response. if the students do not know this, tell them. remind the students, however, that editorialists cannot simply write their opinion and expect others to accept it. they must justify their opinions with high quality reasoning. remind the students that editors write for the public. on this assignment, therefore, classmates will read one another ' s editorials, and comment on them, upon completion. ask the students to respond to the interactive question below. - pretend that you are an editorialist, and write an editorial considering whether or not you believe that monopolies should be illegal. after the students have completed this work, tell them to form groups of three. explain that in these groups they should read one another ' s opinions and respond to them. they should state whether the agree or disagree with the writer ' s conclusion. they also should explain why they agree or disagree by commenting on how the writer uses facts and reasons to support his or her conclusion. the student responses to editorials can be used as a handout. be sure to encourage the students to read the comments that their group mates write about their opinions. [ note : as an alternative to the above interactive you may choose to have the students work in a " blog " setting. using the website edublogs or another " blog " site of your choice set up a " blog " and have the students create their editorials. once each student has created an editorial have the students comment on one another ' s editorial piece so they can complete the group work portion of the class. ] now remind the students that the u. s. government outlawed monopolies at the end of the nineteenth century. suggest that much has changed in american society between the 1890s and today. ask the students what they can think of that has changed. among many other things, the students may mention an infusion of computer technology. they should recognize that not all of the innovations we take for granted today - - the personal computer, the world wide web, e - mail, instant text messaging, podcasts, open - source materials, etc. - - were widely available 10 years ago, let alone 110 years ago. ask the students to complete the worksheet entitled technology and monopolies, working in groups of two to three. this worksheet asks the students to consider whether or not they think recent technological advances would make it easier and cheaper to start businesses. they are then asked how these advances might affect the ability of individual companies to establish themselves as monopolies. after the students have completed


asks the students to consider whether or not they think recent technological advances would make it easier and cheaper to start businesses. they are then asked how these advances might affect the ability of individual companies to establish themselves as monopolies. after the students have completed this work, reconvene the class and invite students to share their answers with one another. lead a discussion in which students consider the influence that the technology available in recent years has had on firms seeking to establish themselves as monopolies. during this discussion, ask the students if they think it is important for the u. s. government to continue to still have a law prohibiting the establishment of monopolies. during this discussion, urge the students to support their opinions thoughtfully. in this lesson, students have learned about the role that monopolies play in economies. they have learned that monopolies are outlawed by the u. s. government. they have learned why companies would want to be monopolies - - i. e., because monopoly power sometimes enables companies to charge higher rates for their products / services, generating greater profit. in addition to considering their own perspectives on monopolies, the students have thought about their classmates ' perspectives. finally, the students have examined the influence of today ' s technology has on the ability of companies to establish themselves as monopolies. tell the students that in order to demonstrate their knowledge of monopolies, they should develop a radio interview, working in groups of two or three, in which the participants explain the nature of monopolies, the ways in which today ' s technological infrastructure has influenced the establishment of monopolies and whether or not they think monopolies should be illegal today. the students might particularly enjoy making podcast interviews. if you choose to have them make podcasts, consider using odeo, an excellent resource. you can link to the odeo site from here. the odeo website has very user - friendly directions. students can even call into odeo via telephone to create their podcasts. if you would prefer not to use podcasts, you can simply ask the students to develop presentations which they can perform before the class. if you choose to do the activity in this way, ask the students who are not performing to write down one idea they learn from each presentation. assign the students to develop a plan to create their own monopoly. having created their palns, they should also analyze their plans to determine what effect the plans might have on the greater economy. to begin this step, ask the students, working


what we ship things in makes a difference. take the banana, for example. in 1876, at the philadelphia centennial exposition, the banana was a delicacy ( and very black ). millions of bunches could only be sent to u. s. shores if they were refrigerated. by 1901, as i describe in econ 101 1 / 2, united fruit was distributing 14 million bunches of bananas in the u. s. one reason, in addition to the railroad and the steamboat, was a banana vessel that could maintain a 53 degree temperature for its cargo. just like refrigerated banana vessels transformed world trade, so too has the cargo container. introduced in 1956, now one ship can carry 3, 000 forty foot containers with 100, 000 tons of shoes, electronics and clothing. imagine the potential efficiency. put everything in the container, arrive at a port, and just slip it onto a truck or a railroad car for it to move to its next stop. journalist marc levinson says the result is more variety for consumers, lower freight bills, less shipping time, lower inventory costs and longer supply chains. this takes us back to yesterday ’ s supership post and the expansion of the panama canal. larger ships mean more containers on board. the ny times said that the newest generation of superships could hold 15, 000 containers that are 20 feet long. the economic lesson adam smith would have been delighted to see his ideas about mass production and regional specialization extend around the world. describing the productivity of factory pin production in the wealth of nations, he told us that one worker, functioning alone, could produce 1 pin per day. however, when that worker specialized through a division of labor in a factory, 4, 800 pins per worker per day were made. adam smith used the term “ distant sale ” to explain the transport of goods from a factory to a distant market. he could have been describing a container ship moving from china to the u. s.


are dandelions as effective as commonly prescribed antibiotics against bacteria? to determine whether dandelion roots, which are used in many parts of the world for therapeutic purposes, can be used as an antibiotic against the bacteria serratia marcescens and escherichia coli, and to determine whether they are as effective as commonly prescribed antibiotics. - dandelion roots - food processor - 5 cups - sterile distilled water - dandelion capsules ( can be obtained from a health food store ) - sterile pin - penicillin tablets ( 250 mg ) ( can be obtained from a medical doctor ) - erythromycin tablets ( 250 mg ) ( can be obtained from a medical doctor ) - tetracycline tablets ( 250 mg ) ( can be obtained from a medical doctor ) - sterile applicators - 12 petri dishes : tryptic soy agar with 5 % sheep ' s blood - serratia marcescens culture - escherichia coli culture - masking tape - marking pen - sterile filter paper disks tests will be carried out to determine whether dandelion roots can be used as effective antibiotics. dandelion roots taken directly from the ground as well as dandelion root capsules will be tested on selected bacteria to see if they have any effect. control tests will also be conducted using three common antibiotics as well as distilled water on the same bacteria. the results of both tests will be analyzed and compared. part i — prepare the dandelion and the antibiotic tablet solutions. - thoroughly wash several dandelion roots and pulverize them in the food processor until they are liquefied. - filter the liquefied roots through the cheesecloth and into a sterile cup. add enough distilled water to the liquid to form a one - to - one ratio. - pierce one dandelion capsule with a sterile pin and squeeze the contents into another cup holding ½ cup ( 0. 12 liter ) of distilled water. - dissolve one penicillin tablet in ½ cup ( 0. 12 liter ) of water. similarly, dissolve one erythromycin and one tetracycline tablet separately into ½ cup ( 0. 12 liter ) of water. part ii — test the solutions on the bacteria strains. - with a sterile applicator, streak six tryptic soy agar ( tsa ) petri dishes with the serratia marcescens. with another sterile applicator and six tsa petri dishes, repeat this procedure with


strains. - with a sterile applicator, streak six tryptic soy agar ( tsa ) petri dishes with the serratia marcescens. with another sterile applicator and six tsa petri dishes, repeat this procedure with the escherichia coli. label the dishes and incubate them for 48 hours at 95 degrees fahrenheit ( 35 degrees celsius ). carefully note the growth of bacteria in each dish. - using the forceps, dip a sterile filter paper disk into the dandelion root solution and place it onto one of the petri dishes containing s. marcescens. dip another sterile filter paper disk into the dandelion capsule solution and place it onto the second petri dish containing s. marcescens. continue this procedure by placing sterile filter paper disks soaked in the three antibiotic solutions onto the next three petri dishes containing s. marcescens. place a sterile filter paper disk soaked only in sterile distilled water onto the remaining dish containing s. marcescens. label all dishes accordingly. - repeat step 2 with those dishes containing e. coli. - incubate all the petri dishes for 48 hours at 95 degrees fahrenheit ( 35 degrees celsius ). carefully note the amount of bacteria in each dish and compare those results against the amount of bacteria found in each dish before it was treated. compare the amount of bacteria between those dishes treated with the dandelion solutions to those treated with the antibiotic solutions and the untreated dishes. record your observations. - were either the dandelion root or capsule solutions effective in inhibiting bacterial growth? if so, did their effectiveness vary with the type of bacteria used? was one dandelion solution more effective than the other? - were the antibiotic tablets successful in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria used in the experiment? - how did the dandelion solutions compare to the antibiotic solutions? warning is hereby given that not all project ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. implementation of any science project idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings and with appropriate parental or other supervision. reading and following the safety precautions of all materials used in a project is the sole responsibility of each individual. for further information, consult your state ’ s handbook of science safety.


skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. tuberculosis ( tb ) is a disease caused by a bacteria ( germ ). it is spread from person to person through the air. tb may scar the lungs and other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, bones, or the brain. tb can even be fatal. there are two forms of tb : latent tb infection and tb disease. latent tb infection is also called inactive tb. if you have latent tb infection : you ’ ve been exposed to tb, but you have no symptoms and are not sick. the only way to know if you have tb infection is to have a skin test or a blood test for tb. you can ’ t spread tb to others. you may develop tb disease ( active tb ) if your immune system is weakened. this can happen if you are elderly or have hiv, for example. tb disease is also called active tb. if you have tb disease : symptoms include a lasting cough, fatigue, coughing up blood, a fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. you can spread active tb to others. your family, friends, and people you work with closely should be tested. take all medication until it ’ s gone. tb disease can almost always be cured. but you may become sick again if you don ’ t take all of your medication, even if you feel better. anyone who has ever had contact with a person with active tb can get tb. groups of people who are considered to be at high risk of tb include : people from countries with high rates of tb residents and employees of long - term care facilities ( such as nursing homes and prisons ) people who don ’ t get medical care ( including the poor and the homeless ) people who use illegal injected drugs people who have hiv infection or other medical risk factors ( such as diabetes and end - stage renal disease ) if you think you ’ re at high risk of tb or have been exposed to someone with the disease, get tested!


growth and development, ages 6 to 10 years ( cont. ) promoting healthy growth and development although your child between the ages of 6 and 10 may seem very independent at times, he or she still needs your constant guidance. being present is the most important thing you can do to help your child grow in healthy ways. knowing that you are " around " and available provides him or her with a sense of security. although your child ' s world is expanding, you remain his or her primary influence. you can do many things to help your child grow and develop. - promote physical development by encouraging and modeling healthy eating habits. also, foster a healthy body image by talking about and showing how it is important to accept people of all colors, shapes, and sizes. for more information, see the topic healthy habits for kids. - promote cognitive development — thinking and reasoning skills — by being involved in your child ' s school. volunteer if possible, cultivate good relationships with teachers and other staff members, and show your interest in what your child is learning. also, work on skills at home, such as simple math problems, money handling, reading, and writing. age - appropriate workbooks are widely available. but be careful not to pressure your child. simply spending time with him or her is an important part of setting a foundation for cognitive growth. - promote language development by reading to your child every day. make reading a routine, even as he or she gets older and seems to lose interest. set aside time that you and your child can look forward to and talk about stories, words, and ideas. visit your local library and try finding books with new subjects that you think might interest your child. - promote social and emotional development by being aware of sibling rivalry, which can become a problem around this age. also help your child learn social skills, such as by showing your acceptance of others and not gossiping or saying mean things about other people. - promote sensory and motor skill development by encouraging exercise every day. it doesn ' t have to be highly structured : the main point is to move around. practicing somersaults, playing catch, going to the park, or riding a bike are all helpful in developing muscular skill and endurance. also, encourage your child to create art projects, such as drawing, cutting with safety scissors, gluing, and stringing beads. these and similar activities help improve eye - hand coordination and fine motor skills. for more information, see the topic physical activity for children and teens. also, you can help


drawing, cutting with safety scissors, gluing, and stringing beads. these and similar activities help improve eye - hand coordination and fine motor skills. for more information, see the topic physical activity for children and teens. also, you can help your child in other general ways. - deal with fears. understand that your child may become extremely interested in scary subjects or images as a way to overcome them. help your child as much as you can by answering questions and providing reassurance as needed. - discourage physical violence and show your child ways to deal with anger without being violent. protect your child from violent media as much as you can. some tv programs, movies, video games, and websites show a lot of violent acts. children who watch a lot of this violence may come to believe that such behavior is okay. this can make them more likely to act violently themselves. it can also lead to nightmares, aggression, or fears of being harmed. 1 music lyrics affect children ' s behavior and emotions, too. 2 monitor the type of music that your child is exposed to, and be aware of the music your child buys. - establish limits. set limits for your children to show them that you love and care about them. make sure your rules are reasonable and that your child understands them. it is important to follow through on any consequences you have established for failing to follow rules. - recognize and develop special talents. help your child discover interests and practice skills. for example, kick a soccer ball around the yard with your child or help him or her practice printing letters. - recognize his or her curiosity about the body and sexuality. you can help your child gain basic knowledge and a healthy attitude toward these issues by showing a willingness to listen and discuss them. - before your child starts middle school, teach him or her how to resist using tobacco and other drugs. you can also help your child through each stage of development by evaluating your relationship from time to time. in many ways, you have to " get to know " your child over and over again. think about : - what do i like most about my child? - what could be triggering bad behavior? are any of these new triggers? - what new skills has my child developed within the past year? six months? three months? - what tasks can i encourage my child to do for himself or herself? how can i encourage him or her? - when am i happy about how i treat my child? - what don ' t i like about some of our interactions? when do these


what tasks can i encourage my child to do for himself or herself? how can i encourage him or her? - when am i happy about how i treat my child? - what don ' t i like about some of our interactions? when do these episodes tend to occur? as a parent or caregiver of children, it is also important for you to : - learn and use effective parenting and discipline techniques and avoid the use of corporal punishment. parenting classes are offered in most communities. ask your doctor or call a local hospital for more information. - learn healthy techniques to resolve conflicts and manage stress. for more information, see the topic stress management. - ask for help when you need it. call a family member or friend to give you a break if you feel overwhelmed. find out about community resources that are available to help you with child care or other necessary services. call a doctor or local hospital to find out about a place to start. some communities have respite care facilities for children, which provide temporary child care during times when you need a break. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


selenium is a trace mineral found in water, soil, and some plants. the body requires it to get energized and to function normally. a deficiency of this trace mineral is rare but some of its manifestations include fatigue and muscular weakness. an oversupply of selenium on the other hand, can cause nervousness, nausea, vomiting, depression, baldness and bad odor of the fingernails. here are some of the health benefits of selenium : 1. it helps to nourish your thyroid glands. selenium is an important component for the health and nourishment of your thyroid glands. it helps to regulate the secretion of thyroid hormones, and it stimulates the production of t3 hormone which is the most active form of thyroid hormone in the body. 2. it helps to reduce the risk of joint inflammation. selenium works to reduce oxidative stress around the joints. this will result in the reduced risk of inflammation. selenium deficiency is one of the contributing causes of rheumatoid arthritis and the deterioration of joint tissues. 3. it helps to prevent cancer. according to the world health foods website, selenium may play an active part in the preventing cancer by supporting dna repair and synthesis in damaged cells. this can help to prevent the growth of cancer cells. the website added that selenium may play a role in inducing cancer cells to self destruct. this process is called apoptosis. the body uses it as a self - destruct mechanism to eliminate abnormal cells. 4. it helps to stimulate antibodies. selenium may help to stimulate antibodies after a person gets vaccinated. antibodies are your body ’ s defenses against infectious organisms. these are some of the known health benefits of selenium. you can get selenium from natural food sources which include beef, broccoli, brown rice, fish, egg, ham, lobster, mushroom, oyster, and tuna. tags : infectious organisms, trace mineral, dna repair, health medical pharma filed under : vitamins about the author : the energize team is comprised of sam green, a health conscious super blogger, and his tireless staff who ' s main purpose is to provide useful and helpful information to the public. leading a healthy and happy life begins with knowledge and learning. they hope to have visitors apply what they learn here in their everyday lives.


hearing to probe climate change and inuit rights toronto - - the inuit of arctic canada and alaska are bearing the brunt of global warming and their way of life is in peril, an international human rights body will be told next month. inuit activists hope a hearing on arctic climate change by the inter - american commission on human rights will lead to reduced emissions and will help to protect the culture of the northern native people. " in the arctic, things are happening first and fastest and it ' s a way of life that ' s being jeopardized here, " said canadian inuit activist sheila watt - cloutier, who submitted a petition for a hearing on how climate change infringes on inuit human rights to the commission in 2005 on behalf of inuit in canada and alaska. the commission, which is an arm of the organization of american states, rejected cloutier ' s request to rule on the rights violations caused specifically by u. s. emissions, deciding instead to hold a general hearing on march 1 to investigate the broad relationship between climate change and human rights. officials at the washington - based commission said it will be the body ' s first such hearing. climate change " very much connects to rights because no where else in the world do you see ice and snow representing life and mobility like it does for us, " watt - cloutier, a nobel peace prize nominee for her work on the issue, said from the northern canadian territory of nunavut. the human rights commission has scant powers and can do little more than publicize its findings and propose a resolution to the 35 - member oas. about 10 percent of petitions to the commission receive a hearing, said ariel dulitzky, the assistant executive secretary. he would not comment on why watt - cloutier ' s first petition was rejected by the seven - member board. watt - cloutier said her group ' s legal team will submit findings from studies including the 2004 arctic climate impact assessment, which concluded the arctic is extremely vulnerable to global warming and is now experiencing some of the most rapid changes on earth. average annual arctic temperatures are increasing more than twice as fast as temperatures in the rest of the world, the study found, causing a decrease in snow and ice and a transfigured landscape. " for inuit, warming is likely to disrupt or even destroy their hunting and food - sharing culture as reduced sea ice causes the animals on which they depend to decline, become less accessible, or possibly go extinct, " the study said. watt - cloutier said


rhenium is a rare, silvery - white metallic element. its atomic number is 75 and its symbol is re. rhenium was discovered in 1925 by a team of german scientists named walter noddack, ida tacke - noddack, and otto berg. they discovered rhenium as a trace element in platinum ores and the mineral columbite. it is very dense. it has a melting temperature of 3, 186 degrees celsius ( 5, 767 degrees fahrenheit ). it is not known to have any health benefit for animals or plants. rhenium does not form minerals of its own, but it does occur as a trace element in columbite, tantalite and molybdenite. these minerals are the principal sources of columbium ( commonly called niobium ), tantalum and molybdenum metals. rhenium is a very rare element that is produced principally as a by - product of the processing of porphry copper - molybdenum ores. because it is scarce, very little rhenium is actually processed and isolated each year as compared to the millions of tons of copper and millions of pounds of molybdenum that are extracted from these same porphry copper deposits. as a result, the processing of rhenium poses no environmental threat. the equipment that reduces sulfur dioxide in these processing plants also removes any rhenium that may escape through the smokestacks. | previous element : tungsten | next element : osmium | phase at room temp. | | solid | | melting point ( k ) | | 3453. 2 | | boiling point ( k ) | | 5923 | | heat of fusion ( kj / mol ) | | 33. 054 | | heat of vaporization ( kj / mol ) | | 707 | | heat of atomization ( kj / mol ) | | 770 | | thermal conductivity ( j / m sec k ) | | 48 | | electrical conductivity ( 1 / mohm cm ) | | 51. 813 | | number of isotopes | | 45 ( 2 natural ) | | electron affinity ( kj / mol ) | | 14 | | first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - -


| first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | atomic volume ( cm3 / mol ) | | 8. 9 | | ionic radius2 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius1 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | atomic radius ( pm ) | | 137 | | ionic radius1 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius2 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius3 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | common oxidation numbers | | + 4 | | other oxid. numbers | | - 3, - 1, + 1, + 2, + 3 + 5, + 6, + 7 | | in earth ' s crust ( mg / kg ) | | 7. 0x10 - 4 | | in earth ' s ocean ( mg / l ) | | 4. 0x10 - 6 | | in human body ( % ) | | 0 % | | regulatory / health | | osha permissible exposure limit ( pel ) | | no limits | | osha pel vacated 1989 | | no limits | | niosh recommended exposure limit ( rel ) | | no limits | university of wisconsin general chemistry mineral information institute jefferson accelerator laboratory rhenium was named after the greek word for the rhine river, rhenus. rhenium is obtained almost exclusively as a by - product of the processing of a special type of copper deposit known as a porphyry copper deposit. specifically, it is obtained from the processing of the mineral molybdenite ( a molybdenum ore ) that is found in porphyry copper deposits. a porphyry copper deposit is a valuable copper - rich deposit in which copper minerals occur throughout the rock. the copper in these deposits occurs as primary chalcopyrite ( cufes2 ) or the important secondary copper mineral chalcocite ( cu2s ). the identified rhenium resources in the united states are estimated to total 5 million kilograms. these resources are found in the southwestern united states. the identified rhenium resources in the rest of the world are estimated to total 6 million kilograms. countries producing rhenium include armenia, canada, chile, kazakhstan, mexico, peru, russia, and uzbekistan. even


in the southwestern united states. the identified rhenium resources in the rest of the world are estimated to total 6 million kilograms. countries producing rhenium include armenia, canada, chile, kazakhstan, mexico, peru, russia, and uzbekistan. even though the united states has significant rhenium resources, the majority of the rhenium consumed in the u. s. is imported. chile and kazakhstan provide the majority of the imported rhenium. the rest is imported from mexico and other nations. because of its very high melting point, rhenium is used to make high temperature alloys ( an alloy is a mixture of metals ) that are used in jet engine parts. it is also used to make strong alloys of nickel - based metals. rhenium alloys are used to make a variety of equipment and equipment parts, such as temperature controls, heating elements, mass spectrographs, electrical contacts, electromagnets, and semiconductors. an alloy of rhenium and molybdenum is a superconductor of electricity at very low temperatures. these superalloys account for the majority of the rhenium use each year. rhenium is also used in the petroleum industry to make lead - free gasoline. in this application, rhenium compounds act as catalysts. ( a catalyst is a chemical compound that takes part in a chemical reaction, and can often make the reaction proceed more quickly, but the chemical is not consumed in the chemical reaction. ) substitutes and alternative sources substitutes for rhenium as a catalyst are being researched. iridium and tin have been found to be a good catalyst for at least one reaction. cobalt, tungsten, platinum and tantalum can be used in some of the other applications for rhenium. - common minerals and their uses, mineral information institute. - more than 170 mineral photographs, mineral information institute. disclaimer : this article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the mineral information institute. topic editors and authors for the encyclopedia of earth may have edited its content or added new information. the use of information from the mineral information institute should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by eoe personnel, or for any editing of the original content.


| table 1. tissue weighting factors ( wt ) for individual tissues and organs | | tissue or organ | | tissue weighting factor ( wt | | gonads ( testes or ovaries ) | | 0. 20 | | red bone marrow | | 0. 12 | | * * the remainder is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenal, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. | the tissue weighting factor ( wt ) is an important unit of radiation measurement that weights the equivalent dose in a particular tissue or organ in terms of its relative contribution to the total deleterious effects resulting from uniform irradiation of the whole body. this weighting factor takes account of the probability of fatal cancer, the probability of nonfatal cancer, weighted for severity, and the average length of life lost due to an induced cancer. the values shown in table 1 were developed from a reference population of equal numbers of both sexes and a wide range of ages. in the definition of effective dose they apply to workers, to the whole population, and to either sex. when an equivalent dose to an organ is multiplied by the ( wt ) for that organ, the result is the effective dose to that organ : - effective dose = sum of [ organ doses x tissue weighting factor ] the unit of effective dose is the sievert ( sv ). according to the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) " for purposes of calculation, the ' remainder ' category in table 1 is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenals, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. the list includes organs which are likely to be selectively irradiated. some organs in the list are known to be susceptible to cancer induction. if other tissues and organs subsequently become identified as having a significant risk of induced cancer they will then be included either with a specific wt or in this additional list constituting the remainder. the latter may also include other tissues or organs selectively irradiated. " in those exceptional cases in which a single one of the remainder tissues or organs receives an equivalent dose in excess of the highest dose in any of the twelve organs for which a weighting factor is specified, a weighting factor of 0. 025 should be applied to that tissue or


earth observing laboratory ( eol ) field deployments eol supports the observing needs of research programs in the following categories : become a fan on watch us on follow us on - climate science - atmospheric chemistry - atmospheric physics - atmospheric dynamics earth science, or geoscience, is an all encompassing term used for the sciences that relate to the earth ' s processes ; atmospheric, geological, geophysical, glacial, and oceanic. the atmosphere is one component of many that make up earth ' s intricate system. atmospheric science is a broad discipline, within which there are several more specific areas of study ( ie - climate, ocean / air interactions, atmospheric chemistry, societal impacts ). the national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ) is charged with, among other things, providing the atmospheric science community with expertise, oversight and observing systems to carry out research projects on the field. ncar : : earth observing laboratory : : field projects field project categories : field projects are designed to develop a more complete understanding of the complex interactions between the earth ’ s atmosphere, oceans, land, ice masses, and biosphere. the impact of human activities on the earth ’ s physical, chemical, and biological processes is a major focus of our national center. the earth observing laboratory ( eol ) is tasked primarily with developing technologically advanced instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and overseeing scientific field campaigns that enable the collection of data for innovative scientific research. eol field projects contribute directly to ncar ’ s goal of improving society ' s understanding of the atmosphere and earth ' s systems, specifically by investigating atmospheric processes and examining interactions between the atmosphere and other environmental components. eol ' s field projects can be categorized into 5 areas of study : severe weather, climate processes, atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric cycles, and ocean systems. many of the projects can be included in multiple categories, due to the nature of the project. for example, the main goal of a study may be to examine severe weather, which is likely a subset of a natural atmospheric cycle or climate process, and could be exacerbated by air pollution.


this modules contains the interface to the heart process. heart sends periodic heartbeats to an external port program, which is also named heart. the purpose of the heart port program is to check that the erlang runtime system it is supervising is still running. if the port program has not received any heartbeats within heart _ beat _ timeout seconds ( default is 60 seconds ), the system can be rebooted. also, if the system is equipped with a hardware watchdog timer and is running solaris, the watchdog can be used to supervise the entire system. an erlang runtime system to be monitored by a heart program, should be started with the command line flag - heart ( see also erl ( 1 ). the heart process is then started automatically : % erl - heart... if the system should be rebooted because of missing heart - beats, or a terminated erlang runtime system, the environment variable heart _ command has to be set before the system is started. if this variable is not set, a warning text will be printed but the system will not reboot. however, if the hardware watchdog is used, it will trigger a reboot heart _ beat _ boot _ delay seconds later nevertheless ( default is 60 ). to reboot on the windows platform heart _ command can be set to heart - shutdown ( included in the erlang delivery ) or of course to any other suitable program which can activate a reboot. the hardware watchdog will not be started under solaris if the environment variable hw _ wd _ disable is set. the heart _ beat _ timeout and heart _ beat _ boot _ delay environment variables can be used to configure the heart timeouts, they can be set in the operating system shell before erlang is started or be specified at the command line : % erl - heart - env heart _ beat _ timeout 30... the value ( in seconds ) must be in the range 10 < x < = 65535. it should be noted that if the system clock is adjusted with more than heart _ beat _ timeout seconds, heart will timeout and try to reboot the system. this can happen, for example, if the system clock is adjusted automatically by use of ntp ( network time protocol ). in the following descriptions, all function fails with reason badarg if heart is not started. sets a temporary reboot command. this command is used if a heart _ command other than the one


front page ddblock logic & problem solving have never been such fun! active engagement is the name of the game in these 72 word - problem challenges for any computer or interactive whiteboard. students drag and drop 4 kinds of beans to solve problems visually, developing both logic and number sense. one volunteer can demonstrate on an interactive whiteboard while others follow along with manipulatives at their seats and the teacher guides the discussion. then the learning can continue at centers. as students progress through increasing levels of difficulty, the skills and the enthusiasm grow! these challenges can be used with a singapore math program or with any other math curriculum to make math come alive for students. ( 3 - 5 ) get ready to spill the beans! get ready to " spill the beans " about math with these hands - on cards. students reinforce number sense, logic, and problem - solving skills as they work with real beans from your classroom to determine the answers to the problems on the cards. the interactive cards are numbered for easy differentiation and designed to keep students at all levels engaged, challenged, and motivated. ideal for centers, too. ( 3 - 5 ) 84 cards. also available for grades 4 - 6, spill the beans challenge level click here for free stories, poems, crafts and puzzles from highlights.


the word “ please ” is to be used when you want something : to ask rather than to demand. that “ magic word, ” as it is often referred to for children, changes the tone of the sentence. an ultimatum begins to resemble a request, and the demeanor between the involved parties relaxes. a person is more willing to get the job done ( with far less under - the - breath muttering ) should that word be included. the results of this poll should show just how hard it is to enforce that 1 word into daily vocabulary. although it is amazing that more than half of the pollers are diligent about regularly enforcing the use of the word please, the 16. 7 % were brutally honest in their “ not as often as i should ” answers. from an article on parents connect, nanny stella gives great advice for teaching children to use the word please ( and thank you ) in 3 steps : “ 1 ) show by example, 2 ) praise the pleases, and 3 ) be a broken record. ” children truly learn from behavior being modeled, meaning, they learn by watching those around them. control the market by showing them the behaviors that you want them to exhibit in public. if you want a child to hand you the cup of water instead of spill it, you should say, “ please hand me the water. ” when the child uses the language on his / her own, praise him / her repeatedly. positive reinforcement, is a highly effective way to teach children behaviors that you wish for them to continue without negative repercussions. finally, if the child doesn ’ t use the word please, do not provide them with what they want until the magic word is said. for children, their new language can become innate with a bit of consistent practice. they will get it. children love challenges, so provide them the opportunity to rise to the occasion. count how many people said, “ please ” when they asked for something, whether in a restaurant, in a classroom, in a store. let the kids listen for the magic word, and let them watch people ’ s reactions when it is and is not used. children can learn from their own recognition skills : why politeness matters. please is the most basic of social etiquette ; the politeness displayed by the courtesy will open doors with its usage. teaching children this social skill at a young age will ensure mastery and give them the tools to succeed as grownups.


cells rely on tiny molecular motors to deliver cargo, such as mrna and organelles, within the cell. the critical nature of this transport system is evidenced by the fact that disruption of motors by genetic defects leads to fatal diseases in humans. although investigators have isolated these motor to study their function in a controlled environment outside the cell, it has been difficult for researchers to follow these fascinating molecular transporters in their natural environment, the living cell. now, two articles published by cell press in biophysical journal, make use of incredibly tiny, glowing " quantum dots " to track the miniscule motions of myosin v in living cells. interestingly, both research groups independently report that myosin v molecules carry their quantum dot cargo either in a straight line or in a manner akin to a drunken walk. myosin v is a motor molecule that " walks " in a fashion similar to humans by stepping along actin filament tracks that are assembled in a dense, criss - crossing network inside the cell. a critical feature of these motors is their ability to walk long distances without falling off their tracks. however, this has never been observed within cells. through the binding of quantum dots directly to a single myosin v molecule, both investigative teams used sophisticated microscopes and sensitive cameras to witness the 72 nanometer strides ( equivalent to 1 millionth of an inch ) taken by these motors for the first time in cells. in results published in the may 20th 2009 issue of biophysical journal, dr. giovanni cappello from the institut curie in paris, france tracked the movement of single myosin v molecules with inside living hela cells. dr. cappello and colleagues reported that the myosin v can transport cargo for long distances without falling off its track at velocities higher than would be expected based on earlier studies. " our approach goes beyond conventional experiments on organelles and opens interesting perspectives for studying intracellular transport pathways and how motors behave in complex filament networks, " says dr. cappello. dr. david warshaw and colleagues from the university of vermont college of medicine used quantum dots to follow the activity of myosin v in cos - 7 cells. their findings, published in the july 22nd 2009 issue of the journal, suggested that myosin v ' s apparent drunken walk is in fact the motor taking turns at almost every intersection it encounters along the dense and randomly oriented intracellular actin highway. " cargo delivery in cells can ' t totally be a random process, therefore,


a professor with the university of houston cullen college of engineering has won a $ 2. 1 million grant to study the best ways to modify human immune cells to fight against cancer. navin varadarajan, an assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering, won the grant from the national institutes of health ( nih ) and its national cancer institute to conduct this immunotherapy study. immunotherapy, one of the most promising avenues of cancer research and treatment, involves a process in which human immune cells are modified and trained to fight hard - to - treat tumors. varadarajan ' s research focuses on engineered t cells, immune cells that, among other functions, recognize and attack disease cells. one immunotherapy approach involves modifying naturally occurring t cells to fight cancer cells. known as chimeric antigen receptor t cells, or car t cells for short, these cells have proven effective in combating some cancers that are particularly difficult to treat. " in response to tumor recognition, car t cells can proliferate within the patient. unlike traditional drugs that are removed from the body, these cells can multiply. the better these car t cells proliferate and survive within the host, the better the chances of getting rid of the tumor, " said varadarajan. among the cancers that have been responsive to car t cell therapy are b - cell lymphomas such as leukemia. this therapy, in combination with other immunotherapy techniques, has achieved impressive clinical successes in fighting b - cell lymphomas that are otherwise considered untreatable outside of stem cell transplantation. researchers and clinicians, though, don ' t know exactly what properties of these car t cells are responsible for their clinical success. varadarajan will use a novel research tool of his own design to study individual car t cells. the tool, dubbed the nanowell array, is a polymer slide containing tens of thousands of individual chambers, each 125 picoliters. at this size, the chambers are the perfect size to isolate and study individual cells. in this project, varadarajan will expose car t cells used to fight these lymphomas to a nanowell array. the individual cells trapped in the array ' s chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients


chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients, allowing researchers to correlate car t cell properties with clinical outcomes over the course of months, effectively allowing them to identify which modified t cells are most effective at fighting cancer. the research won ' t stop with this identification, though. three to six months after infusion, varadarajan and his collaborators will take blood from their patients and isolate their car t cells. once again using the nanowell array, varadarajan will isolate and study these cells, most of which will be several generations removed from the cells the patients originally received. he will then determine how well those daughter cells maintain the properties that make them effective cancer fighters. by singling out those car t cells that are most effective and most long - lived, varadarajan said researchers should be able to design better treatment regimens. " immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment and research. in some cases it has actually resulted in complete remission, " he said. " to help the most people, though, we ' ve got to understand exactly what properties of engineered cells are most effective at fighting cancer. this research will help us quickly identify those properties so they can be included in the future rounds of research and clinical trials. " varadarajan ' s collaborators on this project include laurence cooper, a physician and researcher at the university of texas md anderson cancer center who will create the car t cells being studied ; badrinath roysam, chairman of uh ' s electrical and computer engineering department, who will use his farsight histopathology software suite to track cell movement inside the chambers of the nanowell array ; and peng qiu, an assistant professor of bioinformatics and computational biology at md anderson who will perform data analysis. varadarajan also emphasized the key role cullen college graduate students in both his and roysam ' s labs will play in this project. not only will they be involved in the research itself, it was through their efforts that the investigation earned funding in the first place, he said. " the ability of our graduate students and postdocs to work together and to address scientific and engineering challenges was essential in generating the data required to successfully apply for this grant. their efforts demonstrate the ability of uh graduate students to lead cutting - edge research projects.


a much neglected part of the obesity epidemic is that it has resulted in more overweight / obese women before and during pregnancy. their offspring also tend to have higher birth weights and more body fat, and carry an increased risk of obesity and chronic diseases later in life. however, the nutritional factors and mechanisms involved pre and during pregnancy that may influence child obesity remain uncertain. a recent publication by ilsi europe identifies and discusses key contributing factors leading to obesity. in an article recently published in annals of nutrition and metabolism, potential key contributors to obesity, including nutrition, during and after pregnancy were identified. prenatal factors may include maternal diet, gestational weight gain and metabolic perturbations during pregnancy. postnatal diet and feeding practices along with activity patterns and family lifestyle may also modify or determine the long - term health risks. a majority of clinical studies have examined maternal dietary information in isolation. combining the large number of current maternal and infant studies and including analysis of both sets of nutritional data would be a great step forward. the publication indicates that " this introduces the challenge of how to unify the findings made, as each study varies considerably in the breadth and depth of dietary data collected ". in addition, with regard to gestational weight gain, prof michael symonds, university of nottingham, uk highlighted that it " should not be used on its own but in a larger context. it should be complemented by measures of body composition, metabolic and endocrine responses in the mother and offspring ". better knowledge of these contributors and the mechanisms involved could result in more targeted nutritional advice to women, especially those that are obese, to improve nutrition and health status before, during or after pregnancy. it is vitally important to prevent ( the development of ) excess fat mass to both the mother ' s own, and their infant ' s future health. the publication summarises the conclusions of a workshop organised by the international life sciences institute ( ilsi ) europe in october 2011. this work has been commissioned by the metabolic imprinting task force of ilsi europe. to read the publication, click here : http : / / www. ilsi. org / europe / pages / viewitemdetails. aspx? webid = 84d7fa4a - 0fd5 - 40cd - a49a - 2da6fcdfd654 & listid = 0348eb34 - df85 - 49dd - 9ade - 77ed136643f1 & itemid = 332


february 24, 2010 the real have - nots in confederation : british columbia, alberta and ontario this policy study analyzes canada ’ s equalization program to compare government services in the have and have - not provinces to discover if the residents in recipient provinces end up with more - generous public services than those who pay part of the bill, i. e., those in the have provinces whose tax transfers subsidize the former. for the purposes of a longer - term look at equalization, ontario is treated as a have province in this analysis despite the fact that it is receiving equalization payments in 2009 - 2010. this study considers it a have province because these payments are small relative to population and, taken together with other transfers, ontario still contributes substantially more money to the federation than it receives in transfers and federal services. similarly, while newfoundland has technically not received any equalization payments since the 2007 - 2008 budget year, it receives payments akin to equalization under a 1985 accord that will total $ 465 - million in the current fiscal year ( 2009 - 2010 ). in broad terms, over the last three decades, british columbia, alberta and ontario have been the main contributors to equalization ( with a further qualification that british columbia briefly received equalization early in this century ). the other provinces have been the recipients. how the have provinces lose out under equalization the evidence presented in this paper strongly suggests that, in many important areas, levels of government service in the traditional and largest have provinces such as british columbia, alberta and ontario are significantly below those that exist in most recipient provinces. specifically, the data suggest that large transfers allow recipient provinces to spend more freely on a range of government services including health and education. a comparison between british columbia, alberta and ontario on the one hand and quebec on the other in terms of government service levels helps to illustrate this point. quebec is the largest recipient of equalization money ; it will receive almost $ 8. 4 - billion in 2009 - 2010 out of a total equalization budget of $ 14. 2 - billion for the six receiving provinces, or 59 per cent of all equalization transfers. the billions of dollars in equalization transfers received by quebec each year from taxpayers in british columbia, alberta and ontario ( and as of late, saskatchewan and newfoundland ) are used to provide service levels far beyond what is provided in the paying provinces. view entire study as pdf ( 39 pages ) is assistant research director and senior policy analyst at the frontier centre for public policy. ben holds a masters degree in public policy from


when it comes to stretches prior to a sporting event, many athletes choose forms of dynamic stretching to get their muscles and limbs ready for intense activity. stretching plays a vital role in preparing the body for many sports, but athletes generally have to walk a fine line between the kinds of stretches that adequately utilize the body ' s response, and those that may invite injury. dynamic stretching represents a " middle of the road " option that is usually safe for most players. the term dynamic stretching refers to a stretch that is an extension of a normal motion. by contrast, static stretching is when the person doing the stretch is not in motion, except for the targeted, steady motion of the stretch. on the other extreme, there ' s ballistic stretching, where athletes force limbs and joints to try to grow a range of motion. although opinions differ, trainers generally know that ballistic stretching just prior to an event can be a cause of injury. dynamic stretching is often the way to go for getting geared up for many sports. here are some of the athletes who can benefit from dynamic stretching. dynamic stretching for soccer soccer players can use dynamic stretching with leg activities that will prepare them for some of their roles on the field. these can include knee raises or heel kicks, where slow, steady extension of a range of motion can help get the legs used to the flexibility they will need for driving the ball toward a goal. dynamic stretching for basketball basketball players often use a varied menu of dynamic stretching exercises to fit what they will be doing on the court. these can include forward or backward lunges, knee raises, a raised leg walk ( where legs go up with each step to touch the extended arms, for more leg flexibility during play ), and much more. dynamic stretching for tennis high steps, arm circles and jogging in place are some of what tennis players may do with dynamic stretching before a match. dynamic stretching for boxing trunk rotations and arm swings are among the most popular stretching exercises for this sport. many trainers recommend including dynamic training in boxing prep, because the targeted movements are specific to the demands placed on the body during a bout. dynamic stretching for football due to the rough nature of the sport, football players often subject themselves to a battery of stretches before venturing on the field. any and all of the above might make up a football warm - up regimen, as many of the body ' s muscle groups are used in the sport, and many parts of the body are vulnerable. many other sports use dynamic stretching exercises. a lot of these are generally the same and focus on


fletcher allen, a vermont university hospital and medical center, serves all of vermont and the northern new york region. located in burlington, fletcher allen is a regional, academic healthcare center and teaching hospital in alliance with the university of vermont. national organization for rare disorders, inc. it is possible that the main title of the report pediatric cardiomyopathy is not the name you expected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report. - arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ( arvc ) - asymmetrical septal hypertrophy - familial congestive cardiomyopathy - familial dilated cardiomyopathy ( fdc ) - hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy ( hocm ) - idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy - idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis - non - obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ( arvd ) - dilated cardiomyopathy - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ( hcm ) - restrictive cardiomyopathy pediatric cardiomyopathy is a rare heart condition that affects infants and children. specifically, cardiomyopathy means disease of the heart muscle ( myocardium ). several different types of cardiomyopathy exist and the specific symptoms vary from case to case. in some cases, no symptoms may be present ( asymptomatic ) ; in many cases, cardiomyopathy is a progressive condition that may result in an impaired ability of the heart to pump blood ; fatigue ; heart block ; irregular heartbeats ( tachycardia ) ; and, potentially, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. cardiomyopathy may be termed ischemic or nonischemic. ischemic cardiomyopathy refers to cases that occur due to a lack of blood flow and oxygen ( ischemia ) to the heart. such cases often result from hardening of the arteries ( coronary artery disease ). nonischemic cardiomyopathy refers to cases that occur due to structural damage or malfunction of the heart muscle. nearly all cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy are nonischemic. this report deals with nonischemic pediatric cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy may also be termed primary or secondary. primary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where cardiom


nearly all cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy are nonischemic. this report deals with nonischemic pediatric cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy may also be termed primary or secondary. primary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where cardiomyopathy occurs by itself or for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). secondary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where the disease occurs secondary to a known cause such as heart muscle inflammation ( myocarditis ) caused by viral or bacterial infections ; exposure to certain toxins such as heavy metals or excessive alcohol use ; or certain disorders that affect the heart and / or additional organs systems. according to the pediatric cardiomyopathy registry, approximately 79 percent of pediatric cardiomyopathy cases occur for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). nonischemic cardiomyopathy may be further divided into four subtypes based upon the specific changes within the heart. these subtypes are : dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. american heart association 8200 brookriver drive dallas, tx 75247 nih / national heart, lung and blood institute p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20892 - 0105 montgomery heart foundation for cardiomyopathy 1830 e. monument st. / suite 7300 baltimore, md 21205 chiltern court, unit 10 bucks, intl hp5 2px tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 791224 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 797199 tel : 0800 018 1024 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy association 328 green pond rd p. o. box 306 hibernia, nj 07842 cardiac arrhythmias research and education foundation, inc. ( c. a. r. e ) 427 fulton street p. o. box 69 seymour, wi 54165 kids with heart ~ national association for children ' s heart disorders, inc. p. o box 12504 green bay, wi 54307 - 2504 little hearts, inc. p. o. box 171 110 court street, suite 3a cromwell, ct 06416 congenital heart information network ( c. h. i. n. ) 101 n washington ave, suite 1a margate city, nj 08402 - 1195 children ' s cardiomyopathy foundation po box 547 tenafly, nj 07670 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po


) 101 n washington ave, suite 1a margate city, nj 08402 - 1195 children ' s cardiomyopathy foundation po box 547 tenafly, nj 07670 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po box 8126 gaithersburg, md 20898 - 8126 irish heart foundation 4 clyde road tel : + 353 1 6685001 fax : + 353 1 6685896 for a complete report this is an abstract of a report from the national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). a copy of the complete report can be downloaded free from the nord website for registered users. the complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational therapies ( if available ), and references from medical literature. for a full - text version of this topic, go to www. rarediseases. org and click on rare disease database under " rare disease information ". the information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. it is provided for informational purposes only. nord recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians. it is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report this disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. since nord ' s resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the rare disease database completely current and accurate. please check with the agencies listed in the resources section for the most current information about this disorder. for additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the national organization for rare disorders at p. o. box 1968, danbury, ct 06813 - 1968 ; phone ( 203 ) 744 - 0100 ; web site www. rarediseases. org or email email @ example. com last updated : 8 / 26 / 2010 copyright 2003, 2010 national organization for rare disorders, inc. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


the fatal connection between a flock of american white pelicans and a cessna citation 500 business jet at 3, 100ft over a lake in oklahoma in march 2008 is the fuel behind some new safety recommendations issued by the us national transportation safety board yesterday. the collision with one or more of birds, which tend to weigh on average about 20lb according to the smithsonian ' s natural museum of history, took out the right engine but more crucially, damaged the aircraft ' s wings to the point that it was uncontrollable. the resulting spiral, simulated by the ntsb below, sent the two pilots and three passengers to their deaths. after some rehashing of radar data, investigators determined which clutter was most likely the flock of pelicans in the vicinity at the time. blue dots indicate pelicans while the aircraft ' s track after it departed the wiley post airport in oklahoma is in yellow. here ' s the ultimate result of the collision... first, an image from a surveillance video camera in the vicinity. then the final outcome... what can be done? the ntsb made 10 new recommendations, some dealing with how the aircraft was operated, but others focused on mitigating the increasing frequency with which birds and aircraft are meeting. the simplest strategy, other than see - and - avoid, is to give pilots an understanding of the bird strike energy for which their aircraft are certified. under part 25 certification rules, a cessna citation 500 must be able to sustain a hit to the wing of a 4lb bird at cruise speed and be able to continue flying. and perform a safe landing. the image below shows the damage caused by a 4lb bird at a cruise speed of 287kt... the empennage must be able to handle an 8lb bird at cruise speeds. the trick is to figure out how fast the airplane can then hit a 20lb pelican, assuming the pilot obtains information that such birds are in the area. based in the laws of physics ( kinetic energy = 1 / 2 * mass * velocity - squared ), the equivalent energy of the 4lb at 287kt is 14, 586 ft - lb, according to the ntsb. to stay below that energy, the aircraft would have to be traveling at 128kt or slower when it hits a 20lb pelican, according to my calculations. it ' s a large decrease in speed, but one that might be worth considering an aircraft ' s brief duration at such low altitudes, given the consequences.. what


greg whiteley, managing director of whiteley corporation, provides some advice on ensuring effective office washroom hygiene. there are two key occupational health and safety ( ohs ) issues with maintaining washrooms. first, the transmission of infection, which results in increased sick leave and may lead to serious health issues. second, floors that are not cleaned properly can become slippery, which can lead to slip accidents. germs and bacteria – including bacteria, pathogens, viruses, prions and fungi – thrive in moist areas and can be found in every public washroom. many workplaces have shower blocks and additional care is needed to prevent staff from catching and spreading infections. bacteria can be spread into the air every time a toilet is flushed and settle onto any surface in the washroom. in fact, recent work supports the view that the toilet should always be flushed with the lid down. the bacteria typically encountered in washrooms include staphylococcus, salmonella and e. coli. other bacteria, including multi - resistant organism ( mro ) superbugs are also prevalent in washrooms. in addition, shower blocks are a key area for the transmission of tinea. blood and body fluid are less likely to be found, but if present can harbour viruses such as hiv and hepatitis b. bacteria and fungi thrive in soiled conditions and within any soap scum, so clean surfaces are essential for good hygiene. combating the transmission of infection unfortunately, not all office employees follow the basics of hygiene, such as washing their hands after using the toilet. an infected person can transfer these bugs onto any surface they touch, including toilets, shower handles, sink faucets and doors. the ‘ high touch objects ’ and surfaces in bathrooms, especially doors, are extreme high risk areas for picking up germs and bugs. even though users of the lavatory may wash their hands, they may pick up unwanted bacteria on the door when they leave the washroom. it is very easy for germs and bacteria to be spread from bathrooms into the workplace without proper hand hygiene. hand hygiene is recognised as the single most important factor of an effective infection prevention and control program. effective hand hygiene practices help to reduce infections in the workplace. along with washing hands after using a bathroom, instant hand hygiene products that can be used anywhere without the need of water dramatically improve hand hygiene and help prevent the spread of workplace illness including colds, flu and diarrhoea. a new generation of instant hand hygiene products has become available that improves hand hygiene and reduces infection risks


be used anywhere without the need of water dramatically improve hand hygiene and help prevent the spread of workplace illness including colds, flu and diarrhoea. a new generation of instant hand hygiene products has become available that improves hand hygiene and reduces infection risks. alcohol - free, non - flammable, non - toxic, non - hazardous, instant hand sanitisers that kill 99. 9 percent of germs have been developed to be used by workers where traditional alcohol - based hand rubs present a significant ohs risk. alcohol - based hand rubs are classified as dangerous goods, as a potential fuel source, and require special storage conditions that increase risk in the workplace. a proper cleaning routine new products also available in the marketplace for a proper cleaning routine use a mildly acidic ( non - chlorinated ) heavy - duty bathroom disinfectant / cleaner. these products are designed to remove soiling, kill germs and sanitise surfaces, therefore improving the overall hygiene of the bathroom and, in turn, significantly reducing the incidence of infection. large scale application can be conducted via a foaming gun to save labour. facilities managers who want to improve cleaning standards need to review current methods and products being used to ensure they are obtaining the best ohs outcomes for an office facility ’ s staff. product choice should be made on the basis of proven bug - killing results, which are regulated by the australian therapeutic goods administration. the right product and method choice should leave washrooms clean and stop the transmission of infections between staff.


brian domitrovic, contributor i write about history, economics, and the supply - side revolution every nation has its “ founding myth, ” as we are apt to hear from post - modern quarters. but is this ever true when it comes to our economic history. in curricula from k - 12 to history graduate school, it is staple fare that as a new nation in the early nineteenth century, the united states nurtured its “ infant industry ” into adulthood by having a protective tariff that kept out cheap mass - made european goods. after a century of trade protectionism, the story goes, u. s. industry was so strong that it was the most productive in the world. you can find this argument everywhere in historical scholarship and commentary, from textbook to shining sea. there is no need to name names ; if you ’ re someone in american historiography, you ’ ve made or otherwise acquiesced to this argument. and yet it has never rung true in economics. free trade is a major verity in that discipline, and for good reason. the case for it has been made nine ways to sunday. in 1936, for example, the adam smith contention that tariffs make the domestic economy poorer got a powerful analytical lift in the elaboration of the “ lerner symmetry. ” the point – proven geometrically by economist abba lerner – is that tariffs hurt exporters as much as they help home industries. when a tariff raises the price level, enabling marginal domestic producers to survive, it also raises the cost of inputs to exporters. the whole thing is a wash as goes trade, and things are more expensive. so how did the tariff nurture infant industries back in the old days again? it didn ’ t, as has been the consensus in economics for decades. but given that economists can draw ( as in graphs ) and mark up equations better than they can write, the word never really got out. historians, untutored in economics, and more interested in politics, society, and culture, followed the path of least resistance and associated the prodigious growth of the american economy in the 19th century with the fact that there was a tariff all the while. well, this holiday is about to come to an end. the dissertation recently completed by political scientist phillip w. magness ( of the institute for humane studies and american university ) lays out the whole thing. magness shows that it is nonsensical to hold that a reduction in aggregate real income – the necessary result of a


of the difference between a prince and a tyrant and of what is meant by a prince. between a tyrant and a prince there is this single or chief difference, that the latter obeys the law and rules the people by its dictates, accounting himself as but their servant. it is by virtue of the law that he makes good his claim to the foremost and chief place in the management of the affairs of the commonwealth and in the bearing of its burdens ; and his elevation over others consists in this, that whereas private men are held responsible only for their private affairs, on the prince fall the burdens of the whole community. wherefore deservedly there is conferred on him, and gathered together in his hands, the power of all his subjects, to the end that he may be sufficient unto himself in seeking and bringing about the advantage of each individually, and of all ; and to the end that the state of the human commonwealth may be ordered in the best possible manner, seeing that each and all are members one of another. wherein we indeed but follow nature, the best guide of life ; for nature has gathered together all the senses of her microcosm or little world, which is man, into the head, and has subjected all the members in obedience to it in such wise that they will all function properly so long as they follow the guidance of the head, and the head remains sane. therefore the prince stands on a pinnacle which is exalted and made splendid with all the great and high privileges which he deems necessary for himself. and rightly so, because nothing is more advantageous to the people than that the needs of the prince should be fully satisfied ; since it is impossible that his will should be found opposed to justice. therefore, according to the usual definition, the prince is the public power, and a kind of likeness on earth of the divine majesty. beyond doubt a large share of the divine power is shown to be in princes by the fact that at their nod men bow their necks and for the most part offer up their heads to the axe to be struck off, and, as by a divine impulse, the prince is feared by each of those over whom he is set as an object of fear. and this i do not think could be, except as a result of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor


of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor severed from him, but he merely exercises it through a subordinate hand, making all things teach his mercy or justice. " who, therefore, resists the ruling power, resists the ordinance of god, " [ romans 13 : 2 ] in whose hand is the authority of conferring that power, and when he so desires, of withdrawing it again, or diminishing it. for it is not the ruler ' s own act when his will is turned to cruelty against his subjects, but it is rather the dispensation of god for his good pleasure to punish or chasten them. thus during the hunnish persecution, attila, on being asked by the reverend bishop of a certain city who he was, replied, " i am attila, the scourge of god. " whereupon it is written that the bishop adored him as representing the divine majesty. " welcome, " he said, " is the minister of god, " and " blessed is he that cometh in the name of the lord, " and with sighs and groans he unfastened the barred doors of the church, and admitted the persecutor through whom he attained straightway to the palm of martyrdom. for he dared not shut out the scourge of god, knowing that his beloved son was scourged, and that the power of this scourge which had come upon himself was as nought except it came from god. if good men thus regard power as worthy of veneration even when it comes as a plague upon the elect, who should not venerate that power which is instituted by god for the punishment of evil - doers and for the reward of good men, and which is promptest in devotion and obedience to the laws? to quote the words of the emperor, " it is indeed a saying worthy of the majesty of royalty that the prince acknowledges himself bound by the laws. " [ justinian, codex i. 14. 4 ] for the authority of the prince depends upon the authority of justice and law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and


law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and that although the prince is not bound by the law, he is nevertheless the servant of the law and of equity, and bears the public person, and sheds blood blamelessly. princes should not deem that it detracts from their princely dignity to believe that the enactments of their own justice are not to be preferred to the justice of god, whose justice is an everlasting justice, and his law is equity. now equity, as the learned jurists define it, is a certain fitness of things which compares all things rationally, and seeks to apply like rules of right and wrong to like cases, being impartially disposed toward all persons, and allotting to each that which belongs to him. of this equity the interpreter is the law, to which the will and intention of equity and justice are known. therefore crisippus asserted that the power of the law extends over all things, both divine and human, and that it accordingly presides over all goods and ills, and is the ruler and guide of material things as well as of human beings. to which papinian, a man most learned in the law, and demosthenes, the great orator, seem to assent, subjecting all men to its obedience because all law is, as it were, a discovery, and a gift from god, a precept of wise men, the corrector of excesses of the will, the bond which knits together the fabric of the state, and the banisher of crime ; [ digest i. 3. 1 - 2 ] and it is therefore fitting that all men should live according to it who lead their lives in a corporate political body. all are accordingly bound by the necessity of keeping the law, unless perchance there is any who can be thought to have been given the license of wrong - doing. however, it is said that the prince is absolved from the obligations of the law ; but this is not true in the sense that it is lawful for him to do unjust acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote


acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote the advantage of the commonwealth, and in all things to prefer the good of others before his own private will. who, indeed, in respect of public matters can properly speak of the will of the prince at all, since therein he may not lawfully have any will of his own apart from that which the law or equity enjoins, or the calculation of the common interest requires? for in these matters his will is to have the force of a judgment ; and most properly that which pleases him therein has the force of law, because his decision may not be at variance with the intention of equity. " from thy countenance, " says the lord, " let my judgment go forth, let shine eyes look upon equity " ; [ psalm 17 : 2 ] for the uncorrupted judge is one whose decision, from assiduous contemplation of equity, is the very likeness thereof. the prince accordingly is the minister of the common interest and the bond - servant of equity, and he bears the public person in the sense that he punishes the wrongs and injuries of all, and all crimes, with even - handed equity. his rod and staff also, administered with wise moderation, restore irregularities and false departures to the straight path of equity, so that deservedly may the spirit congratulate the power of the prince with the words, " thy rod and thy staff, they have comforted me. " [ psalm 23 : 4 ] his shield, too, is strong, but it is a shield for the protection of the weak, and one which wards off powerfully the darts of the wicked from the innocent. those who derive the greatest advantage from his performance of the duties of his office are those who can do least for themselves, and his power is chiefly exercised against those who desire to do harm. therefore not without reason he bears a sword, wherewith he sheds blood blamelessly, without becoming thereby a man of blood, and frequently puts men to death without incurring the name or guilt of homicide. for if we believe the great augustine, david was called a man of blood not because of his wars, but because of uria. and samuel is nowhere described as a man of blood or a homicide, although he slew agag,


homicide. for if we believe the great augustine, david was called a man of blood not because of his wars, but because of uria. and samuel is nowhere described as a man of blood or a homicide, although he slew agag, the fat king of amalech. truly the sword of princely power is as the sword of a dove, which contends without gall, smites without wrath, and when it fights, yet conceives no bitterness at all. for as the law pursues guilt without any hatred of persons, so the prince most justly punishes offenders from no motive of wrath but at the behest, and in accordance with the decision, of the passionless law. for although we see that the prince has lictors of his own, we must yet think of him as in reality himself the sole or chief lictor, to whom is granted by the law the privilege of striking by a subordinate hand. if we adopt the opinion of the stoics, who diligently trace down the reason for particular words, " lictor " means " legis ictor, " or " hammer of the law, " because the duty of his office is to strike those who the law adjudges shall be struck. wherefore anciently, when the sword hung over the head of the convicted criminal, the command was wont to be given to the officials by whose hand the judge punishes evil - doers, " execute the sentence of the law, " or " obey the law, " to the end that the misery of the victim might be mitigated by the calm reasonableness of the words. that the prince is the minister of the priests and inferior to them ; and of what amounts to faithful performance of the prince ' s ministry. this sword, then, the prince receives from the hand of the church, although she herself has no sword of blood at all. nevertheless she has this sword, but she uses it by the hand of the prince, upon whom she confers the power of bodily coercion, retaining to herself authority over spiritual things in the person of the pontiffs. the prince is, then, as it were, a minister of the priestly power, and one who exercises that side of the sacred offices which seems unworthy of the hands of the priesthood. for every office existing under, and concerned with the execution of, the sacred laws is really a religious office, but that is inferior which consists in punishing crimes, and which therefore seems to


offices which seems unworthy of the hands of the priesthood. for every office existing under, and concerned with the execution of, the sacred laws is really a religious office, but that is inferior which consists in punishing crimes, and which therefore seems to be typified in the person of the hangman. wherefore constantine, most faithful emperor of the romans, when he had convoked the council of priests at nicaea, neither dared to take the chief place for himself nor even to sit among the presbyters, but chose the hindmost seat. moreover, the decrees which he heard approved by them he reverenced as if he had seen them emanate from the judgment - seat of the divine majesty. even the rolls of petitions containing accusations against priests which they brought to him in a steady stream he took and placed in his bosom without opening them. and after recalling them to charity and harmony, he said that it was not permissible for him, as a man, and one who was subject to the judgment of priests, to examine cases touching gods, who cannot be judged save by god alone. and the petitions which he had received he put into the fire without even looking at them, fearing to give publicity to accusations and censures against the fathers, and thereby incur the curse of cham, the undutiful son, who did not hide his father ' s shame. wherefore he said, as is narrated in the writings of nicholas the roman pontiff, " verily if with mine own eyes i had seen a priest of god, or any of those who wear the monastic garb, sinning, i would spread my cloak and hide him, that he might not be seen of any. " also theodosius, the great emperor, for a merited fault, though not so grave a one, was suspended by the priest of milan from the exercise of his regal powers and from the insignia of his imperial office, and patiently and solemnly he performed the penance for homicide which was laid upon him. again, according to the testimony of the teacher of the gentiles, greater is he who blesses man than he who is blessed ; [ hebrews 7 : 7 ] and so he in whose hands is the authority to confer a dignity excels in honor and the privileges of honor him upon whom the dignity itself is conferred. further, by the reasoning of the law it is his right to refuse who has the power to grant, and he who can lawfully bestow can


a dignity excels in honor and the privileges of honor him upon whom the dignity itself is conferred. further, by the reasoning of the law it is his right to refuse who has the power to grant, and he who can lawfully bestow can lawfully take away. [ digest i. 17. 3 ] did not samuel pass sentence of deposition against saul by reason of his disobedience, and supersede him on the pinnacle of kingly rule with the lowly son of ysai? [ jesse ] but if one who has been appointed prince has performed duly and faithfully the ministry which he has undertaken, as great honor and reverence are to be shown to him as the head excels in honor all the members of the body. now he performs his ministry faithfully when he is mindful of his true status, and remembers that he bears the person of the universitas of those subject to him ; and when he is fully conscious that he owes his life not to himself and his own private ends, but to others, and allots it to them accordingly, with duly ordered charity and affection. therefore he owes the whole of himself to god, most of himself to his country, much to his relatives and friends, very little to foreigners, but still somewhat. he has duties to the very wise and the very foolish, to little children and to the aged. supervision over these classes of persons is common to all in authority, both those who have care over spiritual things and those who exercise temporal jurisdiction. wherefore melchisedech, the earliest whom the scripture introduces as both king and priest ( to say nought at present concerning the mystery wherein he prefigures christ, who was born in heaven without a mother and on earth without a father ) ; of him, i say, we read that he had neither father nor mother, not because he was in fact without either, but because in the eyes of reason the kingly power and the priestly power are not born of flesh and blood, since in bestowing either, regard for ancestry ought not to prevail over merits and virtues, but only the wholesome wishes of faithful subjects should prevail ; and when anyone has ascended to the supreme exercise of either power, he ought wholly to forget the affections of flesh and blood, and do only that which is demanded by the safety and welfare of his subjects. and so let him be both father and husband to his subjects, or, if he has known some affection more tender still, let


the affections of flesh and blood, and do only that which is demanded by the safety and welfare of his subjects. and so let him be both father and husband to his subjects, or, if he has known some affection more tender still, let him employ that ; let him desire to be loved rather than feared, and show himself to them as such a man that they will out of devotion prefer his life to their own, and regard his preservation and safety as a kind of public life ; and then all things will prosper well for him, and a small bodyguard will, in case of need, prevail by their loyalty against innumerable adversaries. for love is strong as death ; and the wedge [ a military formation ] which is held together by strands of love is not easily broken. when the dorians were about to fight against the athenians they consulted the oracles regarding the outcome of the battle. the reply was that they would be victorious if they did not kill the king of the athenians. when they went to war their soldiers were therefore enjoined above all else to care for the safety of the king. at that time the king of the athenians was codrus, who, learning of the response of the god and the precautions of the enemy, laid aside his royal garb and entered the camp of the enemy bearing faggots on his back. men tried to bar his way and a disturbance arose in the course of which he was killed by a soldier whom he had struck with his pruninghook. when the king ' s body was recognized, the dorians returned home without fighting a battle. thus the athenians were delivered from the war by the valor of their leader, who offered himself up to death for the safety of his country. likewise ligurgus in his reign established decrees which confirmed the people in obedience to their princes, and the princes in just principles of government ; he abolished the use of gold and silver, which are the material of all wickedness, he gave to the senate guardianship over the laws and to the people the power of recruiting the senate ; he decreed that virgins should be given in marriage without a dowry to the end that men might make choice of wives and not of money ; he desired the greatest honor to be bestowed upon old men in proportion to their age ; and verily nowhere else on earth does old age enjoy a more honored station. then, in order to give perpetuity to his laws, he bound the city by an oath to change


to be bestowed upon old men in proportion to their age ; and verily nowhere else on earth does old age enjoy a more honored station. then, in order to give perpetuity to his laws, he bound the city by an oath to change nothing of his laws until he should return again. he thereupon set out for crete and lived there in perpetual exile ; and when he died, he ordered his bones to be thrown into the sea for fear that if they should be taken back to lacedaemon, they might regard themselves as absolved from the obligation of their oath in the matter of changing the laws. these examples i employ the more willingly because i find that the apostle paul also used them in preaching to the athenians. that excellent preacher sought to win entrance for jesus christ and him crucified into their minds by showing from the example of many gentiles that deliverance had come through the ignominy of a cross. and he argued that this was not wont to happen save by the blood of just men and of those who bear the magistracy of a people. carrying forward this line of thought, there could be found none sufficient to deliver all nations, to wit both jews and gentiles, save one to whom all nations were given for his inheritance, and all the earth foreordained to be his possession. but this, he asserted, could be none other than the son of the all - powerful father, since none except god holds sway over all nations and all lands. while he preached in this manner the ignominy of the cross to the end that the folly of the gentiles might gradually be removed, he little by little bore upward the word of faith and the tongue of his preaching till it rose to the word of god, and god ' s wisdom, and finally to the very throne of the divine majesty, and then, lest the virtue of the gospel, because it has revealed itself under the infirmity of the flesh, might be held cheap by the obstinacy of the jews and the folly of the gentiles, he explained to them the works of the crucified one, which were further confirmed by the testimony of fame ; since it was agreed among all that they could be done by none save god. but since fame frequently speaks untruth on opposite sides, fame itself was confirmed by the fact that his disciples were doing marvellous works ; for at the shadow of a disciple those who were sick of any infirmity were healed. why


god. but since fame frequently speaks untruth on opposite sides, fame itself was confirmed by the fact that his disciples were doing marvellous works ; for at the shadow of a disciple those who were sick of any infirmity were healed. why should i continue? the subtlety of aristotle, the refinements of crisippus, the snares of all the philosophers he confuted by rising from the dead. how the decii, roman generals, devoted themselves to death for their armies, is a celebrated tale. julius caesar also said, " a general who does not labor to be dear to his soldiers ' hearts does not know how to furnish them with weapons ; does not know that a general ' s humaneness to his troops takes the place of a host against the enemy. " he never said to his soldiers, " go thither, " but always " follow me " ; he said this because toil which is shared by the leader always seems to the soldier to be less hard. we have also his authority for the opinion that bodily pleasure is to be avoided ; for he said that if in war men ' s bodies are wounded with swords, in peace they are no less wounded with pleasures. he had perceived, conqueror of nations as he was, that pleasure cannot in any way be so easily conquered as by avoiding it, since he himself who had subdued many nations had been snared in the toils of venus by a shameless woman. that it is established by authority of the divine law that the prince is subject to the law and to justice. but why do i thus resort to begging instances from the history of the gentiles, although they are at hand in countless numbers, seeing that men can be moved to deeds more directly by laws than by examples? that you may not, then, be of opinion that the prince is wholly absolved from the laws, hear the law which is enjoined upon princes by the great king who is terrible over all the earth and who takes away the breath of princes : [ deuteronomy 17 : 14ff ] " when thou art come, " he says, " into the land which the lord thy god shall give to thee, and shalt possess it and shalt dwell therein and shalt say, ' i will set over me a king such as all the nations that are round about me have over them ' ; thou shalt appoint him king over thee whom the lord thy god shall choose from the number of thy brethren. thou


shalt say, ' i will set over me a king such as all the nations that are round about me have over them ' ; thou shalt appoint him king over thee whom the lord thy god shall choose from the number of thy brethren. thou mayst not set over thee for thy king a man of another nation, who is not thy brother. and when he is made thy king, he shall not multiply the number of his horses, nor lead back the people into egypt, made proud by the number of his horsemen ; for the lord hath enjoined upon thee that no more shalt thou return by that way. he shall not have many wives to turn away his heart, nor a great weight of silver and gold. and it shall be when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom that he shall write him a copy of this law of the deuteronomy in a book, taken from the copy which is in the hands of the priests of the tribe of levi, and he shall keep it with him and read therein all the days of his life, that he may learn to fear the lord his god and to keep his words and the rites of his worship which are prescribed in the law. and his heart shall not be lifted up in pride above his brethren, nor incline to the right hand nor to the left, to the end that his reign and his son ' s reign may be long over israel. " need i ask whether one whom this law binds is restrained by no law? surely this law is divine and cannot be broken with impunity. every word thereof is a thunderclap in the ears of princes if they would be wise. i say nought concerning election, and the form thereof which is prescribed for the creation of a prince ; rather attend with me for a little to the rule or formula of living which is enjoined upon him. when there has been appointed, it is written, a man who professes himself a brother of the whole people in the practice of religion and in affection and charity, he shall not multiply unto himself horses, by the number whereof he may become a burden unto his subjects. for to multiply horses is to collect, from vainglory or some other error, more than need requires. now " much " and " little, " if we follow the prince of the peripatetics, signify diminution or excess of the legitimate quantity of specific kinds of things. will it then be lawful to multiply dogs, or rap