treating the teenage patient : tattoos, piercings and tanning according to a 2004 survey of 500 people between the ages of 18 and 50, 24 percent of respondents reported having a tattoo. - sixteen percent of those tattooed had their first tattoo by the age of 18. 1 - no matter what type of tattoo, there are always risks and possible adverse reactions that may require treatment. - complications that individuals may experience after tattooing include : - infections including impetigo ( a superficial skin infection ), a staph infection, or cellulitis ( a soft tissue infection ). - bloodborne diseases such as hepatitis and hiv, although there has been no documented spread of hiv by an experienced professional tattoo artist. - hypersensitivity ( allergies ) to tattoo pigments also may develop. a chemical called para - phenylenediamine, which is applied to the skin in temporary henna tattoos, frequently causes contact dermatitis. - tattoo studios should use the center for disease control ( cdc ) ' s universal precautions against blood - borne infections. look for government - issued inspection certificates to be certain. - tattoos can be removed, although results may vary depending on the inks used and the depth of the tattoo. dark blue, red, some lighter blues and green inks all respond well to laser treatment, but the best candidates for tattoo removal are people with light skin who have a black ink tattoo. - to protect the public health, the american academy of dermatology ( academy ) encourages the strict regulation of the practice of tattooing, including requirements for those who want to provide tattoos and careful screening of those who want to receive tattoos read the academy ' s position statement on tattooing here. - according to the same 2004 survey, 34 percent of respondents had ear lobe piercings and 14 percent had a body piercing in a location other than the ear lobe. 1 - thirty percent of those pierced had their first body piercing by the age of 18. 1 - individuals who have piercings may experience the following complications : - keloids, which are the most common complication of piercing, occur when the scar from a cut or wound extends and spreads beyond the size of the original wound. they are seen frequently in african americans. - vascular growths called pyogenic granuloma may bleed and must be removed. - cartilage piercing at the edge of the ear ( pinna ) increases the chance of a bacterial infection called pseudomonas. - abscess formations, chondritis ( inflammation of cartila


complications of treating teenage skin conditions teenagers are faced with a variety of dermatologic issues, such as acne and eczema, that often require some form of therapy. however, treating teenagers can be a challenge due to the following factors : - critical psychosocial period. - self - image and body image are forming. - period of changing emotions. - poor frustration tolerance. - poor ability to wait and delay gratification. - typically poor at compliance. speaking at the academy ' s 66th annual meeting in san antonio, texas, dermatologist dr. hilary baldwin, md, faad, associate professor of clinical dermatology at suny, brooklyn, n. y., estimates that 40 to 50 percent of teenagers are noncompliant on their therapy. common reasons for noncompliance include : - side effects. - " i forgot. " - " i don ' t want to. " - " it takes too long. - " it ' s too messy. - " it didn ' t work. dr. baldwin recommends parents consider whether their presence in the exam room is a help or hindrance. she says teenagers are many times not completely honest about their noncompliance if a parent is present. if teenagers are forgetting to take their medications, dr. baldwin recommends establishing a three - way contract between the dermatologist, teenager and parent. this contract would empower the teenager to speak up if he or she is not happy with the medication prescribed. see your dermatologist for successful diagnosis and treatment of skin, hair and nail conditions. 1laumann a, derick a. tattoos and body piercings in the united states : a national data set. j am acad dermatol 2006 ; 55 : 413 - 421 2kwon ht, mayer ja, walker kk, yu h, lewis ec, belch ge. promotion of frequent tanning sessions by indoor tanning facilities : two studies. j am acad dermatol 2002 ; 46 : 700 - 5. 3dellavalle rp, parker er, ceronsky n, hester ej, hemme b, burkhardt dl, et al. youth access laws : in the dark at the tanning parlor? arch dermatol 2003 ; 139 : 443 - 8. 4westerdahl j, ingvar c, masback a, jonsson n, olsson h. risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds


##ol 2003 ; 139 : 443 - 8. 4westerdahl j, ingvar c, masback a, jonsson n, olsson h. risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds : further evidence for uv - a carcinogenicity. br j cancer 2000 ; 82 : 1593 - 9. 5cancer epidemiology in older adolescents & young adults. seer aya monograph pages 53 - 57. 2007. 6whitmore se, morison wl, potten cs, chadwick c. tanning salon exposure and molecular alterations. j am acad dermatol 2001 ; 44 : 775 - 80. 7piepkorn m. melanoma genetics : an update with focus on the cdkn2a ( p16 ) / arf tumor suppressors. j am acad dermatol. 2000 may ; 42 ( 5 pt 1 ) : 705 - 22 ; quiz 723 - 6. 8vajdic cm, kricker a, giblin m, mckenzie j, aitken jf, giles gg, armstrong bk. artificial ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma in australia. int j cancer. 2004 dec 10 ; 112 ( 5 ) : 896 - 900. 9clingen ph, berneburg m, petit - frere c, woollons a, lowe je, arlett cf, green mh. contrasting effects of an ultraviolet b and an ultraviolet a tanning lamp on interleukin - 6, tumor necrosis factor - alpha and intracellular adhesion molecule - 1 expression. br j dermatol. 2001 jul ; 145 ( 1 ) : 54 - 62. walters bl, kelly tm. commercial tanning facilities : a new source of eye injury. am j emerg med 1987 ; 120 : 767 - 77.


the united states constitution is a remarkable document ; it is the product of much labor and compromise by some of the best minds our country has seen. the constitution establishes the framework and powers of our federal government and was ratified by the states in 1788. notwithstanding the greatness of this document there were a number of people who had reservations that this document did not limit the powers of the government and provide for basic fundamental rights of its citizens ( federalists vs. anti - federalists ). therefore a bill of rights was created which is a series of amendments to our constitution that limit the powers of the federal government and guarantees basic rights to all. here is the bill of rights - the first ten amendments to our constitution : first – freedom of religion, press, expression. congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. second – right to bear arms. a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. third – quartering of soldiers. no soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. fourth – search and seizure. the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. fifth – trial and punishment, compensation for takings. no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. sixth – right to speedy trial, confrontation of


any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. sixth – right to speedy trial, confrontation of witnesses. in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. seventh – trial by jury in civil cases. in suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed $ 20, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re - examined in any court of the united states, than according to the rules of the common law. eighth – cruel and unusual punishment. excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ninth – construction of constitution. the enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. tenth – powers of the states and people. the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. " all men having power ought to be distrusted to a certain degree. " – james madison 1787. ( please visit us on facebook or rgpatriots. com. )


arabian peninsula & persian gulf database the original ss - 1 scud - a battlefield support missile was developed as a simple weapon, based on german v - 2, intended for use against such large targets like marshalling areas, major storage dumps and airfields - preferrably armed with nuclear weapons, then their precision was very poor. during the iran - iraq war and several subsequent conflicts, however, " the scud " developed into a major propaganda - tool and a weapon of terror. especially during the iipgw, in 1991, by repeatedly hitting israel and saudi arabia with their project 144. 5 al - hussayin " stretched " - range versions of the ss - 1b, the iraqis threatened to destroy the cohesion within the mighty coallition put together by the usa to fight them. had the us - administration at the time not found the way to successfully suppress the activity of two iraqi brigades that were firing these weapons at israel, while simultaneously keeping israel back from attacking iraq, that war might have easily ended in a complete chaos in which arab countries would fight the usa and israel - instead of iraq. the iranians learned from their own experiences with iraqis attacking their cities by frog - 7 and ss - 1 scud missiles, as well as from striking baghdad by scuds during the 1980s, and also from iraqi experiences in striking israel and saudi arabia. with an increasing number of neighbouring countries being equipped with similar weapons of advanced capabilities, in the early 1990s they launched their own project for development of an indigenious intermediate - range ballistic missile. the resulting shahab - 3 is a liquid - fuelled medium range ballistic missile, and the longest - ranged of all iranian ballistic missiles. it emerged from iranian - sponsored cooperation in research and development about ballistic missiles with north korea, in the 1980s, where the project nodong was developed on the basis of ss - 1 scud series. the most important part of the nodong was its new rocket motor. the north koreans concentrated most of their research and development work on constructing an enlargened copy of scud motor, then such an aggregate could supply more thrust, and with additional thrust the missile could also be significantly enlarged - which was something that could not be done with the basic ss - 1 or its motor. first tests with nodong - 1 missiles were conducted jointly by iran and north korea in the early 1990s, but subsequently the cooperation was cancelled and each country continued pursuing own projects, iran starting the development of the missile that is today known as shahab - 3 on the


nodong - 1 missiles were conducted jointly by iran and north korea in the early 1990s, but subsequently the cooperation was cancelled and each country continued pursuing own projects, iran starting the development of the missile that is today known as shahab - 3 on the basis of a shipment of trial nodong - 1 missiles received in 1993. according to unconfirmed reports, ever since the work on such missiles in iran is concentrated within shahid hemat industrial group research facility, south of tehran. having a good motor and a basic shahab - 3 missile well - advanced in development and expected to reach initial operational capability by 2002, the iranians meanwhile decided to concentrate on optimizing different parts of the weapon for their purposes, foremost with the target of developing an advanced guidance system and re - entry vehicle. contrary to the scud - series, namely, the shahab - 3 was to eject the booster stage with the motor and empty fuel tanks when reaching its designed apogee, and then continue towards the target only with the warhead mounted in a re - entry vehicle. such a manoeuvre is undertaken for several important reasons. the booster stage is becoming useless once the cruise altitude is reached, and, when empty, is increasingly instable, then its main method of steering is thrust from the main motor, most of which is spent during the early booster stage of the flight. besides, the large booster stage makes the missile also very visible for radar systems and more susceptible to atmospheric influences and earth gravity, especially in later stages of the cruise phase and during the re - entry phase. accuracy of the basic shahab - 3a depends on its capability to compensate course changes at the boost phase and placing the re - entry vehicle in the right trajectory : once reaching a high altitude of over 100km, where no atmospheric factors affect the missile, it travels unguided until impact. the end of the guided flight shortly after the boost phase is the point at which the impact point is selected, after that, the re - entry vehicle / missile comes down by itself at the calculated impact point. since most of the accuracy of such weapons depends on the relative short boost phase the gyroscope / ins has to be extremely accurate : iranians invested heavily in developing the capability to build such systems during the 1990s, and the iranian defence industries eventually achieved this capability. combined with a heavy warhead, the basic shahab - 3a should be considered an effective conventional ballistic missile against anything but targets heavily protected by anti - ballistic missile defences, even if the usual


1990s, and the iranian defence industries eventually achieved this capability. combined with a heavy warhead, the basic shahab - 3a should be considered an effective conventional ballistic missile against anything but targets heavily protected by anti - ballistic missile defences, even if the usual reports about the precision of its guidance system cite a cep between 100 and 200m. being developed and built by the iranian aerospace industries organization ( iaio ) on a direct order from the islamic revolution guards corps ( irgc ), the missile was successfully tested since 1998, when the basic guidance system was not only confirmed to be precise, but even further optimised. simultaneously, the manufacturing infrastructure was developed and improved to enable mass production, then – other than in most other countries that attempt to develop similar weapons – the irgc wanted the shahab to be cheap, to be built in large numbers and be used for conventional purposes, but still so accurate that it could also be used effectively against military targets. essentially, the iaio achieved this target by using only one motor / noozle on shahab - 3, powered by liquid fuels such as kerosene, filled in a single stage, and without using an active terminal guidance system. the shahab - 3a can also be fuelled and stored for a relatively long time during war, so that prepared missiles are ready for use over stretched periods of time but on a very short notice. the new missile is carrying the warhead mounted in a re - entry vehicle that is separating from the booster stage during the cruise phase. subsequently, the vehicle is put into a spin – apparently with help of simple boosters at its rear. such capability is of significant advantage also because during the re - entry all objects can easily become instable, begin to tumble and have little or not capability of course corrections, which decreases their precision dramatically. the shahab - 3 eventually entered service in summer of 2003, and is now in use by two of ten surface - to - surface missile squadrons of the islamic republic of iran air force ( iriaf ). while manned and maintained by the iriaf, these units, however, are effectively under irgc - control. each squadron has at least six transport & erector launchers ( tels ), towed by mercedes trucks. at least four different tel variants were meanwhile observed in service in iran, some of which can also drive on dirt, and all of which have not only a wide range, but are also easy to be camouflaged as standard commercial 40t tilt - trailers that are in widespread use


variants were meanwhile observed in service in iran, some of which can also drive on dirt, and all of which have not only a wide range, but are also easy to be camouflaged as standard commercial 40t tilt - trailers that are in widespread use not only in iran, but in whole middle east and europe. an already fuelled missile can be erected and launched within a very short period of time, with support solely from gps - data, or by the crew comparing markings in the local terrain. in the public there is still quite some confusion regarding the range and payload of the shahab - 3a. credible sources put the range at 1. 300km, with a warhead weighting around 1. 200kg, or 1. 500km with a 1. 000kg warhead, and 1. 700km with a warhead of 800kg. being interested foremost in use of such missiles for military purposes, the iranians knew very well that large warheads are more effective, especially given the shahab - 3a ’ s terminal warhead velocity of between mach 6 and 7. the accuracy of the missile, combined with its warhead, gives it the capability to destroy non - hardened or even hardened targets with single hit : already in its 1. 300km - range configuration the warhead of shahab - 3 is nearly four times as heavy as that of iraqi project 144. 5 al - hussayin scud - variants used against iran, israel, and saudi arabia. for striking hardened military targets, on the other side, shahab - 3as would be launched in salvos. the iranian strikes against mko - terrorist bases in iraq, in 2001, for example, clearly demonstrated the will and capability for simultaneous deployment of between 50 and 60 missiles against a single target - to increase the effects of attack. the total war - fighting effectiveness of the basic shahab - 3a against anti - ballistic missile ( abm ) defence systems remains questionable, nevertheless. it is a very fast missile and because of its separating re - entry vehicle system, its radar cross section in the terminal flight phase is very small. compared with the ss - 1 scud or – especially – the project 144. 5, it travels at a much higher altitude, entering the range of anti - ballistic missile defences at a much later stage and a higher speed. its fixed trajectory, however, makes it also much more predictable, and once detected it is much easier to track. nevertheless, on its way towards the target the re - entry vehicle of shahab -


at a much later stage and a higher speed. its fixed trajectory, however, makes it also much more predictable, and once detected it is much easier to track. nevertheless, on its way towards the target the re - entry vehicle of shahab - 3a passes through a kind of a “ stealth phase ” : this is an effect based on the fact that the plasma at the heat shield makes it very hard to detect and track with radar when entering the earth atmosphere. however, faced with the fact that their likely opponents have a well - developed anti - ballistic missile system in service, and having experienced the imprecision of iraqi project 144. 5 al - hussayin missiles first - hand, the iranians wanted to develop a missile that would not only be precise by itself, but also deploy a steerable re - entry vehicle during the terminal dive phase. shahab - 3b is a result of this effort. during the recent testing the shahab - 3b proved several significant differences over the basic production variant, with the most important changes being done on its guidance system and the warhead, but few small also on the missile body. the most significant change is a new re - entry vehicle, with terminal guidance system and a new steering method, completely different from the normal re - entry vehicle with spin stabilization of the shahab - 3a. the new re - entry vehicle has now place for a rocket - nozzle control system so that no spin stabilization is needed anymore - at least not during all of the flight after the boost phase. nevertheless, this new nozzle - control system enables the shahab - 3b guidance and steering in all phases of the flight, so that course corrections can be done at any time. the new shahab - 3b was for the first time officially tested only a very short time after the israeli arrow abm system scored a first hit against a ss - 1 scud ballistic missile. the iranian defence minister said that the missile would be iran ’ s answer to the arrow and behind this statement are credible reasons. around one year ago iran claimed for the first time to have developed and produced a laser gyroscope ins system coupled with gps as backup. for full - guided flight with trajectory of the shahab - 3b, an accurate ins and / or gps is needed : laser gyroscope and gps are two of the most accurate technologies, used for course calculations. it is not yet known if this technology is also used in the shahab - 3b, but the coincidence is striking, especially as


is needed : laser gyroscope and gps are two of the most accurate technologies, used for course calculations. it is not yet known if this technology is also used in the shahab - 3b, but the coincidence is striking, especially as with such an accurate navigation system the shahab - 3 could archive several objectives. the missile could change its trajectory several times during re - entry and even terminal phase, effectively preventing pre - calculated intercept points of radar systems - which is a method nearly all abm systems using these days. as a high - speed ballistic missile and pre - mission fuelling capability, the shahab - 3 has an extremely short launch / impact time ratio. this means that the ins / gyroscope guidance would also remain relatively accurate until impact ( important, given the fact that the gyrosopes tend to become inaccurate the longer the flight lasts ). with that guidance system, the shahab - 3b could archive an accuracy of around 30 - 50m cep or even less. the iranians have already proved of developing even more precise systems, then their fateh - 110 missiles have an electro - optical terminal guidance system : shahab - 3b is not known of having anything similar, but should be fully dependent on ins and – likely – gps. this new improved accuracy was apparently the reason why the warhead weight has been significantly decreased - to suggested 500kg. this, namely, is sufficient for pin - point target attack capability. another reason for the 500kg warhead would be the improved range, which is reported to be meanwhile between 1. 700 and 2. 500km. the shahab - 3 programme is extremely important for the iranian defence capability. this weapon is now apparently the main deep - strike weapon system of iranian armed services, deployed even ahead of fighter - bombers of the iriaf. this step - by - step project was provided with relatively large funding and the mass - production of the shahab - 3 is running already since two years. the shahab - 3b has apparently reached an initial operational capability phase, but it remains unclear if the version is already in production or not. it is, nevertheless, certain that the new variant should be more expensive than the basic shahab - 3a, which is why it is believed that the shahab - 3a will remain in production, while the shahab - 3b will only be used against high priority and / or heavily defended targets – perhaps after a salvo of shahab - 3as has forced the opponent to spend his


case study : theatre seating in many auditoria, the seating and audience form the main absorption in the room, and consequently being able to correctly measure and predict the absorption coefficient of these surfaces is very important. the wrong estimation of seating absorption has been blamed for acoustic problems in many halls. salford university developed a method for testing theatre seating which is now used commercial. the aim of measuring the random incidence absorption of a small sample of seats in a reverberation chamber is to predict the absorption that a large area of the same seats will exhibit when installed in an auditorium. there are problems, however, in that the small sample of chairs in the reverberation chamber ( say 24 ) is unrepresentative of a large block of seating because the edge effect is overemphasised in the reverberation chamber measurements. the kath and kuhl method involves placing the seating in the corner of the reverberation chamber in rows with their intended row spacing, and the exposed edges obscured with barriers. the concept is to separately measure three absorption coefficients by carrying out measurements with and without barriers : - for an infinite array with no edges with side and front barriers in place ; - for the front edges with the side barrier only in place, and - for the side edges with the front barrier only in place. this then allows the absorption of the array, front and sides to be found, and a proper prediction of the absorption of any size array. the test technique has been used extensively over the past few years to test provide information for the design several new or refurbished theatres and concert halls such as the royal albert hall and royal festival hall. back to commercial testing homepage


nellis air force base, nev. a€ ” voting holds roots in american culture dating back to 1787, when the right to vote was established by the united states constitution. today, voting is a crucial part of american society that allows the american people to determine the leadership of its government. the voting assistance office encourages and enables airmen to use their right to vote by informing them of upcoming elections, helping them process and file absentee ballots and encouraging them to participate in election by voting. every airman has the right for their voice to be heard in their hometown, regardless of their rank, position or distance from the hometown. a€œair force policy is designed to facilitate a membera€™s participation in the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, a€ said capt. kalen fredette, chief of legal assistance and preventative law. a€œvoting is both a right and a responsibility, as well as completely permissible and encouraged. a member short changes himself / herself by not taking advantage of this program. a€ air force regulations prohibit airmen from participating in political demonstrations while in uniform. airmen are also restricted from taking part in any radio, t. v., or other form of group discussion while representing the military, according to afi 51 - 902, political activities by members of the u. s. air force. however, airmen still have the right to, and are encouraged to vote. air force members may register to vote, vote, and express a personal opinion on political candidates and issues, just not as a representative of the armed forces. a vote is defined as the means by which expression of opinion is made, as a ballot, ticket, etc. a€ ita€™s also defined as the right to such expression. every service member is permitted to vote in his or her registered state. this entitlement ensures every voice is heard, even if they arena€™t physically located in their state of residency any longer due to service. airmen participating in this form of voting use absentee ballots. these ballots must be sent in, usually mail, prior to election day. absentee voting by mail is allowed with no excuse in 28 states, and with an excuse in 22. excusea€™ states do not require the voter to provide reason for using an absentee ballot. acceptable excuse for using absentee ballots in the other states include being : unavoidably absent from the county on election day ( such as by being stationed out of state ), unable to appear at the polls due


launching a " social networking war " against cancer tuesday, august 14, 2012 like bacteria, cancer cells rely on communication and cooperation, says tau research experts agree that, more than ever before, modern wars will be fought in the cyber zone, targeting an enemy ' s communications technology to cause untold damage. now a tel aviv university researcher is suggesting that the same tactics should be employed in the battle against one of the body ' s deadliest enemies — cancer. in an article published in trends in microbiology, prof. eshel ben - jacob of tau ' s school of physics and astronomyandprof. herbert levine of rice university, long - time bacteria researchers, and prof. donald coffey of johns hopkins university, a renowned cancer researcher, examine the shared traits of cancer cells and bacteria. like bacteria, cancer cells rely on communication and " social networking " to become powerful entities within the body. inspired by the social and survival tactics of bacteria, the team presents a new picture of cancer as a meta - community of smart communicating cells possessing special traits for cooperative behavior. knowing the enemy for many years, scientists ignored the complex social interactions of bacteria, now the number three killer in hospitals in the western world. the researchers believe that medical professionals are similarly " underestimating the enemy " when it comes to cancer cells that exhibit many similar behaviors. the parallels that can be drawn between the two types of cells are astounding. while healthy cells are highly disciplined, responding to chemical and physical cues telling them how to behave, bacteria and cancer cells override this control by using different chemical and genetic pathways. they proliferate quickly to make rapid genetic changes, avoiding the body ' s immune system and developing drug resistance. using intricate communication, cancer cells can distribute tasks, share resources, differentiate, and make decisions. before sending cells to colonize organs and tissues throughout the body ( metastasis ), " spying cells " explore the body and return the cancer ' s origin. only then do metastatic cells leave the primary tumor and navigate to new posts. also like bacteria, cancer cells change their own environment. they induce genetic changes and enslave surrounding normal cells, forcing them to do the disease ' s bidding — providing physical support, protecting them from the immune system, and more. cancer cells can also become dormant when they sense danger, such as chemotherapy chemicals, then reactivate at will. a new therapeutic direction prof. ben - jacob suggests that studying the social behavior of cancer cells can inspire new research directions and pave the way for the


can also become dormant when they sense danger, such as chemotherapy chemicals, then reactivate at will. a new therapeutic direction prof. ben - jacob suggests that studying the social behavior of cancer cells can inspire new research directions and pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches — for example, a new class of drugs to target cell - to - cell communication or send misleading messages. with the ability to become immune to chemotherapy and lay dormant until it determines the time is right to reawaken, cancer often relapses undetected until it ' s too late to treat, says prof. levine. breaking the communication code for awakening dormant cells could help researchers learn how to reactivate them on purpose — and be ready to kill them as soon as they " awaken. " the team also suggests further research into cancer " cannibalism, " when cancer cells may consume their peers when they run out of resources. the idea is to send signals which trigger cancer cells to kill each other, which can be done with bacteria. other researchers have demonstrated that injected bacteria can " outsmart cancer. " bacteria can be used to induce gap junctions between the cancer cells and immune cells, " teaching " the immune system to recognize and kill the tumor cells. we might be entering a new era of biological cyber - warfare, in which scientists can enlist bacterial intelligence to defeat cancer, prof. ben - jacob concludes. for more cancer research news from tel aviv university, click here.


officials roll out gulf hypoxia project officials in the corn belt have announced a new plan to slow a growing problem in the gulf of mexico. the iowa nutrient reduction strategy, a project by the iowa department of agriculture, uses science and technology to reduce particular nutrients that enter iowa waterways and lead down to the gulf of mexico. this plan is unique in the fact that it integrates iowa services to pinpoint both point and nonpoint sources, being the first plan of its kind to have such integration. “ the iowa strategy is the first time stakeholders from both the point source community, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial facilities, and nonpoint sources, including farmers, have come together to develop a comprehensive plan, ” says iowa secretary of agriculture bill northey. the gulf hypoxia - - comprising a large area of low oxygen that can ’ t sustain marine life - - is caused by algae growth and increasing nutrient concentrations in the water, the latter many see as an outcome of fertilizer runoff from the mississippi river valley. the iowa strategy is to lower phosphorous and nitrogen nutrient levels in iowa ’ s waterways that eventually feed down to the gulf through the mississippi river. the government ’ s process to slow hypoxia in the gulf began in 1997 with the mississippi river / gulf of mexico watershed nutrient task force, officials say. the 2008 gulf hypoxia action plan requires states to develop strategies to lower those nutrients levels by 45 %. iowa is one of the 12 states along the mississippi river included in the action plan of 2008. under the new plan, large municipal wastewater treatment plants throughout the state will be coordinated by the iowa department of human resources in order to reduce discharge of phosphorous and nitrogen from their sites to iowa waters. for point sources of nutrient inflow, the goal is to reduce phosphorous levels entering iowa waters by 16 % and nitrogen by 4 % by using existing programs and requiring them to evaluate and install treatment technologies, northey says. nonpoint sources throughout the state hope to reduce nitrogen by 41 % and phosphorous by 29 %. the iowa department of agriculture developed how effectively different conservation practices reduce nutrient losses in the landscape and the cost associated with these practices with a team of scientists from iowa state university. the iowa department of agriculture and land stewardship, the iowa department of natural resources and the iowa state university college of agriculture and life sciences developed the strategy. “ by harnessing the collective innovation and capacity of iowa agricultural organizations, agriculture businesses and iowa ’ s 90


a brief description of islam as the shi ' ites believe 5 - monotheism is the very soul of all the islamic commandments we believe that one of the most important subjects of the knowledge of god, is the monotheism, i. e. the belief that there is but one god. as a matter of fact monotheism ( towhid ) is not only a principle of the religion, but the most important of the tenets. it is the very soul and the base of all the islamic ideas and beliefs. we can say that the roots, as well as the branches of islam take their forms in the monotheism. the unity and oneness is a general topic of conversation everywhere and in every field : - unity of god ' s essence, unity of his attributes, and actions. in other word, also the unity of prophets and their teachings, the unity of the law, ghibleh, and the books. and after all, the unity of moslims through their brotherhood and the unity of the resurrection day. from this point of view the holy qurø · n declares polytheism as an unforgiveable sin : - " allah does not forgive those who set up partners with him, but he may forgive any sin inferior to that, of whom he wills. he that sets up co - sharers with allah is guilty of a sin which is most heinous indeed. " the holy quran - s4 : 48 " it has already been revealed to you as it was revealed to those before you that : - " if you join gods with allah, your deeds shall be fruitless, and you surely will be one of those who lose. ( all spiritual goodnesses ) the holy quran - s39 : 65 6 - the branches of monotheism we believe that monotheism, ( towhid ) has many branches among which four are the most important ones : -


by kris lecakes haley on people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) as advocates for the intrinsic rights of animals to live peacefully and free from the impositions bestowed upon them by humans, we may occasionally have our motives questioned. most times, individuals have an authentic curiosity and ask us out of a genuine sense of interest and integrity. let ’ s look at two of the most prevalent objections that can come our way and test some tried and true responses. one common objection involves the “ burning building ” scenario : there ’ s a burning building with two bodies inside — one is a child and one is your dog. who do you save? i usually answer this inquiry with another question : “ well, let ’ s think about this. let ’ s say that there are two children in that building. who would you choose? ” the inquirer usually says, “ i don ’ t know. ” then, i raise the stakes : “ let ’ s say one is your child. ” inevitably and understandably, the inquirer answers that her or she would rescue his or her own child. but my next question is critical : “ well, does that mean that you don ’ t value the life of the other child? ” the answer is : “ of course not! ” and then i explain to the inquirer that any time we are asked to make a decision about whom we would rescue from a burning building, our personal values always come into play. but that doesn ’ t mean we value the other life any less. here ’ s another common objection : why are you wasting your time on animals when there are children starving? for some reason, there is a prevailing perception that people who love animals are not fond of children or do not care about human suffering. the truth is that the two issues have far more in common than not. there are three things to note about this objection. firstly, the dichotomy presented is, of course, false — it is not an either / or situation. you can certainly work on helping humans as well as animals. secondly, we all know that there are a lot of humans in dire need of help, but animals endure a massive amount of suffering ( thousands of animals around the world suffer and die daily on factory farms alone ) and have no way to speak up for themselves. the third and biggest point for me is that we all have a different calling. animals need help, and someone must rise to the occasion. the common thread between both objections is certainly speciesism


johannes wilcke invented and then alessandro volta perfected the electrophorus over two hundred years ago. this device was quickly adopted by scientists throughout the world because it filled the need for a reliable and easy - to - use source of charge and voltage for experimental researches in electrostatics [ dibner, 1957 ]. many old natural philosophy texts contain lithographs of the electrophorus. a hand - held electrophorus can produce significant amounts of charge conveniently and repeatedly. it is operated by first frictionally charging a flat insulating plate called a " cake ". in volta ' s day, the cake was made of shellac / resin mixtures or a carnauba wax film deposited on glass. nowadays, excellent substitutes are available. teflontm, though a bit expensive, is a good choice because it is an excellent insulator, charges readily, and is easy to clean and maintain. the electrophorus is ideal for generating energetic capacitive sparks required for vapor ignition demonstrations. the basic operational steps for the electrophorus are depicted in the sequence of diagrams below. note that the electrode, though making intimate contact with the tribocharged plate, actually charges by induction. no charge is removed from the charged cake and, in principle, the electrode can be charged any number of time by repeating the steps depicted. click here to view a neat animation of the electrophorus charging process. ainslie describes interesting experiments with an electrophorus that was charged in the springtime and then its charge monitored throughout the summer [ ainslie, 1982 ]. the apparent disappearance of the charge during humid weather and its reappearance in the fall must be attributed to changes in the humidity. the energy for each capacitive spark drawn from the electrophorus is actually supplied by the action of lifting the electrode off the cake. this statement can be confirmed by investigating the strength of the sparks as a function of the height to which the electrode is lifted. layton makes this point and further demonstrates with a small fluorescent tube the dependence of the electrostatic potential on the position of the electrode [ layton, 1991 ]. lifting the electrode higher gives stronger sparks [ lapp, 1992 ]. click here to view an interactive, animated version of this demonstration that reveals the movement of charge as the steps of the demonstration are followed. please be patient while the java script loads! the electrophorus works most reliably if the charged insulating plate rests atop a grounded plane, such as a metal sheet, foil, or conductive


as the steps of the demonstration are followed. please be patient while the java script loads! the electrophorus works most reliably if the charged insulating plate rests atop a grounded plane, such as a metal sheet, foil, or conductive plastic. [ see bakken museum booklet, pp. 78 - 80. ] the ground plane limits the potential as the electrode is first lifted from the plate, thus preventing a premature brush discharge. in dry weather, powerful 3 / 4 " ( 2 cm ) sparks can be drawn easily from a 6 " ( 15 cm ) diameter, polished, nick - free aluminum electrode. estimating the potential of the electrode at v = ~ 50 kv and the capacitance at c = ~ 20 pf, we get q = cv = ~ 1 microcoulomb for the charge and ue = cv2 / 2 = ~ 30 millijoules for the capacitive energy. this energy value easily exceeds the minimum ignition energy ( mie ) of most flammable vapors. click here to learn about a new type of electrophorus invented by s. kamachi. the web site of the world - famous exploratorium in san francisco describes a simple electrophorus made of aluminum pie plates and other inexpensive materials. young scientists should check out this page. in addition, the library references below contain interesting information about the electrophorus and other electrostatics demonstrations. one example is the cylindrical electrophorus [ ainslie, 1980 ]. a simple leaf electroscope attachment, shown in the figure below, makes it very easy to reveal some of the important charging and charge redistribution phenomena of the electrophorus. this accessory is especially handy because it works even on warm, humid days when large, impressive sparks can not be coaxed out of the electrophorus. refer to the electroscope page for details on how to make this convenient accessory. the electroscope is operated in the same way as before, but now the electroscope reveals information about the charge and its distribution on the electrode. in particular, it should be noted that, as the electrophorus is lifted up, its charge does not change. the leaves of the electroscope spread apart because the constant charge on the electrode redistributes itself, with about half of the charge moving to the top surface. another thing to notice is that the leaves, which spread to a wide angle when the electrode is first lifted, slowly come back together with time, indicating the leakage of electric charge, presumably


with about half of the charge moving to the top surface. another thing to notice is that the leaves, which spread to a wide angle when the electrode is first lifted, slowly come back together with time, indicating the leakage of electric charge, presumably due to corona discharge from the edges of the leaves. corona discharge accessory another simple accessory is a corona discharge point that can be attached to the electrophorus. the attachment is a metal rod of diameter 1 / 16 " or greater with one end sharpened to a point. when the charged electrode is lifted, the electric field at the sharpened tip exceeds the corona limit and a local discharge starts, dissipating the charge on the electrophorus. if one listens closely as the electrode is lifted, a soft, varied - pitch buzzing noise lasting just a few seconds may be heard. this is the corona, and it stops after the voltage has been reduced below the corona threshold. passive corona discharge points are used widely in manufacturing to dissipate unwanted static charge. the corona discharge can be largely suppressed by covering the sharpened point with a small piece of antistatic plastic foam of the type used for packaging esd - sensitive electronic components. the figure below shows how this scheme - - called resistive grading - - works to reduce or stop corona discharges. d. s. ainslie, " inversion of electrostatic charges in a cylindrical electrophorus ", physics teacher, vol. 18, no. 7, october, 1980, p. 530. d. s. ainslie, " can an electrophorus lose its charge and then recharge itself? ", physics teacher, vol. 20, no. 4, april, 1982, p. 254. bakken library and museum, sparks and shocks, kendall / hunt publishing co., dubuque, ia, 1996, pp. 53 - 55. b. dibner, early electrical machines, pub. # 14, burndy library, norwalk, ct, 1957, p. 50 - 53. r. a. ford, homemade lightning : creative experiments in electricity ( 2nd ed. ), tab books ( mcgraw - hill ), new york 1996, chapter 10. o. d. jefimenko, " long - lasting electrization and electrets, " in electrostatics and its applications ( a. d. moore, ed. ), wiley - interscience, new york, 1973, pp. 117 - 118. d. r. lapp, " letters, " physics


science fair project encyclopedia gaba a receptor the receptor is a multimeric transmembrane receptor that sits in the membrane of its neuron. once bound to its ligand, the protein receptor changes confirmation within the membrane. this particular protein is configured in such a way as to allow certain ions to pass through its pore when the pore is open. the ligand gaba is the endogenous compound that tells this receptor to open, allowing chloride ions ( cl - ) to pass down its electrochemical gradient. because the chloride ion concentration is high outside of the cell, opening of the channel pore results in an influx of chloride into the cell, thus hyperpolarizing it. other ligands interact with the gaba ( a ) receptor to mimic gaba or to potentiate its response. such other ligands include the benzodiazepines ( increase pore opening frequency ), barbiturates ( increase pore opening duration ), and certain steroids. still other compounds interact with the gaba ( a ) receptor to attenuate the effects of gaba ; such blocking agents are flumazenil ( a competitive benzodiazepine antagonist ) and picrotoxin, which blocks the channel directly. the phenotypic response to all of these interactions is seen in effects such as muscle relaxation, sedation, anticonvulsion, and anesthesia, based on the location of the cell in question, its intracellular second - messenger milieu, and the dose of the ligand at the receptor ; the dosage issue is commonly related to the amount of exogenous drug that is delivered to the patient ( e. g., anesthesia during surgery ). the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


medical ethics and bioethics in europe definitions and approaches the term “ medical ethics ” is often used to refer to the deontology of the medical profession covering issues such as moral rules, rules of etiquette and rules for professional conduct. the word “ deontological ” comes from the root “ deon ” which means duty or obligation in latin. in some countries, codes or medical ethics have been supplemented by patients ’ rights laws. there is a difference between the two in that the former emphasizes the obligations and duties of doctors whereas the latter usually involves some form of legal right or entitlement. nevertheless, in some countries codes of medical ethics are enshrined in law and consequently take on a legal status ( with regard to the obligations of healthcare professionals ). hoy ( 2004 ) argues that obligations which are enforced and hence not undertaken freely, are not in the realm of the ethical. for example, in countries where slavery has been abolished or certain forms of animal experimentation made illegal, such issues move from the realm of the ethical to that of the legal. on the other hand, certain practices such as abortion or euthanasia have been legalized in some countries but are not accepted some groups in society as being ethical. the term “ bioethics ” was used for the first time by potter, a biologist, in 1970 to refer to ethical problems linked to the present and the future of life in general and of human life in particular. later, helleger used the term to refer to a way to approach and resolve the moral conflicts raised by modern medicine ( gracia, 2001 ). bioethics is not just a series of principles but implies, in the european tradition at least, a moral obligation to act. kant, a german philosopher from the enlightenment period, was concerned with the motivation behind any action. he stated that action done from duty has its moral worth not in the purpose to be attained by it but in the maxim in accordance with which it is decided upon. he developed the categorical imperative which states, “ act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law or a universal law of nature ” ( in kuczewski, 2004 ). in europe, bioethics is very much based on the principle of solidarity, as well as freedom, tolerance, equal opportunity, social justice and human dignity. the gradual and continued expansion of the european union has led to new possibilities and potential problems in the health care domain. at the same time, efforts are constantly


of solidarity, as well as freedom, tolerance, equal opportunity, social justice and human dignity. the gradual and continued expansion of the european union has led to new possibilities and potential problems in the health care domain. at the same time, efforts are constantly underway to harmonise health care provision, promote cooperation and find consensus on a variety of healthcare issues. in 1992, the maastricht treaty on the european union made public health an object of eu policy ( ten have, 2001 ). however, long before this, the council of europe had decided to set up a single specialised committee to deal with bioethical issues. this committee, the steering committee on bioethics, was granted permanent status in 1992. this came just one year after the commission of the european union set up the group of advisers on the ethical implications of biotechnology ( gaeib ). in 1997, the council of europe ’ s convention on human rights and biomedicine was signed by 21 member states in oviedo, spain. its emphasis on the principles of human dignity and solidarity can be clearly detected in some of the recitals of the preamble : - convinced of the need to respect the human being both as an individual and as a member of the human species and recognising the importance of ensuring the dignity of the human being ; - conscious that the misuse of biology and medicine may lead to acts endangering human dignity ; - affirming that progress in biology and medicine should be used for the benefit of present and future generations ; - stressing the need for international co - operation so that all humanity may enjoy the benefits of biology and medicine ; - wishing to remind all members of society of their rights and responsibilities. last updated : vendredi 09 octobre 2009


this book explores image processing from several perspectives : the creative, the theoretical ( mainly mathematical ), and the programmatical. it explains the basic principles of image processing, drawing on key concepts and techniques from mathematics, psychology of perception, computer science, and art, and introduces computer programming as a way to get more control over image processing operations. it does so without requiring college - level mathematics or prior programming experience. the content is supported by pixelmath, a freely available software program that helps the reader understand images as both visual and mathematical objects. the first part of the book covers such topics as digital image representation, sampling, brightness and contrast, color models, geometric transformations, synthesizing images, stereograms, photomosaics, and fractals. the second part of the book introduces computer programming using an open - source version of the easy - to - learn python language. it covers the basics of image analysis and pattern recognition, including edge detection, convolution, thresholding, contour representation, and k - nearest - neighbor classification. a chapter on computational photography explores such subjects as high - dynamic - range imaging, autofocusing, and methods for automatically inpainting to fill gaps or remove unwanted objects in a scene. applications described include the design and implementation of an image - based game. the pixelmath software provides a " transparent " view of digital images by allowing the user to view the rgb values of pixels by zooming in on an image. pixelmath provides three interfaces : the pixel calculator ; the formula page, an advanced extension of the calculator ; and the python window.


cynthia willett brings together diverse insights from social psychology, classical and contemporary literature, and legal and justice theory to redefine the basis of the moral and legal person. feminists, communitarians, and postmodern thinkers have made clear that classical liberalism, with its emphasis on individual autonomy and excessive rationalism, is severely limited. although she is sympathetic with the liberal view, willett finds it necessary to go further. for her, attention to the social dimensions of the family and civil society is critical if issues of race, gender, class, and sexuality are to be taken seriously. interdependency, not autonomy, is of increasing significance in an era of globalization. willett proposes an alternate normative theory that recognizes the impact of social forces on individual well - being. citizenship in a democracy should not be defined solely on the basis of rights to autonomy, such as bare rights to property or free speech, she explains. rather, citizenship should be defined first of all in terms of the rights, responsibilities, and capacities of the social person. it is within the african american tradition of political thought that willett finds a more useful definition of human identity and political freedom. the african american experience offers a compelling vision of social change and a deeper understanding of what it means to be a social person. by focusing on everyday battles against racism, willett contends, we can gain valuable insight into the meaning of justice.


how to fix the debt ceiling ( a bigger threat than the fiscal cliff ) saturday, november 17, 2012 a default by the u. s. government is more potentially damaging than the fiscal cliff — and more easily avoidable, if congress modernizes the debt ceiling. the fiscal cliff — sudden and painful tax hikes and spending cuts — is widely recognized as a looming threat to the economy. the worst scenario, a so - called “ hard landing, ” is reportedly avoidable only if congress and the president can agree and take action by january 2013. however, the fiscal cliff is the lesser of two approaching crises ; the other crisis is more potentially damaging and, ironically, more easily avoidable : a first - ever default by the u. s. government on its bill - paying obligations, should congress fail to raise the federal debt limit in the next few months. the figure below shows how close the federal debt has come to the debt limit, as of november 13, 2012. both of the approaching crises — the fiscal cliff and the default threat — would be triggered by government ’ s failure to take action. the fiscal cliff entails near - instantaneous tax hikes and spending cuts that experts say would be too much, too fast, too arbitrary, and too soon. but a first - ever default ( resulting from failure by congress to raise the statutory debt limit ) would be worse, because it would force much larger instantaneous spending reductions — mostly in critical big - ticket categories such as medicare, social security, defense, and — worst of all — interest on the debt, which would be the doomsday scenario of self - inflicted national bankruptcy. if the fiscal cliff ’ s “ hard landing ” scenario would be a disaster, default would be suicide. failure to raise the debt limit in time to prevent default would not only create fiscal havoc internally, it could trigger an unraveling of the world ’ s confidence in the u. s. dollar and its treasury securities. because the dollar is the world ’ s preferred reserve currency, the “ dollar economy ” currently extends far beyond u. s. borders. if worldwide confidence in the dollar began to erode, foreign countries ’ desires to roll their maturing u. s. debt securities into new ones would erode as well, which would only compound the negative consequences for our economy. default : an easily avoidable disaster again, however, the default disaster is easily avoidable — which begs the question, why not simply continue to increase the self - imposed debt ceiling? after all, it ’ s


the negative consequences for our economy. default : an easily avoidable disaster again, however, the default disaster is easily avoidable — which begs the question, why not simply continue to increase the self - imposed debt ceiling? after all, it ’ s just a number thought up by members of congress, who, for the last century, have been raising it just in time to avoid a first - ever default. the debt ceiling has done little if any good, but retains the potential to do catastrophic harm. our economic history shows that debt growing in tandem with ( or slightly in advance of ) economic growth is harmless, even desirable. ( several of my previous articles have covered this in more depth ; see “ the buffett rule, ” “ what our grandkids actually want, ” and “ why growth matters more than debt. ” ) so why would congress take us to the brink of unnecessary, self - imposed default whenever the debt approaches its arbitrary debt ceiling? figure 1 : excerpt from daily treasury statement, november 13, 2012 the reason is not grounded in economics, finance, or sound logic. the reason is politics. for at least two decades, the party out of power ( i. e., not in control of the white house ) has been able, and occasionally willing, to use the debt ceiling as a political weapon. congressional opponents of the white house have used the debt limit as leverage against president obama and our two previous presidents, bush and clinton. ( for example, in 2006, during bush ’ s second term, then - senator obama voted against raising the ceiling — a decision he regrets in hindsight, now that he is at the white house instead of capitol hill. ) current conditions haven ’ t changed : obama ’ s reelection just might embolden congress ’ s so - called tea party faction to wield the debt - ceiling weapon again, as it did in 2011. will the outcome be different this time? is self - inflicted default no longer unthinkable? the prospects are frightening. congress should modernize the debt ceiling as it is currently defined, the debt ceiling is a nuke in a suicide vest. congress invented it, congress is wearing it, and congress has learned how to use it to threaten opposing - party presidents. the good news is that congress has the power to disarm it, throw it away, and replace it with something better. it ’ s time for congress to do just that. the current, obsolete debt ceiling is set at a specific dollar level : “ x trillion dollars ” of


the power to disarm it, throw it away, and replace it with something better. it ’ s time for congress to do just that. the current, obsolete debt ceiling is set at a specific dollar level : “ x trillion dollars ” of debt — similar to setting a mileage limit for a car, which forces a hard stop when the odometer reaches some arbitrary number. a new, better way to limit the debt would be to switch our focus from the odometer to the speedometer, i. e., to set a target ratio for debt relative to the size of our economy — “ x percent debt - to - gdp. ” a car ’ s speedometer helps us keep miles - per - hour under control ; a new measure for the debt limit would help us keep debt - to - gdp in bounds. it would create new incentives for lawmakers : all of a sudden, a “ new ” way to stay under the debt limit would be to implement growth - friendly laws and policies that help the economy grow faster than the debt grows. in short, the dollar - level debt ceiling is obsolete, because it continues to invite politicians to flex their political muscles by threatening default. what we need now is a percent - gdp ceiling — perhaps dubbed the “ debt guardrail ” — that invites our politicians to foster private sector growth by showing us they can also flex their brain power, instead of just their political muscle. steve conover retired recently from a 35 - year career in corporate america. he has a bs in engineering, an mba in finance, and a phd in political economy. his website is www. optimist123. com. further reading : conover also writes “ it ’ s past time to stop blaming bush, ” “ the only practical way out of our economic doldrums, ” “ missing in action : growth, ” and “ ‘ top - down ’ vs. ‘ bottom - up. ’ ” veronique de rugy says “ another day older and deeper in debt … ” norman ornstein discusses “ optimism about the 113th congress ” and “ what would it take for action on fiscal cliff? ” image by darren wamboldt / bergman group


women ' s clothing from 1900 after the civil war, grooming and tailoring improved. more variety could be seen in men and women ' s clothing. women ' s skirts became narrower and appeared to be more cone - shaped than bell - shaped. tiny waists were still in style and bustles began to be worn to extend the backs of gowns. corsets pushed women ' s chests forward making them appear somewhat like the front of a pigeon. " shirtwaists " became stylish. they were patterned after men ' s shirts. clothing was often heavily starched. go to interactive flash version there were different styles of underwear for women. shown here is an all - in - one. it is a combination of a " chemise " and " drawers ". a chemise is similar to an undershirt with a slip attached, and drawers are similar to underpants, but with legs. this all - in - one has split drawers with a slip panel across the back. split drawers made the trip to the outhouse or bathroom quicker and easier. socks, pantyhose and tights had not been invented yet. a woman wore stockings of wool, cotton, or silk, depending upon the weather and the occasion. stockings came up above the knee and were held in place with garters made of ribbon or elastic. women ' s shoes had thick heels and pointed toes. they might slip on, button or lace and come above or below the ankle. a corset provided support and forced a woman ' s torso into the fashionable shape for the time period, forcing the chest up and swaying the back to force the chest and backside out. it would be stiffened inside with " boning " made of strips of whalebone or metal. it hooked up the front and laced up the back and would feel uncomfortably tight. women wore their hair up on top of their heads in various fashions. this model has her hair in a " gibson girl ", a popular fashion of the early 20th century. her hair is puffed out with the help of " rats ", which are made of her own hair that she saved from her hair - brush and rolled between her hands to create the shapes seen here. a corset cover was worn over a corset and it buttoned up the front. it would be made of lightweight cotton and would hide the corset seams that might otherwise be visible through a blouse or dress. in the 18th century a petticoat referred to a skirt. in the 20th


it buttoned up the front. it would be made of lightweight cotton and would hide the corset seams that might otherwise be visible through a blouse or dress. in the 18th century a petticoat referred to a skirt. in the 20th century a petticoat referred to a slip. this woman has on 2 petticoats to help give her skirt more fullness. women ' s skirts and dresses came down to the floor or sometimes as high as the ankle. this woman wears a walking skirt made of linen. a walking skirt was a simple everyday style of skirt that was wide enough at the bottom for walking or riding a bicycle. this type of blouse is known as a " shirtwaist ". it is tailored to include some details similar to men ' s shirts. a shirtwaist can refer to a dress as well. this shirtwaist is made of linen and is decorated with machine - stitched embroidery. this style of stand - up collar was popular. a belt with a buckle was usually worn with a shirtwaist. a belt might be made of cloth or leather. this woman wears one made of cloth. pin & earrings this woman wears a pin and earrings that are made of human hair. usually hair jewelry was worn to remember a loved one who had died and to remind the wearer that death might strike any one at any time, including the wearer! for those with leisure time, hair weaving was a popular hobby. this style of jewelry took the form of earrings, pins, bracelets and necklaces. this woman wears a locket attached to her belt. it might also have been pinned to her shirtwaist. a locket could hold 2 small photos or a strand of hair belonging to a loved one. bonnets in this time period were now out of fashion and large hats were becoming popular. all hats had very small crowns, not meant to fit on the head, but rather to perch on the hair. this woman wears a straw hat. a parasol would not do in a rain shower, but was designed to keep the sun off of a woman ' s face, as having a tan was deemed very unfashionable. ladies often kept handkerchiefs close at hand, not only for blowing noses but also for dabbing their faces, as sweat was considered most unfashionable. this woman holds an everyday purse. she would have a fancier one for when she calls upon ( visits ) her friends. gloves were not only considered stylish but also kept the


december 1987 | volume 38, issue 8 in the summer the stretch of the delaware river north of trenton, new jersey, is as alluring as any place in the country. it is green and happy and eloquent of generations of peace and prosperity : prosperity from the river traffic and from the canal ; prosperity from the steady little farming communities nearby and, in more recent years, from tourism. it is only in the winter that the countryside suggests with any conviction that this was once fought - over land. in the waning months of 1776, two armies — one well fed, well armed, well clad, eminently professional ; the other half - naked, hungry, new to soldiering — struggled for control of this country ; and for something far greater. it is hard to exaggerate the importance of the campaigning that took place here. you can go see where it happened in the summer, and you may have a prettier trip. but if you want to get the feeling of that extraordinary season of despair and triumph, go when the days are short and gray and the snow is on the ground. as you drive south from manhattan toward trenton on the new jersey turnpike, the city falls away behind, and then the great silver coils of the cracking plants, and then you are in country that would be all too familiar to george washington ’ s grand army in the late fall of 1776. these were the men who had to back up the brave phrases in the declaration that had been issued a few months earlier, and fortune had not been with them. they had been beaten on long island, beaten in manhattan, beaten in westchester, beaten wherever they made a stand. now they were running for their lives from lord cornwallis ’ s hardy british regulars a half - day ’ s march behind them, their ranks dwindling daily. on these disconsolate flatlands the american revolution was dying. they came at last to the delaware, seized all the boats they could lay their hands on for miles up and down the river, and took up defensive positions on the pennsylvania shore. there they huddled miserably, a few thousand of them, waiting for their enlistments to expire with the year ; after december 31 washington would have fourteen hundred men left. across the river ten thousand of the enemy settled in for the winter. not many of them thought the american army would be there in the spring. even washington wasn ’ t sure : in a most uncharacteristic statement he said, “ i think the game is pretty near up.


settled in for the winter. not many of them thought the american army would be there in the spring. even washington wasn ’ t sure : in a most uncharacteristic statement he said, “ i think the game is pretty near up. ” nevertheless, christmas day found continental officers shepherding their coughing men down to the frozen riverbank, setting off on a foray spurred by the purest desperation : an attack on the twelve hundred hessian mercenaries encamped in trenton. they set out from what is now the washington crossing state park in pennsylvania : you can visit the big stone thompson - neely house in whose kitchen washington planned out his great gamble with his officers ; but never mind the movie playing at the visitors ’ center. made in the 1950s, it incorporates many of the elements that made sensible students shrink from history in high school : self - conscious people in wigs saying things like “ gentlemen, we must do or die, ” and so forth. instead, walk down to the riverbank and see what the continentals saw : the dark, swiftly running delaware — ice moving fast on its surface that christmas day — and beyond, the hostile shore with its stands of naked trees looking smoky in the waning light. the river was thick with traffic, as marblehead fishermen poled the soldiers across in durham boats. you can see reconstructions of these here, and they are sturdy, sharpnosed cargo vessels, forty to sixty feet long, and nothing like the shallop washington is riding in emanuel leutze ’ s wonderful painting of the crossing. drive over the narrow bridge to the jersey shore, and stop at the blue and gray house where washington watched his command disembark. it took nine hours to get the men across — of course, everything was running behind schedule — but he determined to push on to trenton. he had no choice. as you drive into the town, the very change in the surroundings from that day to this imparts an odd sense of the scope of the march. it ’ s nine miles — block after city block through good neighborhoods and bad — and it ’ s a long way. the men who struggled over that route all night long, many of them barefoot and leaving their blood pink in the snow behind them, were advancing on a community of a hundred clapboard houses and a stone barracks put up for the french and indian wars that was the biggest building in town. it ’ s still there, very nicely kept up, and a guide will take you through and show you the amazing amount


of a hundred clapboard houses and a stone barracks put up for the french and indian wars that was the biggest building in town. it ’ s still there, very nicely kept up, and a guide will take you through and show you the amazing amount of maneuvering required to get an eighteenth - century musket charged and fired. it — and most of the houses in the town — disgorged startled, hung - over german soldiers when the boom of continental artillery came through the stormy morning. washington set his guns on the high ground where broad meets warren street — king and queen street then. the site is marked with a hundred - foot column with his statue atop it ; on the base thomas eakins ’ s bronze reliefs depict the action. as grapeshot clawed through their ranks, the hessians tried to form, and then the americans were in among them, fighting with clubbed muskets and bayonets and shouting in a mixture of triumph and amazement at their success. nobody knows how long the battle lasted — reports range from a half hour to nearly two — but at the end of it a thousand germans surrendered. washington marched his prisoners into newtown, pennsylvania, and you may want to go there too. it ’ s a goodlooking old town, with some ancient liver - colored stone buildings past which it is not hard to imagine the americans parading their prisoners, the germans warm in their winter uniforms, and their captors, as one witness wrote later, “ mostly in light, summer dress and some without shoes, but stepping light and cheerful. ” the two - century - old temperance house in newtown has recently been redone and its guest rooms colonialed - up to a faretheewell. if you can get the one with a working fireplace, you ’ ll be able to enjoy a considerable pleasure unavailable to summer visitors. news of the victory astonished and appalled the british, and cornwallis moved fast. in a week he believed he had washington trapped on the new jersey side of the delaware. but the american stole a march on him, and one freezing, crystalline january morning found washington moving his little army toward princeton. some 350 of his men under gen. hugh mercer came up against british regulars under col. charles mawhood. the two forces swung into line, and a short, ugly fight ended with mercer down and his continentals in panicked retreat. for a moment it looked like the old story : the americans were running away from battle again ; the coup at trenton had been a mere fluke. but


, and a short, ugly fight ended with mercer down and his continentals in panicked retreat. for a moment it looked like the old story : the americans were running away from battle again ; the coup at trenton had been a mere fluke. but then washington came galloping onto the field and took his big white horse to within thirty paces of the british line. there he reined in and yelled for his troops to rally around him. after a moment ’ s pause, the british fired at this astonishing target. one of washington ’ s aides hid his face in his cloak so as not to see his commander die, but when the smoke cleared, there was washington, still in the saddle, still calling for his troops. and now they were coming. men from pennsylvania and rhode island and massachusetts stead - led their ranks, stood, exchanged volley fire — and the british fled. princeton battlefield is oddly affecting ; it ’ s so small. a tile map placed there in the 1960s at first seems an incoherent amalgam of peppy colors but on examination resolves itself into an admirable explication of the action that points out, among other things, the oak tree where mercer took his mortal wound. across the way is a monument — four ionic columns that look as if they were part of a grand house that has disappeared. and that is just what they are. when a mansion built on the site years afterward was pulled down, it was decided that the portico made a nice memorial to the men who died there. i like the fortuitous quality of that monument ; it somehow reflects the way we fought the revolution, learning as we went, making do with what we had. a plaque in one of the columns expresses the significance of the battle in a lucid sentence that strikes me as being about as good as english prose gets : “ across these fields in the early light of the third of january 1777, washington ’ s continentals defeated british regulars for the first time in the long struggle for american independence. ” washington moved on into winter quarters in morristown, while the news went forth — across the country, across the atlantic — that the american army was still in business and in very capable hands. nevertheless, it was a hard winter of fear and doubt. there was smallpox in the camp. there was frostbite. soldiers figured they ’ d done enough and went home. but now and forever after there would be in the ranks a leavening of men who had seen hessians throw down their muskets and


friday 17 may pronghorn ( antilocapra americana ) pronghorn fact file - find out more - print factsheet despite being similar in appearance and behaviour to antelopes, the pronghorn actually belongs to its own unique family ( 2 ) ( 4 ). the horns are particularly remarkable in that like bovids, they consist of a keratin sheath on a bony core, but like deer ( cervids ), they are forked, and the outer sheath sheds annually from the unforked bony core ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ). both sexes have black horns, but the male ’ s are enlarged and have forward - facing prongs below backward - pointing hooks, while the female ’ s are comparatively small ( 2 ) ( 4 ). the pronghorn ’ s stocky body is supported on long, slim legs, which enable it to take massive eight metre strides at full speed ( 2 ). the upperparts are largely red - brown to tan, while the underparts, the rump and two bands across the neck are contrastingly white. the male also has conspicuous black patches on the face and on the sides of the neck, beneath the ears ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ). five subspecies, which differ slightly in appearance, are commonly recognised, with larger, darker forms living in the north, and smaller, lighter forms in the south ( 1 ) ( 2 ). - also known as - mexican pronghorn, sonoran pronghorn. - antilocapre, antilope americaine. - berrendo. top the us fish and wildlife service – endangered species program : - a member of the family bovidae, which includes hooved, herbivorous ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes, gazelles and buffalo. - a group of fibrous proteins that form the basis of hair, nails, wool etc in animals. - a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. iucn red list ( august, 2009 ) - macdonald, d. w. ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford. - burnie, d. ( 2001 ) animal. dorling kindersley, london. smithsonian national museum of natural history ( september, 2009 ) - nowak, r. m. ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world. johns hopkins


burnie, d. ( 2001 ) animal. dorling kindersley, london. smithsonian national museum of natural history ( september, 2009 ) - nowak, r. m. ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland. - taylor, m. f. j., suckling, k. f. and rachlinski, j. j. ( 2005 ) the effectiveness of the endangered species act : a quantitative analysis. bioscience, 55 ( 4 ) : 360 - 367. - clark, j. a., hoekstra, j. m., boersma, p. d. and kareiva, p. ( 2002 ) improving u. s. endangered species act recovery plans : key findings and recommendations of the scb recovery plan project. conservation biology, 16 : 1510 - 1519. cites ( august, 2009 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. renowned for its speed, the pronghorn is the fastest terrestrial mammal in the americas, capable of reaching top speeds of up to 86 kilometres per hour, and maintaining cruising speeds of 70 kilometres per hour for several kilometres at a time ( 2 ) ( 6 ). it is active both day and night, with slight peaks just before sunrise and after sunset ( 6 ). many plants feature in the pronghorn ’ s diet, including a variety of forbs, shrubs, grasses and cacti ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ). although it will drink freely if water is available, sufficient hydration can be derived from succulent plants if necessary ( 6 ). daily movements vary depending on the seasons, with distances travelled during the winter typically being four times as far as during the summer ( 2 ). during autumn and winter, the pronghorn often forms large, loose groups comprising as many as 1, 000 individuals of all ages and both sexes ( 4 ) ( 6 ). however, in spring and summer, these large herds segre


). during autumn and winter, the pronghorn often forms large, loose groups comprising as many as 1, 000 individuals of all ages and both sexes ( 4 ) ( 6 ). however, in spring and summer, these large herds segregate into much smaller groups segregated by sex. in wetter areas, where food is abundant, the mature males are territorial and, beginning in early march, will compete amongst each other for territories. to define a territory, males will scent mark with urine, faeces and secretion from glands behind the ears. usually fights between territorial males will be resolved with a staring match and possibly some angry vocalisations and chasing, but when all else fails, rivals will resort to head to head fighting. during this time, the female groups, which may contain as many as 23 members, move freely between the territories of different males, whilst being pursued by bachelor herds of young males that move about on the edges of the areas controlled by the territorial males. however, when it comes to mating, which takes place during a period of about three weeks between july and early october, it is only the dominant males defending the most food - rich territories that sire offspring. in less productive, arid areas, the males dispense with forming territories, but instead attempt to defend groups of females in order to mate ( 2 ) ( 6 ). during the first pregnancy, females usually give birth to a single young after a gestation period of around 252 days, but subsequently, will often give birth to twins ( 2 ) ( 6 ). young at just two days old can already run faster than a horse, but do not have the stamina to keep up with the herd. as a result, for the first three to four weeks, the young remain hidden in vegetation, where they are safer from predators such as coyotes and golden eagles. females continue to nurse and groom the young for four to five months, with both sexes reaching maturity at around 16 months old. given that only dominant male ’ s breed, most will have to wait until they are three to five years of age before siring their first offspring ( 2 ). top classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ). subspecies : antilocapra americana mexicana, antilocapra americana peninsularis and antilocapra americana sonoriensis are listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ). top prior to the arrival of european explorers, there were an estimated 35 million pro


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from the art and popular culture encyclopedia art and culture - 1838 - alfred vail demonstrates a telegraph using dots and dashes ( this is the forerunner of morse code ). - 1962 - leonardo da vinci ' s mona lisa is exhibited in the united states for the first time ( national gallery of art in washington, d. c. ). - 1824 - wilkie collins, british novelist ( d. 1889 ) - 1836 - lawrence alma - tadema, dutch artist ( d. 1912 ) - 1863 - paul scheerbart, german author and artist ( d. 1915 ) - 1897 - dennis wheatley, british author ( d. 1977 ) - 1922 - jose benazeraf, moroccan - born french filmmaker - 1931 - bill graham, german - born american music promoter ( d. 1991 ) - 1933 - jean - marie straub, french film director - 1935 - elvis presley, american singer and guitarist ( d. 1977 ) - 1937 - shirley bassey, welsh singer - 1941 - boris vallejo, peruvian illustrator - 1942 - george passmore, british artist ( gilbert & george ) - 1947 - david bowie, english musician - 1642 - galileo galilei, italian astronomer and scientist ( b. 1564 ) - 1896 - paul verlaine, french poet ( b. 1844 ) - 1948 - kurt schwitters, german painter ( b. 1887 ) - 1972 - kenneth patchen, american poet ( b. 1911 ) - 1992 - nicolas schoffer, hungarian - born french artist ( b. 1912 ) unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on wikipedia article " january 8 " or another language wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ; or on original research by jahsonic and friends. see art and popular culture ' s copyright notice.


new york, ny. - a landmark exhibition on the extraordinary philosopher, statesman and teacher known as confucius ( 551 - 479 bce ) will be on view at china institute gallery from february 11 though june 13, 2010. " confucius : his life and legacy in art " will focus on the teachings and continuing influence of confucius, who has become increasingly synonymous with chinese culture. nearly 100 objects from the world of confucius and his ennobled descendants will be on exhibition, including hanging scrolls, album leaves, bronze vessels, stone carvings, jade ceremonial implements, wood - block prints and textiles. the works are on loan for the first time in the u. s. from the shandong provincial museum in jinan and the confucius museum in his hometown of qufu. " confucius : his life and legacy in art " is the first exhibition in the u. s. to explore the culture of confucius. the show incorporates images and artifacts that were created to venerate the man himself, as well as the ideas associated with him, loosely called confucianism. a fully illustrated scholarly catalogue will accompany the exhibition. probably no one has influenced more people over the centuries than confucius. his family name was kong, and the suffix zi, an ancient term of respect, was added to it so that in chinese, he is called kongzi ( master kong ) or simply fuzi ( the master ). the latinized name confucius was created when jesuit missionaries translated chinese texts for european audiences. notes willow hai chang, director, china institute gallery, although he has come to symbolize chinese civilization throughout the world, little is known about the man confucius, who was a thinker, teacher and statesman more than 2, 500 years ago. this exhibition seeks to create a greater understanding of his role in chinese culture and to examine why his extraordinary influence continues even today. in order to address the many facets of his life, teachings and belief system, " confucius : his life and legacy in art " is organized in three parts " the life and images of confucius " ; " confucius as teacher and ritual expert " ; and " venerating confucius : the official cult and the kong family ancestral cult ". the first section of the exhibition, " the life and images of confucius ", includes portraits and illustrations of significant events from his life. created mostly during the ming ( 1368 - 1644 ) and qing ( 1644 -


family ancestral cult ". the first section of the exhibition, " the life and images of confucius ", includes portraits and illustrations of significant events from his life. created mostly during the ming ( 1368 - 1644 ) and qing ( 1644 - 1911 ) dynasties, long after his lifetime, the images reveal multiple, and sometimes surprising, conceptions of confucius. traces of the sage ( pictorial biography of confucius ), a ming dynasty album, illustrates events in confuciuss life ; it attributes supernatural qualities to him, including an ability to communicate with cosmic forces. bust portrait of confucius as a minister of justice, a hanging scroll from the ming dynasty, is one of the best - known representations of him as an official. a wood - block print from a qing dynasty book depicts a large sculptural icon from the great temple at qufu, portraying confucius as emperor. the exhibition includes a pair of charming song dynasty ( 960 - 1279 ) votive statues of confucius and his wife ; such statues were worshipped by his descendants. the second section, " confucius as teacher and ritual expert ", gives an overview of confucius as a teacher who stressed the importance of proper rituals and music, as well as the moral cultivation of the individual. as julia k. murray, professor of art history, university of wisconsin, writes in the catalogue essay, he believed that ancient sages had created a system of harmonious governance through proper ritual however, rulers of more recent times had lost their moral authority and abandoned these sagely institutions. instead of leading by example and governing with benevolence, unprincipled local strongmen of his own day sought control through force to restore order and harmony, confucius believed, the ancient rituals had to be revived, and he devoted much effort to studying and codifying them. to give context to this system of ancient rites, the exhibition includes a number of bronze vessels, jade ceremonial implements and musical instruments. among the other highlights of the second section is a funerary slab from the eastern han dynasty ( 25 bce - 220 ce ) bearing the earliest known images of confucius and his disciples. a limestone carving from the second century depicts confucius meeting laozi, a ritual expert and daoist master, together with the child - sage xiang tuo. also surviving from the eastern han period are fragments of the xiping stone classics, the first official edition of confucian texts to be carved on stone tablets under


ritual expert and daoist master, together with the child - sage xiang tuo. also surviving from the eastern han period are fragments of the xiping stone classics, the first official edition of confucian texts to be carved on stone tablets under imperial auspices. the five classics and the four books became the core curriculum in the education of chinese literati throughout the imperial period. among the many examples of these widely published confucian texts is a sumptuous woodblock - printed edition of the four books, a text known as the analects ( or sayings ) of confucius, which offers the most revealing glimpses of the man himself. twenty sections provide accounts of his activities ; document his dialogues with rulers, disciples and acquaintances ; and record his remarks and appraisals, along with the comments of men who knew him. for hundreds of years after confuciuss death, emperors of many dynasties came to his hometown of qufu to offer sacrifices and show their commitment to confucian ideals of governance and learning. in 1771, on one of several visits, the qianlong emperor ( r. 1735 - 1796 ) bestowed on the qufu temple a set of ten ancient bronze ritual vessels, which will be on view in the exhibition. dating to the shang ( c. 1500 - 1050 bce ) and zhou dynasties ( c. 1027 - 256 bce ), they were precious objects to be displayed in confuciuss honor, representing an idealized antiquity. one vessel is in the shape of a four - legged animal with an opening on its back suggesting its use as a wine container. the final section of the exhibition, " venerating confucius : the official cult and the kong family ancestral cult ", illuminates the important role of confuciuss descendants in maintaining ceremonial sacrifices and preserving images, biographies, genealogical records, ritual utensils and other important objects. ming and qing portraits of ennobled male descendants who held the title duke for perpetuating the sage are included in the exhibition, along with their clothing and other elegant accessories. many emperors conferred gifts on the honored lineage. a seal probably bestowed by an emperor of the ming dynasty is inscribed : poetry, documents [ or books ], ritual [ and ] music, referring to four of the classics that confucius edited, which an educated person would know by heart. the yongzheng emperor ( r. 1723 - 1735 ) presented a set of five altar vessels exceptional examples of painted enamelware from the imperial qing workshop


to four of the classics that confucius edited, which an educated person would know by heart. the yongzheng emperor ( r. 1723 - 1735 ) presented a set of five altar vessels exceptional examples of painted enamelware from the imperial qing workshop to use in celebrating confuciuss birthday ( now observed on september 28 ). confucius was born into humble circumstances in 551 bce in qufu, capital of the feudal state of lu, which now forms part of the province of shandong. although he held a series of minor offices in his home state and for a brief period served as minister of justice ( with the responsibilities of a prime minister ), he eventually became frustrated with conditions in lu. in middle age, confucius left home to travel among the contending feudal states of north china, searching for an ideal ruler who would govern with benevolence and according to proper ritual. after 14 years, he returned to lu and from the age of 65, devoted himself to teaching and scholarship. after his death at age 73, his most devoted disciples observed three years of mourning for him, as if for a father. confuciuss own house became a memorial shrine, the precursor to the great confucius temple in qufu today. pithy remarks attributed to confucius have been transmitted from one generation to the next, and his advice still resonates today. study as if you will never learn, as if you were afraid of losing what you wish to learn, the great teacher once said. he believed in the moral purpose of humanity and in the individuals duty to strive to improve : the only ones who do not change are sages and idiots. confuciuss practical approach to moral cultivation and his reflections on the personal and social basis of ethics and politics are exemplified in such sayings as do not inflict on others what you yourself would not wish done to you, anyone who does not know the value of words will never understand men, and the full life seeks what is in itself ; the empty life seeks what appears in others. the humanity of his ideas and their ability to adapt to a great variety of needs and contexts have made confucianism an enduring force in the cultural heritage of china and the world. the exhibition is curated by lu wensheng, director, shandong provincial museum, and julia k. murray, professor of art history and east asian studies, university of wisconsin, under the directorship of willow hai chang, director, china institute gallery.