20 years. the first 120 prisoners were moved into the building on december 9th, 1861. by the end of may, the number was up to about 1, 400. these early prisoners lived a fairly comfortable life, passing the time by making trinkets, playing baseball and even engaging in theatrical performances. according to sergeant john l. ham of the 32nd and 31st maine, the prison was described as follows : " the large brick building had formerly been a cotton factory. it was flanked on the northeast and north sides by six small brick boarding houses ; these were about 30 by 60 feet, and one and a half story. in this square thus formed was a fine natural grove of white - oak trees... the grove comprised about one acre in extent... immediately east and about 30 feet distant was a large wooden building, used for a prison for political prisoners of the vicinity. between these buildings was a very deep well, used formerly to supply water for steam for the factory engine. the water in this well was very nasty, and wholly unfit for use. it was bricked up - - that is, its sides were laid in brick. the cook house was at the south end of the factory and adjoining the same. the stockade ran along beside this building, and only about 30 or 50 feet distant.. " like elmira, overcrowding wasn ' t an issue until the union government outlawed the exchange of prisoners. the numbers at salisbury gradually increased through 1863 and in october of 1864, 10, 000 prisoners came to salisbury, a prison built to hold only 2, 500 inmates. the harshest period of incarceration for these men was from october 1864 to the end of the war. during that time, every need, especially food, was in short supply. john g. weaver was with the 2nd ohio cavalry and wrote the following : " i remembered wiggins happened to get a piece of tripe, which lauderman said was not fit to eat, and declared he would not touch piece of it for anything, but wiggins and i had been saving up odd bits of onion peel, meal, salt and flour, declaring we would have a feast when we got a sufficient quantity together to make what wiggins called a boullion. and when he got the tripe he said he was going to prepare his famous french conglomeration, for which he was noted. we borrowed a mess pan that would hold about two gallons, and we filled this with water, and after blowing the smokey green - pine fire until


he said he was going to prepare his famous french conglomeration, for which he was noted. we borrowed a mess pan that would hold about two gallons, and we filled this with water, and after blowing the smokey green - pine fire until our eyes were almost smoked out, got it burning enough to place our precious pan on to boil. we stirred in the meal and flour, and seasoned with salt, while swimming around, as we stirred, could be seen the solitary and diminutive piece of tripe, on which all eyes were centered. finally the boiling water caused small globules of fat to float around the edge of the pan, which wiggins in ecstasy declared was just sufficient to give it flavor. well, we enjoyed that french boullion and divided up the tripe so that each one got a small piece. " another reference to the food is by t. j. libby of the 12th maine : " our rations were generally one pint of cob - meal, raw, and one pint of soup. the soup was about three pounds of rice boiled in one - half barrel of water, without meat or salt. the cob - meal we were obliged to eat raw more than half the time. when we could obtain fire we burned the hulls out on an old piece of tin plate. we received meat thirteen times in six months. we only got the refuse pieces that the rebels would not eat, the amount given at one time being about one - quarter pound. " diarrhea was the most common disease and the most deadly because of overcrowding and unsanitary conditions. comrade libby wrote that he had weighed 187 pounds when he entered salisbury and at parole, weighed only 102 pounds and could " just crawl around. " he suffered an attack of typhoid fever, recovered and then took sick with rheumatic fever. according to libby, he never fully recuperated from these illnesses, and could not get a pension because he could not " show any bullet holes. " one prisoner visited the prison hospital in november of 1864 and said what he saw would " beggar description. " most deplorable were those so sick they could not keep the lice out of their mouths, ears and eyes. h. t. talbott, regiment unknown, writes of the hospital as follows : " this place was the most complete slough of despondency that ever existed on this side of the infernal regions. the suffering and dying patients lay with their heads to


talbott, regiment unknown, writes of the hospital as follows : " this place was the most complete slough of despondency that ever existed on this side of the infernal regions. the suffering and dying patients lay with their heads to the wall in a row around the room, and with no covering save their clothes. a little straw and abundance of vermin served for a bed. there was no fire for nearly two months, and when fire was finally obtained there was about sufficient to warm one - twentieth of the interior. during the month of december, there was a continual amputating of feet, toes, legs, etc., the victims in a few days going off in the dead wagon. some were crawling around with their flesh almost dropping from the bone. others were afflicted with the dry rot, and led a fearful existence until death relieved them. some were insane, crying, and cursing, and nearly all were dying. it was one continual scene of human woe, heartrending agony, groans, curses, dismay and death. " about 100, or 2 percent died through september 1864, but from october 1864 to february 1865, the death rate increased to a rate of 28 percent. an estimated 4, 000 or 26 percent died during the prison ' s entire existence. the dead bodies were daily collected at the " dead house " and hauled in a one - horse wagon to trenches in a nearby " old cornfield. " early on, the rebels would place the dead in pine coffins and take them out via the horse cart. but the dead became so numerous, that the prisoners began to suspect there was something wrong. to satisfy themselves the men put marks on these coffins. it soon became apprent to everybody in the prison that these same coffins were being used every day. the rebels tried to make it appear that they were furnishing new coffins for all the dead, but the marks soon showed that the coffins did duty for all the salisbury dead. after a while, even this ritual was stopped and the dead would be piled onto the cart and taken to the " dead house. " in the fall of 1864, all of the prison buildings were converted to hospital use. this forced all of the well prisoners and new arrivals to dig holes in the yard for shelter. some tents were provided, but the number was so few that it hardly made a dent. prisoners often bought dead bodies to get clothing. like andersonville, salisbury had its own group of " rangers, " who had banded


in the yard for shelter. some tents were provided, but the number was so few that it hardly made a dent. prisoners often bought dead bodies to get clothing. like andersonville, salisbury had its own group of " rangers, " who had banded together to prey on other prisoners. it has been alleged that they even committed murder in order to get what they wanted. some of the prisoners made complaints to major gee, commandant of the prison, who promised that if they could arrest and prove any of the crimes against the offenders, that he would allow punishment to be doled out to them. supposedly, a vigilance committee was formed, and they captured, tried and condemned one of the " rangers. " however, his execution was delayed until such time as the others could be captured and tried. i have never heard of any actual executions being conducted at salisbury. an unsuccessful mass effort to escape took place on november 25, 1864. the guards at salisbury normally consisted of two separate regiments... one comprised of old men, too old for active service and the other of young boys from 14 - 16 years of age. on the morning of the 25th, the young boys were ordered to the front and were to leave by train that day. knowing that there was only a small number of old men guarding the prison, a group of prisoners broke loose and attacked the guards. it seemed for a while that the prisoners were going to succeed in their attempt, but they had failed to realize that the train had not yet left with its passengers for the front, and the young guards were double - quicked back to the prison pen. shots were fired by the guards upon the scaffolding around the prison. as well, artillery commenced to throw missiles in every direction. the shooting lasted for approximately half an hour and it is surmised that 200 men were killed. no one escaped from this attempt. tunneling was the most popular means to escape. the most famous tunnel escape took place in mid january 1865, when an estimated 100 escaped. one prisoner said the easiest way to get " our of this cursed place " was to defect to the confederacy. about 2, 100 are listed as having done so. besides union soldiers as prisoners, salisbury boasted some famous civilians as well. a. d. richardson and junius h. browne, correspondents of the new york tribune had been captured at vicksburg and were sent to salisbury in early 1864. much to the embarrassment of the confederacy, they made a spectacular escape on december 18, 1864, and wrote


junius h. browne, correspondents of the new york tribune had been captured at vicksburg and were sent to salisbury in early 1864. much to the embarrassment of the confederacy, they made a spectacular escape on december 18, 1864, and wrote extensively about their imprisonment at salisbury when they got back home. a large number of prisoners were released on february 22, 1865. a total of 5, 154 left that day. the string of soldiers walking to greensboro to get a train was 2 1 / 2 miles, or so the records say. after that exodus, a few more prisoners were placed in the pen until april, when union general george stoneman came through salisbury and burned the prison to the ground. the fire consumed any records that had existed of the salisbury prison camp. in 1865, the national cemetery was established as a memorial to the union soldiers who died in the official records indicate that the prison had 3, 802 prisoners from the time it opened until june 23, 1864, and 10, 321 came from october 5, 1864 to february 1, 1865, for a total of 14, 123. records kept at the prison have been lost, but confederate prisoners and other offenders probably brought the total up to 15, 000. the u. s. government has surmised that 11, 700 union soldiers died at salisbury and claim that that many men lie buried in the national cemetery at salisbury. however, evidence would indicate that nearly 9, 000 prisoners were paroled, escaped, deserted, or left the prison during its existence. if this is true, then the actual number of burials would be less than 4, 000 soldiers. whatever the final count, it is still the largest number of unknown soldiers in any american cemetery. in december of 1994, the north carolina division of the daughters of the confederacy dedicated a bronze marker that shows exactly where the 18 trenches holding those union soldiers are and where is was in relation to the actual the information on elmira was taken from various articles that have appeared over the years in civil war times illustrated. another book published on elmira was entitled elmira prison camp by clay holmes. although a bit partial to the union, it still contains some good historical information. the bulk of the information on salisbury prison was taken from articles that i discovered in " the national tribune. " this newspaper was published in washington, d. c. as a paper for civil war veterans. it was begun about 1877 and eventually evolved into the present - day " stars and stripes. " concludes the stories on these two famous prisons during the civil war


david maraniss discusses rome 1960 : the olympics that changed the world. what is especially compelling about the 1960 summer what attracted me to rome, what made it special in my mind, was the uncommon combination of legendary athletes, the tension of the cold war, the beauty of the setting, and the issues that arose during the 18 days of competition. with the entire world on the same stage at the same time, i saw the opportunity to weave the drama on the playing fields with the political and cultural issues that were emerging then. you say in the book that the 1960 summer olympics marked the passing of one era and the dawning of another. what do you mean by that? in so many ways, the 1960 olympics marked a passing of one era and the birth of another. television, money and doping were bursting onto the scene, changing everything they touched. old - school notions of amateurism, created by and for upper - class sportsmen, were being challenged as never before. new countries were being born in africa and asia, blacks and women were pushing for equal rights. for better and worse, one could see the modern world as we know it today coming the berlin, munich or mexico city summer olympics were arguably more controversial or meaningful than rome. why should people care about rome? berlin was the nazi olympics. mexico city was the black power salute of tommie smith and john carlos. munich was the terrorist tragedy of the slain israelis. all important events that transcended sports. but all defined by that one event. what was so powerful about rome was the totality of it. it was a richer canvas, with more stories, more changes, more ways of looking at the modern world, than any of those others. it had not only more issues, but more how did you get the idea to write this book? the idea came to me as i was researching my last book, on the baseball player roberto clemente. an important stretch in clemente ' s career was the late summer and early fall of 1960, when his pittsburgh pirates were on their way to winning the national league pennant and the world series. as i was scouring old newspaper sports sections from that time, looking for stories on clemente, i kept seeing these amazing names cassius clay, wilma rudolph, rafer johnson all athletes who were competing at the rome olympics. my first thought was that i did not want to write another sports book, at least not then. but i could not shake the magic of those names, and that forced me to take a closer


johnson all athletes who were competing at the rome olympics. my first thought was that i did not want to write another sports book, at least not then. but i could not shake the magic of those names, and that forced me to take a closer look at the rome olympics, and the more i looked, the more i realized that along with the athletic drama there was a much deeper story there. do you need to be a big sports fan to enjoy this book? as i ' m finishing a manuscript, i make a point of giving it to a ) experts who can check facts and catch errors, b ) sports fans who have a keen interest in the subject, and c ) someone who knows nothing about the subject and has little or no interest in sports. if i have done my job right, the book can appeal to all three. i want to write it so that people who love the sport think i got it right, but also in a way that draws people to the characters and the the book focuses on some well - known athletes like wilma rudolph, cassius clay and rafer johnson, but also on some lesser - known olympians. who are some of your favorite characters in the book? along with the legendary figures who competed in rome, the book teems with other characters. one of my favorites is ed temple, who was the coach of wilma rudolph and her tigerbelles. temple still lives in nashville not far from the campus, and is a great storyteller with a lively sense of humor, so his memories of rome help bring it alive. he worked without scholarships, without his own office, and from the threadbare facilities at little tennessee state built a powerhouse women ' s track team that changed history. i also love the story of dave sime, a medical student at duke who lost a photo - finish in the 100 - meter dash and had been recruited by the cia to try to get a soviet athlete to defect in rome. and then there is joe faust, who finished 16th in the high jump, whom i used as a typical athlete most don ' t come close to winning but an uncommon human being. when i tracked him down at his little adobe house on the edge of l. a., he still had an old mattress in his backyard that was part of his makeshift high - jump pit. of the major characters, who did you come to admire the most and why? hard to choose. i admired wilma rudolph for the courage she showed upon returning from rome and insisting that her hometown of


was part of his makeshift high - jump pit. of the major characters, who did you come to admire the most and why? hard to choose. i admired wilma rudolph for the courage she showed upon returning from rome and insisting that her hometown of clarksville, tennessee, not hold a banquet for her unless it was integrated, the first of its kind in that city. i admired abebe bikila for the sheer courage of running the marathon through the streets of rome barefooted, and for doing it in the capital city of a country, italy, that had invaded his ethiopian homeland a few decades earlier. i admired rafer johnson perhaps most of all, just for his integrity as a human being. cassius clay was the same then, in 1960, at age 18, as he would later be as the world - renowned muhammad ali, the same personality at least ; his larger meaning was not there yet. rafer johnson is on the cover of the book and gets more attention in the book than cassius clay. do you think johnson is underappreciated? rafer johnson is one of the most underappreciated athletes in american sports history. he was the best of his era, the most revered athlete in rome, and a human being of intelligence and integrity. i am delighted to have the chance to try to give him his due. as a writer, you ' re known more for your work in the political realm than in sports. why have you written books about vince lombardi, roberto clemente and now the olympics? i love sports, just as i love politics ; but i am no more interested in writing a one - dimensional sports book than i am in writing a one - dimensional book about a political campaign. in each of my three sports books, in different ways, i saw a chance to write not just about sports, but about deeper subjects. with lombardi it was the mythology of success and the role of competition in american life. with clemente it was not just a dramatic story but a way to write about the rise of latinos and the roles of race and language in our culture. in some sense, rome 1960 represents the culmination of my work, combining all the themes of sports, politics, culture and sociology that interest me. in this book, too, there is a dramatic story on the playing fields, but so much more surrounding the games. tell us a little about how you went about researching this book. how many people did you interview? how much travel was involved? where


this book, too, there is a dramatic story on the playing fields, but so much more surrounding the games. tell us a little about how you went about researching this book. how many people did you interview? how much travel was involved? where did you find the best material? my first rule in writing books is : go there. wherever there is. this meant going to rome and revisiting the sites of the games, including a memorable day tracing the route of the marathon through the ancient streets of the eternal city. it was much easier to ask my wife to go to rome than to persuade her to move to green bay for the winter to start the research on the lombardi book. my second focus is on primary research documents and interviews. my search for primary documents took me not only to rome, but also to the national archives at college park, the ioc archive in lausanne, switzerland, the avery brundage archive at the university of illinois ( brundage was ioc president in 1960 ), and the la84 foundation archive in los angeles, among others. i also interviewed scores of athletes, journalists and others who were in rome for the olympics, most from the u. s. but some from italy, germany and the ussr. do you have any writing superstitions? what ' s your daily routine like when you ' re writing a book? no superstitions. i ' m lucky that i ' ve never suffered from writer ' s block. i tend to write in the morning, take a break to read, maybe exercise, then write some more until lunch break. i don ' t have a daily goal, but a weekly one. some days i can write only a few paragraphs. one day and night i wrote the entire ice bowl chapter for when pride still mattered. i often stop in the middle of a sentence or paragraph where i know exactly what comes next, so i don ' t have to worry about where i will pick it up. have you always been interested in the olympics? what are your first memories of the olympics? i loved the olympics as a kid, and it is fitting that my first memories are of the 1960 rome games, since those were the first ones televised. i remember the decathlon contest between rafer johnson and c. k. yang, and i remember the wonder of wilma rudolph ; but my strongest memory, for some odd reason you can never fully explain what strikes your fancy as a kid is of the field hockey match between india and pakistan. i was rooting for


. yang, and i remember the wonder of wilma rudolph ; but my strongest memory, for some odd reason you can never fully explain what strikes your fancy as a kid is of the field hockey match between india and pakistan. i was rooting for pakistan, why i cannot say, and when they won, 1 - 0, i remember dancing around my living room shouting ya - hoo! ya - hoo! pak - i - stan! pak - i - stan! mimicking the celebration i saw on tv. were you surprised that issues we think of as modern ( performance - enhancing drugs, television, celebrity, sponsorships, racial and gender equality, etc. ) were so central to the story of the 1960 summer olympics? yes, at first. but the more i looked, the more i saw how much of the present you could trace back to those days in rome. that connection is what compelled me to do the book. your biographies inherently focus on one character. this book deals with many characters. what challenges does that pose? the comfort of writing a biography is that a life provides you with a natural chronology, a skeleton around which the flesh of the book can form. this story was more challenging in that sense. but i used the place, rome, and the time, 18 days, to give the story a chronological coherence. the challenge was to bring so many characters onto the stage and not make it too much, too complicated. but i look forward to challenges in writing my books, and i had dealt with that same challenge once before in they marched into sunlight, my book on vietnam and the 60s. do the olympics actually represent any sort of ideal ( then or now ) for mankind, or is it just another sporting event? i ' m of mixed minds about that question. any event that brings the entire world together in a peaceful way hints at the ideal of world peace and cooperation. and in 1960 as today, athletes can build personal friendships from sports competitions that transcend the tensions between the nations they represent. but the notion that the olympics is free from politics was untrue in 1960 and is equally unattainable today. is the city of rome a central character in this book, or could this story have taken place anywhere? rome adds a certain poignancy to the story, i think. the olympic organizers made good use of the ancient city wrestling and gymnastics were held outdoors amid the ruins ; the marathon began at the capitoline steps and ended at the arch of constantine. but beyond that, the


##ignancy to the story, i think. the olympic organizers made good use of the ancient city wrestling and gymnastics were held outdoors amid the ruins ; the marathon began at the capitoline steps and ended at the arch of constantine. but beyond that, the sensibility of the rome games ' representing a turning point in history was enhanced by the literal golden glow of those days. what ' s your favorite piece of trivia you picked up while researching that the only athlete representing surinam either overslept or was told the wrong time and missed his only race, an 800 - meter heat. poor guy. both of your parents were writers and editors. what influence did they have on your writing style? my parents, elliott and mary maraniss, were enormous influences in my writing. both were professionals, my father as a newspaperman, my mother as a book editor. though my mother was skilled in grammar, and was my best copyeditor, both she and my father emphasized that the most important rule in writing was to follow your ear. what sounded best was usually the right way to go, even if that meant breaking some picky grammatical rules. my father had an easy, natural style that was both intelligent and accessible. you dedicated this book to your wife and mentioned that she travels with you when you research your books. what ' s it like to have her by your side? linda is invaluable. she is my nose, since i lost most of my sense of smell. she is my eyes, taking pictures and videos on all our trips. she helps find documents and photocopies materials with me. wherever we go on our research trips, she makes more friends than i do and keeps up with people from around the world that we ' ve met. i couldn ' t do any of it without her. writing books can be a lonely process, but having her as a partner makes it much less so. what do you enjoy most about the process of touring the country talking about i consider it an honor to explain a book to which i ' ve devoted so much of my life. i love the stories i hear from people who have some personal connection to the events of the book. i also enjoy getting the time to talk about the book in depth.


quiz : pp. 1 - 16 to pp. 187 - 204 | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. what did mike say first interested him in writing? a ) he wanted a teacher to like him. b ) he wanted to give others a look into his life. c ) he wanted a way to record things that happened. d ) he wanted to express himself. 2. who said, " it was an exercise that was all analysis and no synthesis "? a ) l. m. marrou. b ) g. t. marrou. c ) j. i. marrou. d ) h. i. marrou. 3. what color was mrs. morton ' s hair? a ) brown and gray. 4. what did rosalie suggest mike do with the students he tutored in october? a ) math exercises. b ) work with them individually. c ) writing exercises. this section contains 240 words | ( approx. 1 page at 300 words per page )


the text begins with an introduction to alpine ecosystems. alpine environments are here described as those that exist above timberline, a rather rich concept in itself as five different kinds of timberline are listed : forest limit ( physiognomic forest line ), economic forest line ( above which trees cannot be economically harvested ), tree limit ( the elevation above which some species reach tree size ), tree species limit ( the elevation above which tree species are stunted but present, i. e. krummholz, elfinwood or krupelkiefer ), and historic tree line ( indicating earlier climatic regimes ). the alpine flora of the rocky mountains is limited to those species growing above the elevation where more or less continuous trees are found ( tree limit ), trees being defined as arborescent species 3 m or more in height. a few geomorphic processes such as nivation, solifluction, and frost action are then briefly outlined. next follows a compact but informative discussion of alpine environments. the general introductory material ends with a presentation of the adaptations required of plants living in the often harsh alpine milieu. following the general introduction, the middle rocky mountains themselves are examined. the area containing the middle rock mountains includes southwestern montana, wyoming, and northeastern utah. in this section of the book individual mountain ranges and drainage basins are discussed, and included are brief synopses of glacial events, tectonic activity, and mineralology. the author has chosen to include the medicine bow mountains, with the alpine - containing snowy range, as part of the middle rocky mountains. although this stance is controversial - the medicine bows are often placed in the southern rocky mountains - the author in large part includes them in the middle rocky mountains so that the book covers all of the alpine areas found in the state of wyoming ( scott, pers. comm. ). thus possibly the book covers an area defined both vegetationally / physiographically and politically. i would have liked to see a stronger biological or physiographic justification for the inclusion of the medicine bow mountains in the middle rocky mountains. in all, the material that introduces the reader to the alpine zone and to the study area in particular is quite informative and is consistent with the usual material found in large regional floras. most of the text, of course, is devoted to the flora. except for a few personal observations made by the author, this flora was assembled from voucher specimens. the bulk of the specimens examined are housed at the rocky mountain herbarium (


. most of the text, of course, is devoted to the flora. except for a few personal observations made by the author, this flora was assembled from voucher specimens. the bulk of the specimens examined are housed at the rocky mountain herbarium ( rm ) at the university of wyoming. also consulted, but not so stated in the text, were specimens at central wyoming college ( cwc ), montana state university ( mont ), teton national park, and several small u. s. forest service herbaria ( scott, pers. comm. ). while rm is an excellent and quite complete herbarium, the flora would have been more authoritative and perhaps more complete had the author consulted at least utah state university ( utc ), brigham young university ( bry ), the university of montana ( montu ), and the university of idaho ( id ). because of this limited herbarium consultation, the dot maps in the text are fine for general distributions only. the author has approached the text as an admitted " lumper " and seems to be rather taxonomically conservative as well. therefore, the keys and descriptions should easily lead to an acceptable identification, although perhaps a taxonomically conservative one. this is especially true as scott defines a species as a " good " species if it is " separated from other species by a gap in the variation of observable traits and a [ presumably ] corresponding barrier to interbreeding. " we are not told, however, what " observable " means. is it by the unaided eye, at 10x magnification, or at some other level of magnification? the flora is user - friendly in its strictly alphabetical arrangement by family, genus, and species, and the keys are clear and easy to follow if the reader already has a grasp of botanical terminology. each species is provided with an " accepted " scientific name and author, a reference to the original publication of the specific epithet, a list of synonyms users of western u. s. floras and monographs are likely to encounter, a mostly non - technical description, a brief overall range and habitat description, a dot map, and a line drawing. unfortunately, the careful observer and collector will occasionally encounter specimens that do not exactly fit the species ' description as it is based on what the author deemed to be " typical " of the species, especially as it occurs in alpine zones. the scientific user would much prefer a description that encompasses the known morphological variation in the species, at least in alpine zones. accompanying line


is based on what the author deemed to be " typical " of the species, especially as it occurs in alpine zones. the scientific user would much prefer a description that encompasses the known morphological variation in the species, at least in alpine zones. accompanying line drawings, however, will aid both the professional and amateur botanist. these drawings range from excellent and informative ( especially those originally published by the university of washington and stanford university presses ) to rather oversimplified ( e. g., erigeron melanocephalus ), but are mostly quite good or excellent. common names have been provided for each species. mostly these names come from " standardized " government sources especially beetle ( 1970 ) but in some cases they are invented de novo by anglicizing the latin binomial. my personal bias is reflected in wondering why, for example, payson bladderpod is " better " for the general public than is lesquerella paysonii or why sticky geranium is better than geranium viscosissimum? yarrow for achillea millefolium doesn ' t bother me, however, because it is an old name that really was, and is, a common name. if it is a legitimate common name fine, if not why invent one? has the author met his objective of supplying a useful flora for both the professional and amateur botanist? as a botanist who spends a fair amount of time in alpine regions of the american west, the answer to the first part of the question is yes. the book, however, is definitely one that will not accompany me to the field. at 901 pages and an 8. 5 x 11 inch format, it is too large and heavy to be stowed in a backpack. the descriptions are perhaps a little watered down but are still very useful as long as i don ' t collect something not " typical " - and the synomy is fairly complete. the author has missed the mark as far as the amateur is concerned. because the amateur audience has at their disposal a host of excellent picture books and smaller format floras ( e. g. arnow et al. 1980 ; dorn 1984, 1992 ; nelson 1984 ; shaw 1989 ) that would suit their purposes much better, few amateurs are likely to pay $ 110 for a book they too cannot carry in a backpack. furthermore, amateurs may find the descriptions and keys too technical and are likely to ignore the synonymy. given its cost and bulk ( and this is just the first of a projected three volumes covering the length


a book they too cannot carry in a backpack. furthermore, amateurs may find the descriptions and keys too technical and are likely to ignore the synonymy. given its cost and bulk ( and this is just the first of a projected three volumes covering the length of the rocky mountains ), the author would have done well to focus the text on a scientific audience. i would, in spite of its shortcomings, recommend this text to field and herbarium taxonomists and to dedicated amateur botanists. i ' m certain that the text is destined to become dog - eared in my hands. - steve l. o ' kane, jr., department of biology, university of northern iowa, cedar falls, ia 50614 - 0421 native orchids of belize mcleish, i., n. r. pearce, b. r. adams, and j. briggs, 1995. isbn 90 - 5410 6093 xvii + 278 pp. a. a. balkema publishers, p. o. box 1875, rotterdam, netherlands - more years ago than it is wise to remember i visited the el cayo ( simply cayo in this book ) and stann creek districts in what was then british honduras. i was just starting to develop an interest in orchids and found it amazing that so many of them could be seen on trees. my guide, a british agricultural officer, kept drawing my attention to birds and iguanas which according to him made tasty pies, but i kept looking at the orchids without being able to recognize a single one. should the fates take me back to these districts they will be part of an independent country, belize. i will probably still be unable to recognize most orchids, but this time my guide will be dedicated to orchids. it will be this book which was written by four people ( mcleish, a veterinary officer ; pearce, a medical practitioner ; adams, a tree crop agronomist ; and brings, an agriculturist ; i will refer to them as mpab ) who can be best described as victorian amateurs interested in orchids. the word amateur has been debased in our time because it has been equated to hobbyist, and / or a person who dabbles superficially in something or other. on the other hand " victorian amateurs " were / are anything but dabblers. they were / are usually accomplished experts in an area from which they did / do not derive an income. for example many have


- psychology & the public - what we do - member networks - careers, education & training brief interruptions can lead to crucial errors people are more prone to making mistakes when their attention is caught by even the shortest of interruptions. this is the suggestion of new research from michigan state university ( msu ), which found a person ' s ability to accurately complete a task is significantly impacted by small disturbances, such as taking the time to silence a ringing phone. published in the journal of experimental psychology : general, the findings, which were gathered from more than 300 participants, revealed error rates doubled when individuals performing a sequence - based task on a computer were disrupted for just three seconds. erik altmann, associate professor of psychology at msu, said : " what this means is that our health and safety is, on some level, contingent on whether the people looking after it have been interrupted. " the authors explained the findings show interruptions - of which there are often many in people ' s daily lives - can have serious consequences, especially for professionals such as emergency room doctors. professor john davies from the university of strathclyde, a fellow of the british psychological society, comments : " the research from msu confirms similar findings from a number of previous studies. distraction is a major cause of the ' attentional lapse ', which increases the probability of subsequent error. although there are several reasons as to why this happens, one of the simplest to understand is that sometimes people forget where they left off the task at hand, prior to the interruption. this can lead to missing out a crucial step ( such as leaving something in a wound for example ) or alternatively duplicating something they have already done. " - most read - most comments - register of applied psychology practice supervisors - raising awareness of adult autism


healthy living with glaucoma for people with glaucoma or at risk of developing it, a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a nutritious diet is especially important. in addition to benefiting overall physical and mental well - being, it promotes eye health. maintaining mental and emotional health is also important. recommendations for physical well - being : - eat a varied and healthy diet. there is no scientific evidence suggesting that certain vitamins and minerals prevent glaucoma or delay its progress. however, carotenoids ( especially lutein and zeaxanthin ), antioxidants ( such vitamins c and e ), vitamins a and d, zinc, and omega - 3 fatty acids may all contribute to better vision. - carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin, are found in dark green, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables, including : spinach, collard greens, kale, broccoli, okra, brussels sprouts, egg yolks, mango, green beans, lima beans, squash, sweet potatoes, orange peppers, green peppers, yellow corn. - vitamin c is found in : green peppers, citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, white potatoes, and leafy greens. - vitamin e is found in : whole grains, fortified cereals, fruit, wheat germ, leafy greens, nuts / nut oils, eggs, and vegetable oils. - vitamin a is found in : liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, mangoes, milk, and egg yolks. - the main dietary sources of vitamin d are : cod liver oil “ oily ” fish, cereal, egg yolks, and fortified milk. - foods with zinc include : oysters, red meat, poultry, certain seafoods, nuts, dairy, beans, and fortified cereals. - good sources of omega - 3 fatty acids are : wild salmon, sardines, walnuts, and flaxseed oil. - limit caffeine intake to moderate levels. some evidence suggests that high amounts of caffeine may increase eye pressure. - try to exercise daily. some studies indicate that exercise can lower eye pressure. aerobic activities such as walking, swimming, or even working in the yard are recommended. ( however, some aerobic activity may increase pressure, so always consult a doctor before beginning any exercise program. ) - maintain a healthy weight. - keep blood pressure at


moses maimonidesarticle free pass essay on the calendar ” ( hebrew title : maʾamar haʿibur ). the first of maimonides ’ major works, begun at the age of 23, was his commentary on the mishna, kitab al - siraj, also written in arabic. the mishna is a compendium of decisions in jewish law that dates from earliest times to the 3rd century. maimonides ’ commentary clarified individual words and phrases, frequently citing relevant information in archaeology, theology, or science. possibly the work ’ s most striking feature is a series of introductory essays dealing with general philosophic issues touched on in the mishna. one of these essays summarizes the teachings of judaism in a creed of thirteen articles of faith. he completed the commentary on the mishna at the age of 33, after which he began his magnum opus, the code of jewish law, on which he also laboured for 10 years. bearing the name of mishne torah ( “ the torah reviewed ” ) and written in a lucid hebrew style, the code offers a brilliant systematization of all jewish law and doctrine. he wrote two other works in jewish law of lesser scope : the sefer ha - mitzwot ( book of precepts ), a digest of law for the less sophisticated reader, written in arabic ; and the hilkhot ha - yerushalmi ( “ laws of jerusalem ” ), a digest of the laws in the palestinian talmud, written in hebrew. his next major work, which he began in 1176 and on which he laboured for 15 years, was his classic in religious philosophy, the dalalat al - haʾirin ( the guide for the perplexed ), later known under its hebrew title as the moreh nevukhim. a plea for what he called a more rational philosophy of judaism, it constituted a major contribution to the accommodation between science, philosophy, and religion. it was written in arabic and sent as a private communication to his favourite disciple, joseph ibn aknin. the work was translated into hebrew in maimonides ’ lifetime and later into latin and most european languages. it has exerted a marked influence on the history of religious thought. maimonides also wrote a number of minor works, occasional essays dealing with current problems that faced the jewish community, and he maintained an extensive correspondence with scholars, students, and community leaders. among his minor works those considered to be most important are


. maimonides also wrote a number of minor works, occasional essays dealing with current problems that faced the jewish community, and he maintained an extensive correspondence with scholars, students, and community leaders. among his minor works those considered to be most important are iggert teman ( epistle to yemen ), iggeret ha - shemad or maʾamar qiddush ha - shem ( “ letter on apostasy ” ), and iggeret le - qahal marsilia ( “ letter on astrology, ” or, literally, “ letter to the community of marseille ” ). he also wrote a number of works dealing with medicine, including a popular miscellany of health rules, which he dedicated to the sultan, al - afdal. a mid - 20th - century historian, waldemar schweisheimer, has said of maimonides ’ medical writings : “ maimonides ’ medical teachings are not antiquated at all. his writings, in fact, are in some respects astonishingly modern in tone and contents. ” maimonides complained often that the pressures of his many duties robbed him of peace and undermined his health. he died in 1204 and was buried in tiberias, in the holy land, where his grave continues to be a shrine drawing a constant stream of pious pilgrims. maimonides ’ advanced views aroused opposition during his lifetime and after his death. in 1233 one zealot, rabbi solomon of montpellier, in southern france, instigated the church authorities to burn the guide for the perplexed as a dangerously heretical book. but the controversy abated after some time, and maimonides came to be recognized as a pillar of the traditional faith — his creed became part of the orthodox liturgy — as well as the greatest of the jewish philosophers. maimonides ’ epoch - making influence on judaism extended also to the larger world. his philosophic work, translated into latin, influenced the great medieval scholastic writers, and even later thinkers, such as benedict de spinoza and g. w. leibniz, found in his work a source for some of their ideas. his medical writings constitute a significant chapter in the history of medical science. what made you want to look up " moses maimonides "? please share what surprised you most...


a column about history, culture, policy, and things in between. st. augustine was not just a theologian ; the 5th century bishop was one of the great philosophers of western antiquity. in his epic work the city of god, he wrote of how the human capacity of memory, the power to first recall and then reflect upon things past, was one of the singular capabilities things that set man apart form the beasts. the origin of memorial day lies in the war torn confederacy when in may of 1862, a group of confederate widows spent a day decorating the graves of their fallen husbands. the tradition took hold and became known throughout the south as decoration day. by the 1880 ’ s this practice evolved into memorial day, and ever since, may 30 has been the day established to recognize and remember our nation ’ s fallen veterans. i take the name of this article from the ancient lines of the greek poet simonides : “ go tell the spartans, those that passeth by, that here, obedient to their laws, we lie ”. these lines refer to king leonidas and his heroic group of three hundred spartans who blocked the pass of thermopylae, protecting their homeland from the advance of xerxes ’ persian army. they knew they would die and yet chose to stay. they did so because they were raised to believe some things were worth more than their lives. on memorial day of 2008 i think of many people. i think first of my father, father - in - law, and two uncles, world war two veterans all. and i think of brookfield central lancer and us army sergeant scott brown, and remember his young family. i think of the signers of the declaration of independence, who penned their names to a document ending with the words “ and to this declaration we pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor ”. for their audacity in signing, many would dangle at the end of a british rope. today, as we watch the pathetic saga of john edward ' s trial unfold, we remember an age in which the political leaders of our yet unformed nation actually believed that. i think of winston churchill, alone and magnificent, defying hitler as he proclaimed to the imperiled free world, “ we shall never surrender ”. i think of douglas macarthur, america ’ s greatest soldier and a distant relative of churchill ' s. i envision him in his eighties on the plain of west point where brookfield east graduate jon lehman now marches, jaw still firm and shoulders square


plodia interpunctella ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) by doug johnson, extension entomologist university of kentucky college of agriculture indianmeal moth larvae are secondary pests, which means that they prefer to feed on fines or damaged kernels. infestations are most common in the upper four to six inches of grain in a bin. they become active in early spring because surface grain is usually the first to warm. the larvae produce silken threads which result in " caking " or " crusting " of the surface grain. their frass ( waste ), cast exoskeletons ( exterior skin - like covering ) and silk contaminate the grain. indianmeal moths ( pictured left ) rest with their wings folded over their backs. they are about 0. 4 inch long with a wingspan of about 0. 6 inch. the outer portion of the front pair of wings is coppery ; however, this color may be lost as the moth loses its scales. the inner half of the wing near the body is light gray. the hind wings are gray with no distinctive markings. the larval or feeding stage is a caterpillar ( shown below right ) that may range from yellow - white to pink to light green with a light brown head. full grown larvae are about 0. 7 inch long. female moths deposit from 60 to 300 eggs, singly or in groups on or within the upper surface of the grain mass. the larvae move about in the upper grain mass, feeding on fines and cracked kernels and producing a silken webbing. full grown caterpillars may leave their food source and climb up walls to pupate. the life cycle from egg to adult takes about six to eight weeks during warm weather. there are usually four to six generations per year depending on food supply and temperature conditions. prevention is always the most economical and efficient method of controlling these pests. however, because infestations are usually limited to the top few inches of grain, control can be obtained without fumigation. producers need to remove the surface crust and spoiled grain. the exposed grain surface then can be treated with an approved insecticide. if available, " no pest " strips containing dichlorvos can be hung in the head space to aid in preventing an infestation. however, registration of this product may soon end and the strips are very difficult to find. for specific insecticide recommendations for individual crops see : - corn, field - insecticides for corn, ent - 16 -


carbohydrates are the body ’ s primary energy source. overall, it is recommended that calories from carbohydrates, specifically complex carbohydrates, make up about half of the calories you consume daily. types of carbohydrates carbohydrates are classified as simple or complex based upon their chemical structure, which affects how quickly the sugar is digested and absorbed. simple carbohydrates such as fructose in fruit juice or sucrose in table sugar consist of one sugar molecule or two sugar molecules bonded together. because they are so small, simple sugars require little digestion and are rapidly absorbed. although this can be beneficial for a quick burst of energy, food and beverages containing simple carbohydrates are often lacking in nutrients and frequent consumption of these foods can contribute to insulin resistance. complex carbohydrates such as the carbohydrate chains in fiber have three or more sugar molecules and must be broken down into simple carbohydrates before the body can absorb and metabolize the energy. foods high in complex carbohydrates are recommended because they provide sustained energy and are often higher in nutrients and fiber, which provide additional health benefits. refined carbohydrates such as white flour have been milled to remove bran and germ. although they contain complex carbohydrates, many of the benefits have been removed through processing, and most contain added simple carbohydrates, such as sugar. - table sugar ( sucrose ) - high fructose corn syrup - fruit sugar ( fructose ) * - milk sugar ( lactose ) * while fruit does contain simple sugar, it is also a rich source of other nutrients and should be included in your diet. - whole grains such as brown rice, oat, whole wheat, quinoa, whole corn, whole grain pastas, and cereals, bulgur, and bran - beans and legumes - starchy vegetables such as potatoes and corn - other vegetables also contain complex carbohydrate, just in smaller amounts, when compared to more starchy vegetables - white bread - baked goods with white flour - white rice glucose is critical for all body cells and needs to be in constant supply in the blood stream. carbohydrates break down into glucose, are absorbed into the bloodstream and then are transported throughout the body. blood glucose levels rise after a meal and then fall back after the glucose is delivered to


© 2005 - 2012 american society of clinical oncology ( asco ). all rights reserved worldwide. fatigue is a common symptom in people with cancer that causes a lack of energy for many usual activities. most people receiving cancer treatment experience fatigue, and some cancer survivors have fatigue for months and even years after finishing their treatment. cancer - related fatigue is different than other types of fatigue, like what happens when you don ’ t get enough sleep, because this feeling of exhaustion does not improve with rest. fatigue ' s effect on quality of life fatigue can have negative effects on the overall physical, psychological, social, and economic well - being of people with cancer. for some it can be slightly bothersome, while for others the experience can be devastating. fatigue can influence a person ' s : - daily activities - hobbies and other enjoyable activities - social relationships - mood and emotions - job performance - feeling of well - being and sense of joy - attitude toward the future - ability to undergo treatment identifying the causes of fatigue there are multiple causes of cancer fatigue, but not all of them are well understood. in situations where many different reasons contribute to a sense of exhaustion, it is still important to develop effective strategies to help deal with this symptom. some of the common causes of fatigue include : - the cancer itself - appetite loss - cancer - related treatment - anemia ( low red blood cell count ) - uncontrolled pain - lack of sleep - lack of regular exercise - inadequate nutrition - co - existing medical conditions strategies to help cope with fatigue exercising and eating healthy. researchers now think that a regular exercise program is the best strategy to help relieve cancer - related fatigue. athletes and physically fit individuals may continue a program of modified regular exercise while undergoing some cancer treatments. however, most people with cancer will experience some degree of deconditioning, making their regular exercise routine more difficult and, in some cases, even dangerous. exercise helps prevent muscle loss and once lost, resistance training can help to rebuild it. talk with your doctor about modifying your exercise program to meet your needs. a gradual program will increase muscle tone and lead to a sense of well - being. even people who are weak benefit from getting out of bed and walking around the house. read more about physical activity and cancer. eating well and drinking enough fluids are important to maintaining an adequate weight and meeting your body ’ s nutritional requirements. read more about the importance of hydration. if available, consider talking with a nutrition counselor or registered dietitian ( rd ) at your treatment


well and drinking enough fluids are important to maintaining an adequate weight and meeting your body ’ s nutritional requirements. read more about the importance of hydration. if available, consider talking with a nutrition counselor or registered dietitian ( rd ) at your treatment center. he or she can provide helpful hints on eating a well - balanced diet, as well as tips on eating when there is a lack of taste and during times of nausea and vomiting. find nutrition recommendations for during and after treatment. conserving your energy. many people who complete treatment expect an immediate return to normal functioning. however, fatigue may take some time to resolve, so it is important to prioritize tasks and schedule periods of rest whenever possible. plan your days so you are able to use the time when you have the most energy for the most important tasks. this includes exercise. some people may be able to maintain the same lifestyle by scheduling activities when they feel their best. it is important to get the rest you need, which may mean altering the times you sleep and the amount of sleep you need. some people also experience mental fatigue, making it difficult to concentrate. it may also contribute to feelings of being overwhelmed and frustrated because your lifestyle has been disrupted. talk with your doctor, nurse, or social worker about these concerns. sharing responsibilities with family and friends. it may be helpful to seek assistance with everyday activities and delegate some of these tasks to others. maintaining certain household and family responsibilities, such as childcare, meal preparation, and food shopping, may become difficult. some online communities offer tools to help coordinate caregiving tasks among family members and friends. health care professionals, such as social workers, will often counsel patients to ask for help from friends and family members. read about how an oncology social worker can help. treating fatigue related to anemia. many patients with cancer have anemia, which is a decrease in the amount of circulating red blood cells. anemia may be caused by the cancer or cancer - related treatments. patients who have anemia also report a feeling of extreme and overwhelming fatigue. the treatment for anemia may include nutritional supplements, drugs, and / or blood transfusions. managing other causes of fatigue ( such as pain, depression, and lack of sleep ). living with constant pain will almost always make a person feel exhausted. many of the medications usually prescribed for the treatment of pain also cause drowsiness, sleepiness, and fatigue. your doctor can help you understand the options available and give you information about common side effects of pain medications.


make a person feel exhausted. many of the medications usually prescribed for the treatment of pain also cause drowsiness, sleepiness, and fatigue. your doctor can help you understand the options available and give you information about common side effects of pain medications. learn more about managing and treating cancer pain. in addition to physical reasons that contribute to fatigue, the situation itself can lead to feelings of distress and depression. this can elevate the feeling of exhaustion and complicate treatment. if a person feels exhausted all the time, he or she may be unable to perform at work or at home. the first step in treating depression is to recognize it as a condition and then talk about ways to resolve it with your doctor. treatment for depression can make a huge difference and is regularly offered to patients who experience extreme sadness or hopelessness. learn more about depression. sleep is necessary for normal function and performance. stress, pain, and worry can interfere with a person ' s ability to sleep through the night. in some cases, medications can also disturb normal sleep patterns. for those who are chronically tired, sleep may come in spurts at different times of the day or evening. what is important to remember is that if you are not refreshed by sleep or simply unable to sleep more than one to two hours, it will contribute to feelings of exhaustion and will likely affect your mood and performance. talk with your doctor and nurse about any sleep problems, and read these strategies for a better night ’ s sleep. coping with fatigue in the workplace. cancer - related fatigue can also affect a person ' s ability to work. it is common for most people undergoing cancer treatment to make changes to their work schedule and / or responsibilities. even long - term survivors of cancer who still experience some fatigue may require changes in their work routine. if you are comfortable with your employer knowing about your cancer, talk with a human resources representative about the effects fatigue has had on your ability to maintain your job responsibilities and about any adjustments or accommodations that can be made. you may need to take prolonged sick leave or disability leave in some situations. it is important that you know your company ' s policy on sick leave and to understand the americans with disabilities act and family medical leave act so you know your rights. read more about cancer and the workplace and going back to work after cancer.


watering bees keeps hives buzzing monday, october 8, 2012 california imports more than half the 1. 5 million bee hives it uses to pollinate almonds, avocados and other crops. the bees come from all over the country, and may spend three or four days in a truck. that ' s why beekeepers and the state are coordinating to set up five watering stations at agricultural inspection stops along california ' s border. jackie park burris is with the california state beekeepers association. she says water helps cool and calm the bees. park burris : " ( it ' s ) like being stuffed in a elevator with a whole bunch of people, because those beehives are put on that truck, and then they ' re all tight together. and a beehive will regulate it ' s own temperature to 93 degrees, and if it has water it can do that. " the watering stations are essentially hose hook - ups which beekeepers can connect to their soaking systems. they ' re being installed in truckee, blythe, needles, yermo, and benton. funding for the project comes from the california state beekeepers association, project apis m, the almond board of california and the california state apiary board. the california department of food and agriculture is assisting with the permitting and installation.


what to feed birds in winter know what to feed birds in winter to help wild birds survive the coldthe chilly evenings in autumn are signs that winter, and cold weather, are approaching. while you might not feel the need to feed the wild birds who come to visit your yard in the spring and summer, you may want to help them survive the hardships of winter by setting up a feeding program for late - fall through early spring. forget about your late - fall yard maintenance project and leave your withered annuals and late - blooming berries where they are. birds and small animals will eat the dried fruits, seeds and flower heads from your summer and autumn plants, and can find shelter in the brush. you ' ll want to supplement this forage feed with seed mixes, fruits, suet, peanut butter and meal worms, which will give the fats, protein and energy that birds need in the harsh conditions of winter. seeds, cracked corn and nuts seed mixes are the basic staples for bird - feeding in the winter. seeds are rich in fats and protein. black - oil sunflower seeds appeal to many bird species and should be the major ingredient in your wild bird seed mix. these seeds are easily hulled by most birds, and those birds who have trouble cracking them open will often scour the ground underneath the feeders to catch the pieces dropped by other birds. bill thompson, editor of " bird watcher ' s digest " and author, calls these seeds " the hamburger of the bird world ". safflower seeds and white proso millet also appeal to a wide variety of birds. smaller birds such as finches enjoy thistle seed. cracked corn and peanuts are also important feeding items. shelled peanuts are high in fat and are a good energy and protein source. sprinkle peanut - pieces in the brush around your yard and where branches meet the trunks of evergreen trees as well as incorporating them into your seed mix. the cornell ornithology lab recommends a winter mix of 25 pounds of black - oil sunflower seed, 10 pounds of white proso millet and 10 pounds of cracked corn. be sure to store your mixes in a waterproof, mouse - proof container. be wary of commercial bird mixes as they are often filled with cheap filler seeds that are not eaten by wild birds. birds that normally avoid feeders, such as robins and thrushes, may be tempted by berries, cherries, raisins, grapes, apples and raisins. if you leave out grapes


that are not eaten by wild birds. birds that normally avoid feeders, such as robins and thrushes, may be tempted by berries, cherries, raisins, grapes, apples and raisins. if you leave out grapes and raisins, make sure that dogs will not have access to them as they are toxic to dogs.. make sure to remove any spoiled or moldy fruit as it can make birds sick. suet and peanut butter suet is beef fat. you can find suet bags in feed and grain stores or pet stores or make your own. get fat from the butcher and put it in an onion bag. thompson suggests melting suet in the microwave and pouring into ice - cube trays to harden. drop in seeds, fruit and nuts to make special suet cakes. the washington department of fish and wildlife recommends a homemade suet formula containing cornmeal, water, brown sugar and melted suet. peanut butter is a favorite wintertime treat. spread it over pine cones or make peanut butter caches in tree holes and on the bark of branches. it provides concentrated energy for birds and is useful for feeding those birds that are wary of feeders. meal worms make some people squeamish, but they are a good source of protein and fat. these beetle larvae are a good high - protein replacement for the worms birds enjoy in the warmer months. you can get meal worms from your local pet store place them in a heavy flat bowl for easy feeding. make sure to provide fresh water for your visiting birds. natural water sources are often frozen in the winter. locations for feeders and maintenance thompson recommends having extra feeders available for the winter to cut down on your refilling chores and accommodate the extra birds who may need wintertime fuel. sprinkle seeds and nuts in out - of - the - way places on your property for winter birds who will not use a feeder. he suggests that you keep the bird food dry by using tubes and feeders that protect the seed and " dole out " the servings. keep the feeders clean by scrubbing them down every two weeks. remove old shells and any moldy material as it could spread infection and illness. manually check the feeders to make sure no sharp edges and areas develop that can injure the birds as they are feeding. cornell lab of ornithology : bird notes : winter feeding humane society : bird feeding tips washington department of fish and wildlife : winter bird feeding bird watcher ' s digest : top


mary joseph butler first irish abbess of the irish benedictine abbey of our lady of grace, at ypres, flanders, b. at callan, county kilkenny, ireland, in dec., 1641 ; d. at ypres, 22 dec., 1723. sent to be educated under the care of her aunt, lady abbess knatchbull of the english benedictine dames at ghent, she petitioned, when twelve years old, to be received into the order, a request granted two years later. she made her religious profession 4 nov., 1657 at the english benedictine convent at boulogne, at the age of sixteen. in 1665 the mother - house of ghent made another foundation, at ypres, with dame beaumont as abbess, but as the house did not thrive under her auspices, it was decided, upon her death in 1682, to convert the house at ypres into a national foundation for the irish benedictine nuns of the various houses founded from ghent. dame butler accordingly was sent to ypres in 1683, and, on the death of the second abbess, in 1686, was elected abbess of the irish dames of ypres, 29 august. soon after her election she was called upon to take a leading part in a new benedictine foundation in dublin, set on foot by king james ii. by letters - patent or charter, which is dated in the sixth year of his reign, and still preserved in the convent of ypres, king james confers upon this his " first and chief royal monastery of gratia dei ", an annuity of one hundred pounds sterling to be paid forever out of his exchequer, and appoints his " well - beloved dame mary butler " first abbess. her brother was king james ' s chief cupbearer for ireland, a title hereditary in the butler family, as their name implies. having overcome many difficulties abbess butler set out for dublin in the year 1688, and in passing through london was presented with her nuns in the benedictine habit to the queen at whitehall. towards the end of the year she arrived in the irish capital, and took up her abode in a house in great ship street. here the divine office and regular observance were at once begun and a school opened. about thirty young girls of the first families were entrusted to the nuns for their education and no less than eighteen of them expressed a wish to become religious. but the good work was rudely interrupted by the entry of the usurper william ' s forces into dublin, after the battle of the boyne


to the nuns for their education and no less than eighteen of them expressed a wish to become religious. but the good work was rudely interrupted by the entry of the usurper william ' s forces into dublin, after the battle of the boyne ( 1 or 11 july, 1690 ). the convent was sacked by his soldiery, and the nuns forced to seek refuge in a neighbouring house, but the church plate and other treasures were saved by the presence of mind of a lay sister, placida holmes, who disguised herself in secular clothes, and mingled with the plunderers. on the closing of the dublin convent, the duke of ormonde assured his cousin, abbess butler, of his special protection, should she consent to remain in ireland, but she decided to return to ypres, upon which the duke procured for her, from the prince of orange, a passport ( still preserved at ypres ) permitting her and her nuns to leave the country without molestation. on her arrival at ypres she resumed conventual life in extreme poverty with only a few lay sisters to assist her. so great indeed was their destitution that the bishop strongly urged her to sell the house and retire whithersoever she pleased, but she would not abandon the work, and her faith was rewarded, for at length in the year 1700, she had the happiness of professing several new subjects ( among them two irish ladies from the french court ) who assisted her in keeping up the choir and regular observance. she continued to govern her flock with much wisdom and discretion until the year 1723, when she died in the sixty - sixth year of her religious profession, and the thirty - sixth year of her abbatial dignity. king james ii, and more especially his queen, mary of modena, were great benefactors and friends of abbess butler, and of the irish convent of ypres, which she saved from extinction and which has survived ever since. it enjoys the distinction of being the only religious house in all the low countries which remained standing during the storms of the french revolution and of being the only irish abbey of the benedictine order. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined


in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright © catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright © catholic online


( or d omnus ). son of a roman called mauricius ; he was consecrated bishop of rome 2 nov., 676, to succeed adeodatus ii, after an interval of four months and seventeen days ; d. 11 april, 678. of his life and acts but little is known. the " liber pontificalis " informs us that he paved the atrium or quadrangle in front of st. peter ' s with great blocks of white marble. he also restored the church of st. euphemia on the appian way, and repaired the basilica of st. paul outside the walls, or, according to duchesne ' s conjecture, the little church on the road to st. paul ' s, which marks the spot where sts. peter and paul are said to have parted on their way to martyrdom. during the pontificate of donus, reparatus, the archbishop of ravenna, returned to the obedience of the holy see, thus ending the schism created by archbishop maurus who had aimed at making ravenna autocephalous. in the time of this pope a colony of nestorian monks was discovered in a syrian monastery at rome — the monasterium boetianum. the pope is said to have dispersed them through the various religious houses of the city, and to have given over their monastery to roman monks. after a brief reign of one year, five months, and ten days, donus died and was buried in st. peter ' s. his portrait in mosaic was at one time to be seen in the church of st. martina in the forum. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years


how do you maintain control when handling pallets? ensure that forks are : - high enough to go into the pallet - the proper width to provide even distribution of the weight - all the way under the load how do you maintain control when lifting, tilting, and stacking a load? - lift the load straight until it is clear, then tilt back. - watch that the load does not catch on adjacent loads or obstructions. - do not raise or lower the forks before you stop the lift truck and set the brakes. - ensure that the forks are free of the load before backing up. how do you maintain control when traveling? - tilt loads backwards. - travel with forks as low as possible from the floor and tilted back. - match speed to driving, load and workplace conditions. - obey posted traffic signs. - decrease speed at all corners, sound horn and watch the swing of both the rear of the lift truck and the load. - watch for pedestrians. - avoid sudden stops. - travel in reverse when a load blocks your vision and always look in the direction of travel. - check for adequate overhead clearance when entering an area or when raising the forks. - watch out for the following dangers on the floor or roadway : oil spots, wet spots, loose objects, or holes, rough surfaces, people, and other vehicles. - approach at an angle when crossing railroad tracks. - maintain a safe working limit from all overhead power lines how should you steer to maintain control? - has the load carried by the front wheels. - turn with the rear wheels. - do not turn a lift truck steering wheel sharply at fast speeds. - do not overload a lift truck. it can cause a loss of steering control. - do not add extra weight to a counterweight to improve steering. how do you maintain control when driving in reverse? - face the rear. - sound horn before moving. - go slowly. - stop when vision is limited or blocked. sound the horn and go slowly. how do you maintain control when traveling up or downhill? - keep the forks pointed downhill without a load. - keep the forks pointed uphill with a load. - do not turn until on level ground. how should you park the forklift truck? - secure lift truck when left unattended. - park in an approved location. - set the brakes. - lower the forks or load to the floor. - neutralize the controls. - turn off the motor switch. - disconnect battery or go through propane shut - down procedures.


motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teenagers in america. mile for mile, teenagers are involved in three times as many fatal crashes as all other drivers. according to the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ), in 2010 there were 4, 585 15 - 20 year old drivers involved in fatal crashes, 30 % of which were killed in drunk driving crashes. alcohol is just one of the many factors that contribute to fatal traffic crashes. in fact, distracted driving is a major contributor to car crashes, especially among young drivers. as part of our involvement with teen driver safety, in 2011 the century council partnered with the virginia supreme court to develop the iknoweverything teen driver safety resource. virginia is the only state in the nation that requires a formal ceremony for teens, their parents and a judge before new drivers can be handed a license. we are expanding the iknoweverything program to other states across the nation to be used by a broad audience of teen driver safety practictioners. iknoweverything includes a facilitator ’ s guide that pulls together current facts on teen driver safety, tips for parents and teens as they embark on the freedom of driving, a dynamic video on key safe driving messages and general resources for further information. the materials included in the facilitator ’ s guide are comprehensive and research - driven. the program research included focus groups with virginia teens, interviews with virginia judges, online surveys with teens and their parents and collaboration with virginia judicial educators. all of the materials, including the video, can be viewed and downloaded from the iknoweverything website.


gastritis is an inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining and is associated with a variety of conditions. it develops when the stomach ' s powerful protective layer - the mucous - bicarbonate barrier - is overwhelmed and the stomach lining is exposed to the caustic gastric acids the body uses to break down food. while gastritis is often caused by a bacterial infection, it can also occur as a result of too much alcohol, long - term use of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( such as aspirin ), or even stress. it can be a painful condition that, left untreated, may lead to more serious problems such as blood loss, ulcers, or an increased risk of cancer. in most cases, however, patients will see a rapid improvement with the proper medical care. gastritis is most commonly associated with recurrent stomach pain and upset. other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, indigestion, bloating, loss of appetite, and a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen. more serious signs such as vomiting blood and black or bloody stools indicate that your stomach lining may be bleeding and call for immediate medical attention. causes and risk factors a number of conditions can lead to gastritis including : - bacterial infections such as helicobacter pylori, e. coli, or salmonella - excessive alcohol consumption or cocaine use - regular or prolonged use of pain relievers and anti - inflammatory drugs - major surgery - severe injury or burns - certain diseases such as pernicious anemia, bile reflux, and autoimmune disorders your physician will discuss your medical history and symptoms with you, which is usually enough to identify gastritis. however, additional testing may be necessary to isolate the underlying cause that is triggering gastritis, particularly to determine if an infection is the root problem. procedures may include : - blood test - stool culture - upper gastrointestinal x - ray - upper gastrointestinal endoscopy - breath test for h. pylori infection reducing the amount of acid in your stomach will help alleviate gastritis and allow the stomach lining to heal. medications such as over - the - counter antacids, prescription acid blockers, and proton - pump inhibitors can all be effective in lowering stomach acid levels. if an underlying infection is triggering gastritis, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics as well. treating other illnesses that may be causing your gastritis will generally lead to a reduction in


- pump inhibitors can all be effective in lowering stomach acid levels. if an underlying infection is triggering gastritis, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics as well. treating other illnesses that may be causing your gastritis will generally lead to a reduction in your symptoms. you may also find that avoid certain foods, beverages, or medications ( such as aspirin ) will ease your condition. peptic ulcer disease a peptic ulcer is an open sore on the inner lining of the stomach ( gastric ulcer ) or upper small intestine / duodenum ( duodenal ulcer ). it is a common condition that affects one in 10 americans at some point in their lives. peptic ulcers develop when the protective barrier of the stomach or intestine breaks down, often due to a bacterium called helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ). this breach allows digestive fluids, which contain strong chemicals like hydrochloric acid and an enzyme called pepsin, to damage the sensitive underlying tissues. peptic ulcers can lead to serious complications if left untreated, including internal bleeding, perforation ( when the ulcer eats a hole through the stomach wall or intestine ), and narrowing and obstruction ( when the ulcer occurs where the stomach and duodenum meet and blocks food from leaving the stomach ). a burning abdominal pain, located anywhere from the breastbone to the navel, is the most common symptom of peptic ulcers. this pain may last for minutes or for hours, and is usually experienced a few hours after a meal or during the night when the stomach is empty. the pain can usually be calmed through eating or taking an antacid. you may find that the pain comes and goes over the course of several days or weeks. other symptoms include bloating or nausea after eating, vomiting, weight loss, and appetite loss. if you experience bloody vomit, vomit that looks like coffee grounds, or black or bloody stools, seek medical treatment immediately as these could signal a serious condition. causes and risk factors long thought to be caused by stress or spicy food, peptic ulcers are most commonly the result of an h. pylori infection ; 80 - 90 % of all ulcer cases can be attributed to this bacterium. long - term use of anti - inflammatory medications also accounts for some ulcer cases. smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress can all contribute to the development of ulcers and


- 90 % of all ulcer cases can be attributed to this bacterium. long - term use of anti - inflammatory medications also accounts for some ulcer cases. smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress can all contribute to the development of ulcers and slow healing, although they are unlikely to cause ulcers on their own. in addition to a medical history and symptom interview, diagnostic tests for peptic ulcer disease might include : - upper gi, or gastrointestinal, series ( also known as a barium swallow ) - endoscopy ( which will sometimes include a biopsy ) once an ulcer has been discovered, it is important for your physician to pinpoint its underlying cause in order to determine the best course of treatment. testing the blood, breath, or biopsied stomach tissue can detect presence of h. pylori if h. pylori is found to be contributing to your ulcers, your doctor will prescribe a combination of two antibiotics found to be effective in eradicating the organism. it generally takes about two weeks for the antibiotics to get rid of the infection. it is important that you follow dosing instructions precisely in order for the treatment to work. medications such as h2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and antacids, are another component of treatment. they will help lower the levels of stomach acids and promote healing of the affected area. for those patients who have ulcers without the presence of h. pylori, you doctor will advise you to stop taking nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) such as aspirin and naproxen, which can sometimes cause ulcers with prolonged use. all people will ulcers should consider lifestyle changes that will promote healing, such as quitting smoking, limiting caffeine and alcohol, and avoiding stress. while most ulcers respond to medication quickly and heal completely, some ulcers resist initial treatment. if your condition fails to heal, your physician may increase your dosage or try new medications. in extreme cases, surgery is sometimes necessary if the ulcers resist aggressive drug treatments. helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ) is a spiral - shaped bacterium found in the stomach and duodenum ( the upper small intestine found just under the stomach ). it lives in the thick layer of protective mucus that lines the stomach and intestine, weakening this defensive barrier and exposing the sensitive lining below to harsh and co


duodenum ( the upper small intestine found just under the stomach ). it lives in the thick layer of protective mucus that lines the stomach and intestine, weakening this defensive barrier and exposing the sensitive lining below to harsh and corrosive digestive fluids. this damage can lead to gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. in fact, researchers believe that h. pylori is responsible for the vast majority of peptic ulcers ( 80 % of gastric ulcers and 90 % of duodenal ulcers ). research also indicates that the presence of this bacterium leads to a significant increase in the risk of stomach cancer. h. pylori is common, appearing in about 50 % of people over 50 years of age and 20 % of people under 40 in the united states. it is thought that people contract the bacteria through food and drink, although it has been found in the saliva of infected people and may spread through mouth - to - mouth contact ( such as kissing ). h. pylori commonly diagnosed through blood tests, and can also be detected through breath tests. other diagnostic tools include stool cultures and tissue tests using biopsy samples taken from the affected areas during an endoscopy. the most effective current treatment for h. pylori is a triple therapy that combines two antibiotics with either an acid suppressor or a drug that shields the lining of the stomach and intestine. this therapy does require patients to follow a precise dosing schedule with sometimes up to 20 pills per day. however, it has been found to be the most successful at eradicating the infection. because some strains of h. pylori are resistant to antibiotics, it is important to test for the bacterium after you have finished your course of treatment to ensure that all traces of it are gone from your system. stomach polyps are small growths on the lining of the stomach. they occur infrequently, showing up in less than 1 % of patients who undergo an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. because they don ' t often generate any symptoms, they are usually only discovered during other procedures such as endoscopies. while stomach polyps are generally benign, some types can be a precursor to stomach cancer. stomach polyps usually do not present any symptoms, but if they grow quite large they may cause pain, bleeding, nausea, or vomiting. the polyps may also develop ulcers on their surfaces or block the opening between the stomach and small duo


stomach polyps usually do not present any symptoms, but if they grow quite large they may cause pain, bleeding, nausea, or vomiting. the polyps may also develop ulcers on their surfaces or block the opening between the stomach and small duodenum. causes and risk factors gastritis, and the damage it can cause to the stomach lining, may contribute to the development of some types of stomach polyps. another factor may be an autoimmune condition that leads to vitamin b - 12 deficiency anemia, which is found in many patients with stomach polyps. age certainly plays a role, as most cases are found in people over 60 years old. because people with stomach polyps rarely present symptoms, they are most often discovered during other procedures, such as upper gi endoscopies or x - rays. polyps are usually easy to treat : they are removed and biopsied during an endoscopy with no further treatment necessary most of the time. however, if gastritis is a contributing factor to your polyps, your doctor will determine whether h. pylori, a bacterium that commonly causes gastritis, is present. if so, you should also undergo antibiotic treatment to eradicate the infection and reduce the chance of developing more polyps in the future. stomach ( or gastric ) cancer is a disease in which malignant cells or tumors develop in the stomach. the stomach is a core component of the digestive system, the place where foods are broken down, nutrients are processed, and waste products are passed on to be eliminated from the body. the stomach wall consists of five layers ; most tumors begin in the innermost layer and spread to the outer strata as they grow. researchers also believe that stomach cancers develop slowly over the course of several years, beginning as precancerous changes to the lining of the stomach that show few initial symptoms. any form of cancer is a serious disease, and stomach cancer is no different. although rates of stomach cancer have declined significantly in the united states, over 21, 000 americans will be diagnosed with this disease in 2007, according to the american cancer society. recovery from stomach cancer is certainly possible, and the odds of that increase the earlier the cancer is detected. early detection is also important to halt stomach cancer from metastasizing, or spreading to nearby organs such as the liver or to the lymph system. stomach cancer may cause symptoms such as indigestion, abdominal discomfort, bloating, nausea, weight loss, diminished appetite


cancer from metastasizing, or spreading to nearby organs such as the liver or to the lymph system. stomach cancer may cause symptoms such as indigestion, abdominal discomfort, bloating, nausea, weight loss, diminished appetite, dysphagia, and jaundice. because it causes microscopic internal bleeding, signs might also include black or bloody stools as well as the vomiting of blood. people with stomach cancer may also feel fatigued from anemia caused by the internal bleeding. these symptoms are also caused by other diseases, so it is important to work with your physician to determine their cause. if you have any of the risk factors listed below and your symptoms are persistent, your doctor will want to check for stomach cancer as a possibility. any sign of internal bleeding should receive immediate medical attention. causes and risk factors an exact cause of stomach cancer is not known. however, there are several risk factors that been linked to increased rates of gastric cancer including : - age ( two - thirds of people diagnosed with stomach cancer are over age 65 ) - dietary choices such as eating large amounts of red meat and smoked & salted foods or not eating enough fruits, vegetables, and fiber - alcohol and tobacco use - prior stomach surgery - helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach ( as sometimes seen with gastritis or peptic ulcers ) - a family history of stomach or related cancers - a history of stomach polyps - type a blood - gender ( men are twice as likely to develop stomach cancer ) - pernicious anemia after taking a complete medical history and discussing your symptoms, your physician may order the following tests : - upper gastrointestinal endoscopy - upper gastrointestinal x - ray series ( sometimes known as a barium swallow ) - blood chemistry tests and blood counts - fecal occult blood test ( to test the stool for microscopic amounts of blood ) once a stomach cancer diagnosis has been established, further tests may be required in order to determine the extent of the cancer including diagnostics such as endoscopy ultrasounds, computerized tomography ( ct ) scans, magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), and chest x - rays. treatment protocols for stomach cancer will depend on the stage of the cancer and whether or not the tumors have metastasized, or spread to other parts of the body. standard options include : - surgery ( which may involve removing part or all of the stomach ) - chemotherapy ( cancer - fighting drugs ) - radiation ( high


whether or not the tumors have metastasized, or spread to other parts of the body. standard options include : - surgery ( which may involve removing part or all of the stomach ) - chemotherapy ( cancer - fighting drugs ) - radiation ( high - energy rays that kill or shrink cancer cells ) chemoradiation, which combines chemotherapy and radiation to increase the effectiveness of both treatments, may also be a treatment option. drug therapy has been approved by the fda for certain forms of stomach cancer and may be an alternative depending on the type of tumor you have. for patients with advanced stage gastric cancer, clinical trials offer experimental treatments such as new surgical interventions, new drugs, and gene therapy. while these novel treatments are not guaranteed to be successful, they are monitored by the fda and are based on some evidence that the new therapy may prove useful. the stomach. we offer treatments for patients residing in chicago ( lincoln park, lake view, bucktown, west town, logan square, hermosa, belmont cragin, belmont gardens, avondale, north center, irving park, portage park, albany park lincoln square, near west side, east garfield park, humboldt park, pilsen, downtown ) and chicago suburbs ( oak park, cicero, harwood heights, norridge, elmwood park, river grove, river forest, berwy, skokie, morton grove, park ridge, franklin park, melrose park, maywood, stone park schiller park ).


vascular anomalies surgery ( abnormalities involving blood vessels ) surgical repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome surgical repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome for children born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( hlhs ), there are two known treatment options : - a heart transplant. - a series of three surgeries that takes place over the first year of the child ' s life. in the three surgeries ( called the norwood, glenn, and fontan procedures ), the heart is reconstructed to compensate for the otherwise - fatal defects. in 1985, children ' s became one of a handful of pediatric hospitals nationwide to pioneer the three - part surgical treatment for hlhs. today, children ' s has performed more of the three - stage surgeries than any other health care organization in minnesota, with a 92 % survival rate on the three - part surgeries performed between 2003 - 2007. review a study on outcomes of patients with hlhs at children ' s ( pdf ). for detailed information on how hlhs is diagnosed and treated, review this fact sheet. for a consultation with a pediatric cardiologist or pediatric cardiac surgeon about a patient with hlhs, call children ' s heart clinic at 1 - 800 - 938 - 0301 hypoplastic left heart syndrome fact sheet what is hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( hlhs )? hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( hlhs ) is a complex and rare heart condition. children with hlhs have a combination of related heart problems a healthy heart is a strong, muscular pump that pushes blood through the circulatory system to carry oxygen and nutrients to the body. the heart has four chambers - - two on the right and two on the left. blood is pumped through these chambers and regulated by valves that open and close like tiny doors, so that blood can move in only one direction. after its trip through the body to deliver oxygen, blood is a blue color because it ' s no longer oxygen - rich. the blue blood returns to the heart through the right chambers and is pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. in the lungs, it picks up more oxygen and becomes bright red. it then goes back through the pulmonary vein to the left chambers and is pumped through the aorta and out into the body again. if your baby is born with hlhs, the chambers and arteries on the left side of the heart are small and underdeveloped with valves that don ' t work properly. since the