reactors. in terms of consequences of radiation release and core damage the fukushima i nuclear accidents in 2011 were the worst experienced by the industry in addition to ranking among the worst civilian nuclear accidents, though no fatalities were caused and no serious exposure of radiation to workers occurred. the tokaimura reprocessing plant fire in 1999 had 2 worker deaths, one more exposed to radiation levels above legal limits and over 660 others received detectable radiation doses but below permissible levels, well below the threshold to affect human health. the mihama nuclear power plant experienced a steam explosion in one of the turbine buildings in 2004 where 4 workers were killed and seven others injured. fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster according to the federation of electric power companies of japan, " by april 27 approximately 55 percent of the fuel in reactor unit 1 had melted, along with 35 percent of the fuel in unit 2, and 30 percent of the fuel in unit 3 ; and overheated spent fuels in the storage pools of units 3 and 4 probably were also damaged ". the accident exceeds the 1979 three mile island accident in seriousness, and is comparable to the 1986 chernobyl disaster. the economist reports that the fukushima disaster is " a bit like three three mile islands in a row, with added damage in the spent - fuel stores ", and that there will be ongoing impacts : years of clean - up will drag into decades. a permanent exclusion zone could end up stretching beyond the plant ’ s perimeter. seriously exposed workers may be at increased risk of cancers for the rest of their lives... on march 24, 2011, japanese officials announced that " radioactive iodine - 131 exceeding safety limits for infants had been detected at 18 water - purification plants in tokyo and five other prefectures ". officials said also that the fallout from the dai - ichi plant is " hindering search efforts for victims from the march 11 earthquake and tsunami ". problems in stabilizing the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant have hardened attitudes to nuclear power. as of june 2011, " more than 80 percent of japanese now say they are anti - nuclear and distrust government information on radiation ". the ongoing fukushima crisis may spell the end of nuclear power in japan, as " citizen opposition grows and local authorities refuse permission to restart reactors that have undergone safety checks ". local authorities are skeptical that sufficient safety measures have been taken and are reticent to give their permission – now required by law – to bring suspended nuclear reactors back online. two government advisers have said that " japan ' s safety review


safety checks ". local authorities are skeptical that sufficient safety measures have been taken and are reticent to give their permission – now required by law – to bring suspended nuclear reactors back online. two government advisers have said that " japan ' s safety review of nuclear reactors after the fukushima disaster is based on faulty criteria and many people involved have conflicts of interest ". hiromitsu ino, professor emeritus at the university of tokyo, says " the whole process being undertaken is exactly the same as that used previous to the fukushima dai - ichi accident, even though the accident showed all these guidelines and categories to be insufficient ". in 2012, former prime minister naoto kan was interviewed about the fukushima nuclear disaster, and has said that at one point japan faced a situation where there was a chance that people might not be able to live in the capital zone including tokyo and would have to evacuate. he says he is haunted by the specter of an even bigger nuclear crisis forcing tens of millions of people to flee tokyo and threatening the nation ' s existence. " if things had reached that level, not only would the public have had to face hardships but japan ' s very existence would have been in peril ". that convinced kan to " declare the need for japan to end its reliance on atomic power and promote renewable sources of energy such solar that have long taken a back seat in the resource - poor country ' s energy mix ". other accidents of note include : - 1981 : almost 300 workers were exposed to excessive levels of radiation after a fuel rod ruptured during repairs at the tsuruga nuclear power plant. - december 1995 : the fast breeder monju nuclear power plant sodium leak. state - run operator donen was found to have concealed videotape footage that showed extensive damage to the reactor. - march 1997 : the tokaimura nuclear reprocessing plant fire and explosion, northeast of tokyo. 37 workers were exposed to low doses of radiation. donen later acknowledged it had initially suppressed information about the fire. - 1999 : a fuel loading system malfunctioned at a nuclear plant in the fukui prefecture and set off an uncontrolled nuclear reaction and explosion. - september 1999 : the criticality accident at the tokai fuel fabrication facility. hundreds of people were exposed to radiation, three workers received doses above legal limits of whom two later died. - 2000 : three tokyo electric power co. executives were forced to quit after the company in 1989 ordered an employee to edit out footage showing cracks in


hundreds of people were exposed to radiation, three workers received doses above legal limits of whom two later died. - 2000 : three tokyo electric power co. executives were forced to quit after the company in 1989 ordered an employee to edit out footage showing cracks in nuclear plant steam pipes in video being submitted to regulators. - august 2002 : a widespread falsification scandal starting in that led to the shut down of all tokyo electric power company ’ s 17 nuclear reactors ; tokyo electric ' s officials had falsified inspection records and attempted to hide cracks in reactor vessel shrouds in 13 of its 17 units. - 2002 : two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire at onagawa nuclear power station in northern japan. - 9 august 2004 : four workers were killed after a steam explosion at the mihama - 3 station ; the subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program. - 2006 : a small amount of radioactive steam was released at the fukushima dai - ichi plant and it escaped the compound. - 16 july 2007 : a severe earthquake ( measuring 6. 8 on the richter scale ) hit the region where tokyo electric ' s kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant is located and radioactive water spilled into the sea of japan ; as of march 2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and repairs ; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power station in the world. nuclear organizations in japan - nuclear safety commission 原 子 力 安 会 - the japanese regulatory body for the nuclear industry. - japanese atomic energy commission ( aec ) 原 子 力 会 - now operating as a commission of inquiry to the japanese cabinet, this organization coordinates the entire nation ' s plans in the area of nuclear energy. - nuclear and industrial safety agency ( nisa ) 原 子 力 安 ・ 保 安 - the nisa performs regulatory activities and was formed january 6, 2001, after a reorganization of governmental agencies. these organizations are government funded research organizations, though many of them have special status to give them power of administration separate from the japanese government. their origins date back to the atomic energy basic law, but they have been reorganized several times since their inception. - japan atomic energy research institute ( jaeri ) - 日 本 原 子 力 - the original nuclear energy research organization established by the japanese government under cooperation with u. s. partners. - atomic fuel corporation - 原 子


. - japan atomic energy research institute ( jaeri ) - 日 本 原 子 力 - the original nuclear energy research organization established by the japanese government under cooperation with u. s. partners. - atomic fuel corporation - 原 子 公 社 - this organization was formed along with jaeri under the atomic energy basic law and was later reorganized to be pnc. - power reactor and nuclear fuel development corporation ( pnc ) - 力 ・ 発 事 - this organization succeeded the afc in 1967 in order to perform more direct construction of experimental nuclear plants, and was renamed jnc in 1998. - japan nuclear cycle development institute ( jnc ) - サイクル 発 ( semi - governmental agency ) - was formed in 1998 as the direct successor to the pnc. this organization operated lojo and monju experimental and demonstration reactors. - japan atomic energy agency ( jaea ) - 日 本 原 子 力 発 - this is the modern, currently operating primary nuclear research organization in japan. it was formed by a merger of jaeri and jnc in 2005. electric utilities running nuclear plants japan is divided into a number of regions that each get electric service from their respective regional provider, all utilities hold a monopoly and are strictly regulated by the japanese government. for more background information see energy in japan. all regional utilities in japan currently operate nuclear plants with the exception of the okinawa electric power company. they are also all members of the federation of electric power companies ( fepco ) industry organization. the companies are listed below. - regional electric providers - hokkaido electric power company ( hepco ) - 北 海 道 力 - tohoku electric power company ( tohoku electric ) - 東 北 力 - tokyo electric power company ( tepco ) - 東 京 力 - chubu electric power company ( chuden ) - 中 部 力 - hokuriku electric power company ( rikuden ) - 北 力 - kansai electric power company ( kepco ) - 西 力 - chugoku electric power company ( energia ) - 中 国 力 - shikoku electric power company ( yonden ) - 四 国 力 - kyushu electric power company ( kyushu electric ) - 州 力 - other companies with a stake in nuclear power - japc was created by special provisions from the japanese government to be the first company in japan to run a nuclear plant. today it


- kyushu electric power company ( kyushu electric ) - 州 力 - other companies with a stake in nuclear power - japc was created by special provisions from the japanese government to be the first company in japan to run a nuclear plant. today it still operates two separate sites. - electric power development company ( edpc, j - power ) - 発 - this company was created by a special law after the end of world war ii, it operates a number of coal fired, hydroelectric, and wind power plants, the ohma nuclear plant that is under construction will mark its entrance to the industry upon completion. nuclear vendors and fuel cycle companies nuclear vendors provide fuel in its fabricated form, ready to be loaded in the reactor, nuclear services, and / or manage construction of new nuclear plants. the following is an incomplete list of companies based in japan that provide such services. the companies listed here provide fuel or services for commercial light water plants, and in addition to this, jaea has a small mox fuel fabrication plant. japan operates a robust nuclear fuel cycle. - nuclear fuel industries ( nfi ) - 原 子 - japan nuclear fuel limited ( jnfl, jnf ) - 日 本 原 - the shareholders of jnfl are the japanese utilities. jnfl plans to open a full scale enrichment facility in rokkasho, aomori with a capacity of 1. 5 million swu / yr along with a mox fuel fabrication facility. jnfl has also operated a nuclear fuel fabrication facility called kurihama nuclear fuel plant in yokosuka, kanagawa as gnf, producing bwr fuel. - mhi operates a fuel manufacturing plant in tokai, ibaraki, and contributes many heavy industry components to construction of new nuclear plants, and has recently designed its own apwr plant type, fuel fabrication has been completely pwr fuel, though mhi sells components to bwrs as well. it was selected by the japanese government to develop fast breeder reactor technology and formed mitsubishi fbr systems. mhi has also announced an alliance with areva to form a new company called atmea. - global nuclear fuel ( gnf ) - ge hitachi nuclear energy ( geh ) - 日 立 geニュークリア ・ エナシー - this company was formed july 1, 2007. its next generation reactor, the esbwr has made significant progress with us regulators, and as of july 2007, has been submitted to english regulators as


##ュークリア ・ エナシー - this company was formed july 1, 2007. its next generation reactor, the esbwr has made significant progress with us regulators, and as of july 2007, has been submitted to english regulators as well for the generic design assessment ( gda ) process. - toshiba - 東 力 システム 社 原 子 力 事 部 - toshiba has maintained a large nuclear business focused mostly on boiling water reactors. with the purchase of the american westinghouse by 5. 4 billion usd in 2006, which is focused mainly on pressurized water reactor technology, it increased the size of its nuclear business about two fold. toshiba has plans to continue significant expansion in the next decade. - recyclable - fuel storage co. - japan atomic industrial forum ( jaif ) 日 本 原 子 力 会 is a non - profit organization, established in 1956 to promote the peaceful use of atomic energy. - the atomic energy society of japan ( aesj ) 日 本 原 子 力 学 会 is a major academic organization in japan focusing on all forms of nuclear power. the journal of nuclear science and technology is the academic journal run by the aesj. it publishes english and japanese articles, though most submissions are from japanese research institutes, universities, and companies. - japan nuclear technology institute ( janti ) 日 本 原 子 力 会 was established to by the nuclear power industry to support and lead that industry. - japan electric association ( jea ) 日 本 会 develops and publishes codes and guides for the japanese nuclear power industry and is active in promoting nuclear power. other proprietary organizations - established in 1978 as by sumimoto metal mining co. this company did work with uranium conversion and set up factories at the tokai - mura site. later, it was held solely responsible for the tokaimura nuclear accident long one of the world ’ s most committed promoters of civilian nuclear power, the negative impact of the 2011 fukushima nuclear disaster has changed attitudes in japan. political and energy experts describe " nothing short of a nationwide loss of faith, not only in japan ’ s once - vaunted nuclear technology but also in the government, which many blame for allowing the accident to happen ". sixty thousand people marched in central tokyo on 19 september 2011, chanting " sayonara nuclear power " and waving banners, to call on japan ' s government to abandon nuclear power, following the fukushima disaster. bishop of osaka


accident to happen ". sixty thousand people marched in central tokyo on 19 september 2011, chanting " sayonara nuclear power " and waving banners, to call on japan ' s government to abandon nuclear power, following the fukushima disaster. bishop of osaka, michael goro matsuura, has called on the solidarity of christians worldwide to support this anti - nuclear campaign. in july 2012, 75, 000 people gathered near in tokyo for the capital ’ s largest anti - nuclear event yet. organizers and participants said such demonstrations signal a fundamental change in attitudes in a nation where relatively few have been willing to engage in political protests since the 1960s. anti - nuclear groups include the citizens ' nuclear information center, stop rokkasho, hidankyo, sayonara nuclear power plants, women from fukushima against nukes, article 9 group, and the national network of parents to protect children from radiation. people associated with the anti - nuclear movement include : jinzaburo takagi, koide hiroaki, haruki murakami, kenzaburo oe, nobuto hosaka, mizuho fukushima, and tetsunari iida. thousands of protesters marched in tokyo on march 11, 2013 calling on the government to reject nuclear power. more than 30, 000 people marched on june 2 near the diet building in tokyo against the government ' s plan to restart nuclear power plants. marchers had gathered more than 8 million signatures in a petition against japan ' s plan to restart nuclear power plants. - energy in japan - horonobe, hokkaido - japan ' s non - nuclear policy - japanese nuclear weapons program - japanese nuclear incidents - nuclear energy policy - three non - nuclear principles - united states - japan joint nuclear energy action plan - the startpage of the fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission internetsite stated on july 10, 2012 the following information which was used as the basis for the previous sentences : " naiic ( the national diet of japan fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission ) is the first independent investigation commission by the national diet in the 66 - year history of japan ’ s constitutional government. naicc was established on december 8, 2011 with the mission to investigate the direct and indirect causes of the fukushima nuclear incident. naicc submitted its inquiry report to both houses on july 5, 2012. " - tomoko yamazaki and shunichi ozasa ( june 27, 2011 ). " fukushima retiree leads anti - nuclear shareholders at tepco annual meeting ".


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a government - owned corporation, state - owned company, state - owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, commercial government agency, public sector undertaking or parastatal is a legal entity created by a government to undertake commercial activities on behalf of an owner government. their legal status varies from being a part of government to stock companies with a state as a regular stockholder. there is no standard definition of a government - owned corporation ( goc ) or state - owned enterprise ( soe ), although the two terms can be used interchangeably. the defining characteristics are that they have a distinct legal form and they are established to operate in commercial affairs. while they may also have public policy objectives, gocs should be differentiated from other forms of government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely non - financial objectives. government - owned corporations are common with natural monopolies and infrastructure such as railways and telecommunications, strategic goods and services ( mail, weapons ), natural resources and energy, politically sensitive business, broadcasting, demerit goods ( alcohol ) and merit goods ( healthcare ). gocs can be fully owned or partially owned by government. as a definitional issue, it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as " state - owned ", since governments can also own regular stock, without implying any special interference. as an example, the chinese investment corporation agreed in 2007 to acquire a 10 % interest in the global investment bank morgan stanley, but it is unlikely that this would qualify the latter as a government - owned corporation. government - owned or state - run enterprises are often the result of corporatization, a process in which government agencies and departments are re - organized as semi - autonomous corporate entities, sometimes with partial shares listed on stock exchanges. the term ' government - linked company ' ( glc ) is sometimes used to refer to corporate entities that may be private or public ( listed on a stock exchange ) where an existing government owns a stake using a holding company. there are two main definitions of glcs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. one definition purports that a company is classified as a glc if a government owns an effective controlling interest ( > 50 % ), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a " quasi - autonomous national government organisation "


), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a " quasi - autonomous national government organisation " ( quango ) is an entity that is treated by national laws and regulations to be under the guidance of the government but separate and autonomous from the government. while the entity may receive some revenue from charging customers for its services, these organizations are often partially or majorly funded by the government. they are usually considered highly important to smooth running of society and are sometimes propped up with cash infusions in times of crisis to help surmount situations that would bankrupt a normal privately owned business. they may possess law - enforcement authority, usually related to their functions. government - owned corporations often operate in sectors where there is a natural monopoly, or where the government has strategic interest. however, government ownership of industry corporations is common. nationalization also forcibly converts a private corporation into a government - owned corporation. in most opec countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. a notable example is the saudi national oil company, saudi aramco, which the saudi government bought in 1988 and changed its name from arabian american oil company to saudi arabian oil company. the saudi government also owns and operates saudi arabian airlines, and owns 70 % of sabic, as well as many other companies. they are, however, being privatized gradually. in monarchical commonwealth countries, particularly australia, canada and new zealand, country - wide government corporations often use the style " crown corporation. " equivalent terms include " state - owned enterprises " and " crown entities " in new zealand, and government business enterprise ( gbe ) in australia. examples of crown corporations include the canadian broadcasting corporation and air canada before the latter underwent privatization. cabinet ministers ( ministers of the crown ) often control the shares in such public corporations. at the level of local government, territorial or other authorities may set up government corporations such as " local authority trading enterprises " ( lates ). many local authorities establish services such as water supply as separate corporations or as a business unit of the authority. in australia the predominant term used for commonwealth government - owned companies is " government business enterprise " ( gbe ). various australian states also have gbes, especially with respect to the provision of water and sewerage, but many state - based gbes were privatized in some states during the last decade of the twentieth century. commonwealth gbes include


crown corporations to private interests, is very common throughout canada. petro - canada, canadian national railway, and air canada are examples of former federal crown corporations that have been privatized. at the provincial level, privatized former crown corporations include alberta government telephones ( which merged with privately owned bc tel to form telus ), bcric, manitoba telecom services, and potash corporation of saskatchewan which retained its name and has become the world ' s largest producer of potash. key federally owned corporations include : the government of canada owned the airport infrastructure but did not operate the airport ( transferred to local airport authorities from transport canada ) : - toronto pearson international airport - vancouver international airport - montreal - pierre elliott trudeau international airport - calgary international airport - ottawa macdonald - cartier international airport - edmonton international airport - halifax stanfield international airport - winnipeg james armstrong richardson international airport - victoria international airport - kelowna international airport - st. john ' s international airport - regina international airport - saskatoon john g. diefenbaker international airport - prince george airport - quebec city jean lesage international airport - london international airport - thunder bay international airport - montreal - mirabel international airport - aeroport international pierre - elliott - trudeau de montreal - fredericton international airport - greater moncton international airport - saint john airport - gander international airport in new zealand, the terms used for government - owned companies include " state - owned enterprises " and " crown entities ". local government councils and similar authorities also set up government corporations, such as water supply companies and " local - authority trading enterprises " ( lates ) ( new zealand ), as separate corporations or business unit of the councils concerned. government owned businesses which are the crown entities : state - owned enterprises include : - new zealand post - meteorological service of new zealand limited - airways new zealand - transpower new zealand limited - mighty river power - meridian energy - genesis power - learning media limited - solid energy - crown fibre holdings state - owned enterprises which has been privatised and then renationalised : after extensive privatizations of publicly owned companies during the margaret thatcher administration, there remain few publicly owned corporations in the uk. ongoing privatizations lasted from the end of the 1970s, through the 1980s until 1990 with the privatization of british rail. after the hatfield rail crash accident, the british government had to intervene and renationalize some companies. - central government - east coast trains - royal mail to be privatized before 2014 - nats holdings ( 49 % ) privatization to be completed soon.


hatfield rail crash accident, the british government had to intervene and renationalize some companies. - central government - east coast trains - royal mail to be privatized before 2014 - nats holdings ( 49 % ) privatization to be completed soon. - national nuclear laboratory - london and continental railways - network rail - rescued banks - devolved government - scottish water ( scottish government ) - caledonian macbrayne ( scottish government ) - translink ( northern ireland government ) - northern ireland water ( northern ireland government ) - local government - manchester airport ( greater manchester local authorities ) - manchester metrolink ( transport for greater manchester ) - tyne and wear metro ( tyne and wear integrated transport authority ) - london underground ( transport for london ) in western europe there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after world war ii to ensure government control over natural monopolies and to some extent industry. typical sectors included telecommunications, power, petroleum, railways, airports, airlines, public transport, health care, postal services and sometimes banks. many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including among many british steel, statoil and irish sugar. starting in the late 1970s and accelerating through the 1980s and 1990s many of these corporations were privatized, though many still remain wholly or partially owned by the respective governments. a state - run enterprise needs to be distinguished from an ordinary limited liability corporation owned by the state. for example, in finland, state - run enterprises ( liikelaitos ) are governed by a separate act. even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared bankrupt ; the state answers for the liabilities. stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government - approved, as they are government liabilities. in contrast, the state also owns controlling interest in ordinary limited liability corporations. a state - run enterprise is technically not always a corporation, it might also be a separate state entity, or simply a governmental agency acting as an enterprise, perhaps having its own budget. conversely, the state can directly fund unprofitable business, such as railway services to remote areas, regardless of whether the operator is a private corporation. - national railway company of belgium - vlaamse radio - en televisieomroeporganisatie - belgacom ( 53. 3 % ) - belgischer rundfunk - brussels airport ( 25 % ) region of wallonia owns the : the fully owned corporations ( 51 % or more ) of the republic of france : - la


responsibility for its operation, and vice versa. the assets of unitary enterprises belong to the federal government, a russian region, or a municipality. a unitary enterprise holds assets under the right of economic management ( for both state and municipal unitary enterprises ) or operative management ( for state unitary enterprises only ), and that such assets may not be distributed among the participants, nor otherwise divided. a unitary enterprise is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. unitary enterprises would have no right to set up subsidiaries, but, with the owner ' s consent, can open branches and representation offices. - state corporation by contrast, a state corporation ( russian : государственная корпорация ) is a non - profit organization which manages its assets as described in its charter. state corporations are not obliged to submit to public authorities documents accounting for activities ( except for a number of documents submitted to the russian government ) and, as a rule, are subordinate not to the government, but to the russian president, and act to accomplish some important goal. control by the government is implemented on the basis of annual corporation meetings, an annual report on the audit opinion of accounting and financial reporting ( accounting ), as well as the conclusion of the auditing commission on the results of verification of financial ( accounting ) statements and other corporation documents. any other federal government departments, organs of state power of subjects of the russian federation, and the local governments have no right to interfere in the activities of state corporations. here is the government owned of the swiss confederation : in 2009, the government of the islamic republic of afghanistan formed the afghan public protection force ( appf ) as a " state owned enterprise " subordinate to the ministry of the interior. by presidential decree, the appf is mandated to replace all non - diplomatic private security companies by 20 march 2013 to become the sole provider of pay - for - service security contracts within afghanistan. china, people ' s republic of after 1949, all business entities in the people ' s republic of china were created and owned by the government. in the late 1980s, the government began to reform the state - owned enterprise, and during the 1990s and 2000s, many mid - sized and small sized state - owned enterprises were privatized and went public. there are a number of different corporate forms which result in a mixture of public and private capital. in prc terminology, a state - owned enterprise refers to a particular corporate form, which is increasingly being replaced by


enterprises were privatized and went public. there are a number of different corporate forms which result in a mixture of public and private capital. in prc terminology, a state - owned enterprise refers to a particular corporate form, which is increasingly being replaced by the listed company. state - owned enterprises are governed by both local governments and, in the central government, the national state - owned assets supervision and administration commission. as of 2011, 35 % of business activity and 43 % of profits in the people ' s republic of china resulted from companies in which the state owned a majority interest. liberal critics, such as the new york times, allege that china ' s state - owned companies are a vehicle for corruption by the families of ruling party leaders who have sometimes amassed fortunes while managing them. china, republic of ( taiwan ) the founding father of the republic of china and of the kuomintang, sun yat - sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of henry george, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public. sun argued for georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed " the principle of minsheng " in his three principles of the people. " the railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the state. with this money in hand, the state can therefore finance the social welfare programs. " kuomintang leader, and later president of the republic of china on the mainland and taiwan, chiang kai - shek, crushed pro - communist worker and peasant organizations and the rich shanghai capitalists at the same time. chiang continued sun yat - sen ' s anti - capitalist ideology - kuomintang media openly attacked the capitalists and capitalism, demanding government - controlled industry instead. the kuomintang muslim governor of ningxia, ma hongkui promoted state - owned monopoly companies. his government had a company, fu ning company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industrial activity in ningxia. the chinese muslim 36th division ( national revolutionary army ) governed southern xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. the general ma hushan was chief of the 36th division. chinese muslims operated state - owned carpet factories. in india, a government - owned corporation is termed a public sector undertaking ( psu ). this term is used to refer to companies in which the government ( either the federal union government or the many state or territorial governments,


- owned carpet factories. in india, a government - owned corporation is termed a public sector undertaking ( psu ). this term is used to refer to companies in which the government ( either the federal union government or the many state or territorial governments, or both ) own a majority ( 51 percent or more ) of the company equity. there are 251 psu companies in india as of 2012. some examples include : - air india - balmer lawrie - bharat electronics limited - bharat heavy electricals limited - bharat petroleum - bharat sanchar nigam limited - bank of india - biotech consortium india limited - coal india limited - engineers india limited - cotton corporation of india - electronics corporation of tamil nadu - engineering projects india limited ( epil ) - food corporation of india - heavy engineering corporation - hindustan aeronautics limited - hindustan cables - hmt limited - indian oil corporation - indian telephone industries limited - jute corporation of india limited - state bank of india - mahanagar telephone nigam limited - mazagon dock limited - mecon limited - modern food industries - ntpc limited - nuclear power corporation of india ltd - oil and natural gas corporation - powergrid corporation of india - state bank of india - syndicate bank - steel authority of india limited - tamil nadu electricity board - tamil nadu state transport corporation - kerala state road transport corporation - tamil nadu generation and distribution corporation limited - tamil nadu transmission corporation limited - tamil nadu civil supplies corporation - state industries promotion corporation of tamil nadu - tamil nadu industrial development corporation - tamil nadu newsprint and papers limited - tamil nadu cement corporation limited ( tancem ) - tamil nadu state transport corporation - poompuhar shipping corporation limited government - owned corporations are easy to recognise by their names. company names with suffix persero mean that the company is wholly / majority owned by the government. the government takes control of the state corporations under one single ministry, the ministry of state enterprises, which acts like the ceo of a holding company. some of the government - owned corporations are ; - bank mandiri, bank rakyat indonesia and bank negara indonesia – banking sector - pertamina – energy, oil / fuel, and gas sector - garuda indonesia – transport sector ( international airline ) - telkom indonesia – telecommunications sector - perusahaan listrik negara – the electric company, energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pt kereta api indonesia – transport sector ( national railway ) - pos indonesia – postal service sector - tvri – national television channel


- perusahaan listrik negara – the electric company, energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pt kereta api indonesia – transport sector ( national railway ) - pos indonesia – postal service sector - tvri – national television channel - pt krakatau steel – steel producer - pt dirgantara indonesia – manufacture ( aircraft manufacture ) - pt industri kereta api – manufacture ( train manufacture ) - pt barata indonesia – manufacture - pt boma bisma indra – manufacture - antara - news agency in january 2012, the minister of state enterprises decided to unite manufacturing companies and for the first stage pt barata should acquire pt bisma to make an effective manufacturing sector. in japan, japan post was reorganized into japan post group in 2007 as a material step of the postal privatization. it is currently wholly owned by the government, but is planned to be sold into private ownership. japan railways group ( jr ), nippon telegraph and telephone ( ntt ) and japan tobacco ( jt ) were formerly owned by the government. government owned and controlled corporations, or goccs, include a wide variety of different independent organizations. some have a commercial purpose, such as the philippine national oil company, while others like the government service insurance system ( gsis ), or the philippine institute for development studies fulfill more traditional government roles. the leadership, budget, and funding of the corporations are independent of the philippine national government but to varying degrees. some such as the national food authority receive quite a bit of subsidy from the national government. the economy of singapore is dominated by government - linked corporations that produce as much as 60 % of the country ' s gdp. these government - linked companies are owned by a government holding agency, temasek holdings. notable government - linked corporations include singapore airlines, singtel, st engineering, mediacorp and singapore temasek holdings. here is the government owned corporation owned by the kingdom of thailand. the kingdom of thailand as shareholding of 51 % or more. - airports of thailand - electricity generating authority of thailand - industrial estate authority of thailand - krung thai bank - metropolitan waterworks authority - port authority of thailand - provincial waterworks authority - ptt public company limited - thai airways international parastatals in kenya, partly from a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, have largely inhibited economic development. in 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted " a serious threat to the economy ", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrial


a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, have largely inhibited economic development. in 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted " a serious threat to the economy ", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrialization or fostered the development of a black business class. in south africa " the department of public enterprises is the shareholder representative of the south african government with oversight responsibility for state - owned enterprises in key sectors, including : defence, energy, forestry, ict, mining and transport ". the current ( march 2011 ) minister of public enterprises is malusi gigaba. the corporate entities that this department is responsible for are : - alexkor – mining sector ( diamond mining ) - broadband infraco – ict sector ( national backbone and international connectivity ) - denel – aerospace and defence sector ( armaments manufacturer ) - eskom – energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pbmr – energy sector ( development of pebble bed modular reactor nuclear energy technology ) - south african airways – transport sector ( international airline ) - sa express – transport sector ( regional and feeder airline ) - safcol – forestry sector ( manages forestry on state owned land ) - transnet – transport and related infrastructure sector ( railways, harbours, oil / fuel pipelines and terminals ) - telkom sa – telecommunications sector ( national fixed line telephone network ( pstn ) ) government - owned companies are divided into public enterprises ( empresa publica ) and mixed - economy companies ( sociedade de economia mista ). the public enterprises are subdivided into two categories : individual – with its own assets and capital owned by the union – and plural companies – whose assets are owned by multiple government agencies and the union, which have the majority of the voting interest. caixa economica federal, correios, embrapa, and bndes are examples of public enterprises. mixed - economy companies are enterprises with the majority of stocks owned by the government, but that also have stocks owned by the private sector and usually have their shares traded on stock exchanges. banco do brasil, petrobras, sabesp, and eletrobras are examples of mixed - economy companies. beginning in the 1990s, the federal government of brazil launched a privatization program inspired by the washington consensus. public - owned companies such as vale do rio doce, telebras, csn, and usiminas ( most of them mixed - economy companies ) were transferred to the private sector as part of


a privatization program inspired by the washington consensus. public - owned companies such as vale do rio doce, telebras, csn, and usiminas ( most of them mixed - economy companies ) were transferred to the private sector as part of this policy. government - sponsored enterprises ( gses ) are a group of financial services corporations created by the united states congress. the united states gses are private corporations owned by their stockholders, rather than government - owned corporations. their primary function is to generate profits for their stockholders, but they are structured and regulated by the u. s. government to enhance the availability and reduce the cost of credit to targeted borrowing sectors. congress created the first gse in 1916 with the creation of the farm credit system ; it initiated gses in the home finance segment of the economy with the creation of the federal home loan banks in 1932 ; and it targeted education when it chartered sallie mae in 1972 ( although congress allowed sallie mae to relinquish its government sponsorship and become a fully private institution via legislation in 1995 ). the residential mortgage borrowing segment is by far the largest of the borrowing segments in which the gses operate. together, the three mortgage finance gses ( fannie mae, freddie mac, and the 12 federal home loan banks ) have several [ quantify ] trillion dollars of on - balance sheet assets. the federal government possesses warrants which, if exercised, would allow them to take a 79. 9 % ownership share in the companies. the federal government has not currently [ when? ] exercised these warrants. government sponsored enterprises include : the federal government chartered and owned corporations are a separate set of corporations chartered and owned by the federal government, which operate to provide public services, but unlike the federal agencies ( environmental protection agency, bureau of indian affairs ), or the federal independent commissions ( e. g., the federal communications commission, the nuclear regulatory commission, etc. ), they have a separate legal personality from the federal government, providing the highest level of political independence. they sometimes receive federal budgetary appropriations, but some also have independent sources of revenue. these include : - commodity credit corporation - corporation for national and community service ( americorps ) - corporation for public broadcasting [ dubious ] - export - import bank of the united states - federal agricultural mortgage corporation - farm credit banks - federal crop insurance corporation - federal deposit insurance corporation - federal financing bank - federal home loan banks - federal prison industries - the financing corporation - gallaudet university - government national mortgage association -


the united states - federal agricultural mortgage corporation - farm credit banks - federal crop insurance corporation - federal deposit insurance corporation - federal financing bank - federal home loan banks - federal prison industries - the financing corporation - gallaudet university - government national mortgage association - legal services corporation - national consumer cooperative bank - national fish and wildlife foundation - neighborhood reinvestment corporation - millennium challenge corporation - national corporation for housing partnerships ( nchp ) ; washington, dc. - national credit union administration central liquidity facility - national endowment for democracy - national park foundation - national railroad passenger corporation ( amtrak ) - overseas private investment corporation - panama canal commission - pennsylvania avenue development corporation ; washington, dc. - pension benefit guaranty corporation - st. lawrence seaway development corporation - securities investor protection corporation - tennessee valley authority the federal government acquired corporations are a separate set of corporations that were not chartered or created by the federal government, but the federal government has come into possession of and operates. these are corporations temporarily in possession of the government as a result of a seizure of property of a debtor to the government, such as a delinquent taxpayer. usually these are awaiting auction, and most are too small to note. there exists a second level of sovereign government in the united states after the federal government, those of the several states of which compose the united states. state governments are bodies sovereign, like the federal government, and other sovereigns ; they have sovereign existence deriving from the consent of the sovereign people of their territories who created them and wrote their state constitution ; they are not bodies corporate, as they are not created by the acquis of the federal government and exist with or without that government ' s consent. as sovereigns, they have the power to hold radical title to land, to exercise the four fundamental powers, taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat, as well as numerous other powers, including the power to grant charters, and implicit in that power to charter is the power to charter corporations, which they do, extensively. the vast majority of non - governmental corporations in the united states are chartered by the states of the united states, and not the federal government, this includes most charitable corporations ( though some charities of national repute are chartered by the federal government, and not by a state government ), non - profit corporations, and for - profit corporations. states, as sovereigns, also have the power to charter corporations that they own, control, or are responsible for the regulation and finance of. these include municipal corporations and state chartered


government ), non - profit corporations, and for - profit corporations. states, as sovereigns, also have the power to charter corporations that they own, control, or are responsible for the regulation and finance of. these include municipal corporations and state chartered and owned corporations. municipal corporations are public corporations that have devolved, democratic control over local matters within a geographic region ; they are often styled villages, towns, townships, boroughs, cities, or counties. though these municipal corporations are often regulated and sometimes financed by the state government, and often can collect taxes, they are arms - length, non - sovereign, devolved public entities, and a state government which charters them is not legally responsible for their debts in the event of a municipal bankruptcy. state government chartered and owned corporations are numerous and provide public services. examples include north dakota mill and elevator and south dakota public broadcasting. generally speaking, a statute passed by a state legislature specifically sets up a government - owned company in order to undertake a specific public purpose with public funds or public property. lotteries in the united states are also run by government corporations, such as the georgia lottery corporation and many others. there exists a third level of sovereign government in the united states as well, the sovereignty of the native american tribal governments. native american tribes are comprehended as ancient sovereigns, established by their sovereign people since time immemorial, and recognized as sovereign by the federal government of the united states as well as the several states, and as such, the native american ( and alaska native ) tribal governments have rights appertaining to sovereigns, including the power to hold radical title to land, to exercise the four fundamental powers, taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat, as well as other powers, for instance, the power to charter corporations and undertake public undertakings that might benefit their tribal citizens, native americans and alaska natives also being citizens of their respective u. s. state, and also citizens of the united states. for example, a tribal council could establish a public service broadcaster along the lines of rte and partially fund it with a television licence on tribal land and partially through advertising as a means of uniting the tribe and giving it a voice as well as a commercial venture. the alaska natives are particularly advanced in using their tribal sovereignty to incorporate corporations that are owned by and for the benefit of their tribal citizens and often compete in highly competitive economic sectors through the alaska native regional corporations. the native american tribes in the lower 48 states often use their sovereignty and their ability to


their tribal sovereignty to incorporate corporations that are owned by and for the benefit of their tribal citizens and often compete in highly competitive economic sectors through the alaska native regional corporations. the native american tribes in the lower 48 states often use their sovereignty and their ability to charter to compete using regulatory easements ; for instance, native american tribal corporations often trade in goods that are highly taxed in surrounding states ( such as tobacco ), or engage in activities that surrounding states have ( for reasons of public policy ) forbidden, such as the operation of casinos or gaming establishments. most of these endeavors have proven very successful for native american tribal sovereigns and their tribal corporations, bringing wealth into the hands of native americans. uruguay had the first welfare state of latin america under the presidency of jose batlle y ordonez in 1904. government - owned corporations monopolize services such as electricity ( ute ), land - line communications ( antel ) and water ( ose ). antel competes with private corporations in the cell - phone lines and international telephony markets. in 1992, under the presidency of luis alberto lacalle, the government attempted to privatize all its companies, following the neoliberal washington consensus. however, a referendum won by 75 % of the population kept the companies in the hands of the government. by the end of his term, president lacalle alleged that he had achieved a successful modernization of the companies, which had made them more efficient. in this list, government - owned corporations are classified on their legal status : silver color represents legal monopolies, where no competition is permitted ; light green represents a corporation that has private competitors ; yellow means that although competition is legally permitted, there are no other corporations de facto, and uncolored refers to a free market, regulated or not. | postal | | railways | | pharmacy | | gambling | | alcohol | | health care | | universities | | telephone | | broadcasting | | oil & gas | | energy | | water | | airports | | highways | | australia | | yes ( australia post ) monopoly on postal delivery of letters to 250g | | mix varies by state | | mix ( pbs funding only ) ( no retail competition ) | | mix varies by state | | no | | mix ( medicare ) | | mix | | no | | mix ( abc ) ( sbs ) | | no | | mix varies by state | | brazil | | yes ( correios ) | | mix ( pt : valec, pt : cbtu ) | | no |


| | no | | mix ( abc ) ( sbs ) | | no | | mix varies by state | | brazil | | yes ( correios ) | | mix ( pt : valec, pt : cbtu ) | | no | | yes ( caixa economica federal ) | | mix ( ethanol only ) | | mix ( sus ) | | mix | | mix ( telebras ) | | mix | | mix ( petrobras ) | | mix ( eletrobras ) | | mix varies by state | | mix ( infraero ) | | no | | canada | | yes ( canada post ) | | mix ( via rail ), passenger rail. freight is private. | no | | varies by province | | varies by province ( lcbo, saq, slga ) | | mix | | mix | | varies by province ( sasktel ) | | mix ( cbc ) | | mix | | varies by province ( hydro - quebec, bc hydro, hydro one, manitoba hydro, nalcor, saskpower ) | ( correos de chile ) ( television nacional de chile ) | colombia | | yes ( 4 - 72 ) | | no | | no | | etesa [ a ] | | varies by department | | nueva eps | | universidad nacional plus various local ones | | ( telefonica telecom ) ( empresas publicas de medellin ) | | mix ( radio television nacional de colombia ) | | ( ecopetrol ) | | ( isa emgesa ) | | czech republic | | yes ( ceska posta ) | | yes ( ceske drahy ) | | no | | yes ( sazka ) | | no | | yes ( vzp ) | | mix | | ( ceske radiokomunikace ) | | mix ( ceska televize ) ( cro ) | | no | | yes ( cez ) | | finland | | de facto ( itella ) | | de facto ( vr ) | | no | | yes ( veikkaus, ray, fintoto ) | yes ( alko ) | | mix ( municipal ) | | yes | | mix ( teliasonera ) | | mix ( yle ) | | de facto ( neste ) | | mix ( fortum ) | | yes ( municipal ) | | yes ( finavia ) | | yes ( finnish transport agency ) | ( francaise des je


no | | mix | | mix | | yes ( telkom indonesia ) | | mix | | mix ( pertamina ) | | yes ( perusahaan listrik negara ) | | mix ( jr ) | | no | | yes ( jra etc. ) | | no | | mix | | mix | | mix ( ntt ) | | mix ( nhk ) | | no | | no | | korea, republic of | | de facto ( korea railroad corporation ) | no | | yes ( kangwon land inc. ) | | no | | de facto ( kbs ), ( ebs ), etc. ( korea expressway corporation ) ( servicio postal mexicano ) | mix ( e. g. in public hospitals ) | | no | | no | | mix ( mexican social security institute, institute for social security and services for state workers ) | | mix ( national autonomous university of mexico, national polytechnic institute and state universities among others ) | | no | | mix ( once tv mexico, xeimt - tv ) ( comision federal de electricidad ) ( varies by state / municipality ) ( aeropuertos y servicios auxiliares, benito juarez international airport ) ( caminos y puentes federales ) | netherlands | | no | | mix ( nederlandse spoorwegen ), [ b ] passenger rail. freight is private | | no | | yes | no | | mix | | yes | | no | | mix ( netherlands public broadcasting ) | | no | | no | | new zealand | | yes ( nz post ) | | yes ( kiwi rail ) | | no | | no | | no | | mix | | yes | | no | | mix ( tvnz ) | | no | | mix ( genesis power, meridian energy, mighty river power, solid energy, transpower new zealand limited ) ) | | norway | | yes ( posten norge ) | | yes ( nsb ) | | no | | yes ( norsk tipping ) | | yes ( vinmonopolet ) | | mix | | mix | | mix ( telenor ) | | mix ( nrk ) | | mix ( statoil ) | | state owned ( statkraft ) and various municipally owned companies | | peru | | yes ( serpost ) | | no | | no | | no | | no | | yes ( essalud ) | | yes ( local ones, including


owned ( statkraft ) and various municipally owned companies | | peru | | yes ( serpost ) | | no | | no | | no | | no | | yes ( essalud ) | | yes ( local ones, including ( universidad mayor de san marcos ) | | no | | yes ( tv peru ) | | yes ( petroperu ) | | yes ( only in local water supply and sewage services, including sedapal ) | | philippines | | yes ( philpost ) | | yes ( pnr ) | | no | | yes ( pagcor ) | | no | | yes | | yes ( u. p. ) | | no | | yes ( ptv ) | | mix ( pnoc ) | | mix ( napocor ) | | sweden | | de facto ( posten ) | | de facto ( sj ) | | mix ( apoteket ) | | yes | | yes ( systembolaget ) | | mix | | yes | | mix ( telia ) | | mix ( svt ) | | no | | mix ( vattenfall ) | | thailand kingdom | | yes ( post ) | | yes ( state rail ) | | no ( pharmacy ) | | yes ( state lotto ) | | alcohol permit | | mix ( medical ) | | ( university ) | | mix ( telcom ) | | mix ( thai television ) | | mix ( petro ) | | yes ( electric ) | | turkey | | yes ( ptt ) | | yes ( tcdd ) | | no | | no | | no | | mix | | mix | | no | | mix ( trt ) | | mix ( tpao ) | | mix | | united kingdom | | mix ( royal mail ) | | mix ( northern ireland railways, east coast ) ( network rail ) [ c ] | no | | mix ( premium bonds ) | | no | | mix ( nhs ) | | mix ( university of buckingham ), ( bpp holdings ) | | no | | mix | | united states | | yes ( usps, an agency ) | | mix ( amtrak ), passenger rail. freight is private. | no | | mix ( all state lotteries ) | | varies by state ( abc store states ) | | mix | | mix ( u. s. military service academies, public universities ) | | no | | mix ( pbs ) | | no | | mix ( tva


lotteries ) | | varies by state ( abc store states ) | | mix | | mix ( u. s. military service academies, public universities ) | | no | | mix ( pbs ) | | no | | mix ( tva ) | | uruguay | | yes ( correo uruguayo ) | | yes ( state railways administration of uruguay ) | | no | | mix ( casinos del estado ) | | mix | | mix | | mix | | mix ( antel ) | | mix channel 5 | | mix ( ancap ) | | yes ( ute ) | - etesa is a company wholly owned by the colombian government and holds the exclusive right to gambling activities. however, it sublicenses gambling permits to any private company who applies and fulfills legal requirements. - nederlandse spoorwegen is a company wholly owned by the dutch government. - network rail is a private company whose debts are guaranteed by the uk government, which has caused controversy over whether it is state owned or not. - constitutional economics - government agency - non - departmental public body - political economy - public benefit corporation - public bodies - public company ( public corporation ) - public ownership - regulatory agency - rule according to higher law - special - purpose district - state within a state - stock market - state - owned enterprises of new zealand - statsforetak ( norwegian state enterprise ) - statutory agency - statutory corporation - volkseigener betrieb ( east german state enterprise ) - profiles of existing government corporations, pp. 1 – 16 - : official afghan public protection force website. - keith bradsher ( november 9, 2012 ). " china ’ s grip on economy will test new leaders ". the new york times. retrieved november 10, 2012. - simei qing " from allies to enemies ", 19 - parks m. coble ( 1986 ). the shanghai capitalists and the nationalist government, 1927 – 1937. volume 94 of harvard east asian monographs ( 2, reprint, illustrated ed. ). harvard univ asia center. p. 263. isbn 0 - 674 - 80536 - 4. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15. - a. doak barnett ( 1968 ). china on the eve of communist takeover. praeger. p. 190. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28. - werner draguhn, david s. g. goodman ( 2002 ). china ' s communist revolutions : fifty years of the people ' s republic of china. psychology press. p


a semi - arid climate or steppe climate describes climatic regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely. a more precise definition is given by the koppen climate classification that treats steppe climates ( bsk and bsh ) as intermediates between desert climates ( bw ) and humid climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. semi - arid climates tend to support short or scrubby vegetation, with semi - arid areas usually are dominated by either grasses or shrubs. to determine if a location has a semi - arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. finding the precipitation threshold ( in millimeters ) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature in °c by 20, then adding 280 if 70 % or more of the total precipitation is in the high - sun half of the year ( april through september in the northern hemisphere, or october through march in the southern ), or 140 if 30 % – 70 % of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30 % of the total precipitation is so received. if the area ' s annual precipitation is less than the threshold but more than half the threshold, it is classified as a bs ( steppe climate ). furthermore, to delineate " hot semi - arid climates " from " cold semi - arid climates ", there are three widely used isotherms : either a mean annual temperature of 18°c, or a mean temperature of 0°c or −3°c in the coldest month, so that a location with a " bs " type climate with the appropriate temperature above whichever isotherm is being used is classified as " hot semi - arid " ( bsh ), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the given isotherm is classified as " cold semi - arid " ( bsk ). hot semi - arid climates hot semi - arid climates ( type " bsh " ) tend to be located in the tropics and subtropics. these climates tend to have hot, sometimes extremely hot, summers and mild to warm winters. snow rarely ( if ever ) falls in these regions. hot semi - arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts. the most common variant of a hot semi - arid climate, found in regions such as west africa, india, parts of mexico and small parts of pakistan experiences the seasonal effects of monsoons and has a short but well - defined wet season, but is not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as a tropical savanna climate. in australia, a large


west africa, india, parts of mexico and small parts of pakistan experiences the seasonal effects of monsoons and has a short but well - defined wet season, but is not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as a tropical savanna climate. in australia, a large portion of the outback, surrounding the central desert regions, lies within the hot semi - arid climate regime. hot semi - arid climates can also be found in sections of south america such as the sertao and on the poleward side of the arid deserts where they typically feature a mediterranean precipitation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters. cold semi - arid climates cold semi - arid climates ( type " bsk " ) tend to be located in temperate zones. they are typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. cold semi - arid climates usually feature hot and dry ( often exceptionally hot ) summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi - arid climates. unlike hot semi - arid climates, areas with cold semi - arid climates tend to have cold winters. these areas usually see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates. areas featuring cold semi - arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi - arid climates, and are sometimes subject to major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as / or more in that time frame. these temperature swings are seldom seen in hot semi - arid climates. cold semi - arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi - arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to mediterranean climates, with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns. cold semi - arid climates are most commonly found in asia and north america. however, it can also be found in northern africa, south africa, europe, ( primarily in spain ) sections of south america and sections of interior southern australia. regions of varying classification three isotherms means that delineate between hot and cold semi - arid climates - - the 18°c average annual temperature or that of the coldest month ( 0°c or −3°c ), the warm side of the isotherm of choice defining a bsh climate from the bsk on the cooler side. as a result of this, some areas can have climates that are classified as hot or cold semi - arid depending on the isotherm used. one such location


one small step ( redirected from it ' s one small step for man ) neil armstrong ' s words when he first walked on the surface of the moon have been used and subverted in a wide variety of genres. - that ' s one small step for [ a ] man, one giant leap for mankind. - words said when neil armstrong first stepped onto the moon ( 20 july 1969 ). in the actual sound recordings he apparently fails to say " a " before " man " and says : " that ' s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. " this was generally considered by many to simply be an error of omission on his part. armstrong long insisted he did say " a man " but that it was inaudible. prior to new evidence supporting his claim, he stated a preference for the " a " to appear in parentheses when the quote is written. in september 2006 evidence based on new analysis of the recordings conducted by peter shann ford, a computer programmer based in sydney, australia, whose company control bionics helps physically handicapped people to use their own nerve impulses to communicate through computers, indicated that armstrong had said the missing " a. " this information was presented to armstrong and nasa on 28 september 2006 and reported in the houston chronicle ( 30 september 2006 ). the debate continues on the matter, as " armstrong ' s ' poetic ' slip on moon " at bbc news ( 3 june 2009 ) reports that more recent analysis by linguist john olsson and author chris riley with higher quality recordings indicates that he did not say " a ". - many short - sighted fools think that going to the moon was just a stunt. but the astronauts knew the meaning of what they were doing, as is shown by neil armstrong ' s first words in stepping down onto the soil of luna : " one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. " - robert a. heinlein, the pragmatics of patriotism ( 1973 ) - better if he had said something natural like, " jesus, here we are. " - edmund hillary, the sunday times [ london ] ( 21 july 1974 )


family : ursidae, bears view all from this family description a very large, white bear of the arctic. longer neck and relatively smaller head than other bears. fur may appear yellow in summer. females first breed at age 5 - 6, and pregnant females may weigh up to 500kg. dimensions 2. 3 - 2. 6m, 7 - 12cm, 400 - 800kg ; / 1. 9 - 2. 1m, 7 - 12cm, 175 - 300kg warning all north american bears can be dangerous in the following situations : when accompanied by cubs, when surprised by the sudden appearance of humans, when approached while feeding, guarding a kill, fishing, hungry, injured, or breeding, and when familiarity has diminished their fear of humans. there have been several recorded cases of polar bears attacking humans. breeding breeding season is april - may but delayed implantation slows gestation until fall, and cubs are born in december. neonates are tiny ( 600g ) but grow quickly in the den, and emerge at 10 - 12kg in march or april. cubs remain with their mother for 2. 5 years, learning to hunt seals on the sea ice. only pregnant females overwinter in dens ; all others remain active. habitat offshore waters, beaches, shorelines & estuaries discussion ringed seals are the prey of choice, but they also take bearded seals, and occasional harp seals, hooded seals, walruses, belugas, narwhals, and even sea ducks. they are able to fast for up to 8 months if food is unavailable. threatened by melting ice associated with global warming and airborne pollutants that accumulate in polar regions. home ranges may exceed 300km _ in areas of receding ice. pursues fish and seal prey in pack ice and coastal regions.


see also : 1984 summer paralympics [? ] the games of the xxiii olympiad were held in 1984 in los angeles, united states. los angeles was the only city to bid to host the 1984 summer olympics. - after the american - led boycott of the 1980 summer olympics in moscow, the eastern bloc, including the soviet union, east germany and cuba boycotts these olympics ( the ussr announced their intention not to participate on may 8, 1984 ). notably, romania is represented in la and wins a large amount of medals. the boycott influenced a large number of events that were normally dominated by the absent countries. - the organisers of the los angeles olympics are able to produce a profit of over $ 200 million. - carl lewis equals the performance of jesse owens of 1936 and wins four gold medals. - nawal el moutawakel of morocco becomes the first female olympic champion of an islamic nation, and the first of her country in the 400 m hurdles. - a marathon for women is held for the first time at the olympics, won by joan benoit [? ]. the event is also noted because of swiss runner gabi andersen - schiess [? ], who - suffering from heat exhaustion - stumbled through the last lap, providing dramatic images. - synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics debut in los angeles as olympic events, as doeswind surfing. - china returns to the olympics after a long absence and wins 15 gold medals. in weightlifting, athletes from taiwan and china win a medal in the same event. see the medal winners, ordered by sport : 1896 | 1900 | 1904 | 1906 | 1908 | 1912 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1994 | 1998 | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 all wikipedia text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license


bringing new beetles to light 2012 reu project : the beetle family staphylinidae – the rove beetles – is the largest beetle family in the world, with over 57, 000 species and nearly 3, 600 genera already described. several hundred new species and at least two dozen new genera are described every year, the largest proportion of them from asia. the faunas of australia, new zealand, and southern south america also include many new genera awaiting naming and description but have received less attention. this relative lack of attention means that even identifying specimens belonging to described genera is difficult, because there are no comprehensive identification guides. international collaborative work is just beginning on two guides to beetle genera, one focused on australia and one on southern south america, similar to the two - volume work american beetles published in 2000 and 2002. margaret thayer is a coordinator of the rove beetle chapters of both guides, and hopes to describe the 20 currently known new genera from those areas so they can be included in these guides. the guides will promote more detailed work on those faunas by any researchers, including describing additional species, synthesizing information on all the species, and analyzing their distributions and evolution. this reu project will involve primarily describing one of the new genera ( and, if necessary, new species ) belonging to the subfamily omaliinae, based on existing museum specimens from the collections of the field museum and others. the intern might also help with some aspects of work on other genera. research methods and techniques : research work will include training in beetle skeletal morphology ; dissecting, microscopy, and imaging techniques ( probably including some sem – scanning electron microscopy ) ; databasing and georeferencing specimen collecting records ; and using the georeferenced records to map the known distribution of one or more species. the intern will work with the sponsoring curator on writing, for publication, a modern description of the genus with illustrations ( drawings, digital macro - and microphotos, sem ) and comparisons to other genera of omaliinae. this project will provide experience with museum collections, entomological study techniques, and scientific literature on rove beetles. it may also involve developing and / or testing identification keys, potentially either traditional dichotomous or interactive ones. although not directly involving the genus being studied, some local fieldwork would be possible to enable the intern to see other rove beetles in the field. curator / advisor : dr. margaret thayer ( zoology - insects ) reu intern : anthony deczynski entomology /


genus being studied, some local fieldwork would be possible to enable the intern to see other rove beetles in the field. curator / advisor : dr. margaret thayer ( zoology - insects ) reu intern : anthony deczynski entomology / wildlife conservation double major university of delaware symposium presentation title : wingless in tasmania : a new genus of flightless rove beetle from tasmania ( coleoptera : staphylinidae : omaliinae ) symposium presentation abstract : the family staphylinidae – the rove beetles – is the largest family of beetles in the world and also one of the least understood. there are currently over 57, 000 described species in over 3, 600 genera and more are still being discovered at a rapid rate. in this project we describe a new flightless staphylinid genus from tasmania belonging to the tribe omaliini of the subfamily omaliinae, extending knowledge of the highly endemic australian fauna. we studied the beetles whole as dry specimens and in alcohol as well as cleared and dissected in permanent or temporary microscope slides. scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) allowed us to examine and image selected characters not clearly visible with optical microscopy. using these sources of data we prepared descriptions and images of the beetles including species - specific genitalic structures and compiled all known distributional and ecological data. we added the genus into an ongoing phylogenetic analysis of world omaliini by the second author to infer its phylogenetic placement. while we initially believed that this genus consisted of a single undescribed species from tasmania we discovered that there are actually two species inhabiting different areas of that island. several other genera of omaliini have austral disjunct distributions that probably reflect an ancient origin on gondwana. our new genus needs to be compared carefully with several undescribed species of wingless omaliinae known from southern new zealand to assess whether they are all phylogenetically close – representing another disjunct genus – or convergently wingless.


social skills of children with 22q11 deletion syndrome : a social cognitive neuroscience approach the 22q11 ds is the most common genetic deletion syndrome. the deletion is believed to result in the dysregulation of the dopamine, gaba, and glutamate systems which, in turn, affects the prefrontal cortex, associated circuitry, and cognitive abilities governed by these brain regions. research suggests that 22q11 ds children experience attention and executive function deficits ; clinical observation also suggests impaired social abilities. this study sought to empirically identify if 22q11 ds children experience social skills, executive function, and / or executive attention impairments, and how these skills may be associated. a social cognitive neuroscience approach was used that attempted to relate these three areas of functioning ( neurochemical, neurocognitive, and social ). ^ the study was conducted as part of a longitudinal project at rockefeller university. fifty - one 22q11 ds children and 30 control participants took part in the study. parents completed the social skills rating system ( ssrs ) and behavior rating inventory of executive function ( brief ). the children were administered two computerized tests, the wisconsin card sorting test : 64 - computer version ( wcst : 64 - cv ) and the attention network test for children ( ant ). ^ when compared with control participants, 22q11 ds children were found to : ( 1 ) have more impaired social skills, ( 2 ) be more likely to score in the clinically impaired range on the brief global and subscale measures, and ( 3 ) have more perseverative responses and errors on the wcst : 64 - cv. no significant group differences were found on the ant ; however a group x age interaction was detected. correlational analysis revealed a significant, negative association between the brief and ssrs total scores. a simple regression found that the brief global composite score accounted for 42. 4 % of the variance in affected children ' s social skills. ^ secondary analyses revealed significant associations between ssrs and brief subscale scores. a multiple regression revealed that emotional control, planning, and monitoring skills were significant predictors of total social skills scores in affected children. a significant group x socio - economic status interaction was also found. ^ this study suggests that social and executive function skills are associated in 22q11 ds children. this has direct implications for remediation efforts and supports the validity of utilizing a social cognitive neuroscience approach. ^ psychology, developmental | psychology, clinical | psychology


dorcas, a word which means " gazelle ", was sometimes called tabitha. she was a very kind person who spent her time caring for the widows of joppa. dorcas lived in joppa, a seaport town. she was a loving person who showed kindness to others and especially to the poor. she made coats for the widows so they would have something to keep them warm in the winter. one day she became ill and died. her friends were so sad and upset. their dear friend was gone. they had heard that peter had been performing miracles of healing sick people. at this time no apostle had raised anyone from the dead, but dorcas ' friends believed that peter could do even that, so they sent two men to lydda, a nearby town where peter was staying. peter went back to joppa with the men, and when he got there, he was led to an upper room where her friends had laid dorcas. the room was filled with widows who were crying and showing one another the coats and other clothing which dorcas had made for them while she was alive. each stitch showed her faithfulness and the love she had for them. peter told them all to leave the room, then he got down on his knees and prayed, asking god to bring life back into her still body. he said to her, " tabitha, get up. " she opened her eyes and when she saw peter, she sat up. he took her by the hand and she stood up. he called for the people to come back into the room, and there they saw their friend, alive again. what joy they felt! the news spread quickly through the town of joppa. dorcas is alive again! because of the miracle many people believed in the lord.


graphic design exercises indesign : lists & dropcaps to learn indesign layout and production techniques by recreating drop caps and lists can be made easily in indesign with just a click. but customizing these functions will require the use of character styles. in this exercise, we ' ll learn some tricks on how to make production of repetitive tasks more efficient. a note on colored type : text type should only print in black or a solid ink color. if there are any tints ( less than 100 % of an ink color ), the halftone dots will affect readability should there be any registration problems. in this exercise, we are making an exception by using two solid inks for the text type. prepping for the exercise - download starter files - open " list. indd " in indesign - practice adobe navigation keyboard shortcuts : space + cmd = zoom in ; space + cmd + opt = zoom out ; cmd + zero = fit in window - practice indesign preview shortcuts : opt + space = hand ; cmd + opt + i ( show / hide hidden characters ) ; w ( normal / preview mode ) making paragraph styles - window > paragraph styles : edit basic paragraph : 12 / 16 itc century book, hyphenation = no, justification = adobe single line composer, character color = green ( note formula ) - style head : 36 / 32, fill = purple, make new paragraph style " h1 " - style intro : 14 / 18 italic, make new paragraph style " intro " - style subheads : bold, fill = red, make new paragraph style " h2 " - apply style to other subheads making character styles - select initial cap character ( " t " ) : remove italic, make new character style " book " - insert sample ballot box character : window > glyphs : font = itc zapf dingbats, choose solid square - select bullet character : fill = none, stroke =. 5 ( green ) ; make new character style " ballot box " making a drop cop - window > paragraph styles : edit " intro " : drop cap : lines = 2, character = 1, character style = book - adjust kerning - select a range of list items - window > paragraph : bullets & numbering ( flyout menu ), preview = on - list type : bullet, add square zapf dingbat, character style = ballot box, left indent = 1p3, first line indent =


amos 1 : 1 identifies the author of the book of amos as the prophet amos. date of writing : the book of amos was likely written between 760 and 753 b. c. purpose of writing : amos is a shepherd and a fruit picker from the judean village of tekoa when god calls him, even though he lacks an education or a priestly background. amos ' mission is directed to his neighbor to the north, israel. his messages of impending doom and captivity for the nation because of her sins are largely unpopular and unheeded, however, because not since the days of solomon have times been so good in israel. amos ' ministry takes place while jeroboam ii reigns over israel, and uzziah reigns over judah. amos 2 : 4, " this is what the lord says : ' for three sins of judah, even for four, i will not turn back [ my wrath ]. because they have rejected the law of the lord and have not kept his decrees, because they have been led astray by false gods, the gods their ancestors followed. " amos 3 : 7, " surely the sovereign lord does nothing without revealing his plan to his servants the prophets. " amos 9 : 14, " i will bring back my exiled people israel ; they will rebuild the ruined cities and live in them. they will plant vineyards and drink their wine ; they will make gardens and eat their fruit. " amos can see that beneath israel ' s external prosperity and power, internally the nation is corrupt to the core. the sins for which amos chastens the people are extensive : neglect of god ' s word, idolatry, pagan worship, greed, corrupted leadership and oppression of the poor. amos begins by pronouncing a judgment upon all the surrounding nations, then upon his own nation of judah, and finally the harshest judgment is given to israel. his visions from god reveal the same emphatic message : judgment is near. the book ends with god ' s promise to amos of future restoration of the remnant. the book of amos ends with a glorious promise for the future. “ ’ i will plant israel in their own land, never again to be uprooted from the land i have given them, ’ says the lord your god ” ( 9 : 15 ). the ultimate fulfillment of god ’ s land promise to abraham ( gen. 12 : 7 ; 15 : 7 ; 17 : 8 ) will occur during christ ’ s millennial reign on earth ( see joel 2 : 26, 27 )


: 15 ). the ultimate fulfillment of god ’ s land promise to abraham ( gen. 12 : 7 ; 15 : 7 ; 17 : 8 ) will occur during christ ’ s millennial reign on earth ( see joel 2 : 26, 27 ). revelation 20 describes the thousand - year reign of christ on the earth, a time of peace and joy under the perfect government of the savior himself. at that time, believing israel and the gentile christians will be combined in the church and will live and reign with christ. sometimes we think we are a " just - a "! we are just - a salesman, farmer or housewife. amos would be considered a " just - a. " he wasn ' t a prophet or priest or the son of either. he was just a shepherd, a small businessman in judah. who would listen to him? but instead of making excuses, amos obeyed and became god ' s powerful voice for change. god has used " just - a ' s " such as shepherds, carpenters, and fishermen all through the bible. whatever you are in this life, god can use you. amos wasn ' t much. he was a " just - a. " " just - a " servant for god. it is good to be god ' s " just - a. "