some other method. adequate and cost - effective storage solutions await development. one factor favoring pv systems is that they produce maximum power close to the time of peak loads, which are driven by air - conditioning. peak power is much more expensive than average power. with the advent of time - of - day pricing for power, pv power will grow more economical. sunlight can also be focused and concentrated by mirrors and the resulting energy employed to heat liquids that drive turbines to create electricity — a technique called solar thermal generation. existing systems produce electricity at about twice the cost of fossil - fuel sources. engineering advances will reduce the cost, but solar thermal generation is unlikely to be feasible outside regions such as the southwestern united states that receive substantial sunlight over long time periods. despite the challenges, the idea of drawing our energy from a source that is renewable and that does not emit greenhouse gases has powerful appeal.


| world salt awareness week : “ less salt, please! ” | everyone can play a role in reducing salt intake to improve health washington, d. c., 12 march 2013 ( paho / who ) — the pan american health organization / world health organization ( paho / who ) is joining the call for “ less salt, please! ” during this year ’ s world salt awareness week. the march 11 – 17 campaign urges everyone to help reduce dietary salt, with a focus this year on chefs, caterers, and others who prepare food for consumption outside the home. “ restaurants and caterers often add excessive salt to foods because they think that ’ s what customers want, ” notes branka legetic, who leads paho / who ’ s salt reduction efforts. “ but people can in fact change their tastes for salt over time. if you gradually consume less salt, you will gradually want less salt. the same is true of sugar. chefs and caterers can help consumers choose this better path. ” salt is an essential part of the human diet, but most people consume more than they realize and more than is healthy. consuming excess salt contributes to high blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes, as well as other health problems, including kidney disease, osteoporosis, obesity and alzheimer ’ s. high blood pressure is the focus of this year ’ s world health day ( april 7 ), and reducing dietary salt will also be one of the key recommendations of that campaign. paho / who recommends that adults consume less than 5 grams of salt per day. in the americas, salt intake averages 12g / day in argentina, 11 g / day in brazil, and 8. 5 – 9 g / day in canada, chile and the united states. most of the excess salt people consume comes not from the salt shaker but from processed foods such as bread, snack foods, “ instant ” meals, processed meats and condiments. restaurant foods are also major contributors, hence the focus this year on chefs and caterers. paho / who nutrition expert enrique jacoby notes that choosing “ low - salt ” versions of processed foods is not always the best solution, because processed foods tend to be less healthy than fresh foods for other reasons. “ foods that come in a bag or a box — what we call ultra - processed foods — are things that people should be avoiding anyway, ” says jacoby. “ low - salt versions of processed foods are full of empty calories, low on micronut


that come in a bag or a box — what we call ultra - processed foods — are things that people should be avoiding anyway, ” says jacoby. “ low - salt versions of processed foods are full of empty calories, low on micronutrients, and often formulated and marketed to make people over - consume. in contrast, real, fresh foods provide real nutrition, satisfy hunger and are naturally low in salt. the best advice is to eat real foods like those your grandmother ate. ” cost - effectiveness studies have shown that reducing salt consumption at the population level can cut the prevalence of related chronic diseases at a cost of between 4 and 32 u. s. cents per person per year. a canadian study of 18 latin american countries estimated that reducing sodium intake by 10 percent each year in 18 latin american countries could prevent 593, 000 cardiovascular events and save some 54, 000 lives. salt reduction efforts are under way in countries including argentina, brazil, canada, chile, costa rica, cuba, mexico, suriname, uruguay, and the united states. they include efforts ranging from mass media and educational campaigns to collaboration with food makers to improve nutrition labels and reformulate products to contain less salt. paho, founded in 1902, is the oldest international public health organization in the world. it works with its member countries to improve the health and the quality of life of the people of the americas. it also serves as the regional office for the americas of who. regional office for the americas of the world health organization


| search on this day by date | 1962 : america to sell polaris to britainpresident kennedy and british prime minister harold macmillan have announced the formation of a multilateral nato nuclear force after talks in nassau, in the bahamas. the agreement means the united states will sell polaris missiles to the uk. the president has made a similar offer to france in the hope of establishing a tripartite nuclear deterrent against the countries of the eastern bloc. polaris, a two - stage solid - fuelled rocket system, is designed to be fired underwater from a submarine. it carries a half - megaton nuclear warhead at a speed of 17, 500 mph ( 28, 160 kph ). the british government would construct the submarines and develop warheads for polaris with technical support from the us. the deal has been described in the us press as a landmark in military and political development in the western world. it is also regarded as the most constructive meeting held between president kennedy and mr macmillan. however, there are now fears britain will be too reliant on the us for its nuclear deterrent in spite of the fact that the nuclear element of the weapons system will be supplied by britain. at the end of the three - day summit, the two leaders issued a joint statement. in it, mr macmillan made it clear that polaris missiles would be used for international defence of nato countries, except where britain ' s " supreme national interests are at stake ". this phrase is designed to show the british nuclear force is politically independent of the us. cuban missile crisis president kennedy also sent a letter to france ' s president charles de gaulle offering to sell polaris as well as provide technical support. it is hoped this will not only heal the current rift between france and britain over mr macmillan ' s " special relationship " with the us and britain ' s wish to enter the eec, but also strengthen nato as a whole and allow france a greater role within it. if france rejects the agreement, it will still be valid between britain and america. the talks come just two months after the cuban missile crisis when it was revealed the soviet union ' s leader, nikita khrushchev, had set up nuclear missile bases on america ' s doorstep. in this context, president kennedy and mr macmillan emphasised the need for a unified defence programme. " in strategic terms, this defence is indivisible and it is their conviction, " said the statement, " that in all ordinary circumstances of crisis or danger it is this very unity which is the best


the need for a unified defence programme. " in strategic terms, this defence is indivisible and it is their conviction, " said the statement, " that in all ordinary circumstances of crisis or danger it is this very unity which is the best protection of the west. " the controversial american skybolt missile project will be abandoned due its high cost and questions about how long it would have taken to complete. the first of a dozen polaris submarines are due to go into service in the uk within five years. each submarine will cost around £35m each and each missile costs £350, 000. the total cost of the nuclear naval deterrent is estimated at about £300m. the us currently has five polaris a - 1 submarines in service with a range of 1, 200 miles ( 1, 931 km ). the a - 2 version is being tested from improved polaris submarines and can reach 1, 500 miles ( 2, 414km ). a - 3 missiles are due to be ready for use in 1964 and have a range of 2, 500 miles ( 4, 023km ). compared with skybolt missiles which carry warheads of nearly two megatons, polaris rockets are less powerful. but they are also less vulnerable because skybolts are dropped from aircraft while polaris submarines are much harder to locate. stories from 21 dec | search on this day by date | | ^ ^ back to top | | front page | years | themes | witness | | ©mmviii | news sources | privacy & cookies policy


researchers at the university of washington school of public health and community medicine have produced new analyses predicting the risk of heart disease among diverse population groups - - younger women, middle - aged men and older japanese - american men. the findings are being presented on march 26 at the 39th annual american heart association ( aha ) conference on cardiovascular disease epidemiology and prevention in orlando, florida. the analyses are based on results from several studies showing that for every nanometer decrease in low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) particle diameter or size, heart disease risk increases from 30 to 230 percent, depending on the population studied. ldl particles carry the " bad cholesterol " through the bloodstream. smaller ldl particles may more easily become trapped in blood vessel walls than larger ones, possibly increasing risk for atherosclerosis. ldl particle size is determined using a technique called gradient gel electrophoresis that separates ldl particles obtained from blood samples by their diameter and shape. the uw researchers have analyzed data from three different population groups. in a case - control study of 231 primarily caucasian women aged 20 - 44 in western washington, blood samples from women with heart disease had smaller ldl size than control women in the same age group. a one - nanometer decrease in ldl size was associated with a more than two - fold risk for heart disease. the relationship remained after taking into account smoking, diabetes, hypertension and ldl cholesterol level, but was reduced substantially after taking into account triglycerides ( another form of fat carried in the bloodstream ) or high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ) cholesterol, known as the " good cholesterol ". " many people think heart disease occurs mainly in men, but heart disease is also the number - one cause of death among women in this country, " says dr. melissa austin, profes contact : ellen liang university of washington


from its crew members to its crockery, enthusiasts have raked over every aspect of the titanic ’ s tragic tale. but what about the dogs on board? there were 12 canines on the doomed ocean liner, three of which survived. those include a baby pomeranian, lady, whose owner, margaret hays of new york city, wrapped her in a blanket and carried her into a lifeboat. the other two dogs to survive were also small, pedigreed pooches who travelled in their owners ’ cabins. ( all the dogs on board belonged to first - class passengers. ) sun yat - sen, a pekingese belonging to henry and myra harper ( of the harper & row publishing dynasty ) lived to yip another day, as did a pomeranian belonging to elizabeth rothschild of new york. the nine dogs confined in the onboard kennel — where they were walked and cared for by crewmembers — all died. two belonged to american coal magnate william carter, who reassured his worried children that their pets were safe as they clambered into the lifeboats. his daughter lucy was later compensated $ 100 by lloyds of london for her king charles spaniel, while his son billy received $ 200 for his airedale. the other dogs that perished included two airedales owned by john jacob astor iv and his wife, a fox terrier named dog, and a great dane who was the object of a failed rescue attempt by his owner, ann elizabeth isham. she climbed out of a lifeboat after being informed that her dog was too big to join her and returned to the ship ’ s kennel. a few days after the sinking, her body was found by a recovery ship, clutching her beloved canine. the titanic ’ s four - footed passengers are included in a new exhibition about philadelphia families aboard the titanic at the widener university art gallery in chester, pennsylvania.


turner to monet constable, one of the foremost british landscape painters of the nineteenth century, first achieved success with his large canvases depicting landscape and life in and around the stour valley, which he exhibited between 1819 and 1825. such was the success of the first of these large paintings, the white horse 1819, 1 when constable exhibited it at the royal academy in 1819, that he was elected associate of the academy later that year. 2 working on a scale usually reserved for history painting, constable redefined the notion of a ‘ finished ’ picture by giving his large landscapes something of the spontaneous freedom and expressive handling of a rapidly painted sketch. the leaping horse is the sixth and the last of these large stour valley landscapes and one of the most powerful. constable chose a place called float jump, close to where the course of the old river temporarily left the navigable portion of the stour. it also marked the boundary between the counties of essex and suffolk. the jump itself consisted of a wooden barrier a metre high, constructed across the tow path. built to stop cattle straying, it was low enough to allow barge horses to leap over it. constable chose the moment when the horse, mounted by a boy, was leaping the barrier, which gave vigour to the scene. he depicted it from a low viewpoint to give the horse and rider a dramatic presence. constable ’ s principal concern was not, however, with the specifics of the location but rather capturing the atmosphere of place and the general feelings associated with experiencing nature. he sought to present nature as something mutable, not fixed. ‘ it is a lovely subject, ’ constable said of the leaping horse, ‘ lively – & soothing – calm and exhilarating, fresh – & blowing ’. 3 he wanted his landscapes to create a total experience, including a sense of movement and sound as well as what can be directly observed. in this painting he wanted to convey the feel of the wind, the shimmering of light, the sense of being outdoors. and he extended the experience of the landscape by depicting a moorhen startled from her nest by the thundering of the horse ’ s hoofs. constable ’ s handling of paint is expressionist and almost abstract. he used palette knife as well as brush, with which he created a visual impression of flickering lights and shadows. the light rises as if the sun is coming out and the storm clouds are blowing away. it sparkles on the trees on the left and gives the pollarded tree in the centre a silvery look. constable also carried through


a term used with reference to business transactions to signify the investing of money at a risk of loss on the chance of unusual gain. the word is commonly used only when the risk of loss is greater than ordinary business methods and prudence warrant. a coal merchant who sees grounds for thinking that the coming winter will be severe, and that there will be a general strike among coal miners, shows enterprise if he lays in a large stock of coal with the expectation of reaping more than usual profit from its sale. he incurs the ordinary risks of business, he does not speculate. but if a man thinks, on trivial indications, that there is going to be a great development in the opening up of a new country, and buys large tracts of prairie land in the district on the chance of its rising rapidly in value, he would be said to speculate in land. more specifically, speculation is used to designate dealings in futures and options on the exchanges, especially when the parties to the transaction do not intend any effective transference of commodities or securities, but only the payment of differences between making - up prices and those agreed on. such time - bargains are universally practised nowadays on the world ' s exchanges, and the volume of business done in them vastly surpasses that where effective transfer of securities or commodities is contemplated. the transactions may vary indefinitely in character between bona fide and perfectly lawful buying and selling, on the one hand, and the merest gambling or betting on future prices, on the other. some of the ordinary types of such operations are the following. a speculator buys at the current rate a thousand dollars ' worth of stock for the account at the end of the month. when the day for settlement arrives, if the price has risen, he is paid the difference between the price at which he bought and the making up price. if the price is lower, the speculator loses and pays the difference to the broker. in the slang of the exchange, this is a " future ", or " time - bargain or a deal in " differences " ; and one who speculates for the rise of prices is called a " bull ", while one who speculates for the fall is called a " bear ". when the operator loses, he may prefer to extend the time of settling the account to the next settling day. this may be done by arrangement with the broker, and the transaction is known as " carrying over ". a speculator may purchase at a fixed rate the right to receive or to refuse a certain amount


of settling the account to the next settling day. this may be done by arrangement with the broker, and the transaction is known as " carrying over ". a speculator may purchase at a fixed rate the right to receive or to refuse a certain amount of a certain stock or commodity at a future date. this is called an " option ". if he purchases the right either to sell or to buy, it is a " put and call ", or a " double option ". of course no objection can be raised against such contracts as these when they are entered into by merchants or others with a view to the effective transfer of what is bought and sold. a merchant or manufacturer requires a constant and steady supply of what he deals in so as to be able to conduct his business. effective dealings in " futures " and " options " guarantee the steady supply which is needed, and that at fixed rates settled beforehand. such business methods benefit the dealer and the public as well. they ensure a constant supply of commodities at medium rates. but the speculator does not intend effective transfer. his buying and selling are fictitious ; he only pockets his differences if he wins, and pays them if he loses. his methods give rise to serious moral, economic, and political questions, which have been the subject of much discussion. there is no great moral harm in the practices which have been mentioned if they are considered singly by themselves and in the abstract. without incurring the reproach of great moral obliquity i may buy a thousand dollars ' worth of stock at the current rate from a broker when neither buyer nor seller intends effective transfer of the stock, but merely the payment of differences when the settling day arrives. in essentials the transaction is a bet as to what the price of the stock will be on settling day. and if the buyer and the seller have the free disposal of the money which is staked on the bet, and there is no fraud, unfair dealing, or other evil adjuncts or effects of the transaction, the bet will not be morally wrong. ( see betting ; gambling. ) however, betting and gambling are almost always dangerous pastimes and often morally wrong. just in the same way speculation tends to develop a passion which frequently leads to the ruin of a speculator and his family. the hope of becoming rich quickly and without the drudgery of labour distracts a man from pursuing the path of honest work. the speculator, even if he succeeds, produces nothing ; he reaps the fruit of the to


his family. the hope of becoming rich quickly and without the drudgery of labour distracts a man from pursuing the path of honest work. the speculator, even if he succeeds, produces nothing ; he reaps the fruit of the toil of others, he is a parasite who lives by preying on the community. moreover, in practice, the event on which the bet is laid by one who speculates in futures is seldom left to the operation of natural causes. when large sums of money are at stake the temptation to influence the course of prices becomes almost irresistible ; hence the fierce and frequent contests between " bulls " and " bears " on the exchanges. cliques of one party, interested to bring about a rise in prices, buy the stock in order that the increased demand may produce the effect desired. often the buying is merely fictitious, but this fact is not known to the outside world. the purchases are published, industriously commented upon by the venal financial press, puffs and mendacious reports are inserted in the papers in order to raise the price of the stock and attract moneyed investors. the opposite party adopts the contrary, but equally immoral, tactics. they indulge in real or fictitious sales and do all they can to depreciate the stock in their favour by fair or foul means. great financiers with command of large sums of money can and do influence the markets almost as they please, and the small speculator is usually swallowed up by them. wealthy financiers and gigantic syndicates can often buy or obtain effective control over all the available supply of some stock or commodity and then charge monopoly prices. such " rings ", or " corners ", even when they do not succeed entirely according to the intention of the operator produce widespread inconvenience, hardship, and ruin. the result is that in practice speculation deserves all the evil reputation which attaches to the word. speculation indeed has its defenders and advocates, especially among brokers and jobbers, who claim that it equalizes prices and prevents the fluctuations which would otherwise be inevitable. some affirm that speculative dealings have little appreciable effect on buying and selling for transfer. in volume and number speculative transactions are very much larger than those for effective transfer, but the two are conducted separately and to a great extent between different parties. it is asserted that the speculative market is to a large extent separate and distinct from the real market. these two arguments in favour of speculative dealings mutually destroy each other. if


, but the two are conducted separately and to a great extent between different parties. it is asserted that the speculative market is to a large extent separate and distinct from the real market. these two arguments in favour of speculative dealings mutually destroy each other. if speculative dealings equalize prices, it cannot be true that they have little appreciable effect on the markets. as the result of the speculation depends on the actual market price of the security or commodity in question at the time agreed upon, it cannot be said that speculative transactions are independent of effective buying and selling for transfer. it is patent that the various devices to which " bulls " and " bears " have recourse do produce some effect. the acute and experienced men who devote themselves to speculative business, and who frequently have recourse to the methods described above in order to influence the market in their favour, would be the last people in the world to expend uselessly time, effort, and money. the contention, then, of producers and consumers that speculation has a disastrous effect on real business transactions seems to be well grounded. they maintain that speculators denaturalize prices. these should be regulated, and are naturally regulated, by the varying costs of production and by the mutual interaction of supply and demand ; but the artificial dealings of speculators tend to fix prices without reference to those natural factors. hence, producers and consumers are robbed by clever men, who manipulate the markets in their own interests, produce nothing, perform no useful social service, and are parasites on commerce. in germany the exchange law of june, 1896, forbade gambling in options and futures in agricultural produce, and after a severe struggle with the berlin exchange the government succeeded in maintaining the law. a similar law was passed in austria in january, 1903. america and great britain as yet have no special laws on the matter, though more measures than one have been proposed to congress. the great difficulty of distinguishing between transactions for effective delivery and mere time - bargains, and the ease with which positive laws on the matter could be evaded, have checked the tendency to positive legislation. in england the existing laws against gambling and fraud have been found sufficiently effective to provide a remedy for cases of special importance. antoine in dictionnaire de theologie catholique ( paris, 1905 ), s. v. bourse ( jeux de ) ; brants, les grandes lignes de l ' economie politique ( louvain, 1908 ) ; ecclesiasticai review,


paris, 1905 ), s. v. bourse ( jeux de ) ; brants, les grandes lignes de l ' economie politique ( louvain, 1908 ) ; ecclesiasticai review, xxxii ( new york, 1905 ), 2 ; ingall and withers, the stock exchange ( london, 1904 ). apa citation. ( 1912 ). speculation. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14211a. htm mla citation. " speculation. " the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 14. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14211a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the immaculate heart of the blessed virgin mary. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. july 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.


please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : http : / / hdl. handle. net / 1959. 13 / 806880 - older people playing ball : what is the risk of falling and injury? van beurden, eric ; - the university of newcastle. faculty of health, school of medicine and public health - increasing physical activity amongst seniors is important for public health, yet guidance is needed to minimise injury risks. to describe the incidence of falls / injuries in a walking team ball game ( lifeball ) designed for seniors, a prospective cohort study was undertaken amongst community dwelling lifeball participants in australia. players completed a telephone survey soon after commencing lifeball ( 2004 ) and 12 months later ( 2005 ). attendance and incident records were audited for the period. subjects joined a lifeball group with opportunity to play at least once per week. baseline was completed by 284 players aged between 40 and 96 years ( mean 67 years ), with most ( 83. 8 %, 238 / 284 ) female. of 263 followed up, the average attendances was 25, with 19. 3 % attending on fewer than 4 occasions and 14. 3 % attending 52 or more times. most ( 93. 9 % ) reported no injuries requiring medical attention. however, 16 ( 6. 1 % ) had injuries requiring medical attention and their 27 injuries represent an injury rate of 3. 3 per 1000 hours of participation. twenty participants ( 7. 6 % ) had a lifeball fall equating to a fall rate of 2. 8 per 1000 hours of participation. falls in lifeball were not associated with measured predictors ( age, gender, falls history, perceived falls risk or hours played ). incident records showed a trip / stumble involving rushing, walking backwards, or overextending ( all against rules ) as common falling causes. lifeball is not ‘ risk free ’ however due to a lack of comparative data it is difficult to compare injury rate to relevant activities. prevention of injury should concentrate on enforcing safety rules. - journal of science and medicine in sport vol. 12, issue 1, p. 177 - 183 - publisher link - resource type - journal article


the american sheet music collection illustrates the physical and thematic development of sheet music printed in the united states from the late eighteenth century through the early twentieth century. the collection includes over 3814 items, the bulk of which spans the years 1820 - 1920. musical genres included are english and american theatre music, comic opera, patriotic songs, scottish and irish melodies, " englished " versions of italian opera, contemporary topical themes ( such as the civil war, including a small number of confederate imprints ), and modern broadway music. subjects and themes covered include sentimental songs, especially courtship and maternal relationships ; songs offered in tribute ( e. g. to washington, lincoln, bonaparte ; jenny lind, etc. ) ; and patriotic songs, especially of the civil war. major and minor publishers are represented. cities most prominently featured as publishing centers include boston, philadelphia, new york, and baltimore ; there are also imprints from cincinnati, chicago, milwaukee, san francisco, st. louis, and new orleans. a significant portion of the collection is illustrated which, along with the themes and lyrics of the songs themselves, provides further insight into the attitudes and values of the american people over time. in order to quote from, publish, or reproduce any of the manuscripts or visual materials, researchers must obtain formal permission from the office of the library director. in most instances, permission is given by the huntington as owner of the physical property rights only, and researchers must also obtain permission from the holder of the literary rights in some instances, the huntington owns the literary rights, as well as the physical property rights. researchers may contact the appropriate curator for further information.


gdr germany - federal office for radiation protection19. 06. 2013 | map | | station list | | status report | | information | | faq | | contact | | imprint | the german gamma dose rate ( gdr ) network consists of about 1800 continuously measuring, automatic probes. in order to make data available to the public as soon as possible, the bfs publishes without prior examination of the data. because of the large number of probes it may happen that some data is missing or shows strange signals due to failures or technical problems ( see information ). it should be noted that such error can occur and that individual values may be corrupted at single stations, while the neighboring probes do not show these abnormalities. the time series ( averaged over one hour ) are updated regularly every 6 hours. in the case of an exceptional increase of the gdr, the probes report their status and the measured dose rate immediately. this alerts the bfs on - call team, who check the values within a short reaction time. often heavy rain showers provoke an increase of the gdr due to the fact that the derivatives of naturally occurring radon in the atmosphere are washed out and deposited on the ground. this may lead to short - term increases in the gdr visible in the measurements, which decays very quickly again. in any case, all new data is checked on a daily basis. this check takes place before 10 : 00 in the morning, thus older data is checked. the check ensures that data with technically induced errors are marked by a member of the team on duty. this marked data is not shown in the time series plots. note : averaged ( mean ) values over one hour, partly unvalidated raw data! daily mean values the time series plots represent the gamma dose rate at the station dransfeld : legend for the time series the measured dose rate depends primarily on the level of natural radioactivity in soil ( terrestrial component ) and on the intensity of the cosmic radiation ( cosmic component ). the site - specific threshold is marked as a horizontal line in the time series. if the threshold is exceeded at two adjacent stations in the network, the management centre will be alarmed to clarify the situation. typical progressions of the gamma dose rate are summarized in the information.


from ohio history central youngstown is the county seat of mahoning county, ohio. youngstown was founded by john young in 1797 and is within the original western reserve of connecticut.. young had purchased an entire township from the connecticut land company. he paid $ 16, 085 for 15, 560 acres of land. within a short period of time, ten families settled in the village along the mahoning river. youngstown continued to grow and was officially incorporated in 1802. in that same year daniel and james heaton built the hopewell furnace. iron ore and coal deposits had been discovered near youngstown, and an early iron industry flourished. with the completion of the pennsylvania and ohio canal in the 1830s and the construction of railroads beginning in the 1850 ' s, youngstown continued to grow. by 1860, the population had reached 5, 300, and by 1870, 8, 075 people lived in the community. by the second half of the nineteenth century, youngstown had become an important intersection of a number of major railway lines, including the baltimore & ohio, the erie lackawana, the new york central, and the pennsylvania railroad. as a result of the city ' s growth, the mahoning county seat was moved from canfield to youngstown in 1876. the population reached 33, 220 in 1890. in the late 1800s, the first steel mills were constructed in youngstown, signaling the new influence of that industry on the city ' s development. the new industry attracted many immigrants to the community, including poles, italians, and hungarians. in the early twentieth century, the steel workers began to demand better wages and working conditions. there were a number of strikes in this era during world war i, the steel mills produced materiel for the war effort. as a result of this increased production, there were a number of new jobs. youngstown ' s population swelled so rapidly that there was not enough housing for everyone. when the war ended, a number of workers were laid off. once again, workers went on strike. they demanded that the companies institute an eight - hour day and a six - day week. in addition, workers wanted extra pay for working overtime. when mill owners did not respond, there were violent confrontations. by the 1920s, youngstown was second only to pittsburgh in terms of total steel production in the united states. at the same time, the industry faced some significant challenges. after the closing of the canal, the city no longer had access to water transportation. in addition, there was a shortage


only to pittsburgh in terms of total steel production in the united states. at the same time, the industry faced some significant challenges. after the closing of the canal, the city no longer had access to water transportation. in addition, there was a shortage of water for use in the mills. in spite of these problems, the city continued to grow. the population in 1920 was 132, 358 people, and youngstown was ranked as the fiftieth largest city in the nation. the population reached its peak in 1930 at just over 170, 000 residents. the great depression hit youngstown hard. because the city ' s economy relied so much on the steel industry, its unemployment rate was approximately three times the national average during the 1930s. unions were gaining popularity among workers during this era, but several steel companies in youngstown had resisted unionization. they were collectively known as the little steel companies. workers at these mills went on strike on march 26, 1937. although the " little steel " strike, as it became known, was not very successful in the short - term, it led to the creation of the congress of industrial organizations, commonly known as the cio. the cio was able to force the little steel companies to accept unionization in 1941. during world war ii, youngstown ' s industries once again contributed to the american war effort. prosperity returned to the city. with the further growth of the automobile industry in the years following the war and its demand for steel, youngstown ' s economy continued to grow. this economic growth slowed in the late twentieth century, as the steel industry across the united states began to decline. cities such as pittsburgh and youngstown became part of the " rust belt " during this era. youngstown ' s population also decreased. according to the 2000 census, the city had 82, 026 residents. in recent years, the city of youngstown has seen some economic revitalization as new industries and enterprises have been attracted to the area. - great depression - world war i - hopewell furnace - pennsylvania and ohio canal - connecticut land company - connecticut western reserve - iron production - steel mills - zzhungarian immigrants - italian ohioans - polish ohioans - slavic ohioans - great steel strike of 1919 - little steel strike of 1937 - congress of industrial organizations - world war ii - mahoning county - eaton, ohio - [ the center of industry and labor ] - [ mahoning valley historical society ] - [ city of youngstown ] - [ wikipedia : youngstown, ohio ]


front page titles ( by subject ) 19th century french liberalism school of thought : 19th century french liberalism between the french revolution and the first world war france produced an impressive group of classical liberal and conservative writers. they focused on the problems of creating a constitutional limited government, the issue of free trade, french imperialism and colonialism, the history of the french revolution and napoleon, freedom of speech, the rise of socialism and the welfare state. they differed from their english colleagues in a number of ways, particularly in the french preference to ground the defence of liberty on natural rights instead of utilitarianism, which was increasingly favored by the english. by the time the first world war broke out the french liberal movement had been fatally weakened and it virtually disappeared. | frederic bastiat ( 1801 - 1850 ) | | jean - baptiste say ( 1767 - 1832 ) | | augustin thierry ( 1795 - 1856 ) for more information see : - john lukacs, “ alexis de tocqueville : a historical appreciation ” in literature of liberty, vol. v, no. 1, spring 1982. - editor ’ s introduction to francois guizot, history of the origins of representative government in europe, trans. andrew r. scoble, introduction and notes by aurelian craiutu ( indianapolis : liberty fund, 2002 ). - david m. hart, “ jean - baptiste say ( 1767 - 1832 ) : an annotated bibliography ”. - david m. hart, “ comte destutt de tracy ( 1754 - 1836 ) : an annotated bibliography ”. - sheldon richman, “ frederic bastiat : an annotated bibliography ”. 16 people in this group :


the oxygen content of oxy - water is 5 to 7 times higher than that of regular bottled water and up to 10 times higher than that of some tap water. the oxy - water people do not use only use less than perfect reverse osmosis membranes or mere filters to create their base water, they use steam distillation. not only does distillation remove everything but the water from the water, but it removes any vibrational " memories " as well. i often discuss water as possessing the proven quality of " memory. " filters and reverse osmosis membranes cannot erase the structural memories that the japanese scientists are photographing in water crystals, but distillation can blank water back to it ' s pure unrecorded and unadulterated state. why distilled water? from the oxy water web site : " the distillation process removes every kind of bacteria, virus, parasite, pathogen, pesticide, herbicide, heavy metal, and inorganic material, and prepares water to accept and retain the maximum amount of oxygen possible. when ingested, water attracts and dissolves toxins and inorganic mineral deposits stored in our joints, organs, arteries, and nerve tracts, pulling them into our blood to be carried to our excretory organs for discharge. distilled water is an excellent natural solvent. you should know that the human body cannot absorb inorganic materials available in plain tap or spring water : these minerals need to be converted first to an organic state for human assimilation. this is achieved only after they pass through plants, not water. simply put, we need the purest water possible to carry what the body ' s cells need plenty of... oxygen. a recent study concluded each hemoglobin molecule in the blood requires 40 molecules of water to transport efficiently one molecule of oxygen to the cells. an inadequate amount of water can cause the hemoglobin molecule to actually repel oxygen. [ and 80 % of all americans are estimated to be clinically dehydrated. ] pure ( distilled ) water " wets " the hemoglobin molecules, allowing them to more effectively pick up and transport oxygen throughout the body. the tiredness many people feel after eating is a result of oxygen being consumed during the digestive process, which diminishes the oxygen available to the rest of the body. " it seems as though some questions have arisen regarding the ability of the human body to absorb oxygen in water. the oxygen in the oxy - water is absorbed instantly


, which diminishes the oxygen available to the rest of the body. " it seems as though some questions have arisen regarding the ability of the human body to absorb oxygen in water. the oxygen in the oxy - water is absorbed instantly through the mucosa of the mouth just as homeopathic remedies and nutrients are. actually, the moment the water touches the inside of the mouth ( especially under the tongue ), the transference of information present in any substance begins to absorb. i recommend anyone who wants better health to drink oxy - water. " dr. theresa dale, ph. d., n. d. sports oxygen is critical for muscle function. proper oxygenation allows the body to produce and supply atp to the muscles, giving them strength and elasticity. a lack of oxygen ( hypoxia ) causes the body to produce an oxygen - deficient form of atp called lactic acid. this reduces the efficiency of the muscles and can lead to cramps, pulls, strains, etc. unfortunately the popular heavily advertised energy drinks contain ingredients that trigger the digestive juices, causing oxygen to be transferred to the digestive tract to enable digestion. this reduces the amount of oxygen available to the rest of the body, especially the brain and muscles. other ingredients in energy drinks, such as sugars, cause a short - lived energy burst. the " crash " which occurs after that initial surge can leave an athlete with less energy than if they had not had the drink in the first place. couple that with oxygen loss due to digestive processing and it is understandable why most serious athletes choose pure oxygenated water. pure ( distilled ) water requires no digestion. the distilled water used in oxy - watertm is the absolute purest available and is completely compatible with the hydration demands of the body. the oxygen in oxy - watertm is quickly absorbed into the body from the instant it comes in contact with your mouth tissue, and continues throughout the digestive tract. " the oxy water process the oxy water people start with filtration and ozonation, and then add distillation, and then refrigeration and high pressure oxygen saturation to build their water. these methods are not used by most oxygenated water bottlers because they are more costly, but the oxy water people feel there is no substitute for quality. they then go even further and use a few more proprietary methods with their oxygenated water building process in order to help


by most oxygenated water bottlers because they are more costly, but the oxy water people feel there is no substitute for quality. they then go even further and use a few more proprietary methods with their oxygenated water building process in order to help keep the oxygen content high in their bottled water. unlike the products from some other companies, all you get with oxy water is water and oxygen. here is the summation of a study of oxy - water presented to the american college of sports medicine in june of 2001. abstract # 945 effects of oxygenized water on percent oxygen saturation and performance during exercise. a jenkins, m. moreland, t. b. waddell, b. fernhall, facsm. the george washington university, washington, dc. " individuals who are highly trained may benefit from the use of oxygenized water to increase percent oxygen saturation during acute bouts of intense exercise and possibly prolong time to fatigue. even small increases in oxygen saturation may be significant in highly trained individuals and elite performers. " oxy - water faq from the manufacturer " isn ' t there already oxygen in water? yes, but. oxy - water has been able to develop a proprietary method of infusing oxygen into water without causing a molecular change. we can cause this physical change in the water without the addition of any chemicals. how can you prove that the molecular compound of h2o can hold a gas? the presence of this oxygen has been supported by an independent laboratory that, prior to testing oxy - water, did not believe that oxygen could be trapped in water. the oxygen found in oxy - water is the same oxygen that you receive from medical personnel in the event of illness. we use no chemicals to create an alleged oxygen increase. how can h2o be physically altered to hold more oxygen? what some " experts " have the tendency to over look ( many times to their embarrassment ) is that between the h2o molecules there are voids that can be filled with other microscopic substances. with the proper equipment and strictly controlled process, it is possible to remove the " stuff " between the molecules and replace it with oxygen gas. using a special technique, oxy - water is then able to trap that gas between the molecules so that it will be immediately bio - available to the body. this process has been called " oxygenized " to differentiate it from " oxygenated " or " super oxygenated ". how difficult is it to put oxygen into the water? it is not


that it will be immediately bio - available to the body. this process has been called " oxygenized " to differentiate it from " oxygenated " or " super oxygenated ". how difficult is it to put oxygen into the water? it is not difficult to put oxygen into water. the difficulty is to keep the oxygen in the water so that is available to those who consume it. oxy - water ' s method of increasing oxygen in water has been found to be one of the most stable methods, which can be used. this guarantees the consumer a beneficial oxygen supplement at consumption. some companies claim high oxygen content at the point of bottling, but are unable to maintain it for any appreciable length of time. oxy - water has tested its product after being bottled for 16 months and found it to still contain over 3 times more oxygen than normal bottled water. do you have independent analysis that confirms the presence of extra oxygen? yes, the atomic absorption laboratory tested oxy - water and found the oxygen content at 34 ppm, over two weeks after the bottling date. they were so surprised that in a letter to us they said, " we didn ' t think it was possible to increase the dissolved oxygen in water but, you proved us wrong ". since then we have improved our technology and are carrying 40 to 45 ppm of oxygen. > how long will the oxygen say in the bottle? we have tested no production water that contains more the 20 to 25 ppm of oxygen after several weeks in the bottle, in spite of their claims. the excuse that their oxygen can not be measured should be looked on with great skepticism. "


teach children to seek world without israel by itamar marcus and nan jacques zilberdik palestinian parents should teach their children that it is their role or destiny to destroy israel, according to a cartoon in the official pa daily. in the cartoon, a mother is showing her son a book with a map that includes all of israel and the pa areas. the text in the book defines the map as " palestine. " | text in book : " palestine " mother ' s words : " this is your bride... when you grow up you will know the dowry. " the mother tells her son : " this is your bride... when you grow up you will know the dowry. " march 31, 2012 ] the message of the pa daily is that parents either are educating their children or should be educating their children to see their obligation to replace all of israel with a state of " palestine. " the dowry - the cost of liberating palestine - is yet to be learned. last week, palestinian media watch reported that the minister of social affairs, majida al - masri, said in a speech that palestinian unity is needed in order to achieve " the liberation of palestine - all of palestine, " meaning israel ' s destruction. official pa daily cartoons regularly represent all of israel as replaced by " palestine. " in this cartoon, the text reads " the only red line, " conveying the message that the goal to have all of israel eliminated and replaced by " palestine, " remains the real " red line. " aug. 21, 2011 ] see pmw bulletin another cartoon expressed the idea that unity between hamas and fatah is all that is needed to eliminate israel. two identical fighters portraying fatah and hamas unity form the shape of the map of israel and the pa areas. the palestinian flag is held above the map, symbolizing palestinian political sovereignty over all of israel. march 21, 2012 ] click here to see many more examples of the pa use of maps that portray a world without israel.


journal for the theory of social behaviour 42 ( 3 ) : 260 - 282 ( 2012 ) | abstract | | in this article, i demonstrate fundamental weaknesses in the ability of critical understandings of race to produce reliable knowledge of how social actors use social comparisons as a way to align self with ingroup. i trace these weaknesses to two sources : the first is relying on social status as an explanation for race - based assessments, ingroup motivations, and social constructions of otherness. this is opposed to leaning on assessments grounded in social psychological research that links properties of human cognition to the development and maintenance of social identities. the second weakness is an open support for activist research that is often situated in radical multiculturalism. because critical race scholars openly side with racial minorities ’ interests, they tend to establish incomplete assessments of social behaviors and social constructs linked to racial identities in order to maintain their stated political allegiances. to demonstrate these and other weaknesses, i draw upon the theoretical insights of social identity theory which is used to reassess bell and hartmann ' s ( 2007 ) critical race analysis of diversity dialogue in american society | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles joshua glasgow ( 2009 ). a theory of race. routledge. ron mallon & daniel kelly ( 2012 ). making race out of nothing : psychologically constrained social roles. in harold kincaid ( ed. ), the oxford handbook of philosophy of social science. oxford university press. ron mallon ( 2004 ). passing, traveling and reality : social constructionism and the metaphysics of race. nous 38 ( 4 ) : 644 – 673. amanda e. lewis ( 2004 ). what group? " studying whites and whiteness in the era of " color - blindness. sociological theory 22 ( 4 ) : 623 - 646. ronald r. sundstrom ( 2003 ). race and place : social space in the production of human kinds. philosophy and geography 6 ( 1 ) : 83 – 95. joshua glasgow, julie l. shulman & enrique g. covarrubias ( 2009 ). the ordinary conception of race in the united states and its relation to racial attitudes : a new approach. journal of cognition and culture 9 ( 1 ) : 15 - 38. zeus leonardo ( 2011 ). after the glow : race ambivalence and other educational prognoses. educational philosophy and theory 43 ( 6 ) : 675 - 698. michael


cognition and culture 9 ( 1 ) : 15 - 38. zeus leonardo ( 2011 ). after the glow : race ambivalence and other educational prognoses. educational philosophy and theory 43 ( 6 ) : 675 - 698. michael root ( 2001 ). the problem of race in medicine. philosophy of the social sciences 31 ( 1 ) : 20 - 39. robin o. andreasen ( 2000 ). race : biological reality or social construct? philosophy of science 67 ( 3 ) : 666. douglas mcknight & prentice chandler ( 2012 ). the complicated conversation of class and race in social and curricular analysis : an examination of pierre bourdieu ' s interpretative framework in relation to race. educational philosophy and theory 44 ( 5 - 6 ) : 74 - 97. ron sundstrom ( 2002 ). race as a human kind. philosophy and social criticism 28 ( 1 ) : 91 - 115. michael j. monahan ( 2010 ). liberalism and the challenge of race. social theory and practice 36 ( 4 ) : 689 - 704. added to index2012 - 03 - 16 total downloads5 ( # 161, 910 of 556, 803 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 64, 847 of 556, 803 ) how can i increase my downloads?


these processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self - regulation. this collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the cognitive unconscious from... does the unconscious exist? cultural critic antony easthope answers with a witty, lucid, informed " yes " and draws out its implications for the way we live, how we enjoy art, and how we think about people in society and history. drawing on the writings of freud and lacan, he argues that the study of the unconscious is a way of analyzing meanings across culture as an effect of desire. easthope tests for unconscious significance in an amazing variety of examples, including jokes, (... ) tampax advertisements, hamlet, hitchcock ' s psycho, the life and death of princess di, terminator 2, bob geldof ' s autobiography, and the film titanic. ( shrink ) this book attempts to answer the question : how much of what we do is the result of conscious and deliberate decisions and how much originates in unconscious, unthought out, automatic directives? the answer is that far more than what we might imagine falls into the second category. we tend to assume responsibility for our unconsciously determined thoughts and actions, and even though we do not know why we think and act the way we do, we make up reasons for it, (... ) which we truly believe. each one of us is really two people in the same body, who in many respects, function quite independently of each other, and yet somehow manage to get along with things, while the other, the outer brain, serves as the spokesperson for both of them. the inner brain is the source of our objectives and generates the emotions that keep us on track in our attainment of them. this book explores the strange relationship between these two parts of us across a spectrum of mental processes including, memory, language, problem - solving, dreams, delusions and hallucinations, and more complex pursuits sucs as the arts, humor and religion. ( shrink ) machine generated contents note : introduction : the historiography of the unconscious ; part i. the subject before the unconscious : 1. a general science of the i : fichte and the crisis of self - identification ; 2. natural autonomy : schelling and the divisions of freedom ; part ii. the romantic unconscious : 3. divining the individual : towards a metaphysics of the unconscious ; 4. the historical unconscious ; 5. post - idealism and the romantic psyche


autonomy : schelling and the divisions of freedom ; part ii. the romantic unconscious : 3. divining the individual : towards a metaphysics of the unconscious ; 4. the historical unconscious ; 5. post - idealism and the romantic psyche ; part iii. the psychoanalytic unconscious : 6. freud : the geist in the machine ; 7. the liberal unconscious ; conclusion. alasdair macintyre argues that freud ' s conception of the unconscious is complicated by his tendency to use the term in two different ways. macintyre shows how freud uses the term " unconscious " both as a straightforward description of psychological phenomena, and as an evaluative notion to explain the links between childhood events and adult behavior. this clarification helps to shed light on the many misunderstandings of psychoanalysis, and to separate out what is and what is not of lasting value in freud ' s account (... ) of the unconscious. this new edition includes a substantial new preface by the author, in which he discusses repression, determinism, transference, and " practical rationality, " and offers a rare comparison of aristotle and lacan on the concept of desire. macintyre takes the opportunity to reflect both on the reviews and criticisms of the first edition and also on his own philosophical stance. ( shrink ) the heart of judgment explores the nature, historical significance, and contemporary relevance of practical wisdom. primarily a work in moral and political thought, it also relies extensively on the latest research in cognitive neuroscience to confirm and extend our understanding of the faculty of judgment. ever since the ancient greeks first discussed practical wisdom, the faculty of judgment has been an important topic for philosophers and political theorists. it remains one of the virtues most demanded of our public officials. the (... ) greater the liberties and responsibilities accorded to citizens in democratic regimes, the more the health and welfare of society rest upon their exercise of good judgment. while giving full credit to the roles played by reason and deliberation in good judgment, the book underlines the central importance of intuition, emotion, and worldly experience. ( shrink ) over the past two decades, a new picture of the unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. according to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. these processes range from complex information processing,


processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. these processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self - regulation. this (... ) collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the unconscious from social, cognitive, and neuroscientific viewpoints, presenting some of the most important developments at the heart of this new picture of the unconscious. the new unconscious will be an important resource on the unconscious for researchers in psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience. ( shrink ) eric rayner, a psychoanalyst in private practice, has written the first clear introduction to matte - blanco ' s key concepts for psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. while matte - blanco ' s theories on the structure of the unconscious and the way in which it operates are generally recognized to be the most original since those of freud, many people find his use of terminology from mathematics and logic difficult to understand. in this book, rayner sets out the central ideas and then shows, with examples, how they relate to (... ) clinical practice. he also describes how the ideas are related to those of people in other disciplines - - mathematics, logic, psychology ( specifically piaget ), and anthropology, among others. drawing on the work of a group of people who have been inspired by matte - blanco ' s thinking to extend their own ideas and test them out in the consulting room, this book reveals the significance of matte - blanco ' s thought for future research. ( shrink ) the sections on schelling, eschenmayer, and schopenhauer in chapters vi and ix appear in the 1992 schopenhauer jahrbuch as “ from the world - soul to the will : the natural philosophy of schelling, eschenmayer, and schopenhauer ”. what if you could, like a diamond forged through heat and pressure, transform every painful, scary, and stressful experience in your life into one that is meaningful, courageous, and inspiring? what if you were provided with the tools that allow you to tap and manifest the true power that exists within you - - the power to shine? are you ready to discover your path to peace? in this fascinating book, dr. darren weissman shares ancient spiritual wisdom fused with a modern - day understanding of (... ) the


power that exists within you - - the power to shine? are you ready to discover your path to peace? in this fascinating book, dr. darren weissman shares ancient spiritual wisdom fused with a modern - day understanding of (... ) the mind ' s relationship to biology and behavior that has implications not only for your health, but for the well - being of the entire planet. you ' ll learn how to use the lifeline technique o - - a philosophy and technology for awakening your infinite potential for healing and wholeness - - and share the experiences of scores of people whose lives have been forever changed as a result. conscious visionaries pronounced more than 40 years ago that the road to peace is paved with the power of love. dr. weissman ' s book provides the steps you can use to learn to walk that path, and it will help you understand why it is your moral imperative to choose love over fear. ( shrink ) beginning with emerson and the transcendentalists, americans have tended to view the unconscious as the psychological faculty through which individuals might come to experience a higher spiritual realm. on the whole, american psychologists see the unconscious as a symbol of harmony, restoration and revitalization, imbuing it with the capacity to restore peace between the individual and an immanent spiritual power. americans and the unconscious studies the symbolic dimensions of american psychology, tracing the historical development of the concept of the unconscious (... ) from its early formulations in nineteenth - century theology through its elaboration by the major schools of contemporary academic psychology. in the process, it provides portraits of william james, early american " freudians " and the " neo - freudians, " new psychology, and humanistic psychologies. fuller draws attention to the ways in which the concept of the unconscious - - while originating in the world of scientific discourse - - symbolizes philosophical and religious interpretations of human nature, and shows how the " american unconscious " helps locate the development of psychological ideas within the broader contexts of american religious and intellectual history. ( shrink ) ever since the publication of his first book, the spectrum of consciousness, written when he was twenty - three, ken wilber has been identified as the most comprehensive philosophical thinker of our times. this introductory sampler, designed to acquaint newcomers with his work, contains brief passages from his most popular books, ranging over a variety of topics, including levels of consciousness, mystical experience, meditation practice, death, the perennial philosophy, and wilber ' s integral approach to reality, integrating


nonword discrimination task and a subsequent recognition task and analyzed the data by means of process - dissociation procedures. in line with our expectations, subjects of both groups showed more false signal detection to threat than to neutral stimuli as indicated by an enhanced response bias, whereas indices of discriminative sensitivity did not show this effect. in addition, patients with panic disorder showed a generally enhanced response bias in comparison to healthy controls. they also seemed to have processed the stimuli less elaborately and less differentially. results are consistent with the assumption that subconscious threat detection can lead to misrepresentations of stimulus significance and that pathological anxiety is characterized by a hyperactive preattentive alarm system that is insufficiently controlled by higher cognitive processes. ( shrink ) puccetti argues that dennett ' s views on split brains are defective. first, we criticise puccetti ' s argument. then we distinguish persons, minds, consciousnesses, selves and personalities. then we introduce the concepts of part - persons and part - consciousnesses, and apply them to clarifying the situation. finally, we criticise dennett for some contribution to the confusion. a much - cited definition of placebo is from shapiro and shapiro ( 1997 ) : " any therapy ( or that component of any therapy ) that is intentionally or knowingly used for its nonspecific, psychological, or psychophysiological, therapeutic effect, or that is used for a presumed specific therapeutic effect on a patient, symptom, or illness but is without specific activity for the condition being treated " ( p. 41 ). what nonspecific means and how it relates to the psyche has been written about extensively yet inconclusively. in the end, the (... ) term nonspecific doesn ' t say anything about the crux of the matter. talking about placebo, one first has to distinguish between " placebo effect proper " and " perceived placebo effect. " the.. ( shrink ) whenever we analyze the issue of spiritual activities, we can never lay aside of the macro - background of “ spirit service to life ”. spirit is ” software ” of life. it is essentially to carry out determination of self life and a nervous system which make the information processing and feedback between self life and outside world. it has reasonable structure system and systematical work mechanism. the basic structure system of the spirit of human beings is like this : self is the core and leading (... ) of spirit running, which has properties


between self life and outside world. it has reasonable structure system and systematical work mechanism. the basic structure system of the spirit of human beings is like this : self is the core and leading (... ) of spirit running, which has properties in three aspects which are will, needs and motility. these properties formed a unity. will mainly shows theessential property of self, which is in the domination and core position. needs mainly shows the main part of life requesting and demanding for objective outside, which is in the conditional and secondary position. if we put the needs in the key position, it will blaspheme the meaning of life and lose the value of life. motility is a centralized reflection of life activity, which could be a means for the implementation of self will and acquisition of self needs. in the tangible world, it is displayed as colorful life activity. in the intangible spiritual world, it is displayed as the information processing ability and information feedback ability of self life. motility has four different levels : emotion, subconsciousness, consciousness, cognition. correspondingly, the development of spirit could also be divided as four levels. in each level, self, activity, requested development degree, property characteristics and main content have certain of differences. in structure system of spirit, there is a correlation among each part and each element, which will interact with own characteristics to form an organic whole. in fact, it is an essential sublimation of tangible body and an intangible life existed with information form. the following figure shows the relationship of each element : [ * electronic editor ' s note : figure in pdf of article * ] this structure system of spirit, which isn ’ t a simple frame but an abstract mechanism of spirit running, is life active system of informatization. this system and mechanism make the changeable spiritual activity clear and orderly, and make the abundant and various life activities systematic and vivid. this system ’ s self isdeveloping, whose development still comply with the law of life development, symbolizing the development and extension of vitality. this development could be considered as continuance of life progress. in the low - grade life, it is mainly displayed as biological stress stage of promoting the favorable and avoiding the unfavorable as well as blind and instinctive affective response stage ; in the highgrade animals, it is gradually displayed certain of psychological activity ability and study cognition ability. in human beings, it is gradually displayed awake of consciousness and mature of reason, making human beings to control


blind and instinctive affective response stage ; in the highgrade animals, it is gradually displayed certain of psychological activity ability and study cognition ability. in human beings, it is gradually displayed awake of consciousness and mature of reason, making human beings to control themselves and change all things to become the soul of the world. through this structure system and running mechanism, we could get a systematical explanation for theessence of emotion, mystery of psychological activity, process of consciousness awake, occurrence mechanism of dream. meantime, we put forth that human beings must experience the second awakerational awake to become the true society human when human beings become the humans with souls after consciousness awake. ( shrink ) the author attempts to answer the question, how it is possible that many scholars - including those representing prestigious universities and research institutes - are ready to consider creationists critique of the origin - of - life theories as " valuable ", " scientifically useful ", " cogent ", and " clarifying our thinking ". the answer seems to be simple : the same metascientific assumptions, which constitute a basis of antievolutionistic argumentation, still live in the philosophical consciousness ( or subconsciousness ) of a lot of scientists. among these assumptions is he thesis (... ) that order does not arise from disorder and the principle of the uniformity of nature. ( shrink ) abstract : how it is that one ' s own thoughts can seem to be someone else ' s? after noting some common missteps of other approaches to this puzzle, i develop a novel cognitive solution, drawing on and critiquing theories that understand inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia as stemming from mismatches between predicted and actual sensory feedback. considerable attention is paid to forging links between the first - person phenomenology of thought insertion and the posits ( e. g. efference copy, corollary discharge ) of current cognitive (... ) theories. i show how deficits in the subconscious mechanisms regulating inner speech may lead to a ' fractured phenomenology ' responsible for schizophrenic patients ' reports of inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations. supporting work on virtual environments is discussed, and lessons concerning the fixity of delusional belief are drawn. ( shrink ) let me begin with what may seem a very minor point, but one which i think reveals something about how many philosophers today conceive of their subject. during the past few decades, there has been an increasing


of the citadel, or the ideal city, constitutes a spatial deportment. throughout history the two myths have continually molded the built (... ) environment and thought, but the myth of the ideal city – from plato to descartes to modernity – came to dominate city - form and ensuing aspects of contemplation. this relationship seems to have shifted during the twentieth century. intellectual dispositions have begun to be largely nurtured by an incongruous city - form emerging from the gap between the incessant promise for an automated, well - functioning city, on the one hand, and looming alienation, coupled with the factual, malfunctioning city, on the other hand. urban decay, a persisting and time - bound urban event that is a byproduct of this configuration, suggests the ascent of the garden myth in post - modern city - form. ( shrink ) how do business leaders make ethical decisions? given the significant and wide - spread impact of business people ’ s decisions on multiple constituents ( e. g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers ), how they make decisions matters. unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers ( and three not - so - effective ones as contrast ), i propose a model for ethical decision making in (... ) business in which reasoning ( conscious processing ) and intuition ( subconscious processing ) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long - term success in business. following the ceos in the study, i employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of long - term business success. besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles ( integration by essentials and spiraling ), i briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral dilemma of downsizing. i conclude with implications for further research and ethical decision making in business. ( shrink ) what type of artificial systems will claim to be conscious and will claim to experience qualia? the ability to comment upon physical states of a brain - like dynamical system coupled with its environment seems to be sufficient to make claims. the flow of internal states in such system, guided and limited by associative memory, is similar to the stream of consciousness. minimal requirements for an artificial system that will claim to be


coupled with its environment seems to be sufficient to make claims. the flow of internal states in such system, guided and limited by associative memory, is similar to the stream of consciousness. minimal requirements for an artificial system that will claim to be conscious were given in form of specific architecture named articon. (... ) nonverbal discrimination of the working memory states of the articon gives it the ability to experience different qualities of internal states. analysis of the inner state flows of such a system during typical behavioral process shows that qualia are inseparable from perception and action. the role of consciousness in learning of skills, when conscious information processing is replaced by subconscious, is elucidated. arguments confirming that phenomenal experience is a result of cognitive processes are presented. possible philosophical objections based on the chinese room and other arguments are discussed, but they are insufficient to refute claims articon ’ s claims. conditions for genuine understanding that go beyond the turing test are presented. articons may fulfill such conditions and in principle the structure of their experiences may be arbitrarily close to human. ( shrink ) this paper speculates upon the reasons for peter drucker ' s ongoing and vigorous denial of the relevance of business ethics. it contemplates whether drucker consciously, or even perhaps subconsciously, associates the aims of business ethics with the aims of those associated with the arbeitsfreude movement in germany prior to the outbreak of the second world war. if this is the case the paper questions whether drucker ' s distaste for some of the more notorious outcomes of that movement in germany are reflected in (... ) his hostility to business ethics. drucker ' s reflections regarding the social responsibilities of business are discussed, as are the limitations which he imposes upon such corporate social responsibility. drucker ' s distinction between societal ethics and individual ethics are also discussed. ( shrink ) this paper evaluates the claim that it is possible to use nature ’ s variation in conjunction with retention and selection on the one hand, and the absence of ultimate groundedness of hypotheses generated by the human mind as it knows on the other hand, to discard the ascription of ultimate certainty to the rationality of human conjectures in the cognitive realm. this leads to an evaluation of the further assumption that successful hypotheses with specific applications, in other words heuristics, seem to (... ) have a firm footing because they were useful in another