a bundle of recent genetic studies have suggested modern humans had sex with neanderthals thousands of years ago when the two populations roamed the planet alongside each other. however, the bones left behind by the two species don ' t bear any obvious traces of interbreeding, and a new study of monkeys in mexico shows why we shouldn ' t expect them to. researchers examined blood samples, hair samples and measurements collected from mantled howler monkeys and black howler monkeys that were live - captured and released in mexico and guatemala between 1998 and 2008. the two monkey species splintered off from a common ancestor about 3 million years ago ; today they live in mostly separate habitats, except for a " hybrid zone " in the state of tabasco in southeastern mexico, where they coexist and interbreed. through an analysis of genetic markers, from both mitochondrial dna ( the dna in the cells ' energy - making structures that gets passed down by mothers ) and nuclear dna, the researchers identified 128 hybrid individuals that were likely the product of several generations of interbreeding. even so, these hybrids shared most of their genome with either one of the two species and were physically indistinguishable from the pure individuals of that species, the team found. " the implications of these results are that physical features are not always reliable for identifying individuals of hybrid ancestry, " liliana cortes - ortiz, an evolutionary biologist and primatologist at the university of michigan, said in a statement. " therefore, it is possible that hybridization has been underestimated in the human fossil record. " science news from nbcnews. com the work on howler monkeys was part of the doctoral dissertation of mary kelaita, now a postdoctoral fellow at the university of texas at san antonio. kelaita added that the study " suggests that the lack of strong evidence for hybridization in the fossil record does not negate the role it could have played in shaping early human lineage diversity. " when scientists finally finished sequencing the neanderthal genome in 2010, they revealed that between 1 percent and 4 percent of some modern humans ' dna came from the stocky hominids. this suggested humans had sex with neanderthals, picking up some genes, and possibly even an immunity boost, from neanderthals before the population disappeared about 30, 000 years ago. but not all scientists are convinced the genetic evidence alone proves ancient interbreeding and a study last year found that even if humans and neanderthals did have sex, those encounters would have


research at nceas relies on access to existing data on a broad variety of topics, and these data usually are very difficult to locate, access, interpret, and analyze. our approach to informatics uses extensive documentation about data ( i. e., metadata ) to overcome many of these data management challenges. thus, most of our tools utilize metadata to effectively handle the complexity of ecological data sources. our emphasis on metadata - driven systems comes from an ongoing analysis of the capabilities of existing metadata standards that are relevant to ecology. some of the standards we have examined include the content standard for digital geospatial metadata ( fgdc ), the nbii biological data profile ( key sections of which we helped to author ), the dublin core metadata element set, and the directory interchange format ( dif ). while several of these standards are relevant, none comprehensively addressed the needs of ecology, particularly in terms of allowing automated data processing on heterogeneous ecological data sources. thus, we believed there was a need for a new metadata specification with the following properties : - extensible at run - time - highly structured for machine parsing - supports automated data processing - supports non - geospatial data - incorporates important biological metadata ( e. g., taxonomy ) - practical adoption by the ecological community we designed and developed ecological metadata language ( eml ) to satisfy these design requirements and to be compatible with metadata recommendations originally developed by the ecological society of america ' s future of long - term ecological data ( fled ) committee and associated efforts ( michener et al., 1997, ecological applications ). eml is a flexible, highly structured metadata markup language that allows scientists to fully describe their data, while maintaining a light footprint for those scientists not yet ready to invest the time needed to more comprehensively preserve their data. an eml description provides all of the information found in other roughly comparable standards ( e. g., biological data profile ) but also provides details about both the logical and physical structure of data to allow them to be machine processed by automated systems. building these automated systems has been the focus of many of our informatics research projects. our projects span the whole scientific process, including automating data collection in the field using metadata - driven form generation ( jalama ), desktop data and metadata editing ( morpho ), data discovery on the network ( morpho ), schema - independent data and metadata storage, search, and preservation ( metacat ), and metadata - enabled analytical tools


cherry county divided a map published by the cody cow boy on november 3, 1911, depicted a proposed division of the present cherry county into five sections : a new, smaller cherry county to the east ; two new counties, lake and green, in the north ; and the remaining territory on the south to be added to grant and hooker counties. the cow boy said : " on next tuesday the voters of cherry county will say by their votes whether or not they wish to have the county remain the same unwieldy shape as at present or have it divided in a way that will place its citizens within easy reach of a county seat and will have a tendency to decrease the taxes. " the cow boy maintained that a smaller county could be administered more cheaply than a larger one. " the most tangible proof of this can be found in comparing the county levies which shows that the taxes for county purposes are almost invariably less in the smaller counties than in the large ones. cherry county is now and for a number of years has been paying the largest county levy that the law will allow, and how could it be any larger in a smaller county? " the cow boy also maintained that property values in the western two - thirds of the present cherry county would be enhanced if county division was approved. " one man with whom we have talked estimates that it will about double the price of the land near the two [ new ] county seats [ in the proposed green and lake counties ]. " residents would save travel time and money in visiting closer county seat towns. the paper asked, " how much is it worth to the average voter and property owner to have a county seat from forty to sixty - five miles closer to him than it is at present? " election results on the county division question were not what the cody cow boy had desired. on november 10, the paper said : " county division lost out by a large majority, and cherry county will, for the present, remain as before, the largest county east of the rocky mountains with the county seat [ valentine ] at one corner. " the valentine democrat several weeks later, on november 23, 1911, ascribed the cow boy ' s support of the failed county division plan to self interest : " the cow boy had everything its own way this fall and unchallenged went about its great and noble work of moulding [ sic ] public opinion in order that it might get all the countv printing in and for ' lake county. ' we believe that in such matters it is the people and the tax pay


what are dentures? dentures replace missing teeth and their adjacent tissues with a removable dental appliance made of acrylic resin and, in some cases, a combination of metals. what are the different types of dentures? there are two primary types of dentures : complete. this type of denture replaces all of the teeth and their adjacent tissues. partial. partial dentures act as dental bridges as they " bridge " the gap between a missing tooth or teeth. the complete or partial dentures can be placed either after the teeth are removed and gums have healed ( conventional ) or immediately after the teeth are removed : conventional. conventional dentures allow a recovery time ( usually four to eight weeks ) after all of the teeth are extracted before the dentures are placed in the mouth. immediate. this type of denture does not allow a healing period after all of the teeth are removed. the denture is immediately fit into the mouth after all teeth are removed. additional adjustments in the fitting of this type of denture procedure may be necessary as healing occurs. occasionally, select roots are retained and the complete or partial denture is made to fit over these roots. the appliance is called an overdenture. saving some key roots can help retain the bone in the jaw that supports the denture. oral health care and dentures daily remove and brush the denture carefully with a brush and toothpaste, both specifically designed for denture cleaning. avoid the use of harsh abrasive cleaners on your denture. avoid cleaning and / or sterilizing your denture in hot or boiling water. this can damage the denture. if a partial denture is in place, remove it before brushing your natural teeth. once removed, keep the denture in a safe place, out of the reach of children and pets. once removed, soak the denture in a proper cleansing solution or water. do not use bleach solutions. they will attack the metal and bleach the color out of the resin. do not wear your dentures at night while you are sleeping. this will irritate the tissues and promote growth of fungus. have your teeth cleaned every six months by an oral health professional.


sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to work properly. too little sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the next day. it also leads to impaired memory and physical performance and reduced ability to carry out maths calculations. if sleep deprivation continues, hallucinations and mood swings may develop. some experts believe sleep gives neurons used while we are awake a chance to shut down and repair themselves. without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with by - products of normal cellular activities that they begin to malfunction. sleep also may give the brain a chance to exercise important neuronal connections that might otherwise deteriorate from lack of activity. deep sleep coincides with the release of growth hormone in children and young adults. many of the body ’ s cells also show increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins during deep sleep. since proteins are the building blocks needed for cell growth and for repair of damage from factors like stress and ultraviolet rays, deep sleep may truly be " beauty sleep. " activity in parts of the brain that control emotions, decision - making processes and social interactions is drastically reduced during deep sleep, suggesting that this type of sleep may help people maintain optimal emotional and social functioning while they are awake. a study in rats also showed that certain nerve - signalling patterns which the rats generated during the day were repeated during deep sleep. this pattern repetition may help encode memories and improve learning. dreaming and rem sleep we typically spend more than 2 hours each night dreaming. scientists do not know much about how or why we dream. sigmund freud, who greatly influenced the field of psychology, believed dreaming was a " safety valve " for unconscious desires. only after 1953, when researchers first described rem in sleeping infants, did scientists begin to methodically study sleep and dreaming. they soon realized that the strange, illogical experiences we call dreams almost always occur during rem sleep. while most mammals and birds show signs of rem sleep, reptiles and other cold - blooded animals do not. rem sleep begins with signals from an area at the base of the brain called the pons. these signals travel to a brain region called the thalamus which relays them to the cerebral cortex — the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for learning, thinking, and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically " act out " their dreams — a rare,


and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically " act out " their dreams — a rare, dangerous problem called rem sleep behaviour disorder. a person dreaming about a ball game, for example, may run headlong into furniture or blindly strike someone sleeping nearby while trying to catch a ball in the dream. rem sleep stimulates the brain regions used in learning. this may be important for normal brain development during infancy, which would explain why infants spend much more time in rem sleep than adults. like deep sleep, rem sleep is associated with increased production of proteins. one study found that rem sleep affects learning of certain mental skills. people taught a skill and then deprived of non - rem sleep could recall what they had learned after sleeping, while people deprived of rem sleep could not. some scientists believe dreams are the cortex ’ s attempt to find meaning in the random signals that it receives during rem sleep. the cortex is the part of the brain that interprets and organises information from the environment during consciousness. it may be that, given random signals from the pons during rem sleep, the cortex tries to interpret these signals as well, creating a " story " out of fragmented brain activity. this material is based on information supplied by the us government ’ s national institute of neurological disorders & stroke. practice good sleep hygiene using these simple rules : consume less or no caffeine and avoid alcohol drink fewer fluids before going to sleep avoid heavy meals close to bedtime exercise regularly, but do so in the daytime and not too close to bedtime try a relaxing routine, like soaking in hot water ( a hot tub or bath ) before bedtime establish a regular bedtime and wake - time schedule.


diabetes self - management education is an integral component of medical care. among adults with diagnosed diabetes, 12 % take both insulin and oral medications, 19 % take insulin only, 53 % take oral medications only, and 15 % do not take either insulin or oral medications. traditionally, information regarding diabetes would be obtained from a family physician. however, with access to the internet so widely available now, people are able to educate themselves through websites. this information can be beneficial, but care must be taken to ensure the information is medically sound. several of the external links below provide information about diabetes and its management, including self - management. in september 2007, a joint randomized controlled trial by the university of calgary and the university of ottawa found that " either aerobic or resistance training alone improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, but the improvements are greatest with combined aerobic and resistance training than either alone. " the combined program reduced the hba1c by 0. 5 percentage point. other studies have established that the amount of exercise needed is not large or extreme, but must be consistent and continuing. examples might include a brisk 45 minute walk every other day. theoretically, exercise does have benefits in that exercise would stimulate the release of certain ligands that cause glut4 to be released from internal endosomes to the cell membrane. insulin though, which no longer works effectively in those afflicted with type 2 diabetes, causes glut1 to be placed into the membrane. though they have different structures, they both perform the same function of increasing intake of glucose into the cell from the blood serum. exercise also allows for the uptake of glucose independently of insulin, ie by adrenaline. there are several drugs available for type 2 diabetics — most are unsuitable or even dangerous for use by type 1 diabetics. they fall into several classes and are not equivalent, nor can they be simply substituted one for another. all are prescription drugs. one of the most widely used drugs now used for type 2 diabetes is the biguanide metformin ; it works primarily by reducing liver release of blood glucose from glycogen stores and secondarily by provoking some increase in cellular uptake of glucose in body tissues. both historically, and currently, the most commonly used drugs are in the sulfonylurea group, of which several members ( including glibenclamide and gliclazide ) are widely used ; these increase glucose stimulated insulin secretion by the pancreas and so lower blood


drugs are in the sulfonylurea group, of which several members ( including glibenclamide and gliclazide ) are widely used ; these increase glucose stimulated insulin secretion by the pancreas and so lower blood glucose even in the face of insulin resistance. newer drug classes include : - testosterone treatment is very efficient to reduce insulin resistance without digestive problems ( a very common side effect of other anti - diabetes drugs ) - thiazolidinediones ( tzds ) ( rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and troglitazone - - the last, as rezulin, was withdrawn from the us market because of an increased risk of systemic acidosis ). these increase tissue insulin sensitivity by affecting gene expression - α - glucosidase inhibitors ( acarbose and miglitol ) which interfere with absorption of some glucose containing nutrients, reducing ( or at least slowing ) the amount of glucose absorbed - meglitinides which stimulate insulin release ( nateglinide, repaglinide, and their analogs ) quickly ; they can be taken with food, unlike the sulfonylureas which must be taken prior to food ( sometimes some hours before, depending on the drug ) - peptide analogs which work in a variety of ways : - incretin mimetics which increase insulin output from the beta cells among other effects. these includes the glucagon - like peptide ( glp ) analog exenatide, sometimes referred to as ' ' lizard spit ' ' as it was first identified in gila monster saliva - dipeptidyl peptidase - 4 ( dpp - 4 ) inhibitors increase incretin levels ( sitagliptin ) by decreasing their deactivation rates - amylin agonist analog, which slows gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon ( pramlintide ) diabetes mellitus type 2 is tightly associated with hypogonadism. a systematic review of randomized controlled trials found that metformin and second - generation sulfonylureas are the preferred choices for most with type 2 diabetes, especially those early in the course of the disease. failure of response after a time is not unknown with most of these agents : the initial choice of anti - diabetic drug has been compared in a randomized controlled trial which found " cumulative incidence of monotherapy failure at 5 years to be 15 % with rosiglitazone, 21 %


with most of these agents : the initial choice of anti - diabetic drug has been compared in a randomized controlled trial which found " cumulative incidence of monotherapy failure at 5 years to be 15 % with rosiglitazone, 21 % with metformin, and 34 % with glyburide ". of these, rosiglitazone users showed more weight gain and edema than did non - users. pioglitazone and rosiglitazone may also increase the risk of fractures. for patients who also have heart failure, metformin may be the best tolerated drug. the variety of available agents can be confusing, and the clinical differences among type 2 diabetics compounds the problem. at present, choice of drugs for type 2 diabetics is rarely straightforward and in most instances has elements of repeated trial and adjustment. injectable peptide analogs dpp - 4 inhibitors lowered a1c by 0. 74 %, comparable to other antidiabetic drugs. glp - 1 analogs resulted in weight loss and had more gastrointestinal side effects, while dpp - 4 inhibitors were weight neutral and increased risk for infection and headache, but both classes appear to present an alternative to other antidiabetic drugs. if antidiabetic drugs fail ( ie, the clinical benefit stops ), insulin therapy may be necessary – usually in addition to oral medication therapy – to maintain normal or near normal glucose levels. typical total daily dosage of insulin is 0. 6 u / kg. - for men, plasma glucose [ mmol / liter – 5 ) x2 ] x ( weight [ m ) – height for women, [ ( fasting plasma glucose [ mmol / liter – 5 ) x2 ] x ( weight [ m ) – height initial insulin regimen are often chosen based on the patient ' s blood glucose profile. initially, adding nightly insulin to patients failing oral medications may be best. nightly insulin combines better with metformin than with sulfonylureas. the initial dose of nightly insulin ( measured in iu / d ) should be equal to the fasting blood glucose level ( measured in mmol / l ). if the fasting glucose is reported in mg / dl, multiply by 0. 05551 to convert to mmol / l. when nightly insulin is insufficient, choices include : - premixed insulin with a fixed ratio of short and intermediate acting insulin ; this tends to be more effective than long acting insulin, but is associated with increased


found that 80 % of those with type 2 diabetes before surgery no longer required insulin or oral agents to maintain normal glucose levels. weight loss occurred rapidly in many people in the study who had had the surgery. the 20 % who did not respond to bypass surgery were, typically, those who were older and had had diabetes for over 20 years. in january 2008, the journal of the american medical association ( jama ) published the first randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding against conventional medical therapy in the obese patient with type 2 diabetes. laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding results in remission of type 2 diabetes among affected patients diagnosed within the previous two years according to a randomized controlled trial. the relative risk reduction was 69. 0 %. for patients at similar risk to those in this study ( 87. 0 % had type 2 ), this leads to an absolute risk reduction of 60 %. 1. 7 patients must be treated for one to benefit ( number needed to treat = 1. 7 ). [ http : / / medinformatics. uthscsa. edu / calculator / calc. shtml? calc _ rx _ rates. shtml? eer = 27. 0 & cer = 87. 0 click here to adjust these results for patients at higher or lower risk of type 2 diabetics. these results have not yet produced a clinical standard for surgical treatment of diabetic patients, as the mechanism, if any, is currently obscure. surgical cure of type 2 diabetes must be, as a result, considered currently experimental. this article is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license. it uses material from the wikipedia article on " diabetes mellitus type 2 " all material adapted used from wikipedia is available under the terms of the creative commons attribution - sharealike license. wikipedia® itself is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc.


an expedition is gathering new, crisp images of the titanic, which lays about 2. 5 miles below the ocean surface. the team of scientists used a pair of robots to take thousand of photographs as well as video of the wreckage. the high - resolution images show shots of the ship ' s bow. researchers can even make out the railings and anchors. the project is a partnership between the rms titanic, inc. and woods hole oceanographic institute. rms titanic, inc. has exclusive rights salvage the wreck. no artifacts are being salvaged during this project. instead, scientists are using new technology including imaging and sonar devices as they try to take a full inventory of the ship ' s artifacts. the mission is being delayed a couple of days because of high seas caused by the remnants of hurricane danielle. the group will return after the ocean calms down. more than 1500 passengers and crew perished when the ship hit and iceberg and sank during its maiden voyage in april 1912. copyright 2010 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. latest news headlines a confirmed tornado touched down near denver international airport tuesday afternoon, sending travelers on the concourse, on planes and in the terminal scrambling to get into tornado shelters.


nature bulletin no. 106 march 8, 1947 forest preserve district of cook county william n. erickson, president roberts mann, supt. of conservation the sea lamprey is another marine animal which, like the smelt, has invaded the great lakes and threatens irreparable damage to native fish. the atlantic sea lampreys do not breed until about 8 years old. then they stop feeding and, in spring travel up streams, lay eggs, linger a few weeks, then die. centuries ago, certain of these penetrated the lake ontario and some of the finger lakes in new york, notably cayuga lake. their progeny did not return to the sea but became adapted to total existence in fresh water. niagara falls stopped them until about 1921, when they appeared in lake erie, presumably by way of the welland canal. by 1936 they were established in lake michigan. these large blood - sucking parasites have now become a serious menace to lake trout, whitefish and other commercial fishes in the great lakes. the federal and state governments are being urged to spend millions of dollars in constructing traps to prevent the lampreys from reaching their spawning grounds in any of the tributary streams. there are several native lampreys, some of them parasitic, but these are only from 4 to 13 inches long and do little damage to fish. the sea lampreys range from 15 inches to 2 feet in length and are killers. this strange fish - like slimy creature has no scales, no paired fins, and is not a fish - - as is the true eel. it is one of the most primitive of the backboned animals. it has only one nostril, two beady eyes, and 7 pulsating portholes down each side that pump water over its internal gills. it has a round funnel - shaped sucking mouth equipped with row after row of sharp horny teeth. clamping onto a big lake trout, a sea lamprey rasps a hole through the skin, injects a chemical which keeps the blood from clotting, and gorges itself until full or until the fish dies. although esteemed as food since ancient times, alexander the great, and henry i of england, are said to have died from eating too much of the rich meat of the lamprey. since they will attach themselves to any moving object in the water, sea lampreys are accused of breaking up swimming races in lake ontario at toronto, and handicapping the racing shell of a cornell crew in cayuga lake. to return to


south america is a continent of the americas, situated entirely in the western hemisphere and mostly in the southern hemisphere. it is bordered on the west by the pacific ocean and on the north and east by the atlantic ocean. north america and the caribbean sea lie to the northwest. the continent was named in 1507 by cartographs martin waldseemuller and matthias ringmann after amerigo vespucci, who was the first european to suggest that the americas were not the east indies, but a new world unknown to europeans. south america has a land area of 17, 840, 000 square kilometers ( 6, 890, 000 sq mi ), or almost 3. 5 percent of the earth ' s surface. as of 2005, its population was estimated at more than 371, 000, 000. south america ranks fourth in area ( after asia, africa, and north america ) and fifth in population ( after asia, africa, europe, and north america ). it is a continent of incredible biodiversity, home to the great amazon river and rainforest as well as to the pantanal wetland system. it also has the world ' s highest waterfall ( angel falls ), longest mountain range ( the andes ), and driest desert ( the atacama ). south america comprises the major southern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the western hemisphere or the americas. it is south and east of the panama canal, which transects the isthmus of panama. geologically, almost all of mainland south america sits on the south american plate. geopolitically, all of panama — including the segment east of the panama canal in the isthmus — is often considered a part of north america alone and among the countries of central america, not south america. geologically, the continent became attached to north america only recently with the formation of the isthmus of panama approximately 3 million years ago, which resulted in the great american interchange. the andes, likewise a comparatively young and seismically restless mountain range, run down the western edge of the continent ; the land to the east of the andes is largely tropical rainforest, the vast amazon river basin. the continent also contains drier regions such as east patagonia and the extremely arid atacama desert. the south american continent also includes various islands, many of which belong to countries on the continent. many of the islands of the caribbean ( or west indies ) — for example the lesser antilles — sit atop the caribbean plate, a tectonic plate with a


south american continent also includes various islands, many of which belong to countries on the continent. many of the islands of the caribbean ( or west indies ) — for example the lesser antilles — sit atop the caribbean plate, a tectonic plate with a diffuse topography. the islands of aruba, barbados, trinidad and tobago sit on the northerly south american continental shelf. the netherlands antilles and the federal dependencies of venezuela lie along the northerly south american. geopolitically, the island states and overseas territories of the caribbean are generally grouped as a part or subregion of north america. the south american nations that border the caribbean sea — including colombia, venezuela, guyana, suriname, and french guiana — are also known as caribbean south america. other islands are the galapagos, easter island ( in oceania but belongs to chile ), robinson crusoe island, chiloe island, tierra del fuego and the falkland islands. south america is a continent of extremes, home to : - the world ' s highest waterfall, angel falls in venezuela, - the largest river ( by volume ), the amazon river, - the longest mountain range, the andes, - the driest desert, atacama desert, - the largest rainforest, the amazon rainforest, - the highest railroad, ticlio peru, - the highest capital city, la paz, bolivia, - the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, lake titicaca, - and the world ' s southernmost town, puerto toro, chile. south america ' s major natural resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and oil. the many resources of south america have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. however, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies. the inevitable fluctuation in the price of commodities in the international markets has led historically to major highs and lows in the economies of south american states, often also causing extreme political instability. this is leading to efforts to diversify their production to drive them away from remaining as economies dedicated to one major export. south america is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuna, and tapir. the amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a major proportion of the earth ' s species. the largest country in south america by far, in both area and population, is brazil, followed by argentina


, jaguar, vicuna, and tapir. the amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a major proportion of the earth ' s species. the largest country in south america by far, in both area and population, is brazil, followed by argentina. regions in south america include the andean states, the guianas, the southern cone, and brazil. among people in some english - speaking countries, there is a tendency to confuse the linguistic and geographic divisions of the americas : thus, mexico, some central american and caribbean territories, despite their location in north america, are mistakenly included in south america. the term latin america is used when referring to those territories whose official or national languages come from latin ( namely portuguese, spanish, and french ). conversely, anglo - america is used to refer to areas whose major languages are germanic ( namely english ) such as guyana, suriname, belize, jamaica, and much of the west indies. similarly, areas where english is prominent are considered part of the anglosphere. south america is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the bering land bridge, which is now the bering strait. some archaeological finds do not fit this theory, and have led to an alternative theory, pre - siberian american aborigines. the first evidence for the existence of agricultural practices in south america date back to circa 6500 b. c. e., when potatoes, chillies and beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the amazon basin. pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple foodstuff today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 b. c. e.. by 2000 b. c. e. many agrarian village communities had been settled throughout the andes and the surrounding regions. fishing became a widespread practice along the coast which helped to establish fish as a primary source of food. irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society. south american cultures began domesticating llamass, vicunas, guanacoss, and alpacas in the highlands of the andes circa 3500 b. c. e. besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.. the rise of agriculture and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in south america. the earliest known south american civilization was at norte chico, on the central peruvian coast. though a pre - ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of norte chico is contemporaneous with the


allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in south america. the earliest known south american civilization was at norte chico, on the central peruvian coast. though a pre - ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of norte chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of ancient egypt. the chavin established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 b. c. e., according to some estimates and archaeological finds. artifacts were found at a site called chavin de huantar in modern peru at an elevation of 3, 177 meters. chavin civilization spanned 900 b. c. e. to 300 b. c. e.. from their capital city of cusco, the inca civilization dominated the andes region from 1438 to 1533. known as tawantinsuyu, or " the land of the four regions, " in quechua, the inca culture was highly distinct and developed. cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. there is evidence of excellent metalwork in inca civilization. nevertheless, the inca never discovered the wheel, and there is no evidence that they utilized written language, although they did use the quipu for record - keeping and communication. the muisca were the main indigenous civilization in what is now modern colombia. they established a confederation of many clans, or cacicazgos, that had a free trade network among themselves. they were goldsmiths and farmers. other important pre - columbian cultures include : valdivia ( ecuador ), moche ( 100 b. c. e. - 700 c. e., at the northern coast of peru ) ; tiuahuanaco or tiwanaku ( 100 b. c. e. - 1200 b. c. e., bolivia ) ; paracas - nazca ( 400 b. c. e. - 800 c. e., peru ) ; wari or huari empire ( 600 c. e. - 1200 c. e., central and northern peru ) ; chimu empire ( 1300 c. e. - 1470 c. e., peruvian northern coast ) ; chachapoyas ; and the aymaran kingdoms ( 1000 c. e. - 1450 c. e., bolivia and southern peru ). in 1494, portugal and spain, the two great maritime powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the treaty of tordesillas, by which


. e., bolivia and southern peru ). in 1494, portugal and spain, the two great maritime powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the treaty of tordesillas, by which they agreed that all the land outside europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries. the treaty established an imaginary line along a north - south meridian 370 leagues west of cape verde islands, roughly 46° 37 ' w. in terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line ( which is now known to comprehend most of the south american soil ), would belong to spain, and all land to the east, to portugal. as accurate measurements of longitude were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a portuguese expansion of brazil across the meridian. beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of south america were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors, first from spain and later from portugal. these competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies. european infectious diseases ( smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus ) to which the native populations had no immune resistance, and systems of forced labor, such as the haciendas and mining industry ' s mita, decimated the native population under spanish control. after this, african slaves, who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them. the spaniards were committed to converting their native subjects to christianity, and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end. however, most initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as native groups simply blended catholicism with traditional idolatry and their polytheistic beliefs. furthermore, the spaniards did impose their language to the degree they did their religion, although the roman catholic church ' s evangelizing in quechua, aymara and guarani actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form. eventually the natives and the spaniards interbred, forming a mestizo class. essentially all of the mestizos of the andean region were offspring of an amerindian mothers and spanish fathers. mestizos and the indian natives were often forced to pay extraordinary taxes to the spanish government and were punished harshly for disobeying their laws. many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by spanish explorers. this included the many gold and silver sculptures and artifacts found in south america, which were


to pay extraordinary taxes to the spanish government and were punished harshly for disobeying their laws. many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by spanish explorers. this included the many gold and silver sculptures and artifacts found in south america, which were melted down before their transport to spain or portugal. the spanish colonies won their independence between 1804 and 1824 in the south american wars of independence. simon bolivar of venezuela and jose de san martin of argentina led the independence struggle. bolivar led a great army southward while san martin led an army across the andes mountains, meeting up with general bernardo o ' higgins in chile, and marched northward. the two armies finally met in guayaquil, ecuador, where they cornered the royal army of spain and forced its surrender. in brazil, a portuguese colony, dom pedro i ( also pedro iv of portugal ), son of the portuguese king dom joao vi, proclaimed the country ' s independence in 1822 and became brazil ' s first emperor. this was peacefully accepted by the crown in portugal. although bolivar attempted to keep the spanish - speaking parts of the continent politically unified, they rapidly became independent of one another as well, and several further wars were fought, such as the war of the triple alliance and the war of the pacific. a few countries did not gain independence until the twentieth century. guyana, from the united kingdom in 1966 and suriname, from dutch control in 1975. french guiana remains part of france as of 2007, and hosts the european space agency ' s principal spaceport, the guiana space center. the continent, like many others, became a battlefield of the cold war in the late twentieth century. some governments of argentina, brazil, chile, and uruguay were overthrown or displaced by united states - aligned military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. to curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were tortured and / or killed ( on inter - state collaboration ). economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies. they placed their own actions within the u. s. cold war doctrine of " national security " against internal subversion. throughout the 1980s and 1990s, peru suffered from an internal conflict ( tupac amaru revolutionary movement and shining path ). revolutionary movements and right - wing military dictatorships have been common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is now widespread. nonetheless, allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have developed crises which forced the resignation of their presidents, although in general,


common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is now widespread. nonetheless, allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have developed crises which forced the resignation of their presidents, although in general, normal civilian succession has continued. international indebtedness became a notable problem, as most recently illustrated by argentina ' s default in the early twenty - first century. in the first decade of the twenty - first century, south american governments have drifted to the political left, with socialist leaders being elected in chile, bolivia, brazil, venezuela, and leftist presidents in argentina, ecuador, peru, and uruguay. despite the tendency to move to the left of the political spectrum, most of south america ' s governments are in practical terms societies embracing free - market capitalism. with the founding of the union of south american nations, south america will intend to start down the road of economic, social and political integration, with plans for european union - style integration in the non - distant future. the countries in this table are categorized according to the scheme for geographic regions and subregions used by the united nations, and data included are per sources in cross - referenced articles. where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated. | name of territory, ( 1 july 2005 est. ) per km² ( per sq mi ) | argentina | | 2, 766, 890 km² ( 1, 068, 302 sq mi ) | | 39, 537, 943 | | 14. 3 / km² ( 37 / sq mi ) | | buenos aires | | bolivia | | 1, 098, 580 km² ( 424, 164 sq mi ) | | 8, 857, 870 | | 8. 1 / km² ( 21 / sq mi ) | | la paz, sucre | | brazil | | 8, 514, 877 km² ( 3, 287, 612 sq mi ) | | 187, 550, 726 | | 22. 0 / km² ( 57 / sq mi ) | | brasilia | | chile | | 756, 950 km² ( 292, 260 sq mi ) | | 15, 980, 912 | | 21. 1 / km² ( 54. 6 / sq mi ) | | santiago | | colombia | | 1, 138, 910 km² ( 439, 736 sq mi ) | | 42, 954, 279 | | 37. 7 / km² ( 97. 6 / sq mi ) | | bogota | | ecuador | | 283, 560


| 1, 138, 910 km² ( 439, 736 sq mi ) | | 42, 954, 279 | | 37. 7 / km² ( 97. 6 / sq mi ) | | bogota | | ecuador | | 283, 560 km² ( 109, 483 sq mi ) | | 13, 363, 593 | | 47. 1 / km² ( 122 / sq mi ) | | quito | | falkland islands ( uk ) | | 12, 173 km² ( 4, 700 sq mi ) | | 2, 967 | | 0. 24 / km² ( 0. 6 / sq mi ) | | stanley | | french guiana ( france ) | | 91, 000 km² ( 35, 135 sq mi ) | | 195, 506 | | 2. 1 / km² ( 5. 4 / sq mi ) | | cayenne | | guyana | | 214, 970 km² ( 83, 000 sq mi ) | | 765, 283 | | 3. 6 / km² ( 9. 3 / sq mi ) | | georgetown | | paraguay | | 406, 750 km² ( 157, 047 sq mi ) | | 6, 347, 884 | | 15. 6 / km² ( 40. 4 / sq mi ) | | asuncion | | peru | | 1, 285, 220 km² ( 496, 226 sq mi ) | | 27, 925, 628 | | 21. 7 / km² ( 56. 2 / sq mi ) | | lima | | south georgia and south sandwich islands ( uk ) | | 3, 093 km² ( 1, 194 sq mi ) | | 0 | | 0 / km² ( 0 / sq mi ) | | grytviken | | suriname | | 163, 270 km² ( 63, 039 sq mi ) | | 438, 144 | | 2. 7 / km² ( 7 / sq mi ) | | paramaribo | | uruguay | | 176, 220 km² ( 68, 039 sq mi ) | | 3, 415, 920 | | 19. 4 / km² ( 50. 2 / sq mi ) | | montevideo | | venezuela | | 912, 050 km² ( 352, 144 sq mi ) | | 25, 375, 281 | | 27. 8 / km² ( 72 / sq mi ) | | caracas | due to histories of high inflation in nearly all south american countries interest - rates remain high, and thus investment remains low. interest rates are usually twice that of the united


| | 27. 8 / km² ( 72 / sq mi ) | | caracas | due to histories of high inflation in nearly all south american countries interest - rates remain high, and thus investment remains low. interest rates are usually twice that of the united states. the exception is chile, which has been successfully implementing free market economic policies since the 1980s and increased its social spending since the return of democratic rule in the early 1990s. this has led to economic stability and interest rates in the low single digits. the union of south american nations is a planned continent - wide free trade zone to unite two existing free - trade organizations — mercosur and the andean community. the economic gap between the rich and poor in most south american nations is considered to be larger than in most other continents. in venezuela, paraguay, bolivia and many other south american countries, the richest 20 percent may own over 60 percent of the nation ' s wealth, while the poorest 20 percent may own less than 5 percent. this wide gap can be seen in many large south american cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie next to skyscrapers and upper - class luxury apartments. | country | | gdp ( nominal ) of 2006 | | gdp ( ppp ) of 2005 | | gdp ( ppp ) per capita of 2005 | | hdi of 2004 | spanish is the most widespread language of the continent, as spanish is the official language of most south american nations. however, the majority of south americans ( 51 percent ) speak portuguese, the official language of brazil. dutch is the official language of suriname ; english the official language of guyana ; and french the official language of french guiana. just a few of the many indigenous languages of south america include : quechua ( in bolivia, peru, and ecuador ) ; aymara ( bolivia, chile and peru ) ; guarani ( in paraguay and bolivia ) ; and mapudungun ( chile and certain pockets of argentina ). other languages to be found in south america include : hindi and indonesian in suriname ; italian in argentina, brazil, uruguay, venezuela and colombia ; german in certain pockets in brazil, argentina, chile, venezuela, colombia and paraguay ; welsh remains spoken and written in the historic towns of trelew and rawson in patagonia, argentina ; small cluster groups of japanese speakers in brazil, bolivia, colombia, peru and ecuador ; arabic speakers, often of lebanese and syrian descent, in arab communities of chile, brazil and argentina. in some countries the continent ' s upper classes and well - educated people


cluster groups of japanese speakers in brazil, bolivia, colombia, peru and ecuador ; arabic speakers, often of lebanese and syrian descent, in arab communities of chile, brazil and argentina. in some countries the continent ' s upper classes and well - educated people study english and french, and in areas with much tourist commerce english is readily spoken. there are also small spanish speaking areas of southernmost brazil, due to the proximity to uruguay. music and literature south american nations have a rich variety of music. some of the most famous genres include cumbia from colombia, samba and bossa nova from brazil, and tango from argentina and uruguay. also well known is the non - commercial folk genre nueva cancion movement which was founded in argentina and chile and quickly spread to the rest of the latin america. people on the peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon duos or trios in the most mestizo ( mixed ) of south american rhythms such as the zamacueca ( from lima ), the tondero ( from piura ), the nineteenth century popular creole valse or peruvian valse and the soulful arequipan yaravi. in the late twentieth century, rock en espanol emerged by young hipsters influenced by british pop and american rock in argentina, chile and uruguay. brazil has a portuguese - language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres. the literature of south america has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the latin american boom of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as gabriel garcia marquez and mario vargas llosa. because of south america ' s broad ethnic mix, south american cuisine takes on african, american indian, asian and european influences. the cuisine of argentina for example is distinctive in south america because of its strong resemblance to italian, spanish, french and other european cuisines rather than the other latin american cuisines. the cuisine of brazil, like brazil itself, varies greatly by region. this diversity reflects the country ' s mix of native amerindians, portuguese, africans, italians, spaniards, germans, syrians, lebanese, and japanese among others. this has created a national cooking style marked by the preservation of regional differences. many of the other south american nations have similar varied cuisines influenced by region. rice and beans is an extremely popular dish, considered a basic staple in many south american countries. argentineans, chileans, and uruguayans regularly consume wine, while argentina along with paraguay, uruguay and people in southern chile and brazil enjoy a sip of


rice and beans is an extremely popular dish, considered a basic staple in many south american countries. argentineans, chileans, and uruguayans regularly consume wine, while argentina along with paraguay, uruguay and people in southern chile and brazil enjoy a sip of mate, a regional brewed herb cultivated for its drink. pisco is a liquor distilled from grapevine produced in peru and chile, however, there is a recurring dispute between those countries regarding its origins. peruvian cuisine mixes elements from both chinese, japanese, spanish, inca, and amazonic food. roman catholicism is the dominant religion of the region as a whole ; however protestantism is growing steadily. guyana and suriname have significant hindu, and muslim communities. jewish communities are found across south america ; the largest are in sao paulo, brazil and buenos aires, argentina. there is also a significant community in montevideo, uruguay. there are significant numbers of eastern orthodox churches founded by immigrants from the middle east. descendants of indigenous peoples, such as the quechua and aymara, make up the majority of the population in peru and bolivia, and are a significant element in most other former spanish colonies. exceptions to this include argentina and uruguay. at least three south american indigenous languages ( quechua in peru and bolivia, aymara also in bolivia, and guarani in paraguay ) are recognized along with spanish as national languages. - ↑ patrick karl o ' brien, 2002, atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - ↑ patrick karl o ' brien, 2002. atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - ↑ patrick karl o ' brien, 2002. atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - ↑ la paz is the administrative capital of bolivia ; sucre is the judicial seat. - ↑ includes easter island in the pacific ocean, a chilean territory frequently reckoned in oceania. santiago is the administrative capital of chile ; valparaiso is the site of legislative meetings. - ↑ claimed by argentina. - ↑ also claimed by argentina, the south georgia and the south sandwich islands in the south atlantic ocean are commonly associated with antarctica ( due to proximity ) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors. - bakewell, p. j. 1997. a history of latin america : empires and sequels,


ocean are commonly associated with antarctica ( due to proximity ) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors. - bakewell, p. j. 1997. a history of latin america : empires and sequels, 1450 - 1930. the blackwell history of the world. malden, ma : blackwell publishers. isbn 0631167919 - chasteen, john charles. 2006. born in blood and fire : a concise history of latin america. new york : w. w. norton & co. isbn 0393927695 - fernandez - armesto, felipe. 2003. the americas : a hemispheric history. new york : modern library. isbn 0375504761 - o ' brien, patrick karl. 2002. atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - skidmore, thomas e., and peter h. smith. 2005. modern latin america. new york : oxford university press. isbn 019517013x - the population of continents, regions and countries. geohive retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( spanish ) infolatam. information and analysis of latin america retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( english ) the council on hemispheric affairs – an independent source of latin american news and opinion retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( spanish ) / ( portuguese ) conmebol — confederacion sudamericana de futbol – the south american football confederation retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( french ) information about south american music. retrieved august 11, 2007. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here : note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.


because accumulation exceeds ablation in a location. this accumulation zone after it thickens to more than 30 m begins to for a glacier to survive it must have a consistent and persistent accumulation zone. to diagnose a glacier that is disappearing look for 1 ) emergence of rock outcrops in upper region of the glacier. 2 ) recession of the margin of the glacier in upper reaches of the glacier. 3 ) lack of consistent snowcover at the end of the summer in the accumulation zone of published paper in the cyrosphere 2010 quaternary international paper 2011 why these criteria? glaciers respond to climate in an attempt to achieve equilibrium. a glacier advances due to a climate cooling / snowfall increase that causes positive mass balance. a climate warming / snowfall decrease leads to negative mass balances and glacier retreat. to reestablish equilibrium a retreating glacier must lose enough of its highest ablating sections, usually at the lowest elevations, so that accumulating snows in the near the head of the glacier once again are equivalent to overall ablation, and an equilibrium balance is approached. if a glacier cannot retreat to a point where equilibrium is established, it is in disequilibrium with the climate system. a glacier that is in disequilibrium with present climate will melt away with a continuation of this climate. we often focus on terminus change of a glacier which tells us how the glacier is currently responding to recent climate. a glacier can retreat rapidly and still survive if it has an accumulation zone. thus, to forecast survival we need to focus on the accumulation zone, not just the terminus. if the accumulation zone no longer retains accumulation consistently it will begin to thin. a glacier needs 50 - 70 % of its surface area to be snowcovered event at the end of the summer to be healthy. a thinning accumulation zone is evident when the margins of the glacier in this accumulation zone - upper potion of the glacier recede. also new outcrops of rock maybe exposed in the accumulation zone due to thinning. this has been observed both in the north cascades and on swiss glaciers. below are examples of glaciers that have disappeared, will disappear and that can retreat to a new position of equilibrium with current climate. this is not to say that further warming will not eliminate many of the the glaciers that have an accumulation zone today. sometimes adjacent glaciers can have differing forecasts based on their varied response to recent climate. it is unusual for an entire mountain range to be inhospitable to glaciers today. of the rapid loss of


goolwa / toowoomba basin bytes goolwa / toowoomba basin bytes is a community - based project using digital photography and text to encourage members of the community to explore issues that relate to cultural heritage and natural resource management in their location. goolwa has a population of 7500 people and is located 83 km and one hours drive southeast from adelaide, south australia. goolwa is a historic port with a rich history of local industries connected with the river and the sea. toowoomba has a population of around 90, 000 and is 128 km west of brisbane. it is also known as the ' garden city of queensland ' and is the main commercial centre for the fertile darling downs region. these two locations are at extreme ends of the murray - darling basin catchment system. this system extends from queensland to south australia and includes three quarters of new south wales and half of victoria. it is the heartland and the economic centre of rural australia, covering one - seventh of the australian continent with a population of nearly two million people. the basin is a system that faces considerable environmental challenges which have a direct impact upon the lives and lifestyles of many rural communities. the two groups decided to organise their images and text into six thematic areas : industry, environment, water, living, people, recreation and indigenous to illustrate the perspectives of two distinct but connected communities. disclaimer : the goolwa - toowoomba basin bytes gallery is a community generated website. the stories and opinions expressed here are those of the individual participants and do not necessarily represent the position of the national museum of australia nor the murray - darling basin commission. they are presented to inform discussion about the basin ' s natural resources.


there is increasing recognition that the reductionist mindset that is currently dominating society, rooted in unlimited economic growth unperceptive to its social and environmental impact, cannot resolve the converging environmental, social and economic crises we now face. the primary aim of this unit is to encourage the shift away from reductionist and human centred thinking towards a holistic and ecological worldview. exercise in register and style exercise for students concerning the idea of writing in a specific register and style for a specific readership. honeybee venom detected by enzyme immunoassay the venom of the honeybee, apis mellifera, contains numerous enzymes, volatiles, and other components. allergic individuals develop anti - venom antibodies which may cause hives, anaphylactic shock, and death. in this exercise students detect concentrations of bee venom on nitrocellulose membranes following incubation of membranes with anti - venom antibodies, enzyme - conjugated secondary antibodies, and a colorimetric substrate. the intensity of the colored substrate deposited on the membrane is pro the long neck and beak allow the chicken to peck at food to eat it. the large breastbone of birds is indicative a large, volumous chest that fills with air while flying. thin legs makes the animal lighter in weight, which also aids in flight. cactus wren in the sonora desert the beak of the cactus wren looks like a miniature version of the roadrunner beak. the beak is suited for eating insects. the narrow beak allows the cactus wren to get a tight grasp of insects. global cloud cover with fly away this animated sequence is a one month sample of composited images from cloud cover data collected from a suite of u. s., european, and japanese geostationary satellites and u. s. polar orbiting meteorological satellites. this data was composited under the auspices of isccp, the international satellite cloud climatology program clouds over north america from goes - 11 : august 3, 2000 this animation is one of a series showing the first data from goes - 11. the data shown was taken at one - minute intervals. the visual datasets text module discusses the concept of visual learning and presents some suggestions for ways to design learning environments that support students in developing visual literacy skills. three visual datasets that can be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution


be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution, classi module 5 : selecting payment methods select appropriate methods, terms, and currency of payment to agents, sales representatives, distributors, suppliers, and international joint ventures. msu global has teamed with experts in the international finance field to create resources to help increase international skills in the business community. these materials address the need of the international trade practitioner for knowledge and information that is specific to trade finance by providing a means for educators and business practit the purpose of this course is to introduce you to entrepreneurship as a process of creating something new that has economic value to others. we will examine entrepreneurship from the vantage point of history, society, and the individual. most importantly, i hope to expand your awareness of entrepreneurship as a career option. this course has a substantial communications component. entrepreneurial ideas are useless without the ability to communicate them clearly and concisely. our focus will be o robin hood and sherwood forest this online exhibition highlights resources for the study of robin hood in the collections held by manuscripts and special collections at the university of nottingham. it includes examples from printed versions of the robin hood story in collections of traditional ballad literature, in popular chap books and in stories for children. it also features documents which can be used for the study of the historical sherwood forest and its laws. individualized reading instruction in the elementary grades, winter 2008 explores techniques for assessment of reading and writing skills and for development of individualized instruction in classroom settings ; develops strategies for meeting the needs of individual students through the evaluation, utilization, and adaptation of commercial reading materials and through the formation of principles and techniques for producing effective teacher - prepared materials. greco - roman origin myths mythology is a powerful vehicle for teaching students about symbols and the ways people have sought to explain their relationships to nature and to each other. teachers can use this lesson to introduce or examine the role of myths in explaining human customs, mysteries about nature, or the reasons why things exist in the world. students will discuss works of art that illustrate ancient greco - roman myths and various symbols used in them. so students do not judge the " truthfulness " of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs.


do not judge the " truthfulness " of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs. uri - april 6, 2011 the northeastern university baseball team fell to the rhode island rams by a score of 7 - 6 on a cloudy wednesday afternoon at friedman diamond in brookline, mass. what is a recession? this two minute video explains what a recession is, the basic economic terms, and the psychological factor that often fuels a recession. it moves very rapidly so the teacher should be prepared to stop the video at times to review terms. a list of terms would also be helpful. the three ways to handle a recession are mentioned as well. break the science barrier - richard dawkins - part 1 of 3 break the science barrier follows the oxford biologist richard dawkins as he meets with people who have experienced the wonders of science first - hand. we meet the astronomer who first discovered pulsars, the geneticist who invented dna fingerprinting, a scientist who discovered a protein that causes cancer, and others. dawkins interviews famous admirers of science such as douglas adams and david attenborough, and asks them why science means so much to them. we also see how dangerous ignorance of essential tremor - station and gait exam - gait sub - exam - patient 12 the patient is a 70 - year - old caucasian female who first noticed voice and head tremor about 15 years ago. she has had a gradual progression of this tremor that now causes her head to shake, her voice to tremor and her bilateral arm to tremor. the tremor is most noticed when the limbs maintain a posture or are in motion. her writing is affected especially when she attempts to write small. fine motor tasks have become more effortful as the years have passed. the tremor is worsened by fatigue. she the week ahead : april 7th 2011 france enforces a burqa ban, europe frets over immigration, britain ' s banks await regulation proposals and peru holds an election 270 gg commas with participial phrases when do you put a comma before a phrase such as " making me cry "?


rising river waters can kill! watch for rapidly rising river levels on the chattahoochee river and its tributaries. water released from dams and heavy rain can turn a day on the river into a tragedy! more » call for water release schedule with colder temperatures you can expect longer and more frequent water releases. for water release schedule info, call 1 - 855 - dam - flow ( 1 - 855 - 326 - 3569 ) for buford dam and 404 - 329 - 1455 for morgan falls dam. save numbers to your cell! more » the asian clam, corbicula fluminea, native to asia and parts of africa, was first discovered in the united states in 1924 and has been spreading rapidly since then. it is now found in 38 states and washington, dc, and is known mostly for being a biofouler of complex pipe structures in power plants and industrial water systems. high concentrations of the asian clam can lead to green algae blooms as a result of their waste. this mollusk is capable of self - fertilizing. when they mature they begin producing eggs and then immediately being producing sperm. later in life they produce eggs and sperm simultaneously, releasing up to 2, 000 juveniles per day. because they can reproduce at such a prolific rate, they contribute to the decline of native mollusks. in the aquarium and koi pond trade, these are sometimes known as the golden clam or golden freshwater clam. it is important to never dump aquariums into bodies of water to prevent the introduction of nonindigenous species, both plants and animals. did you know? jones bridge spanned the chattahoochee river from 1904 - 1922, falling into disrepair in the 1930 ' s. half of the bridge was " stolen " in 1940, neighbors didn ' t know the workers cutting the bridge were not authorized to do so until it was too late.


get the lead out children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning. follow these guidelines to help keep kids safe. - avoid direct contact with soil if you live near a lead polluter, in an urban area or near a highway. touching soil with bare hands and getting it into the mouth can be hazardous. - keep kids on grassy areas or pavement when they play outside, and avoid playing in the dirt. wash hands as soon as you get home. - save food and snacks for indoors, after you ' ve washed up. lead lingers in soil and dust, and can get ingested when kids put their hands in their mouths. - take shoes off at the door to avoid tracking contaminated dust or soil into the house. - vacuum carpets frequently - - a hepa vacuum cleaner is best. also use a damp rag to clean windowsills, surfaces and moldings. a damp mop is the best way to clean up lead dust particles from hard floors. - use gloves when you ' re gardening, and if you want to grow food, have the soil tested for heavy metals first. alternatively, dig out the area of the garden bed, down to a depth of six inches or more, and replace the soil with clean topsoil. root and vegetable crops, such as carrots and lettuce, tend to pick up more lead. choose fruit crops such as corn, beans, squash, tomatoes or strawberries to minimize the risk of lead contamination. - check for peeling or flaking paint, especially around windows, doorframes and molding, if your house was built before 1978. get the paint tested. the do - it yourself kits available at most hardware stores aren ' t always completely reliable, but they ' re a reasonable first step. before having any renovations done, have the paint professionally tested. if there is lead in the paint, make sure a certified lead remediation contractor does the renovation work. - test imported dishware or pottery with a lead swab, available at most hardware stores, before cooking or serving food in it. lead paints and glazes are still used outside the united states and europe, and contaminated dishware and pottery - - particularly from mexico and china - - has been found on store shelves in the united states. - watch out for toys imported from china, cheap kids ' costume jewelry and candy made in mexico - - these products could be contaminated with lead and pose a risk to children. - let tap water run a couple of minutes in the morning before you drink it, to make sure any


from china, cheap kids ' costume jewelry and candy made in mexico - - these products could be contaminated with lead and pose a risk to children. - let tap water run a couple of minutes in the morning before you drink it, to make sure any water that has been standing in the pipes has run through - - you can collect it for watering your plants. or use an nsf - certified water filter, available at most stores, for your drinking water. charcoal filters ( including filter pitchers ) are effective at removing lead. - avoid drinking regularly from leaded crystal if you ' re pregnant. last revised 10 / 16 / 2008 sign up for nrdc ' s online newsletter nrdc gets top ratings from the charity watchdogs - charity navigator awards nrdc its 4 - star top rating. - worth magazine named nrdc one of america ' s 100 best charities. - nrdc meets the highest standards of the wise giving alliance of the better business bureau. - nrdc sues fda for failing ( again ) to disclose information about antibiotic resistance - posted by avinash kar, 6 / 6 / 13 - there be monsters here : so why the delay on clean water protections? - posted by peter lehner, 5 / 24 / 13 - bipartisan bill would improve reporting of information about antibiotic use in animal feed - posted by avinash kar, 5 / 8 / 13


science objects are two hour on - line interactive inquiry - based content modules that help teachers better understand the science content they teach. this science object is the first of three science objects in the heredity and variation scipack. it explores the historical perspective and experiments of mendel. sexual reproduction results in the continuity of species accompanied with a great deal of variation in physical traits. one familiar observation is that offspring are very much like their parents but still show some variation — differing somewhat from their parents and from one another. people have long been curious about heredity, using even the most primitive understanding of inheritance to cultivate desirable traits in domesticated species. in the 1800s, gregor mendel took his observations of heredity and variation to new heights through carefully designed and executed breeding experiments that generated repeatable inheritance patterns. mendel developed a model for explaining the patterns he observed, describing discrete units or “ particles, ” which both segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance. this model offered a foundational explanation for how variation is generated through sexual reproduction. although mendel ’ s model over - simplified how traits are inherited and expressed, it set the stage for the discoveries of chromosomes and genes from which contemporary genetics grew. [ hide full abstract ] - explain how domestication of plants and animals produced an early understanding of inheritance. - use mendel ’ s model to explain patterns of inheritance represented in graphic form ( for example, data tables, histograms, etc. ). - identify the conditions required for an inheritance pattern to be explained correctly by mendel ’ s model. - use data representing patterns of inheritance to support the idea that some observable traits are defined by discrete units of inheritance that segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance.


nutriwatch home page the digestive tract - - also called the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal - - provides the pathway through which foods move through the body. during this process, foods are broken down into their component nutrients to be available for absorption. digestion actually begins in the mouth, as the enzymes in saliva begin to break down carbohydrate ( starch ). as food is chewed, it becomes lubricated, warmer, and easier to swallow and digest. the teeth and mouth work together to convert each bite of food into a bolus that can readily move into the esophagus ( " the food pipe " ). in the meantime, taste buds located in the mouth help you to enjoy each mouthful - - or to find the food distasteful, as is sometimes the case. after the bolus is swallowed, it enters the esophagus where it continues to be warmed and lubricated as it moves toward the stomach. the acidic environment of the stomach and the action of gastric enzymes convert the bolus into chyme, a liquefied mass that is squirted from the stomach into the small intestine. carbohydrates tend to leave the stomach rapidly and enter the small intestine ; proteins leave the stomach less rapidly ; and fats linger there the longest. the small intestine is the principal site of digestion and absorption. there, enzymes and secretions from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself combine to break down nutrients so that they can be absorbed. the pancreas is a veritable enzyme factory, supplying enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. intestinal cells also supply some enzymes. the liver produces the bile required for the emulsification of fat, and the gallbladder stores the bile until it is needed. the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine is facilitated by tiny projections called villi, which provide more surface area for absorption. the nutrients pass through the intestinal membranes into the circulatory system, which transports them to body tissues. nutrients are then absorbed into the cells, where they are used for growth, repair, and the release or storage of energy. the overall process - - called metabolism - - is highly complex. undigested chyme proceeds from the small intestine into the large intestine ( colon ), where it becomes concentrated, as liquid is absorbed in preparation


every weekday of the school year, karen bryner ' s students wake up before dawn. as the sun rises, they leave their homes for a walk to the mormon church in harlem for religious classes. they sing hymns, study verses, and share their spiritual journeys together. bryner, a volunteer who leads the harlem educational program, is a fifth generation mormon from utah with the church ’ s scriptures in her blood. her ancestors are intertwined with the development of mormon doctrine and education from almost the beginning. she is a soft spoken woman with salt and pepper brown hair and thick rimmed glasses. while she is not married, she experiences her classroom of youngsters as a large mormon family under her wing. year after year, bryner and thousands of other volunteer teachers across the world lead the way for over a million mormon youths. historically, faith - based education has been the vanguard of cultural development and scholarship in the united states. in 19th century towns the local learned person was usually the pastor. physicians, who are now most often the mostly highly educated persons in local communities, were then likely to be local barbers who had added surgery to their offerings. in the 21stcentury theologically conservative religious groups like the mormons, evangelical christians and orthodox jews place a high emphasis on education. one researcher, rebecca kim, referred to the asian american christians on ucla ’ s campus as “ god ’ s whiz kids. ” in new york city students at orthodox yeshivas hardly skipped a beat during hurricane sandy, missing only one day of class. mormon churches organize four - year programs called “ seminaries " to supplement the secular education of their teenage youth ( ages 14 - 18 ). forty - five minute classes are usually taught by an adult teachers who volunteer their time. over four years, the students review the bible, book of mormon, and the mormon doctrine and covenants ( which has scriptural like status ). they memorize at least 100 verses for quizzes that cover basic doctrine and injunctions to learn such as : cease to be idle ; cease to sleep longer than is needful ; retire to thy bed early, that ye may not be weary ; arise early, that your bodies and your minds may be invigorated. ( doctrine and covenants 88 : 124 ) ; and all saints who remember to keep and do these sayings, and shall find wisdom and great treasures of knowledge, even hidden treasures ; and shall run and not be weary, and shall walk and not faint. ( doctrine and covenants 89 : 18 - 20


saints who remember to keep and do these sayings, and shall find wisdom and great treasures of knowledge, even hidden treasures ; and shall run and not be weary, and shall walk and not faint. ( doctrine and covenants 89 : 18 - 20 ) ; and whatever principle of intelligence we attain unto in this life, it will rise with us in the resurrection. and if a person gains more knowledge and intelligence in this life through his diligence and obedience than another, he will have so much the advantage in the world to come. ( doctrince and covenants 130 : 18 - 19 ). for a high schooler already balancing the demands of adolescence, the additional classes in the seminary and sunday school adds a heap on a full plate of after - school sports, extracurriculars, and regular homework. none of the youths ' seminary studies get high school credit. one must be self - disciplined and sacrificial at a time when their peers are busy prepping to be " cool " and college - bound. however, the benefits of the mormon seminaries are like a educational cram school. young mormons develop a disciplined life that is used to working as a community. in august 2011, lds general president thomas s. monson wrote to the seminary students about this mormon tradition : “ seminary for me was held at an early hour in a little house across the street from my high school. i thought, if my teacher can get up that early, i can get up that early. ” the mormons educational network is worldwide and encompasses three universities, one college, seventeen elementary and secondary schools, and 8, 039 seminary and institute programs serving approximately 1. 2 million students. the figures are smaller than those of other religious denominations, though the mormon church is a much smaller, younger denomination. for example, roman catholicism dates back 2100 years and has 78 million members in the united states, over a billion in the world. its elementary and junior high schools in america alone enrolled 2 million students for the 2010 - 2011 school years, according to the national catholic educational association. mormon founder joseph smith, jr. recounted that the revelations given to him by god emphasized the importance of education. these revelations are part of the codebook of the mormons, the doctrine and covenant. the book ( section 93, verse 36 ) recounts that on may 6, 1833 smith had an epiphany in kirkland, ohio that “ the glory of god is intelligence, or in other words, light and truth. ” in more recent


the book ( section 93, verse 36 ) recounts that on may 6, 1833 smith had an epiphany in kirkland, ohio that “ the glory of god is intelligence, or in other words, light and truth. ” in more recent times, while serving as commissioner of church education in 1971, neal a. maxwell explained in a yearly summation that “ literacy and basic education are gospel needs. ” mormons believe education is necessary to maintain good spiritual standing with the lord. a mormon seminarian turns into a mormon leader bryner, 40, grew up in provo, utah in a close - knit mormon family. she attended the church ' s seminary program in high school and stayed closed to home for college, eventually obtaining a bachelor ' s degree from brigham young university in early childhood education. she could have stopped her academic career there, but she didn ' t. bryner kept going and moved to boston. in 2000, she enrolled in the masters program in international education at harvard university. five years later, she came to new york city to enroll in a doctoral program at columbia university to study comparative international education. her interest in islamic education in indonesia complements the mormon focus on missions. more than 60 % of the byu student body speak a language other than their native tongue. furthermore, approximately half have served in church missions around the world, acquiring fluency in a second language. while studying at columbia, she goes to the mormon church in harlem, which is a short walk from her home. she finds that teaching students at the early morning classes give her a high satisfaction. she admires the efforts that the students put into their classes. she speaks fondly of one dedicated student in particular named bachir. he hasn ’ t missed a single lesson at dawn ’ s early hour. he seems to do his classes with ease without without any prodding from his parents. bryner has twice been president of the local church relief society. this distaff group focuses on charity with teaching. one of its programs is visiting teaching. members of the relief society are paired to “ visit teach ” ailing and needy church members. they give moral support, material aid and instruction on how to overcome life ’ s problems. “ teaching ” is more like a exemplary “ buddy system ” than a strict educational enterprise. last march, a journey attended a relief society meeting. there, people gave testimonies on how the “ visiting teachers ” had helped them. one woman who had recently moved into the city talked about her love for the program.


strict educational enterprise. last march, a journey attended a relief society meeting. there, people gave testimonies on how the “ visiting teachers ” had helped them. one woman who had recently moved into the city talked about her love for the program. she was very lonely in this large city, but the visiting teachers provided friendship and crucial support. bryner nodded her head in agreement. like her, over half of the women in the harlem congregation are single with lingering feelings that come from isolation. the " visiting teaching " program also has the unannounced effect of tying mormons together in deep empathy with other people. during hurricane sandy, lorianne updike toler, a mormon in manhattan, recounted indeseret news, " what has added to my level of comfort is knowing lds visiting and home teachers are at the ready. in sacrament meeting yesterday, all were encouraged to reach out to their home and visiting teachers to find out if they were prepared for the storm and if they needed anything. i received no fewer than four contacts from home and visiting teachers and from my relief society president. " mormon education controversies some academics clash mormon theology. several professors have recounted how their questioning the veracity of mormon scriptures, the supreme authority of the church or mormon morality faced censure. english teacher cecilia konchar farr opposed the church ’ s position on abortion and lost her job in 1994. in 2006, jeffrey nielsen, a visiting lecturer of philosophy, did not receive a contract renewal after submitting an editorial to the salt lake tribune opposing the church ' s opposition to same - sex marriage. the university denies that they fired the professors for their moral ideas but for other unrelated issues. the northwest association of schools of colleges and universities continues to warrant accreditation to byu. nor have the controversies hurt byu ’ s reputation. according to the u. s. news & world report 2012, byu ranks 71st in the best colleges category. what the public can learn from the mormons the general feeling within the mormon church is that education never stops. the main lesson for the general public is to keep improving yourself, keep reaching out for knowledge, and keep committing yourself to a higher cause. it ' s not just the efforts put in, but also the consistency of the efforts. some harlem residents say that the mormon messages of self - reliance and improvement strike a cord with their values. they are concerned that harlem young people need to be taught those values to do better in school and work. a survey by the u. s. census found that of those


- aquatic plants - terrestrial plants - aquatic animals - terrestrial animals - pathogens & parasites - agricultural invaders searchresources materials related sites hydrilla ( hydrilla verticillata ( l. f. ) royle ) [ profile revised october 3, 2012 ] hydrilla ( hydrilla verticillata ), also commonly called water thyme, is a submersed perennial herb. the plant is rooted in the bed of the waterbody and has long stems ( up to 25 feet in length ) that branch at the surface where growth becomes horizontal and forms dense mats. small ( 2 - 4 mm wide, 6 - 20 mm long ), pointed, often serrated leaves are arranged around the stem in whorls of 3 to 10. southern populations are predominantly dioecious female ( plants having only female flowers ) that overwinter as perennials. populations north of south carolina, including populations in new york, are essentially monoecious ( having both male and female flowers on the same plant ) that set some fertile seed, and depend on tubers for overwintering. these monoecious plants produce female flowers with three translucent petals 10 - 50 mm long by 4 - 8 mm wide, and male flowers with three white to red narrow petals about 2 mm long. close - up of hydrilla. photo : chris evans, river to river cwma, bugwood. org the dioecious form of hydrilla is believed to originate from the indian subcontinent, specifically the island of sri lanka, although random dna analysis also indicates india ' s southern mainland as a possible source location. the monoecious form is believed to have arrived on our shores from korea. hydrilla can be found infesting freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, impoundments and canals. hydrilla infestation of small lake. photo : tim murphy, university of georgia, bugwood. org the dioecious strain of h. verticillata was imported as an aquarium plant in the early 1950s. discarded ( or intentionally planted ) colonies were found in canals in miami and tampa shortly after. the monoecious strain was introduced separately decades later in the potomac basin. both dioecious and monoecious hydrilla propagate primarily by stem fragments, although turions ( buds ) and subterranean tubers also play an important role. the main means of introduction of hydrilla is as castaway fragments on recreational boats and trailers and in


j. moorhead, university of georgia, bugwood. org hydrilla has pointed, bright green leaves about 5 / 8 inches long. the leaves grow in whorls of 3 - 10 along the stem, 5 being most common. the margins of the leaves are serrated ( toothed ). thin stalks from the stem end in a single, small, floating white flower at the water ' s surface. a key identifying feature is the presence of small ( up to half inch long ), dull - white to yellowish, potato - like tubers which grow 2 to 12 inches below the surface of the sediment at the ends of underground stems. these tubers form at the end of the growing season and serve to store food to allow hydrilla to overwinter. illustration : cayuga lake watershed network ( rev. october 3, 2012, cce isp ) close - up of h. verticillata stem and leaves. photo : robert videki, doronicum kft., bugwood. org | hydrilla is often confused with the common native water weed, elodea canadensis, which has whorls of 3 smooth - edged leaves as opposed to whorls of 4 to 10 serrated and spined leaves. | line art : university of florida center for aquatic plants the best way to help prevent the spread of hydrilla is to follow basic clean boating techniques : for all types of watercraft : - be aware of and, if possible, avoid passing through dense beds of aquatic vegetation - inspect your watercraft, all equipment, and trailers after each use for any plant material - remove and dispose of all plant matter, dirt, mud and other material in a trash can or above the waterline on dry land well away from where it might get washed back into the lake - clean and dry all equipment thoroughly before visiting other water bodies ( including anything that got wet, such as fishing gear and the family dog ) for non - motorized craft such as rowing shells, canoes, kayaks, and sailboards : open airlocks on shells or air bladders on kayaks after use and allow to dry thoroughly, as plant fragments can survive moist conditions for many days around docks, launch sites, and other areas : if plant fragments are piling up around dock areas, use a rake to remove plant material and dispose in the trash mechanical harvesting and herbicide spraying are common control methods of controlling hydrilla. both are expensive and only moderately effective. - power weed cutters


are piling up around dock areas, use a rake to remove plant material and dispose in the trash mechanical harvesting and herbicide spraying are common control methods of controlling hydrilla. both are expensive and only moderately effective. - power weed cutters mow underwater weeds below the water surface and gather them onto a conveyor. the harvesting process is expensive, costing over $ 1, 000 per acre. because of hydrilla ’ s rapid growth, mechanical harvesting needs to be performed several times per growing season. since the mowing and removal process cannot capture every single fragment of hydrilla stem and leaf, water and wind currents moving away from the harvest area can easily carry these fragments to uninfested areas of a waterbody and result in new populations taking root. - chemicals are easier to apply, but also costly. herbicide spraying works best in small, enclosed bodies of water, and does not work at all in larger bodies the size of a finger lake, or in moving water such as a stream, river or canal. herbicides can also have unintended impacts on native flora, as well. for those reasons, permits for chemical control of hydrilla are difficult to obtain in new york. - biological control insects as part of efforts to control hydrilla have been attempted in florida with mixed results. leaf - mining flies from australia and india and a tuber - feeding weevil from india have been used overseas. the insects released are not native to ny, nor are they currently permitted for release in the state. the use of non - native species to attempt to control another non - native species can be risky if the newly released species out - competes native insects, causing a new invasive species problem. the use of sterile grass carp has been used with some success in small lakes in the southern us but would be impractical in lakes the size of the finger lakes. - another method of dealing with hydrilla infestations is the control of water levels. temporary control of hydrilla has been shown to result from large - scale, long - term water drawdowns. however, since new plants can grow from the buried tubers, regrowth can take place when water levels are allowed to return to normal. drawdowns also can have negative environmental impacts on native plant species and on fish populations. - suction harvesting of hydrilla growth by divers using very strong vacuum hoses can be used to remove hydrilla from confined areas. however, as with


also can have negative environmental impacts on native plant species and on fish populations. - suction harvesting of hydrilla growth by divers using very strong vacuum hoses can be used to remove hydrilla from confined areas. however, as with drawdowns, if the underground tubers are not removed by dredging following the suction harvesting, regrowth can take place from the tubers during the next growing season. further, any fragments that might escape during vacuum activities can float away to root and start new infestations. the “ best ”, most effective way to control hydrilla is the prevention of new hydrilla infestations. waterbodies infested with hydrilla can be found in 70 % of florida ' s freshwater drainage basins, making it the most abundant aquatic plant in that state ’ s waters. hydrilla is also widespread throughout alabama ; impoundments on the tennessee river ; eastern mississippi ; southeastern tennessee ; southwestern georgia ; south carolina ; eastern north carolina ; in virginia ’ s potomac, rappahannock, and appomattox rivers and into the piedmont, in the tidal freshwater reaches of the potomac river on the virginia / maryland border ; along the western and northeastern shores of the chesapeake bay, including the pautuxent river, where it is the most abundant plant species ; pennsylvania ( in the schuylkill river near downtown philadelphia ) ; eastern kentucky ; in ponds in delaware ; southeastern connecticut ; in a cape cod pond in massachusetts ; in southwestern maine ; in new jersey ’ s lower delaware drainage ; indiana ' s lake manitou ; wisconsin ; and since 2008, in three new york lakes in suffolk and orange counties, and in cayuga lake in ny ' s finger lakes. hydrilla can also be found at numerous sites west of the mississippi river. h. verticillata was detected in the cayuga lake inlet in ithaca, new york in mid - august 2011 by staff of the cayuga lake floating classroom. a follow - up survey by robert l. johnson, a former researcher with the cornell university department of ecology & evolutionary biology, now with racine - johnson aquatic ecologists, located extensive hydrilla populations in several areas of the inlet. as of early - september 2011, the hydrilla appears to be localized to the inlet, with no evidence of the plant in cayuga lake proper. this is the first detection of hydrilla in upstate new york. the risk of


of early - september 2011, the hydrilla appears to be localized to the inlet, with no evidence of the plant in cayuga lake proper. this is the first detection of hydrilla in upstate new york. the risk of the plant spreading to the rest of cayuga lake and other regional waterbodies in the finger lakes region is considered to be substantial. state, regional, and local officials and organizations, along with biologists from cornell university are developing plans to control, manage, and prevent the spread of the invader, as well as outreach efforts to enlist the public ' s help in preventing the plant ' s spread. menninger, h. 2011. hydrilla verticillata in the cayuga inlet : a science ‐ based review to guide management actions. ny invasive species research institute, cornell university, ithaca, ny. 11 pp. northeast aquatic nuisance species panel. 2013. monoecious hydrilla – a review of the literature northeast aquatic nuisance species panel. 2013. cited articles and abstracts not wanted! hydrilla verticillata, rev. 3. ny invasive species clearinghouse and cornell cooperative extension invasive species program. rev. october 5, 2012. 6 - panel, tri - fold brochure for statewide distribution. general information brochure for boaters statewide hydrilla verticillata : what marinas need to know. ny invasive species clearinghouse / cornell cooperative extension invasive species program / new york sea grant. april 4, 2012. 2 - page factsheet. specific information for marinas not wanted in the erie canal! ny invasive species clearinghouse and cornell cooperative extension invasive species program. rev. 2, october 17, 2012. 4 - page, bi - fold brochure. erie canal / tonawanda creek specific. not wanted! hydrilla verticillata in the cayuga inlet. ny invasive species clearinghouse and cornell cooperative extension invasive species program. august 30, 2011. 4 - page, bi - fold brochure. cayuga lake inlet specific. lake george invasive species fact sheet 34 : hydrilla. lake george waterkeeper. january 2010. two - page general information publication. stop the invasion : hydrilla. august 2010. state of washington invasive species council. two - page general information publication. heading off hydrilla : another invasive species is heading towards the great lakes : hydrilla verticilla