many studies have shown that interval training is a very effective way to boost metabolism and burn more fat calories. in addition, interval training is one of the most efficient ways to build fitness. but what exactly is interval training? the following article explains the theory and concept of interval training and offers suggestions for how to apply it to your specific sport. interval training is a workout that combines varying levels of difficulty for specific time durations. most interval workouts alternate between high and low intensities. the high intensity portions are often for a shorter time duration and thus are referred to as sprints. sprints may be as short as 15 seconds for anaerobic workouts or as long as 20 minutes for aerobic training. a rest interval follows the sprint and allows the athlete to slowly recover by performing the same exercise at a much lower intensity. the duration of the rest interval depends on the fitness level of the athlete as well as the duration of the sprint. interval training utilizes both the aerobic and anaerobic systems of the body. during the sprints, the anaerobic system uses the stored energy from your muscles ( glycogen ). since no oxygen is being used during this type of exercise, your body produces lactic acid, which continues to build and eventually forces the athlete into oxygen debt. the rest interval allows the heart and lungs to " pay back " the oxygen debt and break down the lactic acid that has been building up in the muscles. because the resting interval utilizing the aerobic system, the body uses oxygen to convert stored carbohydrates into expendable energy. thus, the theory behind interval training is if you practice at higher intensity levels your body will adapt and burn lactic acid at a much more efficient rate during exercise. through this adaptation, athletes can perform at a higher intensity for a longer time period before pain or fatigue alters their performance. the physiological adaption that occurs with interval training increases the body ' s ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles and its tolerance of lactic acid accumulation. as a result of these adaptations, athletes experience greater performance, speed and endurance. another benefit of interval training is the higher caloric expenditure. calories are burned faster when an athlete performs short, high intensity exercise. even though there are less intensive resting periods, the higher, anaerobic intervals boost metabolism and burn more calories. while interval training is most often thought of for running workouts, many other forms of exercise can be adapted to this type of training. biking, swimming, rowing,


oxygen fuels the fires of time scientists from the field museum in chicago and royal holloway university of london, publishing their results this week in the journal nature geoscience, have shown that the amount of charcoal preserved in ancient peat bogs, now coal, gives a measure of how much oxygen there was in the past. until now scientists have relied on geochemical models to estimate atmospheric oxygen concentrations. however, a number of competing models exist, each with significant discrepancies and no clear way to resolve an answer. all models agree that around 300 million years ago, in the late paleozoic, atmospheric oxygen levels were much higher than today. these elevated concentrations have been linked to gigantism in some animal groups, in particular insects, the dragonfly meganeura monyi with a wingspan of over two feet epitomizing this. some scientists think these higher concentrations of atmospheric oxygen may also have allowed vertebrates to colonize the land. these higher levels of oxygen were a direct consequence of the colonization of land by plants. when plants photosynthesize they evolve oxygen. however, when the carbon stored in plant tissues decays atmospheric oxygen is used up. to produce a net increase in atmospheric oxygen over time organic matter must be buried. the colonization of land by plants not only led to new plant growth but also a dramatic increase in the burial of carbon. this burial was particularly high during the late paleozoic when huge coal deposits accumulated. dr. ian j. glasspool from the department of geology at the field museum explained that : " atmospheric oxygen concentration is strongly related to flammability. at levels below 15 % wildfires could not have spread. however, at levels significantly above 25 % even wet plants could have burned, while at levels around 30 to 35 %, as have been proposed for the late paleozoic, wildfires would have been frequent and catastrophic ". however, there were periods in earth ' s history when the charcoal percentage in the coals was as high as 70 %. this indicates very high levels of atmospheric oxygen that would have promoted many frequent, large, and extremely hot fires. these intervals include the carboniferous and permian periods from 320 - 250 million years ago and the middle cretaceous period approximately 100 million years ago. " it is interesting ", professor scott points out, " that these were times of major change in the evolution of vegetation on land with the evolution and spread of new plant groups, the conifers in the late carboniferous and flowering plants in the cretaceous ". these periods of


young headache sufferers and their parents - keep a headache calendar or diary. mark down when you have a headache, how bad it is on a 1 – 10 scale and what you had to do to take it away. jot down when you had to miss school or work. download a headache calendar you can use. - obtain a headache book from the list provided and keep it handy as a reference. visit the various headache web sites listed on the sheet provided. learn as much as possible about your headache condition. this will help you maintain control over your headaches. a list of books and web sites. - do not run out of your prescription medications. plan ahead. - have an information sheet on file in your school ' s health room and work with your school nurse to facilitate quick treatment of your headaches. download an information sheet you can use. - don ' t skip meals – this is a potent headache trigger. - try to wake up and go to sleep at about the same time every day. this can minimize the number of headaches. - try to identify specific triggers that can bring on your headache and avoid them if possible. all of the recommended books have lists of common headache triggers. some may be rather obvious to you, others may not. - biofeedback is a particularly helpful non - drug method for relieving headache pain in children and adolescents. information is available upon request. - learn and practice relaxation techniques. - sometimes, a visit with a pain psychologist will be recommended in order to uncover any factors that may be adding to your headache condition. medications for headache - treat the headache early and aggressively. try to identify signs and symptoms that may tip you off that a headache may soon occur ( i. e., neck aching, yawning, fatigue, etc. ). - treat nausea aggressively. usually, the best choice will be metoclopramide ( reglan ). this not only helps for nausea, but also helps headache medications get absorbed better. take this at the first sign of a significant headache. - be aware of rebound headaches. it is easier to prevent this type of headache than to treat them. if you are using short acting, immediate relief medications more than 2 days per week, you could be at risk for developing this condition. - preventive medications ( those medications used to reduce the number and severity of headaches ). - acute medications ( those used to stop a headache as soon as possible ). - rescue medications ( those medications taken when the acute treatment doesn '


air is surprisingly heavy stuff. the air under an average coffee table weighs about 1kg, which means when we push large quantities of it through the small pipes of an engine at high speed it has a significant amount of momentum. engines breathe in huge quantities of air, each 100bhp consumes about 35 pints of air per second and expels about three times that volume in exhaust gas. all this flow needs to be carefully controlled, the flow into the cylinders is not constant but stops and starts many times a second with each cycle, inertia has to be allowed for so that enough time is available for the gas to speed up or slow down. this is all achieved with the camshaft, a long steel rod with lumps on that pushes the valves up and down. it ' s spun round in synchronisation with the crank and pistons so that the lumps, called lobes, hit the top of the valve stems via the follower or other links and force them open at just the right moment. the valve is gradually opened and shut to avoid excessive forces which would increase wear. because it takes time for the air to get moving the cam opens the intake valve before the piston starts the intake stroke ( i ' ll come back to this situation later ), as the piston draws the air in the speed increases and gains momentum, then when the piston is at the bottom of the stroke and starts coming up the momentum continues to force air in whilst the valve gradually shuts. so rather than the intake valve being only open for the 180 degrees of the intake stroke, it is more usually open for over 230 degrees in total. after it shuts and the compression stroke is followed by the expansion stroke it becomes time to open the exhaust valve, but again rather than waiting for the power stoke to finish and the exhaust stroke to start the exhaust valve is actually opened a bit early. near the end of the power stroke very little useful power is being transmitted to the crank, the exhaust is opened and gradually exhaust gas speed increases. initially the exhaust gas is forced out by combustion pressure, but as the piston travels up on the exhaust stroke it pushes the remaining exhaust gas out, further increasing momentum. near the top of the stroke there is still enough gas momentum to drag the remaining exhaust gas out of the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and


the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and exhaust valves are open, the exhaust momentum prevents it going the wrong way and even helps to drag fresh intake air into the cylinder. this situation is referred to as valve overlap. matching cam timing to the valve size and port diameter is vital, big valve / port engines have lower gas speeds, less momentum and during the overlap phase the exhaust gas can reverse direction and flow into the intake more easily at low engine speeds, but at high engine speeds a big valve head with a large overlap phase can make the engine breathe in much more air than it would normally do, effectively the gas momentum cramming more intake charge in just like a supercharger does. that is why race engines can make so much more power than road engines, but struggle to idle smoothly and can be unpleasant to drive at light throttle. cams are generally referred to by the total duration the valve is open for in degrees, most cams have the same duration for the intake and exhaust, but some race cams may use different amounts, particularly on turbo or supercharged engines. a standard cam may have a duration of 240 to 260 degrees, a sporty road cam might have about 275 to 285 degrees, but a full bore race cam could keep the valves open for as much as 310 degrees, although that probably wouldn ' t idle below 4000rpm! the cam designed is a complex subject but the design has a massive effect on how well the engine breaths, many tuning companies offer performance cams sold as ' stage 1 ' etc., but there is no technical definition of a ' stage ' and this is simply a marketing term, one company ' s stage 1 cam might be equivalent to another companies stage 3. the cams are driven by either a chain or a toothed belt that is driven by the crank so everything is synchronised. the crank has to go round twice for the pistons to do all four strokes on a 4 stroke engine, so the cams are driven at half the speed of the crank, this is done by having the cog on the crank half the size of the cogs on the cams. a very small number of engines use a series of gears instead of a belt or chain, one example being the old rolls royce v8, which has the advantage of never needing replacement and maintaining accurate


half the size of the cogs on the cams. a very small number of engines use a series of gears instead of a belt or chain, one example being the old rolls royce v8, which has the advantage of never needing replacement and maintaining accurate timing under all conditions, the down side is that it is heavier and more expensive. adjustable ' vernier ' pulleys are available to fine tune the timing on race engines, these have two parts ; one is the outer cog driven by the chain or belt and the other part is the inner mounting hub onto the camshaft. a ring of bolts join the two halves together, each bolt passes through a slotted hole so that the two parts can be rotated slightly with respect to each other. a typical cam gear, known as a sprocket, may have teeth separated by 10° so fitting the chain either one tooth ahead or behind adjusts timing by 10° either way, fitting a vernier cam wheel allows finer adjustment adjustment within that 10°. retarding the cam by a few degrees can increase low speed torque at the expense of high rpm power, advancing it a few degrees has the opposite effect. a good tuning company balances the intake dimensions, exhaust manifold and systems, port and valve sizes with the right cam type and setting just the right cam timing to achieve the desired characteristics. there is a lot more to cams than just a stick with lumps on.


in several installations the generator manufacturer has installed the brushes so they trail the commutator. in this case, if the generator drive shaft is rotated opposite the normal direction, brush damage can occur. many operators elect to replace their own brushes in the field. this is usually not a problem as long as brush spring tensions are tested and adequate brush seating techniques are used. one nonrecommended technique used for brush seating is after installation of two brush sets ( 180 degrees apart ) in a starter generator to complete two successive ground power starts. after the second start, the brushes are seated. unfortunately, implementing this technique results in excessive arcing between the brushes and the commutator during the first start. the reason the brushes are so well seated after the second start is the arcing causes the commutator surface to resemble a rough cut file. so much for extended brush life. attention should always be paid to the manufacturer ' s recommendations prior to conducting any maintenance on a starter generator. aircraft using separate starters can incorporate brushless generators or rectified alternators. there are several distinct differences in the internal operation of these devices as compared with a unit using brushes. one primary difference is that a brushless unit will include a permanent magnet generator ( pmg ). anytime the shaft of this device is rotating, the pmg has relative movement with a series of coils. this means that even if the cockpit switch is selected " off " there will still be excitation power available when the engine is in operation. frequently, three phase ac power is supplied from this pmg to a generator control unit. here the excitation power is converted to dc and is then metered into the main excitor winding within the generator case. the magnetic field produced by this stationary excitor winding works in conjunction with ( usually three ) main power coils installed on the rotor. output from each power coil is ac and is directed through a diode circuit to change the ac into a rippled dc. feeder cables are used to connect this output into the aircraft electrical distribution system. the generator control unit will also monitor this output and adjust the regulation system according to voltage deficiencies or surges. numerous avionic / airframe system problems arise from anomalies in the power systems. most autoflight systems, as well as electronic flight instrument systems ( efis ), are voltage sensitive. in the event of voltage drop below a specific threshold, the autopilot may disconnect or the efis could black out. in one


##flight systems, as well as electronic flight instrument systems ( efis ), are voltage sensitive. in the event of voltage drop below a specific threshold, the autopilot may disconnect or the efis could black out. in one situation, an aircraft had gone in for a complete interior refurbishment and new avionics. afterwards, on extended duration flights, the autopilot would periodically trip off but would always reset. numerous technicians replaced various components in the autopilot circuit. nothing solved the problem. eventually, a technician flew with the aircraft on an overseas mission and happened to notice that when the flight attendant switched on the new oven in the galley, the autopilot tripped. the technician was able to duplicate this condition time after time. the current draw associated with turning on the oven was causing a momentary voltage drop on the distribution system resulting in the autopilot trip. relocating the oven power supply to a bus that was supplied by more than one generator solved the problem. in other cases, the ripple produced by brush bounce or regulation malfunctions can cause various computers to see voltages that might be out of tolerance for a computer sensor. the computer then signals the flight crew that it has sensed a failure. ground power units ( gpu ) are also not exempt from spiking electrical power systems. in many aircraft the battery ( ies ) can be brought on line with the gpu and serve as a filter. when using a questionable gpu on an electrically sensitive aircraft, connecting a lead acid battery in parallel with the gpu will provide some protection. it is a good idea to periodically test each gpu for excessive voltage ripple. when troubleshooting electronic problems, even those associated with self diagnosing systems, consider the power source before replacing too many components.


warning : in the list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature, an arrow ( - - - > ) only indicates the sequence of valid publication of names and does not mean that the last name in the sequence must be used ( see : introduction ). classification - list of genera included in the order - list of families included in the order - warning : see also the file " classification of prokaryotes : introduction ". picrophilales cavalier - smith 2002, ord. nov. ( type order of the class ¤ picrophilea cavalier - smith 2002 ). type genus : ¤ picrophilus schleper et al. 1996. etymology : n. l. masc. n. picrophilus, type genus of the order ; suff. - ales, ending denoting an order ; n. l. fem. pl. n. picrophilales, the picrophilus order. reference : cavalier - smith ( t. ) : the neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. int. j. syst. evol. microbiol., 2002, 52, 7 - 76. original article in ijsem online copyright © j. p. euzeby the information on this page may not be reproduced, republished or mirrored on another webpage or website. see, legal rights and disclaimers


titanic centenary : swedish dreams of a new life lost at sea in the days after the titanic sank with the loss of 1, 517 lives, the chicago daily tribune published an account of how swedish immigrant and city tram conductor nils palsson discovered his wife alma and four children had perished in the waters of the atlantic. " paulson looked pale and ill when he leaned hungry - eyed over the desk and asked in broken english if his wife or children had been accounted for. " chief clerk ivar holmstrom scanned his list of third - class passengers saved. " he failed to find there any of the names enumerated by paulson. ' perhaps they did not sail, ' he suggested hopefully. " then he looked over the list of those who sailed third class on the titanic... the process of elimination was now complete. " your family was on the boat, but none of them are accounted for, " said clerk holmstrom. " the man on the other side of the counter was assisted to a seat. his face and hands were bathed in cold water before he became fully conscious. " he was finally assisted to the street by gust johnson, a friend who arrived with him. " paulson ' s grief was the most acute of any who visited the offices of the white star, but his loss was the greatest. " his whole family had been wiped out. " a million emigrants during the 19th century failing crops and rising poverty levels made many swedes sell up to start a new life across the atlantic. the 231 nordic passengers - 123 swedes - 89 died - 63 fins - 43 died - 31 norwegians - 21 died - 14 danes - 12 died between the early 1800s and 1930 more than one million swedes left for america. most sailed from southampton or liverpool to new york. on the titanic, the swedes were the largest group after british and american passengers, making swedish the second most spoken language on board, according to titanic expert and author claes - goran wetterholm. " there were more than 200 nordic passengers and they made up almost a third of all third - class passengers, " he explained. of the estimated 1, 300 passengers on board the titanic, there were 123 swedes, 112 in third class. there were 327 british and 306 american passengers on board. nils palsson, a miner, left his home in bjuv, skane, south sweden, in june 1910 for chicago where he got a job as a tram conductor. unknown child ' s grave by april 1912 he had enough money


board. nils palsson, a miner, left his home in bjuv, skane, south sweden, in june 1910 for chicago where he got a job as a tram conductor. unknown child ' s grave by april 1912 he had enough money to pay for alma palsson, 29, and their children gosta leonard, two, stina viola, three, paul folke, five, and torborg danira, eight, to join him. they travelled via copenhagen to england and southampton where they boarded titanic. as the ship began to sink late on 14 april alma dressed her children in their cabin. but they arrived on deck too late for the lifeboats and all of them died that night. alma ' s body was recovered but none of her children was found. in the days after the disaster the body of a fair - haired little boy was found floating in the water near the site of the sinking. he was never identified and was buried at fairview cemetery in halifax, canada. his gravestone read : " erected to the memory of an unknown child ". lars - inge glad, a descendant of nils palsson, said : " for many years it was believed that the ' unknown child ' s grave ' belonged to one of alma ' s children but it turned out to be an english child from third class. " the grave, which is near alma ' s grave at fairview cemetery, was identified in 2007 as that of sidney leslie goodwin, a 19 - month - old boy from wiltshire. mr glad said : " nils never recovered from losing his family, but he remarried another swedish woman called christina. " they moved from chicago to a place not that far away where they bought a house where nils planted four trees in the garden in memory of his wife and children. nils later changed his surname to paulson to make it sound more american. " he died in 1964. the names of their children have been kept alive in our family. my mother ' s second name was viola and my grandmother was called torborg. " the lost ring the story of another swedish victim will live on through her wedding ring. gerda lindell, 30, was also emigrating to america with her husband edvard, 36, on the titanic. the couple, from helsingborg, skane, managed to stay together as the titanic went down and reached collapsible lifeboat a together. august wennerstrom, one of only 34 surviving swedes, later described the events to many newspapers. he said he and edvard managed


skane, managed to stay together as the titanic went down and reached collapsible lifeboat a together. august wennerstrom, one of only 34 surviving swedes, later described the events to many newspapers. he said he and edvard managed to get into the lifeboat but gerda had no strength left to climb in and clung on to the side. eventually she could hold on no longer and drowned. wennerstrom described how edvard ' s hair " turned all grey in lesser time than 30 minutes " before he died, still holding his wife ' s ring in his hand. the survivors were later transferred to another lifeboat and taken to carpathia while the collapsible was left to drift away. gerda ' s body was never found, nor was her husband ' s. but a month later a crew from another ship, oceanic, found the drifting lifeboat about 300 miles from where the titanic sank. last swedish survivor as they began recovering three dead bodies from the raft, they saw something glistening at the bottom. they had found gerda lindell ' s ring. the ring was reunited with her father in sweden after her brother saw a note about it in a local newspaper. for many years the ring, which was a combined wedding and engagement ring, remained in the family and gerda ' s niece wore it. mr wetterholm had heard the story about the ring but until he managed to trace it in 1991 he thought it was a myth. the ring is now stored in a safety deposit box in sweden, but is taken out for exhibitions around the world. another well known swede on board was lillian asplund. she is better known as the last american survivor, although she was actually from sweden. having been born in the us in 1906 to immigrant parents, the family returned to smaland in sweden in 1907 to sort out the family farm after her grandfather ' s death. by 1912 they decided to move back to the us and mr asplund booked them on the titanic. lillian survived along with her mother selma and younger brother felix and were rescued by carpathia. her father and three older brothers died. lillian asplund never wanted to to talk about the events of that fateful night. she died in 2006 at the age of 99.


history of chiropractic daniel david palmer founded chiropractic in 1895, after an experience in which he apparently believed he cured a man ’ s deafness by manipulating his back. he opened the palmer school of chiropractic and began teaching spinal manipulation. this college still exists today, with a fully accredited program. one of palmer ’ s first students was his son, bartlett joshua ( b. j. ) palmer. it was b. j. palmer who truly popularized the technique. later, willard carver, an oklahoma city lawyer, opened a competing school. he believed that chiropractic physicians needed to offer other methods of treatment in addition to spinal manipulation. this opened a schism in the chiropractic world that still exists today. followers of palmer and his methods focus only on spinal adjustments, an approach called " straight " chiropractic. those who, like carver, use various approaches to healing are called " mixers. " mixers may use vitamins, herbs, and any other treatment methods they find useful ( and are allowed to practice by law ). medical treatments in the 19th and early 20th centuries were not based on scientific evidence of effectiveness, and chiropractic treatment was no exception. it became a widespread technique long before there was any real evidence that it worked. chiropractic schools utilized all of their profits and resources to further develop programs for training people in chiropractic techniques — not for verifying the theory and practice of chiropractic. however, in the 1970s, proper scientific research into chiropractic began to draw interest. in 1977, the foundation for chiropractic education and research ( fcer ) established a program to train chiropractic researchers. since then, efforts have been made to fund scientific trials testing the effectiveness of chiropractic techniques and to establish a scientific foundation for the practice. what is the scientific evidence for chiropractic spinal manipulation? chiropractic spinal manipulation has been evaluated scientifically to determine its efficacy, as well as its costs comparative to other forms of health care. however, the evidence is not compelling in either case. although there is some evidence that chiropractic spinal manipulation may be helpful for various medical purposes, in general the evidence is not strong. there are several reasons for this, but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands - on therapy like chiropractic. only one form of study can truly prove


. there are several reasons for this, but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands - on therapy like chiropractic. only one form of study can truly prove that a treatment is effective : the trial. ( for more information on why such studies are so crucial, see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? ) however, it isn ’ t easy to fit chiropractic into a study design of this type. consider the obstacles : what could researchers use for placebo chiropractic treatment? and how could they make sure that both participants and practitioners would be kept in the dark regarding who was receiving real chiropractic manipulation and who was receiving fake manipulation? because of these problems, all studies of chiropractic manipulation fall short of optimum design. many have compared chiropractic treatment against no treatment. however, studies of this type cannot provide reliable evidence about the efficacy of a treatment. if a benefit is seen, there is no way to determine whether it was caused by chiropractic manipulation specifically, or just attention generally. ( attention alone will almost always produce some reported benefit. ) more meaningful trials used some sort of unrelated fake treatment for the control group, such as phony laser acupuncture. however, it is less than ideal to use a placebo treatment that is so very different in form from the treatment under study. better studies compare real chiropractic manipulation against sham forms of manipulation, such as light touch. studies of this type are a definite step forward. however, it is quite likely that the practitioners at least unconsciously conveyed more enthusiasm and optimism when performing the real therapy than the fake therapy ; this, too, could affect the outcome. it has been suggested that the only way to get around this problem would be to compare the effectiveness of trained practitioners to actors trained only enough to provide a simulation of treatment ; however, such studies have not been reported. still other studies have simply involved treating people with chiropractic spinal manipulation and seeing whether they improve. these trials are particularly meaningless ; it has been long since proven that both participants and examining physicians will at least think that they observe improvement in people given a treatment, regardless of whether the treatment does anything on its own. finally, other trials have compared chiropractic manipulation to competing therapies, such as or conventional physical therapy. however, neither of these therapies has been proven effective. when you compare un


whether the treatment does anything on its own. finally, other trials have compared chiropractic manipulation to competing therapies, such as or conventional physical therapy. however, neither of these therapies has been proven effective. when you compare unproven therapies to each other, the results cannot possibly prove that any of the tested treatments are effective. given these caveats, we discuss below what science knows about the effects of chiropractic. besides effectiveness, another important consideration is cost of care. there are many aspects to the cost of treatment, including number of visits to the chosen provider, cost of evaluation procedures such as x - rays, insurance reimbursement versus patient out - of - pocket expense, and costs for missed work time. however, it is difficult to develop accurate cost - comparison figures because there are many complicating factors in research on the subject. for example, one approach is to simply identify people with similar injuries who choose one treatment or another and add up the total cost. unfortunately, the results of such a study can be misleading. people with more or less severe back pain might tend to choose different forms of treatment ; if those with more severe pain usually chose surgical treatment, this would tend to inflate the comparative costs of conventional care and make chiropractic seem less expensive. another potentially complicating factor is that, to a great extent, insurance companies control utilization of treatment. if they are less inclined to authorize chiropractic visits, people who choose chiropractic care might find their care cut off more rapidly than others who choose, say, physical therapy. this too would lead to artificially low costs of chiropractic treatment compared to physical therapy, skewing the results of the study. these problems could be solved by conducting a study in which researchers randomly assign participants to certain treatments, with the length of treatment determined entirely by the treating physician. unfortunately, studies of this type have not yet been conducted. chiropractic spinal manipulation is one of the most popular treatments for acute and chronic back pain in the us, and it may in fact provide at least modest benefit. however, as yet, research evidence has failed to find chiropractic manipulation convincingly more effective than standard medical care. chiropractic does seem to be more effective than placebo, if not by a great deal. for example, a single - blind controlled study of 84 people suffering from low back pain compared manipulation to treatment with a diathermy machine (


. chiropractic does seem to be more effective than placebo, if not by a great deal. for example, a single - blind controlled study of 84 people suffering from low back pain compared manipulation to treatment with a diathermy machine ( a physical therapy machine that uses microwaves to create heat beneath the skin ) that was not actually functioning. the researchers asked the participants to assess their own pain levels within 15 minutes of the first treatment, then 3 and 7 days after treatment. the only statistically significant difference between the two groups was within 15 minutes of the manipulation. ( chiropractic had better results at that point. ) in another single - blind, placebo - controlled study, researchers assigned 209 participants to one of three groups : a high - velocity, low - amplitude ( hvla ) spinal manipulation ; a sham manipulation ; or a back - education program. although this has been reported as a positive study, most of the differences seen between the groups were not statistically significant. in addition, because almost half the participants dropped out of the study before the end, the results can ' t be regarded as meaningful. unimpressive results were also seen in a well - designed study of 321 people with back pain comparing chiropractic manipulation, a special form of physical therapy ( the mackenzie method ), and the provision of an educational booklet in treating low back pain. all groups improved to about the same extent. several studies evaluated the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation combined with a different kind of treatment called mobilization, but they too found little to no benefit. on a positive note, one study of 100 people with back pain and sciatica symptoms ( pain down the leg due to disc protrusion ) found that chiropractic manipulation was significantly more effective at relieving symptoms than sham chiropractic manipulation. several studies have found that chiropractic is at least as helpful as other commonly used therapies for low back pain, such as muscle relaxants, anti - inflammatory medication, soft - tissue, conventional medical care, and physical therapy. for example, a large, well - designed study found chiropractic manipulation more effective than general medical care and exercise therapy. note : physical therapy, the main conventional therapy for back pain, also lacks consistent supporting evidence. for example, in one large study of people with back pain, a single session of advice proved equally effective as a full course of physical therapy for back pain. as with back pain, despite the widespread use of chiroprac


lacks consistent supporting evidence. for example, in one large study of people with back pain, a single session of advice proved equally effective as a full course of physical therapy for back pain. as with back pain, despite the widespread use of chiropractic spinal manipulation for neck pain, there is as yet no reliable evidence that it works any better than other therapies, particularly over the long - term. of the limited number of studies performed, most have failed to find manipulation ( with or without mobilization or massage ) convincingly more effective than placebo or no treatment. one large study ( almost 200 participants ) found that a special exercise program ( medx ) was more effective than manipulation. however, a study reported in 2006 showed that a single high - velocity, low - amplitude ( eg, chiropractic - style ) manipulation of the neck was more effective than a single mobilization procedure in improving range of motion and pain in people with neck pain. and a 2010 systematic review, including 17 randomized trials, found mixed results for the benefits of manual therapy ( including manipulation and mobilization ) combined with exercise. according to these researchers, high - quality studies showed manual therapy plus exercise to be more effective than exercise alone in the short - term, but there was no difference over the long - term. upper extremity pain patients often seek out chiropractic for painful conditions affecting their upper extremities ( eg, shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand ). a recent search and analysis of all published studies examining the effectiveness of chiropractic for these conditions revealed mostly case studies, an unreliable source of evidence. the few uncovered controlled trials were of insufficient quality to draw any reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of chiropractic for painful conditions of the upper extremity. tension headaches and cervicogenic headaches many people experience headaches caused by muscle tension, neck problems, or a combination of the two. because these so - called and cervicogenic headaches ( caused by neck problems ) overlap, we discuss them together here. chiropractic spinal manipulation has shown some promise for these conditions, but the evidence remains incomplete and somewhat contradictory. in a controlled trial of 150 people, investigators compared spinal manipulation to the drug amitriptyline for the treatment of chronic tension - type headaches. by the end of the 6 - week treatment period, participants in both groups had improved similarly. however, 4 weeks after treatment was stopped, people who had received spinal manipulation showed greater reduction in headache intensity


the treatment of chronic tension - type headaches. by the end of the 6 - week treatment period, participants in both groups had improved similarly. however, 4 weeks after treatment was stopped, people who had received spinal manipulation showed greater reduction in headache intensity and frequency and over - the - counter medication usage than those who used the medication. the difference in the amount of improvement between the groups was statistically significant. in another positive trial, 53 people with cervicogenic headaches received chiropractic spinal manipulation or laser acupuncture plus massage. chiropractic manipulation was more effective. however, a similar study of 75 people with recurrent tension headaches found no difference between the two groups. other, smaller studies of spinal manipulation have been reported as well, with mixed results. in a controlled trial, 200 people with cervicogenic headaches were randomly assigned to receive one of four therapies : manipulation, a special exercise technique, exercise plus manipulation, or no therapy. each participant received at least 8 to 12 treatments over a period of 6 weeks. all three treatment approaches produced better results than no treatment, and approximately the same effect as each other. however, these results prove little because, as noted earlier, any treatment whatsoever will generally produce better results than no treatment. a review of 5 randomized trials with 348 patients found that spinal manipulation was more effective than medication ( amitriptyline ), manipulation with placebo, sham manipulation with placebo, standard treatment, or no treatment. however, there was no significant difference in headache pain or intensity when comparing spinal manipulation to soft tissue therapy with placebo laser. 83 there is some evidence that chiropractic manipulation may provide both long - and short - term benefits for in a double - blind, placebo - controlled study, 123 participants suffering from migraine headaches were treated for 2 months with chiropractic manipulations or fake electrical therapy ( electrodes placed on the body without electrical current sent between them ) as placebo. the study lasted a total of 6 months : 2 months pre - treatment, 2 months of treatment, and 2 months post - treatment. after 2 months of treatment, those receiving chiropractic manipulation showed improvement in headache severity and frequency compared to the control group. furthermore, these benefits persisted to a 2 - month follow - up evaluation. chiropractic manipulation also produced relatively prolonged benefits in another trial as well. in this study, 218 people with migraine headaches were divided into three groups : manipulation, medication (


these benefits persisted to a 2 - month follow - up evaluation. chiropractic manipulation also produced relatively prolonged benefits in another trial as well. in this study, 218 people with migraine headaches were divided into three groups : manipulation, medication ( amitriptyline ), or manipulation plus medication. during the 4 weeks of treatment, all three groups experienced comparable benefits. during the follow - up 4 - week period, however, people who had received manipulation alone experienced more benefit than those who had been in the other two groups. however, a study of 85 people with migraines compared spinal manipulation against two other treatments : manipulation performed by a non - chiropractor and mobilization. the results showed no difference between groups. chiropractic has been evaluated for many other conditions as well, but the results as yet provide little evidence of benefit. is a common and frustrating problem. although chiropractic manipulation has been promoted as a treatment for this condition, there is as yet little evidence that it offers specific benefits. in a single - blind, placebo - controlled trial, a total of 86 infants either received three chiropractic treatments or were held for 10 minutes by a nurse. while a high percentage of infants improved, there was no significant difference between the two groups. another trial compared spinal manipulation to the drug dimethicone. while chiropractic proved more effective than the medication, dimethicone itself has never been proven effective for infantile colic, and the study did not use a placebo group. for this reason, the results of this study indicate little about the effectiveness of chiropractic treatment for infantile colic. a small crossover trial of chiropractic for found equivocal results. a small trial compared real and sham activator - style chiropractic treatment in people with phobias and found some evidence of benefit. in two controlled studies comparing spinal manipulation to sham manipulation for treatment of people with, the results showed equal improvement for participants in the two groups. these results suggest that the benefits were most likely caused by the attention given by the chiropractor, and not due to the spinal manipulation itself. however, one of these studies has been sharply criticized for using as a sham treatment a chiropractic method perfectly capable of producing a therapeutic effect. this could hide real benefits of the tested form of chiropractic. ( if the “ placebo ” treatment used in a study is actually better than placebo, and the tested treatment does no better


method perfectly capable of producing a therapeutic effect. this could hide real benefits of the tested form of chiropractic. ( if the “ placebo ” treatment used in a study is actually better than placebo, and the tested treatment does no better than this “ placebo, ” the results would appear to indicate that the tested treatment is no better than placebo, and, hence, ineffective. ) dysmenorrhea ( menstrual pain ) a single - blind, placebo - controlled study of 138 women complaining of compared spinal manipulation to sham manipulation for four menstrual cycles and found no differences between the two groups. high blood pressure in a study of 148 people with mild high blood pressure, use of chiropractic spinal manipulation plus dietary changes failed to prove more effective for reducing blood pressure than dietary changes alone. a single - blind, placebo - controlled trial compared real and sham chiropractic ( activator technique ) in 46 children with problems, but failed to find a statistically significant difference between the groups. weak evidence hints that chiropractic could be somewhat helpful for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( curvature of the spine that occurs for no clear reason in adolescents ). chiropractic manipulation appears to be generally safe — rarely causing serious side effects. however, a temporary increase of symptoms may occur relatively frequently. other side effects include temporary headache, tiredness, and discomfort radiating from the site of the adjustment. more serious complications may occur on rare occasions. these are primarily associated with manipulation of the neck. articles have been published that document a total of almost 200 cases of more serious complications associated with neck manipulation, including stroke, vertebral fracture, disc herniation, severely increased sensation of nerve pinching, and rupture of the windpipe. more than half of these reports involve some form of stroke, often due to a tear in a major blood vessel at the base of the neck ( the vertebral artery ). although attempts have been made to determine in advance who will experience strokes following chiropractic, they have not been successful. thus, stroke must be considered an unpredictable, though rare, side effect of chiropractic manipulation of the neck. to put this in perspective, however, the rate of complications from chiropractic is extremely low. according to one estimate, only one complication per million individual sessions occurs. among people receiving a course of treatment involving manipulation of the neck, the rate of stroke is perhaps one per


if he casts the right fly, an angler can catch some really big fish. scientists are the same way, needing the right type of microscope to visualize nature ' s smallest molecules and atoms. now, researchers are redesigning their light microscopes to catch a glimpse of some of the most miniscule molecules, those that make proteins in bacteria and archaea. a promising solution is the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) and stochastical optical reconstruction microscopy ( storm ). together, these techniques are improving our understanding of how bacteria and archaea transcribe dna to rna and then translate rna to proteins. in addition, they are re - shaping how cell biology studies relate to environmental microbes. luring and lighting biomolecules " light microscopy has been a workhorse in cell biological research, " says harvard biophysicist xiaowei zhuang. she says scientists want to use light microscopy to study cells, especially live ones, because it is non - invasive. the problem, however, with zooming in on biomolecules and their movements in bacteria and archaea is the small size of the individual cells. at only about three micrometers long and a micrometer wide, bacterial and archaeal cells come into focus just around the diffraction limit of light, which is about 200 nanometers. with light microscopy, scientists can see a cell but not its nuclear and cellular machinery. even though these cells are relatively simpler than mammalian cells and other eukaryotic ones, scientists still know little about them. to get a better look, zhuang and her collaborators developed storm in 2008 ( 1 ). zhuang ' s group has used it to image individually labeled proteins in live cells, including bacteria and archaea. and, like pairing the right fly with a great bait, other researchers are using storm with their own techniques to " look at the distribution and dynamics of nuclear targets at a resolution that is far from the reach of conventional microscopy, " says bakshi. for example, cristina moraru of the max planck institute for marine microbiology in germany and colleagues wanted to know where ribosomes sit within the cell because those molecular machines interact with the nucleoid — the carrier of the genetic information in archaea and bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru


bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru ’ s group reported on a combined storm and fish approach to locate ribosomes in an escherichia coli cell. moraru ’ s team used fish to label specific sequences of ribosomal rna with fluorescent probes, and then imaged the samples with storm. " in the end, all these differences could reflect in the way the cell answer to environmental changes, and therefore, in the fitness and survival, " says moraru. in the near future, she adds, scientists could use storm, fish, and other super - resolution techniques to count of the number of ribosomes in a bacterium. ribosomal catch and release counting the number of ribosomes is essential to understanding how bacteria grow. moraru explains that " the regulation of ribosome numbers in microbial cells is complex and, probably, there will not always be a direct correlation between ribosome numbers and metabolic activity. " but it is likely that a cell with a high ribosome content will be more active compared with one with a low ribosome content. if scientists can count ribosomes, they could get a sense of the level of metabolic activity in microbial cells. but scientists have not yet counted the exact numbers of ribosomes per cell ; the fish protocol and rna probes need to be more efficient at hybridization. " work in this direction is in progress, and we are confident that there is only a matter of time till ribosome quantification per cell will be achieved, " says moraru. so far, prokaryotic cell biology studies have been limited because many methods are not compatible with uncultivated microorganisms. but because the fish - storm approach uses rna probes that target different microbial taxa in environmental samples, scientists could study ribosome variation across bacterial species. " by looking at samples from different environmental conditions, from warm season versus cold season, or, from high salinity versus low salinity, the variation of ribosome number across environmental conditions could be assessed, " says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. " targeting rrna by super - resolution fish


says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. " targeting rrna by super - resolution fish is only the beginning. in the near future, we envision targeting the other nucleic acid components of microbial cells to reveal the sub - cellular localization and numbers of specific genes and mrnas, " says moraru. a different kettle but the fish - storm approach isn ' t the only way to bait biomolecules in small cells. bakshi, a graduate student in university of wisconsin - madison chemist james weisshaar ' s lab, uses a technique called pointillism to do sub - diffraction limit imaging. with this technique, he constructs an image of a cell by localizing a large number of single molecules iteratively. this requires labels that can be switched on and off, but generates resolution up to 20 – 30 nanometers. in contrast to fish, bakshi ’ s approachcan be used for live - cell imaging. to truly understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the behavior of any biomolecule, says bakshi, requires that scientists can probe one molecule at a time. his team ' s technique gives them the position and movement of a single object in a cell at a high spatio - temporal resolution. " when we are looking at a ribosome, it enables us to determine which molecules are involved in translation and where they are inside the cell, " he says. in a 2012 paper published in molecular microbiology ( 3 ), he and weisshaar reported that most of e. coli ' s translation is not coupled with transcription — a discovery that runs counter to the common view in the scientific literature. bakshi says that since bacteria lack a nuclear membrane — which separates the nucleoid from the rest of the cytoplasm — co - transcriptional translation is possible in the cells. to what extent the translation process is coupled to transcription, however, was not clear. electron microscope images of ribosomes in cell extract, published in the 1970s, suggested that all translating ribosomes are joined to the chromosome through transcriptional coupling. " when we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, " says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its


we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, " says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its transcription. the mrna gets released from proteins associated with the nucleoid once transcription terminates and is then translated by ribosomes without being attached to dna for the rest of its lifetime, he says. the techniques — whether it ' s fish, storm, or something else — ultimately let biologists cast deeper lines into individual cells of bacteria and archaea, learning more about their molecular and metabolic dynamics. 1. huang, b., w. wang, m. bates, and x. zhuang. 2008. three - dimensional super - resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. science 319 ( 5864 ) : 810 - 813. 2. moraru, c. and amann, r. ( 2012 ). " crystal ball : fluorescence in situ hybridization in the age of super - resolution microscopy. " systematic and applied microbiology. in press. 3. bakshi, s. et al. ( 2012 ). super - resolution imaging of ribosomes and rna polymerase in live escherichia coli cells. " molecular microbiology 85 ( 1 ) : 21 – 38 4. wang, w. et al. ( 2011 ). " chromosome organization by a nucleoid - associated protein in live bacteria. " science 333 : 1445 - 1449.


birds buffer against virus north american scientists studying west nile virus have shown that more diverse bird populations can help to buffer people against infection. since the virus first spread to north america it has reached epidemic proportions and claimed over 1, 100 human lives. “ this is an important example of the links between biodiversity and human health ”, commented dr stuart butchart, birdlife ' s global research and indicators coordinator. biodiversity is increasingly being recognised as socially and economically important because of the valuable services it provides. the authors of this latest research - john swaddle and stavros calos - highlighted the “ increasing evidence for economically valuable ecosystem services provided by biodiversity ”. west nile virus mainly affects birds but can be transferred to humans via mosquitoes. it first spread to north america in 2002, and since that time it has reached an epidemic scale with over 28, 000 human cases – including 1, 100 deaths - being reported. the cost of west nile virus - related healthcare in the united states was estimated at $ 200 million in 2002 alone. the virus is also an important threat to bird populations. over 300 species act as hosts, although american robin turdus migratorius has been named as largely responsible for transmission from birds to humans. “ west nile virus may compound existing pressures - like habitat loss - to increase the risk of extinction for species ”, commented dr butchart. for example, yellow - billed magpie pica nuttalli, which is found only in california, appears to have declined by almost 50 % in the last two years as a consequence of the disease. “ this is an important example of the links between biodiversity and human health ” — dr stuart butchart, birdlife ' s global research and indicators coordinator scientists studying the virus looked at us counties east of the mississippi river and compared their avian diversity with the number of human cases. they found that high bird diversity was linked with low incidence of the virus in humans. they reported that about half of the human incidences of west nile virus could be explained by the differences in local bird populations. the study ’ s results also suggest that bird communities lowered human case numbers even when the epidemic was underway. the way in which biodiversity and disease rates are linked has been dubbed the ‘ dilution effect ’. although the exact mechanisms aren ’ t currently clear, scientists believe that increased diversity within an ecosystem reduces - or dilutes - the proportion of suitable hosts for a disease, and therefore reduces transmission rates. it has previously been studied through another infection, lyme disease, but this new research suggests


at least a thousand years before the jewish concept of humans being made in the image of god ( genesis 1, 27 ), african sages said the sanctity of life is the central pillar inside each human being. this concept was introduced in the sebait of kheti for his son meritkara in the first intermediate period, more specifically in the 9th dynasty ( c. 4042 - 3633 bce ). kheti ’ s comments not only provide the earliest known concept of humans as the images of god, but they also pose them as the children or offspring of god ( karenga, maat, p. 225, 318 ). out of this evolved concepts of the sanctity of human life and humans as the bearers of dignity and divinity — both characterizing what it means to be human — and both constituting the source of good character. thus, ones dignity is the absolute reality and significance of ones selfhood and ones divinity is the subtle and hidden qualities of god ’ s consciousness that requires cultivation throughout ones lifetime. by being of a spiritual nature both are without degrees. this ancient africans belief in man being made in the image of god ( snn ntr ; imago dei ) became the spiritual grounding or meaning for human dignity and divinity ; for the sacredness of life ; and for moral responsibility. hence it followed that the moral relationship between one human and another ought to be that of acknowledgement of the dignity and divinity bestowed on every person and the appreciation of whatever flows out of and / or contributes to either or both. to appreciate ones dignity demands the acquisition of african - type moral character. african - type moral character is fashioned around the spark of the divine presence within each human being. this means that whereas dignity and divinity are birth gifts, ones dignity must be displayed around ones divinity while ones divinity must be cultivated into enlightenment. when one esteems who one is, based upon ones dignity, and then attaches to ones dignity the tasks one does in life and carries those tasks to completion, one exhibits self - respect. selfhood mastery means one maintains moral character every time one is being severely tested. | < prev | | next > |


how one word developed a split personality to me, one of the best things about being an english speaker is affixes - those little additions before or after the root of a word that can transform its meaning. our language allows us to be almost endlessly creative in how we combine and recombine words and word parts. take the case of the two affixes robo - and - bot : two sides of the same word, but with very different effects. compare the roboturtle ( an engineering project described as “ an agile and aggressively maneuvering biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicle ” ) with turtlebot ( a homebrew robot kit that “ can explore your house on its own! ” ) the word robot, in the sense of a machine capable of independent action, was ushered into the language in 1920 by the play “ r. u. r. : rossum ’ s universal robots. ” according to karel capek, the play ’ s czech author, his brother josef suggested that he take the word from the czech robota ( meaning “ forced labor ” or “ drudgery ” ) rather than create a word from a latin root. ( according to the oxford english dictionary, the word android, “ an automaton resembling a human being, ” is nearly 200 years older. ) but in the 90 - odd years since we ’ ve had the word robot, it ’ s undergone a personality split into two different affixes, robo - and - bot. this isn ’ t surprising - there ’ s a language - learning strategy called the “ principle of contrast, ” which basically means that when we learn a language, we come to expect that two words should never be exact synonyms. even for words as close in meaning as baggage and luggage, there tend to be definite distinctions in use ( for instance, we talk often about “ emotional baggage, ” but would mention “ emotional luggage ” only as a joke ). so robo - and - bot may have started out as similar affixes, but as new generations of english speakers have adopted them - and expected them to be different - they have drifted apart. robo - is the stronger of the two affixes, and it has taken on a slightly more menacing air. compounds with robo - tend to focus on qualities of strength and unstoppableness - for good or ill. although the robocop of the 1987 movie of the same name was a hero, later references to robocops have focused more on the supposedly dehum


tend to focus on qualities of strength and unstoppableness - for good or ill. although the robocop of the 1987 movie of the same name was a hero, later references to robocops have focused more on the supposedly dehumanized nature of over - armored police. robocalls, those auto - dialed nuisances, inexorably interrupt you during dinner, and the calls used for negative political campaigning are sometimes called robo - slime ; robo - polls are calls used to conduct scientifically questionable surveys. robo - trading, using algorithms to automatically buy and sell stocks and securities, was widely blamed for last year ’ s “ flash crash, ” when the dow jones industrial average dropped more than 600 points in five minutes. and the outcry over robo - signers, mortgage - company employees who signed thousands of foreclosure documents without looking at them, led major banks ( including other more - scary - than - cute robo - compounds include the robo - toilet, which, with its motion - activated lid and seat, sounds like an accident waiting to happen ; the robotaxi, which has space for two passengers ( without bags ) but no driver ; and the robonaut, a semi - humanoid joint project of gm and nasa, intended to help on both spacewalks and assembly lines. ( why semi - humanoid? the robonaut has no legs. ) even the most innocuous nouns can take on a harder edge when preceded by robo - : in the 2010 movie “ megamind, ” megamind laments that he “ had so many evil plans in the works - the illiteracy beam, typhoon cheese, robosheep.... ” the suffix - bot, on the other hand, is a bit more cuddly : think roomba, not robocop. early uses of - bot marked computer programs that automatically interacted with information online, and ranged from helpful to slightly annoying : searchbots to build indexes of webpages, spambots, floodbots ( which pushed information where it wasn ’ t wanted ), cancelbots ( which removed unwanted information ), and chatbots or chatterbots ( programs designed to engage in more - or - less human - sounding conversation ). these - bots were easy to anthropomorphize, and more or less harmless - unlike, say, an autonomous evil cyborg. more recently, twitter has been colonized by a host of twitterbots,


sounding conversation ). these - bots were easy to anthropomorphize, and more or less harmless - unlike, say, an autonomous evil cyborg. more recently, twitter has been colonized by a host of twitterbots, little programs that automatically find, create, or send data. many are annoying and spammy, bombarding the poor souls who happen to tweet about ipads or other hot products with commercial messages. but some are pure entertainment, such as a comedybot, which automatically posts bits from comedians, or @ einsteinbot, which autotweets quotes from albert einstein. friendlier words seem to be more easily suffixed with - bot. there are guidebots and guardbots, helpbots and healthbots, medbots and newsbots, shopbots and teachbots. the chalkbot writes inspirational messages in chalk on the roadway ; the dustbot is an “ on - call robotic rubbish collection service ” being tried in italy. the suffix - bot is also popular in product names - there ’ s jambot ( musical software ), kegbot ( a beer dispenser that tracks how much you ’ ve consumed ), and wattbot ( which helps you figure out whether you can save money through renewable energy sources ). dorkbot is an organization for those interested in electronic art ; makerbot is a company that creates 3d printers - which can also make parts for more makerbots. when - bot words do turn unfriendly, they emphasize the knee - jerk automaticity of what ’ s being done, and so are often political. there are obamabots and randbots ; romneybots, republibots, and dembots, conserva - bots, bushbots, palinbots, paulbots ( ron paul enthusiasts ), and limbots ( followers of rush limbaugh ). the scariest - bot may be the fembot, encompassing the evil - but - hot fembots of austin powers, ads for svedka vodka, and the robyn song that insists that “ fembots have feelings too. ” why don ’ t we call them robo - femmes? because they ’ re still more sexy than scary : thus the - bot suffix. so what happened to make robo - take the aggressive path and - bot the cute and friendly one? other words that have split into prefix - suffix pairs have clearer rationales for their separate meanings : alcoholic ’ s more common - holic suffix is used for any addiction, with alco


take the aggressive path and - bot the cute and friendly one? other words that have split into prefix - suffix pairs have clearer rationales for their separate meanings : alcoholic ’ s more common - holic suffix is used for any addiction, with alco - reserved for things related to alcohol, such as alcopops ( alcoholic drinks that taste like soft drinks ) and alcolocks ( devices that disable a car ’ s ignition if the driver has had too much to drink ). more commonly, though, it ’ s only the less - specific tail end of a word that goes on to a productive life as a suffix : the - thon of marathon, the - naut of astronaut, the - gate of watergate. perhaps it ’ s because robot ’ s two syllables are equally meaningful ( or meaningless ) that we can get two different affixes out of it : - bot, as a suffix, acts more like a cute diminutive, like - let or - ling, while robo -, as a prefix, behaves more like a menacing intensifier, like mega - and uber -. either way, at this point, the divergence looks as if it ’ s here to stay - and is almost, dare we say, automatic.


sir ferdinando gorgesarticle free pass sir ferdinando gorges, ( born c. 1566, probably at wraxall, somerset, eng. — died 1647, long ashton, gloucestershire ), british proprietary founder of maine, who promoted, though unsuccessfully, the colonization of new england along aristocratic lines. after a colourful military career in his early manhood, during which he was knighted ( 1591 ), gorges ’ life after 1605 was dominated by attempts to gain royal sanction for various settlement schemes in north america, although he himself never traveled there. he felt that colonizing should be a royal endeavour and that colonies should be kept under rigid control from above. in 1620 gorges succeeded in obtaining a charter to develop the council for new england — a proprietary grant covering the entire area in north america between the 40th and 48th parallels. he intended to distribute the land as manors and fiefs to fellow gentry who were members of the council but was thwarted by the success of two vigorous, middle - class, self - governing english colonies founded by joint - stock companies at plymouth and massachusetts bay. since these new england settlements had received their charters directly from the crown, the council was thus bypassed as an intermediary. gorges was the recipient of several land grants during his lifetime, most importantly the charter for maine in 1639. although his agents set up a provincial government there, the english civil wars and gorges ’ advancing age prevented him from fulfilling his american dream. what made you want to look up " sir ferdinando gorges "? please share what surprised you most...


medici familyarticle free pass medici family, french medicis, italian bourgeois family that ruled florence and, later, tuscany, during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals ( from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530 ). it provided the church with four popes ( leo x, clement vii, pius iv, and leon xi ) and married into the royal families of europe ( most notably in france, in the persons of queens catherine de medicis and marie de medicis ). three lines of medici successively approached or acquired positions of power ( see the table ). the line of chiarissimo ii failed to gain power in florence in the 14th century. in the 15th century the line of cosimo the elder set up a hereditary principate in florence but without legal right or title, hence subject to sudden overthrow ; crowns burgeoned, however, on the last branches of their genealogical tree, for two of them were dukes outside florence, their last heir in a direct line became queen of france ( catherine de medicis ), and their final offspring, alessandro, a bastard, was duke of florence. in the 16th century a third line renounced republican notions and imposed its tyranny, and its members made themselves a dynasty of grand dukes of tuscany. the differences between these three collateral lines are due essentially to circumstances, for there was, in all the medici, an extraordinary persistence of hereditary traits. in the first place, not being soldiers, they were constantly confronting their adversaries with bribes of gold rather than with battalions of armed men. in addition, the early medici resolutely courted favour with the middle and poorer classes in the city, and this determination to be popolani ( “ plebeian ” ) endured a long time after them. finally, all were consumed by a passion for arts and letters and for building. they were more than beneficent and ostentatious patrons of the arts ; they were also enlightened and were probably the most magnificent such patrons that the west has ever seen. line of chiarissimo ii. the medici were originally of tuscan peasant origin, from the village of cafaggiolo in the mugello, the valley of the sieve, north of florence. some of these villagers, in the 12th century perhaps, became aware of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to florence. there, by the following century, the medici were counted among the wealthy notables,


the sieve, north of florence. some of these villagers, in the 12th century perhaps, became aware of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to florence. there, by the following century, the medici were counted among the wealthy notables, although in the second rank, after leading families of the city. after 1340 an economic depression throughout europe forced these more powerful houses into bankruptcy. the medici, however, were able to escape this fate and even took advantage of it to establish themselves among the city ’ s elite. but their policy of consolidating their position by controlling the government — the work of the descendants of chiarissimo ii ( himself the grandson of the first known medici ) — resulted in 50 years of serious misfortunes for the family ( 1343 – 93 ). his grandson salvestro took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto ( “ common people ” ) and was elected gonfalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government, in 1378. salvestro more or less willingly stirred up an insurrection of the ciompi, the artisans of the lowest class, and, after their victory, was not above reaping substantial monetary and titular advantages. but in 1381, when the popular government fell, he had to go into exile. his memory, however, was still alive in 1393, when the popolo magro ( “ lean people ” ) once more thought it possible to take over the signoria. the mob hastened to seek out his first cousin, vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without losing face. with vieri this branch of the medici was to disappear definitively from history. line of cosimo the elder. a distant cousin of salvestro was averardo de ’ medici ( or bicci ), whose progeny became the famous medici of history. his son giovanni di bicci de ’ medici ( 1360 – 1429 ), considered the first of the great medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. giovanni ’ s two sons, cosimo ( 1389 – 1464 ) and lorenzo ( 1394 – 1440 ), both of whom acquired the appellation of “ the elder, ” founded the famous lines of the medici family. cosimo de ’ medici, the older brother, established the family ’ s political base. he served on the florentine board of war,


acquired the appellation of “ the elder, ” founded the famous lines of the medici family. cosimo de ’ medici, the older brother, established the family ’ s political base. he served on the florentine board of war, called the dieci ( the ten ), and held other posts. his two sons were piero ( 1416 – 69 ) and giovanni ( 1424 – 63 ). the latter died before his father, who in death received the title “ father of his country. ” piero di cosimo de ’ medici maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. he also fathered two sons, one of whom, giuliano ( 1453 – 78 ) was assassinated. the second son, lorenzo ( 1449 – 92 ), became in his own time il magnifico ( the magnificent ). lorenzo de ’ medici deservedly holds an honoured place in the history of florence and italy. inheriting from his forebears a deep respect for arts and letters, he became a poet himself as well as a patron of artists and a skilled statesman. his three children, piero ( 1472 – 1503 ), giovanni ( 1475 – 1521 ) — later leo x — and giuliano ( 1479 – 1516 ), played contrasting roles in the city ’ s history. assuming the mantle of family power from lorenzo, piero alienated the people of florence by siding with the french. because of this act, considered a betrayal, the medici had to flee florence ( 1494 ). giovanni, at that time a cardinal, used his influence with pope julius ii to bring the family back to positions of power. giuliano, who received the french title of duc de nemours, was in poor health and died relatively young. piero, oldest of the children of lorenzo the magnificent, fathered one son, also named lorenzo ( 1492 – 1519 ), who in turn had a daughter, catherine ( 1519 – 89 ), who became queen of france as wife of henry ii ; three of her four sons became kings of france. giovanni, second son of lorenzo the magnificent, became pope leo x. in commemoration of the deaths of giuliano and lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned michelangelo to complete the famous medici tombs in florence. the few years of this period are often considered to be the apogee of the medici age. the period has even been called “ the century of leo x. ” from


supreme court of japanarticle free pass supreme court of japan, japanese saiko saibansho, the highest court in japan, a court of last resort with powers of judicial review and the responsibility for judicial administration and legal training. the court was created in 1947 during the u. s. occupation and is modelled to some extent after the u. s. supreme court. as was the federal constitutional court of west germany, the supreme court of japan was endowed with the prerogative of judicial review, largely as a result of u. s. influence. the supreme court of japan is the successor to the daishin - in, which was established in 1875 and reorganized in 1890 under the meiji constitution ( 1889 ) as a supreme court of final appeal in criminal and civil cases. under the control of the ministry of justice, that court had little independence and could not deal with questions of constitutionality. the 1947 court, therefore, was intended to have the freedom to work independently of the government and to decide the constitutionality of statutes and administrative decisions. the supreme court of japan is made up of 14 justices and a chief justice, who sit as the grand bench to hear constitutional cases and cases that a petty bench ( made up of five of the justices ) has been unable to decide. there are three petty benches : civil, criminal, and administrative. a petty bench may consider a constitutional issue only if the grand bench has set precedent in the specific area covered. distribution of cases among the petty benches and assignments of individual supreme court judges are determined by the entire court sitting as the judicial assembly. the assembly is responsible for determining regulations for the national courts, the public prosecutors, and the legal profession and for disciplining violators of these regulations. as japan has a unified national court system, all courts are under the control of the supreme court. the court even prepares a list of nominees for positions in the inferior courts. the judicial assembly, through the legal training and research institute, also oversees graduate legal training for those who wish to pursue careers as judges, prosecutors, and lawyers. the justices are appointed by the cabinet ( the chief justice by the emperor upon designation by the cabinet ). at least two - thirds must have considerable experience as lawyers, prosecutors, law professors, or members of high courts. justices serve for life but may be retired for advanced age or ill health ; they may also be impeached by the diet. the only restriction on the justices is that they are forbidden to take part in politics. theoretically, the public has some control over the appointments


chapter 20 : long acre the formation of the parish of st. paul, covent garden, in 1645 left a long strip of ground between the northern boundary of that parish and castle street, long acre, the northern boundary of the parish of st. martinin - the - fields ; through this strip runs the street called long acre. the street takes its name from a field known as long acre, which consisted originally of 7 acres and was purchased ( ref. 158 ) by henry viii, together with covent garden adjoining it on the south, from the abbey of westminster. it was then held on lease by william browne. in july, 1547, long acre and covent garden were granted ( ref. 26 ) to edward, duke of somerset, the protector, who, four years later, in december, 1551, was sentenced to death in westminster hall. we are told that the people " supposing he had been clerely quitt, when they see the axe of the tower put downe, made such a shryke and castinge up of caps, that it was heard into the long acre beyonde charinge crosse. " ( ref. 187 ) in may, 1552, john, earl of bedford, obtained a grant " of the land called le covent garden ; and the 7 ac. land and pasture called long acre abutting on st. martin ' s lane on the west, on foscue [ drury ] lane on the east, on the strand on the south, and upon the land called elmfield pertaining to the mercers ' company on the north, to hold as of the manor of east greenwich. " ( ref. 26 ) bedford ' s descendants retained possession of this property almost down to the present day. elmfield, to the north of long acre, was not bought by henry viii, but remained in the possession of the mercers ' company. in 1614 the mercers granted a 30 years ' lease of it to thomas, earl of exeter, who in the following year sold his lease to sir william slingsby. the street called long acre was laid out at about this time by slingsby and the earl of bedford, the line of the street following approximately the line of the common boundary of their properties. thenceforth the term long acre was frequently applied to the ground on both sides of the street, and in 1650 when the mercers ' ground was surveyed it was referred to as " elme close alias long acre, " and a certain captain disher tried to prove that it was


was frequently applied to the ground on both sides of the street, and in 1650 when the mercers ' ground was surveyed it was referred to as " elme close alias long acre, " and a certain captain disher tried to prove that it was part of the property purchased by henry viii. ( ref. 188 ) from 1616 onward there were frequent complaints about buildings in long acre erected " contrary to the king ' s proclamation. " in 1630 francis, earl of bedford and sir henry cary ( then tenant of elmfield ) replied to a letter ordering them " to cleanse and make passable the way called long acre " that their predecessors had granted long leases of their lands adjoining the street " in hope to procure fair and spacious buildings to be there erected, " and that if the king would give them leave to build they would " pave and keep it as well as any other street in london. " ( ref. 36 ) part of elmfield was granted by slingsby to the churchwardens of st. clement danes for use as a laystall. in 1636 this laystall was condemned by the justices of the peace for westminster as a " nuisance, " but the churchwardens successfully appealed against this decision by stating that the houses in the neighbourhood had been built since the formation of the laystall and " the building of houses there is a greater nuisance and inconvenience to the public than the placing of the laystall can be. " ( ref. 36 ) nevertheless by various shifts and expendients building went on. in december, 1637, william portington, lieutenant of the horse for middlesex, appealed against an order of the commissioners for buildings for the demolition of his shed fronting long acre. portington argued that his building was not " a shed " which he defined as " a leaning to something to bear up the roof " whereas " this roof bears itself and at its first erecting as a tenement it was built for one. " ( ref. 36 ) in the same year another petitioner, thomas cooke, stated that long acre was " almost wholly built. " ( ref. 36 ) the parliamentary survey ( ref. 188 ) shows that the street was fairly well lined with small houses and shops in 1650. mercer street and cross lane were also built up, the latter being on the site of what is now neal street ( formerly king street ). feather alley, knockle alley and dirty lane or street were also mentioned as turnings out of the north side


mercer street and cross lane were also built up, the latter being on the site of what is now neal street ( formerly king street ). feather alley, knockle alley and dirty lane or street were also mentioned as turnings out of the north side of long acre. among the early residents may be mentioned oliver cromwell ( 1637 – 43 ), nicholas stone, sculptor ( 1615 – 45 ), john parkinson, botanist ( 1626 – 45 ), and sir john temple ( 1645 ). john taylor, the " water - poet. " took the crown inn in hanover court after the fall of oxford in 1645. scipio lesquire, who owned much property in the parish, and after whom lesquire street ( later chandos street ) was named, also lived in long acre ( 1627 – 59 ), as did major - general skippon ( 1645 – 49 ), the earl of peterborough ( 1665 – 74 ), john dryden ( 1668 – 86 ), lady mary st. john, mother of viscount bolingbroke ( 1655 – 92 ), and adrian vandiest, dutch landscape painter ( 1698 – 1704 ). thomas stothard, artist, was born at the black horse inn in 1755. on the 1875 ordnance survey several " coach manufactories " are shown on the north side of the street, and leases of the mercers ' company show that the connection of this trade with the locality dates back to the late nos. 16 – 20. — these premises, which appear to have been built circa 1690, have plain brick fronts of two storeys over shops and with attics ( plate110 ). a plain projecting band denotes the second floor level while the windows have their frames flush with the wall face. the shops are of later date. in no. 19 the upper flights of the staircase are original and have spiral balusters, square newel posts and close moulded strings, but the lower flight and the side entrance have been altered. some of the rooms still retain bolection moulded panelling in two heights with a deep wooden cornice. on the first floor is a mantelpiece with plain stone jambs and a keyed flat list of occupants to 1800. ( fn. a ) no. 16 — edward ( edmond ) vialls ( 1690 – 1717 ), amos vialls ( 1718 – 42 ), vialls widow ( 1743 ), jas. cope ( 1744 – 47 ), james rigby ( 1747 – 49 ), jeremiah


16 — edward ( edmond ) vialls ( 1690 – 1717 ), amos vialls ( 1718 – 42 ), vialls widow ( 1743 ), jas. cope ( 1744 – 47 ), james rigby ( 1747 – 49 ), jeremiah wills ( 1749 – 52 ), sunibank giles ( 1753 – 79 ), john randall ( 1780 – 85 ), thos. cox ( 1786 – 89 ), barbor and harvey ( 1790 – 97 ), jas. scoles ( 1797 – ). no. 17. — isaac deloone ( 1690 – 92 ), samuel watson ( 1693 – 1712 ), wm. casteele ( 1713 – 14 ), john bird ( 1715 – 23 ), edward middlebrook ( 1724 – 25 ), joseph mason ( 1726 ), edward mason ( 1727 ), thos. cotterell ( 1728 – 50 ), george hall ( 1751 – 52 ), john bedford ( 1752 – 57 ), john hurst ( 1758 – 61 ), sarah hurst ( 1762 ), john reynolds ( 1762 – 67 ), joseph carter ( 1768 ), henry edgecomb ( 1769 – 71 ), thomas faucit ( 1772 – 73 ), thomas moyston ( 1774 – 76 ), thomas wood ( 1777 – 78 ), evan powell ( 1779 – 80 ), john crookham or cookham ( 1781 – 88 ), tho. wooden ( 1789 – 91 ), tempest holt ( 1791 – 93 ), jno. crockham ( 1794 – 96 ), hannah crockham ( 1797 ), john mansfield ( 1798 ), evan jones ( 1799 – ). no. 18. — john perismore ( 1690 – 1703 ), owen davis ( 1704 – 18 ), lewis gyatt ( 1719 – 21 ), james hurst ( 1722 – 25 ), samuel hurst ( 1726 – 32 ), samuell steele ( 1733 ), christopher white ( 1734 – 55 ), henry todd ( 1755 – 67 ), — hill ( 1768 ), thos. dawson ( 1769 – 79 ), john whitaker ( 1780 – 81 ), geo. salt ( 1782 – ). no. 19. — thos. burton ( 1690 – 1704 ), jonathan farren ( 1705 – 16 ), wm. west ( 1717 – 20 ), rich. messenger ( 1721 – 22 ), john chiselston ( 1723 – 30 ), samuel davison ( 1731 – 33 ), bartholomew kilpin ( 1734 – 41 ), peter planck ( 1742


. west ( 1717 – 20 ), rich. messenger ( 1721 – 22 ), john chiselston ( 1723 – 30 ), samuel davison ( 1731 – 33 ), bartholomew kilpin ( 1734 – 41 ), peter planck ( 1742 – 70 ), miss planck ( 1771 – 73 ), peter planck & co. ( 1774 – 96 ), renigall briand ( 1797 – 98 ), — planck ( 1799 – ). no. 20. — jas. english ( 1686 – 96 ), edw. luttrell ( 1698 – 99 ), charles pennycock ( 1700 ), augustine ingeno ( 1701 ), alexander bracket ( 1702 – 03 ), richard yates ( 1704 – 27 ), yates widow ( 1728 – 30 ), thomas turner ( 1731 ), ric. hubbard ( 1731 – 40 ), john gibson ( 1742 – 45 ), savile ( samuel ) samber ( 1747 – 53 ) ( 1754 – 1800 occupied with no. 19 ). conduit court between nos. 17 and 18, appears to have taken its name from leonard conduit who is rated there in 1689 – 90. it is described by strype as " indifferent broad with a free - stone pavement, and passage to hart street ; a court indifferently well built and inhabited. " no. 17, long acre, the bird in hand, has been so called for well over 200 years. langley court, a narrow thoroughfare leading out of long acre on the southern side between nos. 34 and 35, has some interesting bay windows. it was known until 1846 as leg alley, probably from the house at the corner which in the 18th century had the sign of the golden leg. the south side of the court appears to have been erected circa 1759 – 61, probably by thomas prior of st. giles - in - the - fields, bricklayer. no. 53, long acre. — this house appears to date from the middle of the 18th century but the interior has been entirely altered. list of residents to1800 : timothy raikes ( 1730 – 32 ), ignatius couran ( 1734 – 35 ), mary hancock ( 1736 – 40 ), john shelton or sheinton ( 1741 – 60 ), edward brain ( 1761 ), john plunkett ( 1762 ), jas. rowles ( 1765 – 75 ), henry frost ( 1776 ), john barber ( 1777 – 80 ), john windeatt ( 1781 – 82 ), richard mortimer ( 1783 – 85


treating diabetes, cerebral palsy and heart disease with cord blood type 1 diabetes type 1 diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes. it is an autoimmune disease caused by the body ' s own immune system attacking and destroying the insulin producing cells in the pancreas. insulin allows the body to process sugar to create energy, and without insulin, the body literally starves as it cannot process food. type 1 diabetes affects more than 140, 000 people in australia alone and, while it can be managed, at present it cannot be cured. as a result, it is a lifelong and often disabling disease that can severely impact the quality of life of those who are afflicted. type 1 diabetes - fast facts researchers are looking at a wide range of potential cell - based therapies and the use of autologous umbilical cord blood as a source of immunomodulatory cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases has become increasingly popular7 - 10. umbilical cord blood contains a population of immature but highly functional regulatory t - cells ( tregs ) 11. these regulatory t - cells could, in theory, limit inflammatory cytokine responses and energize effector t - cells, which are thought to play a key role in autoimmune processes12, 13. in the laboratory infusion of human blood stem cells into diabetic animals has demonstrated a reversal of the disease2, 3. the potential of such cells to provide a source of safe and effective immunomodulation may be of the greatest importance in treating type 1 diabetes4 - 6. as such, umbilical cord blood tregs have become a major focus in designing cell - based therapies for children with type 1 diabetes14 cord blood and cerebral palsy cerebral palsy ( cp ) is a permanent physical condition that affects movement and muscle coordination. it results from damage to part of the brain, usually before birth. in australia it is estimated that a child is born with cerebral palsy every 15 hours and despite advances in medical science the incidence of cp has not declined. babies most at risk of cerebral palsy are those born prematurely or with low birthweight. while the reasons for this remain unclear, cerebral palsy may occur as a result of problems associated with preterm birth or may indicate an injury has occurred during the pregnancy that has caused the baby to be born early. for most people with cerebral palsy, the cause is unknown. except in its mildest forms, it is usually diagnosed


associated with preterm birth or may indicate an injury has occurred during the pregnancy that has caused the baby to be born early. for most people with cerebral palsy, the cause is unknown. except in its mildest forms, it is usually diagnosed within the first 12 - 18 months of life. the early signs are a lack of muscle coordination when performing voluntary movement, walking with one foot or leg dragging, walking on the toes or muscle tone that is either too stiff or too floppy. cerebral palsy cannot be cured ; to date, treatment plans for children have focused on improving a child ' s physical and mental functioning through physical, occupational, speech and behavioural therapy. additional treatment for cp has included special braces to compensate for muscular imbalances, mechanical and communication aids as well as surgery. however, there is now some exciting research regarding the use of cord blood cells for people with cerebral palsy taking place around the world. researchers at duke university, usa are looking at infants and children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and infusing them with their own cord blood. parents, therapists and researchers are observing dramatic improvements in the motor and speech skills of the children with cerebral palsy, in some cases within a few days of being treated with their own cord blood extracted at birth. additional trials are underway in the us, europe and a trial is expected to commence in australia mid - 2011. real life stories videos 1 and 2 : these two amazing videos show the dramatic changes that maia friedlander, a young new zealand girl with cerebral palsy, underwent after receiving stem cell therapy using her own cord blood. the cord blood was inserted by dr joanna kurtzberg at duke university and within two days maia ' s parents began to notice significant changes. video 3 : at 8 months old dallas hextell was diagnosed with cerebral palsy. unable to communicate or control his body, conventional therapy had had little impact. dallas was accepted into the duke university clinical trial and this video shows the remarkable improvement of dallas after receiving his own cord blood. video 4 : chloe levine underwent an infusion of her own cord blood stem cells to treat cerebral palsy. her progress since the infusion has been remarkable and this video shows how cord blood changed her life. video 5 : this video features two children emma jabs and alyssa dupuis, who received infusions of their own stem cells to treat cerebral palsy. cord blood and heart disease cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) refers to all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. affecting more than 3.


diabetes mellitus. lancet 364 : 203 – 205. 6. couri ce et al : secondary prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus : stopping immune destruction and promoting beta - cell regeneration. braz j med biol res 2006 ; 39 : 1271 – 1280 7. ende n et al : effect of human umbilical cord blood cells on glycemia and insulitis in type 1 diabetic mice. biochem biophys res commun 2004 ; 325 : 665 – 669. 8. haller m et al : insulin requirements, hba1c, and stimulated c - peptide following autologous umbillical cord blood transfusion in children with type 1 diabetes ( abstract ). diabetes 2007 ; 56 ( suppl. 1 ) : a82. 9. viener h et al : changes in regulatory t cells following autologous umbillical cord blood transfusion in children with type 1 diabetes ( abstract ). diabetes 2007 ; 56 ( suppl. 1 ) : a82. 10. voltarelli jc et al : autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. jama 2007 ; 297 : 1568 – 1576 11. godfrey wr et al : cord blood cd4 ( + ) cd25 ( + ) - derived t regulatory cell lines express foxp3 protein and manifest potent suppressor function. blood 2005 ; 105 : 750 – 758 12. fruchtman s : stem cell transplantation. mt sinai j med 2003 ; 70 : 166 – 170. 13. han p et al : phenotypic analysis of functional t - lymphocyte subtypes and natural killer cells in human cord blood : relevance to umbilical cord blood transplantation. br j haematol 1995 ; 89 : 733 – 740 14. haller mj et al : autologous umbilical cord blood infusion for type 1 diabetes. exp hematol 2008 ; 36 : 710 – 715 want to know more? for more articles, local directories of shops and services, checklists, calculators and more visit our... : : pregnancy & birth info hub