eye redness is due to swollen or dilated blood vessels, which cause the surface of the eye to look red, or bloodshot. bloodshot eyes ; red eyes ; scleral infection ; conjunctival infection there are many possible causes of a red eye or eyes. some are cause for concern ; some are medical emergencies. others are nothing to worry about. how red the eye appears is often less of a concern than whether you also have eye pain or difficulty seeing. bloodshot eyes appear red because the vessels in the surface of the white portion of the eye ( sclera ) become swollen. this may result from dry air, too much sun, dust, something in the eye, allergies, infection, or injury. one common cause of a red eye is straining or coughing. this can lead to a bright red, dense bloody area on the white part of the eye. this is called a subconjunctival hemorrhage. although this bloody area may appear alarming, it is a fairly common occurrence and of little significance. if you notice a bloody spot in one eye that doesn ' t hurt, but just looks bad, don ' t worry. it should clear up on its own within a week or two. eye infections or inflammation can occur, causinge redness as well as possible itching, discharge, pain, or vision problems : blepharitis - - swelling of the eyelash along the edge of the eyelid. conjunctivitis - - swelling or infection of the tissue that lines the eyelids and coats the surface of the eye ( the conjunctiva ). this is often referred to as " pink eye. " corneal ulcers - - ulcers on the outer covering of the eye, usually because of a bacterial or viral infection. uveitis - - swelling of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. this is often related to an autoimmune disorder, infection, or exposure to toxins. often, only the iris is inflamed, which is called iritis. other potential causes include : cold or allergies. acute glaucoma - - a sudden increase in eye pressure that is extremely painful and causes serious visual disturbances. this is a medical emergency. most times, glaucoma is chronic and gradual. corneal scratches caused by sand, dust, or overuse of contacts. for fatigue or eyestrain, try to rest your eyes.


causes serious visual disturbances. this is a medical emergency. most times, glaucoma is chronic and gradual. corneal scratches caused by sand, dust, or overuse of contacts. for fatigue or eyestrain, try to rest your eyes. no treatment is necessary. if you have eye pain or a vision problem, call your doctor or nurse. call your health care provider if go to the hospital or call your local emergency number ( such as 911 ) if : your eye is red after a penetrating injury. you have a headache along with blurred vision or confusion. you take blood thinning medication, like warfarin. you may have an object in your eye. you are very sensitive to light. you have a yellow or greenish discharge from one or both eyes. what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your doctor will perform a physical exam, including an eye exam, and ask questions about your medical history. questions may include : are both of your eyes affected? if only one eye, which one? what part of the eye is affected - - the white part, or elsewhere? did the redness come on suddenly? have you ever had eye redness before? do you have eye pain? does it get worse after movement of the eyes? do you have other symptoms like eye discharge, burning, or itching? nausea or vomiting? a headache? the eyes may need to be washed out with normal saline solution, and any foreign bodies will need to be removed. eye drops may be prescribed. wright jl, wightman jm. red and painful eye. in : marx ja, ed. rosen ’ s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 32. rubenstein jb, virasch v. conjunctivitis : infectious and noninfectious. in : yanoff m, duker js, eds. ophthalmology. 3rd ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2008 : chap 4. 6. yanoff m, cameron d. diseases of the visual system. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 431. linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. also reviewed


by using ultraminimalist electrical configurations, you can lighten your housing arrangements and make them more portable too. ultraminimalist lighting is straightforward. the most efficient way of lighting a house is to use lamps with compact fluorescent bulbs inside. for example, a 27w compact fluorescent is equivalent to a 100w incandescent bulb. use led lights for task lighting and spot lighting. these would ideally running on 12v dc if you are generating your own power, otherwise 120v ac works of course. run stereos, televisions, dvd players on dc if possible. charge phones, batteries from dc. run laptops instead of desktops. irons, vacuums and power tools are fine because, although they are energy intensive, they are only used for a short time. hence a sufficiently large inverter will run them ( for example 3000w ). use cordless, rechargeable tools where possible. using electricity for heating is not efficient. the most efficient ways to heat a house : arrange your house so that the sun heats something solid : for example walls or floors, that will later radiate the heat, or store the heat from the sun in water — lots of water if possible. for example, you could use evacuated glass tubes and radiant flooring, or something in that vein. supplement solar heating with a renewable heating source : wood or vegetable oil for example.


any device ( whether in written, mechanical, electronic, or other form ) that can be used by a worker to facilitate the performance of a job or task. a guide for performers, which eliminates the need to recall the steps of a task by memory alone a guide used to eliminate or minimize requirements to memorize information when performing critical tasks a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that is external to the individual and that supports work and activity by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance a tool to guide job performance in real time a procedural guide that helps a person perform a task. a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that support work and activities by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance. job aids are often printed or visual summaries of key points or steps essential to the performance of a task. a device designed for use on the job and providing guidance on the performance of a specific task or skill. may be printed or on - line. used in situations where it is not feasible or worthwhile to commit the procedure to memory before on - the - job - activity. often these are paper - based and posted on the wall in plain sight or in a small reference notebook. they can also be, decals, manuals, cards, etc. a tool which can exist in paper form or on the computer which provides on - the - job instruction for a specific task.


watch a video to find out. stay logged in go to navigation go to content go to search search the collections please enable flash to view this media. download the flash player. abraham and david roentgen were renowned german cabinetmakers whose workshop was famed throughout europe for its exquisite marquetry work and complex mechanical devices. proportioned for a stately public room or library, this musical clock is likely to have been the first roentgen object to reach the united states, belonging to gouverneur morris, one of the nation ’ s founding fathers. not only does it tell time, but it also displays the interior works, which are hidden in most clocks. this clock, from the nemours foundation, is featured in the exhibition extravagant inventions : the princely furniture of the roentgens ( on view october 30, 2012 – january 27, 2013 ). david roentgen : long - case clock the roentgens ' berlin secretary cabinet ( 00 : 02 : 20 ) 11524 views rolltop desk by david roentgen : demonstration ( 00 : 02 : 17 ) 18103 views rolltop desk by david roentgen : animation ( 00 : 01 : 00 ) 3147 views dinner fork ( one of twelve ) browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. this artwork is not on display marking : it monogram in shaped punch ( maker ' s mark ) ; x in square ( date letter for 1727 - 28 ) ; e p in shaped punch ( mark of assay master edward penman ) ; another ; partial strike ( three - towered castle edinburgh town mark ) location of marks : - on underside of body inside foot ring. major ian shaw of tordarroch, m. b. a. ( until 1983 ; sale, christie ' s and edminston ' s, glasgow, march 29, 1983, no. 83 ) © 2000 – 2013 the metropolitan museum of art. all rights reserved.


the simplest things sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. and the smallest changes can have the greatest impact. i believe it is possible to dramatically improve our approach to training and education with just a few simple changes. changes simple enough that teachers can begin applying them the day they learn them. to understand the solution, we must first recognize the problem. the problem is that we leak. that ' s right, leak. we leak information. we very rapidly forget new facts to which we are exposed. if you want to revolutionize training and education, you must fully understand this inherent human weakness. we need to be exposed to information again and again, perhaps even hundreds of times, before we can successfully retain and recall it. this is reality folks. don ' t ignore it. deal with it. so how do we deal with this without genetically altering humans? here are the simple steps : 1. clearly identify the facts you want a student to learn. 2. provide a method to reinforce those facts over time ( over multiple sleep cycles ). folks, that is it. it is so amazingly simple that it boggles the mind. have you seen how we actually teach and train our students? we do not do these two things well at all! clearly identify the facts most classes do not clearly identify the specific set of facts to learn. instead, they take the “ guess what i think is important ” approach. in this approach, a professor or lecturer stands at the front of the room and drones on and on for hours and hours, over days and days. eventually, a test is presented to the students. the students are not told exactly what is going to be on the test. instead, the students get to guess what the instructor thinks is important. if you guessed right, you get an a. as a result, the computer can ensure every single student masters every single fact, and it does this so quickly that to most students, it does not even feel like studying. if you guessed wrong, you fail. in either case, it is highly unlikely that you will remember more than one or two of the facts within thirty days of the exam. this failure is clearly demonstrated in the game show are you smarter than a 5th grader. we don ' t remember what we learned in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term.


in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term. next, give the students all of these facts in advance. yes, all of them. if they should know 1000 things give them all 1000. help them master all 1000. test them on all 1000. i know, this is extra work for the educators. they actually need to clearly identify what the students should master. we don ' t do this today because we think it would take too much time and energy for students to remember all of these facts. the truth is, with the proper reinforcement system in place, it will take less than five minutes a day. reinforce the facts to retain and successfully recall facts, they need to be reinforced over multiple sleep cycles. some facts are learned quickly. they may only need to be reinforced a few times. other facts, for whatever reason, are learned slowly. they may need to be reinforced several hundred times. the problem is, these facts are never the same for two different people. everyone needs to be reinforcing different facts on entirely different schedules. admittedly, this is almost impossible to do in a lecture. however, for a computerized tutor, it is remarkably simple. a computer can be used to build a mind map for each individual student, learning exactly what facts the student knows and doesn ' t know. the computer can remember every time a student was exposed to a fact, on what date and at what time. the computer can remember each individual student ' s success in recalling and retaining each and every fact. finally, the computer can provide a customized reinforcement plan individualized for every single student. this is not a theory folks, it is a fact. for the last two years at procuit we have been doing applied research on precisely this method of training. others have been doing it even longer. it really works. however, don ' t take our word for it, test it on yourself. pick something you would like to learn and implement a system of spaced repetition and reinforcement over extended periods of time. you learn more. faster. with less effort. sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day


fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day : my research system is available to use free of charge at studytag. com. try learning all of the u. s. states and capitals, or author your own course, you can learn almost anything in five minutes a day. my company is procuit inc. visit us, if you are interested in learning more. training budgets waste or total waste? if michigan is interested in learning how to truly compete on a global scale, then we have to get dramatically smarter, about getting smarter. why is it that whenever the auto industry has a down - turn the first budget slashed is training? one week we want everyone to attend all of these important training seminars and the next week almost all of it is canceled. why? i have my own theory as to why training budgets are cut in this way. i propose this theory in the manner of a confession. you see, for most of the past 20 years i ' ve been involved in some form of professional training. i have seen first hand what companies intuitively know, which is that a great deal of the money, time, and energy spent in professional training total is a total waste. there, i said it, i feel better already. unfortunately, this also applies to most on - line training courses. the big difference between on - line training and live training in terms of results is simply that you waste less money with on - line training because you spend less for the course. not a big win. here is a simple test to see how effective your training has been. list, from memory, five facts you learned at your last all - day training course. thirty days after you take that on - line computer training lesson, do you remember even two things you learned? i doubt it. research dating back to ebbinghaus in 1885 shows us why. the reality is, we are great at forgetting. perhaps it is time we start applying this research? or, here ' s an idea, perhaps we can apply some of the additional research done in human cognition and memory that has been performed since 1885. we do have an additional 122 years of research we could be using. have you ever read any of it? when i look at most professional training it is certainly clear that your trainers haven ' t! remarkably, whether teaching in schools or training


1885. we do have an additional 122 years of research we could be using. have you ever read any of it? when i look at most professional training it is certainly clear that your trainers haven ' t! remarkably, whether teaching in schools or training in business, for the the most part, we ignore 122 years of research. we use old and wasteful training methods. hey detroit! interested in learning how to slash your training budgets while achieving dramatically better training results? want to ensure your employees actually gain and retain the skills and knowledge required to compete in the 21st century? here is a hint. stop putting your stupid powerpoint presentations on - line into stupid computer based training systems. please stop doing that, it just makes me sick. in case you didn ' t notice, most people are bored to death by powerpoint presentations. why do you think putting them on the internet will suddenly make them more interesting? there is a dramatically better way to provide training and education. information worth learning should be properly reinforced so that it is retained and recalled long - term. here is a thought, if you do training right, you should actually remember what you have learned. oh, and an additional benefit of doing training right - if you change your tools and approach, most training sessions should not cost more than $ 10. think charles shaw training : if you are paying more than $ 10 a bottle of training, you are paying too much. if your vendors are charging you more than that, get new vendors, or demand that they implement a better system, a system based on 122 years of research. if michigan is going to be competitive in the 21st century we are going to have to have some of the most effective training and education programs on the planet. we can do this. first we have to be willing to admit that what we are currently doing is not good enough. next, we have to change. the tools are ready. the time is right. the secrets are ready to be revealed. tomorrow, i ' ll tell you the secrets to dramatically reforming our education and training systems, including exactly what needs to change, how to change it, and where you can begin. i wish we were so stupid from time to time i hears folks criticizing one of our wonderful michigan businesses. i know, this is hard to believe, but it is true. to be specific, people sometimes call our businesses and their great leaders stupid. “ ford was stupid doing this, ” “ gm was stupid for doing that, ” and “ all of them are stupid for ignoring w


to believe, but it is true. to be specific, people sometimes call our businesses and their great leaders stupid. “ ford was stupid doing this, ” “ gm was stupid for doing that, ” and “ all of them are stupid for ignoring w. edwards deming, ” and on and on. ( o. k., i admit, i ' m usually the one making the deming comment. ) usually the criticism is followed with, “ and you will not believe what the morons running my company just did. ” in the past, whenever i heard people complaining about how stupid michigan companies were, i would tell them, “ if you want to really experience stupid, you have work for a california company. ” over the years, while still living in michigan, i ' ve somehow managed to end up working for california companies. i am not exaggerating when i say that these are the absolutely most amazingly stupid companies i have ever had the pleasure of working with. in fact, in the case of commerce one, they turned stupidity into a mind numbingly glorious singularity – burning in stupid brightness, losing literally hundreds of millions of investment dollars, shutting down profitable businesses, and driving themselves to financial ruin. if you really want to meet stupid people, i am convinced that there is no better place than silicon valley. at one point i mistakenly took solace in the idea that the michigan companies i knew were significantly smarter than the california ones. yes, the california companies were continually doing bold, innovative, and dramatic moves, but most these moves were also colossally unforgiving and, to me anyway, quite frequently stupid. silicon valley companies seem to enjoy betting their entire future on some crazy innovation, a single roll of the dice. imagine how stupid the california vcs and angels must be to invest in these companies. to add insult to injury. californians seem to celebrate their stupidity. they wear it as a badge of honor to have tried a startup and failed. their vcs actually give money to inventors and managers who failed the last time they tried a startup : they let them try again! they even fund teenagers and college students ten to fifty thousand dollars for a stupid startup idea, with no real business plan, not even a single financial projection. some even expect them to launch a new business in only 10 weeks. oh the insanity, the insanity, and yes, i ' m talking about you, y combinator. in michigan we have a better way – slow, deliberate, cautious,..., smart. by


a new business in only 10 weeks. oh the insanity, the insanity, and yes, i ' m talking about you, y combinator. in michigan we have a better way – slow, deliberate, cautious,..., smart. by golly, i remember the response i received when i presented an idea for an internet company to a michigan vc firm in 1996. the michigan vc said, “ the internet, well, i don ' t really know if that internet is going to go anywhere. ” after all, we wouldn ' t want to invest if we didn ' t really know the result ahead of time, like a treasury bill. that ' s the smart way to invest. i was happy with my opinion on how smart we all are in michigan. even my experience with our local vc community didn ' t really change that opinion, although it did begin to shake the ground a little. it wasn ' t until i read, on the origin of species by means of natural selection by charles darwin, that i fundamentally began to question my faith in michigan ' s approach to intelligent investing. that darwin, always challenging our faith. i couldn ' t help but apply his theory to business, and i was surprised at the perspective it gave. the beauty of the theory of natural selection is that doesn ' t require intelligent design. that is why it is so offensive to so many people. the key concept that so intrigues me is this : natural selection doesn ' t require intelligent design. it is not intelligent selection, it is natural selection. it is not survival of the smartest, but survival of the fittest. and sometimes, being the fittest, is simply a function of luck. when i think of darwin in the realm of innovative startup businesses, i am inclined to believe that intelligence is overrated. what is required for natural selection to perform its wonders for startup businesses? a large population, selection, and time. here is where we may be in trouble in michigan. we are just too darn smart. we are trying to do intelligent design on a process better suited to natural selection. intelligent design simply isn ' t as good as natural selection in creating strong, new, innovative businesses and jobs. the world is changing so fast, and technology is moving fast, if you want to ride the edge of innovation you cannot wait to make intelligent investments, for by the time it is clear what investments will survive and thrive, the opportunity has passed you by, and someone else will have the thriving new business life created by the process.


to ride the edge of innovation you cannot wait to make intelligent investments, for by the time it is clear what investments will survive and thrive, the opportunity has passed you by, and someone else will have the thriving new business life created by the process. say, for a purely hypothetical example, a new piece of technology appears called xmlhttprequest. let ' s call the technology, and how it is applied, web 2. 0. california, being stupid, blindly starts up and finances hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of web 2. 0 companies, all in less than three years. mostly stupid companies, with stupid ideas, and no hint as to how they will ever even make any money. stupid. stupid. stupid. michigan, however, is much more clever. we only startup a few, and we don ' t provide them with any capital. certainly no michigan vc gives them any money, and for goodness sake, don ' t even approach the angel groups or the mgcs with this sort of lame idea. include these types of businesses in the 21st century jobs fund? that would be stupid. michigan is smart. california, clearly stupid. end of the story? unfortunately, no. the galling thing is that, in the end, california wins. how? the power of natural selection over a large population outperforms intelligent design. out of these thousands of new startup companies created in california many will, through the process of natural selection, survive, adapt, and even grow. most die. some absolutely thrive, creating whole new industries and thousands of new jobs. at the end of a few years, california successfully employs thousands and thousands of engineers and managers in the thriving companies. thousands more work in those that are merely surviving. these companies being to develop synergy, create new ideas ( mostly stupid ), and launch yet still more new businesses creating new jobs. michigan. michigan in the same time frame likely creates ten to twenty web 2. 0 companies. most get no funding and die on the drawing board. others move to california. and the few remaining ones who are successful, well, if they have an exit strategy it likely involves selling the company and moving it to california. after all, the only people stupid enough to buy it, are in california. final score : california, tens of thousands of new jobs in new industries, without a single tax credit to create them. michigan, 0. i wish we were so stupid. there was a time when michigan was a lot dumber. henry ford stupidly wanted to sell affordable


tens of thousands of new jobs in new industries, without a single tax credit to create them. michigan, 0. i wish we were so stupid. there was a time when michigan was a lot dumber. henry ford stupidly wanted to sell affordable cars to everyone. the smart money kept telling him to focus on selling cars only to the rich. " silly henry, don ' t you know the farmers can ' t afford cars, and we don ' t even have any roads for people to drive on. " i can hear the capital speaking even now. oh, if only we had a few thousand people as stupid as henry around, and a few others stupid enough to back them. the next time you hear somebody say how stupid a michigan company is, tell them what i say, " yeah, and not nearly stupid enough. " i mean, we wouldn ' t want to have created a good alternative fuel car when gas was only $ 1. 00 a gallon – that would ' ve been stupid. tip of the day : a slightly different take on my thesis can be found in the most excellent book, fooled by randomness : the hidden role of chance in life and in the markets by nassim nicholas taleb. would you like to better understand web 2. 0? read tim o ' reilly ' s original article. it is a bit technical, and a bit old, but still quite good. my personal web 2. 0 project? studytag. check it out, and maybe even learn something about the great lakes. best of all, studytag is free. i know, i know, it is stupid to give stuff away for free. chrysler, want to make an extra 50 billion? or why detroit needs open source. did you know that there is an it breakthrough hidden inside of chrysler that in the right hands could be worth 50 billion dollars or more? i ’ m not talking research, i ’ m talking developed, deployed, and operational software. the funny thing is, chrysler almost assuredly doesn ’ t even know what it has! in fact, it is likely they have already turned off and abandoned this bit of amazing it innovation. don ’ t get me wrong. at least two chrysler employees knew exactly what they had, but they were just lowly software engineers in an auto company. they didn ' t have the temperament to spin - off, raise capital, and start a new industry. here is what happened. an internal software initiative had already failed two or three times, and yet another team had taken seven person


an auto company. they didn ' t have the temperament to spin - off, raise capital, and start a new industry. here is what happened. an internal software initiative had already failed two or three times, and yet another team had taken seven person - years to try to do it right. unfortunately, the resulting system was slow, buggy, and behind schedule. the project involved data collection for manufacturing plants. not just a little data, but a great pile of data for nearly every part for almost every machine ( several hundred to several thousand machines per facility. ) to make it more interesting, the data being collected would be different for different machines and the data may change over time. chrysler needed to know how many machine cycles a particular piece of tooling has made on one machine, and on another machine, how long the cycle time was, and on and on. and this was just the data collection. once the system had the data, they needed to provide alerts on certain conditions, warnings on others, and reports and real - time views on it all. and these needed to be able to be changed in real - time. to make a long story short, a miracle occurred, and a completely new version of the system was written by one individual in two months – put another way, 84 months worth of work was reduced to 2 months, and the results were error free. this is what an employee told me later : " a little less than two months later, this guy tossed me the product release, i had to laugh, he emailed me the release! how could something that will fit in my email possibly accomplish even a fraction of the requirements! i chuckled under my breath, and performed the install. then it hit me! this was working, just like he said it would. and, i didn ’ t have to code the changes for each machine ; it would create what was needed from the machine specifications! i am always the skeptic, so i presented my first challenge : o. k., smart guy, each minute on this line costs $ 1000. 00, sure you are collecting the down time, but i want to split the cost between every “ downed ” machine on the line, on a per minute basis, and at the end of the day, i want to know which machine cost me the most dollars in productivity. the next morning, i opened my e - mail to find a configuration file. i had him now …. he forgot to send me the new release! a quick trip by his desk


want to know which machine cost me the most dollars in productivity. the next morning, i opened my e - mail to find a configuration file. i had him now …. he forgot to send me the new release! a quick trip by his desk left me shaking my head, i didn ’ t need a new release, all i needed to do was apply my new business rules to the existing system! my friend, this is agile. this is what development was supposed to do for us. i threw seven man - years of code in the trash that day, and launch a great system at a fraction of the cost. using traditional methods, i could have spent years trying to design a system just to tell me the high cost machine on my lines, i got it from this system in a single day. " basically, chrysler was shown by a lone consultant on a small project a totally new way to develop industrial software, a way that dramatically reduced cost and improved quality. this approach was so innovative that it could have been spun - out into an entire new software industry. of course, that would require time, energy, and capital, and automotive companies are not software companies. so what happened? the innovation was never developed further. all of our big automotive companies treat it as proprietary and confidential. and, near as i can tell, all of them are continually redoing the same projects over and over and over again. the result of this secrecy policy? well, i am sure even sue unger never knew this particular innovation existed. you see innovation is a delicate thing that needs to be carefully tended, most of the time it isn ' t even recognized as innovation by experts in the field. make every line of software internal and highly confidential, and even you will not know about your own innovations when they happens. innovation born. innovation dies. sadly, i know of many of these stories in michigan. michigan has incredible talent in software engineering. we have tremendous innovation. however, because all of the software is treated as an internal secret, it dies internally and is a secret even to the company that created, financed, and uses it. the solution? in my opinion, detroit automotive companies should seek to open source almost all of their software initiatives. everyone needs to control a factory floor, everyone needs to meet payroll, everyone needs to manage suppliers, and frankly none of you are that good at developing software. so, when you do spend a fortune developing and deploying it, don ' t hide it, open source it! let others unabas


to meet payroll, everyone needs to manage suppliers, and frankly none of you are that good at developing software. so, when you do spend a fortune developing and deploying it, don ' t hide it, open source it! let others unabashedly benefit from your investment and nurture your innovation. had this innovation at chrysler been properly nurtured in an open source community, the it costs at all of our michigan automotive companies would have been slashed, and it would still be dropping! not by moving to cheap offshore labor, but by eliminating most of the labor entirely. think about it, 80 months of labor reduced to 2 months of labor. i won ' t even calculate the percent savings because it is too embarrassing to the industry! detroit, do you want to dramatically reduce your software costs? then open source your software projects! it is probably the only way you will actually be able to benefit and leverage the innovation that is incurring inside your walls. it you are clever, or perhaps i should say if you are stupid, you might even get a piece of the 50 billion dollar non - competing industry that arises from the innovation. we ' ll talk more about being that stupid tomorrow. tip of the day : two open source packages i use continually are open office and firefox. check them out. enough hoopla around google? not nearly enough! on more than one occasion i ' ve heard someone poo poo ( poo poo is that the formal term for it? ) the announcement that google opened a large office in michigan. typically, their statements go something like this " we ' ve lost 19, 000 manufacturing jobs last year. sure it is great that google opened an office here, but what is google going to be, a thousand jobs? what difference will that make? " it is a good question. what difference will it make? what difference could having one of the most innovative and interesting search, advertising, and marketings companies on the planet open a large office in michigan make? here is an answer for you... it could save michigan. let me repeat the answer, just to make it clear. it could save michigan. google has the potential to be that important to the long - term future of michigan. not because of revenue generated from the thousand jobs, the pay at those jobs is not nearly high enough. nor will google setting up shop in michigan convince many other companies to follow. it may convince a few, but with our shallow vc and angel market we are certainly not positioned to


the thousand jobs, the pay at those jobs is not nearly high enough. nor will google setting up shop in michigan convince many other companies to follow. it may convince a few, but with our shallow vc and angel market we are certainly not positioned to be the next silicon valley. no. the benefit of having one of the world ' s most innovative search, advertising, and marketing companies setup shop in michigan is that finally michigan businesses may finally begin to realize just how important google ' s tools are to growing business worldwide. michigan businesses may begin to recognize that it is absolutely essential that they start using google products and services to grow their business! michigan businesses must dramatically improve their game in internet marketing and selling, their future, and ours, depends on it. i attended an event in ann arbor this year where a google guest speaker was flown in from california to demonstrate google analytics. it was well attended. the room where it was held was packed. the only problem is if everyone in michigan who needed to learn the information had attended it would have required ford field to hold the audience. google analytics and google adwords are that important! don ' t you know this yet? where were you? every single business in michigan can benefit greatly from a well executed adwords strategy. these tools may be the single most important way you can grow your company, improve sales, reach new customers, and have a global impact. it is time you learned more about it. google is training up to 1, 000 google employees in michigan on google adwords. even better, it is the job of these people to pass that knowledge on to you! the google office in michigan is specifically designed to help you do a better job using adwords. if i was governor i would do everything in my power to ensure that every michigan business understands how to create and execute an adwords campaign, and how to build a landing page for that campaign that actually converts to sales. these are the skills that will allow new businesses to grow. these are the skills that allow michigan businesses to sell and test market anywhere in the world at very low cost, and i mean anywhere, including your own backyard. do you want to give michigan businesses a head start? teach michigan workers how to use adwords. in case you ' re wondering, no, i do not work for google and i do not own their stock ( my bad ). i have, however, used their tools for years. i know that they work. i know that they can turn a business around. i know that they can


i do not work for google and i do not own their stock ( my bad ). i have, however, used their tools for years. i know that they work. i know that they can turn a business around. i know that they can make the process of marketing, lead generation, and sales actually fun again. my knowledge is real and personal, and i continue to use these tools every day. google ' s tools are not the end of the journey, they are just the beginning, and there are other excellent internet tools you should be using to grow your business. however, google is probably one of the best places to start. i suggest you start today. yes. losing 19, 000 manufacturing jobs hurts, a lot. but there is also hope. google opened a large office in michigan. google, the company that has been changing how businesses advertise, market, and sell for years. it is still rare to find a michigan company that is using these tools well. if google having an office here in michigan can begin to change that, then yes, it is really, really important. it could just save michigan. tip of the day : where would i start learning this stuff if i were you? get the ultimate guide to google adwords by perry marshall and bryan todd. currently selling for less than $ 20 on amazon. don ' t just buy it, actually read it! then, actually do it. the best $ 20 you will spend this year, and don ' t be fooled, the book isn ' t really about adwords, it is about how to implement a comprehensive internet marketing and sales strategy.


created in 2002, minkebe national park ( mnp ) is situated in the extreme northeast of gabon, and covers an area of about 7560km². the park is set within a huge forest block of 32260km² and is among the more intact and isolated forests in central africa. today the forest is largely uninhabited, though in pre - colonial times, settlements were scattered through the forest. during the colonial era, resettlement planners moved villages toward roads and navigable rivers. today, temporary hunting camps occur on the peripheries of the forest and gold mining communities live in the interior near the park borders. baka pygmies from gabon and southern cameroon live throughout the northern sector of the minkebe forest, where they are involved in large - scale elephant poaching for village - based gun owners and ivory traffickers. minkebe is well known for its wildlife which includes a high density of elephants and other large mammals. however, the elephants of minkebe are known to be threatened by poaching, notably in the north of the park near the border with cameroon. the park is managed by the government of gabon with the assistance of wwf. elephant dung density inside the park was considerably higher than in the zone outside the park. mean dung density outside the park in the high human impact stratum was of 4807 / km2, in contrast to the density in the two strata within the park of 4981 dung / km2 ( moderate human impact ) and 6498 dung / km2 ( low human impact ). unfortunately, an estimate of elephant abundance based on dung density is highly error - prone because dung degradation rates and defecation rates required for the conversion are not known for this site. however, using estimates of 90 days for degradation time and 19 defecations per day, an average elephant density of 3. 1 / km2, or a total of 29146 elephants in the total area of the survey zone, or 22678 in the minkebe np can be calculated. among all mike sites that surveyed, minkebe contained the highest dung density and due to its large area, probably holds the highest elephant population in the protected areas network of central africa. the mike elephant inventory zone ( above ) included both the national park, and an area outside the park to the northwest known to be heavily hunted, in order to sample elephant abundance across a gradient of human impact. the survey zone with a total area of 9319km², was divided a priori into 3 strata


1929 : eli lilly & co. registers thimerosal under the trade name merthiolate. it begins to appear in over - the - counter products and as an anti - bacterial preservative in multi - dose vaccines. 1974 : eli lilly ceases production of vaccines. several other pharmaceutical companies continue using thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines. 1980 : the fda begins a review of over - the - counter ( otc ) products containing thimerosal. 1982 : the fda proposes a ban on thimerosal in otc ointments, citing its possible toxicity and ineffectiveness. january, 1991 : the cdc ' s advisory committee on immunization practices adds haemophilus influenzae b ( hib ) to its recommendations for childhood immunization. ten months later, they recommend hepatitis b vaccinations for children. thimerosal is used as a preservative in multidose vials of both vaccines. november, 1997 : congress passes the food and drug administration modernization act, requiring the study of mercury content in fda - approved products. the review discloses the hitherto - unrecognized levels of ethylmercury in vaccines. april, 1998 : the fda ' s proposed ban on thimerosal in otc products goes into effect. 1999 : some public - health experts publicly advocate the removal of thimerosal from vaccines. their recommendation is partly based on a study that found neurological problems in babies whose mothers had ingested mercury while eating whale blubber during pregnancy. this study becomes the source for the epa ' s recommended limit for exposure to mercury. july, 1999 : public - health officials announce that thimerosal will be phased out of vaccines. the cdc, american academy of pediatrics, and fda insist the measure is purely precautionary. they ask manufacturers to eliminate or reduce mercury in vaccines as quickly as possible. august, 1999 : congressman dan burton ( r - ind. ), then - chairman of the house committee on government reform, begins hearings for what will become a three - year investigation into autism and its possible causal link to vaccines. at this time, federal agencies estimate that autism affects 1 in 500 children in the united states. february, 2000 : cdc researcher thomas verstraeten ' s analysis of cdc vaccine safety datalink records finds a relative risk of 2. 48 for autism in children who receive thimerosal - containing vaccines ( tcvs ). june, 2000 : ve


2000 : cdc researcher thomas verstraeten ' s analysis of cdc vaccine safety datalink records finds a relative risk of 2. 48 for autism in children who receive thimerosal - containing vaccines ( tcvs ). june, 2000 : verstraeten discloses his analysis to vaccine advisory committee members at a meeting outside atlanta. the relative - risk figure has dropped from 2. 48 to 1. 69. later that month, the advisory committee decides against stating a preference against tcvs. july, 2000 : safe minds forms to " investigate and raise awareness of the risk to infants and children of exposure to mercury through medical products, including thimerosal in vaccines. " april, 2001 : sallie bernard and lyn redwood publish " autism : a novel form of mercury poisoning " in the journal medical hypotheses, publicizing the case for a causal link between mercury and autistic spectrum disorders. the same month, the institute of medicine ( iom ) releases a report finding no association between the measles - mumps - rubella ( mmr ) vaccine and autism. july, 2001 : the cdc ' s vaccine advisory committee again decides not to state a preference for thimerosal - free vaccines. by this date, diptheria - tetanus - pertusis ( dtap ), hepatitis b, and hib vaccines manufactured for the u. s. market no longer contain thimerosal. tcvs that have not yet expired may remain on doctors ' shelves. october, 2001 : a second iom report finds insufficient evidence to either accept or reject a causal relationship between tcvs and neurological disorders, but says the " hypothesis is biologically plausible. " july, 2002 : proceedings looking into the causal link between thimerosal and autism begin in the federal vaccine court. this is the first step in the legal process for parents seeking compensation for alleged adverse effects of vaccines on their children. november, 2002 : the fda has estimated this as the final expiration date for thimerosal - containing hepb, hib, and dtap vaccines. a california study finds that a three - fold increase in classic autism diagnoses in the state between 1987 and 1998 is real, and cannot be explained as a result of improved diagnostic techniques and case - finding. november, 2002 : congressional republicans insert language into the 475 - page homeland security bill that would prevent parents from suing vaccine makers. after public outcry, the proposal is scrapped in january 2003. january, 2003 : a


and case - finding. november, 2002 : congressional republicans insert language into the 475 - page homeland security bill that would prevent parents from suing vaccine makers. after public outcry, the proposal is scrapped in january 2003. january, 2003 : a cdc study finds a ten - fold increase in autism rates in atlanta between the 1980s and 1996. some researchers now estimate 1 in 150 children have autistic spectrum disorders. june, 2003 : an analysis of cdc vaccination data finds that children who received tcvs had a higher risk. october, 2003 : one of the largest, most comprehensive studies discounting a link between tcvs and neurological disorders is published by danish researchers. november, 2003 : the house committee on government reform ' s report on its investigation assails public - health officials and pharmaceutical companies for failing to remove ethylmercury, " a potent neurotoxin " from medical products. the report concludes : " our public health agencies ' failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self - protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical industry. " november, 2003 : verstraeten ' s analysis is published in a peer - reviewed journal, pediatrics, setting off a new wave of controversy and accusations of statistical manipulation. congressman dave weldon ( r - fla. ) writes to cdc director julie gerberding to open up the agency ' s vaccination database to independent researchers. november, 2003 : a national autism summit is held in washington d. c. to discuss an interagency effort to researching the causes and possible treatments for autism. january, 2004 : a joint statement by the aap, american academy of family physicians, the cdc vaccination advisory committee, and the public health service maintains that " there remains no convincing evidence of harm caused by low levels of thimerosal in vaccines. " february, 2004 : a panel sponsored by the institute of medicine convenes to examine the possible thimerosal - autism link. its report is expected this spring. - rina palta


trembowla historic site & museum / the cross of freedom inc. region touristique : parkland the first ukrainian settlement from europe was established in 1896, in the trembowla area along the drifting river, in the rural municipality of dauphin. the following spring, reverend nestor dmytriw arrived from pennsylvania to celebrate the first ukrainian catholic liturgy on canadian soil for the pioneers. to commemorate the occasion, the settlers erected a large cross of freedom representing freedom in a new land. later that year on september 12, 1897, the settlers of volkiwtsi, known as mink river, were also visited by rev. dmytriw, who consecrated their cemetery and advised them to build a church. the following year, the settlers erected a small chapel of logs and later built an addition to the permanent church. it was consecrated in 1902 as st. michael ' s ukrainian catholic church and served the parish of mink river until 1960. the church was relocated to the cross of freedom historic site in 1967 where it is preserved to this day as the first and oldest ukrainian catholic church in canada. renseignements sur les collections the collection consists of : road - side historic site, monuments, the first ukrainian catholic church in canada which is preserved on site. historic buildings include : st. michael ' s church, trembowla school, wasyl ksionzyk home, and replica of a pioneer home. clay bake oven. in addition, a grotto has been built to celebrate the centennial of st. michael ' s church ( 1998 ). the grotto, built to the blessed virgin mary, has appropriate plaques relating the history and first parishioners of st. michael ' s church. as well, a statue of the blessed mother of the universe was donated by st. elizabeth parish of polonia. collection of old school books, attendance records of trembowla school dating back to 1919. church records from st. michael ' s church, dating 1920 to 1960. architectural records • prints and drawings • autre : ukrainian church books and bibles furniture or furnishings autre : church banners, chandelier, tabernacle canadian • european autre periode : 1896 - 1966 media : painting • photography • prints and drawings • sketchbooks or albums cross of freedom commemorates the site of the first ukrainian divine liturgy. costumes and accessories furniture or furnishings household objects or domestic technology religious or liturgical objects autre : clay bake oven. small collection of fossils and rocks. sciences de la terre et collections geologiques


diego ramon, son of the former capt. domingo ramon, was appointed commanding officer in the aftermath of his father ’ s death. the success of the presidio depended in large part on the ability of the spanish to establish a permanent military presence and create a community free of concern of continual attacks from local tribes. given that the copane, a sub - tribe of the karankawa, occupied the coastal region extending from garcitas creek to corpus christi, it was determined that the presidio should be relocated further inland. for the newly appointed capt. diego ramon, however, his command would not last that long. ramon ’ s competence as a leader was lacking and he was soon replaced by captain don juan antonio de bustillo y ceballos before the relocation took place. desperate to move, the franciscans did not wait for permission. instead, they staked out an area along the guadalupe river approximately 10 leagues west of the garcitas creek settlement. in april 1726, spanish governor perez de alamazan inspected the site and was very pleased with what he saw, thus recommending a stronger and more permanent presidio be built in the same location, across the river from the mission. among the qualities that made the new location desirable were the climate, topography, a river for fresh water and irrigation, plentiful timber and an accessible stone quarry for building strong fortifications. also of great importance was the fact that area tribes proved a more peaceful neighbor than the karankawa had at garcitas creek. it did not take long for the presidio to flourish at its new location. by 1730, tremendous progress had been made. permanent dwellings and sturdy fortifications were built, livestock and agriculture were flourishing, relations between the soldiers and natives were more stable and the franciscans had been successful in spreading christianity to numerous tribes in the region. during a 1730 presidial inspection ordered by the viceroy of mexico, it was noted that the presidio had a garrison of ninety men of remarkable discipline and military knowledge, from their impeccable appearance to their knowledge of the manual of arms. their commander, capt. bustillo y ceballos, also received high praise. despite all of the improvements and the years of hard work and effort put forward and the many lives that were lost along the way, this was not to be the final location of presidio la bahia. spanish texas was growing at a steady and rapid pace. in order to better protect texas from foreign invaders, it was important to situate the presidio


below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 91 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering reengineering the paralyzed nervous system p. hunter peckham department of biomedical engineering case western reserve university cleveland, ohio introduction damage to the central nervous system is the major cause of disability in the united states. in some cases, such as in spinal cord injuries or strokes, connectivity has been lost because the pathway has been severed. in other cases, such as in parkinson ’ s disease, the neural circuits behave in a disordered fashion. whether the origin of the damage is congenital, traumatic, or age - related, improving neural connectivity and restoring function has a major impact on the lives of people with these injuries. many approaches to restoring the connectivity of neural elements are being explored ( e. g., gene therapies, stem cell transplants, tissue engineering ). one of the most promising is engineering, which can provide an interface with the nervous system to restore functions. through the delivery of low levels of electrical current in precise ways, control of the nervous system can be regained and function restored. understanding how such an interface works requires a fundamental appreciation of the structure of nerves and how they work. first, consider a single nerve fiber. from the cell body, or soma, at one end, hundreds of dendrites emerge, through which input is provided to the cell. only one axon leaves the cell. the axon delivers information to another structure, such as another nerve cell or a muscle cell. electrical stimulation is usually delivered to the axon somewhere along its length. the electrical current causes the permeability of the membrane to change causing an efflux / influx of sodium, potassium, calcium, and other ions. when the difference across the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called “ gating ” the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the


the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called “ gating ” the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the nervous system by electrical activation. ocr for page 92 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering the action potential generated by an electrical current causes events analogous to the events that occur in the normal generation of nerve impulses. using electrical current to restore neural function has many advantages. first, most events involving the nervous system are communicated naturally by electrical means. second, electrical stimulation has the capacity ( 1 ) to activate a single nerve fiber or multiple nerve fibers to generate movement and sensation, ( 2 ) to inhibit the firing of nerve fibers to reduce spasticity and pain, and ( 3 ) to activate or inhibit complex neural circuits, called neuromodulation, to change the firing of entire circuits of cells so it could be used to restore a wide range of different functions. third, the effect of electrical stimulation can be localized, and turning off the current can eliminate the effect. currents could also be delivered in such a way as to prolong the effect by taking advantage of the inherent plasticity of the nervous system. fourth, electrical stimulation is incredibly efficient. a very small amount of current can generate enough muscle activation to lift the body. electrical stimulation also acts very rapidly ; the effect can be observed in seconds. finally, electrical stimulation can be applied safely. methods of delivering electrical current to biological tissue have already been developed through careful research and testing. safe, stimulating waveforms that use bidirectional pulses with charge densities below established limits are well tolerated by biological tissues. thus, electrical stimulation is an extraordinarily versatile, effective, and safe tool for manipulating the activity of the nervous system. electrical activation of the nervous system is applicable to virtually every disorder involving the central nervous system ( i. e., the brain and spinal cord ). some devices have already been granted regulatory approval and are commercially available in the united states. these include devices for restoring hand function, controlling bladder and bowel function, controlling respiration in spinal cord injuries, suppressing seizures in epilepsy, suppressing tremors in parkinson ’ s disease, and restoring audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend


audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend their applicability. for example, electrical stimulation has had limited success in restoring function in individuals with stroke, brain injuries, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy, although theoretically their neurological disabilities can be overcome. for patients with spinal cord injuries, for example, the technique must be operable for extended periods of time, perhaps for 50 years or more. in addition, these injuries affect more than one organ system, the limbs and bladder, for instance. ideally, therefore, the technology will be applicable to multiple systems. ocr for page 93 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering implementation of neuroprostheses several factors must be considered in the clinical implementation of neuroprostheses. the use of a neuroprosthesis always involves trade - offs between physiological, technological, and clinical factors. physiological considerations physiological factors are associated with the creation of a safe, effective interface between the prosthesis and the nervous system. first and foremost, the delivery of the electrical stimulus must be safe. a sufficient charge must be directed across the nerve membrane to depolarize it and generate action potentials, without generating toxic species in sufficient quantities to cause damage. destruction ( necrosis ) or damage to the nerve tissue would exacerbate the problem. to understand the complexity of the problem, consider a device that could restore respiration. biphasic ( bidirectional or ac ) current regulated pulses with charge reversal has been found to be effective. eliciting an action potential in a compound nerve may require 10 – 20 ma at 30 v at a frequency of 20hz 24 hours per day for up to 50 years. another physiological consideration is the control and coordination of activation of the muscle. the physiologic control of muscles is graded, and this must be duplicated in the reengineered system. there are only two fundamental mechanisms for controlling muscle force, ( 1 ) activating more muscle fibers ( recruitment ) or ( 2 ) activating muscle fibers faster. the latter leads to fatigue. therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped


therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped. high - gain regions of the relationship may cause difficulties in control because small changes in current can cause large changes in the number of activated nerve fibers, as can small movements between the electrode and the nerve. in addition, a fundamental characteristic of muscle is that its force is dependent on its length ; therefore, muscle length must also be considered in artificial control. generally, an action is not caused by the “ simple ” generation of force from a single muscle but is the result of many muscles working together to produce the desired movement. even for a simple movement, this means that one muscle ( an agonist ) increases in strength as a second muscle ( an antagonist ) works in opposition and decreases in strength. when one considers a complex action, such as walking or moving an arm, one can begin to appreciate the complexity of restoring movement through electrical activation. the stability of the electrically activated response must also be considered. muscles become fatigued with sustained contraction, whether naturally or electrically induced. with electrical stimulation, however, muscles become fatigued faster for two reasons. first, in an electrically stimulated contraction, there is ocr for page 94 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering less rotation of activated fibers than in a natural, voluntary contraction. second, paralyzed muscles are generally less able to sustain force because their metabolic properties have been compromised since the injury. electrical activation can effectively reverse this “ disuse atrophy ” to increase the fatigue resistance of paralyzed muscles. technological considerations the fundamental technology in systems for neuroprosthetic devices includes stimulators, electrodes, sensors, and the lead wires or communication channels that connect them. the form of the technology depends on the application. in the examples given above, which must be used for a substantial portion of a person ’ s life, the most effective devices would be implanted. the specificity and reliability afforded by implantation results in vastly improved function and convenience for the user. therefore, the device must be thoroughly reliable, designed to accommodate enhancements, and be repairable without compromising the remaining components. the requirements for an electronic device that can operate in the body for 50 years are stringent. for example, the current technology used to control the motor system consists of a multichannel, implantable stimulator with multiple leads that extend from the implant


the requirements for an electronic device that can operate in the body for 50 years are stringent. for example, the current technology used to control the motor system consists of a multichannel, implantable stimulator with multiple leads that extend from the implanted electronics to the terminal electrodes placed adjacent to the nerve - muscle connection in the distal limb. the implantable stimulator contains hybrid microelectronics to provide the stimulation and control functions. the battery is not implanted because power consumption is too high for this to be practical. ( to get an idea of power consumption, consider a device with eight channels of stimulation activated at 10 – 20 ma at 30 v at a frequency of 20 hz 24 hours per day. ) currently, the electronics are powered and controlled by a radio - frequency signal transmitted through the skin with tuned coils ( transmission frequency approximately 6. 7mhz ). the implanted electronics are protected from moisture by a titanium package with glass - metal feedthroughs for the leads. the configuration of the package depends on the application ; generally 8 to 16 feedthrough pins are used for the stimulation and control functions. the leads present a difficult mechanical challenge because they are subject to repeated cycles of both bending and stretching. in addition, each lead must have a midline connector so repairs can be made in the event of failure. stress concentrations are created both at these connectors and at the junction where the leads exit the feedthroughs. in addition, the passage of current through the electrodes causes electrochemical reactions at the interface to the tissue, which can cause degradation of the electrode, as well as the tissue. the biological compatibility of the materials with the surrounding tissue is essential in all types of implanted devices because any weakness in the design will be exploited by the environment. the problem is even more difficult for ocr for page 95 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering neuroprosthetic applications in terms of protecting the implanted electronics and ensuring the long - term continuity of the lead electrode. clinical considerations in developing a neuroprosthetic device, it is particularly important to understand the function that is to be restored and how this aspect of the disability is treated medically. the technology must be not only functional, but must also be deployable by clinical practitioners ( physicians, therapists, and nurses ) whose appreciation of the complexity of the technology may be limited. the design must also meet the requirements of the user, such as an acceptable level of risk, time commitment, and the


deployable by clinical practitioners ( physicians, therapists, and nurses ) whose appreciation of the complexity of the technology may be limited. the design must also meet the requirements of the user, such as an acceptable level of risk, time commitment, and the effort required for implementation and training. the neuroprosthesis must not only function acceptably, but it must also be easy and natural to use and easy to put on. acceptable function may be less than full, normal function. restoring upper limb function the focus of our work has been on a neuroprosthesis to restore hand and arm function ( figure 1 ) for people with cervical - level spinal cord injuries. these individuals have lost control of their hands and lower extremities but retain figure 1 sample implementation of neuroprosthesis for restoration of hand - arm control. source : reprinted with permission from the journal of rehabilitation research and development ( bhadra et al., 2002 ). ocr for page 96 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering control of their upper arms. the neuroprosthesis we have developed incorporates an implantable sensor that transduces joint angle ( ijat ), a multichannel stimulator - telemeter, and an external control unit. movements of the wrist are transduced by the ijat and used to control the stimulation applied to the paralyzed finger and thumb muscles. two grasp patterns are provided : ( 1 ) lateral pinch - release, in which the thumb contacts the side of the index finger ; and ( 2 ) palmar prehension - release, in which the index and long fingers oppose the thumb. the former grip is typically used for picking up or holding small objects and the latter for grasping larger objects. grasp is proportional ; flexion of the wrist corresponds to full hand opening, and wrist extension corresponds to maximum grasping strength. intermediate positions of the wrist correspond to intermediate grasp positions between these two extremes. the system operates in the following manner. contacting an external switch turns the system on, which transmits the radio frequency to the implant from the external controller, thus powering the transducer. this also establishes the “ zero ” command position of the wrist, corresponding to full hand extension, which is achieved by stimulating each of the target muscles at the appropriate level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels


level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels for each muscle. from the position of wrist extension, the user maneuvers the hand around the object and extends the wrist, causing the flexor muscles to be stimulated to a higher level and the extensor stimulation to decrease. activating the external switch again sets a hold command, which maintains the stimulus level even if the wrist position changes. other switch commands allow the user to regain control, reset zero, reset hold, or turn the system off. this system also enables users to regain control of elbow extension, which has been lost because of paralysis of the triceps. the switch enables the user to select alternative modes in which the triceps is either on or off. this system is a second - generation neuroprosthesis, five of which have been implemented in human subjects. the first - generation neuroprosthesis, which has an external sensor on the opposite shoulder for control and eight channels of stimulation, has completed clinical trials ( peckham et al., 2001 ), has been approved by the food and drug administration, and is commercially available ( neurocontrol corporation, vallee view, ohio ). approximately 200 first - generation devices have been implanted worldwide. both systems enable people with spinal cord injuries to grasp and release common objects and thus perform many everyday activities, such as eating, writing, and grooming, these functions, which are essential for independence and self - sufficiency, often lead to dramatic changes in patients ’ lives. ocr for page 97 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering future development many new tools, such as sensors, electrodes, stimulators, and detailed “ instruction sets ” of how to use them, are expected to become available in the future. by describing how these tools interact with the underlying neural tissue and modeling this performance, the instruction set allows us to predict how the tools will perform in various situations. sensors that detect physical movement, pressure, or electrical activity may be used for control or feedback. advances in microsensors and biomems are likely to yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate


yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate selected fascicles of a whole nerve and create unidirectional impulses on the nerve. this will make complete and selective activation of nerves possible, as well as the inhibition of neural activity, such as the blocking of spastic activity or pain. these electrodes will also make it possible to record the natural activity of afferent nerve fibers for feedback and control. the development of a microelectrode will make possible the stimulation of spinal circuitry and cortical centers and selective recording from these regions. complex high - density circuitry could be incorporated into the electrodes themselves, which could lead to direct access to the central nervous system and direct interfaces with the neural circuitry that controls complex coordinated functions at the spinal or cortical level. it could also enable us to extract control information from cortical neurons and, eventually, to translate the intention to move into signals that could be used to control movement. finally, high - density stimulation and transmitting devices are under development that will enable the activation of more channels of stimulation in a smaller volume ; this would greatly facilitate the development of complex visual prostheses. new technology will provide tools for the development of more precise interfaces with the damaged nervous system leading to even more significant clinical results. we have already made progress in this direction by showing that afferent signals recorded from the nerves innervating the bladder during filling could be used to help control bladder activity. the neuroprosthesis for hand control described above, which uses both implantable sensors and stimulators, is undergoing clinical evaluation. this device could eliminate much of the external hardware and provide natural control of the hand that is easy for the user to learn. systems that provide more than one function are not far away. in the future, neuroprostheses may be used independently or in conjunction with other approaches, which may ultimately provide the best effect. for example, the plasticity of the nervous system is being revealed in clinical trials for body - weight supported walking and constraint - induced arm therapy. function probably improves because residual spinal and cortical circuits have the capacity to alter their functions in an activity - dependent way. these adaptations are driven ocr for page 98 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering by the individual ’ s remaining voluntary function but


function probably improves because residual spinal and cortical circuits have the capacity to alter their functions in an activity - dependent way. these adaptations are driven ocr for page 98 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering by the individual ’ s remaining voluntary function but could also be triggered or reinforced by an electrical stimulus. using these tools effectively and developing new tools will require continued progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of neural injury and how to interact with disordered control. as these technologies mature and become more available, advances can be expected to accelerate. new devices will almost certainly address a wider range of problems and benefit a growing number of individuals. electrical stimulation is a powerful tool that will continue to be an essential aspect of new devices to mitigate the effects of disabling central nervous system conditions. acknowledgments the research described in this article was supported in large part by the national institutes of health, the national institute of neurological disease and stroke neural prosthesis program, and the department of veterans affairs rehabilitation research and development service. support was also received from the food and drug administration orphan products division, the paralyzed veterans of america spinal cord research foundation, the movement disorder foundation, and the shapiro foundation. references bhadra, n., p. h. peckham, m. w. keith, k. l. kilgore, and f. montague. 2002. implementation of an implantable joint angle transducer. journal of rehabilitation research and development 39 ( 3 ) : 411 – 422. brindley, g. s., and d. n. rushton. 1995. the sacral anterior root stimulator as a means of managing the bladder in patients with spinal cord lesions. bailliere ’ s clinical neurology 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 13. chapin, j. k., and k. a. moxin, eds. 2000. neural prostheses for restoration of sensory and motor function. boca raton, fla. : crc press. creasey, g. h., and p. h. peckham, eds. 1999. functional electrical stimulation. topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, vol. 5, no. 1. peckham, p. h., m. w. keith, k. l. kilgore, j. h. grill, k. s. wuolle, g. b. thorpe, p. gorman, j. hobby, m. j. mulcahey


september 18, 2011 “ the legacy of complaint ” rev. dr. david a. davis it is difficult to avoid all the complaining in the 16th chapter of the book of exodus. the complaining actually starts at the end of the last chapter, right as moses orders the people to set out from the red sea. after three days in the wilderness with no water to drink “ the people complained against moses ” ( 15 : 24 ). the complaining starts in the 15th chapter and it finds its way into the 17th chapter as the people camped at rephidim, again with no water to be found. “ the people thirsted there for water and the people complained against moses ” ( 17 : 3 ). so there ’ s a bit of complaining around the edges, but as for exodus chapter 16, in an of itself, it is chock - full of complaint. actually, it ’ s not even the whole chapter, all the complaint, only the first dozen verses. it was a month and half in, on the wilderness wanderings. which means there was about 478 months to go. as it is recorded in the scripture, the people had arrived at the oasis of elim, “ where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees and they camped by the water ” ( 15 : 27 ). it doesn ’ t mention how long moses let them stay at the resort but right out of the gate in chapter 16, they ’ re back in the wilderness. that ’ s when the complaining starts. some form of the word “ complain ” occurs 7 times in 12 verse, and that doesn ’ t count the verse that actually includes the complaining : “ if only we had died by the hand of the lord in the land of egypt, when we sat by the fleshpots and ate our fill of bread ; for you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill this whole assembly with hunger ” ( 3 ). the israelites complained. your complaining. you complain. the complaining. your complaining. your complaining. the complaining. it ’ s not just the complaining ; it ’ s all the talk about the complaining. this story of the people in the wilderness is told again in the book of numbers. there ’ s a fair amount of complaint there, but nothing like the rapid fire appearance of complaint in exodus 16. job complains a good bit. the pharisees and sadducees complain about jesus once or twice in the gospels. the disciples themselves complained on occasion. the psalmist is known to voice a complaint in the prayers


complaint in exodus 16. job complains a good bit. the pharisees and sadducees complain about jesus once or twice in the gospels. the disciples themselves complained on occasion. the psalmist is known to voice a complaint in the prayers, the songs, the poetry of the psalter. but the vortex of complaint in all of scripture is here in the first part of exodus 16. for those who are able to drill down on the hebrew language, the uniqueness of that abundance of complaint only becomes more clear. the prayerful, meditative complaint of the psalmist is not the same as the murmuring complaint of the people in the wilderness. all the complaining. all that complaint. “ your complaining is not against us ”, moses said, “ but against the lord ” ( 8 ). you can ’ t ignore the complaining but there is little consensus about what to do with it. this text from exodus, it is the old testament lesson in the lectionary assignment for today, the 25th sunday of ordinary time. that means that in congregations all around this morning ; presbyterian, methodist, episcopalian, roman catholic, in congregations all around, if the preacher is preaching from the lectionary, and if the preacher chose to preach the old testament lesson, then the sermon text is exodus 16 : 1 - 12. so we if took a “ christmas carol ” flyover with the ghost of sermons present, we would inevitably hear varying opinions on what to do with all the complaining. one preacher is going to make it very simple : the complaining is evidence of doubt and a lack of faith in the lord ’ s provision. just as the israelites nostalgically glorified their days in slavery and turned their backs on the god who heard their cry, so too, the people of god so easily blame god and find the easiest of life ’ s excuses to turn and run the other way. stop your complaining, suck it up and return to the lord who made heaven and earth. a second preacher will rise enthusiastically in defense of the wandering, complaining people. the suffering in the wilderness, even for six weeks, would have been beyond the imagination. life in egypt would have been better, and life back at that oasis better still. of course they complained. an honest encounter with the god of their forebearers would have required nothing less. offer the breadth of your life, the joys and the concerns, the thanksgivings and the petitions, to the god who hears your cry and your complaint. come,


encounter with the god of their forebearers would have required nothing less. offer the breadth of your life, the joys and the concerns, the thanksgivings and the petitions, to the god who hears your cry and your complaint. come, bring it on, to the living and loving god! somewhere a preacher avoids the whole complaint thing by focusing on the bread from heaven and offers a call to reclaim the sabbath. somewhere a preacher ’ s had a bad couple of weeks in the congregation and uncomfortably but very adeptly crafts the sermon into a response to a small group in the congregation who complain about everything and anything related to his ministry, including his wardrobe, the cookies at coffee hour, and the way he lifts the cup at the lord ’ s supper. somewhere a preacher offers the theological corrective that the text is not about the people ’ s complaint. it is about god ’ s response and how god ’ s glory appeared in the cloud smack in the middle of all that whining. and somewhere a preacher rises to offer a word on behalf of all those who cry out and complain and bear their soul to god, and the sea never parts, the manna never comes, the suffering never ends, and the grief never goes away. “ are you hearing every complaint, lord? ” is her refrain in the sermon. so much complaint and so many explanations. the legacy of complaint handed on to us as a people of faith. exodus 16 rests at the heart of the scriptural witness on complaint. a take away, a key to understanding all this complaint, it is tucked in surrounded by all the complaint. moses said to aaron, “ say to the whole congregation of the israelites, ‘ draw near to the lord for the lord has heard your complaining. ” draw near to the lord. here in exodus 16, surrounded on both sides by complaint, a simple command ; not just an invitation, but an expectation. from aaron, who got it from moses, who heard it from the lord, “ draw near. ” some expressions require local knowledge to understand them. if a freshman here on princeton ’ s campus is invited by a group of friends to go out to “ the street ”, they ’ re not intending to go on nassau street. if an international student at harvard facebooks a friend and tells her she “ lives in the yard, ” it ’ s not supposed to spark visions of a tent and outdoor living. in pittsburgh, if you tell someone “ kennywood ’ s open ”, it has nothing to do with amusement


a friend and tells her she “ lives in the yard, ” it ’ s not supposed to spark visions of a tent and outdoor living. in pittsburgh, if you tell someone “ kennywood ’ s open ”, it has nothing to do with amusement park named kennywood. and if you are in london and you here the expression “ mind the gap ” it has nothing to do with growing concerns about the economy ; the rich and the poor. a proper understanding of some phrases requires local knowledge. it seems the same is true for the old testament expression, “ draw near to the lord. ” scholars suggest that “ draw near to the lord ” is a technical term in scripture, referring to ancient worship ; the sanctuary, the altar, the ritual. in the wisdom of ecclesiastes, “ guard your steps when you go to the house of god ; to draw near to listen is better than the sacrifice offered by fools ” ( 5 : 1 ). in the book of leviticus, moses said to aaron, " draw near to the altar and sacrifice your sin offering and your burnt offering, and make atonement for yourself and for the people ; and sacrifice the offering of the people, and make atonement for them ; as the lord has commanded. " ( 9 : 7 ). that part of the law in leviticus also has specific instructions for who cannot draw near to the lord. in the liturgical expressions of the prophet isaiah, “ draw near, o nations, to hear ; o peoples, give heed! let the earth hear, and all that fills it ; the world, and all that comes from it ” ( 34 : 1 ). draw near to the lord. it ’ s a loaded, old testament term. to the locals, it conjures up images of worship, and the sanctuary, and the tabernacle, and the ark, and priestly actions and sacrifices offered and a community ’ s way of life. draw near to the lord. when the expression falls on faith filled ears, it is more than a casual invitation to think on god, or to take a few holy steps, or to offer a few cleansing breaths. draw near to the lord. it is not simply a broad stroke reference to spirituality that carries with it an individualistic notion of “ whatever works for you. ” the term came complete with instructions, priestly tasks on behalf of the people, and a ritualized understanding of the collective daily life of the people of god. draw near to the lord … come, people of god


“ whatever works for you. ” the term came complete with instructions, priestly tasks on behalf of the people, and a ritualized understanding of the collective daily life of the people of god. draw near to the lord … come, people of god, let us worship god. sisters and brothers in christ, let us offer praise to the living god. come, to this feast that has been prepared in the kingdom of heaven. come, let us sing a new song to the lord. come, let us praise the name of the lord. praise the lord. draw near to the lord. here in exodus 16, if the call of the people is complaint. the response of god is worship. if exodus 16 is the vortex of complaint in scripture, at the very center of all that complaint is a call for the people of god to be in a relationship of praise and worship with the one who hears their cry and their complaint. it is almost as if the opposite of all that complaint is the community ’ s worship way of life. and when the people bring the fullness of their lives to god in worship ; when they cry out to god baring their souls, their suffering, their questions, their frustrations, their anger, when all the brokenness is lifted to god as part of a faith community ’ s way of life, well that ’ s not complaint that ’ s lament. as professor luke powery says in his book spirit speech : lament and celebration in preaching, when balanced and knit together, “ lament and celebration may be conceived as doxology, two postures united in giving praise and honor to god. ” it ’ s not stop your whining and come to worship. rather, take the breadth of your life before the lord here in the context of the worship life of the people of god. draw near to the lord. the legacy of complaint is the legacy of god ’ s expectation of the people ’ s life in worship and praise and adoration and lament. that our life here in this room, that we do here as a people, that how god ’ s spirit meets us here and shapes us here, that it is so much more than how you liked the sermon, or what you thought of the music, or what you got out of church today. that part of being in this community and present here in worship, is how you are contributing to the someone else ’ s deepening relationship with god. you can ’ t sing today, but we ’ re going sing for you.


of church today. that part of being in this community and present here in worship, is how you are contributing to the someone else ’ s deepening relationship with god. you can ’ t sing today, but we ’ re going sing for you. someone can ’ t bring themselves to pray this morning, so you ’ re going to pray for them. the one who rejoices here is lifting the one who weeps here. your presence here in this place, in a community at worship, is helping to transform someone ’ s distant complaint into an intimate lament before the living god. at the end of the day, would any preacher like a good crowd in here? sure. do i worry about revenues when we have to cancel worship due to weather. yes, i do. am i suggesting perfect attendance, or even keeping roll, or looking to use guilt as a motivator for worship attendance? no. but at deeper level, theologically, beyond what sociologists can tell us about religious participation and attendance and the rise of the non - religious, non - participant … what robert putnam calls “ the nones ” … at some point after all of what the sociologists have to tell us, we have to talk about what is lost for each one of us, in terms of a relationship with god, our collective relationship with god, when you or someone else is not here. every lord ’ s day, when we draw near to the lord, someone hear, needs you. and many of sundays, you need them. © 2011, property of nassau presbyterian church contact the church to obtain reprint permission.


the principal purpose of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of instrumenting heavily icecovered fjords to obtain real - time data of the upper ocean. greenland ' s ice - covered fjords are the connections between the greenland ice sheet and the open ocean. these dynamic environments enable access of warm ocean water to outlet glaciers, causing large amounts of melting under floating tongues ( e. g. rignot and steffen, 2008 ; motyka et al., in press ). on the other hand, deep fjords also enable ice to break up mechanically through the process of calving. these icebergs are then transported away from the glaciers, where they eventually melt. the interactions between the ocean, its ice cover ( the melange ), the glacier ice, and the atmosphere remain poorly understood, mostly due to the extremely difficult conditions for direct observations ( e. g. amundson et al., 2010 ). yet, it is increasingly clear that the dynamic behavior of the ice sheet is dominated by its interaction with the surrounding oceans ( e. g. rignot and kanagaratnam, 2006 ; joughin et al., 2008 ; holland et al., 2008 ). it is therefore imperative to gain a better understanding of the physical processes that determine the heat and mass exchange between ocean and ice. this is an issue not only for greenland, but at all the larger glaciated areas of the planet. the current inability of predicting changes at marine - terminating glaciers is responsible for the lack of a reliable estimate of the future cryospheric contribution to sea level rise ( ipcc, 2007 ; truffer and fahnestock, 2008 ). to make progress in the task of predicting the behavior of outlet glaciers, a better understanding of physical processes in glacier - fed fjords is necessary. this will require direct observations. the physical environment for this type of work is extremely challenging. the inner fjords are often covered in brash ice and large ice bergs, sometimes mixed with sea ice. large ice bergs can roll, creating hazards to boats. the area very close to glaciers can have turbulent upwelling with fast currents, the proximity of the glacier is too dangerous to work in due to calving activity, and calving events can send meter - scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean


- scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean boundary. here we propose to measure the properties of the upper water column using drifting buoys. the proposed experiment carries a certain risk, as the equipment could get destroyed. we will attempt to minimize this risk by letting the buoys drift, and by constructing them more solidly, so they are better able to absorb impacts. also, they will be equipped with iridium satellite modems, so that data can be uploaded on a regular basis and will not be lost should the buoys fail. we expect to obtain a record of up to one year length of temperature, salinity and currents in the upper water column ( down to ~ 30m ) of the inner godthabsfjord, near the main outlet glacier kangiata nunata sermia ( kns ). we propose to deploy four lagrangian drifters ; two on the glacier side and two on the outer side of a sill that was created by a previous glacier advance ( mortensen et al., subm. to jgr ). the deployments in the heavily ice - covered inner fjord are considered higher risk. the deployments on either side of the sill balance the risk of deploying in heavy ice with the desire to obtain data at those locations. the other expected result is to gain experience with instrumenting these difficult areas, where many details of physical processes have remained elusive. for example, if drifting buoys prove to be successful, one could develop these further into profiling instruments that are capable of sampling the entire water column. another possible application is to develop drifting depth sounders to obtain geometric observations where boats cannot penetrate. before such plans are implemented, it is imperative to gain some experience with lower cost instruments.


defend against dry skin this winter according to the national health interview survey ( nhis ), 81 million americans are impacted by dry, itchy skin in the winter with the worst conditions occurring between the months of november and march. this year, representatives from the o ' keeffe ' s company are offering simple tips to help people prevent their hands and feet from developing these painful symptoms. 1. hydrate to achieve relief. use a moisturizer made with a water base instead of oil. oil - based products form a barrier on the skin that makes it difficult for the skin to draw in moisture. they also leave skin feeling greasy which can make it difficult for people to use their hands while performing daily activities. o ' keeffe ' s offers two water - based products – o ' keeffe ' s working hands and o ' keeffe ' s for healthy feet – that are specifically designed to protect skin from further water loss and hydrate skin cells. water works in combination with glycerin to draw moisture into the skin, which speeds up the moisturizing process and allows the skin to heal itself. 2. humidify to replenish lost moisture. as the temperature decreases during the winter months, so does the humidity. this cold, dry air is a common cause of winter skin problems. heating the house also removes moisture from the air causing the skin to dry out. to replenish the moisture, use a humidifier. the humidity will help soothe dry skin irritation and eliminate bacteria that thrive in dry air environments. make sure to keep the doors closed in rooms where a humidifier is in use. 3. lower the thermostat. when it ' s cold outside, our natural instinct is to turn up the heat, but central heat can make the house even drier. set the thermostat to a cool, comfortable setting – 68 degrees to 72 degrees. 4. regulate water temperature. extremely hot water deprives the skin of its natural oils, leaving skin dry, chapped and even withered. take lukewarm showers or cut hot showers down to five minutes or less. make sure to use a post - bath moisturizer as well. o ' keeffe ' s working hands and o ' keeffe ' s for healthy feet work best if used directly after a shower, as skin temperature rises, which optimizes absorption. 5. protect skin from the elements. wind, freezing rain and snow can have damaging effects on exposed skin. make sure to wear water