{"text": "clean air resolution resolution regarding air quality in cumberland county authored by the clean air board of central pennsylvania pollution from diesel engine emissions has been proven to be harmful to our health. diesel exhaust can contain 40 hazardous air pollutants, 15 of which are known human carcinogens. fine particles from diesel emissions have been linked to heart attacks, asthma, stroke, stunted lung growth and premature death. children and seniors are at the greatest risk from these emissions1 ; and air quality has been shown to be especially degraded in cumberland county and epa has designated the county as being in non - attainment of fine particle ( pm 2. 5 ) and ozone standards. the average lifetime diesel soot cancer risk here is 393 times greater than the accepted epa cancer level of one in one million2. cumberland county is among the 2 % most polluted counties in the nation for fine particle pollution3 ; and in august 2005 more than 100 doctors in the region submitted a paid advertisement to local media citing statistics about air pollution and attributing the problem primarily to fine particle pollution from diesel exhaust and the heavy concentration of trucks in the area ; and \u201c the earth is the lord \u2019 s, and all that is in it, \u201d as the psalmist says, and human beings are called to be responsible stewards of god \u2019 s creation ; therefore, the undersigned members of the cumberland county faith community hereby ask that : 1. planning and municipal authorities in cumberland county take air quality factors into account in land use planning decisions, particularly with regard to diesel trucks and buses that contribute to air quality degradation. 2. cumberland county enact ordinances to limit air pollution from the idling of diesel - powered vehicles. 3. truck facilities in cumberland county implement programs to reduce diesel emissions, including installation of electrification units to eliminate the need for extensive diesel - powered truck idling. 4. school districts in cumberland county enact policies limiting school bus idling and aggressively pursue grant funding and programs to retrofit and upgrade school bus diesel engines with devices to help control harmful emissions. 1. clean air task force, \u201c diesel and health in america, \u201d february 2005. available online at http : / / www. catf. us / publications / view / 83 2. clean air task force, diesel project. available at http : / / www. catf. us / projects / diesel / 3. american lung association, \u201c state of the air 2005. \u201d available online at http : / / lungaction. org / reports / stateoftheair200", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43538151755308563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.715808"} {"text": "by cass r. sunstein washington \u2014 almost 70 percent of americans have been overweight or obese in recent years, and more than 78 million people in the country have been counted as obese. the problem has many sources, but one of them is obvious : increased portion sizes. we have a lot of evidence that people will eat whatever is put in front of them, even if they aren ' t hungry. as portion sizes expand, waistlines expand as well. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, the average u. s. restaurant meal is more than five times larger than it was in the 1950s. the average hamburger, once less than 4 ounces, is now more than 12 ounces. the average order of french fries, once less than 3 ounces, is now more than 6 ounces. there is a clear correlation between increases in portion sizes and increases in obesity. that correlation helps explain why obesity has been more prevalent in the united states than in france. the french eat high - calorie food, but their portion sizes are smaller. in supermarkets and restaurants, and in portion sizes recommended in cookbooks, americans are given significantly bigger servings. even at mcdonald ' s, where we might expect identical sizes, servings of soda and french fries have been found to be larger in philadelphia than in paris. brian wansink, a cornell university professor of consumer behavior, helps to explain why portion sizes have such a large effect. he finds that much of our eating is mindless or automatic in that we tend to eat whatever is in front of us. if you are given a half - pound bag of m & m ' s, chances are that you will eat about half as much as you will if you are given a one - pound bag. people who receive large bowls of ice cream eat a lot more than those who get small bowls. in one of wansink ' s fiendish experiments, people were provided with a large bowl of campbell ' s tomato soup and told to eat as much as they liked. unbeknownst to them, the soup bowls were engineered to refill themselves ( with empty bottoms connected to machinery beneath the table ). no matter how much soup the subjects ate, the bowl never emptied. the result? soup consumption skyrocketed. many people just kept eating until the experiment was ended. the good news is that once we isolate the sources of excessive eating, we will be able to identify potential solutions. google found that its new york cafeteria, which offered a lot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.437675942713886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.720075"} {"text": "following the easter rising of 1916, a significant challenge for the republican movement was sourcing weapons and ammunition to rearm itself. one particular incident on the dublin docks in 1918 saw the irish citizen army secure a huge windfall of ammunition from an american transport vessel, the defiance, which had served as a cargo ship in the united states navy during the late stages of the great war. having first sailed from san francisco in september 1914, she delivered cargo to dundirk in france, and at the end of the war she briefly spent some time in dublin, for the purpose of shipping back army huts and stores which belonged to the united states expeditionary force. while in dublin the ship fell victim to a well - planned raid carried out by the irish citizen army, the small but militant workers militia that emerged first from the lockout of 1913, and which fought in the easter rising. a brilliant and colourful account of the raiding of the ship is contained in r. m fox \u2019 s 1944 work the history of the irish citizen army, and here we have republished some of the account of this raid from that long out of print work. it shows the role dublin dockers played in the revolutionary period, and gives an idea of ica activity in the years after rebellion. in his study, fox notes that the vessel attracted the attention of dockers, and that : dublin dockers at work loading up the boat wondered at the extraordinary precautions taken. by each gangway was an armed guard of united states marines. other guards were placed in position by the deck and the hold. no man could get off the ship without a permit, and he had to run the gauntlet of the guards. the dockers looked round and discovered the hold contained piled up cases of revolvers, rifles and ammunition that were being shipped from england back to america. the citizen army was instantly on the alert. seamus mcgowan, the arms expert, was smuggled in as a docker, to arrange about getting some of this stuff ashore. the cases had to be broken open in the hold by dockers without being observed by the guards. then all the stuff had to be concealed to get it across the gangway. no parcels were allowed. in spite of all the difficulties the booty was too valuable to lose, and relays of citizen army men were down on the quays for eight hours a day, taking the revolvers and ammunition from those who succeeded in getting the necessary shore permits. the little tin lavatories on the quays made excellent transfer stations. soon the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43744661110657823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.724989"} {"text": "of citizen army men were down on the quays for eight hours a day, taking the revolvers and ammunition from those who succeeded in getting the necessary shore permits. the little tin lavatories on the quays made excellent transfer stations. soon the bag consisted of 56. 45 revolvers, 2, 000 rounds of revolver ammunition, 5, 000 rounds of springfield ammunition in canvas bandoliers and an assortment of verey lights and pistols. arrangements were also made with a member of the crew to deliver 34. 45 automatics, which had been served out to the crew. he lowered these over the side in a canvas bucket to a boat which crept out in the darkness. captain poole was in charge of the boat operation. unfortunately the springfield rifles proved too cumbersome to get ashore. it was easy enough to break the cases in the hold. but no one could hope to get along the gangway holding a rifle. they were left very reluctantly. attempts were made to unscrew the butts and so reduce the length, but this proved impossible. if it hadn \u2019 t been for the length of the rifles, america would have played a still bigger part in arming ireland in her fight for freedom! for several days ammunition and revolvers were landed without difficulty. then one morning the captain and his mate descended to the hold in a state of great agitation. the captain walked straight across to a dark corner which had been screened by a number of big cases. here he saw rows of boxes, broken open and empty. the arms and ammunition had vanished. all the dockers were immediately ordered ashore under armed guard. they were taken into a shed \u2013 the same shed which had been used to receive the stores from the foodships in 1913. there they were told they were going to be searched. indignant objections were raised, but all knew they had taken their last load. they were paid off on the spot, and the defiance raising anchor departed without waiting for any more cargo. suspicions had been aroused by an imprudent irish volunteer asking the mate if they had any guns for sale. he went back and told the captain, and they started investigations at once. much of the stores and the equipment that they left behind was auctioned on the quays. liberty hall secured furniture at this auction to make up for the devastation of 1916. from r. m fox \u2018 the history of the irish citizen army \u2019 ( dublin, 1944 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4017549029706218, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.725941"} {"text": "i had the privilege of attending a conference called \u201c asperger syndrome and adolescence : building skills for the real world \u201d hosted by the gray center in grand rapids, michigan last week. it consisted of two speakers. the first, talmer shockley, was an adult diagnosed with asperger \u2019 s who spoke openly and honestly about his personal experiences. he offered insight into all the challenges that present themselves to him on a daily basis. the second speaker was teresa bolick, ph. d., who spoke about strategies to help individuals with asperger syndrome better understand the social world around them. i would recommend that anyone who gets a chance to hear dr. bolick speak should do so. she was an entertaining and thoughtful presenter with many suggestions and ideas for intervention. following are a few highlights from her presentation : - the concept of \u201c social capitol \u201d is very important when looking at what behaviors are acceptable and what behaviors are unacceptable. kids with social capitol have a reputation within a social network. there is a sense of trust and reciprocity that has been established over time and allows for forgiveness of social mistakes ( which none of us are exempt from making ). the example dr. bolick provided explained it quite well : when the cute 7th grader who everyone has a crush on puts a pea up his nose, it \u2019 s funny. when a \u201c quirky \u201d kid puts a pea up his ( or her ) nose, it \u2019 s weird. social capitol is gained over time and kids with asperger \u2019 s need help building it. learning how to do some of the following will help : make a good impression, listen to others and remember what they say, get involved with other people, contribute, be a good sport. - using and teaching \u201c low and slow. \u201d when agitation starts to increase it \u2019 s important to remember to bring everything down. we often don \u2019 t think of ourselves as threatening but the simple fact that we \u2019 re bigger than most of the kids we work with automatically puts us in that position. if a child is in distress or quickly moving in that direction, how you approach them will greatly impact the situation. here are some things to remember : low : lower your body to the child \u2019 s level, lower the pitch and volume of your voice, lower the complexity of your language and decrease questions. slow : slow down your heart rate by taking deep breaths, slow your speech and pause between sentences, slow your movements, slow down your agenda. - the idea of creating an \u201c accepts \u201d book to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4901738276135079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.732975"} {"text": "lower the complexity of your language and decrease questions. slow : slow down your heart rate by taking deep breaths, slow your speech and pause between sentences, slow your movements, slow down your agenda. - the idea of creating an \u201c accepts \u201d book to help with self regulation. each page focuses on a different positive theme and it can be brought out when a child needs a boost. the sections are as follows : a = activities ( what makes you smile? ), c = contributing ( how did you help someone? ), c = comparisons ( how far have you come? ), e = emotions ( a collage of positive feelings ), p = pushing away ( note some worries that can be pushed away ), t = thoughts ( self - affirming ), s = sensations ( memories of calming / regulating sensory input ). kids can cut out pictures from magazines, use photographs, or anything else they might want to include on the pages. - suggesting that social stories should be used to reflect successes as well as challenges. they \u2019 re a great tool for positive reinforcement and won \u2019 t get the reputation of only coming out when things aren \u2019 t going well. - make beliefs comix : you can choose your own character, facial expression, body positions and speech bubbles on this website. a great resource! - charting and visuals can make a huge difference. it takes things that are intuitive to most of us and presents them in an analytical way. this can make them much easier to approach and process for people with social cognitive deficits. the charts don \u2019 t have to be fancy, it often just helps to see things categorized and written out ( for example, a table defining what topics are appropriate to discuss in what situations ). these highlights are just a sample of the information that was presented but they were some of the things that stood out to me. i hope you \u2019 ll find them useful!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5011173096299114, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.733766"} {"text": "i get lots of questions from parents about how to work on improving their child \u2019 s use of personal pronouns. it \u2019 s not unusual for children on the autistic spectrum to demonstrate what \u2019 s referred to as pronoun confusion or pronoun reversal. since this is something that we work on a lot of communication therapy, i thought i would share some ideas that can be used to work on this skill at home : - use visuals. keep them posted around the house so you can easily reference them when needed. the visual to facilitate use of the pronoun \u201c i \u201d usually consists of an individual gesturing to himself or herself, paired with the written \u201c i \u201d. - read mercer mayer \u2019 s \u201c little critter \u201d books with your child. these books are written in first person and consist of simple sentences of a repetitive nature. the stories are simple and often label emotions clearly. the pictures are not overwhelming and have a few reoccurring characters that children usually enjoy looking for on each page, which can also be used to model pronouns. for example, take turns finding the spider or cricket on each page and model self talk while you do so : \u201c okay, it \u2019 s my turn. i \u2019 m looking for the spider \u2026 i found him! \u201d - draw self portraits along with your child. these can be as simple as drawing stick figures and will allow for lots of clear modeling. choose a part to draw and describe what you \u2019 re doing : \u201c i \u2019 m drawing my hair. i have brown hair. \u201d gesture to yourself as you emphasize the word i. repeat similar, simple sentences with each thing you draw ( eyes, nose, legs, feet, etc. ). if your child is confused by the concept of drawing themselves - they may want to draw you, as you \u2019 re doing - try having a picture of each of you to look at while you draw. this will help make it clear that you are each drawing yourselves. - make a book for your child. you can use pictures of things they \u2019 ve done, places you \u2019 ve visited, pictures of friends and family members, or just things they enjoy. narrate the book so it \u2019 s written from your child \u2019 s perspective. again, keep the language simple and emphasize use of personal pronouns. it \u2019 s okay it if sounds repetitive ; we learn from repetition. if you have a chance to try any of the suggestions, please share and let us know how it worked for you! if you find ways to expand on ideas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49189647868160447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.736202"} {"text": "the who confirms a most horrifying trend in their recent study : one billion individuals cannot afford paid health care of any kind. reuters reports the issue is even more complicated than that, however. each year, the high cost of medical care takes 100 million paying customers to the arms of poverty. post resource - one billion people cannot afford health care, says who by personal money store. nations that cannot afford medical care must improve efficiency the who ' s global report on health care pays particular attention to financing, as the number of countries with large numbers of individuals who cannot afford medical care has growth significantly. it ' s extremely essential, with universal coverage as the goal, that there are methods to make medical care more affordable by doing things like fund - raising measures and improving taxes. who \u2019 s director of health systems financing in david evans. he explained that individuals end up making the decision to go without medical care because of the current state of health care worldwide. \u201c when ( health services ) are not really affordable, it means you either choose not really to use them or you suffer severe financial hardship, \u201d he said. world health organization intends to improve worldwide medical care in order to keep those who do pay for medical care from sliding into poverty, the world health organization recommends that health care and insurance business practices ought to be tweaked so that 15 to 20 percent of a country ' s total health spending amounts to direct, out - of - pocket payments. there are 33 low - to middle - income nations right now that pay way too much in out of pocket payments. over 50 percent is paid for them. with the suggestion of sin, taxes, currency transaction taxes and wealth taxes in the report that governments could diversify their revenue sources with, there ought to be less spent. medical care being unused health care is wasted when you will find one billion individuals world health organization can \u2019 t afford to get it. according to who director general margaret chan, 20 percent to 40 percent of all worldwide medical care spending is wasted through purchase of expensive, unnecessary drugs and treatments. lack of proper medical training also contributes to such inefficiency. some countries end up paying 67 times more than the international average for some medications that they need. many see this and know that solving the medical care dilemma isn \u2019 t going to take place quickly. \" there is no magic bullet to achieving universal access, \u201d said chan. \u201c nevertheless, a wide range of experiences from all more than the world suggests that nations can move forward faster. \" the need for health care reform in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41752947940972557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.738986"} {"text": "treecycling with urbanwood in the urban forest, a felled tree used to be a dead tree. too commonly, city and suburban trees leveled by wind, insect plagues like the emerald ash borer, and other bad breaks are headed for the wood chipper or hauled off to factories to be ground into mulch, particle board material, and end products bearing little resemblance to their leafy forebears. now, take the locavore mindset of consuming products within their communities of origin \u2013 a movement which started with food \u2013 and apply it to trees. \" this idea of reclaiming those kinds of trees is really picking up steam across the country. it first really got its start a couple decades ago in california. there were some small businesses that were working together with communities that were doing it, and the u. s. forest service has been doing a lot over the last two decades to promote this across the country... southeast michigan has really become a showplace for it now, \" says jessica simons, a natural resources specialist with the southeast michigan resource conservation & development council. to wit : the rise of the urbanwood project, a partnership between the southeast michigan resource conservation & development council, recycle ann arbor, the genesee conservation district, the genesee county habitat for humanity restore, and local small businesses that is tasked with the recycling of southeast michigan ' s fallen urban trees for lumber, flooring, millwork and cabinetry, counter and tabletop slabs, and other household uses. tanya muzumdar discusses the resurrection of wood with jessica simons. what is urbanwood about and what was behind its inception? we [ the council ] started working on some projects together with the u. s. forest service and with the michigan department of natural resources back in 2004, and at that point, the area was right in the middle of the huge emerald ash borer outbreak... and so we were trying to figure out how much wood was going to be coming out of communities because of emerald ash borer, where it was going to go, if there were already businesses that could handle it... one of the things that we found pretty quickly, there were far more sawmills in the area than we realized. except they were very small, they were typically family - owned, they didn ' t really advertise much... most of them were milling trees from communities anyway... they were kind of ideally suited for the ash borer crisis. they were ni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4139716208464684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.752006"} {"text": "very small, they were typically family - owned, they didn ' t really advertise much... most of them were milling trees from communities anyway... they were kind of ideally suited for the ash borer crisis. they were nimble, they could work directly with communities, so we were trying to figure out what we could do to boost the profile of these sawmills in the area, and at the same time help create more of a market for the products that they produced... recycle ann arbor was refinishing their conference room at the time... and they wanted to put new flooring in, and they always tried to highlight sustainable materials... then the reuse center customers started asking about it, so recycle ann arbor said that they would put up a small shelf with a little bit of the wood on it to see if reuse customers were interested. fast forward about seven years, and now... 1, 600 square feet of the reuse center at recycle ann arbor is now the urbanwood marketplace and has wood from six different vendors. the first marketplace opened at recycle ann arbor ' s reuse center in 2005, followed by the genesee county habitat for humanity restore in flint last spring. how are the marketplaces doing since they were opened? they ' re projecting right now to sell over $ 100, 000 worth of lumber there this year. and so we think that that ' s great success. a couple of the mills that we worked with have credited us with keeping them in business during the slow economy... what we ' re excited about the products that urbanwood carries is that there ' s a tremendous variety and it ' s very different from what you ' d see at your typical lumberyard. it ' s not just filled with standard dimensional lumber for a few species, like what you would see going to look at the 2x4s at lowes. at any time there could be 25 - 30 different species of lumber at the marketplace... what it represents is the species of trees that come out of the urban areas in southeast michigan. if walnut comes out, great, walnut ' s always in high demand... if a mulberry tree or an osage orange comes out of a community, well, that ' s what gets milled too. the unpredictability of the supply and the variety of the supply is what makes urbanwood different... sometimes the wood has much more character than what you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4140625171712643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.753541"} {"text": "comes out of a community, well, that ' s what gets milled too. the unpredictability of the supply and the variety of the supply is what makes urbanwood different... sometimes the wood has much more character than what you ' d find at your traditional store. we do still carry the clear things without any kind of knots... but we also carry material that has huge knotholes, or that has staining, or that has bark still attached on the edge. what is the cost range per board - foot? it is all over the board. no pun intended. ( laughs. ) we have everything from \u2013 one of the local mills sells boxes of cutoff pieces \u2013 small scrap pieces for someone who likes to carve small wooden pieces of art. you can get a large box of cutoff pieces for $ 15 or you can buy a tabletop slab that is $ 1, 500... the range is enormous. it ' s possible to walk out with a board for a couple of bucks, but if you ' re looking for something high - end, spectacular, you can get that too. with what happened with the emerald ash borer, with the fact that people in semi, in that urban area, are looking at forestry problems and realizing that they live in an urban forest and realizing they have to care for an urban forest, it has also made them more receptive to hearing about what can be done with the products of that urban forest. are other communities following your lead? this whole cooperative structure that we ' ve developed is really something that is increasingly going to be looked at as a model for other regions. we ' ve been in a lot of contact with the folks who are trying to promote the same thing in different other metropolitan areas around the country. there are some people in the chicago area who are doing it, there are people in madison, wisconsin, and in milwaukee who are trying to do it, there are people in north carolina, people in california. there are pockets all around the country where you see these initiatives taking place. as far as i know, the cooperative we have, the combined marketplaces that we have with a whole group of small sellers, that ' s the only one we know of selling urban material like this that we know of in the country. and so we ' re getting a lot of calls from other areas where urban wood use is taking off... we ' re hoping to see more of this happen... i think it was one of those cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44804705573078374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.756224"} {"text": "know of in the country. and so we ' re getting a lot of calls from other areas where urban wood use is taking off... we ' re hoping to see more of this happen... i think it was one of those cases where out of disaster, something good bloomed. with just the volume of waste that was created by emerald ash borer and the awareness that it created, i think it actually gave us the perfect environment for something like this to grow. the traverwood branch of the ann arbor public library has a lot of reclaimed ash flooring and shelving in its interior. yes, we worked on the traverwood branch... part of the harvesting and milling of the ash trees that went into that building, that was paid for through a grant that our council got from the u. s. forest service. what ' s another significant project using recycled wood? paul hickman is a local designer in ann arbor... he is working using our partners as suppliers, and he ' s producing a whole line of picture frames made from urban wood. his business is called urban ashes and he uses the wood and works with people from the local workforce development group and actually is doing job training and development with people who are coming out of corrections, people who are in transitional labor for one reason or another, who are producing these high - end picture frames... he ' s using michigan glass in the picture frames, he ' s using michigan paper for the backing. it ' s an entirely michigan product and he ' s getting great reception from boutique gift stores throughout michigan and also even throughout the country. and what ' s next for urbanwood? \" in the bigger picture, we would really just love to see more markets develop. we are very open to the idea of creating a couple more marketplaces throughout southeast michigan and just getting more people aware that this wood is available, that this can happen with their own trees, that we can see more communities buy into the concept as well... we would love to see every city that has a plan for managing their urban forest to include a plan for how they manage the wood when the trees come down. \" tanya muzumdar is a freelance writer, poet, and the assistant editor of concentrate and metromode. her last feature column was \" german park is heimplatz for summer festivities \". all photos by doug coombe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4301460980252727, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.757205"} {"text": "a printed book or pdf download version of the congo cookbook is available from lulu names of african foods it could be argued that africa ' s linguistic diversity is greater than its gastronomic diversity. simply put, the number of african languages is greater than the number of african foods. the african continent is home to hundreds, maybe thousands, of languages ( though perhaps only 40 african languages are spoken by two million or more people ), but there are far fewer foodstuffs. this means that a certain food prepared a certain way might be known by one name in one place, and by another name in another place. for example, what can be called black - eyed pea fritters, or bean croquettes, or bean balls ( in english ) are called akara in the congo cookbook. that is one name for them in at least one language in western africa, but they are also known as binch akara, kosai, koose, and kwasi, and probably many other things. akara may or may not be the most common name. as if there were not enough african languages, things are further complicated by the fact that african words are spelled differently in different languages like english, french, portuguese, german, or italian that came to africa in the colonial era. for example, the moambe stew recipe could just as easily have been titled mwambe. when african words are written in english, a good rule to follow is to pronounce each vowel as a seperate syllable. for example : matoke is pronounced \" ma - toe - kee \". french accents are sometimes used, for example, \" moambe \" is pronounced \" mwam - bay \". alice werner provided much the same advice for pronouncing words from the bantu languages in her myths and legends of the bantu ( london : george g. harrap & co. ltd, 1933 ), in which she wrote : a word as to the pronunciation of african names. no attempt has been made to render them phonetically, beyond the rough - and - ready rule that vowels are to be pronounced as in german or italian, consonants as in english, every syllable as ending in a vowel, and every vowel to be pronounced. thus it has not been considered necessary to put an acute accent over the e in shire ( which, by the by, ought to be chiri ) and pare. where ng is followed by an apostrophe, as in ' ryang ' ombe ' ( but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4445506439681083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.760468"} {"text": "the bulletin of atlanta university | previous | | 1 of 4 | | next | loading content... number 187 atlanta, georgia january, 1909 the southern educational association negro education the question of negro education was given a prominent place in the program of the recent meeting of the southern educational association in atlanta, an entire morning session being given to its consideration. we regret that the local newspaper reports failed to convey the liberal spirit which characterized the discussion. the prevailing sentiment was decidedly in favor of more and better work for the negroes and there was general recognition of the sad limitations which characterize their present public school opportunities. it was held that the burden of negro education must fall largely on the southern people, and in this connection the missionary schools established and largely supported by people from the north met with some criticism. the question was raised as to whether people who lived in another section of the country could possibly understand the needs of the negro race and prepare them for useful life as effectively as the southerners among whom their lot is cast. rev. george sale, d. d., was on the program to speak upon the past, present and future of mission schools in the south for the education of the negro. he used the opportunity this afforded to meet the criticisms which had been made. he showed the relation which these schools bore to the whole system of negro education, being, as they are, the training schools for the teachers. he showed, moreover, that the development of character and of the spirit of service was fundamental in the purpose of all such institutions, and said that criticism of them was usually based upon misapprehension. he urged the people of the south to acquaint themselves more fully with the work of such schools. when the meeting was open for discussion pres. g. r. glenn, of the north georgia industrial school, spoke. dr. glenn was formerly commissioner of public schools of the state of georgia. there is no man more familiar with the problems of education in the south than he. in a few words, beautifully chosen, he expressed, as a southern man, his deep appreciation of the work that had been accomplished in the mission schools and his admiration for the young people who had, as missionaries, come to the south in the ' 60 ' s and ' 70 ' s, and devoted themselves to so unpopular a cause as negro education. mention should be made also of the forceful address of ex - governor w. j. northen. he earnestly advocated education as a means for the prevention of lawlessness and would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41791376050887136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.768211"} {"text": ", and devoted themselves to so unpopular a cause as negro education. mention should be made also of the forceful address of ex - governor w. j. northen. he earnestly advocated education as a means for the prevention of lawlessness and would have the state of georgia introduce compulsory education for all her people of school age, both white and black. some phases of the negro problem ( quoted from mr. taft ' s speech before the north carolina society ) the proposal to repeal the fifteenth amendment is utterly impracticable and should be relegated to the limbo of forgotten issues. it is very certain that any party founded on the proposition would utterly fail in a national canvass, and that the hope is futile. what we are considering is something practical, something that means attainable progress. it seems to me to follow, therefore, that there is or ought to be a common ground upon which we can all stand in respect to the race question in the south, and its political bearing, that takes away any justification for maintaining the continued solidity of the south to prevent the so - called negro domination. the fear that in some way or other a social equality between the races shall be enforced by law or brought about by political measures really has no foundation except in the imagination of those who fear such a result. the federal government has nothing to do with social equality. the war amendments do not declare in favor of social equality ; all that the law or constitution attempt to secure is equality of opportunity before the law and in the pursuit of happiness, and in the enjoyment of life, liberty, and property. social equality is something that grows out of voluntary concessions by the individuals forming society...... ultimately, of course, the burden of negro education must fall on the southern people and on southern property owners. private charity and munificence, except by way of furnishing an example and a model, can do comparatively little in this direction. it may take some time to hasten the movement for the most generous public appropriations for the education of the negro, but the truth that in the uplifting of the negro lies the welfare of the south is forcing itself on the far - sighted of the southern leaders. primary and industrial education for the masses, higher education for the leaders of the negro race, for their professional men, their clergymen, their physicians, their lawyers, and their teachers, will make up a system under which their improvement, which statistics show to have been most noteworthy in the last forty years, will continue at the same rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46440917909986995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.769193"} {"text": ", for their professional men, their clergymen, their physicians, their lawyers, and their teachers, will make up a system under which their improvement, which statistics show to have been most noteworthy in the last forty years, will continue at the same rate.... public schools in atlanta when a city becomes its own severest critic there is great hope of improvement. the following paragraphs are quoted from the annual address of mr. asa g. candler, president of the atlanta chamber of commerce : all the school houses are overcrowded, and in several the board of education, in order to accommodate the children who have sought entrance, have been compelled to use ill - lighted and poorly ventilated basements for class rooms. the wooden buildings are heated by stoves ; their only means of ventilation are windows through which cold drafts of vitiated air come, inviting and producing disease and death to our children, if in the providence of a merciful god they escape cremation by a burning building. poor and perilous as are these buildings, they are wholly inadequate even if they were such structures as they ought to be. atlanta has about 20, 000 children of school age, boys and girls, between the ages of six and fourteen. the total enrollment in our overcrowded and ill - housed schools is less than 14, 000. it is reliably estimated that 7, 200 children of school age are not in school at all. of these 2, 800 are white and 4, 400 black. gentlemen, take note, the spring time of life comes but once and when gone, is forever gone, with all its solemn eternity of meaning. can any community afford to take such chances on the young life of future generations? can we blast the seed time and hope for the harvest? prof. george norton ellis, of berea college, visited us the last day of the old year and spoke to the students at morning chapel. | title | | the bulletin of atlanta university, 1909 no. 187 | universities & colleges | description | | the bulletin of atlanta university was a publication sent to faculty, friend and alumni of the institution ; telling of the institution ' s progress and present needs. this issue is january 1909, no. 187. | | holding library | | robert w. woodruff library of the atlanta university center |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593518909179522, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.770378"} {"text": "what we perceive in the world is highly influenced by what we are looking for. that is old news. now european researchers have used this theory to create a convincing and engaging \u2018 mixed reality \u2018, and they have put together a cookbook so others can do it, too. that is new news. reality is wysiwyg : what you see is what you get. but what you see depends largely on what you are looking for. in a famous experiment, a group of volunteers observed a video of two teams, one dressed in black and one in white, passing a ball between them. the volunteers had to count the number of times the ball was passed directly from one player in black to another player in black. they performed the task excellently. what they failed to notice was the man in the gorilla suit who walked on screen and jumped up and down during the game. it proved that what you see is strongly influenced by what you are looking for. in ophthalmology, researchers have found the eye does not see everything you perceive ; neural processing fills in parts of the scene by inferring from those bits that are observed. in quantum physics, researchers discovered that particles change behaviour depending on whether you are looking at them or not. in field after field researchers have discovered that perception is not linear ; it is fuzzy ; and it can be strongly influenced by carefully choosing the right cues. the cues do not necessarily require complex technology. the wii, a very popular gaming platform, abandoned the arms race of ever - more powerful processors and graphics cards and instead incorporated a simple motion sensor. now users ' gestures and reflexes drive the game, changing the pastime from a solitary, passive experience into an active, social one. those two additions, sociability and physicality, dramatically enhance the sense of experienced reality engendered by the game. this is very interesting. up to now technologies, such as virtual and mixed reality, were thought by most to rely on more power, more technologically advanced interfaces, more animation and textures ; but it now seems mixed reality is more powerfully and realistically evoked by combining perceptual dimensions with novel technologies in order to create a greater depth of experience. \u201c the greater the combination of senses engaged, the greater the chance of the user feeling immersed or present in the experience, \u201d explains rod mccall, a researcher at the fraunhofer institute and coordinator of the ipcity project. in ipcity, a major eu - funded mixed reality project, researchers studied dozens of technologies to find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6208787299504193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.776987"} {"text": "feeling immersed or present in the experience, \u201d explains rod mccall, a researcher at the fraunhofer institute and coordinator of the ipcity project. in ipcity, a major eu - funded mixed reality project, researchers studied dozens of technologies to find those that dramatically enhance a user \u2019 s experience of a given task, all in an effort to increase citizens \u2019 participation in civic life. v - ex and the city using virtual experiences ( or v - ex if you want ) like this to bring citizens closer to the city, the project embarked on what is probably the largest concerted effort, looking at the widest variety of mixed reality implementations, in recent times. the project created applications for town planning, gaming, environmental awareness and storytelling. it enhanced engagement with the social, cultural and historical fabric of a city through location awareness and mapping, and it developed social storytelling rooted at locations within the streetscape. using a combination of easy - to - understand yet state - of - the - art technologies and location sensing, the researchers were able to create convincing cross - reality experiences by engaging multiple senses in parallel. from the lab to the real world the project took perceptual and mixed reality research out of the lab and into the real world with a combination of large - scale field trials and longitudinal studies. as a result, the ipcity team has developed cookbook - like guidelines for creating mixed reality experiences. take urban renewal, an urban redesign application. here, the researchers used a wide variety of media and interfaces to engage citizens in an exercise for redesigning an urban space. ipcity \u2019 s colour table is a particularly innovative interface, using tokens to represent elements within a scene, such as buildings or other objects. an overhead camera projected the design table onto a wall, revealing changes as they developed from a bird \u2019 s eye view. another camera \u2018 interprets \u2019 the tokens and projects virtual mock - ups onto a backdrop of the real site. meanwhile on a screen, users can see how they have arranged the tokens, and on another they see how that would impact the real landscape. the entire set - up, along with other tools, is part of a mobile tent that is transported to the actual location for the new building, so participants can visualise the real - world environment. the combination of these technologies, along with subtle audio streams, evokes a very convincing air of engagement in the task. \u201c in the urban renewal showcase you have coloured tokens on the table and these represent buildings or another object in the space. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5397852252753961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.778521"} {"text": "combination of these technologies, along with subtle audio streams, evokes a very convincing air of engagement in the task. \u201c in the urban renewal showcase you have coloured tokens on the table and these represent buildings or another object in the space. so rather than having participants moving graphical objects on the screen you have them physically moving real objects on the table, \u201d stresses mccall. this physicality makes it easier for other people who are there to grasp what ' s going on \u2013 it starts a much richer discussion around the design through this physical relationship with it. another showcase by ipcity, citywall in helsinki, uses a very large multi - touch screen on a central street. \u201c people can do whatever they want with content which is uploaded to flickr. but they appropriate the citywall in hundreds of different ways. people play ' pong ' with the content, throwing it across the screen to one another, and it becomes [ an ] expressive space, far more perhaps than people showing pictures on their computer monitor, \u201d mccall notes. a sociable science social elements form a part of all the applications developed by ipcity, deliberately so. \u201c we figured out pretty early on that a shared experience is much richer, that is why two people work together in our game, timewarp. it becomes a shared, new reality, \u201d mccall explains. active, physical engagement, too, is important. mccall reveals that because it is impossible to cover a city entirely in virtual objects, the project developed activities that players need to complete, such as walking through a time portal or following a beer cart through the city. as non - players cannot see what the players are doing it often led to confused looks by passers - by in cologne when it was demonstrated there. in many respects, ipcity \u2019 s work represents the state of the art for mixed reality experiences and promises to offer a lot of food for thought to tourism, social gaming and mobile phone companies, among many others, including the performing arts. in fact ipcity \u2019 s work could be applied in some fashion to almost any area, to dramatically enhance the experience. ipcity has applied the theory on perception in novel, compelling ways and its work will go on to enhance the theory further and lead to even more subtle and ingenious applications of v - ex, in the city and elsewhere. this is the first of a two - part special feature on ipcity appearing on ict results. the ipcity project received funding from the fet proactive strand of the eu \u2019 s sixth framework programme for research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5937298844362346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.779660"} {"text": "als researchers aim for the fences by alissa poh nobody likes bad news. especially when it ' s a grim medical diagnosis like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ), also known as lou gehrig ' s disease. als, a rapidly progressing, fatal neurodegenerative disease, usually strikes people between 40 and 60 years of age ; those afflicted have an average survival of just two to five years. amyotrophic, a word with greek origins, means \" no muscle nourishment. \" lateral identifies the areas of the spinal cord where motor neurons \u2014 nerve cells that signal muscles \u2014 are found. and sclerosis refers to the scarring and hardening this region undergoes as it degenerates. but though the brain becomes increasingly unable to control the muscles, it maintains its cognitive abilities. so als patients are painfully aware of their progressive loss of function. \" it ' s a hard disease to treat, to tell patients that they have it, \" says dartmouth neurologist elijah stommel, m. d., ph. d. he sees patients at dhmc ' s nationally recognized als center and also conducts research exploring the underlying mechanisms of the disease. one of the most common neuromuscular diseases in the world, als entered the national lexicon when the career of yankee slugger lou gehrig was cut short by the condition in the 1930s. in the u. s. today, about 20, 000 people have it at any given time and about 5, 000 new cases are diagnosed each year. role : it ' s not yet known what causes als, but there ' s increasing evidence that neuroinflammation is involved. stommel and dms neuropathologist brent harris, m. d., ph. d., have looked at the role of tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( tnf - a ), a pro - inflammatory molecule present at elevated levels in als patients. their study, published in the april issue of neuroscience, showed that tnf - a induces the redistribution of mitochondria about 5, 000 new cases of als are diagnosed each year. in motor neurons grown in the lab. mitochondria generate energy as well as release substances that can cause cell death. in the experiment, tnf - a caused the mitochondria to cluster where the axon \u2014 the part of the nerve cell that carries signals to other cells \u2014 meets the cell body. similar mitochondrial clustering has been noted in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5043421063897373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.785843"} {"text": "cell death. in the experiment, tnf - a caused the mitochondria to cluster where the axon \u2014 the part of the nerve cell that carries signals to other cells \u2014 meets the cell body. similar mitochondrial clustering has been noted in patients who died of als. test tube : but stommel would extrapolate the finding to humans \" with trepidation. \" he says that \" it ' s very hard to be sure that what you ' re looking at under the microscope, or in the test tube, has very much in common with what ' s going on in a live human or a live animal. \" the team will continue to study the significance of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in als. stommel and harris are also running a phase ii clinical trial to treat als using thalidomide, a tnf - a blocker. phase ii trials test whether a therapy, at a safe dose, works against a given disease ( while phase i assesses safe dosing, and phase iii compares new therapies to established therapies and / or placebos ). about 20 patients are enrolled in the trial but the dropout rate has been high, says stommel, mostly due to thalidomide ' s unpleasant side effects \u2014 including sedation, constipation, and blood clotting. thalidomide was once used to treat morning sickness in pregnant women but was banned in the 1960s in the u. s. after it caused birth defects in thousands of babies. but it has since been approved to treat some cancers. the team hopes to also test lenalidomide, a related drug that is more potent but has fewer side effects. the researchers believe that multiple risk factors are involved in the development of als, including genetic makeup and, as stommel puts it, \" walking into the wrong situation at the wrong time. \" some scientists suspect that exposure to environmental toxins such as aluminum, which is neurotoxic in high doses, might play a role. clusters : stommel and harris have also undertaken an epidemiological study of several als clusters \u2014 areas with an unusually high incidence of the disease \u2014 in new hampshire and vermont. they plan to test the water in those areas to measure levels of a neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria that live in some lakes in the region. they agree that discovering a biomarker for als is key. \" my guess is that to find successful treatments for als is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4947796865732256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.788124"} {"text": "these days, nearly every college student owns a cell phone. in the classroom, cell phones are generally seen by the instructor as nothing more than a distraction. step into any college classroom during a long lecture or in - class film, and chances are you \u2019 ll see a handful of students typing away and sending text messages to their friends. with this behavior becoming all too common, it is no doubt why professors despise the devices and are asking students to turn their cell phones off completely during class. however, what students and instructors aren \u2019 t always realizing is the potential of cell phones in education. students have access to very powerful devices, especially with the rising ownership of smartphones. an article published recently by edudemic questions the next step of cell phones in education and offers the following interesting ways to harness the device \u2019 s power for effective use in education : - text reminders : since students generally check their cell phone more frequently than their email, the website remind101 has come up with a way to reach students when they are away from their computer, but not their phone. the site allows instructors to create assignment reminders that are sent to students via text message. all the students have to do is register with the site and subscribe to the class \u2019 reminders. - using the cell phone as a study tool : for students who want to study on - the - go, but don \u2019 t want to drag their heavy computer around there \u2019 s sites like studyboost. once the student registers, they can create their own series of study questions. then, using their phone, they can have the questions sent to them via text message. from there, the student answers the questions by replying to the studyboost number, and will instantly receive their results. - voting : using poll everywhere, instructors can gather opinions and votes in their classroom. this tool also provides real time data, which is especially appealing to professors looking to save time. - accessing twitter : interestingly enough, twitter is becoming increasingly present in the classroom. obviously, smartphones have the ability to instantly access twitter via apps or an internet browser. however, there are also easy ways to access twitter with a basic phone! users can tweet by registering their phone and sending a text message to their country \u2019 s short code. if the user isn \u2019 t able to send text messages, tweetcall is also an option. tweetcall is a free service that lets the user call a phone number, speak their tweets, and have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44035535836094797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.790969"} {"text": "you can view the current or previous issues of diabetes health online, in their entirety, anytime you want. click here to view latest type 1 issues articles popular type 1 issues articles highly recommended type 1 issues articles send a link to this page to your friends and colleagues. i have read and heard that warm - up and cool down are important in preventing pulled muscles and preventing muscle soreness. exactly how long and strenuous should they be? warm - up should last about 5 to 10 minutes and would be performed at a work rate or speed that is well below that used for the main workout. for example, a jogger might use walking as a warm - up, or a slow jog a minute or two slower per mile than the pace used in the main body of the workout. walkers should start out easily and work their way up to a brisk pace. weight trainers might do 5 to 10 minutes of light aerobic exercise such as described here before ever picking up the first weight. even then, the first set of each exercise should be light, approximately half the weight to be used in the heaviest set. for example, someone who will bench press 120 pounds in the last set might use about 60 pounds in the first set. the value of warm - up extends beyond pulled muscles. other benefits include shifting blood flow to the muscles and heating up the muscle and connective tissues so that they are more resistant to strain, but also because they work more effectively. warm muscle promotes the speed of chemical reactions that release energy for contraction. the addition of blood to the muscle allows for more of the energy needed for the muscle contraction to be released through oxidative chemical reactions rather than reactions not dependent on the presence of oxygen. this reduces the amount of lactate, a waste product, developed in the muscle. lactate interferes with chemical reactions and makes one breathe faster and deeper. together, all of these benefits make your body work more efficiently, comfortably, and safely. one study found vigorous exercise performed without the customary warm - up to be dangerous for the heart. most of the young, healthy subjects were found to experience abnormalities in their ekg during the vigorous exercise. this indicates that middle - aged and older exercisers in particular need to warm up thoroughly before starting to exercise. cool down is the light exercise that is performed after the main part of the workout. like warm - up, it should last about 10 - 15 minutes. contrary to popular opinion, cool down does not reduce muscle soreness. instead, it is always recommended because the easy movements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46468709578032363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.796007"} {"text": "exercise that is performed after the main part of the workout. like warm - up, it should last about 10 - 15 minutes. contrary to popular opinion, cool down does not reduce muscle soreness. instead, it is always recommended because the easy movements during cool down promote the return of blood from the veins back to the heart. if one stopped running suddenly and simply stood still, the blood in the veins tends to remain there which reduces the volume of blood the heart receives which in turn reduces the amount it can pump. with reduced blood leaving the heart, the tissues rapidly become hypoxic ( low oxygen content ) leading to dizziness, possible fainting, and nauseousness. by continuing to move after exercise, albeit at a slower pace, the veins are squeezed by surrounding skeletal muscles which pushes the blood back to the brain, muscles, skin, etc. consequently, we recover much faster and feel better sooner. failure to cool down properly can lead to cardiac arrhythmia ( a heart that fails to contract at a constant rate ) and even a heart attack. as with lack of warm - up, middle - aged and older exercisers should view cool down as a critical part of a safe and healthy exercise program. 0 comments - feb 1, 1995 diabetes health is the essential resource for people living with diabetes - both newly diagnosed and experienced as well as the professionals who care for them. we provide balanced expert news and information on living healthfully with diabetes. each issue includes cutting - edge editorial coverage of new products, research, treatment options, and meaningful lifestyle issues.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4757223816789188, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.796902"} {"text": "there are nearly two million known species on the planet. but many of those won ' t be around much longer ; one out of every eight known bird species, one in four mammal species, and one in three amphibian species are at risk for extinction, according to the world conservation union ( iucn ), which maintains the red list, a catalog of the world ' s species classified according to their risk of extinction. \" it ' s supposed to inform conservation practice, to be a wake - up call for the extinctions that are happening, \" says caroline pollock, a program officer with the red list unit. animals that are classified as \" critically endangered \" are at the highest risk - - their numbers in the wild may be extraordinarily low or their territories incredibly small. \" it is possible to bring them back, \" pollock says, \" but it is quite work - intensive and financially expensive. \" here, a look at five species on the brink. native to spain and portugal, there are fewer than 250 of these felines left in the wild. habitat destruction has been a major cause of its decline as agriculture spreads through its homeland. additionally, disease has claimed a large percentage of the region ' s rabbits, one of the lynx ' s primary food sources. intensive captive breeding programs are currently underway to help save the lynx, pollock says. if they do disappear, the lynx will be the first wild cat to go extinct in more than 2, 000 years. the wild population of these frogs has declined more than 80 percent in the last decade. the plummeting numbers of the frogs, which are endemic to panama, is largely a result of chytridiomycosis, an infectious fungal disease that seems to be causing mass amphibian die - offs. the disease is still spreading, and deforestation is adding to the pressures faced by the frogs. though there are captive - breeding programs in place for these amphibians, they will not be released into the wild until conditions improve. fewer than 100 of these birds, which are confined to one small island in cape verde, remain in the wild. the birds have been threatened by drought and increasing desertification on the island, conditions that may worsen as a result of global climate change. because they build their nests on the ground, they also face risks from cats, dogs, and rats that have been introduced to the island. only 34 of these trees, native to mexico, remain. the plants have a low rate of pollination - - and don ' t reach maturity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.422239586826281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.799997"} {"text": "ground, they also face risks from cats, dogs, and rats that have been introduced to the island. only 34 of these trees, native to mexico, remain. the plants have a low rate of pollination - - and don ' t reach maturity until they are approximately 25 years old - - and are also profoundly threatened by agriculture. one tree was cut down in 2006 to expand farmland, and insecticides decrease the number of pollinators available to help the trees spread. human - caused fires have also destroyed or damaged a number of these plants. it could already be too late for the yangtze river dolphin, or baiji. there has not been a documented sighting of these cetaceans, which lived in china ' s yangtze river and nearby lakes, since 2002. a search for the dolphin - - and the signature sounds that they make - - was conducted in late 2006 but turned up no evidence of the mammals. however, further surveys are still needed to determine whether the dolphins truly have disappeared forever. the baiji ' s population decline is due, in large part, to the development of chinese waterways and the expansion of commercial fishing. read more on helping endangered species by breeding captive animals in discover ' s recall of the wild emotion researcher jaak panksepp read more \u00bb sign up to get the latest science news delivered weekly right to your inbox!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4068955959091103, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.800572"} {"text": "[ date prev ] [ date next ] [ thread prev ] [ thread next ] [ date index ] [ thread index ] [ subject index ] [ author index ] re : new alvarezsaurid > anything that allows an animal to control its motion while > airborne, no matter how slightly, becomes a flight characteristic or i guess it just depends on your definition of flight. me, i would say that anything that allows an animal to control itself during gliding or parachuting is a gliding or parachuting adaptation. > flapping flight is a specialized form of flight that evidently appeared > in the evolution of birds well after numerous flight features had > evolved - - indeed, it ' s not yet clear whether _ archaeopteryx _ itself was > flapping flier. i would certainly agree that many flight adaptations > for reasons other than flapping flight ; but i would tend to disagree > evolved for reasons other than flight ( for the most part ), as i have why would it appear that flapping flight is a characteristic that evolved late in bird evolution? i think that it is quite clear that archaeopteryx was a flapping flier. it has characteristics that are only seen in volant, flapping birds : 1 ) assymetric flight feathers. 2 ) curved remiges. 3 ) ventral furrow on the shaft of the flight feathers. 4 ) hypertrophied furcula that has not degenerated or formed an obtuse 5 ) elongate coracoid that faces posteriorly. 6 ) heart - shaped ulnarae. basically i think that volant adaptations must have evolved for reasons other than flight for flight to evolve and only after flight has evolved have some of the more advanced flight features evolved ( strut - like coracoid for example ). get your private, free email at http : / / www. hotmail. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4973487088383803, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.804894"} {"text": "light scattering system nanobiophysics core facility has a full set of light scattering equipment from wyatt including multiangle light scattering ( mals ) device, dynamic light scattering ( dls ) device, and hplc system ( agilent ) linked to mals. light scattering is a non - invasive technique for characterizing macromolecules and a wide range of particles in solution. in contrast to most methods for characterization, it does not require outside calibration standards. in this sense it is an absolute technique. wyatt technology instruments make two different types of light scattering measurements for absolute molecular characterization : * classical light scattering : here, the intensity of the scattered light is measured as a function of angle. for the case of macromolecules, this is often called rayleigh scattering and can yield the molar mass, rms radius, and second virial coefficient ( a2 ). for certain classes of particles, classical light scattering can yield the size, shape, and structure. * quasi - elastic ( qels ) or dynamic light scattering ( dls ) : in a qels measurement, time - dependent fluctuations in the scattered light signal are measured using a fast photon counter. qels measurements can determine the hydrodynamic radius of macromolecules or particles. light scattering is a technique that can be applied in either batch or chromatography mode. in either instance the sample may be recovered at the end of the measurement. since light scattering provides the weight - averaged molar mass for all molecules in solution, it is generally more useful to utilize the chromatography mode, though each technique has its advantages. although absolute molecular weights can be determined also via mass spectrometry, membrane osmometry, and sedimentation equilibrium ( analytical centrifugation ), only light scattering covers so broad a range of macromolecules including their oligomeric states. most importantly, light scattering permits measurement of the solution properties of macromolecules. while a sedimentation equilibrium run may require 72 hours, a size exclusion chromatography / light scattering study may be completed in well under an hour, and a batch mode analysis in a few minutes. these comparatively short run times coupled with the absolute determination of molar mass, size, and a2 make light scattering the method of choice for accurate and fast macromolecular characterization. for more information go to www. wyatt. com core facility will help you with obtaining free downloads of manuals, tutorials and software.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6048545377653342, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.809350"} {"text": "location sensing within mobile devices is reaching a new phase of development and distribution. this new phase, now commercially available for augmented reality developers, delivers powerful local search solutions. morton heilig introduces sensorama to the world, a machine capable of providing entertainment that engages all five senses. built similar to arcade amusements, the user experienced a virtual world. production of the sensorama spawned for heilig, another great idea : the head - mounted display. his telesphere mask became the prototype for head mounted displays that are used in military fighter jets \u2013 the uses of which were first seen by many in \" star wars. \" during this time, ivan sutherland devised one of the first complete augmented reality systems built with wire - frame graphics and a head - mounted display that required a head sensor which measured the position and angle of the user \u2019 s head. the system would then change the location of augmented objects depending on the view angle. boeing engineers tom caudell and david mizell began applying augmented reality in the design process. it ' s caudell who is considered to have coined \u201c augmented reality. \u201d augmented reality goes industrial in helping to design, build, and maintain objects. the era of virtual reality grows in development and application and seizes the imagination of hollywood and other industries including games, educational, and defense. librarians begin to explore ar to protect priceless manuscripts and books. the technology allows searchers to flip the pages and read the table of contents of rare old books and identify missing books from a shelf or collection. robert azuma in his hrl lab published a paper describing his team \u2019 s latest ar discoveries in both indoor and outdoor environments. there was also a big thrust in the ' 90s for enterprise bluetooth, rfid, and other wireless local lan technologies. it would be the late 1990s that would bring wireless data communications. so when azuma and his team calculated an outdoor solution for ar applications it was big news. the solution from hrl lab compensated for user motion which inspired freedom of use beyond the confines of a stationary presentation. the solution used a rate gyro, compass, and attitudinal sensors to display virtual text labels over distant points of interest. this era also saw mixed reality systems lab in singapore and project arvika in germany study augmented reality in both head - mounted displays and video screen interfaces. philippe kahn introduces his newborn daughter sophie to the world on the first mobile camera phone that enabled him to share her picture with over 2, 000 relatives and friends. kahn created a makeshift", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5526231445556957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.822544"} {"text": "study augmented reality in both head - mounted displays and video screen interfaces. philippe kahn introduces his newborn daughter sophie to the world on the first mobile camera phone that enabled him to share her picture with over 2, 000 relatives and friends. kahn created a makeshift camera phone in the hospital by pulling together a cell phone and a digital camera to send photos in real time. his invention was the beginning of lightsurf technologies which now powers mobile phones for most of the leading global manufacturers. benefon esc! nt2002 becomes the first gsm device with built - in gps. 2000s and the future in 2001, stargate sg1 showcased the long - term side affect of retinal scan display ( rsd ) on the user, including permanent optical nerve and brain damage. although ar has been around for over four decades it ' s only now the technology is taking off. head mounted displays using ( rsd ), which displays the image directly onto the eye, may reduce the need for bulky headsets, but consumers need to be wary of using technology that impacts our sight and hearing just because it is cool. pattie maes of mit \u2019 s fluid interfaces group is creating a new digital \" sixth sense \" for humans. maes \u2019 group is interested in how people can mix into their environment using a wearable device that turns any surface into an interactive display screen. maes intends to augment the data derived from our five senses with those that can be generated from a mobile computing device. to see more about mae \u2019 s solution, watch his ted presentation. the fundamentals of location - based augmented realitylocation sensing within mobile devices is reaching a new phase of development and distribution. this new phase, now commercially available for developers of augmented reality, delivers powerful local search solutions. mobile ar solutions finally have the components available to deliver solutions for mass adoption. basic requirements for all mobile location based ar solutions include a browser enabled smart phone with a high resolution camera, geo - positioning, accelerometer, light sensor, direction sensing, motion sensors and stabilizers, a processor able to calculate the visual information and decide overlay data to present and how it should be presented. additionally, the solution requires at least a 3g network and a data plan. when network coverage is slow to non - existent when national network coverage is non - existent, metropolitan area networks kick into gear. proximity location sensors determine if an object is within a distance - frame of a known location, e. g. wifi access hot spots within a campus setting that can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5290121070546017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.824768"} {"text": "existent when national network coverage is non - existent, metropolitan area networks kick into gear. proximity location sensors determine if an object is within a distance - frame of a known location, e. g. wifi access hot spots within a campus setting that can provide triangulation data. there are two other methods for determining proximity and they include detecting physical contact such as pressure and touch : mobile touch screens and observing auto id such as point - of - sale terminals, road - way toll passes, and upc product codes. what this means is even if the carrier network is slow, mobile search ar can be used on a university campus, at an enterprise company with multiple buildings, within a defined tourist area, and a shopping mall as long as the mobile device shakes hands with the wifi network. beware of open - source solutions open source technology enabled apps are rarely supported by the carrier or handset manufacturer, thus if there is a problem the most likely outcome is the user will need to delete of the app and a require a refund. consumers and the brand advertisers behind the ar apps need to ensure that their ar apps are fully supported by the developer. augmented reality in real life toppan printing co ltd in japan supplies ar terminals for mass distribution. their terminals \u2013 about the size of a soda or mobile phone vending machine \u2013 are located in market places. based on the simple ability of a mobile phone snapping a qr code to acquire enhanced item descriptions on digital signage, provide new features to display windows, and help shoppers find stores, the toppan ar terminal when used with a mobile phone housing a high - quality camera, can recognize the package of a sample product, display a description of the product, and provide a view of the product outside of its security packaging. if you ' ve discovered a real life augmented reality mobile solution, please share.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5155758468080766, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.826517"} {"text": "description from flora of china herbs, clambering subshrubs, shrubs, or lianas. leaves alternate or opposite, entire, exstipulate. flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, or sterile and reduced, subtended by 1 membranous bract and 2 bracteoles, solitary or aggregated in cymes. inflorescences elongated or condensed spikes ( heads ), racemes, or thyrsoid structures of varying complexity. bracteoles membranous or scarious. tepals 3 - 5, membranous, scarious or subleathery, 1 -, 3 -, 5 -, or 7 ( - 23 ) - veined. stamens as many as tepals and opposite these, rarely fewer than tepals ; filaments free, united into a cup at base or \u00b1 entirely into a tube, filament lobes present or absent, pseudostaminodes present or absent ; anthers ( 1 - or ) 2 - loculed, dorsifixed, introrsely dehiscent. ovary superior, 1 - loculed ; ovules 1 to many ; style persistent, short and indistinct or long and slender ; stigma capitate, penicillate, 2 - lobed or forming 2 filiform branches. fruit a dry utricle or a fleshy capsule, indehiscent, irregularly bursting, or circumscissile. seeds lenticular, reniform, subglobose, or shortly cylindric, smooth or verruculose. morphology of the androecium, perianth ( tepals ), and the inflorescence has traditionally been used to circumscribe genera and tribes. pseudostaminodia are interstaminal appendages with variously shaped apices. filament appendages are the lateral appendages of filaments ( one on each side ). the basic structure of the inflorescence is the cyme ( branchlets arising from the bracteole axils, the bracteoles serving as bracts for upper flowers ), which can be reduced to one flower with two bracteoles and a bract. units of dispersal vary considerably ( capsules opening with lower part persistent, flower and bracteoles falling together, or cymose partial inflorescences breaking off above bract ) and can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5089188242616118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.833706"} {"text": "two bracteoles and a bract. units of dispersal vary considerably ( capsules opening with lower part persistent, flower and bracteoles falling together, or cymose partial inflorescences breaking off above bract ) and can be characteristic for genera. several genera possess long trichomes serving dispersal at the base of the tepals. digera arvensis forsskal ( fl. aegypt. - arab. 65. 1775 ) has been reported from anhui. however, we have seen no specimens and are therefore unable to treat it in this account. about 70 genera and 900 species : worldwide ; 15 genera ( one introduced ) and 44 species ( three endemic, 14 introduced ) in china. ( authors : bao bojian ( ) ; steven e. clemants, thomas borsch ) institute of botany, chinese academy of sciences, 20 nanxincun, xiangshan, beijing 100093, peoples republic of china. herbarium, brooklyn botanic garden, 1000 washington avenue, brooklyn, new york 11225 - 1099, u. s. a. abteilung systematik und biodiversitat, botanisches institut und botanischer garten, friedrich - wilhelms - universitat bonn, meckenheimer allee 170, d - 53115 bonn, kuan ke - chien. 1979. amaranthaceae. in : kung hsien - wu & tsien cho - po, eds., fl. reipubl. popularis sin. 25 ( 2 ) : 194 \u2013 241.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4912334114679252, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.834226"} {"text": "elementymology & elements multidict zilver \u2013 silber \u2013 argent \u2013 plata \u2013 \u2013 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e \u2013 sulver frisian ( west ) argint romanian - moldovan slavic\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ srebro ] bulgarian \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e [ serabro ] belarusian \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ srebro ] macedonian \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ serebro ] russian \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e [ srebro ] serbian \u0441\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043b\u043e [ sriblo ] ukrainian airgead gaelic ( irish ) airgead gaelic ( scottish ) argid gaelic ( manx ) other indo - european\u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 [ argyros ] greek [ artsat ' ] armenian \u00e6\u0432\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442 [ \u00e6vzist ] ossetian [ nukra ] tajik indo - iranian / indo - aryan\u09b0\u09aa\u09be [ rupa ] bengali \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0647 [ nqrh ] persian [ ca ' di ] gujarati \u091a\u093e\u0926\u0940 [ cha. ndi ] hindi \u044d\u0437\u044b\u0441\u044c [ ezys ' ] komi \u0448\u0438\u0438 [ sij ] mari \u0441\u0438\u044f [ sija ] moksha \u043ae\u043ce\u043b [ kemel ] chuvash [ kumis ] kazakh \u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u0448 [ kumus ] kyrgyz [ mongo ] mongolian [ kumus ] uyghur other ( europe ) zilarra basque [ verc ' xli ] georgian afro - asiatic\u0641\u0636\u0629 [ fiddah ] arabic \u05db\u05e1\u05e3 [ kesef ] hebrew [ gin ] japanese \u110b\u1173\u11ab [ eun ] korean \u0e40\u0e07\u0e19 [ ngoen ] thai [ yin2 / ngan4 ] chinese other [ velli ] malayalam [ velli ] tamil north - americaiztac teocuitlatl nahuatl south - americaqullqi q ' illay quechua creolesrivru sranan tongo new namessilveron atomic elements history & etymology \" and abram was very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. \" ( gen. 13 : 2 ) the egyptians considered gold to be a perfect metal, and gave it the symbol of a circle. since silver was the closest to gold in perfection, it was given the symbol of a semi - circle. later this semi - circle led to a growing moon symbol, probably due to the likeness between the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.533055004828842, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.838273"} {"text": ", and gave it the symbol of a circle. since silver was the closest to gold in perfection, it was given the symbol of a semi - circle. later this semi - circle led to a growing moon symbol, probably due to the likeness between the shining metal and the moon glow. the noble metals, gold and silver, are found in the native state, and as is well known, gold and silver were used to make jewelry and sheet metal due to the great ductility and lustre of the pure metals. its malleability and ductility make it ideal for ornamental purposes. it was also used for paying debts, in personal and religious places decoration and in utensils of the wealthiest houses. some mineral scums in old mines of the near - east and in some islands of the aegean sea seem to reveal that by 5000 b. c. a method was already known to separate silver from lead. early gold and silver ornaments from the indian subcontinent are found from indus valley sites such as mohenjodaro ( ca 3000 bc ). the monetary use of silver may well be as old as that of gold but the abundance of the native metal was probably far less, so that comparable supplies were not available until a method of winning the metal from its ores had been discovered. it appears, however, that by perhaps 3000 bc a form of cupellation was in operation in asia minor and its use gradually spread, so that silver coinage was of crucial economic importance to all subsequent classical mediterranean civilizations. in astrology alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity : the long history of silver is reflected in the many different words for this metal. see the list of names to the left and in the overview of silver in over 100 languages ( click here ). we can identify at least seven diffent roots. the names in the roman languages ( except some on the iberian peninsula ), in the celtic languages and in albanian are derivations from the latin. it is the only element after which a country is named ( argentina > argentum ). silver, the proverbially bright metal, ( argentum ), is of a bright white colour with brilliant lustre, not affected by pure aire. silver suboxide is black, the monoxide is brown. silver is the best known conductor of electricity and heat ; ' tis extremely ductile ; fine silver wire of seventy - eight one - thousandth inch diameter will support one hundred and eighty pounds weight without breaking. sulph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5154839240968695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.839366"} {"text": "two centuries of thought richard burton - 1964 two centuries later, hamlet still muses ; hamlet still broods ; and most critics still base their thinking on the vision of hamlet created by the romantics. he is a poet or philosopher by nature, and his reflections lead to internal conflict that inhibits actions. the following excerpt from the writing of yale university professor, harold bloom, serves as a good representative of the preservation, and continuing development of this line of thought. the largest mistake we can make about the play, hamlet, is to think that it is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind because ( presumably ) he thinks too much.... the fundamental fact about hamlet is not that he thinks too much, but that he thinks too well. his is simply the most intelligent role ever written for the western stage ; indeed, he may be the most intelligent figure in all the world of literature, west or east. unable to rest in illusions of any kind, he thinks his way through to the truth, which may be a pure nihilism, yet a nihilism so purified that it possesses an absolute nobility, even a kind of transcendentalism. harold bloom finds a foundation for this emendation of the romantic view in fredrich neitzsche ' s the birth of tragedy. | montaigne ' s experiential man avoids dionysiac transports as well as the sickening descents from such ecstasies. nietzsche unforgettably caught this aspect of hamlet in his early the birth of tragedy, where coleridge ' s view of hamlet ( like coleridge ) thinks too much is soundly repudiated in favor of the truth, which is that hamlet thinks too well. i quote this again because of its perpetual insight : while appearing to refute the notion that hamlet ' s excess thought prevents him from action, harold bloom argues that it is the quality of his thought that prevents action.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47914902406792176, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.841578"} {"text": "mirad / orthography and pronunciation last modified on 1 november 2010, at 22 : 49 \u2191jump back a section orthography and pronunciation - the mirad alphabet has both lower - case and upper - case letters. the alphabet has the same base letters as latin or english, except that the letters qq, xx, and yy are considered non - native and are used only in foreign names and borrowings. also, the letters hh and ww are additional to agapoff ' s original unilingua alphabet and are unique in that they have no inherent semantic values ; they are used for various grammatical - only purposes. a unique feature of mirad is that every native letter is a semantically - significant atom in the language and can be thought of as bricks in lexical construction. see word - building - the order of the native alphabet is as follows : - a a a a b c d e e e e f g h i i i i j k l m n o o o o p r s t u u u u v w z - the above lower - case letters can also be represented as upper - case letters. in unicode representations and indexing, the uppercase graphemes precede the lowercase values. uppercase letters are used much as in american english, that is, for the first letter in sentences, proper nouns, etc. see # orthography for more details. as mentioned above, the mirad graphemes ww and hh are additional to the letters in the original unilingua and are used to form the passive voice of verbs and the correlative deictics, respectively. foreign names and borrowings sometimes also incorporate hh, qq, xx, and yy. - the following are classified as consonants : - b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z | * note : the author of unilingua did not include the letters hh or ww as native graphemes. they have been added in mirad in order to encompass word structures not included by agapoff, in addition to interjections and foreign names. see more on this under # vowels. | - vowels, or more accurately, vowel nuclei consist of plain vowels and yodified vowels, that is, vowels that have a y - glide sound before, after, or around them. a synonym of yodified is palatalized. - the plain vowels are ( only miniscules listed here ) : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4864242957683801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.849911"} {"text": "yodified vowels, that is, vowels that have a y - glide sound before, after, or around them. a synonym of yodified is palatalized. - the plain vowels are ( only miniscules listed here ) : - a e i o u - the yodified vowel nuclei are : - a e i o u ( pre - yodified ) - a e i o u ( post - yodified ) - a e i o u ( circum - yodified ) | note : the author of unilingua used non - roman letters to represent some of the pre - yodified vowels ( \u044f = a, \u0435 = e, \u00f8 = o, and \u044e = u. the author employed a hacek ( called ille in french ) over the vowel to represent post - yodification ( a = a, e = e, etc. ). this revised mirad textbook, however, uses the acute accent ( as in french ete ) for the pre - yodified vowels, the grave accent ( as in french pere ) for the post - yodified vowels, and the circumflex accent ( as in french fete ) for the circum - yodified vowels. it must be remembered, however, that a, o, and other yodified vowels are considered single vowels or vowel nuclei in any analysis of the language, not dipthongs or tripthongs ). in other words, the accents are merely graphemic devices to distinguish vowels qualitatively, and thereby semantically. | - despite agapoff ' s idiosyncratic system of punctuation, the punctuation symbols and usage in mirad are just like those of american english. - capitalization in mirad follows the same rules as in english. european learners need to be especially careful to capitalize the first letter of the names of languages, nationalities, and inhabitants, which in most european languages are left in lowercase. - note the following examples. the words are all capitalized because the root word is the name of the country china : | kina | | chinese ( people or nation ) [ adj. ] | | kinad | | chinese ( language ) [ n. ] | | kinada | | chinese ( language ) [ adj. ] | | kinade | | in chinese [ adv. ] | | kinadaer | | to speak chinese ( pronounced : kee - nah - dah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49602960433258514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.850911"} {"text": ". ] | | kinada | | chinese ( language ) [ adj. ] | | kinade | | in chinese [ adv. ] | | kinadaer | | to speak chinese ( pronounced : kee - nah - dah - ehr ) | | kinader | | to utter in chinese | | kinadrer | | to write chinese | | kina vidrun | | chinese calligraphy | | kinadeder | | to read chinese | | kinena | | in the chinese way [ adv. ] | | kin - amerika veani | | sino - american relations | | kinconi | | things chinese ( pronounced : keen - soh - nee ) | | kinaser | | to sinofy ( pronounced : kee - nah - shehr ) | | kintun | | sinology ( pronounced : keen - toon ) | - this chart shows the closest phonetic approximations of the mirad consonant graphemes in english and some other familiar languages, along with the exact value in ipa ( international phonetic alphabet ) : | c | | s | | see | | hace | | garcon | | watch out! sounds like \" s \". | | h | | h | | how | | jota | | - - | | closer to the english value. | | j | | \u0292 | | mirage | | - - | | jour | | as in \" dr. zhivago. | | r | | r | | - - | | toro | | - - | | dental flap or trill | | s | | \u0283 | | shed | | - - | | chaise | | a fricative \" sh \" sound! | | note! be very careful that the c and the s are not pronounced as their english or european equivalents. think of the c as being the french c cedilla ( c ). | simple vowel sounds - a as in spanish la ( ipa : / a / ) - e as in french the ( ipa : / e / ) - i as in spanish si! ( ipa : / i / ) - o as in spanish no ( ipa : / o / ) - u as in spanish tu ( ipa : / u / ) pre - yodified vowel sounds - these vowels are pronounced the same as the simple vowel above, but with a y - glide at the beginning. - a is like ya as in english yacht - e is like ye as in german", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4686021058283327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.851868"} {"text": "u / ) pre - yodified vowel sounds - these vowels are pronounced the same as the simple vowel above, but with a y - glide at the beginning. - a is like ya as in english yacht - e is like ye as in german jeder or english yes - i is like yi as in french yippie or english ye ( without the final y - glide ) - o is like yo as in german joga or english yo - yo ( without the final w - glide ) - u is like yu as in german juli or english unit post - yodified vowel sounds - these vowels are pronounced like the simple vowels, but with a y - glide at the end. - a is like ay as in english thai - e is like ey as in english fey - i is like iy as in english see - o is like oy as in english boy - u is like uy as in english fooey circum - yodified vowel sounds - these vowels are pronounced with a y - glide at both the beginning and end. - a is like yay as in english yikes! - e is like yey as in english yea! - i is like yiy - o is like yoy - u is like yuy | note the difference in pronunciation between aa, which is pronounced like a - ya as in spanish \" playa \", and aa, which sounds like ay - a as in english diagram. ) | syllabification and stress - a closed syllable is one that ends in a consonant or a y - glide ( i. e., a post - or circum - yodified vowel ). a syllable consists of [ c ] v [ c ], where v, the vowel nucleus, can begin or end with a y - glide, but contain only one of the set of vowels [ aeiou ], and where c consists of one or two homorganic consonants, i. e. [ bcdfgjknpstvz ] + [ lrwy ]. - the rule for stress is : if a word ends in a closed syllable, then the last syllable receives the stress, otherwise, the penultimate ( next - to - last ) syllable receives the stress. | hafa | | hay - fa | | ( israeli town of ) haifa | | gracer | | gra - ser | | to be extreme | - every vowel in mirad is given its full syllabic pronunciation, even when juxtap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4970084973123175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.852865"} {"text": "| | this article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. ( june 2009 ) | | look up award in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | an award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize their excellence in a certain field ; a certificate of excellence. awards are often signified by trophies, titles, certificates, commemorative plaques, medals, badges, pins, or ribbons. an award may carry a monetary prize given to the recipient ; for example, the nobel prize for contributions to society or the pulitzer prize for literary achievements. an award may also simply be a public acknowledgment of excellence, without any tangible token or prize. awards can be given by any person or institution, although the prestige of an award usually depends on the status of the awarder. usually, awards are given by an organization of some sort, or by the office of an official within an organization or government. for instance, a special presidential citation ( as given by the president of the united states ) is a public announcement giving an official place of honor ( e. g., president ronald reagan gave a special presidential citation in 1984 to the disney channel for its excellent children ' s television programming. ) however there are exceptions like some quality labels, for which it is neither person nor organizations that are rewarded, but products. this is the case for the world quality selections organized by monde selection. these international awards are assigned to beverages, foods, cosmetics and diet products, which stand out for their quality. people who have won certain prestigious awards, such as the nobel prize, a championship title in a sport, or an academy award ( oscar ), can have the award become their identity, thereafter being known primarily for winning the award, rather than for any other achievement or occupation. to distinctly be categorized as an ' award ', rather than some other type of ceremonial or arbitrary recognition, there should be a clear process of nominations, award criteria and appropriate judging process. generally, recognition by a set of peers, acknowledging quality of work, rather than a ' popularity contest ' is considered to be an authentic award. mock awards, which typically recognize failures or atypical achievements, are also popular. they are usually given by people and organizations of lower or average prestige, such as comical organizations and individual writers. popular mock awards include : - golden raspberry awards ( razzies ), a satirical counterpart to the academy award which recognizes the worst acting, screenwriting, songwriting, directing, and films that the film industry had to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5305274932163359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.857792"} {"text": "organizations and individual writers. popular mock awards include : - golden raspberry awards ( razzies ), a satirical counterpart to the academy award which recognizes the worst acting, screenwriting, songwriting, directing, and films that the film industry had to offer - ig nobel prize, a satirical counterpart to the nobel prize, given for achievements that \" first make people laugh, and then make them think. \" - darwin awards, \" given to people who seem to improve the human gene pool by accidentally killing or sterilizing themselves during a foolish or careless mistake. \" one common type of award in the united states is the employee of the month award, where typically the recipients ' names are listed in a prominent place in the business for that month. a common mock award is the wooden spoon, given to an individual or team which has come last in a competition. some awards are given only after a fee is paid by the recipient, such as the german design award. - the kentucky derby trophy is an award worth $ 70, 000 with an estimated 1000 man hours of labor. - ken bensinger ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ). \" the bogies : radar nominates the most bogus awards in america \". radar online. archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 03. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45042497056683833, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.858630"} {"text": "86 ). ingerid ' s descendants, the house of bjelbo, would ascend to the throne of sweden and norway and canute iv ' s blood returned to the danish throne in the person of first olaf ii of denmark. king of denmark | king of denmark | | predecessor | | harald iii of hen | | successor | | olaf i hunger | | spouse | | adela of flanders | | blessed charles the good | father | | sweyn ii estridsson | | died | | 10 july1086 ( aged 43 \u2013 44 ) st. alban ' s priory, odense | burial | | st. canute ' s cathedral | canute quickly proved himself to be a highly ambitious king as well as a devout one. he enhanced the authority of the church, and demanded austere observation of church holidays. he gave large gifts to the churches in dalby, odense, roskilde, and viborg, and especially to lund. ever a champion of the church, he sought to enforce the collection of tithes. his aggrandizement of the church served to create a powerful ally, who in turn supported canute ' s power position. in may 1085, canute wrote a letter of donation to lund cathedral which was under construction, granting it large tracts of lands in scania, zealand, and amager. he founded lund cathedral school at the same time. canute had gathered the land largely as pay for the pardon of outlawed subjects. the clerics at lund got extended prerogatives of the land, being able to tax and fine the peasantry there. however, knud kept his universal royal rights to pardon the outlaws, fine subjects who failed to answer his leding call to war, and demand transportation for his retinue. his reign was marked by vigorous attempts to increase royal power in denmark, by stifling the nobles and keeping them to the word of the law. canute issued edicts arrogating to himself the ownership of common land, the right to the goods from shipwrecks, and the right to inherit the possessions of foreigners and kinless folk. he also issued laws to protect freed thralls as well as foreign clerics and merchants. these policies led to discontent among his subjects, who were unaccustomed to a king claiming such powers and interfering in their daily lives. aborted attempt on england but canute ' s ambitions were not purely domestic. as the grandnephew of canute the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39946445643436435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.870318"} {"text": "discontent among his subjects, who were unaccustomed to a king claiming such powers and interfering in their daily lives. aborted attempt on england but canute ' s ambitions were not purely domestic. as the grandnephew of canute the great, who ruled england, denmark and norway until 1035, canute considered the crown of england to be rightfully his. he therefore regarded william i of england as a usurper. in 1085, with the support of his father - in - law count robert and olaf iii of norway, canute planned an invasion of england and called his fleet in leding at the limfjord. the fleet never set sail, as canute was preoccupied in schleswig due to the potential threat of henry iv, holy roman emperor, with whom both denmark and flanders were on unfriendly terms. canute feared the invasion of henry, whose enemy rudolf of rheinfelden had sought refuge in denmark. the warriors of the fleet, mostly made up of peasants who needed to be home for the harvest season, got weary of waiting, and elected canute ' s brother olaf ( the later olaf i of denmark ) to argue their case. this raised the suspicion of canute, who had olaf arrested and sent to flanders. the leding was eventually dispersed and the peasants tended to their harvests, but canute intended to reassemble within a year. before the fleet could reassemble, a peasant revolt broke out in vendsyssel, where canute was staying, in early 1086. canute first fled to schleswig, and eventually to odense. on 10 july 1086, canute and his men took refuge inside the wooden st. alban ' s priory in odense. the rebels stormed into the church and slew canute, along with his brother benedict and seventeen of their followers, before the altar. according to chronicler \u00e6lnoth of canterbury, canute died following a lance thrust in the flank. he was succeeded by olaf as olaf i of denmark. because of his martyrdom and advocacy of the church, canute quickly began to be considered a saint. under the reign of olaf, denmark suffered from crop failure, which was seen as divine retribution for the sacrilege killing of canute. miracles were soon reported as taking place at his grave, and his canonization was already being sought during the reign of olaf. on 19 april 1101, persuaded by the envoys from eric iii of denmark, pope paschal ii confirmed the \" cult of can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3678799417509607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.871328"} {"text": "soon reported as taking place at his grave, and his canonization was already being sought during the reign of olaf. on 19 april 1101, persuaded by the envoys from eric iii of denmark, pope paschal ii confirmed the \" cult of canute \" that had arisen, and king canute iv was canonized as a saint under the name san canuto. he was the first dane to be canonized. 19 january is recognised by the catholic church as his feast day. in sweden and finland he is historically, however, partially associated with st. knut ' s day, which in reality was celebrated in the memory of the death of his nephew, canute lavard. the reign of canute has been interpreted differently through the times ; from a violent king who tyrannized his subjects, to a strict but fair ruler who devotedly supported the roman catholic church and fought for justice without regard to his own person. he was never a thoroughly popular saint in denmark, but his sainthood granted the danish monarchy an aura of divine legitimacy. the cause of the rebellion which killed canute is unknown, but has been speculated as originating in fines issued to the peasants breaking the leding of 1085 as specified in the chronicon roskildense, or as a result of his vigorous tithe policy. the document of his donation to lund cathedral was the oldest comprehensive text from denmark, and provided broad insights into danish post - viking age society. the donation might have had the aim of establishing the danish archdiocese of lund according to sweyn ii estridsson ' s wishes, which was finally achieved in 1104. canute ' s son carl became count of flanders from 1119 to 1127, ruling as charles the good. like his father, charles was martyred in a church by rebels ( in bruges, 1127 ). according to niels lund, lecturer in medieval history at the university of copenhagen, canute ' s abortive invasion of england \" marked the end of the viking age. \" for it was the last time a viking army was to assemble against western europe. in 2008, an x - ray computed tomography was taken of canute, which showed that he was right - handed and of a slender build. it also specified his cause of death as a thrust to the sacrum through the abdomen, negating \u00e6lnoth ' s account. he had no injuries indicating he fought against multiple enemies, which can be seen as supporting an account saying he faced his death without a struggle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36673410995230704, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.872426"} {"text": "of death as a thrust to the sacrum through the abdomen, negating \u00e6lnoth ' s account. he had no injuries indicating he fought against multiple enemies, which can be seen as supporting an account saying he faced his death without a struggle. in spain, canute ' s feast day has become a tongue - in - cheek \" holiday \" for the marijuana legalization movement, appropriating the spanish version of his name, canuto, which coincidentally is also the word for a marijuana cigarette. | this section does not cite any references or sources. ( august 2012 ) | | ancestors of canute iv of denmark | - stefan pajung, knud den hellige ca. 1042 \u2013 1086, danmarkshistorien. dk, aarhus university, 22 january 2010 - bricka, carl frederik, dansk biografisk lexikon, vol. ix [ jyde \u2013 k\u00f8tschau ], 1895, pp. 260 \u2013 263. - knud 4. den hellige at gyldendals abne encyklop\u00e6di - cawley, charles, denmark, foundation for medieval genealogy, retrieved august 2012, [ better source needed ] - monarkiet i danmark \u2013 konger\u00e6kken at the danish monarchy - knud den helliges gavebrev 1085, danmarkshistorien. dk, aarhus university, 6 june 2010 - ct - scanning af knud den hellige afsl\u00f8rer nyt om kongemord, ingeni\u00f8ren, 8 march 2008 - farmer, david hugh ( 1997 ). the oxford dictionary of saints ( 4. ed. ed. ). oxford [ u. a. ] : oxford univ. press. p. 87. isbn 9780192800589. - axelsson, m : tjugo dagar efter jul, published 13 january 2007 ( in swedish ) - the scandinavian remedy : the murder at haraldsted, published 3 of januari 2009, retrieved 8 januari 2012. -, \" el pais \", 1 january 2003 | wikimedia commons has media related to : canute iv of denmark | - the oxford illustrated history of the vikings. ed., peter sawyer. oxford university press, new york, 1997. chapter seven : \" the danish empire and the end of the viking age \" by niels lund. the quote is from page 181. - the oxford dictionary of saints. ed david high farmer. oxford university press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4501613413179504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.873271"} {"text": "central weather bureau | central weather bureau | | zhongyang qixiang ju | | jurisdiction | | republic of china | | agency executive | | tzay - chyn shin ( ), director - general | | parent agency | | ministry of transportation and communications | the central weather bureau ( chinese : \u4e2d ; pinyin : zhongyang qixiang ju ; often abbreviated to cwb ) is the government meteorological research and forecasting institution of the republic of china ( taiwan ). in addition to meteorology, the central weather bureau also makes astronomical observations, reports on sea conditions, and conducts research into seismology and provides earthquake reports. the central weather bureau is headquartered in taipei city and is administered under the ministry of transportation and communications. while taiwan was under japanese rule, the government set up five weather monitoring stations on the island, located in taipei, taichung, tainan, hengchun, and penghu. on december 19, 1897, the governor - general moved the headquarters to the present location occupied by the eventual successor agency of the japanese \" taipei observatory \" : the central weather bureau. in 1945 when the kuomintang took control of taiwan the various stations set up by the japanese were incorporated into the new taiwan provincial weather institution, under the chief executive of taiwan province, chen yi. when the position of chief executive was abolished in 1947 ( the new head of local government being the governor of taiwan province ) the institution became an agency of the taiwan provincial government. the central weather bureau itself was established in 1941 in chongqing under the executive yuan of the republic of china. in 1947 ( and again from 1971 onwards ) it was re - assigned to the ministry of transportation and communications. after the kuomintang defeat in the chinese civil war and their subsequent flight to taiwan in 1949, the central weather bureau relocated from mainland china to taiwan. from 1949 to 1958 it was under the control of the taiwan provincial weather institution, then from 1958 onwards it was resurrected to become the principal meteorological organisation of the government. in 1971 the central weather bureau switched from being a part of the taiwan provincial government to the ministry of transportation and communications, under central government authority. the central weather bureau has a number of responsibilities, represented by the various departments. weather forecast center the weather forecast center ( chinese : \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : qixiang yubao zhongxin ) is the department responsible for monitoring actual weather conditions and making short and medium term forecasts concerning the weather. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47286849323043767, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.879798"} {"text": "forecast center the weather forecast center ( chinese : \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : qixiang yubao zhongxin ) is the department responsible for monitoring actual weather conditions and making short and medium term forecasts concerning the weather. it also issues severe weather advisories for conditions including heavy rain, cold snaps, typhoons and storms, and dense fog. in the case of typhoons, the department closely monitors all tropical storms which might impact the island and issues warnings and predicted typhoon path and severity based on the collected data. the seismological center ( chinese : \u5730 \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : dizhen cebao zhongxin ) of the central weather bureau was founded in 1989, with a mission to monitor seismic activity in and around the island, publish reports on significant earthquakes, study earthquake precursor phenomena, issue tsunami warnings where appropriate, and provide information to the public of earthquake precautions. taiwan is in a seismically active region on the pacific ring of fire, with 44 deadly earthquakes occurring there during the twentieth century. the center has 150 seismological monitoring stations through taiwan, penghu, jinmen and matsu. marine meteorology center the marine meteorology center ( chinese : \u6d77 \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : haixiang cebao zhongxin ) was established in 1993 to monitor sea conditions and make predictions about weather at sea for shipping, fisheries, tourism and other interested parties. variables including wave height, tides, sea level variations, sea surface temperature, and ocean currents are measured to provide an accurate picture of current conditions. the center is also responsible for informing the public of tide times, and cooperates with local tourism bureaux and fishermen ' s associations to erect electronic billboards in harbours to inform seafarers of ocean conditions. the bureau also includes the following departments : - the meteorological satellite center ( chinese : \u661f \u4e2d \u5fc3 ; pinyin : qixiang weixing zhongxin ), which receives and analyses weather satellite data for observation and prediction purposes. - the astronomical observatory ( chinese : \u5929 \u6587 ; pinyin : tianwen zhan ), which not only observes astronomical phenomena such as sunspots and eclipses, but also publishes an annual almanac and provides information on astronomy to the public. | wikimedia commons has media related to : central weather bureau roc | - \" \u5357 \u4e2d \u5fc3 ( southern meteorological center ) \" ( in chinese ). central weather bureau. - \" \u535a ( meteorological museum ) \" ( in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018284000894888, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.881173"} {"text": "der sturm ( german : the storm ) was a magazine covering the expressionism movement founded in berlin in 1910 by herwarth walden. it ran weekly until monthly in 1914, and became a quarterly in 1924 until it ceased publication in 1932. among the literary contributors were peter altenberg, max brod, richard dehmel, alfred doblin, anatole france, knut hamsun, arno holz, karl kraus, selma lagerlof, adolf loos, heinrich mann, paul scheerbart, and rene schickele. der sturm consisted of pieces such as expressionistic dramas ( i. e. from hermann essig and august stramm ), artistic portfolios ( oskar kokoschka ), essays from artists ( the kandinsky album ), and theoretical writings on art from herwarth walden. the most well - known publications resulting from the magazine were the sturmbucher ( storm - books ), ( e. g. sturmbucher 1 and 2 were works of august stramm \u2013 sancta susanna und rudimentar ). postcards were also created featuring the expressionistic, cubist, and abstract art of franz marc, wassily kandinsky, oskar kokoschka, august macke, gabriele munter, georg schrimpf, maria uhden, rudolf bauer and others. the term sturm was branded by walden to represent the way in which modern art was penetrating germany at the time. particularly in the time before outbreak of the world war i, der sturm played a crucial role in the french - german exchange of expressionist artists, which led to a special relationship between berlin and paris. regularly, poems and other texts of french and / or french - speaking expressionists were published ( guillaume apollinaire, blaise cendrars, etc. ). this relationship was renewed after the war despite the hostilities between the two countries caused by the fighting. the gallery the magazine also fostered the galerie der sturm, started by walden to celebrate its 100th edition, in 1912. the gallery became the focus for berlin ' s modern art scene for a decade. starting with an exhibition of fauves and der blaue reiter, followed by the introduction in germany of the italian futurists, cubists and orphists, the gallery was to exhibit edvard munch, georges braque, pablo picasso, albert gleizes, robert delaunay, jean metzinger,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4068304217360056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.884210"} {"text": "by the introduction in germany of the italian futurists, cubists and orphists, the gallery was to exhibit edvard munch, georges braque, pablo picasso, albert gleizes, robert delaunay, jean metzinger, gino severini, jean arp, paul klee, wassily kandinsky, and kurt schwitters. after the war, walden expanded der sturm into sturmabende, lectures and discussions on modern art, and die sturmbuhne, an expressionist theatre, as well as publishing books and portfolios by leading artists such as oskar kokoschka. despite this, the gallery declined in importance after the war and closed in 1924, leaving the magazine to carry on as a quarterly until it too closed in 1932. however, concerning the exact closing date of the der sturm art gallery ( an offshoot of the magazine ) as maurice gode, wrote in his book \" der sturm of hewarth walden or the utopia of an autonomous art \", the author wanted to promote the german \" avant - garde \" arts by means of both resident and touring exhibitions. accordingly, walden organized, until 1932, more than 200 exhibitions in its premises in berlin plus multiple other touring exhibitions ( wanderausstellungen ) in germany and also in most other major european cities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4596096270002763, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.884729"} {"text": "| | this article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. ( february 2009 ) | direct - to - video ( also known as direct - to - dvd, direct - to - vhs, direct - to - digital, made - for - video, straight - to - video, shot - on - video, or straight - to - dvd ) is the release of a film to the public on home video formats ( historically vhs ) without being released in theaters or broadcast on television. because sufficiently inferior sequels, prequels, or midquels of larger - budget films may be released direct - to - video, references to direct - to - video releases are often pejorative. still, direct - to - video releases have become something of a lifeline for independent filmmakers and smaller companies. reasons for releasing direct - to - video a production studio may decide not to generally release a tv show or film for several possible reasons : poor quality, lack of support from a tv network, negative reviews, controversial nature, or a simple lack of general public interest. studios, limited in the annual number of films to which they grant cinematic releases, may choose to pull the completed film from the theaters, or never exhibit it in theaters at all. studios then generate additional revenue through video sales and rentals. direct - to - video releases have historically carried a stigma of lower technical or artistic quality than theatrical releases. some films released direct - to - video are films which have been completed but were never released in movie theaters. this delay often occurs when a studio doubts a film ' s commercial prospects would justify a full cinema release, or because its release window has closed. a release window refers to a timely trend or personality, and missing that window of opportunity means a film, possibly rushed into production, failed to release before the trend faded. in film - industry slang, such films are referred to as having been \" vaulted \". direct - to - video releases can be done for films which cannot be shown theatrically due to controversial content, or because the cost involved in a theatrical release is beyond the releasing company. animated sequels and feature - length episodes of animated series are also often released in this fashion. the walt disney company began making sequels of most of its animated films for video release beginning with the return of jafar ( the sequel to aladdin ) in 1994. universal studios also began their long line of the land before time sequels that same year. studios may also release sequels or spin - offs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46487682670558095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.899129"} {"text": "its animated films for video release beginning with the return of jafar ( the sequel to aladdin ) in 1994. universal studios also began their long line of the land before time sequels that same year. studios may also release sequels or spin - offs to a successful live action film straight to dvd. these are commonly referred to as \" cheapquels \" due to the lack of quality and budget in comparison to the original. examples are the behind enemy lines series of films. the family film segment is a major part of direct - to - video sales. according to the la times, \" often, the downfall of live - action family films at the box office is their strength on video. their appeal is to families with young children, who may go to only a couple of movies per year but who will watch many videos multiple times. the teens and young adults who drive blockbuster box - office statistics stay away from family movies. \" during the golden age of porn in 1970, many films were released in theatres, some of which became some of the highest grossing films in their release years and in the porn industry altogether. towards the 1980s porn began to shift to video release, because video allowed the producers to work on extremely low budget, and neglect some film elements like script. during the 1990s porn began releasing through paysites on the internet, which made distribution easier to millions of customers around the world, but also created a problem as it became an easy target to piracy and posting in free porn sites. [ original research? ] direct - to - video films screened theatrically occasionally, a studio that makes a movie that was prepared as a direct - to - video film will release it theatrically at the last minute due to the success of another film with a similar subject matter or an ultimate studio decision. batman : mask of the phantasm is an example of this. however, despite the movie ' s critically acclaimed success, its box - office performance was very poor, which has been blamed on its last minute decision to be released theatrically. the film had much better commercial success in its subsequent home video releases. another example which garnered a large cult following is the 2001 psychological thriller donnie darko, which was originally slated for a direct - to - video release. doug ' s 1st movie was also intended as a direct - to - video release, but due to the success of the rugrats movie, it went into the theaters in spring 1999. while the film did poorly with critics, it was a moderate box - office success. other times, a direct -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44683728656455696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.900183"} {"text": "- to - video release, but due to the success of the rugrats movie, it went into the theaters in spring 1999. while the film did poorly with critics, it was a moderate box - office success. other times, a direct - to - video movie may get a limited theatrical screening in order to build excitement for the actual release of the video such as was done for 2010 ' s justice league : crisis on two earths and planet hulk. as dvds gradually replaced videocassettes, the term \" direct - to - dvd \" replaced \" direct - to - video \" in some instances. however, the word \" video \" does not necessarily refer to vhs cassettes. many publications continue to use the term direct - to - video for dvds or blu - ray discs. the new term sometimes used is dvdp ( \" dvd premiere \" ). such films can cost as much as $ 20 million ( about a third of the average cost of a hollywood release ) some direct - to - video releases also feature formerly well - known actors, such as jean - claude van damme, ray liotta, steven seagal, wesley snipes, dolph lundgren, ving rhames, val kilmer, rose mcgowan, 50 cent, christian slater, vinnie jones, forest whitaker, steven dorff and cuba gooding, jr.. salaries for such actors range from $ 2 to $ 4 million ( van damme ) to $ 4. 5 to $ 10 million ( seagal ). according to variety, american pie : band camp sold a million copies in one week, despite retaining only two actors from the original trilogy. as of 2005, dvdps collectively grossed over $ 3 billion annually. direct - to - itunes is an online distribution method that avoids all upfront dvd production, marketing and distribution costs as well as upfront cinema distribution and marketing costs. it has revolutionized short film distribution and on occasion has been used for feature length films. apple distributes the film for 30 % of the revenue, while an additional 10 - 15 % may go to the person who formats the film for itunes compatibility. the first independently produced feature length motion picture to pursue the direct - to - itunes marketing scheme was ed burns ' purple violets, which debuted on itunes on november 20, 2007. it was the first feature length film to \" premiere exclusively on itunes \". it was distributed exclusively on itunes at a price of us $ 14. 99 for a month before being made available through other distribution channels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.417170402168612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.901424"} {"text": "on itunes on november 20, 2007. it was the first feature length film to \" premiere exclusively on itunes \". it was distributed exclusively on itunes at a price of us $ 14. 99 for a month before being made available through other distribution channels. the movie, which was produced at a cost of $ 4 million, had premiered at the tribeca film festival in april, where it was reviewed positively, but only received modest distribution offers. at the time of the purple violets release, most studios were not distributing via itunes early in the process and only walt disney studios, which was the first movie studio to distribute via itunes, was distributing at itunes simultaneously with dvd distribution. it was not very common for consumers to make digital movie purchases at the time. the polish brothers ' 2011 for lovers only, which had virtually no production costs and was released to itunes on july 12, is regarded as the first profitable feature length direct - to - itunes product. the direct - to - itunes method is also becoming common with both books and music. when purple violets was released, several short films had already been distributed through itunes. previously, marketing of short films had been prohibitive. however, apple distributed the february 25, 2007 79th academy awards nominees for the animated shorts, live action shorts and documentary shorts as well as half of the 2007 sundance film festival shorts, beginning a new era. the v - cinema and ova markets in japan in japan, direct - to - video titles referred to as \" original video \" ( \u30aa\u30ea\u30b7\u30ca\u30eb\u30d2\u30c6\u30aa ) carry different connotations, being a niche product rather than a fallback. despite having lower budgets than features intended for theater release, japanese direct - to - video productions are rarely marred by the poor storyline and lower quality production often associated with the dtv market in the us. so - called v - cinema has more respect from the public, and affection from film directors for the greater creative freedoms the medium allows. dtv releases are subject to fewer content restrictions and less creative dictates than other formats. in the case of anime, this is called original video animation ( ova or oav ), and their production values usually fall between those of tv shows and movies. they ' re often used to tell stories too short to fill a full tv season, and were particularly common in the early 1990s. sometimes ovas garner enough interest to justify commissioning a full tv show, such as tenchi muyo!, el hazard, and read or die. with the advent of the 13 episode", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4299236796300592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.902506"} {"text": "full tv season, and were particularly common in the early 1990s. sometimes ovas garner enough interest to justify commissioning a full tv show, such as tenchi muyo!, el hazard, and read or die. with the advent of the 13 episode season format, ovas are less common now. the majority of ovas released in today ' s market are usually continuations or reworkings of recently completed tv show. for instance, the dvd release of a tv show might include a bonus episode that was never broadcast as a sales hook. - b movie - home video - list of disney direct - to - video films - television film - category : direct - to - video films for a list of direct - to - video productions. - alvarez, max j ( 1994 - 12 - 30 ). \" big names look for bright lights in videoland \". chicago tribune. retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07. - lerman, laurence ( september 17, 2001 ). \" independents ' ' bread and butter ' \". video business 21 ( 38 ). section : video premieres - barlow, aaron ( 2005 ). the dvd revolution : movies, culture, and technology. praeger / greenwood. p. 19. isbn 0 - 275 - 98387 - 0. \" films that flop in theaters or which are never theatrically released can prove profitable through longer - term video and dvd sales. \" - goodale, gloria ( october 23, 1998 ). \" ' straight to video ' picks up steam \". christian science monitor - bernstein, adam ( 2004 - 12 - 12 ). \" silent films speak loudly for hughes \". the washington post. tvweek p. y06. - \" more films jump straight to dvd \". usa today. august 6, 2003. section : life, p. 03d - cheapquel - urbandictionary. com - matzer, marla ( 1997 - 04 - 16 ). \" direct - to - video family films are hitting home \". los angeles times. retrieved 4 june 2011. - justice league : crisis on two earths gets big - screen premieres on two coasts - comicmix. com - february 5, 2010 - berardinelli, james. \" dvd ' s scarlet letter \". retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13. - for one example of many uses of the term, see \" paramount grows dvdp slate \". retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13. - dvd exclusive online. \" stars, money migrate to dvdp ( archived ) \". archived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43625784596441697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.903477"} {"text": "01 - 13. - for one example of many uses of the term, see \" paramount grows dvdp slate \". retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13. - dvd exclusive online. \" stars, money migrate to dvdp ( archived ) \". archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 15. retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13. - carl diorio ( 2004 - 03 - 23 ). \" average cost of a film : $ 102. 9 million \". video business online. retrieved 2007 - 01 - 21. the figure cited in the title includes marketing costs ; as of 2004, when this article was written, the average production cost was $ 63. 8 million. - variety. com ( 2005 - 12 - 29 ). \" spending on dvds up 10 % \". retrieved 2007 - 01 - 13. - halbfinger, david m. ( 2007 - 10 - 23 ). \" facing competition, itunes revs up its film section \". the new york times. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25. - graser, marc ( 2007 - 10 - 25 ). \" ed burns offers ' violets ' on itunes : feature to skip theatrical release \". variety. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25. - \" edward burns - movie going direct to itunes \". contactmusic. com. 2007 - 10 - 25. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25. - kirsner, scott ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ). \" studio ' s digital dilemma : apple calling shots as biz tries to control market \". variety. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 26. - \" stana katic and mark polish interview about for lovers only on bloomberg west \". bloomberg news. youtube. 2011 - 08 - 24. retrieved 2011 - 08 - 25. - mike mayo ( 1997 ). videohound ' s video premieres : the only guide to video originals and limited releases. visible ink press. p. 431. isbn 0 - 7876 - 0825 - 4.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42741656966781244, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.904560"} {"text": "existentialism is a term applied to the work of a number of late 19th - and 20th - century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject \u2014 not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual. in existentialism, the individual ' s starting point is characterized by what has been called \" the existential attitude \", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. s\u00f8ren kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher, though he himself did not use the term existentialism. he proposed that each individual \u2014 not society or religion \u2014 is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely ( \" authentically \" ). existentialism became popular in the years following world war ii, and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology. definitional issues and background there has never been general agreement on the definition of existentialism. the term is often seen as a historical convenience as it was first applied to many philosophers in hindsight, long after they had died. in fact, while existentialism is generally considered to have originated with kierkegaard, the first prominent existentialist philosopher to adopt the term as a self - description was jean - paul sartre. sartre purports the idea that that which \" all existentialists have in common is the fundamental doctrine that existence precedes essence, \" as scholar f. c. copleston explains. according to philosopher steven crowell, defining existentialism has been relatively difficult, and he argues that it is better understood as a general approach used to reject certain systematic philosophies rather than as a systematic philosophy itself. although many outside scandinavia consider the term existentialism to have originated from kierkegaard himself, it is more likely that kierkegaard adopted this term ( or at least the term \" existential \" as a description of his philosophy ) from the norwegian poet and literary critic johan sebastian cammermeyer welhaven. this assertion comes from two sources. the norwegian philosopher erik lundestad refers to the danish philosopher fredrik christian sibbern. sibbern is supposed to have had two conversations in 1841", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5331606530015368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.958828"} {"text": "poet and literary critic johan sebastian cammermeyer welhaven. this assertion comes from two sources. the norwegian philosopher erik lundestad refers to the danish philosopher fredrik christian sibbern. sibbern is supposed to have had two conversations in 1841, the first with welhaven and the second with kierkegaard. it is in the first conversation that it is believed that welhaven came up with \" a word that he said covered a certain thinking, which had a close and positive attitude to life, a relationship he described as existential \". this was then brought to kierkegaard by sibbern. the second claim comes from the norwegian historian rune slagstad, who claims to prove that kierkegaard himself said the term \" existential \" was borrowed from the poet. he strongly believes that it was kierkegaard himself who said that \" hegelians do not study philosophy ' existentially ' ; to use a phrase by welhaven from one time when i spoke with him about philosophy \". on the other hand, the norwegian historian anne - lise seip is critical of slagstad, and believes the statement in fact stems from the norwegian literary historian cathrinus bang. existence precedes essence a central proposition of existentialism is that existence precedes essence, which means that the most important consideration for the individual is the fact that he or she is an individual \u2014 an independently acting and responsible conscious being ( \" existence \" ) \u2014 rather than what labels, roles, stereotypes, definitions, or other preconceived categories the individual fits ( \" essence \" ). the actual life of the individual is what constitutes what could be called his or her \" true essence \" instead of there being an arbitrarily attributed essence used by others to define him or her. thus, human beings, through their own consciousness, create their own values and determine a meaning to their life. although it was sartre who explicitly coined the phrase, similar notions can be found in the thought of existentialist philosophers such as heidegger, and kierkegaard : \" the subjective thinker \u2019 s form, the form of his communication, is his style. his form must be just as manifold as are the opposites that he holds together. the systematic eins, zwei, drei is an abstract form that also must inevitably run into trouble whenever it is to be applied to the concrete. to the same degree as the subjective thinker is concrete, to the same degree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297082290161821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.959937"} {"text": "holds together. the systematic eins, zwei, drei is an abstract form that also must inevitably run into trouble whenever it is to be applied to the concrete. to the same degree as the subjective thinker is concrete, to the same degree his form must also be concretely dialectical. but just as he himself is not a poet, not an ethicist, not a dialectician, so also his form is none of theirs directly. his form must first and last be related to existence, and in this regard he must have at his disposal the poetic, the ethical, the dialectical, the religious. subordinate character, setting, etc., which belong to the well balanced character of the esthetic production, are in themselves breadth ; the subjective thinker has only one setting - existence - and has nothing to do with localities and such things. the setting is not the fairyland of the imagination, where poetry produces consummation, nor is the setting laid in england, and historical accuracy is not a concern. the setting is inwardness in existing as a human being ; the concretion is the relation of the existence - categories to one another. historical accuracy and historical actuality are breadth. \" soren kierkegaard ( concluding postscript, hong p. 357 - 358 ) it is often claimed in this context that a person defines himself or herself, which is often perceived as stating that they can wish to be something \u2014 anything, a bird, for instance \u2014 and then be it. according to most existentialist philosophers, however, this would constitute an inauthentic existence. instead, the phrase should be taken to say that the person is ( 1 ) defined only insofar as he or she acts and ( 2 ) that he or she is responsible for his or her actions. for example, someone who acts cruelly towards other people is, by that act, defined as a cruel person. furthermore, by this action of cruelty, such persons are themselves responsible for their new identity ( a cruel person ). this is as opposed to their genes, or ' human nature ', bearing the blame. as sartre writes in his work existentialism is a humanism : \"... man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world \u2013 and defines himself afterwards. \" of course, the more positive, therapeutic aspect of this is also implied : a person can choose to act in a different way, and to be a good person instead of a cruel person.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5394940098548959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.961121"} {"text": "a concept defined by sartre in being and nothingness as the \" in - itself \", of which humans are in the mode of not being. this can be more easily understood when considering it in relation to the temporal dimension of past : one ' s past is what one is in the sense that it co - constitutes oneself. however, to say that one is only one ' s past would be to ignore a significant part of reality ( the present and the future ), while saying that one ' s past is only what one was, would entirely detach it from them now. a denial of one ' s own concrete past constitutes an inauthentic lifestyle, and the same goes for all other kinds of facticity ( having a body \u2014 e. g. one that doesn ' t allow a person to run faster than the speed of sound \u2014 identity, values, etc. ). facticity is both a limitation and a condition of freedom. it is a limitation in that a large part of one ' s facticity consists of things one couldn ' t have chosen ( birthplace, etc. ), but a condition in the sense that one ' s values most likely will depend on it. however, even though one ' s facticity is \" set in stone \" ( as being past, for instance ), it cannot determine a person : the value ascribed to one ' s facticity is still ascribed to it freely by that person. as an example, consider two men, one of whom has no memory of his past and the other remembers everything. they have both committed many crimes, but the first man, knowing nothing about this, leads a rather normal life while the second man, feeling trapped by his own past, continues a life of crime, blaming his own past for \" trapping \" him in this life. there is nothing essential about his committing crimes, but he ascribes this meaning to his past. however, to disregard one ' s facticity when one, in the continual process of self - making, projects oneself into the future, would be to put oneself in denial of oneself, and would thus be inauthentic. in other words, the origin of one ' s projection will still have to be one ' s facticity, although in the mode of not being it ( essentially ). another aspect of facticity is that it entails angst, both in the sense that freedom \" produces \" angst when limited by facticity, and in the sense that the lack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6203738405327002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.965543"} {"text": "in the mode of not being it ( essentially ). another aspect of facticity is that it entails angst, both in the sense that freedom \" produces \" angst when limited by facticity, and in the sense that the lack of the possibility of having facticity to \" step in \" for one to take responsibility for something one has done also produces angst. what is not implied in this account of existential freedom, however, is that one ' s values are immutable ; a consideration of one ' s values may cause one to reconsider and change them. a consequence of this fact is that one is responsible for not only one ' s actions, but also the values one holds. this entails that a reference to common values doesn ' t excuse the individual ' s actions : even though these are the values of the society of which the individual is part, they are also his / her own in the sense that she / he could choose them to be different at any time. thus, the focus on freedom in existentialism is related to the limits of the responsibility one bears as a result of one ' s freedom : the relationship between freedom and responsibility is one of interdependency, and a clarification of freedom also clarifies that for which one is responsible. the theme of authentic existence is common to many existentialist thinkers. it is often taken to mean that one has to \" create oneself \" and then live in accordance with this self. what is meant by authenticity is that in acting, one should act as oneself, not as \" one \" acts or as \" one ' s genes \" or any other essence requires. the authentic act is one that is in accordance with one ' s freedom. of course, as a condition of freedom is facticity, this includes one ' s facticity, but not to the degree that this facticity can in any way determine one ' s choices ( in the sense that one could then blame one ' s background for making the choice one made ). the role of facticity in relation to authenticity involves letting one ' s actual values come into play when one makes a choice ( instead of, like kierkegaard ' s aesthete, \" choosing \" randomly ), so that one also takes responsibility for the act instead of choosing either - or without allowing the options to have different values. in contrast to this, the inauthentic is the denial to live in accordance with one ' s freedom. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5663851718838151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.969076"} {"text": "), so that one also takes responsibility for the act instead of choosing either - or without allowing the options to have different values. in contrast to this, the inauthentic is the denial to live in accordance with one ' s freedom. this can take many forms, from pretending choices are meaningless or random, through convincing oneself that some form of determinism is true, to a sort of \" mimicry \" where one acts as \" one should. \" how \" one \" should act is often determined by an image one has of how one such as oneself ( say, a bank manager, lion tamer, prostitute, etc. ) acts. this image usually corresponds to some sort of social norm, but this does not mean that all acting in accordance with social norms is inauthentic : the main point is the attitude one takes to one ' s own freedom and responsibility, and the extent to which one acts in accordance with this freedom. the other and the look the other ( when written with a capital \" o \" ) is a concept more properly belonging to phenomenology and its account of intersubjectivity. however, the concept has seen widespread use in existentialist writings, and the conclusions drawn from it differ slightly from the phenomenological accounts. the experience of the other is the experience of another free subject who inhabits the same world as a person does. in its most basic form, it is this experience of the other that constitutes intersubjectivity and objectivity. to clarify, when one experiences someone else, and this other person experiences the world ( the same world that a person experiences ), only from \" over there \", the world itself is constituted as objective in that it is something that is \" there \" as identical for both of the subjects ; a person experiences the other person as experiencing the same as he or she does. this experience of the other ' s look is what is termed the look ( sometimes the gaze ). while this experience, in its basic phenomenological sense, constitutes the world as objective, and oneself as objectively existing subjectivity ( one experiences oneself as seen in the other ' s look in precisely the same way that one experiences the other as seen by him, as subjectivity ), in existentialism, it also acts as a kind of limitation of one ' s freedom. this is because the look tends to objectify what it sees. as such, when one experiences oneself in the look, one doesn ' t experience oneself as nothing ( no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5700662378883571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.975484"} {"text": "fear, in the case of angst, no such \" constructive \" measures are possible. the use of the word \" nothing \" in this context relates both to the inherent insecurity about the consequences of one ' s actions, and to the fact that, in experiencing one ' s freedom as angst, one also realizes that one will be fully responsible for these consequences ; there is no thing in a person ( his or her genes, for instance ) that acts in her or his stead, and that he or she can \" blame \" if something goes wrong. therefore, not every choice is perceived as having dreadful possible consequences ( and, it can be claimed, human lives would be unbearable if every choice facilitated dread ). however, this doesn ' t change the fact that freedom remains a condition of every action. angst is often described as a drama an adolescent troubles with during their developmental years. despair, in existentialism, is generally defined as a loss of hope. more specifically, it is a loss of hope in reaction to a breakdown in one or more of the defining qualities of one ' s self or identity. if a person is invested in being a particular thing, such as a bus driver or an upstanding citizen, and then finds his being - thing compromised, he would normally be found in state of despair \u2014 a hopeless state. for example, a singer who loses her ability to sing may despair if she has nothing else to fall back on, nothing on which to rely for her identity. she finds herself unable to be what defined her being. what sets the existentialist notion of despair apart from the conventional definition is that existentialist despair is a state one is in even when he isn ' t overtly in despair. so long as a person ' s identity depends on qualities that can crumble, he is considered to be in perpetual despair. and as there is, in sartrean terms, no human essence found in conventional reality on which to constitute the individual ' s sense of identity, despair is a universal human condition. as kierkegaard defines it in either / or : \" let each one learn what he can ; both of us can learn that a person \u2019 s unhappiness never lies in his lack of control over external conditions, since this would only make him completely unhappy. \" in works of love, he said : when the god - forsaken worldliness of earthly life shuts itself in complacency, the confined air develops poison, the moment gets stuck and stands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5897244435410081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.984027"} {"text": "this would only make him completely unhappy. \" in works of love, he said : when the god - forsaken worldliness of earthly life shuts itself in complacency, the confined air develops poison, the moment gets stuck and stands still, the prospect is lost, a need is felt for a refreshing, enlivening breeze to cleanse the air and dispel the poisonous vapors lest we suffocate in worldliness.... lovingly to hope all things is the opposite of despairingly to hope nothing at all. love hopes all things \u2013 yet is never put to shame. to relate oneself expectantly to the possibility of the good is to hope. to relate oneself expectantly to the possibility of evil is to fear. by the decision to choose hope one decides infinitely more than it seems, because it is an eternal decision. p. 246 - 250 opposition to positivism and rationalism existentialists oppose definitions of human beings as primarily rational, and, therefore, oppose positivism and rationalism. existentialism asserts that people actually make decisions based on subjective meaning rather than purely rationally. the rejection of reason as the source of meaning is a common theme of existentialist thought, as is the focus on the feelings of anxiety and dread that we feel in the face of our own radical freedom and our awareness of death. kierkegaard advocated rationality as means to interact with the objective world ( e. g. in the natural sciences ), but when it comes to existential problems, reason is insufficient : \" human reason has boundaries \". like kierkegaard, sartre saw problems with rationality, calling it a form of \" bad faith \", an attempt by the self to impose structure on a world of phenomena \u2014 \" the other \" \u2014 that is fundamentally irrational and random. according to sartre, rationality and other forms of bad faith hinder people from finding meaning in freedom. to try to suppress their feelings of anxiety and dread, people confine themselves within everyday experience, sartre asserts, thereby relinquishing their freedom and acquiescing to being possessed in one form or another by \" the look \" of \" the other \" ( i. e. possessed by another person \u2014 or at least one ' s idea of that other person ). existentialism and religion an existentialist reading of the bible would demand that the reader recognize that he is an existing subject studying the words more as a recollection of events. this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5444249429293406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.985757"} {"text": "least one ' s idea of that other person ). existentialism and religion an existentialist reading of the bible would demand that the reader recognize that he is an existing subject studying the words more as a recollection of events. this is in contrast to looking at a collection of \" truths \" that are outside and unrelated to the reader, but may develop a sense of reality / god. such a reader is not obligated to follow the commandments as if an external agent is forcing them upon him, but as though they are inside him and guiding him from inside. this is the task kierkegaard takes up when he asks : \" who has the more difficult task : the teacher who lectures on earnest things a meteor ' s distance from everyday life \u2014 or the learner who should put it to use? \" existentialism and nihilism although nihilism and existentialism are distinct philosophies, they are often confused with one another. a primary cause of confusion is that friedrich nietzsche is an important philosopher in both fields, but also the existentialist insistence on the inherent meaninglessness of the world. existentialist philosophers often stress the importance of angst as signifying the absolute lack of any objective ground for action, a move that is often reduced to a moral or an existential nihilism. a pervasive theme in the works of existentialist philosophy, however, is to persist through encounters with the absurd, as seen in camus ' the myth of sisyphus ( \" one must imagine sisyphus happy \" ), and it is only very rarely that existentialist philosophers dismiss morality or one ' s self - created meaning : kierkegaard regained a sort of morality in the religious ( although he wouldn ' t himself agree that it was ethical ; the religious suspends the ethical ), and sartre ' s final words in being and nothingness are \" all these questions, which refer us to a pure and not an accessory ( or impure ) reflection, can find their reply only on the ethical plane. we shall devote to them a future work. \" the term \" existentialism \" was coined by the french, catholic philosopher gabriel marcel in the mid - 1940s. at first, when marcel applied the term to him at a colloquium in 1945, jean - paul sartre rejected it. but later, he changed his mind and, on october 29, 1945, publicly adopted the existentialist label in a lecture to the club maintenant in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5045618552301001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.987817"} {"text": "him at a colloquium in 1945, jean - paul sartre rejected it. but later, he changed his mind and, on october 29, 1945, publicly adopted the existentialist label in a lecture to the club maintenant in paris. the lecture was published as l ' existentialisme est un humanisme ( existentialism is a humanism ), a short book that did much to popularize existentialist thought. some scholars argue that the term should be used only to refer to the cultural movement in europe in the 1940s and 1950s associated with the works of the philosophers jean - paul sartre, simone de beauvoir, maurice merleau - ponty, and albert camus. other scholars extend the term to kierkegaard, and yet others extend it as far back as socrates. however, the term is often identified with the philosophical views of jean - paul sartre. kierkegaard and nietzsche s\u00f8ren kierkegaard and friedrich nietzsche were two of the first philosophers considered fundamental to the existentialist movement, though neither used the term \" existentialism \" and it is unclear whether they would have supported the existentialism of the 20th century. they focused on subjective human experience rather than the objective truths of mathematics and science, which they believed were too detached or observational to truly get at the human experience. like pascal, they were interested in people ' s quiet struggle with the apparent meaninglessness of life and the use of diversion to escape from boredom. unlike pascal, kierkegaard and nietzsche also considered the role of making free choices, particularly regarding fundamental values and beliefs, and how such choices change the nature and identity of the chooser. kierkegaard ' s knight of faith and nietzsche ' s ubermensch are representative of people who exhibit freedom, in that they define the nature of their own existence. nietzsche ' s idealized individual invents his or her own values and creates the very terms they excel under. by contrast, kierkegaard, opposed to the level of abstraction in hegel, and not nearly as hostile ( actually welcoming ) to christianity as nietzsche, argues through a pseudonym that the objective certainty of religious truths ( specifically christian ) is not only impossible, but even founded on logical paradoxes. yet he continues to imply that a leap of faith is a possible means for an individual to reach a higher stage of existence that transcends and contains both an aesthetic and ethical value of life. kierkegaard and nietzsche were also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4912963004101407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.994151"} {"text": "paradoxes. yet he continues to imply that a leap of faith is a possible means for an individual to reach a higher stage of existence that transcends and contains both an aesthetic and ethical value of life. kierkegaard and nietzsche were also precursors to other intellectual movements, including postmodernism, and various strands of psychology. however, kierkegaard believed that an individual should live in accordance with his or her thinking. this point of view is forced upon religious individuals much more often than upon philosophers, psychologists, or scientists. the first important literary author also important to existentialism was the russian fyodor dostoyevsky. dostoyevsky ' s notes from underground portrays a man unable to fit into society and unhappy with the identities he creates for himself. jean - paul sartre, in his book on existentialism existentialism is a humanism, quoted dostoyevsky ' s the brothers karamazov as an example of existential crisis. sartre attributes ivan karamazov ' s claim, \" if god did not exist, everything would be permitted \" to dostoyevsky himself. other dostoyevsky novels covered issues raised in existentialist philosophy while presenting story lines divergent from secular existentialism : for example, in crime and punishment, the protagonist raskolnikov experiences an existential crisis and then moves toward a christian orthodox worldview similar to that advocated by dostoyevsky himself. early 20th century in the first decades of the 20th century, a number of philosophers and writers explored existentialist ideas. the spanish philosopher miguel de unamuno y jugo, in his 1913 book the tragic sense of life in men and nations, emphasized the life of \" flesh and bone \" as opposed to that of abstract rationalism. unamuno rejected systematic philosophy in favor of the individual ' s quest for faith. he retained a sense of the tragic, even absurd nature of the quest, symbolized by his enduring interest in cervantes ' fictional character don quixote. a novelist, poet and dramatist as well as philosophy professor at the university of salamanca, unamuno wrote a short story about a priest ' s crisis of faith, saint manuel the good, martyr, which has been collected in anthologies of existentialist fiction. another spanish thinker, ortega y gasset, writing in 1914, held that human existence must always be defined as the individual person combined with the concrete circumstances of his life : \" yo soy yo y mis circunstancias \" (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369973885065507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:37.998395"} {"text": ". another spanish thinker, ortega y gasset, writing in 1914, held that human existence must always be defined as the individual person combined with the concrete circumstances of his life : \" yo soy yo y mis circunstancias \" ( \" i am myself and my circumstances \" ). sartre likewise believed that human existence is not an abstract matter, but is always situated, also many thought his plays were absurd ( \" en situacion \" ). although martin buber wrote his major philosophical works in german, and studied and taught at the universities of berlin and frankfurt, he stands apart from the mainstream of german philosophy. born into a jewish family in vienna in 1878, he was also a scholar of jewish culture and involved at various times in zionism and hasidism. in 1938, he moved permanently to jerusalem. his best - known philosophical work was the short book i and thou, published in 1922. for buber, the fundamental fact of human existence, too readily overlooked by scientific rationalism and abstract philosophical thought, is \" man with man \", a dialogue that takes place in the so - called \" sphere of between \" ( \" das zwischenmenschliche \" ). two ukrainian / russian thinkers, lev shestov and nikolai berdyaev, became well known as existentialist thinkers during their post - revolutionary exiles in paris. shestov, born into a ukrainian - jewish family in kiev, had launched an attack on rationalism and systematization in philosophy as early as 1905 in his book of aphorisms all things are possible. berdyaev, also from kiev but with a background in the eastern orthodox church, drew a radical distinction between the world of spirit and the everyday world of objects. human freedom, for berdyaev, is rooted in the realm of spirit, a realm independent of scientific notions of causation. to the extent the individual human being lives in the objective world, he is estranged from authentic spiritual freedom. \" man \" is not to be interpreted naturalistically, but as a being created in god ' s image, an originator of free, creative acts. he published a major work on these themes, the destiny of man, in 1931. gabriel marcel, long before coining the term \" existentialism \", introduced important existentialist themes to a french audience in his early essay \" existence and objectivity \" ( 1925 ) and in his metaphysical journal ( 1927 ). a dramatist as well as a philosopher, marcel found his philosophical starting point in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526282304182734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.000757"} {"text": ", introduced important existentialist themes to a french audience in his early essay \" existence and objectivity \" ( 1925 ) and in his metaphysical journal ( 1927 ). a dramatist as well as a philosopher, marcel found his philosophical starting point in a condition of metaphysical alienation : the human individual searching for harmony in a transient life. harmony, for marcel, was to be sought through \" secondary reflection \", a \" dialogical \" rather than \" dialectical \" approach to the world, characterized by \" wonder and astonishment \" and open to the \" presence \" of other people and of god rather than merely to \" information \" about them. for marcel, such presence implied more than simply being there ( as one thing might be in the presence of another thing ) ; it connoted \" extravagant \" availability, and the willingness to put oneself at the disposal of the other. marcel contrasted secondary reflection with abstract, scientific - technical primary reflection, which he associated with the activity of the abstract cartesian ego. for marcel, philosophy was a concrete activity undertaken by a sensing, feeling human being incarnate \u2014 embodied \u2014 in a concrete world. although jean - paul sartre adopted the term \" existentialism \" for his own philosophy in the 1940s, marcel ' s thought has been described as \" almost diametrically opposed \" to that of sartre. unlike sartre, marcel was a christian, and became a catholic convert in 1929. in germany, the psychologist and philosopher karl jaspers \u2014 who later described existentialism as a \" phantom \" created by the public \u2014 called his own thought, heavily influenced by kierkegaard and nietzsche, existenzphilosophie. for jaspers, \" existenz - philosophy is the way of thought by means of which man seeks to become himself... this way of thought does not cognize objects, but elucidates and makes actual the being of the thinker. \" jaspers, a professor at the university of heidelberg, was acquainted with martin heidegger, who held a professorship at marburg before acceding to husserl ' s chair at freiburg in 1928. they held many philosophical discussions, but later became estranged over heidegger ' s support of national socialism. they shared an admiration for kierkegaard, and in the 1930s, heidegger lectured extensively on nietzsche. nevertheless, the extent to which heidegger should be considered an existentialist is debatable. in being and time he presented a method of rooting philosophical explanations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49675627375873055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.003250"} {"text": "freedom trilogy had appeared, as had beauvoir ' s novel the blood of others. works by camus and sartre were already appearing in foreign editions. the paris - based existentialists had become famous. sartre had traveled to germany in 1930 to study the phenomenology of edmund husserl and martin heidegger, and he included critical comments on their work in his major treatise being and nothingness. heidegger ' s thought had also become known in french philosophical circles through its use by alexandre kojeve in explicating hegel in a series of lectures given in paris in the 1930s. the lectures were highly influential ; members of the audience included not only sartre and merleau - ponty, but raymond queneau, georges bataille, louis althusser, andre breton, and jacques lacan. a selection from heidegger ' s being and time was published in french in 1938, and his essays began to appear in french philosophy journals. heidegger read sartre ' s work and was initially impressed, commenting : \" here for the first time i encountered an independent thinker who, from the foundations up, has experienced the area out of which i think. your work shows such an immediate comprehension of my philosophy as i have never before encountered. \" later, however, in response to a question posed by his french follower jean beaufret, heidegger distanced himself from sartre ' s position and existentialism in general in his letter on humanism. heidegger ' s reputation continued to grow in france during the 1950s and 1960s. in the 1960s, sartre attempted to reconcile existentialism and marxism in his work critique of dialectical reason. a major theme throughout his writings was freedom and responsibility. camus was a friend of sartre, until their falling - out, and wrote several works with existential themes including the rebel, the stranger, the myth of sisyphus, and summer in algiers. camus, like many others, rejected the existentialist label, and considered his works to be concerned with facing the absurd. in the titular book, camus uses the analogy of the greek myth of sisyphus to demonstrate the futility of existence. in the myth, sisyphus is condemned for eternity to roll a rock up a hill, but when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the bottom again. camus believes that this existence is pointless but that sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034122092128444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.007058"} {"text": "is condemned for eternity to roll a rock up a hill, but when he reaches the summit, the rock will roll to the bottom again. camus believes that this existence is pointless but that sisyphus ultimately finds meaning and purpose in his task, simply by continually applying himself to it. the first half of the book contains an extended rebuttal of what camus took to be existentialist philosophy in the works of kierkegaard, shestov, heidegger, and jaspers. simone de beauvoir, an important existentialist who spent much of her life as sartre ' s partner, wrote about feminist and existentialist ethics in her works, including the second sex and the ethics of ambiguity. although often overlooked due to her relationship with sartre, de beauvoir integrated existentialism with other forms of thinking such as feminism, unheard of at the time, resulting in alienation from fellow writers such as camus. paul tillich, an important existentialist theologian following kierkegaard and karl barth, applied existentialist concepts to christian theology, and helped introduce existential theology to the general public. his seminal work the courage to be follows kierkegaard ' s analysis of anxiety and life ' s absurdity, but puts forward the thesis that modern humans must, via god, achieve selfhood in spite of life ' s absurdity. rudolf bultmann used kierkegaard ' s and heidegger ' s philosophy of existence to demythologize christianity by interpreting christian mythical concepts into existentialist concepts. maurice merleau - ponty, an existential phenomenologist, was for a time a companion of sartre. his understanding of husserl ' s phenomenology was far greater than that of merleau - ponty ' s fellow existentialists. [ vague ] it has been said that his work humanism and terror greatly influenced sartre. however, in later years they were to disagree irreparably, dividing many existentialists such as de beauvoir, who sided with sartre. colin wilson, an english writer, published his study the outsider in 1956, initially to critical acclaim. in this book and others ( e. g. introduction to the new existentialism ), he attempted to reinvigorate what he perceived as a pessimistic philosophy and bring it to a wider audience. he was not, however, academically trained, and his work was attacked by professional philosophers for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122136439335747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.008096"} {"text": "new existentialism ), he attempted to reinvigorate what he perceived as a pessimistic philosophy and bring it to a wider audience. he was not, however, academically trained, and his work was attacked by professional philosophers for lack of rigor and critical standards. influence outside philosophy film and television the french director jean genet ' s 1950 fantasy - erotic film un chant d ' amour shows two inmates in solitary cells whose only contact is through a hole in their cell wall, who are spied on by the prison warden. reviewer james travers calls the film a, \"... visual poem evoking homosexual desire and existentialist suffering, \" which \"... conveys the bleakness of an existence in a godless universe with painful believability \" ; he calls it \"... probably the most effective fusion of existentialist philosophy and cinema. \" stanley kubrick ' s 1957 anti - war film paths of glory \" illustrates, and even illuminates... existentialism \" by examining the \" necessary absurdity of the human condition \" and the \" horror of war \". the film tells the story of a fictional world war i french army regiment ordered to attack an impregnable german stronghold ; when the attack fails, three soldiers are chosen at random, court - martialed by a \" kangaroo court \", and executed by firing squad. the film examines existentialist ethics, such as the issue of whether objectivity is possible and the \" problem of authenticity \". neon genesis evangelion, commonly referred to as evangelion or eva, is a japanese science - fiction animation series created by the anime studio gainax and was both directed and written by hideaki anno. existential themes of individuality, consciousness, freedom, choice, and responsibility are heavily relied upon throughout the entire series, particularly through the philosophies of jean - paul sartre and s\u00f8ren kierkegaard. episode 16 ' s title, \" the sickness unto death, and \u2026 \" ( \u306b \u308b \u3001 \u305d\u3057\u3066 shi ni itaru yamai, soshite ) is a reference to kierkegaard ' s book, the sickness unto death. on the lighter side, the british comedy troupe monty python have explored existentialist themes throughout their works, from many of the sketches in their original television show, monty python ' s flying circus, to their 1983 film monty python ' s the meaning of life. some contemporary films dealing with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5180834499698019, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.010035"} {"text": "comedy troupe monty python have explored existentialist themes throughout their works, from many of the sketches in their original television show, monty python ' s flying circus, to their 1983 film monty python ' s the meaning of life. some contemporary films dealing with existentialist issues include fight club, i \u2665 huckabees, waking life, the matrix, ordinary people, and life in a day. likewise, films throughout the 20th century such as the seventh seal, ikiru, taxi driver, harold and maude, high noon, easy rider, one flew over the cuckoo ' s nest, a clockwork orange, groundhog day, apocalypse now, badlands, and blade runner also have existentialist qualities. the matrix has been compared with another movie, dark city where the issues of identity and reality are raised. in dark city, the inhabitants of the city are situated in a world controlled by demiurges, much like the prisoners in plato ' s cave, in which prisoners see a world of shadows reflected onto a cave wall, rather than the world as it actually is. notable directors known for their existentialist films include ingmar bergman, francois truffaut, jean - luc godard, michelangelo antonioni, akira kurosawa, terrence malick, stanley kubrick, andrei tarkovsky, hideaki anno, wes anderson, woody allen, and christopher nolan. charlie kaufman ' s synecdoche, new york focuses on the protagonist ' s desire to find existential meaning. similarly, in kurosawa ' s red beard, the protagonist ' s experiences as an intern in a rural health clinic in japan lead him to an existential crisis whereby he questions his reason for being. this, in turn, leads him to a better understanding of humanity. existential perspectives are also found in literature to varying degrees since 1922. louis - ferdinand celine ' s journey to the end of the night ( voyage au bout de la nuit, 1932 ) celebrated by both sartre and beauvoir, contained many of the themes that would be found in later existential literature, and is in some ways, the proto - existential novel. jean - paul sartre ' s 1938 novel nausea was \" steeped in existential ideas \", and is considered an accessible way of grasping his philosophical stance. between 1910 and 1960, other authors such as albert camus, franz kafka, rainer maria rilke, t. s. eliot, herman hesse and jack kerouac, composed literature or poetry that contained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4890994792421651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.019872"} {"text": "way of grasping his philosophical stance. between 1910 and 1960, other authors such as albert camus, franz kafka, rainer maria rilke, t. s. eliot, herman hesse and jack kerouac, composed literature or poetry that contained, to varying degrees, elements of existential or proto - existential thought. since the late 1960s, a great deal of cultural activity in literature contains postmodernist as well as existential elements. books such as do androids dream of electric sheep? ( 1968 ) ( now republished as blade runner ) by philip k. dick, slaughterhouse - five by kurt vonnegut, and fight club by chuck palahniuk all distort the line between reality and appearance while simultaneously espousing existential themes. ideas from such writers as fyodor dostoyevsky, michel foucault, franz kafka, friedrich nietzsche, s\u00f8ren kierkegaard, herbert marcuse, gilles deleuze, arthur schopenhauer, and eduard von hartmann permeate the works of modern novelists such as chuck palahniuk, crispin glover, and charles bukowski, and one often finds in their works a delicate balance between distastefulness and beauty. jean - paul sartre wrote no exit in 1944, an existentialist play originally published in french as huis clos ( meaning in camera or \" behind closed doors \" ), which is the source of the popular quote, \" hell is other people. \" ( in french, \" l ' enfer, c ' est les autres \" ). the play begins with a valet leading a man into a room that the audience soon realizes is in hell. eventually he is joined by two women. after their entry, the valet leaves and the door is shut and locked. all three expect to be tortured, but no torturer arrives. instead, they realize they are there to torture each other, which they do effectively by probing each other ' s sins, desires, and unpleasant memories. existentialist themes are displayed in the theatre of the absurd, notably in samuel beckett ' s waiting for godot, in which two men divert themselves while they wait expectantly for someone ( or something ) named godot who never arrives. they claim godot to be an acquaintance, but in fact hardly know him, admitting they would not recognize him if they saw him. samuel beckett, once asked who or what godot is, replied, \" if i knew, i would have said so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48524181548974415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.020883"} {"text": "claim godot to be an acquaintance, but in fact hardly know him, admitting they would not recognize him if they saw him. samuel beckett, once asked who or what godot is, replied, \" if i knew, i would have said so in the play. \" to occupy themselves, the men eat, sleep, talk, argue, sing, play games, exercise, swap hats, and contemplate suicide \u2014 anything \" to hold the terrible silence at bay \". the play \" exploits several archetypal forms and situations, all of which lend themselves to both comedy and pathos. \" the play also illustrates an attitude toward human experience on earth : the poignancy, oppression, camaraderie, hope, corruption, and bewilderment of human experience that can be reconciled only in the mind and art of the absurdist. the play examines questions such as death, the meaning of human existence and the place of god in human existence. tom stoppard ' s rosencrantz & guildenstern are dead is an absurdist tragicomedy first staged at the edinburgh festival fringe in 1966. the play expands upon the exploits of two minor characters from shakespeare ' s hamlet. comparisons have also been drawn to samuel beckett ' s waiting for godot, for the presence of two central characters who almost appear to be two halves of a single character. many plot features are similar as well : the characters pass time by playing questions, impersonating other characters, and interrupting each other or remaining silent for long periods of time. the two characters are portrayed as two clowns or fools in a world that is beyond their understanding. they stumble through philosophical arguments while not realizing the implications, and muse on the irrationality and randomness of the world. jean anouilh ' s antigone also presents arguments founded on existentialist ideas. it is a tragedy inspired by greek mythology and the play of the same name ( antigone, by sophocles ) from the 5th century bc. in english, it is often distinguished from its antecedent by being pronounced in its original french form, approximately \" ante - gon. \" the play was first performed in paris on 6 february 1944, during the nazi occupation of france. produced under nazi censorship, the play is purposefully ambiguous with regards to the rejection of authority ( represented by antigone ) and the acceptance of it ( represented by creon ). the parallels to the french resistance and the nazi occupation have been drawn. antigone rejects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4496520926274547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.021854"} {"text": "the play is purposefully ambiguous with regards to the rejection of authority ( represented by antigone ) and the acceptance of it ( represented by creon ). the parallels to the french resistance and the nazi occupation have been drawn. antigone rejects life as desperately meaningless but without affirmatively choosing a noble death. the crux of the play is the lengthy dialogue concerning the nature of power, fate, and choice, during which antigone says that she is, \"... disgusted with [ the ]... promise of a humdrum happiness. \" she states that she would rather die than live a mediocre existence. critic martin esslin in his book theatre of the absurd pointed out how many contemporary playwrights such as samuel beckett, eugene ionesco, jean genet, and arthur adamov wove into their plays the existentialist belief that we are absurd beings loose in a universe empty of real meaning. esslin noted that many of these playwrights demonstrated the philosophy better than did the plays by sartre and camus. though most of such playwrights, subsequently labeled \" absurdist \" ( based on esslin ' s book ), denied affiliations with existentialism and were often staunchly anti - philosophical ( for example ionesco often claimed he identified more with ' pataphysics or with surrealism than with existentialism ), the playwrights are often linked to existentialism based on esslin ' s observation. psychoanalysis and psychotherapy a major offshoot of existentialism as a philosophy is existentialist psychology and psychoanalysis, which first crystallized in the work of otto rank, freud ' s closest associate for 20 years. without awareness of the writings of rank, ludwig binswanger was influenced by freud, edmund husserl, heidegger, and sartre. a later figure was viktor frankl, who briefly met freud and studied with jung as a young man. his logotherapy can be regarded as a form of existentialist therapy. the existentialists would also influence social psychology, antipositivist micro - sociology, symbolic interactionism, and post - structuralism, with the work of thinkers such as georg simmel and michel foucault. foucault was a great reader of kierkegaard even though he almost never refers this author, who nonetheless had for him an importance as secret as it was decisive. an early contributor to existentialist psychology in the united states was rollo may, who was strongly influenced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079334226706208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.022791"} {"text": "of kierkegaard even though he almost never refers this author, who nonetheless had for him an importance as secret as it was decisive. an early contributor to existentialist psychology in the united states was rollo may, who was strongly influenced by kierkegaard and otto rank. one of the most prolific writers on techniques and theory of existentialist psychology in the usa is irvin d. yalom. yalom states that aside from their reaction against freud ' s mechanistic, deterministic model of the mind and their assumption of a phenomenological approach in therapy, the existentialist analysts have little in common and have never been regarded as a cohesive ideological school. these thinkers - who include ludwig binswanger, medard boss, eugene minkowski, v. e. gebsattel, roland kuhn, g. caruso, f. t. buytendijk, g. bally and victor frankl - were almost entirely unknown to the american psychotherapeutic community until rollo may ' s highly influential 1985 book existence - and especially his introductory essay - introduced their work into this country. a more recent contributor to the development of a european version of existentialist psychotherapy is the british - based emmy van deurzen. anxiety ' s importance in existentialism makes it a popular topic in psychotherapy. therapists often offer existentialist philosophy as an explanation for anxiety. the assertion is that anxiety is manifested of an individual ' s complete freedom to decide, and complete responsibility for the outcome of such decisions. psychotherapists using an existentialist approach believe that a patient can harness his anxiety and use it constructively. instead of suppressing anxiety, patients are advised to use it as grounds for change. by embracing anxiety as inevitable, a person can use it to achieve his full potential in life. humanistic psychology also had major impetus from existentialist psychology and shares many of the fundamental tenets. terror management theory, based on the writings of ernest becker and otto rank, is a developing area of study within the academic study of psychology. it looks at what researchers claim to be the implicit emotional reactions of people confronted with the knowledge that they will eventually die. logical positivist philosophers, such as rudolf carnap and alfred ayer, assert that existentialists are often confused about the verb \" to be \" in their analyses of \" being \". specifically, they argue that the verb is transitive and pre - fixed to a predicate ( e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5376475094479057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.024803"} {"text": "existentialism \". stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14. - marino, gordon. basic writings of existentialism ( modern library, 2004, p. ix, 3 ). - mcdonald, william. \" s\u00f8ren kierkegaard \". in edward n. zalta. stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ( summer 2009 edition ). - watts, michael. kierkegaard ( oneworld, 2003, pp. 4 - 6 ). - lowrie, walter. kierkegaard ' s attack upon \" christendom \" ( princeton, 1969, pp. 37 - 40 ). - guignon and pereboom, derk, charles b. ( 2001 ). existentialism : basic writings. hackett publishing. p. xiii. isbn 9780872205956. - copleston, f. c. ( 2009 ). \" existentialism \". philosophy 23 ( 84 ) : 19 \u2013 37. doi : 10. 1017 / s0031819100065955. jstor 4544850. - lundestad, 1998, pp. 169 - slagstad, 2001, p 89 - seip, 2007, p 352 - ( french ) ( dictionary ) \" l ' existencialisme \" - see \" l ' identite de la personne \" - baird, forrest e. ; walter kaufmann ( 2008 ). from plato to derrida. upper saddle river, new jersey : pearson prentice hall. isbn 0 - 13 - 158591 - 6. - jean - paul sartre. \" existentialism is a humanism, jean - paul sartre 1946 \". marxists. org. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - e keen ( 1973 ). suicide and self - deception. psychoanalytic review - \" despair - definition of despair by the free online dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia \". tfd. com. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - either / or part ii p. 188 hong - soren kierkegaard ' s journals and papers vol 5, p. 5 - hong, howard v. \" historical introduction \" to fear and trembling. princeton university press. princeton, new jersey. 1983. p. x - kierkegaard, soren. works of love. harper & row, publishers. new york, n. y. 1962. p. 62 - camus, albert. \" the myth of sisyphus \". nyu. edu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.526553071737839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.030992"} {"text": "- kierkegaard, soren. works of love. harper & row, publishers. new york, n. y. 1962. p. 62 - camus, albert. \" the myth of sisyphus \". nyu. edu - jean - paul sartre, being and nothingness, routledge classics ( 2003 ). - d. e. cooper existentialism : a reconstruction ( basil blackwell, 1990, page 1 ) - thomas r. flynn, existentialism : a very short introduction ( oxford university press ), 2006, page 89 - christine daigle, existentialist thinkers and ethics ( mcgill - queen ' s press, 2006, page 5 ) - ann fulton, apostles of sartre : existentialism in america, 1945 - 1963 ( evanston, il : northwestern university press, 1999 ) 18 - 19. - l ' existentialisme est un humanisme ( editions nagel, 1946 ) ; english jean - paul sartre, existentialism and humanism ( eyre methuen, 1948 ) - crowell, steven. the cambridge companion to existentialism, cambridge, 2011, p. 316. - luper, steven. \" existing \". mayfield publishing, 2000, p. 4 \u2013 5 and 11 - hubben, william. dostoyevsky, kierkegaard, nietzsche and kafka, jabber - wacky, scribner, 1997. - sartre, jean - paul. existentialism is a humanism http : / / www. marxists. org / reference / archive / sartre / works / exist / sartre. htm ; retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01. - maurice s. friedman, martin buber. the life of dialogue ( university of chicago press, 1955, page 85 ) - ernst breisach, introduction to modern existentialism, new york ( 1962 ), pages 173 \u2013 176 - samuel m. keen, \" gabriel marcel \" in paul edwards ( ed. ) the encyclopaedia of philosophy ( macmillan publishing co, 1967 ) - john macquarrie, existentialism ( pelican, 1973, page 110 ) - john macquarrie, existentialism ( pelican, 1973, page 96 ) - karl jaspers, \" philosophical autobiography \" in paul arthur schilpp ( ed. ) the philosophy of karl jaspers ( the library of living philosophers ix ( tudor publishing company, 1957, page 75 / 11 ) - karl jaspers, \" philosophical autobiography \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47679697847418756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.032468"} {"text": ", \" philosophical autobiography \" in paul arthur schilpp ( ed. ) the philosophy of karl jaspers ( the library of living philosophers ix ( tudor publishing company, 1957, page 75 / 11 ) - karl jaspers, \" philosophical autobiography \" in paul arthur schilpp ( ed. ) the philosophy of karl jaspers ( the library of living philosophers ix ( tudor publishing company, 1957, page 40 ) - karl jaspers, \" philosophical autobiography \" in paul arthur schilpp ( ed. ) the philosophy of karl jaspers ( the library of living philosophers ix ( tudor publishing company, 1957, page 75 / 2 and following ) - ronald aronson, camus and sartre ( university of chicago press, 2004, chapter 3 passim ) - ronald aronson, camus and sartre ( university of chicago press, 2004, page 44 ) - simone de beauvoir, force of circumstance, quoted in ronald aronson, camus and sartre ( university of chicago press, 2004, page 48 ) - ronald aronson, camus and sartre ( university of chicago press, 2004, page 48 ) - rudiger safranski, martin heidgger \u2014 between good and evil ( harvard university press, 1998, page 343 - entry on kojeve in martin cohen ( editor ), the essentials of philosophy and ethics ( hodder arnold, 2006, page 158 ) ; see also alexandre kojeve, introduction to the reading of hegel : lectures on the phenomenology of spirit ( cornell university press, 1980 ) - entry on kojeve in martin cohen ( editor ), the essentials of philosophy and ethics ( hodder arnold, 2006, page 158 ) - martin hediegger, letter, quoted in rudiger safranski, martin heidgger \u2014 between good and evil ( harvard university press, 1998, page 349 ) - rudiger safranski, martin heidegger \u2014 between good and evil ( harvard university press, 1998, page 356 ) - william j. richardson, martin heidegger : from phenomenology to thought ( martjinus nijhoff, 1967, page 351 ) - k. gunnar bergstrom, an odyssey to freedom university of uppsala, 1983, page 92 ; colin stanley, colin wilson, a celebration : essays and recollections cecil woolf, 1988, page 43 ) - \u00a9 james travers 2005 google search - holt, jason. \" existential ethics : where do the paths of glory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45334783917004784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.033517"} {"text": ", page 92 ; colin stanley, colin wilson, a celebration : essays and recollections cecil woolf, 1988, page 43 ) - \u00a9 james travers 2005 google search - holt, jason. \" existential ethics : where do the paths of glory lead? \". in the philosophy of stanley kubrick. by jerold j. abrams. published 2007. university press of kentucky. isbn 0 - 8131 - 2445 - x - \" amazon. com ' s films with an existential theme \". retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02. - \" existential & psychological movie recommendations \". existential - therapy. com. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - \" existentialism in film \". uhaweb. hartford. edu. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - \" existentialist adaptations - harvard film archive \". hcl. harvard. edu. retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08. - chocano, carina ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ). \" review : ' synecdoche, new york ' \". los angeles times. retrieved 2008 - 11 - 17. - sartre, jean - paul ; ( translated by robert baldick ) ( 2000. first published 1938 ). nausea. london : penguin - earnshaw, steven ( 2006 ). existentialism : a guide for the perplexed. london : continuum. p. 75. isbn 0 - 8264 - 8530 - 8 - the times, 31 december 1964. quoted in knowlson, j., damned to fame : the life of samuel beckett ( london : bloomsbury, 1996 ), p 57 - cronin, a., samuel beckett the last modernist ( london : flamingo, 1997 ), p 391 - michael h. hutchins ( 14 august 2006 ). \" a tom stoppard bibliography : chronology \". the stephen sondheim reference guide. retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23. - wren, celia ( 12 december 2007 ). \" from forum, an earnest and painstaking ' antigone ' \". washington post. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07. - kernan, alvin b. the modern american theater : a collection of critical essays. englewood cliffs, new jersey : prentice - hall, 1967. - stewart, jon. kierkegaard and existentialism. p. 38 - flynn, thomas r. sartre, foucault, and historical reason, p. 323. - yalom, irvin d. ( 1980 ). existential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46561549764121457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.037110"} {"text": "jon. kierkegaard and existentialism. p. 38 - flynn, thomas r. sartre, foucault, and historical reason, p. 323. - yalom, irvin d. ( 1980 ). existential psychotherapy. new york : basicbooks ( subsidiary of perseus books, l. l. c. p. 17. isbn 0 - 465 - 02147 - 6 note : the copyright year has not changed, but the book remains in print. - carnap, rudolf, uberwindung der metaphysik durch logische analyse der sprache [ overcoming metaphysics by the logical analysis of speech ], erkenntnis ( 1932 ), pp. 219 \u2013 241. carnap ' s critique of heidegger ' s \" what is metaphysics \". - carruth, gorton ( 1993 ) the encyclopedia of world facts and dates, p. 932 - aron ( 1994 ) in defense of political reason, p. 170 as quoted in brian c. anderson raymond aron : the recovery of the political, p. 170 - marcuse, herbert. \" sartre ' s existentialism \". printed in studies in critical philosophy. translated by joris de bres. london : nlb, 1972. p. 161 - martin heidegger, \" letter on humanism \", in basic writings : nine key essays, plus the introduction to being and time, trans. david farrell krell ( london, routledge ; 1978 ), 208. google books - appignanesi, richard ; and oscar zarate ( 2001 ). introducing existentialism. cambridge, uk : icon. isbn 1 - 84046 - 266 - 3. - appignanesi, richard ( 2006 ). introducing existentialism ( 3rd ed. ). thriplow, cambridge : icon books ( uk ), totem books ( usa ). isbn 1 - 84046 - 717 - 7. - cooper, david e. ( 1999 ). existentialism : a reconstruction ( 2nd ed. ). oxford, uk : blackwell. isbn 0 - 631 - 21322 - 8. - deurzen, emmy van ( 2010 ). everyday mysteries : a handbook of existential psychotherapy ( 2nd ed. ). london : routledge. isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 37643 - 3. - kierkegaard, s\u00f8ren ( 1855 ). attack upon christendom. - kierkegaard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5152441114161104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.039456"} {"text": "history of writing in vietnam until the beginning of the 20th century, government and scholarly documents in vietnam were written in classical chinese ( called chu nho \" confucian script, \" or chu han \" chinese script \" ), using chinese characters with vietnamese approximation of chinese pronunciations. at the same time popular novels and poetry in vietnamese were written in the chu nom script, which used chinese characters for sino - vietnamese vocabulary and an adapted set of characters for the native vocabulary. the terms chu han ( \" han script \" ) and chu nho ( pronounced [ \u0272\u0254 ] \" confucian script \" ) are largely interchangeable. both mean writing of chinese in chinese characters. however in modern vietnamese usage chu han can also refer to characters in the modern chinese or japanese languages - for example in reference by the journal of the linguistics academy of vietnam to the introduction of pinyin in the prc in 1958. the term chu ( \" character \" ) is in regular use in vietnamese, for example \" chu thap \" means the chinese \" 10 \" character ( \u5341, vietnamese thap, used as the \" cross \" in chu thap \u0111o \" red cross \" ). the ideogram for chu ( \" script \" ) is normally not found in chinese printed texts and unicode character 21a38 may also may fail to display in html browsers ) and is sometimes substituted by the character for tu ( \" character \" ), the characters nho ( \" confucian \" ) and han ( \u6f22 ) are part of the common chinese - japanese - korean - sinovietnamese character set. chu nho is often capitalized in vietnamese texts. nho is written and pronounced with a different tone from chu nho, \" miniscule font \". the term han tu ( [ ha\u02d0n ] \u6f22, \" a chinese character \" ) is mainly used in typographic, calligraphic and lexical contexts, and used in vietnamese to describe sino - vietnamese characters, as well as japanese kanji or modern chinese hanzi. the term han tu is still used in relation to individual ideograms, ( or chinese hanzi or japanese kanji ) ; an individual character is distinguished as \" chu, \" for example \" chu vat ( ) \" for the chinese character \" thing \" ( ) pronounced \" vat \" in vietnamese. han - viet or \" sino - vietnamese \" is a term which is used by modern scholars in relation to vietnam ' s chinese - language texts to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4877431734598413, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.083657"} {"text": ") \" for the chinese character \" thing \" ( ) pronounced \" vat \" in vietnamese. han - viet or \" sino - vietnamese \" is a term which is used by modern scholars in relation to vietnam ' s chinese - language texts to emphasize local characteristics and particularly the phonology of the chinese written in vietnam, though in regard to syntax and vocabulary this sino - vietnamese was no more different from chinese used in beijing than medieval english latin was different from the latin of rome. the term \" han - viet transliteration \" is also used for chinese place names in vietnam. the term chu nom ( \" script for talking \" ) refers to the former transcription system for vernacular vietnamese - language texts, written using a mixture of original chinese characters and locally coined nom characters not found in chinese to phonetically represent vietnamese sounds. \" however the character set for chu nom is extensive, up to 20, 000, and both arbitrary in composition and inconsistent in pronunciation. han - nom may mean either both han and nom taken together, as in the research remit of hanoi ' s han - nom institute, or refer to texts which are written in a mixture of han and nom, or refer to some han texts with parallel nom translations. there is a significant orthographic overlap between han and nom and many characters are used in both han and nom with the same reading. the term quoc ngu ( \u570b \u8a9e \" national language \" ) means vietnamese written in romanized script. this is different from the historical term quoc am ( \u570b \" national sound \" ) meaning chu nom, found in the title of the 16th century poetry collection quoc am thi tap. the chinese domination no writings in chinese by vietnamese writers survive from the chinese domination. in imperial vietnam ( 939 - 1919 ), formal writings were, in most cases, done in classical chinese. this was true both of the language of government and administration, and also of entry into government and administration by the wholly chinese - language confucian examination system in vietnam. chinese was also the language of medicine, astrology, religion, science and high literature such as poetry. vietnamese existed only as an oral language, before the creation of the nom script to preserve and circulate less serious poetry and narrative literature. these writings are indistinguishable from contemporaneous classical chinese works produced in china, korea, or japan. as are the first poems in chu nho by the monk khuong viet and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5066278845046516, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.084824"} {"text": "less serious poetry and narrative literature. these writings are indistinguishable from contemporaneous classical chinese works produced in china, korea, or japan. as are the first poems in chu nho by the monk khuong viet and the nam quoc son ha by general ly thuong kiet. localisation and sino - xenic pronunciation in vietnam chinese text han van ( han van / \u6f22 \u6587 ) was read with the vocalization of chinese text as such, equivalent to the chinese on - readings in japanese kambun ( \u6f22 \u6587 ), or the assimilated vocalizations in korean hanmun ( \u1112\u1161\u11ab\u1106\u116e\u11ab ). this occuring alongside entry of sino - vietnamese vocabulary into the vernacular vietnamese language. and creating, in samuel martin ' s term, a sinoxenic dialect. the sinologist edwin g. pulleyblank was the one of the first linguists to actively employ \" sino - vietnamese \" to recover the earlier history of chinese. period of coexistence of two languages and two scripts from the 13th century the dominance of chinese writing - chu nho - began to be challenged by a system of modified and invented characters modeled loosely on chinese characters called chu nom, which, unlike the system of chu nho ( or chu han ), allowed for the expression of purely vietnamese words, was created in vietnam at least as early as the 13th century. during the ming dynasty occupation of vietnam chu nom printing blocks, texts and inscriptions were destroyed, so that the earliest surviving texts are from after the period. while designed for native vietnamese speakers, chu nom required the user to have a fair knowledge of chu han, and thus chu nom was used primarily for literary writings by cultural elites ( such as the poetry of nguyen du and ho xuan huong ), while almost all other official writings and documents continued to be written in chu nho ( or chu han ) as han van ( classical chinese ) until the 20th century. french colonial period the use of classical chinese, and its written form, chu nho ( or chu han ), died out in vietnam early in the 20th century during the middle years of french indochina. at this time there were briefly four competing writing systems in vietnam ; chu nho, chu nom, quoc ngu, and french. although the first romanized script quoc ngu newspaper, gia dinh bao, was founded in 1865, vietnamese nationalists continued to use chu nom until after the first world war when quoc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4751686545462926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.085961"} {"text": "chu nom, quoc ngu, and french. although the first romanized script quoc ngu newspaper, gia dinh bao, was founded in 1865, vietnamese nationalists continued to use chu nom until after the first world war when quoc ngu became the favoured language of the vietnamese independence movement. some scholars still study it today although its application is mostly confined to the historic context of vietnamese texts. use of quoc ngu for education in both north and south vietnam from 1945 - 1975, and then all of vietnam since 1975, has rendered most vietnamese unable to read earlier vietnamese texts, whether written in chinese chu nho, or vernacular chu nom. han nom institute is the national centre for academic research into both han and nom texts. since the mid - 1990s a small resurgence in teaching of chinese characters, both for chu nho and the additional characters used in chu nom, to enable the study of vietnam ' s history has emerged. additionally many vietnamese study han tu characters as part of learning modern japanese and chinese. the significance of the characters has occasionally entered western depiction of vietnam ; for instance novelist e. m. nathanson mentions the characters in a dirty distant war ( 1987 ). - asian & pacific quarterly of cultural and social affairs - volumes 20 - 21 cultural and social centre for the asian and pacific region 1988 - page 7 \"... known script that was used by the vietnamese, the \" southerners, \" to transcribe their language, in contrast to the chinese ideographs ( called chu han i. e., \" chinese script, \" or chu nho i. e. \" confucian script \" ) of the \" northerners, \" the chinese. \" - vietnam 10 - page 522 nick ray, yu - mei balasingamchow, iain stewart - 2009 \" for centuries, the vietnamese language was written in standard chinese characters ( chu nho ). around the 13th century, the vietnamese devised their own writing system called chu nom ( or just nom ), which was created by combining two chinese words or by using single chinese characters for their phonetic value. both writing systems were in use until the 20th century \u2013 official business and scholarship was conducted in chu nho, while chu nom was used for popular literature. the latin - based quoc ngu script, widely used since wwi, was developed in the 17th century by alexandre de rhodes ( see the boxed text, right ). quoc ngu served to undermine the position of mandarin officials, whose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677195236288818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.087821"} {"text": ". the latin - based quoc ngu script, widely used since wwi, was developed in the 17th century by alexandre de rhodes ( see the boxed text, right ). quoc ngu served to undermine the position of mandarin officials, whose power was based on traditional scholarship in chu nho and chu nom, scripts that were largely inaccessible to the masses. \" - nguyen \u0111inh hoa vietnamese london oriental and african language library vol. 9. john benjamins publishing company 1997 page 6 \" 1. 7 writing systems - the language has made use of three different writing systems : first, the chinese characters,... 1. 7. 1 chu nho or chu han - chinese written symbols, shared with japanese and korean \u2014 the two other asian cultures that were... indeed from the early days of chinese rule ( 111 b. c. to a. d. 939 ) the chinese governors taught the vietnamese not only chinese calligraphy, but also the texts of chinese history, philosophy and classical literature ( while the spoken language... \" - ngon ngu & \u0111oi song ( language and life magazine ) hoi ngon ngu hoc viet nam ( linguistics academy of vietnam ) 2006 nos 125 / 134 - page 35 - \" phien am tu mau \" la bo chu cai la tinh dung \u0111e chu am ( pho thong ) cho chu han, \u0111uoc chinh phu trung quoc cong bo nam 1958. \" translation \" pinyin zibiao \" is the latin alphabet used to give the pronunciation ( putonghua ) to chinese kanji, promulgated by the chinese government in 1958. - unicode character 21a38 - ai nguyen, tu \u0111ien cong nghe thong tin \u0111ien tu vien thong anh - viet english - vietnamese information technology dictionary. nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat ban tu \u0111ien. science and technology publishing house 2000 page 838 \"... minuscule chu nho, chu thuong trong in an, ky tu thuong. \" - effective designs of the computer - assisted chinese learning program for beginning learners of chinese characters mt lu, g hallman, j black 2010 \" a character is a logograph used in written taiwanese ( hanji ), written japanese ( kanji ), written chinese ( hanzi ), written korean ( hanja ), and written vietnamese ( han tu ). a logograph is a grapheme which represents a word or a mor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4629663970913052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.090006"} {"text": "written taiwanese ( hanji ), written japanese ( kanji ), written chinese ( hanzi ), written korean ( hanja ), and written vietnamese ( han tu ). a logograph is a grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme. \" - hoa son hong han tu nhap mon : tu hoc chu han am viet ( introduction to han tu - teach yourself han script with vietnamese pronunciation ) 1992 - phan van giuong tuttle compact vietnamese dictionary : vietnamese - english 2008 page 392 \" tu 1 n. ( = chu ) chinese character, letter : courtesy name : han tu chinese character ; bieu tu fancy name, nickname ; van tu writing, written language \" - tu thu binh giai ly minh tuan bien soan, nguyen minh tien hieu \u0111inh 1990 \" nhu the, tri co nghia la thong suot, thau hieu su ly. o \u0111ay, tri la dung mieng noi \u0111e thanh tuu cho vat. trong han tu, chu vat ( ) chi chung cac loai trong troi \u0111at. \" - david g marr vietnamese tradition on trial, 1920 - 1945 1984 p141 \" because the chinese characters were pronounced according to vietnamese preferences, and because certain stylistic modifications occurred over time, later scholars came to refer to a hybrid \" sino - vietnamese \" ( han - viet ) language. however, there would seem to be no more justification for this term than for a fifteenth century \" latin - english \" versus the latin written contemporaneously in rome. 8 \" - essays into vietnamese pasts keith weller taylor, john k. whitmore - 1995 p20 \" phu falls into this category ; it was originally a tang ( chinese ) word but was written in a han - viet transliteration.... dang vsn lung and thu linh hypothesize that phu dong is the han - viet transliteration of the name of an ancient tay area,.. \" - hugh dyson walker east asia a new history - 2012 page 262 \"... chu nom, vietnamese transcription, using chinese and nom characters for vietnamese sounds. \" - hannas : asia ' s orthg dilm paper - page 82 wm. c. hannas - 1997 \" the linguistic defects are the same as those noted throughout this book for chinese characters generally, caused by the large number of tokens ( some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5006522094403587, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.092815"} {"text": ": asia ' s orthg dilm paper - page 82 wm. c. hannas - 1997 \" the linguistic defects are the same as those noted throughout this book for chinese characters generally, caused by the large number of tokens ( some twenty thousand in chu ' nom ), the arbitrariness of their composition, and the inconsistent \" - eva hung, judy wakabayashi asian translation traditions 2005 page 174 \" a large portion of the lexicon of the vietnamese language in recent centuries derives from han. consequently, there is a significant orthographic overlap between han and nom, which is to say that many characters are used in both with the same meaning. this is primarily a lexical, not a syntactic, phenomenon, although han grammar did influence nom prose to a relatively significant extent ( xtankevich 1986 ) \" - john defrancis colonialism and language policy in viet nam 1977 page 88 \" contemporary handling is indicated by the following entries for quoc ngu and the related term quoc am from the work by... must become the writing of the country ' he may specifically have had 88 colonialism and language policy in viet nam.. \" - george c\u0153des the making of south east asia 1966 page 87 \" no work of literature from the brush of a vietnamese survives from the period of chinese rule prior to the rise of the first national dynasties ; and from the dinh, former le, and ly dynasties, all that remains are some poems by lac thuan ( end of the tenth century ), khuong viet ( same period ), and ly thuong kiet ( last quarter of the eleventh century ). those competent to judge consider these works to be quite up to the best standards of chinese literature. - lonely planet vietnam nick ray, yu - mei balasingamchow - 2010 \" sino - vietnamese literature was written in chinese characters ( chu nho ). dominated by confucian and buddhist texts, it was governed by strict rules of metre and verse. modern vietnamese literature ( quoc am ) includes anything recorded in... \" - alexander woodside vietnam and the chinese model : a comparative study of nguyen and... 1971 - page 53 \" although traditional vietnamese scholars called sino - vietnamese literature \" serious literature \" and nom literature \" the literature of pleasure, \" this dichotomy is obviously misleading. \" - bjarke frellesvig a history of the japanese language 2010 - page 258 \"... the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45722336529690316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.096685"} {"text": "vietnamese literature \" serious literature \" and nom literature \" the literature of pleasure, \" this dichotomy is obviously misleading. \" - bjarke frellesvig a history of the japanese language 2010 - page 258 \"... the rendition of chinese text in japanese, which affected grammar and usage ( see 9. 1 ) and ( kanbun - ) ondoku, the vocalization of chinese text as such, which paved the way for the intake of a large number of loanwords from chinese ( 9. 2 ). - nichibunken newsletter kokusai nihon bunka kenkyu senta 1996 - no23 - 36 - page 52 \" the novel was then translated from chinese into vietnamese by a vietnamese revolutionist. knowledge of kanbun ( classical chinese ) was quite common among vietnamese intellectuals, and the new kanbun style of liang zhi - chau... \" - wm. c. hannas - asia ' s orthographic dilemma 1997 - page 77 \" sifting out sinitic from native vocabulary is more of a problem in vietnamese than in japanese or even in korean because of the longer history of contact between chinese and vietnamese, and because of the intimacy ( most vietnamese would... vietnam was under chinese \" suzerainty... during this long period, the vietnamese language itself was overshadowed and to some extent replaced by chinese, opening the door to thousands of chinese terms... \" - language research - seoul university language research centre 1990 - volume 26 - page 327 \" the term sinoxenic dialects was first used by samuel martin to refer to the foreign readings of chinese characters, such as sino - korean, sino - japanese, and sino - vietnamese. by sino - korean, sino - japanese, and sino - vietnamese,... \" - john r. bentley a descriptive grammar of early old japanese prose 2001 - page 39 \"... ( 1975 : 195, fn. 3 ) and his reconstructions, but it is interesting to note that pulleyblank ' s work actually supports miller ' s claims.... to have been one of the first linguists to notice the importance of sv in reconstructing earlier stages of chinese. \" - laurence c. thompson a vietnamese reference grammar university of hawaii press 1965 revised 1987 page 53 \" chu nom apparently existed for several centuries alongside the standard written chinese of the royal court ( called chu nho ' scholar ' s characters ' or chu han ' han [ i. e.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45663178031922624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.098739"} {"text": "reference grammar university of hawaii press 1965 revised 1987 page 53 \" chu nom apparently existed for several centuries alongside the standard written chinese of the royal court ( called chu nho ' scholar ' s characters ' or chu han ' han [ i. e., chinese ] characters ' ). \" - mark w. mcleod, thi dieu nguyen culture and customs of vietnam 2001 page 68 - \" in part because of the ravages of the ming occupation \u2014 the invaders destroyed or removed many viet texts and the blocks for printing them \u2014 the earliest body of nom texts that we have dates from the early post - occupation era... \" - ha minh nguyen, bac hoai tran, tuan duc vuong colloquial vietnamese : the complete course for beginners routledge 2012 page 3 \" because of thousands of years of chinese domination and influence, the vietnamese used chinese characters known as chu nho as their official written language for many centuries. however chu nho was not easy to learn and only the... \" - d. w. sloper, thac can le higher education in vietnam : change and response 1995 page 45 \" all teaching materials are written in han, chinese classical characters known as chu nho. from about the thirteenth century a vietnamese system of writing, chu nom or simply nom, was developed.... chu nho was used for official business and scholarship, while chu nom was used for popular literature. \" - andrew simpson language and national identity in asia 2007 page 428 \".. there existed a situation in which there were briefly four different available writing systems in vietnam, chu nho, chu nom, quoc ngu, and romanized french.... ( 4 ) the acceptability of quoc ngu was then further heightened by its use to translate works of literature from chinese and chu nom, as well as through its... \" - simon eliot, jonathan rose a companion to the history of the book - page 124 2009 \" the first publication in quoc ngu was the first vietnamese newspaper, gia - dinh bao ( daily paper, 1865 ),... during world war i, the colonial administration encouraged quoc ngu journalism for propaganda purposes, and as a result journals \" - vietnam economic times volume 98 - page 14 vien kinh te the gioi ( vietnam ) \" today calligraphy is considered one of their most respected art forms. vietnam also has a long history of calligraphy, but in its earliest form it was called", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4528040399328971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.099800"} {"text": "economic times volume 98 - page 14 vien kinh te the gioi ( vietnam ) \" today calligraphy is considered one of their most respected art forms. vietnam also has a long history of calligraphy, but in its earliest form it was called han nom, a way of using the chinese characters to convey vietnamese words. \" - simon eliot, jonathan rose a companion to the history of the book page 124 - 2011 \" since the use of quoc ngu for education has rendered most vietnamese now incapable of reading earlier vietnamese... an increasing commitment to the publication of translations from chinese or of transcriptions from nom texts to render... \" - e. m. nathanson dirty distant war 1987 page 121 \" so they took the chinese ideographs for those words, changed them a little to make them distinctive from the chinese characters, and in that way developed a written language. that ' s the script that became what we refer to today as chu nho. \" - \u6f22 han tu : a vietnamese - chinese wordlist ( via wayback machine ) - tu \u0111ien han viet thieu chuu ( \u6f22 ) ( via wayback machine ) - tu \u0111ien han nom - han viet chu thich, chinese - to - vietnamese transliteration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46783118666783274, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.100373"} {"text": "conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names. the modern system of near - universal national conscription for young men dates to the french revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. most european nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1 \u2013 3 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force. in china, the state of qin instituted universal military service following the registration of every household. this allowed huge armies to be levied, and was instrumental in the creation of the qin empire that conquered the whole of china in 221bc. conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds ; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war ; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing alternative service outside combat - operations roles or even outside the military, such as zivildienst ( civil service ) in austria and switzerland. most post - soviet countries conscript soldiers not only for armed forces but also for paramilitary organizations which are dedicated to police - like domestic only service ( internal troops ) or non - combat rescue duties ( civil defence troops ) - none of which is considered alternative to the military conscription. as of the early 21st century, many states no longer conscript soldiers, relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers enlisted to meet the demand for troops. the ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war - fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. around the reign of hammurabi ( 1791 - 1750 bc ), the babylonian empire used a system of conscription called ilkum. under the system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. during times of peace they were instead required to provide labour for other activities of the state. in return for this service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. it is possible that this right was not to hold land per se but specific land supplied by the state. various forms of avoiding military service are recorded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5230543962213094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.151957"} {"text": "the state. in return for this service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. it is possible that this right was not to hold land per se but specific land supplied by the state. various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. while it was outlawed by the code of hammurabi, the hiring of substitutes appears to have been practiced both before and after the creation of the code. later records show that ilkum commitments could become regularly traded. in other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their ilkum service. another option was to sell ilkum lands and the commitments along with them. with the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the code of hammurabi. universal conscription in china dates back to the state of qin, which eventually became the qin empire of 221bc. following unification, historical records show that a total of 300, 000 conscript soldiers and 500, 000 conscript labourers constructed the great wall of china in the following dynasties, universal conscription was abolished and reintroduced on numerous occasions. as of 2011 [ update ], universal military conscription is theoretically mandatory in the people ' s republic of china, and reinforced by law. however, due to the large population of china and large pool of candidates available for recruitment, the people ' s liberation army has always had sufficient volunteers, so conscription has not been required in practice at all. | | this section needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2010 ) | under the feudal conditions for holding land in the medieval period, most peasants and freemen were liable to provide one man of suitable age per family for military duty when required by either the king or the local lord. the levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors. although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period, generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months. most were subsistence farmers, and it was in everyone ' s interest to send the men home for harvest - time. in medieval scandinavia the ' lei\u00f0angr ' ( old norse ), ' leidang ' ( norwegian ), ' leding ', ( danish ), ' ledung ' ( swedish ), ' lichting ' ( dutch ), ' expeditio ' ( latin ) or sometimes ' le\u00feing ' ( old english ), was a levy of free farmers conscripted into coastal fleets for seasonal excursions and in defence of the realm. the bulk of the anglo - saxon english army, called the f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48267164607354973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.153180"} {"text": "latin ) or sometimes ' le\u00feing ' ( old english ), was a levy of free farmers conscripted into coastal fleets for seasonal excursions and in defence of the realm. the bulk of the anglo - saxon english army, called the fyrd, was composed of part - time english soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility. these thegns were the land - holding aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour and weapons for a certain number of days each year. the historian david sturdy has cautioned about regarding the fyrd as a precursor to a modern national army composed of all ranks of society, describing it as a \" ridiculous fantasy \" : the persistent old belief that peasants and small farmers gathered to form a national army or fyrd is a strange delusion dreamt up by antiquarians in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries to justify universal military conscription. medieval levy in poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie. in the middle of the 14th century, ottoman sultan murad i developed personal troops to be loyal to him, with a slave army called the kap\u0131kulu. the new force was built by taking christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the devsirme ( translated \" gathering \" or \" converting \" ). the captive children were forced to convert to islam. the sultans had the young boys trained over several years. those who showed special promise in fighting skills were trained in advanced warrior skills, put into the sultan ' s personal service, and turned into the janissaries, the elite branch of the kap\u0131kulu. a number of distinguished military commanders of the ottomans, and most of the imperial administrators and upper - level officials of the empire, such as pargal\u0131 ibrahim pasha and sokollu mehmet pasa, were recruited in this way. by 1609, the sultan ' s kap\u0131kulu forces increased to about 100, 000. in later years, sultans turned to the barbary pirates to supply their jannissaries corps. their attacks on ships off the coast of africa or in the mediterranean, and subsequent capture of able - bodied men for ransom or sale provided some captives for the sultan ' s system. starting in the 17th century, christian families living under the ottoman rule began to submit their sons into the kapikulu system willingly, as they saw this as a potentially invaluable career opportunity for their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45165246789503166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.154098"} {"text": "captives for the sultan ' s system. starting in the 17th century, christian families living under the ottoman rule began to submit their sons into the kapikulu system willingly, as they saw this as a potentially invaluable career opportunity for their children. eventually the sultan turned to foreign volunteers from the warrior clans of circassians in southern russia to fill his janissary armies. as a whole the system began to break down, the loyalty of the jannissaries became increasingly suspect. mahmud ii forcibly disbanded the janissary corps in 1826. similar to the janissaries in origin and means of development were the mamluks of egypt in the middle ages. the mamluks were usually captive non - muslim iranian and turkish children who had been kidnapped or bought as slaves from the barbary coasts. the egyptians assimilated and trained the boys and young men to become islamic soldiers who served the muslim caliphs and the ayyubid sultans during the middle ages. the first mamluks served the abbasid caliphs in 9th century baghdad. over time they became a powerful military caste. on more than one occasion, they seized power, for example, ruling egypt from 1250 \u2013 1517. from 1250 egypt had been ruled by the bahri dynasty of kipchak origin. slaves from the caucasus served in the army and formed an elite corp of troops. they eventually revolted in egypt to form the burgi dynasty. the mamluks ' excellent fighting abilities, massed islamic armies, and overwhelming numbers succeeded in overcoming the christian crusader fortresses in the holy land. the mamluks were the most successful defense against the mongol ilkhanate of persia and iraq from entering egypt. on the western coast of africa, berber muslims captured non - muslims to put to work as laborers. they generally converted the younger people to islam and many became quite assimilated. in morocco, the berber looked south rather than north. the moroccan sultan moulay ismail, called \" the bloodthirsty \" ( 1672 \u2013 1727 ), employed a corps of 150, 000 black slaves, called his black guard. he used them to coerce the country into submission. invention of modern conscription modern conscription, the massed military enlistment of national citizens, was devised during the french revolution, to enable the republic to defend itself from the attacks of european monarchies. deputy jean - baptiste jourdan gave its name to the 5 september 1798 act, whose first article stated : \" any frenchman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4417136489896937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.155005"} {"text": "national citizens, was devised during the french revolution, to enable the republic to defend itself from the attacks of european monarchies. deputy jean - baptiste jourdan gave its name to the 5 september 1798 act, whose first article stated : \" any frenchman is a soldier and owes himself to the defense of the nation. \" it enabled the creation of the grande armee, what napoleon bonaparte called \" the nation in arms, \" which overwhelmed european professional armies that often numbered only into the low tens of thousands. more than 2. 6 million men were inducted into the french military in this way between the years 1800 and 1813. the defeat of the prussian army in particular shocked the prussian establishment, which had believed it was invincible after the victories of frederick the great. the prussians were used to relying on superior organization and tactical factors such as order of battle to focus superior troops against inferior ones. given approximately equivalent forces, as was generally the case with professional armies, these factors showed considerable importance. however, they became considerably less important when the prussian armies faced forces that outnumbered their own in some cases by more than ten to one. scharnhorst advocated adopting the levee en masse, the military conscription used by france. the krumpersystem was the beginning of short - term compulsory service in prussia, as opposed to the long - term conscription previously used. in the russian empire, the military service time \" owed \" by serfs was 25 years at the beginning of the 19th century. in 1834 it was decreased to 20 years. the recruits were to be not younger than 17 and not older than 35. in 1874 russia introduced universal conscription in the modern pattern, an innovation only made possible by the abolition of serfdom in 1861. new military law decreed that all male russian subjects, when they reached the age of 20, were eligible to serve in the military for six years. the range of eligible ages for conscripting was expanded to meet national demand during the world wars. in the united states, the selective service system drafted men for world war i initially in an age range from 21 to 30 but expanded its eligibility in 1918 to an age range of 18 to 45. in the case of a widespread mobilization of forces where service includes homefront defense, ages of conscripts may range much higher, with the oldest conscripts serving in roles requiring lesser mobility. expanded - age conscription was common during the second world war : in britain, it was commonly known as \" call - up \" and extended to age 51. nazi germany termed it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47904190196151847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.155959"} {"text": "higher, with the oldest conscripts serving in roles requiring lesser mobility. expanded - age conscription was common during the second world war : in britain, it was commonly known as \" call - up \" and extended to age 51. nazi germany termed it volkssturm ( \" people ' s storm \" ) and included men as young as 16 and as old as 60. during the second world war, both britain and the soviet union conscripted women. the united states was on the verge of drafting women into the nurse corps because it anticipated it would need the extra personnel for its planned invasion of japan. however, the japanese surrendered and the idea was abandoned. conscription, which was called \" service duty \" ( dutch : dienstplicht ) in the netherlands, was first employed in 1810 by french occupying forces. napoleon ' s brother louis bonaparte, who was king of holland from 1806 to 1810, had tried to introduce conscription a few years earlier, unsuccessfully. every man aged 20 years or older had to enlist. by means of drawing lots it was decided who had to undertake service in the french army. it was possible to arrange a substitute against payment. later on, conscription was used for all men over the age of 18. postponement was possible, due to study, for example. conscientious objectors could perform an alternative civilian service instead of military service. for various reasons, this forced military service was criticized at the end of the twentieth century. since the cold war was over, so was the direct threat of a war. instead, the dutch army was employed in more and more peacekeeping operations. the complexity and danger of these missions made the use of conscripts controversial. furthermore the conscription system was thought to be unfair as only men were drafted. in the european part of netherlands, compulsory attendance has been officially suspended since 1 may 1997. between 1991 and 1996, the dutch armed forces phased out their conscript personnel and converted to an all - volunteer force. the last conscript troops were inducted in 1995, and demobilized in 1996. the suspension means that citizens are no longer forced to serve in the armed forces, as long as it is not required for the safety of the country. since then, the dutch army is an all - volunteer force. however, to this day, every male citizen aged 17 gets a letter in which he is told that he has been registered but does not have to present himself for service. the dutch army allowed its male soldiers to have long hair from the early 1970s to the end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4556002682823812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.157092"} {"text": "to this day, every male citizen aged 17 gets a letter in which he is told that he has been registered but does not have to present himself for service. the dutch army allowed its male soldiers to have long hair from the early 1970s to the end of conscription in the mid - 1990s. even though it is generally thought that conscription has been abolished in the netherlands, it is compulsory attendance that was abolished, not conscription. the laws and systems which provide for the conscription of armed forces personnel still remain in place. britain introduced conscription for the first time in 1916 ( halfway through world war i ) and abolished it in 1920, and reintroduced it again in 1939 on the outbreak of world war ii. it remained in force until 1960. in all, 8, 000, 000 men were drafted, as well as several hundred thousand women. the introduction of conscription in may 1939, before the war began, was largely due to pressure from the french, who emphasized the need for a large british army to oppose the germans. starting in early 1942 unmarried women age 19 \u2013 30 were conscripted. most were sent to the factories, but they could volunteer for the auxiliary territorial service ( ats ) and other women ' s services. none were assigned to combat roles unless they volunteered. by 1943 women were liable to some form of directed labour up to age 51. during the second world war, 1. 4 million british men volunteered for service and 3. 2 million were conscripted. volunteers comprised 20 % of the army, 40 % of the royal navy, and 50 % of the royal air force. in the united states, conscription, also called \" the draft \", ended in 1973, but males between 18 and 25 are required to register with the selective service system to enable a reintroduction of conscription if necessary. president gerald ford suspended mandatory draft registration in 1975, but president jimmy carter reinstated that requirement when the soviet union invaded afghanistan. selective service registration is still required of all young men although the draft has not been used since 1973. colonial and early national in america before 1862, combat duty was always voluntary, but white men aged 18 to 45 were usually required to join local militia units. colonial militia laws \u2014 and after 1776 those of the states \u2014 required able - bodied white men to enroll in the militia and to undergo a minimum of military training, all without pay. colonial pennsylvania ( controlled by quakers ) did not have such laws. members of pacifist religious denominations were exempt. when combat troops were needed some of the militiamen volunteered for short terms of service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42548937588763575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.158435"} {"text": "undergo a minimum of military training, all without pay. colonial pennsylvania ( controlled by quakers ) did not have such laws. members of pacifist religious denominations were exempt. when combat troops were needed some of the militiamen volunteered for short terms of service, for which they were paid. following this system in its essentials, the continental congress in 1778 recommended that the states draft men from their militias for one year ' s service in the continental army ; this first national conscription was irregularly applied and failed to fill the continental ranks. in 1814, president james madison proposed conscription of 40, 000 men for the army, but the war of 1812 ended before congress took any action. an 1840 proposal for a standing army of 200, 000 men included conscription, but it never passed and military service was voluntary before 1862. although both north and south resorted to conscription during the civil war, in neither region did the system work effectively. the confederate congress on april 16, 1862, passed an act requiring military service for three years from all males aged eighteen to thirty - five not legally exempt, and it later extended the obligation. the u. s. congress followed on july 17, 1862, with an act authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers. this state - administered system failed in practice and on march 3, 1863, congress passed the first genuine national conscription law, setting up under the union army an elaborate machinery for enrolling and drafting men between twenty and forty - five years of age. quotas were assigned in each state, the deficiencies in volunteers to be met by conscription. but men drafted could provide substitutes or, until mid - 1864, avoid service by paying commutation money. many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. there was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft, especially in catholic areas. the great draft riot in new york city in july 1863 involved irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the machine vote, not realizing it made them liable for the draft. of the 168, 649 men procured for the union through the draft, 117, 986 were substitutes, leaving only 50, 663 who had their personal services conscripted. the problem of confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges. the three conscription acts of the confederacy exempted certain categories, most notably the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43777574736608216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.159495"} {"text": "50, 663 who had their personal services conscripted. the problem of confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges. the three conscription acts of the confederacy exempted certain categories, most notably the planter class, and enrolling officers and local judges often practiced favoritism, sometimes accepting bribes. attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the confederacy. world war i in 1917 the administration of woodrow wilson decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower for world war i. the selective service act of 1917 was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the civil war system and \u2014 by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples \u2014 to place each man in his proper niche in a national war effort. the act established a \" liability for military service of all male citizens \" ; authorized a selective draft of all those between twenty - one and thirty - one years of age ( later from eighteen to forty - five ) ; and prohibited all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. administration was entrusted to local boards composed of leading civilians in each community. these boards issued draft calls in order of numbers drawn in a national lottery and determined exemptions. in 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the resistance that characterized the civil war. world war ii in 1940 congress passed the first peace - time draft legislation, which was led by grenville clark. it was renewed ( by one vote ) in summer 1941. it involved questions as to who should control the draft, the size of the army, and the need for deferments. the system worked through local draft boards comprising community leaders who were given quotas and then decided how to fill them. there was very little draft resistance. the nation went from a surplus manpower pool with high unemployment and relief in 1940 to a severe manpower shortage by 1943. industry realized that the army urgently desired production of essential war materials and foodstuffs more than soldiers. ( large numbers of soldiers were not used until the invasion of europe in summer 1944. ) in 1940 to 1943, the army often transferred soldiers to civilian status in the enlisted reserve corps in order to increase production. those transferred would return to work in essential industry, although they could be called back to active duty if the army needed them. others were discharged if their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4053424153589833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.160686"} {"text": ", the army often transferred soldiers to civilian status in the enlisted reserve corps in order to increase production. those transferred would return to work in essential industry, although they could be called back to active duty if the army needed them. others were discharged if their civilian work was deemed absolutely essential. there were instances of mass releases of men to increase production in various industries. blacks and asians were drafted under the same terms as whites. over ten million men were drafted for combat in world war two, more than double the amount drafted for world war one, the korean war, and the vietnam war combined. one contentious issue involved the drafting of fathers, which was avoided as much as possible. the drafting of 18 - year olds was desired by the military but vetoed by public opinion. farmers demanded and were generally given occupational deferments ( many volunteered anyway, and those who stayed at home were not eligible for postwar veteran ' s benefits ). later in the war, in light of the tremendous amount of manpower that would be necessary for the invasion of france, many earlier deferment categories became draft eligible. drafting of women traditionally conscription has been limited to the male population. women and handicapped males have been exempted from conscription. many societies have traditionally considered military service as a test of manhood and a rite of passage from boyhood into manhood. as of 2013 [ update ], countries that were drafting women into military service included benin, chad, cuba, eritrea, israel, libya, malaysia, north korea, taiwan, [ ( see discussion ) verification needed ] and tunisia. in the united kingdom during world war ii, beginning in 1941, women were brought into the scope of conscription but, as all women with dependent children were exempt and many women were informally left in occupations such as nursing or teaching, the number conscripted was relatively few. in 2002, sweden considered female conscription on the grounds that excluding them goes against the ideology of equality. in june 2013, norway the parliament of norway made a principal resolution to introduce female conscription, being the first country in nato and europe to do so. if further laws are passed, female consciption may be implemented in 2015. in the ussr, there was no systematic conscription of women for the armed forces, but the severe disruption of normal life and the high proportion of civilians affected by world war ii after the german invasion attracted many volunteers for what was termed \" the great patriotic war \". medical doctors of both sexes could and would be conscripted ( as officers ). also, the free soviet university education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4352982823422993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.163489"} {"text": "proportion of civilians affected by world war ii after the german invasion attracted many volunteers for what was termed \" the great patriotic war \". medical doctors of both sexes could and would be conscripted ( as officers ). also, the free soviet university education system required department of chemistry students of both sexes to complete an rotc course in nbc defense, and such female reservist officers could be conscripted in times of war. the united states came close to drafting women into the nurse corps in preparation for a planned invasion of japan. in 1981 in the united states, several men filed lawsuit in the case rostker v. goldberg, alleging that the selective service act of 1948 violates the due process clause of the fifth amendment by only requiring that men register with the selective service system ( sss ). the supreme court eventually upheld the act, stating that \" the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than ' equity. ' \" on october 1, 1999 in the taiwan area, the judicial yuan of the republic of china in its interpretation 490 considered that the physical differences between males and females and the derived role differentiation in their respective social functions and lives would not make drafting only males a violation of the constitution of the republic of china. [ ( see discussion ) verification needed ] though women are conscripted in taiwan, transsexual persons are exempt. a conscientious objector is an individual whose personal beliefs are incompatible with military service, or, more often, with any role in the armed forces. in some countries, conscientious objectors have special legal status, which augments their conscription duties. for example, sweden used to allow conscientious objectors to choose a service in the \" weapons - free \" branch, such as an airport fireman, nurse or telecommunications technician. most refuse such service, as they feel that such roles are a part of the military complex. the reasons for refusing to serve are varied. some conscientious objectors are so for religious reasons \u2014 notably, the members of the historic peace churches, pacifist by doctrine ; jehovah ' s witnesses, while not strictly pacifists, refuse to participate in the armed forces on the ground that they believe christians should be neutral in worldly conflicts. evading the draft | | the examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the united states and do not represent a worldwide view of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48519303445332335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.164662"} {"text": ", refuse to participate in the armed forces on the ground that they believe christians should be neutral in worldly conflicts. evading the draft | | the examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the united states and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. ( august 2010 ) | the new york draft riots ( july 11 to july 16, 1863 ; known at the time as draft week ), were violent disturbances in new york city that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing american civil war. the central asian revolt started in the summer of 1916, when the russian empire government ended its exemption of muslims from military service. the conscription also became unpopular in grand duchy of finland during the reign of nicholas ii and was suspended ; instead finland paid a levy tax, \" military millions \" as compensation for abolition of conscription. in the usa and some other countries, the vietnam war saw new levels of opposition to conscription and the selective service system. many people opposed to and facing conscription chose to either apply for classification and assignment to civilian alternative service or noncombatant service within the military as conscientious objectors, or to evade the draft by fleeing to a neutral country. a small proportion, like muhammad ali, chose to resist the draft by publicly and politically fighting conscription. some people resist at the point of registration for the draft. in the usa around 1970, for example, the draft resistance movement has focused on mandatory draft registration. others resist at the point of induction, when they are ordered to put on a uniform, when they are ordered to carry or use a weapon, or when they are ordered into combat. in the united states, especially during the vietnam war, some used political connections to ensure that they were placed well away from any potential harm, serving in what was termed a champagne unit. many would avoid military service altogether through college deferments, by becoming fathers, or serving in various exempt jobs ( teaching was one possibility ). others used educational exemptions, became conscientious objectors or pretended to be conscientious objectors, although they might then be drafted for non - combat work, such as serving as a combat medic. it was also possible they could be asked to do similar civilian work, such as being a hospital orderly. it was, in fact, quite easy for those with some knowledge of the system to avoid being drafted. a simple route, widely publicized, was to get a medical rejection. while a person could claim to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47349802442241545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.165970"} {"text": ", such as being a hospital orderly. it was, in fact, quite easy for those with some knowledge of the system to avoid being drafted. a simple route, widely publicized, was to get a medical rejection. while a person could claim to have symptoms ( or feign homosexuality ) if enough physicians sent letters that a person had a problem, he might well be rejected. it often wasn ' t worth the army ' s time to dispute this claim. such an approach worked best in a larger city where there was no stigma to not serving, and the potential draftee was not known to those reviewing him. for others, the most common method of avoiding the draft was to cross the border into another country. people who have been \" called up \" for military service and who attempted to avoid it in some way were known as \" draft - dodgers \". particularly during the vietnam war, us draft - dodgers usually made their way to canada, mexico, or sweden. many people looked upon draft - dodgers with scorn as being \" cowards \", but some supported them in their efforts. in the late years of the vietnam war, objections against it and support for draft - dodgers was much more outspoken, because of the casualties suffered by american troops, and the actual cause and purpose of the war being heavily questioned. toward the end of the us draft, an attempt was made to make the system somewhat fairer by turning it into a lottery, with each of the year ' s calendar dates randomly assigned a number. men born on lower numbered dates were called up for review. for the reasons given above, this did not make the system any fairer, and the entire system ended in 1973. by 1975, the draft was no longer mandatory. today, american men aged 18 \u2013 25 are encouraged to sign up for the military, but there has not been a call - up since the vietnam era. in israel, the muslim and christian arab minority are exempt from mandatory service, as are permanent residents such as the druze of the golan heights. male ultra - orthodox jews may apply for a deferment of draft to study in yeshiva, and the deferment tends to become an exemption, while female religious jews can be exempted after presenting \" religious declaration \" to the idf authorities, and some ( primarily national religious or modern orthodox ) choose to volunteer for national service instead. male druze and circassian israeli citizens are liable, by agreement with their community leaders ( female druze and circassian are exempt from service ). members of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46130649201977636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.167205"} {"text": "primarily national religious or modern orthodox ) choose to volunteer for national service instead. male druze and circassian israeli citizens are liable, by agreement with their community leaders ( female druze and circassian are exempt from service ). members of the exempted groups can still volunteer, but very few do, except that bedouin have a relatively large number who tend to volunteer ( usually for financial reasons ). countries with and without mandatory military service | country | | land area ( km2 ) | | gdp nominal ( us $ m ) | | per capita | albania | | 27, 398 | | $ 11, 800 | | $ 3, 693. 27 | | 2, 994, 667 | | ermiging democracy | | no ( abolished in 2010 ) | | angola | | 1, 246, 700 | | $ 85, 810 | | $ 5, 003. 43 | | 13, 338, 541 | | republic ; multi - party presidential regime | | yes | | argentina | | 2, 736, 690 | | $ 351, 000 | | $ 8, 662. 99 | | 41, 769, 726 | | republic | | no. voluntary ; conscription may be ordered for specified reasons ; per public law no. 24. 429 promulgated on 5 january 1995. | | australia | | 7, 617, 930 | | $ 1, 220, 000 | | $ 44, 474. 51 | | 21, 766, 711 | | constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation | | no ( abolished by parliament in 1972 ) | | austria | | 82, 444 | | $ 366, 300 | | $ 45, 598. 77 | | 8, 404, 252 | | federal republic | | yes ( alternative service available ) | | bahamas | | 10, 070 | | $ 7, 538 | | $ 21, 547. 17 | | 313, 312 | | constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government | | no | | belgium | | 30, 278 | | $ 461, 300 | | $ 43, 648. 01 | | 10, 431, 477 | | federal parliamentary democracy under constitutional monarchy | | no ( conscription was abolished as of 1 january 1994 under the so - called delacroix bill of 6 july 1993 ) | | belize | | 22, 806 | | $ 1, 431 | | $ 4, 327. 67", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4465292170831192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.168948"} {"text": "| no ( conscription was abolished as of 1 january 1994 under the so - called delacroix bill of 6 july 1993 ) | | belize | | 22, 806 | | $ 1, 431 | | $ 4, 327. 67 | | 321, 115 | | parliamentary democracy | | no. military service is voluntary. | | bolivia | | 1, 084, 390 | | $ 19, 180 | | $ 1, 839. 61 | | 10, 118, 683 | | republic | | yes ( when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal ) | | bosnia and herzegovina | | 51, 197 | | $ 16, 320 | | $ 4, 246. 54 | | 4, 622, 163 | | emerging federal democratic republic | | no ( abolished on january 1, 2006. ) | | bulgaria | | 110, 550 | | $ 44, 840 | | $ 5, 409. 09 | | 7, 093, 635 | | parliamentary democracy | | no ( abolished by law on january 1, 2008 ) | | canada | | 9, 093, 507 | | $ 1, 564, 000 | | $ 42, 886. 91 | | 34, 030, 589 | | constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation | | no | | croatia | | 56, 414 | | $ 59, 920 | | $ 11, 430. 32 | | 4, 290, 612 | | presidential / parliamentary democracy | | no ( abolished by law in 2008 ) | | czech republic | | 77, 276 | | $ 195, 200 | | $ 17, 137. 98 | | 10, 190, 213 | | parliamentary democracy | | no ( abolished in 2005 ) | | denmark | | 42, 394 | | $ 311, 900 | | $ 57, 039. 71 | | 5, 529, 888 | | constitutional monarchy | | yes ( alternative service available ) | | el salvador | | 20, 720 | | $ 21, 800 | | $ 3, 520. 10 | | 6, 071, 774 | | republic | | no. legal, not practiced. | | estonia | | 43, 211 | | $ 18, 800 | | $ 16, 171. 29 | | 1, 282, 963 | | parliamentary republic | | yes ( alternative service available ) | | finland | | 304, 473 | | $ 238, 000 | | $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44460884665426287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.170865"} {"text": "$ 18, 800 | | $ 16, 171. 29 | | 1, 282, 963 | | parliamentary republic | | yes ( alternative service available ) | | finland | | 304, 473 | | $ 238, 000 | | $ 46, 769. 47 | | 5, 259, 250 | | republic | | yes ( alternative service available ) | | france | | 640, 053 | | $ 2, 555, 000 | | $ 35, 240. 62 | | 65, 102, 719 | | republic | | no ( suspended for peacetime in 2001 ) | | germany | | 349, 223 | | $ 3, 306, 000 | | $ 40, 315. 05 | | 81, 471, 834 | | federal parliamentary republic | | no ( suspended for peacetime by federal legislature effective from 1 july 2011 ) | | grenada | | 344 | | $ 645 | | $ 6, 201. 92 | | 108, 419 | | parliamentary democracy | | no ( no military service ) | | hungary | | 92, 340 | | $ 132, 300 | | $ 13, 901. 01 | | 9, 976, 062 | | parliamentary democracy | | no ( peacetime conscription abolished in 2004 ) | yes, selective conscription ( fwcc ) | italy | | 294, 020 | | $ 2, 037, 000 | | $ 33, 599. 20 | | 61, 016, 804 | | unitary parliamentary constitutional republic | | no ( suspended for peacetime in 2005 ) | | jamaica | | 10, 831 | | $ 13, 740 | | $ 5, 077. 93 | | 2, 868, 380 | | constitutional parliamentary democracy | | no | | japan | | 374, 744 | | $ 5, 391, 000 | | $ 34, 402. 26 | | 126, 475, 664 | | constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government | | no | yes. the government decided in 2007 to reintroduce conscription, which had been suspended in 1999. | north korea | | 120, 538 | | $ 28, 000 | | $ 1, 800. 00 | | 24, 720, 407 | | communist state one - man dictatorship | | yes | | lebanon | | 10, 230 | | $ 39, 150 | | $ 9, 259, 70 | | 4, 143, 101 | | sources differ | | no ( abolished in 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.424473739811578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.172685"} {"text": "| communist state one - man dictatorship | | yes | | lebanon | | 10, 230 | | $ 39, 150 | | $ 9, 259, 70 | | 4, 143, 101 | | sources differ | | no ( abolished in 2007 ) ) | | libya | | 1, 759, 540 | | $ 77, 910 | | $ 12, 259. 64 | | 6, 597, 960 | | provisional parliamentary republic | | yes | | lithuania | | 65, 300 | | $ 35, 730 | | $ 10, 725. 96 | | 3, 221, 200 | | parliamentary democracy | | no ( suspended on september 15, 2008 ) | | macedonia | | 24, 856 | | $ 9, 170 | | $ 3, 646. 55 | | 2, 077, 328 | | parliamentary democracy | | no ( abolished in 2006 ) | | netherlands | | 33, 883 | | $ 770, 300 | | $ 46, 389. 35 | | 16, 680, 500 | | constitutional monarchy | | yes. compulsory attendance suspended. legal, suspended since 1997 ( except for curacao and aruba ). | | new zealand | | 268, 021 | | $ 138, 000 | | $ 31, 124. 18 | | 4, 290, 347 | | parliamentary democracy | | no, conscription abolished in december 1972. | | poland | | 304, 459 | | $ 470, 000 | | $ 12, 307. 90 | | 38, 441, 588 | | republic | | no ( ended in 2009 ) | | romania | | 230, 340 | | $ 158, 400 | | $ 7, 451. 95 | | 21, 413, 815 | | republic | | no ( ended in 2007 ) | | russia | | 16, 995, 800 | | $ 1, 477, 000 | | $ 9, 124. 49 | | 138, 739, 892 | | federation | | yes ( alternative service available ) | | sweden | | 410, 934 | | $ 444, 600 | | $ 50, 414. 75 | | 9, 088, 728 | | constitutional monarchy, unitary parliamentary representative democracy | | no ( ended in 2010 ) | | south africa | | 1, 219, 912 | | $ 354, 400 | | $ 7, 089. 23 | | 49, 004, 031 | | republic | | no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44635952811432855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.174059"} {"text": "| | no ( ended in 2010 ) | | south africa | | 1, 219, 912 | | $ 354, 400 | | $ 7, 089. 23 | | 49, 004, 031 | | republic | | no ( ended in 1994, formalized in 2002 ) | | spain | | 499, 542 | | $ 1, 375, 000 | | $ 35, 576. 38 | | 46, 148, 605 | | parliamentary monarchy | | no ( abolished by law on december 31, 2001 ) | | switzerland | | 39, 770 | | $ 522, 400 | | $ 66, 408. 19 | | 7, 639, 961 | | a confederation only in name, legally and structurally a federal republic | | yes ( alternative service available ) | | syria | | 184, 050 | | $ 59, 630 | | $ 1, 954. 98 | | 21, 125, 000 | | republic under an authoritarian military - dominated regime | | yes | | taiwan | | 32, 260 | | $ 427, 000 | | $ 16, 768. 11 | | 23, 071, 779 | | multi - party democracy | | yes ( alternative service available ) an all - volunteer force is planned by the end of 2014, but conscription will remain in practice thereafter. | trinidad and tobago | | 5, 128 | | $ 21, 200 | | $ 16, 088. 47 | | 1, 227, 505 | | parliamentary democracy | | no | | turkey | | 770, 760 | | $ 729, 100 | | $ 9, 889. 72 | | 78, 785, 548 | | republican parliamentary democracy | | yes | | united kingdom | | 241, 590 | | $ 2, 259, 000 | | $ 45, 626. 38 | | 62, 435, 709 | | constitutional monarchy and commonwealth realm | | no ( abolished december 31, 1960, except bermuda regiment ) | | united states | | 9, 161, 923 | | $ 14, 620, 000 | | $ 45, 958. 70 | | 311, 705, 000 | | constitution - based federal republic | | no draft abolished in 1975 by president gerald ford ; however males between 18 \u2013 25 need to register with the u. s. selective service system. | conscription by jurisdiction - conscription in australia - conscription in brazil - conscription in cyprus - conscription in canada - conscription in egypt -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43080483768735045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.175266"} {"text": "1975 by president gerald ford ; however males between 18 \u2013 25 need to register with the u. s. selective service system. | conscription by jurisdiction - conscription in australia - conscription in brazil - conscription in cyprus - conscription in canada - conscription in egypt - conscription in finland - conscription in germany - conscription in gibraltar - conscription in greece - conscription in israel - conscription in malaysia - conscription in mexico - conscription in new zealand - conscription in russia - conscription in serbia - conscription in singapore - conscription in south korea - conscription in switzerland - conscription in the netherlands - conscription in the ottoman empire - conscription in the philippines - conscription in the republic of china ( taiwan ) - conscription in the russian empire - conscription in the united kingdom - conscription in the united states - conscription in turkey - conscription in western sahara arguments against conscription historically, the vast majority of conscription measures involve male - only participation. even today, most countries mandating conscription only do so for males. men who opt out of military service must often perform alternative service, such as zivildienst in austria and switzerland, whereas women do not have even these obligations. nominally gender - equal societies such as finland and denmark also employ male - only conscription, as have the netherlands and sweden in contemporary times. the onerous time and other commitments involved with conscription, spanning two years in many cases, raises serious questions about the fairness of such programs and how they fit in with expectations of equal treatment irrespective of sex. while women, almost always exempt from conscription, are free to pursue work, study and other activities, men ' s early career and life prospects can be impeded by conscription. american libertarians oppose conscription and call for the abolition of the selective service system, believing that impressment of individuals into the armed forces is involuntary servitude. ron paul, a former leader of the libertarian party has said, \" conscription is wrongly associated with patriotism, when it really represents slavery and involuntary servitude. \" the philosopher ayn rand opposed it because \" of all the statist violations of individual rights in a mixed economy, the military draft is the worst. it is an abrogation of rights. it negates man \u2019 s fundamental right \u2014 the right to life \u2014 and establishes the fundamental principle of statism : that a man \u2019 s life belongs to the state, and the state may claim it by compelling him to sacrifice it in battle. \" in 1917, a number of radicals and anarchists, including emma goldman, challenged the new draft law in federal court arguing that it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48184400940108435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.176307"} {"text": "s life belongs to the state, and the state may claim it by compelling him to sacrifice it in battle. \" in 1917, a number of radicals and anarchists, including emma goldman, challenged the new draft law in federal court arguing that it was a direct violation of the thirteenth amendment ' s prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude. however, the supreme court unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the draft act in the case of arver v. united states on january 7, 1918. the decision said the constitution gave congress the power to declare war and to raise and support armies. the court emphasized the principle of the reciprocal rights and duties of citizens : - \" it may not be doubted that the very conception of a just government in its duty to the citizen includes the reciprocal obligation of the citizen to render military service in case of need and the right to compel. \". it can be argued that in a cost - to - benefit ratio, conscription during peace time is not worthwhile. months or years of service amongst the most fit and capable subtracts from the productivity of the economy ; add to this the cost of training them, and in some countries paying them. compared to these extensive costs, some would argue there is very little benefit ; if there ever was a war then conscription and basic training could be completed quickly, and in any case there is little threat of a war in most countries with conscription. in the united states, every male resident must register with the selective service system on his 18th birthday and is available for a draft. the cost of conscription can be related to the parable of the broken window. the cost of the work, military service, does not disappear even if no salary is paid. the work effort of the conscripts is effectively wasted, as an unwilling workforce is extremely inefficient. the impact is especially severe in wartime, when civilian professionals are forced to fight as amateur soldiers. not only is the work effort of the conscripts wasted and productivity lost, but professionally skilled conscripts are also difficult to replace in the civilian workforce. every soldier conscripted in the army is taken away from his civilian work, and away from contributing to the economy which funds the military. this is not a problem in an agrarian or pre - industrialized state where the level of education is universally low, and where a worker is easily replaced by another. however, this proves extremely problematic in a post - industrial society where educational levels are high and where the workforce is highly sophisticated and a replacement for a con", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48198885697933613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.177451"} {"text": "state where the level of education is universally low, and where a worker is easily replaced by another. however, this proves extremely problematic in a post - industrial society where educational levels are high and where the workforce is highly sophisticated and a replacement for a conscripted specialist is difficult to find. even direr economic consequences result if the professional conscripted as an amateur soldier is killed or maimed for life ; his work effort and productivity is irrevocably lost. arguments for conscription political and moral motives jean jacques rousseau argued vehemently against professional armies, feeling it was the right and privilege of every citizen to participate to the defense of the whole society and a mark of moral decline to leave this business to professionals. he based this view on the development of the roman republic, which came to an end at the same time as the roman army changed from a conscript to professional force. similarly, aristotle linked the division of armed service among the populace intimately with the political order of the state. niccolo machiavelli argued strongly for conscription, seeing the professional armies as the cause of the failure of societal unity in italy. other proponents, such as william james, consider both mandatory military and national service as ways of instilling maturity in young adults. some proponents, such as jonathan alter and mickey kaus, support a draft in order to reinforce social equality, create social consciousness, break down class divisions and for young adults to immerse themselves in public enterprise. economic & resource efficiency it is estimated by the british military that in a professional military, a company deployed for active duty in peacekeeping corresponds to three inactive companies at home. salaries for each are paid from the military budget. in contrast, volunteers from a trained reserve are in their civilian jobs when they are not deployed. - civil conscription - civilian public service - economic conscription - impressment and the quota system - indentured servant - involuntary servitude - national service - bevin boys - ephebic oath - list of countries by number of troops - men ' s rights - military history - military recruitment - timeline of women ' s participation in warfare - \" conscription \". merriam - webster online. - war and state formation in ancient... \u2013 google books - \" seeking sanctuary : draft dodgers \". cbc digital archives. - \" world war ii \". the canadian encyclopedia. - postgate, j. n. ( 1992 ). early mesopotamia society and economy at the dawn of history. routledge. p. 242. isbn 0 - 415 - 11032 - 7.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.498871623601874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.179582"} {"text": "- \" world war ii \". the canadian encyclopedia. - postgate, j. n. ( 1992 ). early mesopotamia society and economy at the dawn of history. routledge. p. 242. isbn 0 - 415 - 11032 - 7. - postgate, j. n. ( 1992 ). early mesopotamia society and economy at the dawn of history. routledge. p. 243. isbn 0 - 415 - 11032 - 7 - great wall - sturdy, david alfred the great constable ( 1995 ), p153 - bernard lewis. \" race and slavery in the middle east \". chapter readings for class at fordham university. - \" in the service of the state and military class \". - \" janissary corps, or janizary, or yeniceri ( turkish military ) \". encyclop\u00e6dia britannica online. - \" the mamluk ( slave ) dynasty ( timeline ) \". sunnah online. - lewis ( 1994 ). \" race and slavery in the middle east \". oxford university press. - \" conscription \". archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31. - dierk walter. preussische heeresreformen 1807 \u2013 1870 : militarische innovation und der mythos der \" roonschen reform \". 2003, in citino, p. 130 - \" military service in russia empire \". roots - saknes. lv. - \" conscription and resistance : the historical context archived from the original \". 2008 - 06 - 03. archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 03. - \" records of the selective service system ( world war i ) \". ; see also selective service act of 1917 and selective training and service act of 1940. - \" the german volkssturm from intelligence bulletin \". lonesentry. com. february 1945. - \" cbc news indepth : international military \". cbc news. - roger broad, conscription in britain 1939 \u2013 1964 : the militarization of a generation ( 2006 ) - daniel hucker, \" franco - british relations and the question of conscription in britain, 1938 \u2013 1939, \" contemporary european history, nov 2008, vol. 17 issue 4, pp 437 \u2013 456 - jeremy a. crang, \" ' come into the army, maud ' : women, military conscription, and the markham inquiry, \" defence studies, nov 2008, vol. 8 issue 3, pp 381 \u2013 395 ; statistics from pp 392 \u2013 3 - those were the days", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46585829289660136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.180561"} {"text": "\" ' come into the army, maud ' : women, military conscription, and the markham inquiry, \" defence studies, nov 2008, vol. 8 issue 3, pp 381 \u2013 395 ; statistics from pp 392 \u2013 3 - those were the days - gill, linda. \" military conscription, recruiting and the draft \". about. com us politics. - united states. war dept ; joel roberts poinsett ( 1840 ). plan of the standing army of 200, 000 men : submitted to congress by the secretary of war, and recommended by the president of the united states. s. n. pp. 8. - * albert burton moore. conscription and conflict in the confederacy 1924 online edition - john whiteclay chambers ii, to raise an army : the draft comes to modern america ( 1987 ) - flynn ( 1993 ) - george q. flynn, the draft, 1940 \u2013 1973 ( 1993 ) - ben shephard ( 2003 ). a war of nerves : soldiers and psychiatrists in the twentieth century. harvard university press. p. 18. isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 01119 - 9. - carol r. ember ; melvin ember ( 2003 ). encyclopedia of sex and gender : men and women in the world ' s cultures. volume 2. springer. pp. 108 \u2013 109. isbn 978 - 0 - 306 - 47770 - 6.. - \" cia world factbook : benin \". - \" cia world factbook : chad \". - \" cia world factbook : cuba \". - \" cbc news indepth : international military \". - \" the economic costs and the political allure of conscription \". ( see footnote 3 ) - \" cia world factbook : eritrea \". - \" cia world factbook : israel \". - \" cia world factbook : libya \". - \" cia world factbook : north korea \". - roger broad ( 2006 ). conscription in britain, 1939 \u2013 1964 : the militarisation of a generation. taylor & francis. p. 244. isbn 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5701 - 1. ^ conscription into military service. peace pledge union. - gwladys fouche and balazs koranyi ( 14 june, 2013 ) : norway becomes first nato country to draft women into military reuters, retrieved 15 june, 2013 - marie melgard and karen tjernshaugen ( 14 april, 2013 ) : stortinget vedtar verneplikt for kv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4373613154762166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.181420"} {"text": "norway becomes first nato country to draft women into military reuters, retrieved 15 june, 2013 - marie melgard and karen tjernshaugen ( 14 april, 2013 ) : stortinget vedtar verneplikt for kvinner 14. juni ( norwegian ) aftenposten, retrieved 16 june, 2013 - jack cassin - scott ; angus mcbride ( 1980 ). women at war, 1939 \u2013 45. osprey publishing. pp. 33 \u2013 34. isbn 978 - 0 - 85045 - 349 - 2. - \" draft women? \". time. january 15, 1945. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12. - kalisch, pa ; kalisch pa, kalisch bj ( 1973 ). \" the women ' s draft. an analysis of the controversy over the nurses ' selective service bill of 1945 \". nursing research ( pubmed ) 22 ( 5 ) : 402 \u2013 13. pmid 4580476. retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12. - \" rostker v. goldberg \". cornell law school. retrieved 26 december 2006. - \" judicial yuan interpretation 490 \". translated by jiunn - rong yeh. - ( chinese ) \" attachment of the standard of the class of physical condition of a draftee \". conscription agency, ministry of the interior. [ dead link ] - \" nationmaster : land area \". re source : \" cia world factbooks \". 18 december 2003 to 18 december 2008. - \" nationmaster : gdp \". source = \" cia world factbooks \". 18 december 2003 to 18 december 2008. - \" nationmaster : per capita gdp \". source : \" cia world factbooks \". 18 december 2003 to 18 december 2008. - \" nationmaster : population \". source : \" world development indicators database \". [ dead link ] and \" cia world factbook \". - \" nationmaster : government type \". source : \" cia world factbooks \". 18 december 2003 to 18 december 2008. - \" nationmaster : conscription \". source : office of the united nations high commissioner for human rights, geneva, switzerland, 1997. data collected from the nations concerned, or as otherwise indicated. - koci, jonilda ( august 21, 2008159, 00 ). \" albania to abolish conscription by 2010 \". setimes. retrieved 4 september 2010. - \" report for selected countries and subjects : argentina, 2007 \u2013 2010 \". imf. org. - conscription was abolished by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40772973846874333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.183073"} {"text": ", 00 ). \" albania to abolish conscription by 2010 \". setimes. retrieved 4 september 2010. - \" report for selected countries and subjects : argentina, 2007 \u2013 2010 \". imf. org. - conscription was abolished by law in 1973. but the defence act 1903 as amended retained a provision that it could be reintroduced by proclamation of the governor - general. potentially all australian residents between the ages of 18 and 60 could be called up in this way. however, the defence legislation amendment act 1992 further provided that any such proclamation is of no effect until it is approved by both houses of parliament. though actual legislation is not required, the effect of this provision is to make the introduction of conscription impossible without the approval of both the senate and the house of representatives, gary brown ( october 12, 1999 ). \" current issues brief 7 1999 \u2013 2000 \u2014 military conscription : issues for australia \". parliamentary library ; foreign affairs, defence and trade group. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10. - \" official information website \". - \" the world factbook : military service age and obligation \". cia. - \" south america > bolivia > military \". nationmaster. com. - nato and the defence reform commission : partners for progress ( setimes. com ) - country report and updates : bulgaria22 october 2008. war resisters ' international. 22 octobar 2008. - \" country report and updates : china \". war resisters ' international. 15 march 1998. \" all male citizens must register at the local pla office in the year they reach the age of 18. local governments get annual recruitment quotas, and local pla offices select recruits according to medical and political criteria and military requirements. call - up for military service then takes place at the age of 18. \" - \" croatia to abolish conscription military service sooner \". southeast european times. may 10, 2007. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30. - note : a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting cyprus began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963 ; this separation was further solidified after the turkish intervention in july 1974 that followed a greek junta - supported coup attempt gave the turkish cypriots de facto control in the north ; greek cypriots control the only internationally recognized government ; on 15 november 1983 turkish cypriot \" president \" rauf denktash declared independence and the formation of a \" turkish republic of northern cyprus \" ( trnc ), which is recognized only by turkey - \" official site of ministry of defense and armed forces of the czech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4078538718073176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.184375"} {"text": "1983 turkish cypriot \" president \" rauf denktash declared independence and the formation of a \" turkish republic of northern cyprus \" ( trnc ), which is recognized only by turkey - \" official site of ministry of defense and armed forces of the czech republic \". ministry of defense and armed forces of the czech republic. retrieved 2 january 2013. - \" country report and updates : denmark \". war resisters international. 2008 - 10 - 23. - \" v\u00e6rnepligtsloven ( law on conscription ) \" ( in danish ). - \" lov om v\u00e6rnepligtens opfyldelse ved civilt arbejde ( law on fulfilling conscription duties by civilian work ) ( in danish ) \". - includes the overseas regions of french guiana, guadeloupe, martinique, and reunion. \" france \". cia world factbook. retrieved 2008 - 04 - 09. - \" country report and updates : france \". war resisters ' international. october 23, 2008. - http : / / www. gesetze - im - internet. de / wehrpflg / _ _ 2. html section 2 of the german conscription act ( german ) - country report and updates : hungary. war resisters ' international. october 23, 2008. - nationmaster : conscription, citing friends world committee for consultation ( fwcc ) - \" conscription for indonesia? \". - \" wajib militer di indonesia!! \". - \" pemerintah : komponen cadangan bukan wajib militer \". - \" italy \". orld survey of conscription and conscientious objection to military service. war resisters international. 23 october 2008. - child soldiers global report 2008 indicates, citing \" mustafa al - riyalat - \" korea, north \". cia world factbook. - \" north korea, military conscription and terms of service \". based on the country studies series by federal research division of the library of congress. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12.. - lebanon \u2013 constitution, adopted on may 23, 1926. ( para ( c ) of the preamble, and article 4 ) - \" lebanon \". cia world factbook. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 - sources differ regarding the precise type of government - cia factbook : libya. - \" cia factbook : lithuania \". - \" lithuania : conscription suspended \". war resisters ' international. - macedonia : conscription abolished. war resisters ' international", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42961763054318847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.185572"} {"text": "- sources differ regarding the precise type of government - cia factbook : libya. - \" cia factbook : lithuania \". - \" lithuania : conscription suspended \". war resisters ' international. - macedonia : conscription abolished. war resisters ' international. 1 june 2006 - \" burma to bring in conscription \". january 11, 2011. retrieved january 13, 2011. [ dead link ] - burma : world ' s highest number of child soldiers. human rights watch. october 15, 2002. - six youths conscripted into burmese army. narinjara news. august 4, 2009. - arakanese youth arrested and conscripted by burmese army. war resisters ' international. june 19, 2009. - six youths conscripted into burmese army. narinjara. august 4, 2009. - conscription still exists, but compulsory attendance was held in abeyance per january 1, 1997 ( effective per august 22, 1996 ), ( unknown ) ( october 12, 1999 ). \" afschaffing dienstplicht \". tweede kamer ( dutch house of representatives ) and the koninklijke bibliotheek ( royal dutch library ). retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27. - \" 1987 constitution of the republic of the philippines \". chan robles law library. - section 4 article ii of the philippine constitution reads, \" the prime duty of the government is to serve and protect the people. the government may call upon the people to defend the state and, in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service. \" section 4 article xvi of the philippine constitution reads, \" the armed forces of the philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve as may be provided by law. it shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the state. \" - \" poland ' s defence minister, bogdan klich, said the country will move towards a professional army and that from january, only volunteers will join the armed forces. \", matthew day ( 5 august 2008 ). \" poland ends army conscription \". london : telegraph. co. uk. retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 - informations about national defense day ( in portuguese ) - background note : romania. bureau of european and eurasian affairs, us department ofstate. april 2008. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 - changing the way slovenia sees the armed forces. slonews. november 18,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44086572183160144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.187000"} {"text": "day ( in portuguese ) - background note : romania. bureau of european and eurasian affairs, us department ofstate. april 2008. retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 - changing the way slovenia sees the armed forces. slonews. november 18, 2003. retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 - sweden scraps military conscription. http : / / www. washingtontimes. com. 2010 - 07 - 01. retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01. \" the new policy means that required military service will be applied only if the neutral nordic nation of 9 million feels threatened. \" - end conscription campaign ( ecc ). south african history online. retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 - \" cuenta atras para que el ultimo recluta vaya a la mili \". november 9, 2000 - the situation of conscientious objectors in switzerland \u2013 compared with the guidelines of the european union, zentralstelle - kdv. de - \" taiwan \". cia world factbook. retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09. ( estimates based on 2006 data ) - substitute service center. department of compulsory military service, taipei city government. retrieved july 25, 2008 [ dead link ] - jimmy chuang ( march 10, 2009 ). \" professional military by 2014 : mnd \". taipei times. - committee publishes report on overseas territories ( item 26 ), 4 july 2008. - the united states abandoned the draft in 1973 under president richard nixon, ended the selective service registration requirement in 1975 under president gerald ford. in 1980, congress reinstated mandatory registering with the u. s. selective service system. - selective service system. who must register. accessed 20 january 2012. - \" constitution of the bolivarian r e p u b l i c of venezuela \". analitica. com. december 20, 1999 ( promulgation date ). retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01. ( articles 134, 135 ). - immigration and refugee board of canada ( 18 december 2003 ). venezuela : military service, including length of service, existence of alternative forms of service and penalties imposed on those who refuse to serve. u. n. refugee agency. retrieved 2009 - 11 - 01 - \" conscription and the military \". libertarian party. dehnbase. org. - u. s. representative ron paul conscription is slavery, antiwar. com, january 14, 2003. - draft \u2014 ayn rand lexicon - john whiteclay chambers ii, to raise an army : the draft comes to modern america ( 1987 ) p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4230582968028095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.188028"} {"text": "s. representative ron paul conscription is slavery, antiwar. com, january 14, 2003. - draft \u2014 ayn rand lexicon - john whiteclay chambers ii, to raise an army : the draft comes to modern america ( 1987 ) p 219 - 20 - henderson, david r. \" the role of economists in ending the draft \" ( august 2005 ). - milton friedman ( 1967 ). \" why not a volunteer army? \". new individualist review. retrieved 9 11 2008. - rousseau, j - j. social contract. chapter \" the roman comitia \" - aristotle, politics, book 6 chapter vii and book 4 chapter xiii. - william james ( 1906 ). \" the moral equivalent of war \". - alter, jonathan. \" cop out on class \". newsweek. - \" interview with mickey kaus \". realclearpolitics. com. - postrel, virginia. \" overcoming merit \". - gustav hagglund ( 2006 ). leijona ja kyyhky ( in finnish ). otava. isbn 951 - 1 - 21161 - 7 | look up conscription in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | | wikimedia commons has media related to : conscription | - burk, james ( april 1989 ). \" debating the draft in america, \" armed forces and society p. vol. 15 : pp. 431 \u2013 448. - challener, richard d. the french theory of the nation in arms, 1866 \u2013 1939 ( 1955 ) - chambers, john whiteclay. to raise an army : the draft comes to modern america ( 1987 ) - fitzpatrick, edward ( 1940 ). conscription and america : a study of conscription in a democracy. richard publishing company. asin b000gy5qw2. - flynn, george q. ( 1998 33 ( 1 ) : 5 \u2013 20 ). \" conscription and equity in western democracies, 1940 \u2013 75, \" journal of contemporary history in jstor - flynn, george q. ( 2001 ). conscription and democracy : the draft in france, great britain, and the united states. greenwood. p. 303. isbn 0 - 313 - 31912 - x. - kestnbaum, meyer ( october 2000 ). citizenship and compulsory military service : the revolutionary origins of conscription in the united states. armed forces & society. p. vol. 27 : pp. 7 \u2013 36. - levi, margaret ( 1997 ). consent, dissent and patriot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816006706553175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.188853"} {"text": "october 2000 ). citizenship and compulsory military service : the revolutionary origins of conscription in the united states. armed forces & society. p. vol. 27 : pp. 7 \u2013 36. - levi, margaret ( 1997 ). consent, dissent and patriotism. new york : cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 59961 - 0. looks at citizens ' responses to military conscription in several democracies since the french revolution. - linch, kevin ( 2012 ). conscription. mainz : institute of european history ( ieg ). - krueger, christine, and sonja levsen, eds. war volunteering in modern times : from the french revolution to the second world war ( palgrave macmillan 2011 ) - leander, anna ( july 2004 ). drafting community : understanding the fate of conscription. armed forces & society. p. vol. 30 : pp. 571 \u2013 599. - maclean, alair. the privileges of rank : the peacetime draft and later - life attainment. date = july 2008. p. vol. 34 : pp. 682 \u2013 713. - mjoset, lars and stephen van holde, eds. ( 2002 ). the comparative study of conscription in the armed forces. amsterdam : jai press / elsevier science ltd. p. 424. - pfaffenzeller, stephan. 2010. \u201c conscription and democracy : the mythology of civil \u2014 military relations. \u201d armed forces & society april vol. 36 pp. 481 \u2013 504, doi : 10. 1177 / 0095327x09351226 http : / / afs. sagepub. com / content / 36 / 3 / 481. abstract - sorensen, henning ( january 2000 ). conscription in scandinavia during the last quarter century : developments and arguments. armed forces & society. p. vol. 26 : pp. 313 \u2013 334. - stevenson, michael d. ( 2001 ). canada ' s greatest wartime muddle : national selective service and the mobilization of human resources during world war ii. mcgill - queen ' s university press. p. 235. isbn 0 - 7735 - 2263 - 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46386403430229434, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.189571"} {"text": "nuclear power in japan prior to the earthquake and tsunami of march 2011, and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it, japan generated 30 % of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40 %. nuclear energy was a national strategic priority in japan, but there had been concern about the ability of japan ' s nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity. the kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007. the 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems at the fukushima i nuclear power plant on march 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared. this was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in japan, and 140, 000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. the total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing. on 6 may 2011, prime minister naoto kan ordered the hamaoka nuclear power plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8. 0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years. problems in stabilizing the fukushima i nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power. as of june 2011, \" more than 80 percent of japanese now say they are anti - nuclear and distrust government information on radiation \". as of october 2011, there have been electricity shortages, but japan survived the summer without the extensive blackouts that had been predicted. an energy white paper, approved by the japanese cabinet in october 2011, says \" public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged \" by the fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation \u2019 s reliance on nuclear power. many of japan ' s nuclear plants have been closed, or their operation has been suspended for safety inspections. the last of japan ' s 50 reactors ( tomari - 3 ) went offline for maintenance on may 5, 2012., leaving japan completely without nuclear - produced electrical power for the first time since 1970. despite protests, on 1 july 2012 unit 3 of the oi nuclear power plant was restarted. as of september 2012, oi units 3 and 4 are japan ' s only operating nuclear power plants, although the city and prefecture of osaka have requested they be shut down. in 1954, japan budgeted 230 million yen for nuclear energy, marking the beginning of the program. the atomic energy basic law limited activities to only peaceful purposes. the first nuclear reactor in japan was built by the uk ' s gec and was commissioned in 1966. in the 1970s, the first light water reactors were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4700194933276415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.222608"} {"text": "marking the beginning of the program. the atomic energy basic law limited activities to only peaceful purposes. the first nuclear reactor in japan was built by the uk ' s gec and was commissioned in 1966. in the 1970s, the first light water reactors were built in cooperation with american companies. these plants were bought from u. s. vendors such as general electric and westinghouse with contractual work done by japanese companies, who would later get a license themselves to build similar plant designs. developments in nuclear power since that time have seen contributions from japanese companies and research institutes on the same level as the other big users of nuclear power. robert jay lifton has asked how japan, after its experience with the atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki, could \" allow itself to draw so heavily on the same nuclear technology for the manufacture of about a third of its energy \". he says : there was resistance, much of it from hiroshima and nagasaki survivors. but there was also a pattern of denial, cover - up and cozy bureaucratic collusion between industry and government, the last especially notorious in japan but by no means limited to that country. even then, pro - nuclear power forces could prevail only by managing to instill in the minds of japanese people a dichotomy between the physics of nuclear power and that of nuclear weapons, an illusory distinction made not only in japan but throughout the world. japan ' s nuclear industry was not hit as hard by the effects of the three mile island accident ( tmi ) or the chernobyl disaster as some other countries. construction of new plants continued to be strong through the 1980s, 1990s, and up to the present day. while many new plants had been proposed, all were subsequently canceled or never brought past initial planning. canceled plant orders include : - the maki nuclear power plant at maki, niigata ( kambara ) \u2014 canceled in 2003 - the kushima nuclear power plant at kushima, miyazaki \u2014 1997 - the ashihama nuclear power plant at ashihama, mie \u2014 2000 ( the first project at the site in the 1970s was completed at hamaoka as unit 1 & 2 ) - the hohoku nuclear power plant at hohoku, yamaguchi \u2014 1994 - the suzu nuclear power plant at suzu, ishikawa \u2014 2003 however, starting in the mid - 1990s there were several nuclear related accidents and cover - ups in japan that eroded public perception of the industry, resulting in protests and resistance to new plants. these accidents included the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4843988844805805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.223663"} {"text": "at suzu, ishikawa \u2014 2003 however, starting in the mid - 1990s there were several nuclear related accidents and cover - ups in japan that eroded public perception of the industry, resulting in protests and resistance to new plants. these accidents included the tokaimura nuclear accident, the mihama steam explosion, cover - ups after an accidents at the monju reactor, among others, more recently the chuetsu offshore earthquake aftermath. while exact details may be in dispute, it is clear that the safety culture in japan ' s nuclear industry has come under greater scrutiny. on april 18, 2007, japan and the united states signed the united states - japan joint nuclear energy action plan, aimed at putting in place a framework for the joint research and development of nuclear energy technology. each country will conduct research into fast reactor technology, fuel cycle technology, advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors, safeguards and physical protection ; and nuclear waste management. in march 2008, tokyo electric power company announced that the start of operation of four new nuclear power reactors would be postponed by one year due to the incorporation of new earthquake resistance assessments. units 7 and 8 of the fukushima daiichi plant would now enter commercial operation in october 2014 and october 2015, respectively. unit 1 of the higashidori plant is now scheduled to begin operating in december 2015, while unit 2 will start up in 2018 at the earliest. as of september 2008, japanese ministries and agencies were seeking an increase in the 2009 budget by 6 %. the total requested comes to 491. 4 billion japanese yen ( 4. 6 billion usd ), and the focuses of research are development of the fast breeder reactor cycle, next - generation light water reactors, the iter project, and seismic safety. a 2011 independent investigation in japan has \" revealed a long history of nuclear power companies conspiring with governments to manipulate public opinion in favour of nuclear energy \". one nuclear company \" even stacked public meetings with its own employees who posed as ordinary citizens to speak in support of nuclear power plants \". an energy white paper, approved by the japanese cabinet in october 2011, says \" public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged \" by the fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation \u2019 s reliance on nuclear power. it also omits a section on nuclear power expansion that was in last year \u2019 s policy review. nuclear safety commission chairman haruki madarame told a parliamentary inquiry in february 2012 that \" japan ' s atomic safety rules are inferior to global", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48282732818940854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.224712"} {"text": ". it also omits a section on nuclear power expansion that was in last year \u2019 s policy review. nuclear safety commission chairman haruki madarame told a parliamentary inquiry in february 2012 that \" japan ' s atomic safety rules are inferior to global standards and left the country unprepared for the fukushima nuclear disaster last march \". there were flaws in, and lax enforcement of, the safety rules governing japanese nuclear power companies, and this included insufficient protection against tsunamis. as of 27 march 2012, japan had only one out of 54 nuclear reactors operating ; the tomari - 3, after the kashiwazaki - kariwa 6 was shut down. the tomari - 3 was shut down for maintenance on 5 may, leaving japan with no nuclear - derived electricity for the first time since 1970, when the country ' s then only two reactors was taken offline five days for maintenance. on 15 june 2012, approval was given to restart ohi units 3 and 4 which could take six weeks to bring them to full operation. on 1 july 2012 unit 3 of the oi nuclear power plant was restarted. this reactor can provide 1, 180 mw of electricity. on 21 july 2012 unit 4 was restarted, also 1, 180 mw. the national diet of japan fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission ( naiic ) is the first independent investigation commission by the national diet in the 66 - year history of japan \u2019 s constitutional government. naicc was established on december 8, 2011 with the mission to investigate the direct and indirect causes of the fukushima nuclear accident. naicc submitted its inquiry report to both houses on july 5, 2012. [ a ] the 10 - member commission compiled its report based on more than 1, 167 interviews and 900 hours of hearings. it was a six - month independent investigation, the first of its kind with wide - ranging subpoena powers in japan ' s constitutional history, which held public hearings with former prime minister naoto kan and tokyo electric power co ' s former president masataka shimizu, who gave conflicting accounts of the disaster response. the commission chairman, kiyoshi kurokawa, declared with respect to the fukushima nuclear incident : \u201c it was a profoundly man - made disaster \u2014 that could and should have been foreseen and prevented. \u201d he added that the \" fundamental causes \" of the disaster were rooted in \" the ingrained conventions of japanese culture. \" the report outlines errors and willful negligence at the plant before the 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4511733869891011, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.225713"} {"text": "##n and prevented. \u201d he added that the \" fundamental causes \" of the disaster were rooted in \" the ingrained conventions of japanese culture. \" the report outlines errors and willful negligence at the plant before the 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami on march 11, 2011 and a flawed response in the hours, days and weeks that followed. it also offers recommendations and encourages japan ' s parliament to \" thoroughly debate and deliberate \" the suggestions. japan has had a long history of earthquakes and seismic activity, and destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times a century. due to this, concern has been expressed about the particular risks of constructing and operating nuclear power plants in japan. amory lovins has said : \" an earthquake - and - tsunami zone crowded with 127 million people is an un - wise place for 54 reactors \". to date, the most serious seismic - related accident has been the fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster, following the 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami. professor katsuhiko ishibashi, one of the seismologists who have taken an active interest in the topic, coined the term genpatsu - shinsai ( \u539f \u767a ), from the japanese words for \" nuclear power \" and \" quake disaster \" to express the potential worst - case catastrophe that could ensue. dr kiyoo mogi, former chair of the japanese coordinating committee for earthquake prediction, has expressed similar concerns, stating in 2004 that the issue ' is a critical problem which can bring a catastrophe to japan through a man - made disaster '. warnings from kunihiko shimazaki, a professor of seismology at the university of tokyo, were also ignored. in 2004, as a member of an influential cabinet office committee on offshore earthquakes, mr. shimazaki \" warned that fukushima ' s coast was vulnerable to tsunamis more than twice as tall as the forecasts of as much as five meters put forth by regulators and tokyo electric \". minutes of the meeting on feb. 19, 2004, show that the government bureaucrats running the committee moved quickly to exclude his views from the committee ' s final report. he said the committee did not want to force tokyo electric to make expensive upgrades at the plant. hidekatsu yoshii, a member of the house of representatives for japanese communist party and an anti - nuclear campaigner, warned in march and october 2006 about the possibility of the severe damage that might be caused by a tsunami or earthquake. during a parliamentary committee in may 2010 he made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48474495614200314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.226803"} {"text": "member of the house of representatives for japanese communist party and an anti - nuclear campaigner, warned in march and october 2006 about the possibility of the severe damage that might be caused by a tsunami or earthquake. during a parliamentary committee in may 2010 he made similar claims, warning that the cooling systems of a japanese nuclear plant could be destroyed by a landslide or earthquake. in response yoshinobu terasaka, head of the nuclear and industrial safety agency, replied that the plants were so well designed that \" such a situation is practically impossible \". following damage at the kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant due to the 2007 chuetsu offshore earthquake, kiyoo mogi called for the immediate closure of the hamaoka nuclear power plant, which was knowingly built close to the centre of the expected tokai earthquake. katsuhiko ishibashi previously claimed, in 2004, that hamaoka was \" considered to be the most dangerous nuclear power plant in japan \". the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) has also expressed concern. at a meeting of the g8 ' s nuclear safety and security group, held in tokyo in 2008, an iaea expert warned that a strong earthquake with a magnitude above 7. 0 could pose a ' serious problem ' for japan ' s nuclear power stations. before fukushima, \" 14 lawsuits charging that risks had been ignored or hidden were filed in japan, revealing a disturbing pattern in which operators underestimated or hid seismic dangers to avoid costly upgrades and keep operating. but all the lawsuits were unsuccessful \". underscoring the risks facing japan, a 2012 research institute investigation has \" determined there is a 70 % chance of a magnitude - 7 earthquake striking the tokyo metropolitan area within the next four years, and 98 % over 30 years \". the march 2011 earthquake was a magnitude - 9. between 2005 and 2007, three japanese nuclear power plants were shaken by earthquakes that far exceeded the maximum peak ground acceleration used in their design. the tsunami that followed the 2011 tohoku earthquake, inundating the fukushima i nuclear power plant, was more than twice the design height, while the ground acceleration also slightly exceeded the design parameters. in 2006 a japanese government subcommittee was charged with revising the national guidelines on the earthquake - resistance of nuclear power plants, which had last been partially revised in 2001, resulting in the publication of a new seismic guide \u2014 the 2006 regulatory guide for reviewing seismic design of nuclear power reactor facilities. the subcommittee membership included professor ishibashi, however his proposal that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45841327299287793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.227885"} {"text": "power plants, which had last been partially revised in 2001, resulting in the publication of a new seismic guide \u2014 the 2006 regulatory guide for reviewing seismic design of nuclear power reactor facilities. the subcommittee membership included professor ishibashi, however his proposal that the standards for surveying active faults should be reviewed was rejected and he resigned at the final meeting, claiming that the review process was ' unscientific ' and the outcome rigged to suit the interests of the japan electric association, which had 11 of its committee members on the 19 - member government subcommittee. ishibashi has subsequently claimed that, although the new guide brought in the most far - reaching changes since 1978, it was ' seriously flawed ' because it underestimated the design basis earthquake ground motion. he has also claimed that the enforcement system is ' a shambles ' and questioned the independence of the nuclear safety commission after a senior nuclear and industrial safety agency official appeared to rule out a new review of the nsc ' s seismic design guide in 2007. following publication of the new 2006 seismic guide, the nuclear and industrial safety agency, at the request of the nuclear safety commission, required the design of all existing nuclear power plants to be re - evaluated. the standard of geological survey work in japan is another area causing concern. in 2008 taku komatsubara, a geologist at the national institute of advanced industrial science and technology alleged that that the presence of active faults was deliberately ignored when surveys of potential new power plant sites were undertaken, a view supported by a former topographer. takashi nakata, a seismologist from the hiroshima institute of technology has made similar allegations, and suggest that conflicts of interest between the japanese nuclear industry and the regulators contribute to the problem. a 2011 natural resources defense council report that evaluated the seismic hazard to reactors worldwide, as determined by the global seismic hazard assessment program data, placed 35 of japan ' s reactors in the group of 48 reactors worldwide in very high and high seismic hazard areas. nuclear power plants following the fukushima i nuclear accidents prime minister naoto kan has announced that all 6 of the reactors at the fukushima i nuclear power plant will be decommissioned. the plant operators had previously stated that reactors 1 to 4 would never operate again. for a list of nuclear reactors in japan, see list of nuclear reactors. in terms of consequences of radiation release and core damage the fukushima i nuclear accidents in 2011 were the worst experienced by the industry in addition to ranking among the worst civilian nuclear accidents, though no fatalities were caused and no serious exposure of radiation to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4943942034219784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.229766"} {"text": "reactors. in terms of consequences of radiation release and core damage the fukushima i nuclear accidents in 2011 were the worst experienced by the industry in addition to ranking among the worst civilian nuclear accidents, though no fatalities were caused and no serious exposure of radiation to workers occurred. the tokaimura reprocessing plant fire in 1999 had 2 worker deaths, one more exposed to radiation levels above legal limits and over 660 others received detectable radiation doses but below permissible levels, well below the threshold to affect human health. the mihama nuclear power plant experienced a steam explosion in one of the turbine buildings in 2004 where 4 workers were killed and seven others injured. fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster according to the federation of electric power companies of japan, \" by april 27 approximately 55 percent of the fuel in reactor unit 1 had melted, along with 35 percent of the fuel in unit 2, and 30 percent of the fuel in unit 3 ; and overheated spent fuels in the storage pools of units 3 and 4 probably were also damaged \". the accident exceeds the 1979 three mile island accident in seriousness, and is comparable to the 1986 chernobyl disaster. the economist reports that the fukushima disaster is \" a bit like three three mile islands in a row, with added damage in the spent - fuel stores \", and that there will be ongoing impacts : years of clean - up will drag into decades. a permanent exclusion zone could end up stretching beyond the plant \u2019 s perimeter. seriously exposed workers may be at increased risk of cancers for the rest of their lives... on march 24, 2011, japanese officials announced that \" radioactive iodine - 131 exceeding safety limits for infants had been detected at 18 water - purification plants in tokyo and five other prefectures \". officials said also that the fallout from the dai - ichi plant is \" hindering search efforts for victims from the march 11 earthquake and tsunami \". problems in stabilizing the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant have hardened attitudes to nuclear power. as of june 2011, \" more than 80 percent of japanese now say they are anti - nuclear and distrust government information on radiation \". the ongoing fukushima crisis may spell the end of nuclear power in japan, as \" citizen opposition grows and local authorities refuse permission to restart reactors that have undergone safety checks \". local authorities are skeptical that sufficient safety measures have been taken and are reticent to give their permission \u2013 now required by law \u2013 to bring suspended nuclear reactors back online. two government advisers have said that \" japan ' s safety review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4874275870595198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.231043"} {"text": "safety checks \". local authorities are skeptical that sufficient safety measures have been taken and are reticent to give their permission \u2013 now required by law \u2013 to bring suspended nuclear reactors back online. two government advisers have said that \" japan ' s safety review of nuclear reactors after the fukushima disaster is based on faulty criteria and many people involved have conflicts of interest \". hiromitsu ino, professor emeritus at the university of tokyo, says \" the whole process being undertaken is exactly the same as that used previous to the fukushima dai - ichi accident, even though the accident showed all these guidelines and categories to be insufficient \". in 2012, former prime minister naoto kan was interviewed about the fukushima nuclear disaster, and has said that at one point japan faced a situation where there was a chance that people might not be able to live in the capital zone including tokyo and would have to evacuate. he says he is haunted by the specter of an even bigger nuclear crisis forcing tens of millions of people to flee tokyo and threatening the nation ' s existence. \" if things had reached that level, not only would the public have had to face hardships but japan ' s very existence would have been in peril \". that convinced kan to \" declare the need for japan to end its reliance on atomic power and promote renewable sources of energy such solar that have long taken a back seat in the resource - poor country ' s energy mix \". other accidents of note include : - 1981 : almost 300 workers were exposed to excessive levels of radiation after a fuel rod ruptured during repairs at the tsuruga nuclear power plant. - december 1995 : the fast breeder monju nuclear power plant sodium leak. state - run operator donen was found to have concealed videotape footage that showed extensive damage to the reactor. - march 1997 : the tokaimura nuclear reprocessing plant fire and explosion, northeast of tokyo. 37 workers were exposed to low doses of radiation. donen later acknowledged it had initially suppressed information about the fire. - 1999 : a fuel loading system malfunctioned at a nuclear plant in the fukui prefecture and set off an uncontrolled nuclear reaction and explosion. - september 1999 : the criticality accident at the tokai fuel fabrication facility. hundreds of people were exposed to radiation, three workers received doses above legal limits of whom two later died. - 2000 : three tokyo electric power co. executives were forced to quit after the company in 1989 ordered an employee to edit out footage showing cracks in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4831660935863137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.232205"} {"text": "hundreds of people were exposed to radiation, three workers received doses above legal limits of whom two later died. - 2000 : three tokyo electric power co. executives were forced to quit after the company in 1989 ordered an employee to edit out footage showing cracks in nuclear plant steam pipes in video being submitted to regulators. - august 2002 : a widespread falsification scandal starting in that led to the shut down of all tokyo electric power company \u2019 s 17 nuclear reactors ; tokyo electric ' s officials had falsified inspection records and attempted to hide cracks in reactor vessel shrouds in 13 of its 17 units. - 2002 : two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire at onagawa nuclear power station in northern japan. - 9 august 2004 : four workers were killed after a steam explosion at the mihama - 3 station ; the subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program. - 2006 : a small amount of radioactive steam was released at the fukushima dai - ichi plant and it escaped the compound. - 16 july 2007 : a severe earthquake ( measuring 6. 8 on the richter scale ) hit the region where tokyo electric ' s kashiwazaki - kariwa nuclear power plant is located and radioactive water spilled into the sea of japan ; as of march 2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and repairs ; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power station in the world. nuclear organizations in japan - nuclear safety commission \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u5b89 \u4f1a - the japanese regulatory body for the nuclear industry. - japanese atomic energy commission ( aec ) \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u4f1a - now operating as a commission of inquiry to the japanese cabinet, this organization coordinates the entire nation ' s plans in the area of nuclear energy. - nuclear and industrial safety agency ( nisa ) \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u5b89 \u30fb \u4fdd \u5b89 - the nisa performs regulatory activities and was formed january 6, 2001, after a reorganization of governmental agencies. these organizations are government funded research organizations, though many of them have special status to give them power of administration separate from the japanese government. their origins date back to the atomic energy basic law, but they have been reorganized several times since their inception. - japan atomic energy research institute ( jaeri ) - \u65e5 \u672c \u539f \u5b50 \u529b - the original nuclear energy research organization established by the japanese government under cooperation with u. s. partners. - atomic fuel corporation - \u539f \u5b50", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5074389226161758, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.233262"} {"text": ". - japan atomic energy research institute ( jaeri ) - \u65e5 \u672c \u539f \u5b50 \u529b - the original nuclear energy research organization established by the japanese government under cooperation with u. s. partners. - atomic fuel corporation - \u539f \u5b50 \u516c \u793e - this organization was formed along with jaeri under the atomic energy basic law and was later reorganized to be pnc. - power reactor and nuclear fuel development corporation ( pnc ) - \u529b \u30fb \u767a \u4e8b - this organization succeeded the afc in 1967 in order to perform more direct construction of experimental nuclear plants, and was renamed jnc in 1998. - japan nuclear cycle development institute ( jnc ) - \u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb \u767a ( semi - governmental agency ) - was formed in 1998 as the direct successor to the pnc. this organization operated lojo and monju experimental and demonstration reactors. - japan atomic energy agency ( jaea ) - \u65e5 \u672c \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u767a - this is the modern, currently operating primary nuclear research organization in japan. it was formed by a merger of jaeri and jnc in 2005. electric utilities running nuclear plants japan is divided into a number of regions that each get electric service from their respective regional provider, all utilities hold a monopoly and are strictly regulated by the japanese government. for more background information see energy in japan. all regional utilities in japan currently operate nuclear plants with the exception of the okinawa electric power company. they are also all members of the federation of electric power companies ( fepco ) industry organization. the companies are listed below. - regional electric providers - hokkaido electric power company ( hepco ) - \u5317 \u6d77 \u9053 \u529b - tohoku electric power company ( tohoku electric ) - \u6771 \u5317 \u529b - tokyo electric power company ( tepco ) - \u6771 \u4eac \u529b - chubu electric power company ( chuden ) - \u4e2d \u90e8 \u529b - hokuriku electric power company ( rikuden ) - \u5317 \u529b - kansai electric power company ( kepco ) - \u897f \u529b - chugoku electric power company ( energia ) - \u4e2d \u56fd \u529b - shikoku electric power company ( yonden ) - \u56db \u56fd \u529b - kyushu electric power company ( kyushu electric ) - \u5dde \u529b - other companies with a stake in nuclear power - japc was created by special provisions from the japanese government to be the first company in japan to run a nuclear plant. today it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4781421396317997, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.234206"} {"text": "- kyushu electric power company ( kyushu electric ) - \u5dde \u529b - other companies with a stake in nuclear power - japc was created by special provisions from the japanese government to be the first company in japan to run a nuclear plant. today it still operates two separate sites. - electric power development company ( edpc, j - power ) - \u767a - this company was created by a special law after the end of world war ii, it operates a number of coal fired, hydroelectric, and wind power plants, the ohma nuclear plant that is under construction will mark its entrance to the industry upon completion. nuclear vendors and fuel cycle companies nuclear vendors provide fuel in its fabricated form, ready to be loaded in the reactor, nuclear services, and / or manage construction of new nuclear plants. the following is an incomplete list of companies based in japan that provide such services. the companies listed here provide fuel or services for commercial light water plants, and in addition to this, jaea has a small mox fuel fabrication plant. japan operates a robust nuclear fuel cycle. - nuclear fuel industries ( nfi ) - \u539f \u5b50 - japan nuclear fuel limited ( jnfl, jnf ) - \u65e5 \u672c \u539f - the shareholders of jnfl are the japanese utilities. jnfl plans to open a full scale enrichment facility in rokkasho, aomori with a capacity of 1. 5 million swu / yr along with a mox fuel fabrication facility. jnfl has also operated a nuclear fuel fabrication facility called kurihama nuclear fuel plant in yokosuka, kanagawa as gnf, producing bwr fuel. - mhi operates a fuel manufacturing plant in tokai, ibaraki, and contributes many heavy industry components to construction of new nuclear plants, and has recently designed its own apwr plant type, fuel fabrication has been completely pwr fuel, though mhi sells components to bwrs as well. it was selected by the japanese government to develop fast breeder reactor technology and formed mitsubishi fbr systems. mhi has also announced an alliance with areva to form a new company called atmea. - global nuclear fuel ( gnf ) - ge hitachi nuclear energy ( geh ) - \u65e5 \u7acb ge\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30af\u30ea\u30a2 \u30fb \u30a8\u30ca\u30b7\u30fc - this company was formed july 1, 2007. its next generation reactor, the esbwr has made significant progress with us regulators, and as of july 2007, has been submitted to english regulators as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44664983104017025, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.235184"} {"text": "##\u30e5\u30fc\u30af\u30ea\u30a2 \u30fb \u30a8\u30ca\u30b7\u30fc - this company was formed july 1, 2007. its next generation reactor, the esbwr has made significant progress with us regulators, and as of july 2007, has been submitted to english regulators as well for the generic design assessment ( gda ) process. - toshiba - \u6771 \u529b \u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0 \u793e \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u4e8b \u90e8 - toshiba has maintained a large nuclear business focused mostly on boiling water reactors. with the purchase of the american westinghouse by 5. 4 billion usd in 2006, which is focused mainly on pressurized water reactor technology, it increased the size of its nuclear business about two fold. toshiba has plans to continue significant expansion in the next decade. - recyclable - fuel storage co. - japan atomic industrial forum ( jaif ) \u65e5 \u672c \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u4f1a is a non - profit organization, established in 1956 to promote the peaceful use of atomic energy. - the atomic energy society of japan ( aesj ) \u65e5 \u672c \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u5b66 \u4f1a is a major academic organization in japan focusing on all forms of nuclear power. the journal of nuclear science and technology is the academic journal run by the aesj. it publishes english and japanese articles, though most submissions are from japanese research institutes, universities, and companies. - japan nuclear technology institute ( janti ) \u65e5 \u672c \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u4f1a was established to by the nuclear power industry to support and lead that industry. - japan electric association ( jea ) \u65e5 \u672c \u4f1a develops and publishes codes and guides for the japanese nuclear power industry and is active in promoting nuclear power. other proprietary organizations - established in 1978 as by sumimoto metal mining co. this company did work with uranium conversion and set up factories at the tokai - mura site. later, it was held solely responsible for the tokaimura nuclear accident long one of the world \u2019 s most committed promoters of civilian nuclear power, the negative impact of the 2011 fukushima nuclear disaster has changed attitudes in japan. political and energy experts describe \" nothing short of a nationwide loss of faith, not only in japan \u2019 s once - vaunted nuclear technology but also in the government, which many blame for allowing the accident to happen \". sixty thousand people marched in central tokyo on 19 september 2011, chanting \" sayonara nuclear power \" and waving banners, to call on japan ' s government to abandon nuclear power, following the fukushima disaster. bishop of osaka", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44344813527496313, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.236206"} {"text": "accident to happen \". sixty thousand people marched in central tokyo on 19 september 2011, chanting \" sayonara nuclear power \" and waving banners, to call on japan ' s government to abandon nuclear power, following the fukushima disaster. bishop of osaka, michael goro matsuura, has called on the solidarity of christians worldwide to support this anti - nuclear campaign. in july 2012, 75, 000 people gathered near in tokyo for the capital \u2019 s largest anti - nuclear event yet. organizers and participants said such demonstrations signal a fundamental change in attitudes in a nation where relatively few have been willing to engage in political protests since the 1960s. anti - nuclear groups include the citizens ' nuclear information center, stop rokkasho, hidankyo, sayonara nuclear power plants, women from fukushima against nukes, article 9 group, and the national network of parents to protect children from radiation. people associated with the anti - nuclear movement include : jinzaburo takagi, koide hiroaki, haruki murakami, kenzaburo oe, nobuto hosaka, mizuho fukushima, and tetsunari iida. thousands of protesters marched in tokyo on march 11, 2013 calling on the government to reject nuclear power. more than 30, 000 people marched on june 2 near the diet building in tokyo against the government ' s plan to restart nuclear power plants. marchers had gathered more than 8 million signatures in a petition against japan ' s plan to restart nuclear power plants. - energy in japan - horonobe, hokkaido - japan ' s non - nuclear policy - japanese nuclear weapons program - japanese nuclear incidents - nuclear energy policy - three non - nuclear principles - united states - japan joint nuclear energy action plan - the startpage of the fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission internetsite stated on july 10, 2012 the following information which was used as the basis for the previous sentences : \" naiic ( the national diet of japan fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission ) is the first independent investigation commission by the national diet in the 66 - year history of japan \u2019 s constitutional government. naicc was established on december 8, 2011 with the mission to investigate the direct and indirect causes of the fukushima nuclear incident. naicc submitted its inquiry report to both houses on july 5, 2012. \" - tomoko yamazaki and shunichi ozasa ( june 27, 2011 ). \" fukushima retiree leads anti - nuclear shareholders at tepco annual meeting \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43638230087907903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.237205"} {"text": "its inquiry report to both houses on july 5, 2012. \" - tomoko yamazaki and shunichi ozasa ( june 27, 2011 ). \" fukushima retiree leads anti - nuclear shareholders at tepco annual meeting \". bloomberg. - mari saito ( may 7, 2011 ). \" japan anti - nuclear protesters rally after pm call to close plant \". reuters. - \" nuclear power in japan \". world nuclear association. retrieved 17 june 2012. - the european parliament ' s greens - efa group - the world nuclear industry status report 2007 p. 23. - weisenthal, joe ( 11 march 2011 ). \" japan declares nuclear emergency, as cooling system fails at power plant \". business insider. retrieved 11 march 2011. - story at bbc news, 2011 - 05 - 06. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 - story at digital journal. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 - story at bloomberg, 2011 - 05 - 07. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 ] - \" japan nuke plant suspends work \". herald sun. may 15, 2011. - m. v. ramana ( july 2011 vol. 67 no. 4 ). \" nuclear power and the public \". bulletin of the atomic scientists. p. 44. - gavin blair, ( june 20, 2011 ). \" beginning of the end for nuclear power in japan? \". csmonitor. - m. v. ramana ( july 2011 vol. 67 no. 4 ). \" nuclear power and the public \". bulletin of the atomic scientists. p. 43. - \" thousands march against nuclear power in tokyo \". usa today. september 2011. - stephanie cooke ( october 10, 2011 ). \" after fukushima, does nuclear power have a future? \". new york times. - antoni slodkowski ( june 15, 2011 ). \" japan anti - nuclear protesters rally after quake \". reuters. - hiroko tabuchi ( july 13, 2011 ). \" japan premier wants shift away from nuclear power \". new york times. - tsuyoshi inajima and yuji okada ( oct 28, 2011 ). \" nuclear promotion dropped in japan energy policy after fukushima \". bloomberg. - david batty ( may 5, 2012 ). \" japan shuts down last working nuclear reactor \". the guardian. - gerhardt, tina ( 22 july 2012 ). \" after fukushima, nuclear power on collision course with japanese public \". alternet. - osaka governments call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43182398909646136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.238100"} {"text": "2012 ). \" japan shuts down last working nuclear reactor \". the guardian. - gerhardt, tina ( 22 july 2012 ). \" after fukushima, nuclear power on collision course with japanese public \". alternet. - osaka governments call for shutdown of oi nuclear plant - johnston, eric, \" key players got nuclear ball rolling \", japan times, 16 july 2011, p. 3. - robert jay lifton ( april 15, 2011 ). \" fukushima and hiroshima \". new york times. - \" japan cancels nuclear plant \". bbc news. february 22, 2000. - united states and japan sign joint nuclear energy action plan, united states department of energy, published 2007 - 04 - 25, accessed 2007 - 05 - 02 - fact sheet : united states - japan joint nuclear energy action plan, united states department of energy, published 2007 - 04 - 25, accessed 2007 - 05 - 02 - new japanese nuclear power reactors delayed - nucnet. japan budget proposals seek increase in nuclear spending. september 11, 2008. - mark willacy ( october 3, 2011 ). \" japan nuke companies stacked public meetings \". abc news. - \" nuclear safety chief says lax rules led to fukushima crisis \". bloomberg. 16 february 2012. - \" soon japan ' s nuclear power stands still \" nyteknik, 27 march 2012. retrieved 27 march 2012. ( swedish ) english translation - real - time display japanese - ohi 3 and 4 are the last two on the page - ohi reactor restart in japan fully approved - japan approves two reactor restarts - oi nuclear plant ' s no 4 reactor begins generating power - national diet of japan fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission. \" \u56fd \u4f1a \u4e8b | \u6771 \u4eac \u529b \u798f \u5cf6 \u539f \u5b50 \u529b \u767a \u4e8b \u4f1a \u306e\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u30d8\u30fc\u30b7 \". national diet of japan fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission. retrieved 9 july 2012. - harlan, chico ( 5 july 2012 ). \" report blasts japan \u2019 s preparation for, response to fukushima disaster \". the washington post. retrieved 9 july 2012. - hiroko tabuchi ( 5 july 2012 ). \" inquiry declares fukushima crisis a man - made disaster \". the new york times. retrieved 9 july 2012. - \" fukushima nuclear accident ' man - made ', not natural disaster \". bloomberg. the sydney morning herald. retrieved 9 july 2012. - editorial board ( 6 july 2012 ). \" japan \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4151697672683125, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.239075"} {"text": "new york times. retrieved 9 july 2012. - \" fukushima nuclear accident ' man - made ', not natural disaster \". bloomberg. the sydney morning herald. retrieved 9 july 2012. - editorial board ( 6 july 2012 ). \" japan \u2019 s nuclear meltdown could have been prevented \". the washington post. retrieved 9 july 2012. - kiyoshi kurokawa. \" message from the chairman \". executive summary, the official report of the fukushima nuclear accident independent investigation commission. naiic. p. 9. retrieved 12 july 2012. \" what must be admitted \u2013 very painfully \u2013 is that this was a disaster \u201c made in japan. \u201d its fundamental causes are to be found in the ingrained conventions of japanese culture : our reflexive obedience ; our reluctance to question authority ; our devotion to \u2018 sticking with the program \u2019 ; our groupism ; and our insularity. \" - yoko wakatsuki and jethro mullen. \" japanese parliament report : fukushima nuclear crisis was ' man - made ' \". cnn. retrieved 9 july 2012. - amory lovins ( march 18, 2011 ). \" with nuclear power, \" no acts of god can be permitted \" \". huffington post. - katsuhiko ishibashi, \" why worry? japan ' s nuclear plants at grave risk from quake damage \" the asia - pacific journal : japan focus ( august 11, 2007 ) also published by the international herald tribune ( august 11, 2007 ). retrieved march 24, 2011 - michael reilly, \" insight : where not to build nuclear power stations \" ( preview only ) new scientist ( july 28, 2007 ). retrieved march 24, 2011 ( subscription required ) - quake shuts world ' s largest nuclear plant nature, vol 448, 392 - 393, doi : 10. 1038 / 448392a, published 2007 - 07 - 25, accessed 2011 - 03 - 18 - two grave issues concerning the expected tokai earthquake kiyoo mogi, earth planets space, vol. 56 ( no. 8 ), pp. li - lxvi, published 2004, accessed 2011 - 03 - 11 - japan holds firm to shaky science science, vol. 264 no. 5166 pp. 1656 - 1658, doi : 10. 1126 / science. 264. 5166. 1656, published 1994 - 06 - 17, accessed 2011 - 03 - 18 - \" warnings on fukushima ignored, insiders say ; they attribute failure to cozy ties between government and industry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46307112009101686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.240006"} {"text": ": 10. 1126 / science. 264. 5166. 1656, published 1994 - 06 - 17, accessed 2011 - 03 - 18 - \" warnings on fukushima ignored, insiders say ; they attribute failure to cozy ties between government and industry \". power engineering. 03 / 11 / 2012. - dvorak, phred ; hayashi, yuka ( march 28, 2011 ). \" lawmaker broached plant risk \". the wall street journal. retrieved march 28, 2011. - nuclear crisis in japan as scientists reveal quake threat to power plants the times, published 2007 - 07 - 19, accessed 2011 - 03 - 18 - japan ' s deadly game of nuclear roulette the japan times, published 2004 - 05 - 23, accessed 2011 - 03 - 18 - physorg. com - iaea warned japan over nuclear quake risk : wikileaks - charles perrow ( november / december 2011 vol. 67 no. 6 ). \" fukushima and the inevitability of accidents \". bulletin of the atomic scientists. pp. 44 \u2013 52. - mitsuru obe ( january 24, 2012 ). \" japan reviews disaster plan amid new quake concerns \". wall street journal. - japan ' s nuclear plant quake protection too lax, said expert the australian published 2011 - 03 - 13, accessed 2011 - 04 - 06 - \" fukushima faced 14 - metre tsunami \". world nuclear news. 23 march 2011. retrieved march 24, 2011. - japan ' s earthquake regulations for nuclear power the neutron economy published 2011 - 04 - 04, accessed 2011 - 04 - 06 - regulatory guide for reviewing seismic design of nuclear power reactor facilities nuclear safety commission, published 2006 - 09 - 19, accessed 2011 - 04 - 06 - jason clenfield ( march 17, 2011 ). \" japan nuclear disaster caps decades of faked reports, accidents \". bloomberg businessweek. - japan nuclear energy drive compromised by conflicts of interest bloomberg, published 2007 - 12 - 12, accessed 2011 - 04 - 11 - the nsc views on, and future actions to take for, the impacts due to the niigata - ken chuetsu - oki earthquake in 2007 - nsc decision no. 17, 2007 nuclear safety commission, published 2007 - 07 - 30, accessed 2011 - 04 - 06 - japan ' s nuclear facilities face quake risk upi asia, published 2008 - 06 - 12, accessed 2011 - 04 - 11 - thomas b. cochran, matthew g. mckinzie ( 19 august 2011 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49965746519375115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.240972"} {"text": ", accessed 2011 - 04 - 06 - japan ' s nuclear facilities face quake risk upi asia, published 2008 - 06 - 12, accessed 2011 - 04 - 11 - thomas b. cochran, matthew g. mckinzie ( 19 august 2011 ). global implications of the fukushima disaster for nuclear power. natural resources defense council. retrieved 24 february 2012. - fukushima plant to be decommissioned breakingnews, published 2011 - 03 - 31, accessed 2011 - 04 - 08 - fukushima daiichi reactors to be decommissioned nowpublic, published 2011 - 03 - 30, accessed 2011 - 04 - 08 - alex k. tang, pe and anshel j. schiff, ed. ( 2007 ). kashiwazaki, japan earthquake of july 16, 2007. reston, va : asce press, technical council on lifeline earthquake engineering. isbn 9780784410622. - jungmin kang ( 4 may 2011 ). \" five steps to prevent another fukushima \". bulletin of the atomic scientists. - \" nuclear power : when the steam clears \". the economist. march 24, 2011. - michael winter ( march 24, 2011 ). \" report : emissions from japan plant approach chernobyl levels \". usa today. - johnston, eric, \" current nuclear debate to set nation ' s course for decades \", japan times, 23 september 2011, p. 1. - \" japan post - fukushima reactor checks \u2018 insufficient, ' advisers say \". businessweek. january 27, 2012. - linda sieg and yoko kubota ( feb 17, 2012 ). \" nuclear crisis turns japan ex - pm kan into energy apostle \". reuters. - benjamin k. sovacool. a critical evaluation of nuclear power and renewable electricity in asia, journal of contemporary asia, vol. 40, no. 3, august 2010, pp. 380. - \" a look at japan ' s history of nuclear power trouble \". bloomberg businessweek. associated press. march 17, 2011. - the mihama nuclear power plant accident - nagata, kazuaki, \" vicious nuclear fuel cycle proving difficult to break \", japan times, 18 september 2012, p. 3 - kyodo news, \" work resumes on aomori atomic fuel storage site \", japan times, 17 march 2012, p. 2. - japan atomic industrial forum. - atomic energy society of japan. - japan nuclear technology institute. - convention on nuclear safety ; national report of japan for fourth review meeting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48746115654605154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.241888"} {"text": "atomic fuel storage site \", japan times, 17 march 2012, p. 2. - japan atomic industrial forum. - atomic energy society of japan. - japan nuclear technology institute. - convention on nuclear safety ; national report of japan for fourth review meeting government of japan, published september 2007, accessed 2011 - 04 - 07 - ( japanese ) work japan electric association, accessed 2011 - 04 - 07 - martin fackler ( march 8, 2012 ). \" japan \u2019 s nuclear energy industry nears shutdown, at least for now \". new york times. - david h. slater ( nov. 09, 2011 ). \" fukushima women against nuclear power : finding a voice from tohoku \". the asia - pacific journal. - sean mcdonagh ( march 6, 2012 ). \" after fukushima, vatican joins growing army of opponents of nuclear power \". the irish times. - mure dickie ( july 17, 2012 ). \" japanese anti - nuclear demonstrations grow \". washington post. - tina gerhardt ( july 22, 2012 ). \" japan ' s people say no to nuclear energy \". alternet. - thousands in japan anti - nuclear protest two years after fukushima reuters - united press international ( june 2, 2013 ). \" 60, 000 protest japan ' s plan to restart nuclear power plants \". upi asia. | wikimedia commons has media related to : nuclear power plants in japan | - nuclear power in japan on the world nuclear association website - the future of nuclear energy in japan, q & a with daniel aldrich ( july 2011 ) - japan ' s new wave of protest songs, new york times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42405613849356494, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.242527"} {"text": "a government - owned corporation, state - owned company, state - owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, commercial government agency, public sector undertaking or parastatal is a legal entity created by a government to undertake commercial activities on behalf of an owner government. their legal status varies from being a part of government to stock companies with a state as a regular stockholder. there is no standard definition of a government - owned corporation ( goc ) or state - owned enterprise ( soe ), although the two terms can be used interchangeably. the defining characteristics are that they have a distinct legal form and they are established to operate in commercial affairs. while they may also have public policy objectives, gocs should be differentiated from other forms of government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely non - financial objectives. government - owned corporations are common with natural monopolies and infrastructure such as railways and telecommunications, strategic goods and services ( mail, weapons ), natural resources and energy, politically sensitive business, broadcasting, demerit goods ( alcohol ) and merit goods ( healthcare ). gocs can be fully owned or partially owned by government. as a definitional issue, it is difficult to determine categorically what level of state ownership would qualify an entity to be considered as \" state - owned \", since governments can also own regular stock, without implying any special interference. as an example, the chinese investment corporation agreed in 2007 to acquire a 10 % interest in the global investment bank morgan stanley, but it is unlikely that this would qualify the latter as a government - owned corporation. government - owned or state - run enterprises are often the result of corporatization, a process in which government agencies and departments are re - organized as semi - autonomous corporate entities, sometimes with partial shares listed on stock exchanges. the term ' government - linked company ' ( glc ) is sometimes used to refer to corporate entities that may be private or public ( listed on a stock exchange ) where an existing government owns a stake using a holding company. there are two main definitions of glcs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. one definition purports that a company is classified as a glc if a government owns an effective controlling interest ( > 50 % ), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a \" quasi - autonomous national government organisation \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5165100177838802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.273378"} {"text": "), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a glc. a quasi - governmental organization, corporation, business, or agency ( parastatal ) or a \" quasi - autonomous national government organisation \" ( quango ) is an entity that is treated by national laws and regulations to be under the guidance of the government but separate and autonomous from the government. while the entity may receive some revenue from charging customers for its services, these organizations are often partially or majorly funded by the government. they are usually considered highly important to smooth running of society and are sometimes propped up with cash infusions in times of crisis to help surmount situations that would bankrupt a normal privately owned business. they may possess law - enforcement authority, usually related to their functions. government - owned corporations often operate in sectors where there is a natural monopoly, or where the government has strategic interest. however, government ownership of industry corporations is common. nationalization also forcibly converts a private corporation into a government - owned corporation. in most opec countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. a notable example is the saudi national oil company, saudi aramco, which the saudi government bought in 1988 and changed its name from arabian american oil company to saudi arabian oil company. the saudi government also owns and operates saudi arabian airlines, and owns 70 % of sabic, as well as many other companies. they are, however, being privatized gradually. in monarchical commonwealth countries, particularly australia, canada and new zealand, country - wide government corporations often use the style \" crown corporation. \" equivalent terms include \" state - owned enterprises \" and \" crown entities \" in new zealand, and government business enterprise ( gbe ) in australia. examples of crown corporations include the canadian broadcasting corporation and air canada before the latter underwent privatization. cabinet ministers ( ministers of the crown ) often control the shares in such public corporations. at the level of local government, territorial or other authorities may set up government corporations such as \" local authority trading enterprises \" ( lates ). many local authorities establish services such as water supply as separate corporations or as a business unit of the authority. in australia the predominant term used for commonwealth government - owned companies is \" government business enterprise \" ( gbe ). various australian states also have gbes, especially with respect to the provision of water and sewerage, but many state - based gbes were privatized in some states during the last decade of the twentieth century. commonwealth gbes include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5398475886418195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.274565"} {"text": "crown corporations to private interests, is very common throughout canada. petro - canada, canadian national railway, and air canada are examples of former federal crown corporations that have been privatized. at the provincial level, privatized former crown corporations include alberta government telephones ( which merged with privately owned bc tel to form telus ), bcric, manitoba telecom services, and potash corporation of saskatchewan which retained its name and has become the world ' s largest producer of potash. key federally owned corporations include : the government of canada owned the airport infrastructure but did not operate the airport ( transferred to local airport authorities from transport canada ) : - toronto pearson international airport - vancouver international airport - montreal - pierre elliott trudeau international airport - calgary international airport - ottawa macdonald - cartier international airport - edmonton international airport - halifax stanfield international airport - winnipeg james armstrong richardson international airport - victoria international airport - kelowna international airport - st. john ' s international airport - regina international airport - saskatoon john g. diefenbaker international airport - prince george airport - quebec city jean lesage international airport - london international airport - thunder bay international airport - montreal - mirabel international airport - aeroport international pierre - elliott - trudeau de montreal - fredericton international airport - greater moncton international airport - saint john airport - gander international airport in new zealand, the terms used for government - owned companies include \" state - owned enterprises \" and \" crown entities \". local government councils and similar authorities also set up government corporations, such as water supply companies and \" local - authority trading enterprises \" ( lates ) ( new zealand ), as separate corporations or business unit of the councils concerned. government owned businesses which are the crown entities : state - owned enterprises include : - new zealand post - meteorological service of new zealand limited - airways new zealand - transpower new zealand limited - mighty river power - meridian energy - genesis power - learning media limited - solid energy - crown fibre holdings state - owned enterprises which has been privatised and then renationalised : after extensive privatizations of publicly owned companies during the margaret thatcher administration, there remain few publicly owned corporations in the uk. ongoing privatizations lasted from the end of the 1970s, through the 1980s until 1990 with the privatization of british rail. after the hatfield rail crash accident, the british government had to intervene and renationalize some companies. - central government - east coast trains - royal mail to be privatized before 2014 - nats holdings ( 49 % ) privatization to be completed soon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4323200741159162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.276760"} {"text": "hatfield rail crash accident, the british government had to intervene and renationalize some companies. - central government - east coast trains - royal mail to be privatized before 2014 - nats holdings ( 49 % ) privatization to be completed soon. - national nuclear laboratory - london and continental railways - network rail - rescued banks - devolved government - scottish water ( scottish government ) - caledonian macbrayne ( scottish government ) - translink ( northern ireland government ) - northern ireland water ( northern ireland government ) - local government - manchester airport ( greater manchester local authorities ) - manchester metrolink ( transport for greater manchester ) - tyne and wear metro ( tyne and wear integrated transport authority ) - london underground ( transport for london ) in western europe there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after world war ii to ensure government control over natural monopolies and to some extent industry. typical sectors included telecommunications, power, petroleum, railways, airports, airlines, public transport, health care, postal services and sometimes banks. many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including among many british steel, statoil and irish sugar. starting in the late 1970s and accelerating through the 1980s and 1990s many of these corporations were privatized, though many still remain wholly or partially owned by the respective governments. a state - run enterprise needs to be distinguished from an ordinary limited liability corporation owned by the state. for example, in finland, state - run enterprises ( liikelaitos ) are governed by a separate act. even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared bankrupt ; the state answers for the liabilities. stocks of the corporation are not sold and loans have to be government - approved, as they are government liabilities. in contrast, the state also owns controlling interest in ordinary limited liability corporations. a state - run enterprise is technically not always a corporation, it might also be a separate state entity, or simply a governmental agency acting as an enterprise, perhaps having its own budget. conversely, the state can directly fund unprofitable business, such as railway services to remote areas, regardless of whether the operator is a private corporation. - national railway company of belgium - vlaamse radio - en televisieomroeporganisatie - belgacom ( 53. 3 % ) - belgischer rundfunk - brussels airport ( 25 % ) region of wallonia owns the : the fully owned corporations ( 51 % or more ) of the republic of france : - la", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46084133986678694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.278362"} {"text": "responsibility for its operation, and vice versa. the assets of unitary enterprises belong to the federal government, a russian region, or a municipality. a unitary enterprise holds assets under the right of economic management ( for both state and municipal unitary enterprises ) or operative management ( for state unitary enterprises only ), and that such assets may not be distributed among the participants, nor otherwise divided. a unitary enterprise is independent in economic issues and obliged only to give its profits to the state. unitary enterprises would have no right to set up subsidiaries, but, with the owner ' s consent, can open branches and representation offices. - state corporation by contrast, a state corporation ( russian : \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f ) is a non - profit organization which manages its assets as described in its charter. state corporations are not obliged to submit to public authorities documents accounting for activities ( except for a number of documents submitted to the russian government ) and, as a rule, are subordinate not to the government, but to the russian president, and act to accomplish some important goal. control by the government is implemented on the basis of annual corporation meetings, an annual report on the audit opinion of accounting and financial reporting ( accounting ), as well as the conclusion of the auditing commission on the results of verification of financial ( accounting ) statements and other corporation documents. any other federal government departments, organs of state power of subjects of the russian federation, and the local governments have no right to interfere in the activities of state corporations. here is the government owned of the swiss confederation : in 2009, the government of the islamic republic of afghanistan formed the afghan public protection force ( appf ) as a \" state owned enterprise \" subordinate to the ministry of the interior. by presidential decree, the appf is mandated to replace all non - diplomatic private security companies by 20 march 2013 to become the sole provider of pay - for - service security contracts within afghanistan. china, people ' s republic of after 1949, all business entities in the people ' s republic of china were created and owned by the government. in the late 1980s, the government began to reform the state - owned enterprise, and during the 1990s and 2000s, many mid - sized and small sized state - owned enterprises were privatized and went public. there are a number of different corporate forms which result in a mixture of public and private capital. in prc terminology, a state - owned enterprise refers to a particular corporate form, which is increasingly being replaced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.522563338800286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.280426"} {"text": "enterprises were privatized and went public. there are a number of different corporate forms which result in a mixture of public and private capital. in prc terminology, a state - owned enterprise refers to a particular corporate form, which is increasingly being replaced by the listed company. state - owned enterprises are governed by both local governments and, in the central government, the national state - owned assets supervision and administration commission. as of 2011, 35 % of business activity and 43 % of profits in the people ' s republic of china resulted from companies in which the state owned a majority interest. liberal critics, such as the new york times, allege that china ' s state - owned companies are a vehicle for corruption by the families of ruling party leaders who have sometimes amassed fortunes while managing them. china, republic of ( taiwan ) the founding father of the republic of china and of the kuomintang, sun yat - sen, was heavily influenced by the economic ideas of henry george, who believed that the rents extracted from natural monopolies or the usage of land belonged to the public. sun argued for georgism and emphasized the importance of a mixed economy, which he termed \" the principle of minsheng \" in his three principles of the people. \" the railroads, public utilities, canals, and forests should be nationalized, and all income from the land and mines should be in the hands of the state. with this money in hand, the state can therefore finance the social welfare programs. \" kuomintang leader, and later president of the republic of china on the mainland and taiwan, chiang kai - shek, crushed pro - communist worker and peasant organizations and the rich shanghai capitalists at the same time. chiang continued sun yat - sen ' s anti - capitalist ideology - kuomintang media openly attacked the capitalists and capitalism, demanding government - controlled industry instead. the kuomintang muslim governor of ningxia, ma hongkui promoted state - owned monopoly companies. his government had a company, fu ning company, which had a monopoly over commerce and industrial activity in ningxia. the chinese muslim 36th division ( national revolutionary army ) governed southern xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. the general ma hushan was chief of the 36th division. chinese muslims operated state - owned carpet factories. in india, a government - owned corporation is termed a public sector undertaking ( psu ). this term is used to refer to companies in which the government ( either the federal union government or the many state or territorial governments,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4943459516382608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.282725"} {"text": "- owned carpet factories. in india, a government - owned corporation is termed a public sector undertaking ( psu ). this term is used to refer to companies in which the government ( either the federal union government or the many state or territorial governments, or both ) own a majority ( 51 percent or more ) of the company equity. there are 251 psu companies in india as of 2012. some examples include : - air india - balmer lawrie - bharat electronics limited - bharat heavy electricals limited - bharat petroleum - bharat sanchar nigam limited - bank of india - biotech consortium india limited - coal india limited - engineers india limited - cotton corporation of india - electronics corporation of tamil nadu - engineering projects india limited ( epil ) - food corporation of india - heavy engineering corporation - hindustan aeronautics limited - hindustan cables - hmt limited - indian oil corporation - indian telephone industries limited - jute corporation of india limited - state bank of india - mahanagar telephone nigam limited - mazagon dock limited - mecon limited - modern food industries - ntpc limited - nuclear power corporation of india ltd - oil and natural gas corporation - powergrid corporation of india - state bank of india - syndicate bank - steel authority of india limited - tamil nadu electricity board - tamil nadu state transport corporation - kerala state road transport corporation - tamil nadu generation and distribution corporation limited - tamil nadu transmission corporation limited - tamil nadu civil supplies corporation - state industries promotion corporation of tamil nadu - tamil nadu industrial development corporation - tamil nadu newsprint and papers limited - tamil nadu cement corporation limited ( tancem ) - tamil nadu state transport corporation - poompuhar shipping corporation limited government - owned corporations are easy to recognise by their names. company names with suffix persero mean that the company is wholly / majority owned by the government. the government takes control of the state corporations under one single ministry, the ministry of state enterprises, which acts like the ceo of a holding company. some of the government - owned corporations are ; - bank mandiri, bank rakyat indonesia and bank negara indonesia \u2013 banking sector - pertamina \u2013 energy, oil / fuel, and gas sector - garuda indonesia \u2013 transport sector ( international airline ) - telkom indonesia \u2013 telecommunications sector - perusahaan listrik negara \u2013 the electric company, energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pt kereta api indonesia \u2013 transport sector ( national railway ) - pos indonesia \u2013 postal service sector - tvri \u2013 national television channel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48634944725547835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.284586"} {"text": "- perusahaan listrik negara \u2013 the electric company, energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pt kereta api indonesia \u2013 transport sector ( national railway ) - pos indonesia \u2013 postal service sector - tvri \u2013 national television channel - pt krakatau steel \u2013 steel producer - pt dirgantara indonesia \u2013 manufacture ( aircraft manufacture ) - pt industri kereta api \u2013 manufacture ( train manufacture ) - pt barata indonesia \u2013 manufacture - pt boma bisma indra \u2013 manufacture - antara - news agency in january 2012, the minister of state enterprises decided to unite manufacturing companies and for the first stage pt barata should acquire pt bisma to make an effective manufacturing sector. in japan, japan post was reorganized into japan post group in 2007 as a material step of the postal privatization. it is currently wholly owned by the government, but is planned to be sold into private ownership. japan railways group ( jr ), nippon telegraph and telephone ( ntt ) and japan tobacco ( jt ) were formerly owned by the government. government owned and controlled corporations, or goccs, include a wide variety of different independent organizations. some have a commercial purpose, such as the philippine national oil company, while others like the government service insurance system ( gsis ), or the philippine institute for development studies fulfill more traditional government roles. the leadership, budget, and funding of the corporations are independent of the philippine national government but to varying degrees. some such as the national food authority receive quite a bit of subsidy from the national government. the economy of singapore is dominated by government - linked corporations that produce as much as 60 % of the country ' s gdp. these government - linked companies are owned by a government holding agency, temasek holdings. notable government - linked corporations include singapore airlines, singtel, st engineering, mediacorp and singapore temasek holdings. here is the government owned corporation owned by the kingdom of thailand. the kingdom of thailand as shareholding of 51 % or more. - airports of thailand - electricity generating authority of thailand - industrial estate authority of thailand - krung thai bank - metropolitan waterworks authority - port authority of thailand - provincial waterworks authority - ptt public company limited - thai airways international parastatals in kenya, partly from a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, have largely inhibited economic development. in 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted \" a serious threat to the economy \", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45321058900695976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.285922"} {"text": "a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, have largely inhibited economic development. in 1979, a presidential commission went as far as saying that they constituted \" a serious threat to the economy \", and, by 1989, they had still not furthered industrialization or fostered the development of a black business class. in south africa \" the department of public enterprises is the shareholder representative of the south african government with oversight responsibility for state - owned enterprises in key sectors, including : defence, energy, forestry, ict, mining and transport \". the current ( march 2011 ) minister of public enterprises is malusi gigaba. the corporate entities that this department is responsible for are : - alexkor \u2013 mining sector ( diamond mining ) - broadband infraco \u2013 ict sector ( national backbone and international connectivity ) - denel \u2013 aerospace and defence sector ( armaments manufacturer ) - eskom \u2013 energy sector ( national electricity utility ) - pbmr \u2013 energy sector ( development of pebble bed modular reactor nuclear energy technology ) - south african airways \u2013 transport sector ( international airline ) - sa express \u2013 transport sector ( regional and feeder airline ) - safcol \u2013 forestry sector ( manages forestry on state owned land ) - transnet \u2013 transport and related infrastructure sector ( railways, harbours, oil / fuel pipelines and terminals ) - telkom sa \u2013 telecommunications sector ( national fixed line telephone network ( pstn ) ) government - owned companies are divided into public enterprises ( empresa publica ) and mixed - economy companies ( sociedade de economia mista ). the public enterprises are subdivided into two categories : individual \u2013 with its own assets and capital owned by the union \u2013 and plural companies \u2013 whose assets are owned by multiple government agencies and the union, which have the majority of the voting interest. caixa economica federal, correios, embrapa, and bndes are examples of public enterprises. mixed - economy companies are enterprises with the majority of stocks owned by the government, but that also have stocks owned by the private sector and usually have their shares traded on stock exchanges. banco do brasil, petrobras, sabesp, and eletrobras are examples of mixed - economy companies. beginning in the 1990s, the federal government of brazil launched a privatization program inspired by the washington consensus. public - owned companies such as vale do rio doce, telebras, csn, and usiminas ( most of them mixed - economy companies ) were transferred to the private sector as part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502918395111176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.287061"} {"text": "a privatization program inspired by the washington consensus. public - owned companies such as vale do rio doce, telebras, csn, and usiminas ( most of them mixed - economy companies ) were transferred to the private sector as part of this policy. government - sponsored enterprises ( gses ) are a group of financial services corporations created by the united states congress. the united states gses are private corporations owned by their stockholders, rather than government - owned corporations. their primary function is to generate profits for their stockholders, but they are structured and regulated by the u. s. government to enhance the availability and reduce the cost of credit to targeted borrowing sectors. congress created the first gse in 1916 with the creation of the farm credit system ; it initiated gses in the home finance segment of the economy with the creation of the federal home loan banks in 1932 ; and it targeted education when it chartered sallie mae in 1972 ( although congress allowed sallie mae to relinquish its government sponsorship and become a fully private institution via legislation in 1995 ). the residential mortgage borrowing segment is by far the largest of the borrowing segments in which the gses operate. together, the three mortgage finance gses ( fannie mae, freddie mac, and the 12 federal home loan banks ) have several [ quantify ] trillion dollars of on - balance sheet assets. the federal government possesses warrants which, if exercised, would allow them to take a 79. 9 % ownership share in the companies. the federal government has not currently [ when? ] exercised these warrants. government sponsored enterprises include : the federal government chartered and owned corporations are a separate set of corporations chartered and owned by the federal government, which operate to provide public services, but unlike the federal agencies ( environmental protection agency, bureau of indian affairs ), or the federal independent commissions ( e. g., the federal communications commission, the nuclear regulatory commission, etc. ), they have a separate legal personality from the federal government, providing the highest level of political independence. they sometimes receive federal budgetary appropriations, but some also have independent sources of revenue. these include : - commodity credit corporation - corporation for national and community service ( americorps ) - corporation for public broadcasting [ dubious ] - export - import bank of the united states - federal agricultural mortgage corporation - farm credit banks - federal crop insurance corporation - federal deposit insurance corporation - federal financing bank - federal home loan banks - federal prison industries - the financing corporation - gallaudet university - government national mortgage association -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4892039038349523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.288096"} {"text": "the united states - federal agricultural mortgage corporation - farm credit banks - federal crop insurance corporation - federal deposit insurance corporation - federal financing bank - federal home loan banks - federal prison industries - the financing corporation - gallaudet university - government national mortgage association - legal services corporation - national consumer cooperative bank - national fish and wildlife foundation - neighborhood reinvestment corporation - millennium challenge corporation - national corporation for housing partnerships ( nchp ) ; washington, dc. - national credit union administration central liquidity facility - national endowment for democracy - national park foundation - national railroad passenger corporation ( amtrak ) - overseas private investment corporation - panama canal commission - pennsylvania avenue development corporation ; washington, dc. - pension benefit guaranty corporation - st. lawrence seaway development corporation - securities investor protection corporation - tennessee valley authority the federal government acquired corporations are a separate set of corporations that were not chartered or created by the federal government, but the federal government has come into possession of and operates. these are corporations temporarily in possession of the government as a result of a seizure of property of a debtor to the government, such as a delinquent taxpayer. usually these are awaiting auction, and most are too small to note. there exists a second level of sovereign government in the united states after the federal government, those of the several states of which compose the united states. state governments are bodies sovereign, like the federal government, and other sovereigns ; they have sovereign existence deriving from the consent of the sovereign people of their territories who created them and wrote their state constitution ; they are not bodies corporate, as they are not created by the acquis of the federal government and exist with or without that government ' s consent. as sovereigns, they have the power to hold radical title to land, to exercise the four fundamental powers, taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat, as well as numerous other powers, including the power to grant charters, and implicit in that power to charter is the power to charter corporations, which they do, extensively. the vast majority of non - governmental corporations in the united states are chartered by the states of the united states, and not the federal government, this includes most charitable corporations ( though some charities of national repute are chartered by the federal government, and not by a state government ), non - profit corporations, and for - profit corporations. states, as sovereigns, also have the power to charter corporations that they own, control, or are responsible for the regulation and finance of. these include municipal corporations and state chartered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4764162638893989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.289161"} {"text": "government ), non - profit corporations, and for - profit corporations. states, as sovereigns, also have the power to charter corporations that they own, control, or are responsible for the regulation and finance of. these include municipal corporations and state chartered and owned corporations. municipal corporations are public corporations that have devolved, democratic control over local matters within a geographic region ; they are often styled villages, towns, townships, boroughs, cities, or counties. though these municipal corporations are often regulated and sometimes financed by the state government, and often can collect taxes, they are arms - length, non - sovereign, devolved public entities, and a state government which charters them is not legally responsible for their debts in the event of a municipal bankruptcy. state government chartered and owned corporations are numerous and provide public services. examples include north dakota mill and elevator and south dakota public broadcasting. generally speaking, a statute passed by a state legislature specifically sets up a government - owned company in order to undertake a specific public purpose with public funds or public property. lotteries in the united states are also run by government corporations, such as the georgia lottery corporation and many others. there exists a third level of sovereign government in the united states as well, the sovereignty of the native american tribal governments. native american tribes are comprehended as ancient sovereigns, established by their sovereign people since time immemorial, and recognized as sovereign by the federal government of the united states as well as the several states, and as such, the native american ( and alaska native ) tribal governments have rights appertaining to sovereigns, including the power to hold radical title to land, to exercise the four fundamental powers, taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat, as well as other powers, for instance, the power to charter corporations and undertake public undertakings that might benefit their tribal citizens, native americans and alaska natives also being citizens of their respective u. s. state, and also citizens of the united states. for example, a tribal council could establish a public service broadcaster along the lines of rte and partially fund it with a television licence on tribal land and partially through advertising as a means of uniting the tribe and giving it a voice as well as a commercial venture. the alaska natives are particularly advanced in using their tribal sovereignty to incorporate corporations that are owned by and for the benefit of their tribal citizens and often compete in highly competitive economic sectors through the alaska native regional corporations. the native american tribes in the lower 48 states often use their sovereignty and their ability to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49374855111299865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.290291"} {"text": "their tribal sovereignty to incorporate corporations that are owned by and for the benefit of their tribal citizens and often compete in highly competitive economic sectors through the alaska native regional corporations. the native american tribes in the lower 48 states often use their sovereignty and their ability to charter to compete using regulatory easements ; for instance, native american tribal corporations often trade in goods that are highly taxed in surrounding states ( such as tobacco ), or engage in activities that surrounding states have ( for reasons of public policy ) forbidden, such as the operation of casinos or gaming establishments. most of these endeavors have proven very successful for native american tribal sovereigns and their tribal corporations, bringing wealth into the hands of native americans. uruguay had the first welfare state of latin america under the presidency of jose batlle y ordonez in 1904. government - owned corporations monopolize services such as electricity ( ute ), land - line communications ( antel ) and water ( ose ). antel competes with private corporations in the cell - phone lines and international telephony markets. in 1992, under the presidency of luis alberto lacalle, the government attempted to privatize all its companies, following the neoliberal washington consensus. however, a referendum won by 75 % of the population kept the companies in the hands of the government. by the end of his term, president lacalle alleged that he had achieved a successful modernization of the companies, which had made them more efficient. in this list, government - owned corporations are classified on their legal status : silver color represents legal monopolies, where no competition is permitted ; light green represents a corporation that has private competitors ; yellow means that although competition is legally permitted, there are no other corporations de facto, and uncolored refers to a free market, regulated or not. | postal | | railways | | pharmacy | | gambling | | alcohol | | health care | | universities | | telephone | | broadcasting | | oil & gas | | energy | | water | | airports | | highways | | australia | | yes ( australia post ) monopoly on postal delivery of letters to 250g | | mix varies by state | | mix ( pbs funding only ) ( no retail competition ) | | mix varies by state | | no | | mix ( medicare ) | | mix | | no | | mix ( abc ) ( sbs ) | | no | | mix varies by state | | brazil | | yes ( correios ) | | mix ( pt : valec, pt : cbtu ) | | no |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43678284778080756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.291268"} {"text": "| | no | | mix ( abc ) ( sbs ) | | no | | mix varies by state | | brazil | | yes ( correios ) | | mix ( pt : valec, pt : cbtu ) | | no | | yes ( caixa economica federal ) | | mix ( ethanol only ) | | mix ( sus ) | | mix | | mix ( telebras ) | | mix | | mix ( petrobras ) | | mix ( eletrobras ) | | mix varies by state | | mix ( infraero ) | | no | | canada | | yes ( canada post ) | | mix ( via rail ), passenger rail. freight is private. | no | | varies by province | | varies by province ( lcbo, saq, slga ) | | mix | | mix | | varies by province ( sasktel ) | | mix ( cbc ) | | mix | | varies by province ( hydro - quebec, bc hydro, hydro one, manitoba hydro, nalcor, saskpower ) | ( correos de chile ) ( television nacional de chile ) | colombia | | yes ( 4 - 72 ) | | no | | no | | etesa [ a ] | | varies by department | | nueva eps | | universidad nacional plus various local ones | | ( telefonica telecom ) ( empresas publicas de medellin ) | | mix ( radio television nacional de colombia ) | | ( ecopetrol ) | | ( isa emgesa ) | | czech republic | | yes ( ceska posta ) | | yes ( ceske drahy ) | | no | | yes ( sazka ) | | no | | yes ( vzp ) | | mix | | ( ceske radiokomunikace ) | | mix ( ceska televize ) ( cro ) | | no | | yes ( cez ) | | finland | | de facto ( itella ) | | de facto ( vr ) | | no | | yes ( veikkaus, ray, fintoto ) | yes ( alko ) | | mix ( municipal ) | | yes | | mix ( teliasonera ) | | mix ( yle ) | | de facto ( neste ) | | mix ( fortum ) | | yes ( municipal ) | | yes ( finavia ) | | yes ( finnish transport agency ) | ( francaise des je", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4856896137750826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.292027"} {"text": "no | | mix | | mix | | yes ( telkom indonesia ) | | mix | | mix ( pertamina ) | | yes ( perusahaan listrik negara ) | | mix ( jr ) | | no | | yes ( jra etc. ) | | no | | mix | | mix | | mix ( ntt ) | | mix ( nhk ) | | no | | no | | korea, republic of | | de facto ( korea railroad corporation ) | no | | yes ( kangwon land inc. ) | | no | | de facto ( kbs ), ( ebs ), etc. ( korea expressway corporation ) ( servicio postal mexicano ) | mix ( e. g. in public hospitals ) | | no | | no | | mix ( mexican social security institute, institute for social security and services for state workers ) | | mix ( national autonomous university of mexico, national polytechnic institute and state universities among others ) | | no | | mix ( once tv mexico, xeimt - tv ) ( comision federal de electricidad ) ( varies by state / municipality ) ( aeropuertos y servicios auxiliares, benito juarez international airport ) ( caminos y puentes federales ) | netherlands | | no | | mix ( nederlandse spoorwegen ), [ b ] passenger rail. freight is private | | no | | yes | no | | mix | | yes | | no | | mix ( netherlands public broadcasting ) | | no | | no | | new zealand | | yes ( nz post ) | | yes ( kiwi rail ) | | no | | no | | no | | mix | | yes | | no | | mix ( tvnz ) | | no | | mix ( genesis power, meridian energy, mighty river power, solid energy, transpower new zealand limited ) ) | | norway | | yes ( posten norge ) | | yes ( nsb ) | | no | | yes ( norsk tipping ) | | yes ( vinmonopolet ) | | mix | | mix | | mix ( telenor ) | | mix ( nrk ) | | mix ( statoil ) | | state owned ( statkraft ) and various municipally owned companies | | peru | | yes ( serpost ) | | no | | no | | no | | no | | yes ( essalud ) | | yes ( local ones, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4817969009457543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.293653"} {"text": "owned ( statkraft ) and various municipally owned companies | | peru | | yes ( serpost ) | | no | | no | | no | | no | | yes ( essalud ) | | yes ( local ones, including ( universidad mayor de san marcos ) | | no | | yes ( tv peru ) | | yes ( petroperu ) | | yes ( only in local water supply and sewage services, including sedapal ) | | philippines | | yes ( philpost ) | | yes ( pnr ) | | no | | yes ( pagcor ) | | no | | yes | | yes ( u. p. ) | | no | | yes ( ptv ) | | mix ( pnoc ) | | mix ( napocor ) | | sweden | | de facto ( posten ) | | de facto ( sj ) | | mix ( apoteket ) | | yes | | yes ( systembolaget ) | | mix | | yes | | mix ( telia ) | | mix ( svt ) | | no | | mix ( vattenfall ) | | thailand kingdom | | yes ( post ) | | yes ( state rail ) | | no ( pharmacy ) | | yes ( state lotto ) | | alcohol permit | | mix ( medical ) | | ( university ) | | mix ( telcom ) | | mix ( thai television ) | | mix ( petro ) | | yes ( electric ) | | turkey | | yes ( ptt ) | | yes ( tcdd ) | | no | | no | | no | | mix | | mix | | no | | mix ( trt ) | | mix ( tpao ) | | mix | | united kingdom | | mix ( royal mail ) | | mix ( northern ireland railways, east coast ) ( network rail ) [ c ] | no | | mix ( premium bonds ) | | no | | mix ( nhs ) | | mix ( university of buckingham ), ( bpp holdings ) | | no | | mix | | united states | | yes ( usps, an agency ) | | mix ( amtrak ), passenger rail. freight is private. | no | | mix ( all state lotteries ) | | varies by state ( abc store states ) | | mix | | mix ( u. s. military service academies, public universities ) | | no | | mix ( pbs ) | | no | | mix ( tva", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.444568295763293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.294782"} {"text": "lotteries ) | | varies by state ( abc store states ) | | mix | | mix ( u. s. military service academies, public universities ) | | no | | mix ( pbs ) | | no | | mix ( tva ) | | uruguay | | yes ( correo uruguayo ) | | yes ( state railways administration of uruguay ) | | no | | mix ( casinos del estado ) | | mix | | mix | | mix | | mix ( antel ) | | mix channel 5 | | mix ( ancap ) | | yes ( ute ) | - etesa is a company wholly owned by the colombian government and holds the exclusive right to gambling activities. however, it sublicenses gambling permits to any private company who applies and fulfills legal requirements. - nederlandse spoorwegen is a company wholly owned by the dutch government. - network rail is a private company whose debts are guaranteed by the uk government, which has caused controversy over whether it is state owned or not. - constitutional economics - government agency - non - departmental public body - political economy - public benefit corporation - public bodies - public company ( public corporation ) - public ownership - regulatory agency - rule according to higher law - special - purpose district - state within a state - stock market - state - owned enterprises of new zealand - statsforetak ( norwegian state enterprise ) - statutory agency - statutory corporation - volkseigener betrieb ( east german state enterprise ) - profiles of existing government corporations, pp. 1 \u2013 16 - : official afghan public protection force website. - keith bradsher ( november 9, 2012 ). \" china \u2019 s grip on economy will test new leaders \". the new york times. retrieved november 10, 2012. - simei qing \" from allies to enemies \", 19 - parks m. coble ( 1986 ). the shanghai capitalists and the nationalist government, 1927 \u2013 1937. volume 94 of harvard east asian monographs ( 2, reprint, illustrated ed. ). harvard univ asia center. p. 263. isbn 0 - 674 - 80536 - 4. retrieved 2011 - 05 - 15. - a. doak barnett ( 1968 ). china on the eve of communist takeover. praeger. p. 190. retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28. - werner draguhn, david s. g. goodman ( 2002 ). china ' s communist revolutions : fifty years of the people ' s republic of china. psychology press. p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4851833683236203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.296646"} {"text": "a semi - arid climate or steppe climate describes climatic regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely. a more precise definition is given by the koppen climate classification that treats steppe climates ( bsk and bsh ) as intermediates between desert climates ( bw ) and humid climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. semi - arid climates tend to support short or scrubby vegetation, with semi - arid areas usually are dominated by either grasses or shrubs. to determine if a location has a semi - arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. finding the precipitation threshold ( in millimeters ) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature in \u00b0c by 20, then adding 280 if 70 % or more of the total precipitation is in the high - sun half of the year ( april through september in the northern hemisphere, or october through march in the southern ), or 140 if 30 % \u2013 70 % of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30 % of the total precipitation is so received. if the area ' s annual precipitation is less than the threshold but more than half the threshold, it is classified as a bs ( steppe climate ). furthermore, to delineate \" hot semi - arid climates \" from \" cold semi - arid climates \", there are three widely used isotherms : either a mean annual temperature of 18\u00b0c, or a mean temperature of 0\u00b0c or \u22123\u00b0c in the coldest month, so that a location with a \" bs \" type climate with the appropriate temperature above whichever isotherm is being used is classified as \" hot semi - arid \" ( bsh ), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the given isotherm is classified as \" cold semi - arid \" ( bsk ). hot semi - arid climates hot semi - arid climates ( type \" bsh \" ) tend to be located in the tropics and subtropics. these climates tend to have hot, sometimes extremely hot, summers and mild to warm winters. snow rarely ( if ever ) falls in these regions. hot semi - arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts. the most common variant of a hot semi - arid climate, found in regions such as west africa, india, parts of mexico and small parts of pakistan experiences the seasonal effects of monsoons and has a short but well - defined wet season, but is not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as a tropical savanna climate. in australia, a large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49659190702479705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.303370"} {"text": "west africa, india, parts of mexico and small parts of pakistan experiences the seasonal effects of monsoons and has a short but well - defined wet season, but is not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as a tropical savanna climate. in australia, a large portion of the outback, surrounding the central desert regions, lies within the hot semi - arid climate regime. hot semi - arid climates can also be found in sections of south america such as the sertao and on the poleward side of the arid deserts where they typically feature a mediterranean precipitation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters. cold semi - arid climates cold semi - arid climates ( type \" bsk \" ) tend to be located in temperate zones. they are typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. cold semi - arid climates usually feature hot and dry ( often exceptionally hot ) summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi - arid climates. unlike hot semi - arid climates, areas with cold semi - arid climates tend to have cold winters. these areas usually see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates. areas featuring cold semi - arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi - arid climates, and are sometimes subject to major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as / or more in that time frame. these temperature swings are seldom seen in hot semi - arid climates. cold semi - arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi - arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to mediterranean climates, with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns. cold semi - arid climates are most commonly found in asia and north america. however, it can also be found in northern africa, south africa, europe, ( primarily in spain ) sections of south america and sections of interior southern australia. regions of varying classification three isotherms means that delineate between hot and cold semi - arid climates - - the 18\u00b0c average annual temperature or that of the coldest month ( 0\u00b0c or \u22123\u00b0c ), the warm side of the isotherm of choice defining a bsh climate from the bsk on the cooler side. as a result of this, some areas can have climates that are classified as hot or cold semi - arid depending on the isotherm used. one such location", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46906731254517486, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.304446"} {"text": "one small step ( redirected from it ' s one small step for man ) neil armstrong ' s words when he first walked on the surface of the moon have been used and subverted in a wide variety of genres. - that ' s one small step for [ a ] man, one giant leap for mankind. - words said when neil armstrong first stepped onto the moon ( 20 july 1969 ). in the actual sound recordings he apparently fails to say \" a \" before \" man \" and says : \" that ' s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. \" this was generally considered by many to simply be an error of omission on his part. armstrong long insisted he did say \" a man \" but that it was inaudible. prior to new evidence supporting his claim, he stated a preference for the \" a \" to appear in parentheses when the quote is written. in september 2006 evidence based on new analysis of the recordings conducted by peter shann ford, a computer programmer based in sydney, australia, whose company control bionics helps physically handicapped people to use their own nerve impulses to communicate through computers, indicated that armstrong had said the missing \" a. \" this information was presented to armstrong and nasa on 28 september 2006 and reported in the houston chronicle ( 30 september 2006 ). the debate continues on the matter, as \" armstrong ' s ' poetic ' slip on moon \" at bbc news ( 3 june 2009 ) reports that more recent analysis by linguist john olsson and author chris riley with higher quality recordings indicates that he did not say \" a \". - many short - sighted fools think that going to the moon was just a stunt. but the astronauts knew the meaning of what they were doing, as is shown by neil armstrong ' s first words in stepping down onto the soil of luna : \" one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind. \" - robert a. heinlein, the pragmatics of patriotism ( 1973 ) - better if he had said something natural like, \" jesus, here we are. \" - edmund hillary, the sunday times [ london ] ( 21 july 1974 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4133622817219042, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.307983"} {"text": "family : ursidae, bears view all from this family description a very large, white bear of the arctic. longer neck and relatively smaller head than other bears. fur may appear yellow in summer. females first breed at age 5 - 6, and pregnant females may weigh up to 500kg. dimensions 2. 3 - 2. 6m, 7 - 12cm, 400 - 800kg ; / 1. 9 - 2. 1m, 7 - 12cm, 175 - 300kg warning all north american bears can be dangerous in the following situations : when accompanied by cubs, when surprised by the sudden appearance of humans, when approached while feeding, guarding a kill, fishing, hungry, injured, or breeding, and when familiarity has diminished their fear of humans. there have been several recorded cases of polar bears attacking humans. breeding breeding season is april - may but delayed implantation slows gestation until fall, and cubs are born in december. neonates are tiny ( 600g ) but grow quickly in the den, and emerge at 10 - 12kg in march or april. cubs remain with their mother for 2. 5 years, learning to hunt seals on the sea ice. only pregnant females overwinter in dens ; all others remain active. habitat offshore waters, beaches, shorelines & estuaries discussion ringed seals are the prey of choice, but they also take bearded seals, and occasional harp seals, hooded seals, walruses, belugas, narwhals, and even sea ducks. they are able to fast for up to 8 months if food is unavailable. threatened by melting ice associated with global warming and airborne pollutants that accumulate in polar regions. home ranges may exceed 300km _ in areas of receding ice. pursues fish and seal prey in pack ice and coastal regions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4380557842731395, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.309707"} {"text": "see also : 1984 summer paralympics [? ] the games of the xxiii olympiad were held in 1984 in los angeles, united states. los angeles was the only city to bid to host the 1984 summer olympics. - after the american - led boycott of the 1980 summer olympics in moscow, the eastern bloc, including the soviet union, east germany and cuba boycotts these olympics ( the ussr announced their intention not to participate on may 8, 1984 ). notably, romania is represented in la and wins a large amount of medals. the boycott influenced a large number of events that were normally dominated by the absent countries. - the organisers of the los angeles olympics are able to produce a profit of over $ 200 million. - carl lewis equals the performance of jesse owens of 1936 and wins four gold medals. - nawal el moutawakel of morocco becomes the first female olympic champion of an islamic nation, and the first of her country in the 400 m hurdles. - a marathon for women is held for the first time at the olympics, won by joan benoit [? ]. the event is also noted because of swiss runner gabi andersen - schiess [? ], who - suffering from heat exhaustion - stumbled through the last lap, providing dramatic images. - synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics debut in los angeles as olympic events, as doeswind surfing. - china returns to the olympics after a long absence and wins 15 gold medals. in weightlifting, athletes from taiwan and china win a medal in the same event. see the medal winners, ordered by sport : 1896 | 1900 | 1904 | 1906 | 1908 | 1912 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1994 | 1998 | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 all wikipedia text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3914755984347334, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.311917"} {"text": "bringing new beetles to light 2012 reu project : the beetle family staphylinidae \u2013 the rove beetles \u2013 is the largest beetle family in the world, with over 57, 000 species and nearly 3, 600 genera already described. several hundred new species and at least two dozen new genera are described every year, the largest proportion of them from asia. the faunas of australia, new zealand, and southern south america also include many new genera awaiting naming and description but have received less attention. this relative lack of attention means that even identifying specimens belonging to described genera is difficult, because there are no comprehensive identification guides. international collaborative work is just beginning on two guides to beetle genera, one focused on australia and one on southern south america, similar to the two - volume work american beetles published in 2000 and 2002. margaret thayer is a coordinator of the rove beetle chapters of both guides, and hopes to describe the 20 currently known new genera from those areas so they can be included in these guides. the guides will promote more detailed work on those faunas by any researchers, including describing additional species, synthesizing information on all the species, and analyzing their distributions and evolution. this reu project will involve primarily describing one of the new genera ( and, if necessary, new species ) belonging to the subfamily omaliinae, based on existing museum specimens from the collections of the field museum and others. the intern might also help with some aspects of work on other genera. research methods and techniques : research work will include training in beetle skeletal morphology ; dissecting, microscopy, and imaging techniques ( probably including some sem \u2013 scanning electron microscopy ) ; databasing and georeferencing specimen collecting records ; and using the georeferenced records to map the known distribution of one or more species. the intern will work with the sponsoring curator on writing, for publication, a modern description of the genus with illustrations ( drawings, digital macro - and microphotos, sem ) and comparisons to other genera of omaliinae. this project will provide experience with museum collections, entomological study techniques, and scientific literature on rove beetles. it may also involve developing and / or testing identification keys, potentially either traditional dichotomous or interactive ones. although not directly involving the genus being studied, some local fieldwork would be possible to enable the intern to see other rove beetles in the field. curator / advisor : dr. margaret thayer ( zoology - insects ) reu intern : anthony deczynski entomology /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44489087209481437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.320214"} {"text": "genus being studied, some local fieldwork would be possible to enable the intern to see other rove beetles in the field. curator / advisor : dr. margaret thayer ( zoology - insects ) reu intern : anthony deczynski entomology / wildlife conservation double major university of delaware symposium presentation title : wingless in tasmania : a new genus of flightless rove beetle from tasmania ( coleoptera : staphylinidae : omaliinae ) symposium presentation abstract : the family staphylinidae \u2013 the rove beetles \u2013 is the largest family of beetles in the world and also one of the least understood. there are currently over 57, 000 described species in over 3, 600 genera and more are still being discovered at a rapid rate. in this project we describe a new flightless staphylinid genus from tasmania belonging to the tribe omaliini of the subfamily omaliinae, extending knowledge of the highly endemic australian fauna. we studied the beetles whole as dry specimens and in alcohol as well as cleared and dissected in permanent or temporary microscope slides. scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) allowed us to examine and image selected characters not clearly visible with optical microscopy. using these sources of data we prepared descriptions and images of the beetles including species - specific genitalic structures and compiled all known distributional and ecological data. we added the genus into an ongoing phylogenetic analysis of world omaliini by the second author to infer its phylogenetic placement. while we initially believed that this genus consisted of a single undescribed species from tasmania we discovered that there are actually two species inhabiting different areas of that island. several other genera of omaliini have austral disjunct distributions that probably reflect an ancient origin on gondwana. our new genus needs to be compared carefully with several undescribed species of wingless omaliinae known from southern new zealand to assess whether they are all phylogenetically close \u2013 representing another disjunct genus \u2013 or convergently wingless.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48735635730300997, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.320966"} {"text": "social skills of children with 22q11 deletion syndrome : a social cognitive neuroscience approach the 22q11 ds is the most common genetic deletion syndrome. the deletion is believed to result in the dysregulation of the dopamine, gaba, and glutamate systems which, in turn, affects the prefrontal cortex, associated circuitry, and cognitive abilities governed by these brain regions. research suggests that 22q11 ds children experience attention and executive function deficits ; clinical observation also suggests impaired social abilities. this study sought to empirically identify if 22q11 ds children experience social skills, executive function, and / or executive attention impairments, and how these skills may be associated. a social cognitive neuroscience approach was used that attempted to relate these three areas of functioning ( neurochemical, neurocognitive, and social ). ^ the study was conducted as part of a longitudinal project at rockefeller university. fifty - one 22q11 ds children and 30 control participants took part in the study. parents completed the social skills rating system ( ssrs ) and behavior rating inventory of executive function ( brief ). the children were administered two computerized tests, the wisconsin card sorting test : 64 - computer version ( wcst : 64 - cv ) and the attention network test for children ( ant ). ^ when compared with control participants, 22q11 ds children were found to : ( 1 ) have more impaired social skills, ( 2 ) be more likely to score in the clinically impaired range on the brief global and subscale measures, and ( 3 ) have more perseverative responses and errors on the wcst : 64 - cv. no significant group differences were found on the ant ; however a group x age interaction was detected. correlational analysis revealed a significant, negative association between the brief and ssrs total scores. a simple regression found that the brief global composite score accounted for 42. 4 % of the variance in affected children ' s social skills. ^ secondary analyses revealed significant associations between ssrs and brief subscale scores. a multiple regression revealed that emotional control, planning, and monitoring skills were significant predictors of total social skills scores in affected children. a significant group x socio - economic status interaction was also found. ^ this study suggests that social and executive function skills are associated in 22q11 ds children. this has direct implications for remediation efforts and supports the validity of utilizing a social cognitive neuroscience approach. ^ psychology, developmental | psychology, clinical | psychology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5207877911222332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.325667"} {"text": "dorcas, a word which means \" gazelle \", was sometimes called tabitha. she was a very kind person who spent her time caring for the widows of joppa. dorcas lived in joppa, a seaport town. she was a loving person who showed kindness to others and especially to the poor. she made coats for the widows so they would have something to keep them warm in the winter. one day she became ill and died. her friends were so sad and upset. their dear friend was gone. they had heard that peter had been performing miracles of healing sick people. at this time no apostle had raised anyone from the dead, but dorcas ' friends believed that peter could do even that, so they sent two men to lydda, a nearby town where peter was staying. peter went back to joppa with the men, and when he got there, he was led to an upper room where her friends had laid dorcas. the room was filled with widows who were crying and showing one another the coats and other clothing which dorcas had made for them while she was alive. each stitch showed her faithfulness and the love she had for them. peter told them all to leave the room, then he got down on his knees and prayed, asking god to bring life back into her still body. he said to her, \" tabitha, get up. \" she opened her eyes and when she saw peter, she sat up. he took her by the hand and she stood up. he called for the people to come back into the room, and there they saw their friend, alive again. what joy they felt! the news spread quickly through the town of joppa. dorcas is alive again! because of the miracle many people believed in the lord.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4470435590541982, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.327330"} {"text": "graphic design exercises indesign : lists & dropcaps to learn indesign layout and production techniques by recreating drop caps and lists can be made easily in indesign with just a click. but customizing these functions will require the use of character styles. in this exercise, we ' ll learn some tricks on how to make production of repetitive tasks more efficient. a note on colored type : text type should only print in black or a solid ink color. if there are any tints ( less than 100 % of an ink color ), the halftone dots will affect readability should there be any registration problems. in this exercise, we are making an exception by using two solid inks for the text type. prepping for the exercise - download starter files - open \" list. indd \" in indesign - practice adobe navigation keyboard shortcuts : space + cmd = zoom in ; space + cmd + opt = zoom out ; cmd + zero = fit in window - practice indesign preview shortcuts : opt + space = hand ; cmd + opt + i ( show / hide hidden characters ) ; w ( normal / preview mode ) making paragraph styles - window > paragraph styles : edit basic paragraph : 12 / 16 itc century book, hyphenation = no, justification = adobe single line composer, character color = green ( note formula ) - style head : 36 / 32, fill = purple, make new paragraph style \" h1 \" - style intro : 14 / 18 italic, make new paragraph style \" intro \" - style subheads : bold, fill = red, make new paragraph style \" h2 \" - apply style to other subheads making character styles - select initial cap character ( \" t \" ) : remove italic, make new character style \" book \" - insert sample ballot box character : window > glyphs : font = itc zapf dingbats, choose solid square - select bullet character : fill = none, stroke =. 5 ( green ) ; make new character style \" ballot box \" making a drop cop - window > paragraph styles : edit \" intro \" : drop cap : lines = 2, character = 1, character style = book - adjust kerning - select a range of list items - window > paragraph : bullets & numbering ( flyout menu ), preview = on - list type : bullet, add square zapf dingbat, character style = ballot box, left indent = 1p3, first line indent =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4470615770519021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.332677"} {"text": "amos 1 : 1 identifies the author of the book of amos as the prophet amos. date of writing : the book of amos was likely written between 760 and 753 b. c. purpose of writing : amos is a shepherd and a fruit picker from the judean village of tekoa when god calls him, even though he lacks an education or a priestly background. amos ' mission is directed to his neighbor to the north, israel. his messages of impending doom and captivity for the nation because of her sins are largely unpopular and unheeded, however, because not since the days of solomon have times been so good in israel. amos ' ministry takes place while jeroboam ii reigns over israel, and uzziah reigns over judah. amos 2 : 4, \" this is what the lord says : ' for three sins of judah, even for four, i will not turn back [ my wrath ]. because they have rejected the law of the lord and have not kept his decrees, because they have been led astray by false gods, the gods their ancestors followed. \" amos 3 : 7, \" surely the sovereign lord does nothing without revealing his plan to his servants the prophets. \" amos 9 : 14, \" i will bring back my exiled people israel ; they will rebuild the ruined cities and live in them. they will plant vineyards and drink their wine ; they will make gardens and eat their fruit. \" amos can see that beneath israel ' s external prosperity and power, internally the nation is corrupt to the core. the sins for which amos chastens the people are extensive : neglect of god ' s word, idolatry, pagan worship, greed, corrupted leadership and oppression of the poor. amos begins by pronouncing a judgment upon all the surrounding nations, then upon his own nation of judah, and finally the harshest judgment is given to israel. his visions from god reveal the same emphatic message : judgment is near. the book ends with god ' s promise to amos of future restoration of the remnant. the book of amos ends with a glorious promise for the future. \u201c \u2019 i will plant israel in their own land, never again to be uprooted from the land i have given them, \u2019 says the lord your god \u201d ( 9 : 15 ). the ultimate fulfillment of god \u2019 s land promise to abraham ( gen. 12 : 7 ; 15 : 7 ; 17 : 8 ) will occur during christ \u2019 s millennial reign on earth ( see joel 2 : 26, 27 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3933807475340436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.337530"} {"text": ": 15 ). the ultimate fulfillment of god \u2019 s land promise to abraham ( gen. 12 : 7 ; 15 : 7 ; 17 : 8 ) will occur during christ \u2019 s millennial reign on earth ( see joel 2 : 26, 27 ). revelation 20 describes the thousand - year reign of christ on the earth, a time of peace and joy under the perfect government of the savior himself. at that time, believing israel and the gentile christians will be combined in the church and will live and reign with christ. sometimes we think we are a \" just - a \"! we are just - a salesman, farmer or housewife. amos would be considered a \" just - a. \" he wasn ' t a prophet or priest or the son of either. he was just a shepherd, a small businessman in judah. who would listen to him? but instead of making excuses, amos obeyed and became god ' s powerful voice for change. god has used \" just - a ' s \" such as shepherds, carpenters, and fishermen all through the bible. whatever you are in this life, god can use you. amos wasn ' t much. he was a \" just - a. \" \" just - a \" servant for god. it is good to be god ' s \" just - a. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46301863051218284, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.338089"} {"text": "functions and variables in physical science experiments almost all true science experiments involve designing a series of trials where one variable is manipulated and another variable changes as a result of this manipulation. all other variables are held constant. a variable is said to be a function of another variable if, for various values of x, it is possible to establish corresponding values of y, i. e. y = 6x. in today\u0131s lab you will be working with various weights that can be hung on a spring. work in pairs to determine any connections between the variables that you choose to investigate. any spring will deform if you put a large amount of weight on it. the purpose of this lab is not to see how much weight a spring will take before it breaks or deforms. deforming a spring by using an excess of weight, will ruin your experiment and it will force us to buy new springs. you can keep the lab fees from increasing if you use a reasonable amount of weight on the springs. be nice to your springs. when you have written a question and identified the variables you want to investigate, conduct an experiment to see what effect changing one variable has on another variable. prior to beginning your experiment, you need to check your question and your procedure with your instructor. please be sure to describe what experiment you are conducting and what materials you are using ( the procedure ) in your lab notebook ( or if this is the first lab, use this sheet of paper ). the level of detail you include in your procedure should allow someone to repeat your experiment just by reading your procedure. all data, observations, calculations, graphs, diagrams, etc. should be recorded in your lab notebook as well. be sure to include appropriate units with all measurements and results of calculations. you will need to follow the rules for working with significant figures. the expectations for this lab experiments are : a ) you need to run a minimum of two different experiments, b ) you need to collect a minimum of five data points for each experiment, c ) you need to run each experiment twice and average your data, d ) record your data for each experiment in a data table, e ) there are at least two different types of springs, use them, describe them, make a comparison, f ) for each experiment you do, plot a graph using the average values of your variables ( when appropriate ), g ) identify at least two resulting relationships, h ) include an algebraic expression ( a mathematical equation and a written statement ) describing the correlation between your variables, i ) show", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5979889300553181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.342945"} {"text": ", plot a graph using the average values of your variables ( when appropriate ), g ) identify at least two resulting relationships, h ) include an algebraic expression ( a mathematical equation and a written statement ) describing the correlation between your variables, i ) show how your data fits the equation. beginning questions : in this lab you are faced with determining relationships between multiple variables. what are two initial questions that can be answered by doing this lab activity? procedure. identify your dependent variable and your independent variable. what variables are kept constant? data / observations : ( attach a separate piece of paper ) record all data and observations. include appropriate units. graphs ( attach graph paper ). the dependent variable is plotted on the _ _ _ _ _ axis and the independent variable is plotted on the _ _ _ _ _ axis. be sure to calculate the slope of each graph. claims : based on the data collected, the graphs, etc. what claims can be made? evidence : support your claims with appropriate evidence. reading / reflection : what are some of the principles that you have learned or applied in this lab? how does this compare to other groups? how does this compare to information found in a physics textbook? compare graphs when using the thick wire / heavy spring vs. the thin wire / light spring, what physical variable does the slope of these graphs represent? please show how you arrived at your answers to each of the following questions using a ) your algebraic expression, b ) your graph. how does your equation or graph tell the difference between the two springs? if a 63 gram weight is hung on the longer spring, what would be the amount of stretching? what would be the length of the spring? does it make a difference if you investigate the length of the spring or the amount of stretching of the spring? if a 63 gram weight is hung on the shorter spring, what would be the amount of stretching? what would be the length of the spring?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5429824626942443, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.343844"} {"text": "i watched the movie die hard for the nth time over the weekend. i ' m going to go out on a limb and say that john mcclane is like a modern john wayne, and john wayne is the quintessential american hero of our stories. what defines the american hero? first, there ' s rugged individualism, which is probably the most american trait. i feel the need to point out that rugged individualism is not the same as the selfish libertine attitude that modern hollywood writers like to give protagonists. it ' s not individualism without a care for others, or doing things differently just to be different. rugged individualism means stubborn self - sufficiency and a willingness to fight against any odds. most of john wayne most memorable characters are polite and soft - spoken, but also no - nonsense persons who don ' t let law or manners get in the way of justice ( if they were d & d characters, their alignment would be neutral good ). wayne usually ends up punching somebody. mcclane isn ' t so polite - - definitely rough around the edges - - but he ' s similarly decisive in response to problems and quick to give jerks their due. the american hero doesn ' t want to be heroic. he wants a quiet, ordered life ; but he accepts a personal duty to protect the weak against evil and injustice. incidentally, the american hero is in this sense very similar to the farmer - soldier of ancient rome - - he does his duty, then returns to a quiet, humble life. the american hero is humble ( which is definitely harder to see in mcclane ). in the film mcclintock, wayne ' s character owns most of the land around town and is a sort of unofficial mayor, yet most of the townsfolk admire him because he ' s fair and respects the lowliest people. he ' s gives money to the town bum, despite knowing the money will be spent on liquor, and jokes around with the bum as a friend. he ' s friends with the same indians who put arrows in him years ago, and even represents them against his own government. the american hero is usually uneducated, relying on street smarts and a poor man ' s wisdom. which, perhaps, is another characteristic of the american hero : an open heart. he ' s friends with unlikely people... people who are very different from him. he might not even understand them, but he still travels with them, jokes with them, and fights for them. you see this with mcc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47970584645650105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.350018"} {"text": "an open heart. he ' s friends with unlikely people... people who are very different from him. he might not even understand them, but he still travels with them, jokes with them, and fights for them. you see this with mcclane, too, in the way he befriends a young, aloof limo driver or an eccentric airport groundskeeper. the american hero isn ' t multicultural. wayne and mcclane aren ' t worldly. they are proud of their own culture and not too interested in learning others, but they are accepting of people from any origin. what else might be a characteristic of the archetypal american hero? and can you think of any game characters that come close? i think the master chief in halo and marcus fenix in gears of war might. i ' ve asked my english friend, david, to describe who he thinks is the quintessential british / english hero from film and literature. his gut reaction was sean connery as james bond. i ' ll be interested to see how american heroes compare to heroes of other cultures. my guess is that heroes cross - culturally are basically the same, but there are a number of significant nuances. humility, for example, is not a virtue in all cultures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063689930453671, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.350478"} {"text": "the role of assessment in teaching ed 670 glinda & cresta august 1, 2005 presentation overview classroom assessment classroom assessment is the collection, evaluation... the role of assessment in teaching. ppt - search assessment glinda cresta august presentation overview classroom evaluation teaching what is it? teaching how should mathematics be taught? so as a teacher what does research tell us : what is most important? content? pedagogy? definitions of teaching taken in part from b. o. smith \u2019 s definitions of teaching operational definitions of teaching \" the action of a person who teaches ; the... book : techniques and principles in language teaching author : diana larsen - freeman second edition, 12 chapters slide production : dr. h. iravani shahriar center teaching students to read informational text reference : what research has to say about reading instruction, by alan e. farstrup ( 2002 ) advocate for the explicit... teaching _ students _ to _ read _ informational _ text. ppt - search students informational research about reading farstrup advocate explicit teaching techniques and strategies in foreign languages presented by dr. g. sakinah abdur - rashied, assistant professor of modern foreign languages innovative teaching strategies chris keegan, cst, ms, fast vincennes university teaching strategies begin with assessing your students understand their learning... 2009 _ conference _ innovative _ teaching _ strategies. ppt - search innovative strategies chris vincennes university begin assessing understand their learning teaching communication skills to healthcare professionals : role play & role modeling lee grumbles, md department of internal medicine palliative care program how to survive your first year teaching melissa kettner special topics project cep 841 \u201c overwhelming and not without tears. \u201d this is how too many first - year... how to survive your first year teaching. ppt - search survive first melissa kettner special topics project overwhelming without first - year co - teaching team 2 aka ( dan deluca, jen borman, tim jump, regina ratzlaff & christine nystrom ) what is co - teaching two ( or more ) educators or other certified staff... teaching plot structure through short stories plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. it shows the a causal arrangement of events and... plotstructure. pps - search structure through short stories literary element describes shows causal arrangement events teaching across generations effective teaching and learning department email @ example. com \u00a9 2005 baker college opening activity take a few moments to think", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49453619374128255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.355571"} {"text": "of events and... plotstructure. pps - search structure through short stories literary element describes shows causal arrangement events teaching across generations effective teaching and learning department email @ example. com \u00a9 2005 baker college opening activity take a few moments to think... suffering or having fun - importance of perceived workload in teaching with computer simulation poon, tat hong ( ted ) department of management the hong kong... ted. ppt - search suffering having importance perceived workload computer simulation department management teaching, learning, and technology quotations complied by diana dell, ed. s. it is possible to store the mind with millions of facts and still be entirely uneducated. teaching for successful intelligence robert j. sternberg yale university contact information robert j. sternberg, director pace center department of psychology yale... sternberg. ppt - search successful intelligence robert sternberg contact information director center psychology teaching procedures and skills jennifer peel, ph. d. assistant professor, anesthesiology director of education, gme office remember being taught procedures in 3rd year? teaching reading comprehension in the middle school timothy shanahan university of illinois at chicago firstname. lastname @ example. org why teach reading in the middle school? teaching creativity and teaching for creativity what is creativity? the definition of creativity : \u00bb \u201c the application of knowledge and skills in new ways, to... teaching in a multicultural setting introduction globalization & technological advancement created new complex problems. cultures bring together diverse backgrounds... walingo. ppt - search multicultural setting introduction globalization technological advancement created complex cultures bring together diverse backgrounds teaching styles michele b. lundy m. d. university of arizona faculty development march 5, 2009 facilitative style elicits / accepts student feelings offers feelings...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5975298598650465, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.356346"} {"text": "\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629, \u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062d, \u062f\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0642\u0645 \u0630\u0647\u0628, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u060c 29 \u0627\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u060c 2011 what is a pennyweight of gold? what is a gram of gold? these are the most frequently asked questions we receive at goldfellow. it ' s problematic for everyone as it doesn ' t relate to any measurement we currently use in our daily life. pennyweights, however are still commonly used in the u. s. jewelry industry but we prefer to use the more accurate and globally recognized grams ( metric ) as our unit of measure. there are 20 pennyweights also referred to as dwt in an ounce. there are also 31. 1 grams in an ounce. as we are talking about precious metals i ' ll use gold in my example throughout this post. many of our customers are weighing their valuables on home kitchen or postal scales of either mechanical or digital make. most measure in grams and ounces, particularly when weighing food. the grams shown on your scale are not the same as the grams used in gold! you are measuring on a device that uses 28 grams per ounce while gold is measured in troy ounces. there are 31. 1 grams per troy ounce. the simplest way to use your home scale is to multiply the number showing as ounces by 20. that ' s it. if your scale shows 3. 5 oz you have approximately 70 pennyweight. 1. 5oz is about 30 pennyweight and so on. ( same for silver and platinum ) ok, now for measuring your gold in grams. the scale shows 3. 5 ounces. multiply by 31. 1 and it comes to 108. 85 grams of gold. if it ' s 1. 5 oz x 31. 1 = 46. 65 grams. lastly, if you would like to know a price per gram", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016137553582589, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.359525"} {"text": "ounces. multiply by 31. 1 and it comes to 108. 85 grams of gold. if it ' s 1. 5 oz x 31. 1 = 46. 65 grams. lastly, if you would like to know a price per gram, follow this formula. $ 20 per pennyweight is $ 12. 86 per gram. to convert simply divide $ 20 by 1. 555 = $ 12. 86. try $ 18 dwt divided by 1. 555 and you get $ 11. 58 gram as the founder of the largest wholesale gold jewelry manufacturer in the united states, i built a reputation upon doing business ethically. my company supplied gold jewelry to the most respected jewelry stores, department stores, discount big box retailers and tv shopping networks in america. though i sold my company to warren buffet \u2019 s berkshire - hathaway in 2007, my reputation in the jewelry industry remains impeccable. our founders began selling gold jewelry to america ' s leading jewelry retailers in 1977, ultimately becoming the largest manufacturer and distributor of gold jewelry in the united states. during 30 years of working in the gold jewelry industry, goldfellow \u2019 s\u2122 founders sold and distributed over 50 million pieces of 10kt, 14kt and 18kt gold jewelry such as chains, bracelets, necklaces, rings, earrings and more. that ' s over 300 tons of gold! over the course of time, many of these jewelry items ended up in drawers, locked away for safe keeping or at the bottom of your jewelry box. these gold items are made from precious metal, and with gold prices at an all time high, have significant value when sold to the right company. goldfellow\u2122 is that company. goldfellow\u2122 was started with the goal of providing consumers a trusted, safe and convenient way to sell their unwanted gold, platinum and silver jewelry for cash. we now offer our 30 years of expertise to you. goldfellow \u2019 s\u2122 mission is to pay you top dollar for your gold, platinum and silver", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4373207812499821, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.360266"} {"text": "a new study challenges previous work that found a link between marijuana use and lower iq, but the authors of the original paper stand by their findings. last august, madeline meier of duke university and her colleagues published the results of a study assessing the effect of marijuana use on cognition, as measured by iq. the findings, published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ), found that people who started using cannabis weekly before they turned 18 and continued to use heavily into adulthood lost an average of eight iq points over that period. that \u2019 s enough to move someone with an average iq of 100 from the 50th percentile of scores down to the 29th percentile. the study also showed that this level of decline was seen mostly in about 8 % of people who started using cannabis early and qualified for a diagnosis of marijuana addiction no fewer than three times between ages 18 and 38. the results suggested that marijuana was having a negative effect on brain development. but now another analysis published in the same journal calls the iq findings into question. although the initial research involved a relatively large number of participants and controlled for factors such as alcohol dependence and schizophrenia that might also affect cognitive development, the new study suggests that the original one did not account for the effects of poverty, which can affect the way iq changes over time. using mathematical modeling, the new research found that because education can affect the trajectory of iq development differently in people of different socioeconomic status, the environment, and not marijuana, may be the source of the poorer cognitive development. \u201c [ their ] statistical models are unable to distinguish between a causal effect of cannabis on iq - development and a non - causal correlation, \u201d ole rogeberg, the author of the study and a research economist at the ragnar frisch centre for economic research in norway, said in an e - mail discussing the work. in the paper itself, he puts it more bluntly, \u201c [ the ] estimated effect on of adolescent - onset cannabis use on iq is likely biased and the true effect could be zero. it would be too strong to say that the results have been discredited but fair to say that the methodology is flawed and the causal inference drawn from these results is premature. \u201d the authors of the original paper disagree. in a statement they released by e - mail responding to the criticism, they write : \u201c dr. rogeberg \u2019 s \u2026 challenge is based on simulations. we used actual data on 1, 037 people to carry out the analyses he suggested. while dr. rogeberg \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4808113516220105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.367010"} {"text": "mail responding to the criticism, they write : \u201c dr. rogeberg \u2019 s \u2026 challenge is based on simulations. we used actual data on 1, 037 people to carry out the analyses he suggested. while dr. rogeberg \u2019 s ideas are interesting, they are not supported by our data. \u201d meier and her colleagues also note that in their investigation, only 23 % of the participants were from lower - income families, which made it unlikely that the effect of poverty was strong enough to skew the results for the entire group. they examined both middle and low socioeconomic groups and saw iq changes linked to marijuana use in both. \u201c by restricting our analysis to only include children from middle - class homes, our findings of iq decline in adolescent - onset cannabis users remain unaltered, thereby suggesting that the decline in iq cannot be attributed to socioeconomic factors alone, \u201d they wrote. still, rogeberg claims that poor children tend to start smoking pot at a much younger age than rich or middle - class kids do. early exposure to marijuana and other recreational drugs is linked to a higher risk of addiction, which the duke study found connected to iq loss. marijuana may also lead to higher dropout and expulsion rates from school, which may be an indirect way that marijuana is connected to iq. \u201c as you consider groups with higher and higher exposure to cannabis, these groups will have higher and higher shares of participants from low ses backgrounds, \u201d says rogeberg, who also notes that other research has not found a connection between teen marijuana use and lowered iq. \u201c the issues raised by rogeberg are those that confound all observational studies : no matter how carefully controlled a study appears to be, there are always other variables that may alter the conclusions once they are uncovered, \u201d says dr. nora volkow, director of the national institute on drug abuse. \u201c in fact, for something like iq, it would be surprising for one variable to be 100 % causal to a particular outcome. \u201d neither research group is insisting that is the case ; clearly iq is affected by myriad factors that scientists are only beginning to tally. but whether marijuana is directly affecting brain development \u2014 or whether factors like school dropout or expulsion are more influential \u2014 is not yet clear.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49278329118431596, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.368292"} {"text": "joseph smith may have been alone when he experienced his first vision and subsequently met with the angel moroni, but he did not stand alone in his home. his mother, father, and siblings formed a supportive family network. he could confide in his parents. he could rely on his siblings. joseph \u2019 s wife, emma, bore with joseph the demands and strains of leadership, opposition, and persecution. other friends, such as martin harris, oliver cowdery, and david and john whitmer, stood with joseph as he brought forth the book of mormon, organized the church, and embarked upon his quest to build a zion society. equally notable among those whose connections strengthened and sustained joseph during his many trials and travails were the extended knight family and their neighbors in colesville, new york. allying themselves with the young joseph smith, they followed him into the budding church, defended him, and formed the nucleus of one of the first branches of the church. the story of the knights and the colesville branch testifies of the power of kinship and friendship in the restoration of the gospel and the building up of the lord \u2019 s kingdom. the story of the colesville saints began with joseph \u2019 s visits to the region in the mid - 1820s, when he began working for josiah stowell of neighboring south bainbridge, new york, in a failed treasure - seeking venture. though that quest proved unsuccessful, it yielded joseph smith \u2019 s close friendship with joseph knight sr. and his son newel knight. later, joseph knight sr. aided joseph in his courtship of emma hale. he was present at the smith homestead the night joseph smith, with emma \u2019 s help, retrieved the book of mormon plates from the hill cumorah, and he provided food and writing materials to joseph smith during the book of mormon translation. knight family members and some of their neighbors were among the first to join the church in 1830. later that year, they became the nucleus of one of the first ( if not the first ) branches organized in the church. in july 1830, joseph was counseled in two revelations now found in doctrine and covenants 24 and 26 to visit the members in colesville, including the knights, to devote his time to \u201c studying the scriptures & to preaching & to confirming the church at colesvill \u201d ( see d & c 26 : 1 ). hyrum smith stayed in the area in late 1830 and presided over the branch for several months. his successor was joseph knight sr. \u2019 s son newel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43647874281667504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.377818"} {"text": "the church at colesvill \u201d ( see d & c 26 : 1 ). hyrum smith stayed in the area in late 1830 and presided over the branch for several months. his successor was joseph knight sr. \u2019 s son newel. the move to ohio when instructions were given in december 1830 and january 1831 ( d & c 37 and 38 ) for the new york members to move to the ohio valley region, the colesville branch members made significant financial sacrifices and prepared themselves for the move west. the families associated with the colesville branch included, among others, the knights, pecks, demills, stringhams, culvers, slades, badgers, hineses, and carters. everyone was expected to gather in ohio, and the poor were not to be left behind. setting aside their former lives and homes, the branch, under newel knight \u2019 s leadership, began the journey to the kirtland area in april 1831. when they arrived in may, they were advised to \u201c remain together, and go to a neighboring town called thompson, as a man by the name of [ leman ] copley had a considerable tract of land there which he offered to let the brethren occupy. \u201d copley had offered his land perhaps in response to an earlier revelation ( d & c 48 ) given to answer a key question among the ohio saints in early 1831 : \u201c what preperations we shall make for our brethren from the east & when & how? \u201d the revelation answered, \u201c [ i ] nasmuch as ye [ have ] lands ye shall impart to the eastern brethren \u201d ( see d & c 48 : 2 ). copley welcomed the colesville branch and shortly after their arrival in thompson they began to plant and build on his ample 759 - acre farm. on may 20, joseph smith received another revelation, now identified as doctrine and covenants 51, directing those who settled in thompson to be among the first to practice the recently revealed principles of consecration and stewardship. newly called bishop edward partridge was to \u201c receive the properties of this people which have covenanted with me \u201d and \u201c appoint unto this people their portion every man alike according to their families according to their wants & their needs \u201d ( see d & c 51 : 3 ). although the revelation made it clear that ohio would be a temporary gathering location, they were reminded that the \u201c hour & the day is not given unto them \u201d for their anticipated move to the future city of zion. they were to \u201c act upon this land", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39464157651185394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.378796"} {"text": "although the revelation made it clear that ohio would be a temporary gathering location, they were reminded that the \u201c hour & the day is not given unto them \u201d for their anticipated move to the future city of zion. they were to \u201c act upon this land as for years \u201d ( see d & c 51 : 17 ). however, the colesville branch members had precious little time to comply with the commandment to implement the law of consecration. leman copley \u2019 s resolve to impart of his land was put to the test in early may when he participated in a mission to his former shaker congregation. the experience seemed to raise doubts that weakened his testimony, and shortly after his return to thompson he broke his agreement and evicted the saints from his property. in june 1831, their future clouded and their lives in disarray, the knights and other members of the colesville branch sought counsel and guidance from joseph smith as to what they should do next. instruction came in the form of a revelation now known as doctrine and covenants 54 : \u201c take your journey s into the regions westward unto missorie unto the borders of the lamanites & after you have done journeying behold i say unto you seek ye a living like unto men untill i prepare a place for you & again be patient in tribulation \u201d ( see d & c 54 : 8 - 10 ). newel knight later described the situation, \u201c we now understood that [ ohio ] was not the land of our inheritance \u2014 the land of promise, for it was made known in a revelation that missouri was the place chosen for the gathering of the church, and several were called to lead the way to that state. \u201d banding together once again, the colesville members prepared for their journey. they selected newel knight to continue to preside over them despite his previous call, by revelation, to serve a proselytizing mission ( see d & c 52 ). in a revelation canonized as doctrine and covenants 56, he was authorized to set aside his mission call and instead travel to missouri as the head of the colesville branch. the move to missouri leaving thompson in early june 1831, sixty members of the branch reached kaw township in jackson county, missouri, on july 26 after a journey of about a thousand miles. though joseph smith had arrived shortly before the colesville saints, they had the distinction of being the first branch of the church to settle the land that had been dedicated as zion on august 2, 1831, by sidney rigdon. sadly,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44290712871188603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.379860"} {"text": "thousand miles. though joseph smith had arrived shortly before the colesville saints, they had the distinction of being the first branch of the church to settle the land that had been dedicated as zion on august 2, 1831, by sidney rigdon. sadly, joseph knight sr. \u2019 s wife, polly, died a few days after their arrival. according to his later history, joseph smith \u201c attended the funeral of sister polly [ peck ] knight. \u2026 this was the first death in the church in this land, and i can say a worthy member sleeps in jesus till the resurrection. \u201d that same day, joseph received the revelation now known as doctrine and covenants 59, outlining how the church was to observe the lord \u2019 s day. in that revelation, the lord included words of comfort for polly knight \u2019 s family and friends : \u201c blessed \u2026 are they who have come up unto this land with an eye single to my glory according to my commandments for them that live shall inherit the earth and them that die shall rest from all their labours & their works shall follow them they shall receive a crown in the mansions of my father which i have prepared for them \u201d ( see d & c 59 : 1 - 2 ). joseph smith visited his friends in the colesville branch in missouri again in april 1832. on that occasion, joseph sealed the members of the branch up to eternal life. during the jackson county mobbing of 1833, the colesville branch fled with many other saints into neighboring clay county. they settled together there for a time, even building a chapel. however, once the church moved on to caldwell county in 1836, the branch membership was scattered and their time together as one of the first organized units in the church came to an end. the knights and others from the former branch joined many of the saints in escaping to illinois in the aftermath of the missouri mormon war of 1838. the knights settled in the nauvoo area and remained faithful members of the church and friends of joseph smith. after joseph \u2019 s martyrdom in 1844, the knight family followed the leadership of the quorum of the twelve. both joseph knight sr. and his son newel died in 1847 during the exodus from nauvoo to the salt lake valley. for more on the sections mentioned in this article, see the forthcoming volume, michael hubbard mackay, gerrit j. dirkmaat, grant underwood, robert j. woodford, william g. hartley, eds. documents : july 1828 - june 1831. first volume of the documents series of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4071655270448349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.381452"} {"text": "data appendix for economic growth in the long run abstractthis extended data appendix describes the sources and methods used to construct the data used in our paper \" economic growth in the long run. \" download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by university library of munich, germany in its series mpra paper with number 41325. date of creation : 14 sep 2012 date of revision : physical capital ; human capital ; investment ; schooling ; find related papers by jel classification : - o11 - economic development, technological change, and growth - - economic development - - - macroeconomic analyses of economic development - o47 - economic development, technological change, and growth - - economic growth and aggregate productivity - - - measurement of economic growth ; aggregate productivity ; cross - country output convergence - o15 - economic development, technological change, and growth - - economic development - - - economic development : human resources ; human development ; income distribution ; migration - j24 - labor and demographic economics - - demand and supply of labor - - - human capital ; skills ; occupational choice ; labor productivity this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your repec author service profile, click on \" citations \" and make appropriate adjustments. : - schoellman, todd, 2008. \" the causes and consequences of cross - country differences in schooling attainment, \" 9243, university library of munich, germany. - todd schoellman, 2007. \" the causes and consequences of cross - country differences in schooling attainment, \" 2007 meeting papers 297, society for economic dynamics. blog mentionsas found by econacademics. org, the blog aggregator for economics research : - the latest on growth accounting by economic logician in economic logic on 2012 - 10 - 11 14 : 41 : 00 by himaginary in himaginary\u306e \u65e5 on 2012 - 10 - 13 07 : 00 : 00 for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( ekkehart schlicht ). if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088875067424005, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.385224"} {"text": "photo : scott zona there is nothing more emblematic of spring and summer than flowers, but why do plants have flowers, and how did they evolve? botanists know that flowering plants, that is, plants that reproduce by producing seeds, evolved from non - flowering plants. according to evolutionary theory, nature would have selected plants with flowering tendencies because it gave these plants a reproductive advantage. it \u2019 s within the protective casing of flower petals, after all, that flowers are pollinated and make seeds. the strategy has been hugely successful. the vast majority of plants today are flowering plants. the precise origin of flowering plants, though, is puzzling. in fact, exactly when, how, and why plants first developed flowers remains one of the biggest mysteries of evolutionary paleontology. however, two discoveries have begun to unravel the mystery of how plants got flowers. four years ago, scientists in china found a fossil of the oldest known flowering plant. the reed - like plants lived at least 125 million years ago in a lake, suggesting that flowering plants first evolved in water. the scientists speculate that the plant \u2019 s seeds floated along the shore and germinated near the banks. more recently, scientist william friedman of the university of colorado found a clue in a plant called amborella trichopoda, which grows in south pacific rain forests. the plant \u2019 s female reproductive system has an extra, sterile egg cell. friedman thinks that the extraneous part is a remnant from a more primitive reproductive apparatus and could link the plant to non - flowering plants like pines and firs. the origin of flowers is still a difficult puzzle, of course, but with further discoveries and research, flowering plants will become a bit less mysterious.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4357301040619492, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.387046"} {"text": "the barren isles archipelago, off the west coast of madagascar in the mozambique channel, is one of the few remaining refuges of marine life in the western indian ocean. in addition to housing some of madagascar \u2019 s healthiest and most productive coral reefs, this diverse ecosystem supports more than 4, 000 traditional vezo fishers. the vezo live along madagascar \u2019 s west coast and rely almost exclusively on the sea for survival and cultural identity. \u2026 14 jun 2013 | article inspiring places - promote your protected area the most viewed pages of our website inspiring places are the most viewed section of our website, your text will not only be on the homepage of the website for 2 weeks, it will also be an integral part of our bi - monthly newsletter. if you would like to promote your protected area, please email delwyn firstname. lastname @ example. org with the following information - approximately 15 high resolution images of the protected area ( together with an authorization allowing iucn to use these images on flickr - 1 map - about an a4 page of text including : - short background : about 150 words describing the pa, its conservation objectives, the iucn category, the management authority, the governance arranagements, and other relevant information, e. g. if it has world heritage status ; - context, location and size : something about the region where it is located, the size of the pa in square kilometers, and other pas in the vicinity, including transboundary context ; - biodiversity and cultural features protected : a short description of about 150 words, giving information on geology, fauna and flora, cultural features, species on the iucn red list etc. - threats : describe threats to the site and what is being done to address threats it would certainly be helpful if you could check the current information on the pa in protectedplanet, to ensure that the information is correct, and to make a submission on protectedplanet if you find discrepancies. see www. protectedplanet. net if you would like to write it in another language than english that \u2019 s fine, we just need a translation, but as for the canadian sites we will put both languages up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43796628088651945, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.390919"} {"text": "more sharks on the red list \u2013 expert workshop releases findings on the status of north and central american shark and ray populations 25 june 2004 | news story gland, switzerland, 25 june 2004 ( iucn - the world conservation union ). the number of species of sharks and rays on the iucn red list of threatened species is set to grow. this was the finding of a week - long expert workshop at mote marine laboratory, florida, to examine the conservation status of the species found in north and central american waters. workshop findings confirm the widely - held belief that slow growing sharks and rays are exceptionally vulnerable to over - fishing, but also reveal that species can recover from depletion if strict management is imposed before populations reach critical levels. the results highlight how species can become endangered through incidental catch, without being the target of fisheries. in many cases, species of \u201c least concern \u201d in us waters still face serious threats from unregulated fishing off mexico and central america. nearly 200 species of sharks and rays in the region were evaluated using the iucn red list categories and criteria. categories range from \" extinct \" to \" least concern \" and \" data deficient. \" species classified as \" vulnerable, \" \" endangered \" or \" critically endangered, \" are considered threatened with extinction and are added to the global red list. the red list categories and criteria were also used to assess certain regional and specific populations, as well as global ones. the shark specialist group of iucn \u2019 s species survival commission, which convened the meeting, will compile the assessments into a report that will include recommendations for conservation action. proposed additions to the red list include the oceanic whitetip shark of the gulf of mexico and new england ' s thorny skate, both classified as \" critically endangered, \" as well as two species of hammerhead sharks, now considered \" endangered. \" the demise of the oceanic whitetip is blamed on incidental catch ( or \" bycatch \" ) in high seas tuna and swordfish fisheries combined with demand for their fins. hammerhead populations have declined due to a combination of factors including recreational over - fishing, high commercial value of their fins and bycatch. thorny skate was taken from us waters for a european market until last year, but is still caught incidentally in regional fisheries for cod, haddock and flounder. participants heightened the alarm over the us atlantic sand tiger shark, which is proposed to move from a \" vulnerable \" listing to the more serious \" endangered \" classification. this species produces only two young every two years and is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4241969469517176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.394205"} {"text": "##dock and flounder. participants heightened the alarm over the us atlantic sand tiger shark, which is proposed to move from a \" vulnerable \" listing to the more serious \" endangered \" classification. this species produces only two young every two years and is not recovering despite being protected since 1999. the group proposed to retain the 2000 \" vulnerable \" classification for the protected atlantic dusky shark, but stressed an urgent need for a more in - depth population assessment for this exceptionally slow - growing species. the workshop did reveal some good news for sharks. thanks to a decade of catch controls, the us population of commercially - important blacktip sharks has been rebuilding and its iucn threat status was proposed this week as \" least concern \u201d. the species is still considered threatened off central america due to the lack of fishing regulations and persistent fishing pressure outside the us. the threat status of barndoor skate off new england was proposed for downlisting from \" endangered \" to \" near threatened \" based on a steady population increase over many years, while the canadian population remains \" endangered. \" more than 50 experts took part in the meeting, including scientists from government agencies, universities, private institutions and researchers from central america. the workshop was the fifth in a global series to assess all the world ' s shark and ray species and develop regional conservation priorities. resulting red list proposals are preliminary until accepted by the global shark specialist group network. anna knee or andrew mcmullin, iucn / ssc communications officers, email @ example. com or firstname. lastname @ example. org ; tel : + 41 22 999 0153", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4345872759220949, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.396172"} {"text": "mediterranean seagrass meadows : resilience and contribution to climate change mitigation 16 may 2012 | media advisory this new study will be presented in malaga during the seagrass meadows event in spain and provides an insight into their potential for carbon sequestration at a time when carbon credit schemes are becoming increasingly important in combating climate change. published by iucn and produced by the iucn centre for mediterranean cooperation, this document is a short summary of a technical report on the current state of affairs in the mediterranean basin and a must - read for policy - makers. authors of the book place special attention to the impact of climate change on mediterranean seagrass ecosystems and their role they play in mitigating the effects of climate change, in respect of extreme weather events and blue carbon sequestration. \u2022 what are the impacts of climate change on magnoliophyta in the mediterranean? \u201c mediterranean seagrass meadows reflect the history and biogeograhical diversity of this particular area \u201d, says alain jeudy de grissac, coordinator of iucn - med marine programme. \u201c along with the disruptions brought about by many human pressures, climate change could lead to a general warming of the mediterranean with \u2018 meridionalization \u2019 or even \u2018 tropicalization \u2019 depending on the sector, and to increasing frequency of the sea water events \u201d. \u2022 what is resilience? \u201c this new concept represents an exercise in realism, aiming to accommodate the idea that ecosystems change within and between various stable states \u201d, says gerard pergent, one of the study coordinators from corse university ( france ). \u201c depending on the characteristics specific to the various species of magnoliophyta found in the mediterranean ( physiological, biological and ecological ), their resilience, adjustment stability and capacity to adapt may differ \u201d \u2022 how much seagrass may contribute to climate change mitigation? \u201c seagrasses play a significant but quantitatively moderate role in carbon sequestration globally. they are estimated to account for 40 % of the carbon stored each year by coastal vegetation \u201d, says miguel angel mateo, centre d \u2019 estudis avancats de blanes ( csic - spain ) \u201c \u201c it is the large carbon stock accumulated during thousands of years what makes seagrasses potentially highly valuable in the context of global warming. specifically, it is estimated that posidonia oceanica is retaining up to 89 % of the total co2 emitted by all mediterranean countries since the industrial revolution. materials for the media : \u2022 photos for download here important : please note that these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4522046501203872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.400054"} {"text": "yesterday i described the gates foundation \u2019 s measuring effective teachers ( met ) project as \u201c an expensive flop. \u201d to grasp just what a flop the project was, it \u2019 s important to consider what success would have looked like. if the project had produced what gates was hoping, it would have found that classroom observations were strong, independent predictors of other measures of effective teaching, like student test score gains. even better, they were hoping that the combination of classroom observations, student surveys, and previous test score gains would be a much better predictor of future test score gains ( or of future classroom observations ) than any one of those measures alone. unfortunately, met failed to find anything like this. if met had found classroom observations to be strong predictors of other indicators of effective teaching and if the combination of measures were a significantly better predictor than any one measure alone, then gates could have offered evidence for the merits of a particular mixing formula or range of mixing formulas for evaluating teachers. that evidence could have been used to good effect to shape teacher evaluation systems in chicago, la, and everywhere else. they also could have genuinely reassured teachers anxious about the use of test score gains in teacher evaluations. met could have allayed those concerns by telling teachers that test score gains produce information that is generally similar to what is learned from well - conducted classroom observations, so there is no reason to oppose one and support the other. what \u2019 s more, significantly improved predictive power from a mixture of classroom observations with test score gains could have made the case for why we need both. met was also supposed to have helped us adjudicate among several commonly used rubrics for classroom observations so that we would have solid evidence for preferring one approach over another. because met found that classroom observations in general are barely related to other indicators of teacher effectiveness, the study told us almost nothing about the criteria we should use in classroom observations. in addition, the classroom observation study was supposed to help us identify the essential components of effective teaching. that knowledge could have informed improved teacher training and professional development. but because met was a flop ( because classroom observations barely correlate with other indicators of teacher effectiveness and fail to improve the predictive power of a combined measure ), we haven \u2019 t learned much of anything about the practices that are associated with effective teaching. if we can \u2019 t connect classroom observations with effective teaching in general, we certainly can \u2019 t say much about the particular aspects of teaching that were observed that most contributed to effective teaching. just so you know that i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253022085909653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.404918"} {"text": "are associated with effective teaching. if we can \u2019 t connect classroom observations with effective teaching in general, we certainly can \u2019 t say much about the particular aspects of teaching that were observed that most contributed to effective teaching. just so you know that i \u2019 m not falsely attributing to met these goals that failed to be realized, look at this interview from 2011 of bill gates by jason riley in the wall street journal. you \u2019 ll clearly see that bill gates was hoping that met would do what i described above. it failed to do so. here is what the interview revealed about the goals of met : of late, the foundation has been working on a personnel system that can reliably measure teacher effectiveness. teachers have long been shown to influence students \u2019 education more than any other school factor, including class size and per - pupil spending. so the objective is to determine scientifically what a good instructor does. \u201c we all know that there are these exemplars who can take the toughest students, and they \u2019 ll teach them two - and - a - half years of math in a single year, \u201d he says. \u201c well, i \u2019 m enough of a scientist to want to say, \u2018 what is it about a great teacher? is it their ability to calm down the classroom or to make the subject interesting? do they give good problems and understand confusion? are they good with kids who are behind? are they good with kids who are ahead? \u2019 \u201c i watched the movies. i saw \u2018 to sir, with love, \u2019 \u201d he chuckles, recounting the 1967 classic in which sidney poitier plays an idealistic teacher who wins over students at a roughhouse london school. \u201c but they didn \u2019 t really explain what he was doing right. i can \u2019 t create a personnel system where i say, \u2018 go watch this movie and be like him. \u2019 \u201d instead, the gates foundation \u2019 s five - year, $ 335 - million project examines whether aspects of effective teaching \u2014 classroom management, clear objectives, diagnosing and correcting common student errors \u2014 can be systematically measured. the effort involves collecting and studying videos of more than 13, 000 lessons taught by 3, 000 elementary school teachers in seven urban school districts. \u201c we \u2019 re taking these tapes and we \u2019 re looking at how quickly a class gets focused on the subject, how engaged the kids are, who \u2019 s wiggling their feet, who \u2019 s looking away, \u201d says mr. gates. the researchers are also asking students what works in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5066012247985303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.405838"} {"text": "we \u2019 re looking at how quickly a class gets focused on the subject, how engaged the kids are, who \u2019 s wiggling their feet, who \u2019 s looking away, \u201d says mr. gates. the researchers are also asking students what works in the classroom and trying to determine the usefulness of their feedback. mr. gates hopes that the project earns buy - in from teachers, which he describes as key to long - term reform. \u201c our dream is that in the sample districts, a high percentage of the teachers determine that this made them better at their jobs. \u201d he \u2019 s aware, though, that he \u2019 ll have a tough sell with teachers unions, which give lip service to more - stringent teacher evaluations but prefer existing pay and promotion schemes based on seniority \u2014 even though they often end up matching the least experienced teachers with the most challenging students. the final met reports produced virtually nothing that addressed these stated goals. but in orwellian fashion, the gates folks have declared the project to be a great success. i never expected met to work because i suspect that effective teaching is too heterogeneous to be captured well by a single formula. there is no recipe for effective teaching because kids and their needs are too varied, teachers and their abilities are too varied, and the proper matching of student needs and teacher abilities can be accomplished in many different ways. but this is just my suspicion. i can \u2019 t blame the gates foundation for trying to discover the secret sauce of effective teaching, but i can blame them for refusing to admit that they failed to find it. even worse, i blame them for distorting, exaggerating, and spinning what they did find. ( edited for typos )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4840024246489453, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.406481"} {"text": "watching an episode of modern family had me thinking about the importance of being able to have a context for understanding of so many things we are confronted with on a daily basis. cameron, the big gay guy, was wandering the streets looking for stella, the lost dog jay adores. as he shouts out \u2018 stella \u2019, he realises he is wearing a tshirt very like the one worn by marlon brando who played stanley kowalski in tennessee william \u2019 s, \u2018 a streetcar named desire \u2018. his cries for stella become more impassioned as a result. for me, the joke was obvious, but my two children, having no context, had to ask why was i laughing. today, i was reading an answer on quora, and it made mention of alexander the great and bucephalus. i was immediately taken back to my obsession with all things ancient greek in my first year at teacher \u2019 s college. but once again, it had me wondering. how many times a day do we not entirely grasp the full intentions of information we read or view, because we don \u2019 t have enough context to understand it in it \u2019 s entirety? how much does our formal education play a part in our general knowledge base, and is that determined by the teachers you had or your ability to ferret for information yourself? in victoria \u2019 s vce english curriculum, area of study 2 requires students to study a central theme or idea, and be inspired to write from a variety of texts, be they print or visual. i \u2019 m teaching year 10 english this year, and we are beginning our course with a thematic study in a similar vein to what the student \u2019 s will encounter in area of study 2 in vce. in past years, students have created a hard copy folio of stimulas material, but this year, we are going to have our students use storify for the same purpose. storify is a fantastic curation tool, and is currently being used by individuals, corporations and news organisations around the world to report on current events. i can \u2019 t help but think that the students with a broad general knowledge base have the advantage over others when it comes to formulating a response to area of study 2. hopefully, the use of a tool like storify will help our students comprehend the importance of reading widely and accessing a variety of sources to help formulate understanding. i know that when i introduce this topic, i \u2019 ll be talking about the importance of being well read and able to contextualise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49802495667865987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.409058"} {"text": "as i explained in a previous article about saint sylvester and the dragon, much medieval and renaissance european religion art is based on christian legends which are not found in the bible. these include stories of the saints, and also stories taken from books of the bible which are non - canonical, or which are labeled as \u201c apocryphal \u201d and not printed in most protestant bibles, although they might be found in catholic or orthodox bibles. in this article, i would like to consider the \u201c harrowing of hell \u201d in which jesus travels into the underworld to rescue the souls imprisoned there in order to lead them to paradise. this is an example of a story which is better known in its many visual representations throughout the medieval churches of europe than in any written narrative form. the biblical basis for the story is scanty indeed. the descent of jesus into the underworld forms part of the ancient apostles \u2019 creed, where jesus is said to have \u201c gone down to those beneath \u201d ( latin, descendit ad inferos ). there is a biblical echo of this statement in ephesians 4 : 9 : \u201c he descended into the lower parts of the earth \u201d ( latin vulgate, descendit in inferiores partes terrae ). the latin adjective inferus simply means \u201c lower, below, underneath, \u201d as you can see in the english word \u201c inferior. \u201d yet in ancient roman culture, the \u201c underneath world \u201d was already regarded as the abode of the dead, so that the plural form of the adjective, inferi, often stood simply for \u201c the dead. \u201d in english, this same latin root even gives us the word \u201c inferno, \u201d which has lost its sense of \u201c below, \u201d and instead now refers to any kind of terrible \u201c fire, \u201d not limited to the fires of hell. the fullest written account of the \u201c harrowing of hell \u201d is not found in the bible, however, but in the non - canonical gospel of nicodemus, a text which probably dates back in some form to around the 3rd century or even earlier. here we read how jesus, after his crucifixion, descended into hell and brought salvation to the souls of the dead who were prisoners there. the story begins with a dialogue between hades and satan, who have heard word that jesus is coming, which prompts a debate about the power of jesus. hades is afraid, because he has heard of the miracles jesus has performed on earth. satan, on the other hand, has heard that jesus was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47237947430486327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.416476"} {"text": ", who have heard word that jesus is coming, which prompts a debate about the power of jesus. hades is afraid, because he has heard of the miracles jesus has performed on earth. satan, on the other hand, has heard that jesus was crucified as a common criminal ; he is certain that they will be able to bind and subdue jesus when he arrives in their realm. when jesus arrives, hades bids his servants to bolt and lock the doors, but to no avail ; jesus shatters the gates and enters. he seizes satan and binds him in iron chains, then consigning him into hades \u2019 s keeping until the second coming. jesus next turns his attention to the patriarchs. he raises up adam, along with all the prophets and the saints. together, they all depart up out of hades, and ascend into paradise. ( you can read a full account in the gospel of nicodemus online. ) the \u201c harrowing of hell \u201d portion of that gospel was widely circulated in other compilations of religious literature, most notably in the golden legend of the lives of the saints, compiled by jacob of voragine in the 13th century. the literary versions of the \u201c harrowing of hell \u201d in turn gave rise to many works of art, including the \u201c mystery play \u201d tradition of medieval religious drama. most commonly, however, people would learn about jesus \u2019 s descent into the underworld from the artwork which decorated the churches and cathedrals of europe. in the remainder of this article, i would like to look at ten different visual depictions of the story, to see what details we can observe in each artist \u2019 s rendering of the scene. let \u2019 s start with a modern orthodox icon. in this very simple depiction, jesus has broken through the doors to hell which he tramples underfoot ( notice the locks all broken asunder ), and he rescues adam and eve. as often, adam is shown as an old man, while eve is young. the traditional name for this scene in the orthodox tradition is the \u201c anastasis, \u201d the \u201c raising up \u201d as you can see written in the icon itself : while adam and eve are clothed in this icon, they are often shown in the nude, as in this 15th - century wood carving, late 15th century by veit stoss from the mariacki altarpiece in cracow, poland. notice also here the presence of demons, who are tormenting the dead : to emphasize that he has only lately been crucified, some depictions emphasize christ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42892524051810066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.417545"} {"text": "century by veit stoss from the mariacki altarpiece in cracow, poland. notice also here the presence of demons, who are tormenting the dead : to emphasize that he has only lately been crucified, some depictions emphasize christ \u2019 s wounded hands and feet, as in this 16th - century painting now housed in the museum of lille : while jesus is often shown trampling the doors to hell underfoot, sometimes he is trampling a demon underfoot, as in this early 14th - century sculpture. notice also how the scene is paired with the entombment of christ to the left : some depictions combine both the door underfoot and the demon, as in this marvelous piece of 15th - century stained glass in the church of st. ethelbert, hessett, suffolk. notice the flames licking out from under the door! in addition to the demons you might see trampled underfoot or harassing the dead souls, you can also find demons standing off to the side, observing the events, as here in andrea da firenze \u2019 s famous 14th - century fresco from santa maria novella in florence, italy. here you can see jesus rescuing a whole crowd of souls from the underworld : here is a detailed view of those demons as they watch the proceedings : another character who often figures in representations of the harrowing of hell is the \u201c good thief, \u201d saint dismas, who was crucified with jesus. jesus promises dismas that \u201c today you will be with me in paradise \u201d ( luke 23 : 43 ). not surprisingly, then, dismas is also seen journeying with jesus down into the underworld on their way to paradise. for example, you can see dismas standing behind jesus in this woodcut from 1510 by albrecht durer : if you look carefully behind adam and eve, you can see dismas bearing the cross in this mosaic from the church of san marco in venice : sometimes jesus is also accompanied by angels who battle the demons as he leads the soul out from their captivity, as in this painting by tintoretto from 1568 : as you can see from the quite attractive nude depiction of eve in tintoretto \u2019 s painting, the story of the harrowing of hell provided renaissance artists a rare opportunity to paint female nudes in a work of religious art. this is carried to extremes, as you can see, in bronzino \u2019 s elaborate crowd scene, painted in 1552 and found in the refectory of santa croce in florence :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4221111408229956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.418642"} {"text": "the leftovers in the fridge smelled a little weird, but you went ahead and ate them. you were so hungry, you didn ' t even heat them up. a couple of hours later, though, you started to feel sick. powerful waves of pain rumbled through your stomach. they went away, but not for long. then you even threw up! that sounds like a case of food poisoning. no one put poison in your food, but bacteria probably grew in the food in the fridge and those bacteria made you sick. food poisoning can be mild and last just a short time or can be more serious. let ' s find out how to avoid it. what is food poisoning? food poisoning comes from eating foods that contain germs like bad bacteria or toxins, which are poisonous substances. bacteria are all around us, so mild cases of food poisoning are common. you may have had mild food poisoning \u2014 with diarrhea and an upset stomach \u2014 but your mom or dad just called it a stomach bug or stomach virus. you might think the solution is to get rid of all the bacteria. but it isn ' t possible and you wouldn ' t want to do it, even if you could. bacteria are all around us, including in food, and sometimes they can be good for us. it ' s confusing, but one thing is for sure \u2014 the bacteria in the rotten leftovers weren ' t the good - for - you kind. but you can learn how to avoid those bad germs in food. which germs are to blame? foods from animals, raw foods, and unwashed vegetables all can contain germs that cause food poisoning. the most likely source is food from animals, like meat, poultry ( such as chicken ), eggs, milk, and shellfish ( such as shrimp ). sometimes feeling sick from food poisoning shows up within hours of eating the bad food. at other times, someone may not feel sick until several days later. with mild cases of food poisoning, you will not feel sick for very long and will soon be feeling fine again. it can be hard to tell if you have food poisoning or something else. you might do a little detective work and see who else gets the same sickness. did they eat the same thing you did? if only people who ate that food got sick, food poisoning could be the problem. it ' s one thing to get food poisoning from something in your fridge, but imagine how many people could get sick if a restaurant served food that had these bad germ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47021911893013435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.424381"} {"text": "only people who ate that food got sick, food poisoning could be the problem. it ' s one thing to get food poisoning from something in your fridge, but imagine how many people could get sick if a restaurant served food that had these bad germs in it. when that happens, people from the health department might get involved and try to figure out what happened and make sure everyone gets the medical care they need. what will the doctor do? if you go to the doctor, he or she will ask you a lot of questions about how you ' re feeling, when you first felt sick, what you ate in the past few days, and if anyone else you know is also sick. the doctor might also take a sample of your stool ( poop ) and urine ( pee ) to test for possible germs that might have caused food poisoning. the type of treatment you ' ll get for food poisoning will depend on the specific germ that is making you sick. the doctor might give you medicine, but most of the time someone who has food poisoning doesn ' t need to take medicine. it ' s also rare that a kid with food poisoning would need to go to the hospital. usually, only people who get really dehydrated have to go to the hospital. being dehydrated means your body has lost too much fluid due to diarrhea and vomiting. a dehydrated person can get fluids and medicine through an iv at the hospital. to keep from getting dehydrated, try to keep drinking fluids when you are sick. you may also need to go to the hospital if you have blood in your poop. if you do see blood in your poop, you should definitely tell your parents about it. many things can be done to prevent food poisoning. these precautions should be taken at every stage a food takes \u2014 from preparation to cooking to storing leftovers. a lot of this responsibility falls on grown - ups, but kids can help fight germs, too. one of the best ways is to wash your hands if you ' re helping to prepare foods. when should you wash? before you start helping \u2014 so germs from your hands don ' t get on the food \u2014 and after so you don ' t pass along germs from the food to yourself or anyone else. if you don ' t, here ' s how germs can travel : you help make hamburger patties. you get bad bacteria from the raw ground beef on your hands. you hold your little sister", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43993115438477526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.425261"} {"text": "from the food to yourself or anyone else. if you don ' t, here ' s how germs can travel : you help make hamburger patties. you get bad bacteria from the raw ground beef on your hands. you hold your little sister ' s hand. she uses that hand to eat a snack. now the bacteria have made it inside and can make her sick. other steps you can take to keep your food safe include : wash fruits and vegetables well before eating them. only eat foods that are properly cooked. if you cut into chicken and it looks pink and raw inside, tell a grown - up. look at what you ' re eating and smell it, too. if something looks or smells different from normal, check with an adult before eating or drinking it. milk is a good example. if you ' ve ever had a sip of sour milk, you know you never want to taste that again! mold ( which can be green, pink, white, or brown ) is also often a sign that food has spoiled. if you ' re going to eat leftovers, ask a grown - up for help heating them up. by heating them, you can kill bacteria that grew while it was in the fridge. check the date. lots of packaged foods have expiration dates or \" sell by \" ( which means that the food should leave store shelves by that time ) dates. don ' t eat a food if today ' s date is after the expiration date. use it before it expires. ask an adult for help deciding if it ' s past the sell by date. cover and refrigerate food right away. bacteria get a good chance to grow in foods that sit at room temperature. by putting food in the fridge, you ' re putting the chill on those bad germs!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4588678219659825, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.425879"} {"text": "ignacio first noticed the signs of his non - hodgkin lymphoma when he had trouble breathing and was coughing a lot during football practice. he also started having fever without knowing why. he told his parents, and they took him to the doctor. the doctor did an exam and ordered some lab tests and a ct scan. everyone hoped that it would not show anything, but a lump was found. after some more tests, including a biopsy by the surgeon, the doctors diagnosed ignacio with non - hodgkin lymphoma. at first, ignacio was scared when he heard that non - hodgkin lymphoma is a form of cancer. but he quickly learned that it ' s highly treatable, especially if caught early, as his was. ignacio was relieved when his doctor told him that the odds were good that he ' d be cured. what is non - hodgkin lymphoma? a lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. the lymphatic system is a part of the body ' s immune system and helps filter out bacteria, viruses, and other unwanted substances. most people don ' t notice the workings of their lymphatic systems ; in fact, the only time you might be aware of your lymphatic system is when the lymph nodes ( which are sometimes referred to as glands ) swell up. this often happens when a person is sick \u2014 a sign that the lymphatic system is working hard to filter harmful substances out of the body. non - hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which cancer cells form in the lymphatic system and start to grow uncontrollably. there are several different types of lymphomas. some involve a particular type of cell ; these are grouped under the heading hodgkin lymphoma. all other forms of lymphoma fall into the non - hodgkin grouping. the different forms of non - hodgkin lymphoma depend on such things as what the cells look like under a microscope. no one really knows what causes non - hodgkin lymphoma. doctors have identified some risk factors ( things that may increase a person ' s chances of developing a particular condition ) for non - hodgkin lymphoma. these include conditions that weaken the immune system, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ), taking immune -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120772765630133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.435864"} {"text": "may increase a person ' s chances of developing a particular condition ) for non - hodgkin lymphoma. these include conditions that weaken the immune system, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ), taking immune - suppressing medications following organ transplants, and exposure to certain viruses, such as epstein - barr virus ( the virus that usually causes mono ). often, experts never find out exactly why a person gets lymphoma. people who have a brother or sister who has had the disease are also more likely to get non - hodgkin lymphoma. but, it ' s not contagious \u2014 you can ' t give it to someone and they can ' t catch it from you. of course, just because you ' ve had mono or an organ transplant doesn ' t mean you ' ll get the disease : most people with non - hodgkin lymphoma don ' t have any of these risk factors. the signs and symptoms of non - hodgkin lymphoma vary from person to person depending on the type of lymphoma and where a tumor is located. some people may feel stomach pain, constipation, and decreased appetite. others may have trouble breathing, difficulty swallowing, and notice coughing, wheezing, or chest pain. other symptoms may include : painless swollen lymph nodes fever, chills, or night sweats weight loss despite eating normally bone or joint pain the symptom that some people notice first is swollen lymph nodes \u2014 usually in the neck, armpits, and groin. of course, swollen lymph nodes do not usually mean cancer \u2014 they ' re most often a sign of a common illness, like an infection. in fact, all of the symptoms of non - hodgkin lymphoma also can be caused by other conditions, which is why only a doctor can determine what ' s really wrong. in addition to doing a physical examination, the doctor will ask you about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family ' s health, any medications you ' re taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. this is called the medical history. if your family doctor suspects non - hodgkin lymphoma, he or she will refer you to an oncologist, a doctor who specializes in the treatment of cancer. the oncologist will then do tests to diagnose the problem. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47121345317880725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.436833"} {"text": "suspects non - hodgkin lymphoma, he or she will refer you to an oncologist, a doctor who specializes in the treatment of cancer. the oncologist will then do tests to diagnose the problem. if someone has swollen lymph nodes, the doctor may want to perform a biopsy if the swelling does not go down after other treatments. a biopsy is a type of test where a doctor removes a tiny bit of tissue from the body and sends it out to a laboratory for a specialist to examine. depending on the type of biopsy a person has, a doctor may use local anesthesia ( where only a part of the body is numbed ) or general anesthesia ( where a person is asleep ) to ensure there ' s no pain. biopsies used to test for non - hodgkin lymphoma include excisional biopsy ( where the doctor opens the skin to remove an entire lymph node ) or incisional biopsy ( where the doctor removes only a part of the lymph node ). another type of biopsy, fine needle aspiration ( where a very thin needle suctions out a small amount of tissue from the lymph node ) is used on some occasions to diagnose non - hodgkin lymphoma. doctors sometimes also perform a bone marrow biopsy, where a needle is used to take samples of the soft tissue found in a bone. your doctor may do other tests to diagnose non - hodgkin lymphoma, including : a chest x - ray, a simple procedure in which the person lies on a table while an x - ray machine takes an image of the chest a computerized tomography ( ct or cat ) scan, which rotates around the patient and creates an x - ray picture of the inside of the body from different angles an ultrasound, which uses high - frequency sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the body a magnetic resonance imaging ( or mri ) scan, which uses magnets and radio waves to allow doctors to see inside the body. a galliumscan, which uses the injection of a material known as gallium and can help show tumors and inflammation a bone scan to detect bone changes a positron emission tomography ( pet ) scan, which can tell the difference between normal and abnormal cells based on metabolic activity once doctors have made a diagnosis of non - hodgkin lymphoma, they use what ' s called a \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.505813954484807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.437750"} {"text": "counts, which can put people at risk for infection or bleeding. some people feel weak or dizzy after their treatments, or they run a fever. others get sores in their mouths or suddenly don ' t feel much like eating. it ' s also common for patients to lose some or all of their hair. the short - term side effects of radiation can be similar to those of chemotherapy, although they ' re usually more localized, meaning they affect only the area that receives the radiation treatment. some people feel side effects for weeks after their treatment ends. tell your doctor if you experience any side effects of treatment. your doctor also can discuss any long - term side effects of the type of treatment you are having. if you have or have had non - hodgkin lymphoma, it ' s important to see your doctor regularly for the years following treatment. occasionally, cancer may return, and follow - up appointments with your cancer specialist can help you catch it early if it does. also, your doctor will be watching for any late side effects of treatment. although non - hodgkin lymphoma can be an aggressive disease, treatments have improved in recent years \u2014 and researchers are constantly developing new and improved approaches to curing the disease. today, the percentage of people who are cured is about 70 % or higher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4943911331485854, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.439476"} {"text": "aids ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ) is a disease that makes it difficult for the body to fight off infectious diseases. the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) causes aids by infecting and damaging part of the body ' s defenses against infection \u2014 its lymphocytes, which are white blood cells in the immune ( infection - fighting ) system that are supposed to fight off invading germs. hiv can be transmitted through direct contact with the blood or body fluid of someone who is infected with the virus. that contact usually comes from sharing needles or by having unprotected sex with an infected person. an infant could get hiv from a mother who is infected. hiv and aids can be treated, but there are no vaccines or cures for them. what hiv does to the body the virus attacks specific lymphocytes called t helper cells ( also known as t - cells ), takes them over, and multiplies. this destroys more t - cells, which damages the body ' s ability to fight off invading germs and disease. when the number of t - cells falls to a very low level, people with hiv become more susceptible to other infections and they may get certain types of cancer that a healthy body would normally be able to fight off. this weakened immunity ( or immune deficiency ) is known as aids and can result in severe life - threatening infections, some forms of cancer, and the deterioration of the nervous system. although aids is always caused by an hiv infection, not everyone with hiv has aids. in fact, some adults who become infected with hiv may appear healthy for years before developing aids. how common is hiv / aids? the first case of hiv was reported in 1981, but the disease may have existed unrecognized for many years before that. hiv infection leading to aids has been a major cause of illness and death among children, teens, and young adults worldwide. in recent years, hiv infection rates have been increasing rapidly among teens and young adults. half of all new hiv infections in the united states occur in people under 25 years old ; thousands of teens acquire new hiv infections each year. most new hiv cases in younger people are transmitted through unprotected sex ; one third are from injected drug usage via the sharing of dirty, blood - contaminated needles. among children, most cases of hiv infections resulted from transmission of the hiv virus from the mother to her child during pregnancy or birth, or through breastfeeding. in rare cases children may have been infected by being", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5267636551099353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.454987"} {"text": "of dirty, blood - contaminated needles. among children, most cases of hiv infections resulted from transmission of the hiv virus from the mother to her child during pregnancy or birth, or through breastfeeding. in rare cases children may have been infected by being sexually abused by someone living with hiv. fortunately, medicines currently given to hiv - positive pregnant women have drastically reduced mother - to - child hiv transmission in the united states. these drugs are also used to slow or reduce some of the effects of the disease in people who are already infected. but these medicines have not been readily available worldwide, particularly in the poorer nations hardest hit by the epidemic. providing access to these life - saving treatments has become an issue of global importance. hiv is transmitted through direct contact with the blood or body fluid of someone who is infected with the virus. the three main ways hiv is passed to a very young child are : while the baby develops in the mother ' s uterus ( intrauterine ) at the time of birth among teens, the virus is most commonly spread through : unprotected sex ( oral, vaginal, or anal sex ) sharing needles used to inject drugs or other substances ( including contaminated needles used for injecting steroids and tattooing and body art ) in very rare cases, hiv has also been transmitted by direct contact with an open wound of an infected person ( the virus may be introduced through a small cut or tear on the body of the healthy person ) and through blood transfusions. since 1985, the u. s. blood supply has been carefully screened for hiv. signs and symptoms of hiv although there may be no immediate physical signs of hiv infection at birth, if untreated, they might appear within 2 to 3 months after a child is born. kids who are born with hiv can develop opportunistic infections, which are illnesses that can develop in weakened immune systems, such as pneumocystisjirovicii pneumonia ( pcp ). an untreated child with hiv may also get more severe bouts of other common childhood infections, such as epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) infection, which generally causes mild illness in most kids. in developing countries, tuberculosis has been a particularly common problem and often the cause of death of children and adults living with hiv. a baby born with hiv infection most likely will appear healthy. but within 2 to 3 months after birth, an infected baby might begin to appear sick, with poor weight gain, repeated fungal mouth infections ( thrush ), enlarged l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47520191597450645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.456354"} {"text": "living with hiv. a baby born with hiv infection most likely will appear healthy. but within 2 to 3 months after birth, an infected baby might begin to appear sick, with poor weight gain, repeated fungal mouth infections ( thrush ), enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen, neurological problems, and multiple bacterial infections, including pneumonia. teens and young adults who contract hiv usually show no symptoms at the time of infection. in fact, it may take up to 10 years or more for symptoms to show. during this time, they can pass on the virus without even knowing they have it themselves. once the symptoms of aids appear, they can include rapid weight loss, intense fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, persistent diarrhea, night sweats, or pneumonia. they, too, will be susceptible to life - threatening opportunistic infections. diagnosing hiv infections and aids every pregnant woman should be tested for hiv to have a better chance of preventing transmission to her unborn child. if a woman knows she is hiv - infected and already has children, it is recommended that all of them be tested for hiv. even older kids who seem healthy could still have an hiv infection if she was hiv - positive at the time they were born. a blood test is needed to know for sure. newer tests can help doctors to determine if a baby born to an hiv positive mother is infected in the first few months of life. older kids, teens, and adults are tested for hiv infection by a number of different tests that look for antibodies to the virus, proteins that coat the virus, or the presence of the virus itself. antibodies are specific proteins that the body produces to fight infections ; hiv - specific antibodies are produced in response to infection with hiv. someone with antibodies against hiv is said to be hiv - positive. if any one of the tests is positive, it will be repeated or confirmed with another test. across the united states, only a handful of cases have been reported where hiv infection was contagious from a child to another person. all of those cases involved direct blood contact within a household. the typical baby secretions ( urine, drool, spit up, vomit, feces, etc. ) do not seem to transmit the virus, so routine care of babies with hiv is considered safe. despite widespread concerns, no transmissions of hiv within a school or childcare setting have been reported. because the danger in transmitting hiv involves direct contact with blood, personnel at schools and childcare programs should routinely use gloves when any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4028923721779909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.457384"} {"text": "with hiv is considered safe. despite widespread concerns, no transmissions of hiv within a school or childcare setting have been reported. because the danger in transmitting hiv involves direct contact with blood, personnel at schools and childcare programs should routinely use gloves when any child has a cut, scrape, or is bleeding. transmission of hiv among teens among teens, hiv is spread mostly through unprotected sex with an infected person or sharing intravenous drug needles. education of children and teens is vitally important to help prevent sexual transmission of hiv, as well as other sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ), including chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, hepatitis b, syphilis, and hpv ( which can cause genital warts or lead to various cancers ). many stds cause irritation, sores, or ulcers of the skin and mucous membranes that the virus can pass through. having an std, such as genital herpes, for example, has been proven to increase the risk of getting hiv if the person has unprotected sex with someone who is hiv - positive. opportunistic infections ( infections that take advantage of a person ' s weakened immune system ) are the most common complication of hiv / aids. sometimes adults with hiv / aids can get an infection from germs that do not normally cause illness in a healthy person ( like cryptococcus ). people with aids ( especially children ) can get a severe version of a more common infection, such as chickenpox. these opportunistic infections and conditions can frequently occur in kids with hiv : viral infections, such as a form of chronic walking pneumonia called lymphoid interstitial pneumonia ( lip ), herpes simplex virus, shingles, and the cytomegalovirus infection parasitic infections, such as pcp ( a pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jirovicii, a microscopic parasite that can ' t be fought off due to a weakened immune system ) and toxoplasmosis fungal infections, such as esophagitis ( inflammation of the esophagus ), and candidiasis or thrush ( yeast infection ) children with hiv are also at higher risk for some forms of cancer because of their weakened immune systems. lymphomas associated with epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) infection are more common in older kids with hiv. difficult complications in treating kids who have hiv / aids include the wasting syndrome ( the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4632661847224587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.458357"} {"text": "cancer because of their weakened immune systems. lymphomas associated with epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) infection are more common in older kids with hiv. difficult complications in treating kids who have hiv / aids include the wasting syndrome ( the inability to maintain body weight due to long - term poor appetite and other infections related to hiv disease ) and hiv encephalopathy ( due to hiv infection of the brain that causes swelling and then damage to the brain ' s tissues over time ). hiv encephalopathy can result in dementia, especially in adults. wasting syndrome can sometimes be helped with nutritional counseling and daily high - calorie supplements, but preventing hiv encephalopathy remains extremely difficult. the last 20 years have brought two major developments in the treatment of hiv / aids : drugs that inhibit the virus ' s growth, preventing or delaying the onset of aids and allowing people with hiv to remain free of symptoms longer drugs that help reduce the transmission of the virus from an hiv - infected mother to her child as medical understanding about how the virus invades the body and multiplies within cells increases, drugs to inhibit its growth and slow its spread are developed. drug treatment for hiv / aids is complicated and expensive, but highly effective in slowing the replication ( reproduction ) of the virus and preventing or reducing some effects of the disease. drugs to treat hiv / aids use several different strategies, including : interfering with hiv ' s reproduction of its genetic material ( called nucleoside or nucleotide anti - retrovirals ) interfering with the enzymes hiv needs to take over certain body cells ( these drugs are called protease inhibitors ) interfering with hiv ' s ability to pack its genetic material into viral code \u2014 that is, the genetic \" script \" hiv needs to be able to reproduce itself. these medicines are called non - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( nnrtis ). newer types of medications ( integrase inhibitors and ccr5 inhibitors ) that use different strategies because these drugs work in different ways, doctors generally prescribe a \" combination cocktail \" of these drugs that is taken every day. this regimen is known as haart ( highly active anti - retroviral therapy ) treatment. doctors also may prescribe drugs to prevent certain opportunistic infections when a person ' s immune system is very weak \u2014 for example, some antibiotics can help prevent pcp, especially in kids. a number of medicines can treat hiv infection and slow the onset of aids, but they must be taken and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47838688979636185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.459432"} {"text": "world, especially in developing countries. when a pregnant hiv - infected woman receives good medical care early and takes antiviral medications regularly during her pregnancy, the chance that she will pass hiv to her unborn baby is dramatically reduced. it is important that any pregnant woman who knows she is hiv - positive start prenatal care as soon as possible to take full advantage of such treatments. the sooner a mother receives treatment, the greater the likelihood her baby will not get hiv. an hiv - infected mother can receive medical treatment : before the birth of her baby : antiviral treatments given to the mother during pregnancy can help prevent hiv transmission to the baby at the time of birth : antiviral medications can be given to both the mother and the newborn to lower the risk of hiv transmission that can occur during the birth process ( which exposes the newborn to the mother ' s blood and fluids ) ; in addition, the mother will be encouraged to formula - feed rather than breastfeed because hiv can be transmitted to her baby through breast milk during breastfeeding : because breastfeeding is discouraged among hiv - infected mothers, this type of transmission is rare in the united states. however, in places in the world with limited access to formula or a clean water supply to mix it, both the mother and child can be treated with medication to lower the baby ' s risk of hiv infection. before antiviral medicines were routinely given, almost 25 % of children born to hiv - infected mothers developed the disease and died by 24 months of age. now, studies show that mothers with hiv who get good prenatal care and regularly take antiviral drugs during their pregnancy have less than a 1 % chance of passing hiv to their babies. if these babies do get the hiv virus, they tend to be born with a lower viral load ( less hiv virus is present in their bodies ) and have a better chance of long - term, disease - free survival. cases of hiv infection and aids in children are complicated and should be managed by experienced health care professionals. kids will need to have their treatment schedules closely monitored and adjusted regularly. any infections that could become life threatening must be quickly recognized and treated. medicines are adjusted in relation to the child ' s viral load. the child ' s health is also monitored by frequent measurement of t - cell levels because these are the cells that the hiv virus destroys. a good t - cell count is a positive sign that medical treatments are working to keep the disease under control. kids should see their health care providers often for blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43057996356006234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.461819"} {"text": "frequent measurement of t - cell levels because these are the cells that the hiv virus destroys. a good t - cell count is a positive sign that medical treatments are working to keep the disease under control. kids should see their health care providers often for blood work, physical exams, and discussions about how they and their families are coping socially with any stress from their disease. some immunizations during routine visits may be slightly different for infants or children with hiv / aids. a child whose immune system is severely compromised will not receive live virus vaccines such as measles - mumps - rubella ( mmr ) and varicella ( chickenpox ). all other routine immunizations are given as usual, and a yearly influenza vaccine ( flu shot ) is recommended. if a family seeks health care in a hospital emergency department, parents should be sure to tell the nurse who registers the child that the child has hiv. this will alert medical caregivers to look closely for any signs of diseases from opportunistic infections and provide the best possible treatment. outlook for hiv / aids there is no vaccine to prevent hiv and aids, although researchers are working to develop one. combinations of antiviral drugs and drugs that boost the immune system have allowed many people with hiv to resist infections, stay healthy, and live longer, and many children born with hiv who are treated early reach adulthood. prevention of hiv remains of worldwide importance. despite much research, there is no vaccine that will prevent hiv infection. infection can be prevented by never sharing needles, and abstaining from oral, vaginal, or anal sex. since most people will eventually become sexually active at some point in their lives, always using condoms for all types of sexual intercourse can drastically reduce the risk of getting hiv. testing all pregnant women multiple times during pregnancy can also help. if the result is positive, immediate treatment can begin before the baby is born to prevent hiv transmission. talking with kids about hiv / aids talking about hiv / aids means talking about sex and drugs \u2014 and it ' s not always easy for parents to talk about sexual feelings and behavior with their kids. similarly, it ' s not always easy for teens to open up or to believe that issues like hiv / aids can affect them. doctors and counselors suggest that parents become knowledgeable and comfortable discussing sex and other difficult issues early on, even before the teen years. after all, the issues involved \u2014 understanding the body and sexuality, adopting healthy behaviors, respecting others, and dealing with feelings \u2014 are topics that have meaning at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49010999090095353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.464255"} {"text": "pub. date : 2008 | online pub. date : april 25, 2008 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412963879 | print isbn : 9781412926942 | online isbn : 9781412963879 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia damayanti banerjee & michael m. bell a disproportionate burden of environmental problems are borne by the poor and by communities of color, as documented by a large body of scholarship on what has come to be called environmental justice. although the early literature on environmental justice primarily focused on questions of unequal distribution of environmental \u201c bads \u201d in the united states, recent years have witnessed studies of environmental justice on a global scale and a broadening understanding of what constitutes environmental justice. both the u. s. - based and international studies have had a close relationship with the development of social movements working to overcome these inequalities, a true instance of the mutualism between the academe and civil society that many have called for in all areas of research. concern for environmental justice has thus significantly grown over the years both within the united states and elsewhere. this entry describes the development of this movement, the research that examines three...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4961193097633065, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.465607"} {"text": "pub. date : 2009 | online pub. date : december 16, 2009 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412972048 | print isbn : 9780761929574 | online isbn : 9781412972048 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia film in television news robin a. larsen until the american commercial television networks introduced videotape recording in 1956, they produced news only live or on film. they aired live, film, and videotape news reports until 1978, when film was dropped. televised film news first appeared in late 1936 in england with the launching of the bbc ' s london television service. three years later, in 1939, nbc / rca introduced u. s. television at the new york world ' s fair. after world war ii, in 1946, four networks ( abc, cbs, dumont, and nbc ) began broadcasting daily 15 - minute filmed news magazine programs from their new york flagship stations. coverage of political party conventions and presidential elections followed in 1948. to capture televised images on film, 16mm and 35mm kinescope cameras especially designed for the purpose were aimed at video monitors carrying studio or remote transmissions. only in the late 1950s were film reels and cameras gradually replaced by erasable, two - inch magnetic videotape and the...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4031851635295151, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.467100"} {"text": "| korcula. net > places on the island - korcula - moreska dance | | the moreska dance moreska is pronounced ' moreska '. it means ' moorish '. the word is derived from the spanish adjective ' morisco ' or the italian ' moresco '. it is a matter of conjecture whether the dance came to the adriatic directly from spain through roving spanish sailors, or from sicily or italy when dalmatia formed part of the venetian republic whether it was originally a moorish dance or a spanish one, inspired by the struggle of spanish christians against the moors is also debatable though the latter seems the most likely. we do know for certain that it is one of the oldest traditional european dances still performed, and that records exist of it being danced in lerida in 1156 in a form portraying a christian and national victory over the moors and their expulsion from aragon. from the 12th century and particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries, the dance spread to many mediterranean countries : to italy, corsica, sicily, malta, france and, through spanish trade, to flanders, germany and even to england. it was subject to frequent local variations, in regard to plot, protagonists and eventually also to form. in corsica it was danced by eighty swordsmen on each side, armed with two swords apiece, who did battle for the town of mariana to the music of a solo violin ; in elba the engagement was between christians and turks, in other places between arabs and turks ; sometimes the damsel in distress was a white maiden of royal blood, sometimes a turkish or moorish one of equal innocence and beauty. in ferrara a dragon was introduced who tried to devour the damsel and there were many later versions which degenerated from the original war - dance ( intrinsically a useful sword practice and ' keep - fit ' class for the warriors of small island or coastal garrisons for whom good swordsmanship and alertness meant their survival ) into a form of folk drama, and eventually into the dance interludes of pastoral plays and italian opera. in germany the moreska, though called moriskentanze, became a mere collection of local folk dances and in england the morris ( l. e. moorish ) dancers threw away their swords and substituted long wooden sticks which they fought with and over which they hopped. in most of the mediterranean the moreska survived until the end of the 18th century, and in italy and dalmatia till the close of the 19th. today, korcula is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.356263474327217, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.476325"} {"text": "long wooden sticks which they fought with and over which they hopped. in most of the mediterranean the moreska survived until the end of the 18th century, and in italy and dalmatia till the close of the 19th. today, korcula is the only island where it is still danced with real swords in its original war - dance form and where it has enjoyed a proud and almost unbroken tradition for over four centuries, though the text, music and pattern of the dance have been slightly altered and shortened ( the contest used to last for two hours! ) over the years. the introduction to the dance is a short drama in blank verse which sets the scene - - four characters recite the verses : the enemy or the black king, his father, otmanovic, ( a kind of balkan mediator ), the hero or the white king, and the bula or moslem maiden, who is a peace - maker as well as a heroine ( and a possible convert to christianity? ). the moreska arrived in korcula in the 16th century, at the same time as it did in dubrovnik, most probably from sicily or southern italy, via venice. an indication of this is that two of the dance \" figures \" have italian names : the \" rujer \" and the \" rujer di fori via \". \" ruggero \" was the name of a sicilian war - dance, a version of the moreska, in which the saracens are shown fighting against the norman prince ruggiero d ' altavilla - - a powerful family who ruled over sicily and southern italy in the 11th and 12th centuries, which suggests a possible link. there are, however, no written records of the korculan dance until the beginning of the 18th century. latterly and up to the first world war the moreska was \" fought \" only every few years - - protagonists were often wounded and replaced by ' seconds ' during the dance - - between 1918 and 1939 it was performed every year under the aegis of the gymnastic society of korcula. nowadays it is an exclusive society ( and ' club ' ) of its own and the moreska is performed much more frequently for the benefit of the many tourists who visit the island. every family in korcula is proud to have one of its members dance in the moreska, especially one of the key roles, which demand considerable talent and stamina. when the black or the white kings \" retire \" they are allowed to keep their crowns and these become valued", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4263049587548641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.477264"} {"text": "is proud to have one of its members dance in the moreska, especially one of the key roles, which demand considerable talent and stamina. when the black or the white kings \" retire \" they are allowed to keep their crowns and these become valued family possessions. during the second world war costumes, swords, even musical scores and instruments had all been lost in the bombing and fighting and for the first time in its history only very young lads of between twelve and seventeen were available to dance the moreska, and they had to be taught from scratch. it was the undefeatable and indefatigable spirit of ivo lozica, the town barber, and bozo jerirevic, a school - teacher, with the help of a local policeman, zdravko stanic, and josip svoboda the conductor of the town orchestra, that somehow got the moreska dancing again and in a very short time the poor, thin undernourished youths were growing into splendid young men and were taking the moreska to youth conferences and festivals at home and abroad. the moreska dance the revised score of the moreska was composed by krsto odak who, working with josip svoboda, conductor of the town orchestra at the time, reconstructed an earlier score lost in the war. the moreska from korcula opens with a scene in which the black king is seen dragging the captured bula ( moslem maiden ) along in chains trying to persuade her to respond to his love. the bula refuses because she loves the white king and knows that he loves her. the white king and his army and the black king ' s army with banners and swords enter from either side. the two kings confront each other and a dialogue of hurled insults and scorn ensues. the kings are the first to cross swords while their armies stand facing each other and ready for battle. when the white king calls on his men to fight, the two armies clash swords and then break away from one another in order to make way for the dance of the black king, the graceful but menacing ' sfida '. in this dance, which is performed in 6 / 8 rhythm, the black king challenges the white king to a contest. the white king accepts the challenge, and then the black king ' s father, otmanovic and a soldier from the white king ' s army join the fight. they dance in a circle threatening one another with swords. the soldier withdraws leaving the two kings and otman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43722071823974096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.478305"} {"text": "challenge, and then the black king ' s father, otmanovic and a soldier from the white king ' s army join the fight. they dance in a circle threatening one another with swords. the soldier withdraws leaving the two kings and otmanovic. at a given moment both armies, who are facing each other, leap forward and clash swords and then the black king, still dancing, forms a circle with all the soldiers of both armies gradually joining in. after this, seven kolaps or \" strokes \" of the moreska are danced in different and complicated rhythms and patterns and all are performed within this circle. the fight consists of alternating sword thrusts and parries. it is performed in pairs, i. e. one white against one black fighter. the seventh kolap is performed in a speedy 4 / 4 rhythm and the swords clashes are fast and furious. the black soldiers, facing outwards, defend themselves from within the circle which becomes smaller and tighter as they withdraw from the charges of the white army. finally the black soldiers fall down wounded, dying and defeated, laying their swords at their enemy ' s feet. the black king admits defeat and surrenders, the white king, the victor, frees the bula from her chains and kisses her. the following dialogue is translated from pat of the 19th century croatian text of the moreska published in zadar in 1869. bula : leave me alone! your demands are in vain my charms belong to another man. sweet osman, my beloved, if you could see now how my heart is breaking and full of sorrow for you! although this odious steel binds my hands, my heart is always with you and yours with me. i shall bear you in my heart as long as i have life. moro : stop wailing, my lady i have had enough! it is painful for me to listen when you call my opponent your pride here, in front of my face but i bear and endure it all for the love i feel for you my dear nymph, i give you my heart for your sweet charms. bula : if you will but one favour grant me, all i ask is that you stop loving me. of far more pain for me is your unwanted love than the steel that weighs upon my hands. moro : i will not leave you nor will i stop loving you. i love honorably your everlasting beauty. ask whatever you wish, even my father ' s kingdom. drums are heard. enter the white army. otmanovic :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45819810600959987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.479809"} {"text": "moro : i will not leave you nor will i stop loving you. i love honorably your everlasting beauty. ask whatever you wish, even my father ' s kingdom. drums are heard. enter the white army. otmanovic : there is no fear in otmanovic! osman : do not trust your sword without honour and without honesty. treacherously, you wished to steal my betrothed, by torturing her. where is your knightly honesty, where your bravery? how did you dare to enslave her? let me remind you that the army from my court is ready to rescue her. moro : you ask me to return her to your hands. never! i would rather lose my head. bula : ah, you wicked man! osman : if it were not that i disdain to darken my sword with your blood, and stoop from my might, i should destroy you. otmanovic : useless to be angry, osman, listen to me. there is no difference between your two crowns, both are full of glory i am an emperor as you are! osman : how dare you compare my crown with yours me, who reign over all the world, from east to west, and fear nobody. moro : ah! i cannot bear your offenses any more. fall then! osman : now defend, come my army. bula : from this sharp sword i will willingly receive the wound of death ; come, deadly steel if it will stop their mutual rage. moro : console yourself, dear nymph, i could not bear to look at your dead body in my lap. now, knight, gather your armour. a fierce war is about to begin. bula : then render me to him i my death would afflict you. my affliction is the greatest because i would rather choose death than your unwanted love. osman : to your arms, my soldiers, let everyone be witness to my honesty, which is as big as my empire. now, knight, gather your armour. a fierce war is about to begin. moro : willingly, oh knight, i shall be fighting for the nymph. * * together i am ready to fight for the damsel who arouses my love and noble passion ; willingly, oh knight. * * at the end of the 4th kolap bula : oh, knights! do something to stop your wars which wound my heart and draw tears of blood from my eyes. turn your sword on me and let him live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4343868204253826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.480817"} {"text": "changes to your lifestyle can help you manage symptoms and prevent flare - ups or worsening of symptoms. your coping skills and attitude toward your illness are important factors in successfully managing the disease. habits to consider include : - get regular, moderate exercise. - eat a healthy diet. - practice stress - reduction techniques. - avoid excessive heat. - avoid infections. - get adequate rest. talk to your doctor before beginning an exercise program. regular exercise can help with muscle strength, balance, endurance, and fatigue. swimming is especially beneficial. the water helps keep your body cool during exercise. omega - 3 fatty acids, found in fish oil, are sometimes recommended for people with ms. it is not clear if omega - 3s are helpful for this condition. it is also important that you drink plenty of water. aim for 62 ounces per day, about 8 glasses. avoid drinks that cause dehydration, like caffeinated beverages. many people with ms notice that stress makes symptoms worse. consider getting regular massages and participating in other stress reducing practices, such as meditation, yoga, and relaxation. you may also find it helpful to join a support group. these groups can provide emotional support for you and your family. heat worsens ms symptoms in many people. the heat may be external or internal. tips to avoid heat include : - avoid hot weather. - stay in air - conditioned places during periods of hot weather. - do not take hot showers or baths. - seek treatment for infections or fever. - drink plenty of liquids. - avoid overexertion. smoking may worsen ms symptoms. it can make ms progress to a more severe form. if you smoke, talk to your doctor about your options for quitting. there are smoking cessation classes, online self - help programs, nicotine replacement products, prescription medicines, and many other options. when to call your doctor call your doctor if your symptoms worsen or if new symptoms develop. - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 10 / 2012 - - update date : 10 / 11 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4241777707777011, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.483984"} {"text": "news & tips a collection of helpful articles on teachers and teaching iste nets * s part 4 : critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making this is my fourth article in a series of six about iste \u2019 s nets * s ( national educational technology standards for students ). the fourth standard is \u201c critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making. \u201d critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making students use critical thinking skills to plan and conduct research, manage projects, solve problems, and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources. - identify and define authentic problems and significant questions for investigation. - plan and manage activities to develop a solution or complete a project. - collect and analyze data to identify solutions and / or make informed decisions. - use multiple processes and diverse perspectives to explore alternative solutions. ( excerpted from http : / / www. iste. org / content / navigationmenu / nets / forstudents / 2007standards / nets _ for _ students _ 2007. htm ) i don \u2019 t know if you \u2019 ve been reading all the articles up to this one, but you need to know that i have approached each topic with varying levels of confidence. i concluded that we \u2019 re not doing enough to encourage creativity and innovation, we \u2019 re somewhat better with communication and collaboration, and we \u2019 ve come a long way with research and information fluency. but as i sat down to write this installment, i had a bit of an epiphany. our success with this technology standard depends completely on how willing we are to let go of the reins and let the students drive their own learning. i wish i knew the source of the now - famous \u201c sage on the stage versus guide on the side \u201d metaphor for the shift we need to see in education. oh look, here \u2019 s a webpage that claims to know the origin of the saying. i \u2019 m not even a little surprised that it came out of using inquiry as a tool for critical thinking. that was apparently written in 1993 about changing college teaching. but we now have the tools and the experience to know that we should be using inquiry and critical thinking with our youngest students as well. my epiphany had a \u201c part two \u201d : we don \u2019 t do this enough because our society and culture have conditioned students to be afraid of failure. most of my students are afraid to bring home anything less than an a. the grades are what drive their achievement, not the learning. what they cram for a test is gone within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5080953641575414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.488359"} {"text": "our society and culture have conditioned students to be afraid of failure. most of my students are afraid to bring home anything less than an a. the grades are what drive their achievement, not the learning. what they cram for a test is gone within weeks, and all they have learned is how to do well on tests. are they using what they \u2019 ve learned? have they retained anything of value? my middle school students just finished up a project in which they created short surveys, had fifty or more people respond to them, and then graphed the results for an analysis report. the older students had a proposed independent variable and dependent variable. their graphs should have helped them determine if there was any kind of correlation between the two variables. i have a speech i give several times over the course of the project, which goes a little something like this : \u201c sometimes all you find out is that these two things have nothing in common, or if they do, you can \u2019 t prove it based on your data. to say otherwise would be a lie, and will cost you points on the grade. \u201d i remind them that thomas edison had a thousand failed ideas before every successful patent achieved. i still suspect they don \u2019 t believe me. we are fighting an uphill battle on this one, folks. how can we get our students to think critically, solve problems, and make decisions, when the dialog inside their minds sounds like this : \u201c which choice will get me the best grade with the least work? which choice will make my parents happy? how can i still get an a if i start on this project two days before it is due? which of my friends is on facebook right now? \u201d we need to encourage students to try things out, with the goal of failing more than they succeed, so that they can come to appreciate that we learn and retain much more from our failures than we do from our victories. for my graduate school cumulative portfolio, i \u2019 ve been reviewing keller \u2019 s arcs model of motivation a lot recently. arcs stands for attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. as i look at the fourth standard, it \u2019 s clear to me that if we can apply these four principles of learner motivation to any problem - based project, we can achieve all the goals of the standard while also providing a very meaningful, motivating learning experience for students. by allowing them to find and choose a problem to solve, we get their attention, keep it relevant to them, enable them to gain confidence by trial and error, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.524812478776111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.489290"} {"text": "the microwave gets a bad rap in cooking circles because it tends to make most foods soggy and nearly inedible. however, the new york times suggests the microwave might be far better at cooking than most of us think, and all you need to do is familiarize yourself with the power button. we ' ve mentioned before that your microwave is often just as good ( if not better ) at cooking certain foods than your stove. but the new york times points out that the most important thing you can do is learn exactly what all the different power settings on your microwave really mean : a general rule of thumb : the lowest power settings, 500 watts and under, turn your oven into a makeshift dehydrator... at higher settings, 500 to 800 watts, the device can fry and steam. and if you simply want to heat something quickly, use the highest setting possible, as you do for tea and coffee. some microwaves might have special settings for fry and steam, but not all do. of course, most microwaves don ' t give you the ease of actually showing you the wattage and instead let you choose a level ( 1 - 10 or so ). thankfully, it ' s not that hard to figure out what wattage that means. first, find your microwave ' s wattage. it ' s usually on the inside the door or displayed proudly on the front of the unit. then you need to do some math : if you want to steam something at 800 watts and have a 1, 000 - watt microwave, set the power level to 80 percent, or 8. ( level 9 is 90 percent, and so on. some microwaves also have shortcut buttons like \" medium \" and \" medium high \" that correspond to specific percentages. ) for an 1, 100 - watt microwave, the math is a bit trickier : 800 watts is about 73 percent of the top output, so you may have to round down and set the power level to 7. ( by the way, adjusting the level does not actually change the wattage. it simply means the microwave will pulse on and off at its fixed wattage until the desired level is reached. ) once you crack the wattage code of your microwave, you can treat it just like an oven or stove for certain dishes. if you ' re looking for meal inspiration, check out the new york times post. creating a dish, not just reheating one | the new york times photo by chris kelly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4688039832632788, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.494383"} {"text": "interfaith dialogue hindu jewish contactus at equalsouls. org contactus at equalsouls. org mon may 11 03 : 23 : 18 utc 2009 \" equality based on the soul \" historically christian and muslim faiths have their roots in so at their core concepts about the soul, creation and god are all * i would like to address certain linguistic and philosophical similarities common to both jews and hindus, which may open up a 1. names of god, a. the most holy of all names of god for a jew is kna or kana, rabbi ' s have slapped my face when i have said this name out loud. this is considered to be the most intimate name for god in the old testament. where it is translated, \" i am a jealous god, have no other gods before you \", the literal hebrew translation is, \" my name is el kna ( kana ), have no other gods before you. \" this name expands to kre shtn as rabbi aryeh kapln, in meditation and the kabbalah explains \" on monday, you must intertwine the associated name \" kre shtn \" \" b, from a vedic ( hindu ) view point, kana is also an affectionate name of krishna, the pronunciation used above \" kre shtn \" is very similar to the way south indians pronounce krishna. 2. abraham and brahma : very few know that there are two abrahams in a. there is a description of how the universe was in chaos until abraham appeared. it is said, \" over the whole, there hovered tohu ( chaos ) and as long as tohu dominated, the whole world was not in being or existence. when did that key open the gates and make the it was when abraham appeared. \" [ genesis ii 4 ] as explained in the introduction to the zohar the soncino press ltd - - london new york there is also this reference one needs to ponder it is said, \" angels are supposed to have no back and four faces, so always to be able to [ talmud, cf. ezek i. 6 ] b. in the first canto of the srimad - bhagavatam, there is a long description of how brahma created the planets, stars etc. it is well known that the brahma of this universe has 4 heads. 3. demigods and angels have the same function in both trations. a. the midrash teaches, \" there is no blade of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.52004951324995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.506157"} {"text": "planets, stars etc. it is well known that the brahma of this universe has 4 heads. 3. demigods and angels have the same function in both trations. a. the midrash teaches, \" there is no blade of grass that does not have a constellation ( mazal ) over it, telling it to grow. \" [ sefer \" as commentaries explain, ' god ' s providence works through the angels, but the angels, in turn, work through the stars and planets. as some authorities put it, the angels are, in a sense, like souls to the stars. thus, for example, some sources speak of the stars as having intelligence, but the commentaries note that this is actually speaking of the angels that are associated with them. ' \" [ sefer b. the vedic conception is that there are many specially empowered demigods who help manage the affairs of the universe including the planets of our solar system. the controlling demigods, although not eternal them selves, function within various posts that exist as long as the universe exists. for example, one of the principle demigods is lord indra. indra is the name of the post, but the particular demigod who occupies that post during a given period has his own personal name. just like president of the united states is a post, but there have been many presidents 4. durga in the bible? a. \" he summoned to issue from the side of darkness a kind of female moon, which rules over the night, and is associated with adonai, the lord of all the earth. in his days, the moon was magnified and reached her fullness. a thousand mountains rose before her, and she blew them away with a puff. a thousand mighty rivers flowed before her, and she swallowed them at a draught. her nails reached out in a thousand and seventy directions and her hands in twenty - four thousand, so that nothing could escape her. thousands of bucklers clung to her hair. from between her feet went forth a youth who stretched from one end of the world to the other with sixty clubs of b. the vedas describe the ghastly form of goddess kali, another name for the goddess durga. there is a reference of goddess kali in the srimad - bhagavatam in the history of jada bharata, when she manifested herself to protect him. it is stated, \" intolerant of the offenses committed, the infuriated goddess kali flashed her eyes and displayed her fierce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4501725231225996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.507211"} {"text": "- bhagavatam in the history of jada bharata, when she manifested herself to protect him. it is stated, \" intolerant of the offenses committed, the infuriated goddess kali flashed her eyes and displayed her fierce, curved teeth. her reddish eyes glowed, and she displayed her fearsome features. she assumed a frightening body, as if she were prepared to destroy the entire creation. leaping violently from the immediately decapitated all the rogues and thieves with the very sword with which they had intended to kill jada bharata. she then began to drink the hot blood that flowed from the necks of the beheaded rogues and thieves, as if this blood were liquor. 5. ( brahman ) effulgence a. \" the most recondite is beyond cognition, but reveals of himself a tenuous and veiled brightness shining only along a narrow path which extends from him, and this is the brightness that irradiates all. this is the starting point of all esoteric mysteries, itself being unknowable. \" [ zohar iv 146b ] b. the absolute truth is expressed as brahman, paramatma, and bhagavan. \" [ srimad bhagavatam. 1. 2. 11 ] brahman refers to the impersonal all - pervasive spirit. that is the same as the brahmajyoti, the effulgence of the lord. 6. metatron and maha - vishnu a. it is said that a personality named metatron cooperates with god to teach the young. while god devotes the last three hours of the day to this work, metatron is in charge during the remainder of the day. ( a. z. 3b ) [ everyman ' s talmud, ii, iii ] regarding the revolving sword or flaming sword that revolves, it is said \" the manner in which the sword rotates depends on the readiness of the individual attempting to enter. if he is worthy, it becomes the mirror through which he perceives, while if he is not worthy, he is burned out and cut off by the fire of this sword. the one who oversees the sword, preventing the unworthy from entering, is the angel metatron. \" [ meditation and kabbalah p 80 chapter 4, teachings of rabbi abraham abulafia ] \" metatron is therefore not a proper name at all but a designation for the whole category of celestial powers performing a mission. \" [ origins of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4978806976577965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.508215"} {"text": "\" [ meditation and kabbalah p 80 chapter 4, teachings of rabbi abraham abulafia ] \" metatron is therefore not a proper name at all but a designation for the whole category of celestial powers performing a mission. \" [ origins of the kabbalah, iii, 6 ] b. in the creative process, it is from maha - vishnu that all of the universes emanate, sudarshan cakra ( flaming sword that revolves ) controlled by visnu similarly punishes and grants liberation. \" without illumination, nothing can be seen, especially in this the illumination in this world emanates from the effulgence of sudarshan, the original vision of the supreme personality of godhead. the illuminating principles of the sun, the moon and fire emanate similarly, illumination by knowledge also comes from sudarshan. \" [ srimad bhag. 9. 5. 7, purport ] also there is a series of visnu expansions each with a chakra. 7. the lord in the heart a. when the soul is about to descend to this world, it first goes down to the terrestrial garden of eden and sees there the glory of the souls of the righteous, and then goes down to gehinnom and sees the wicked who cry \" woe, woe \", and find no compassion. that holy form ( god ) stands by him until he emerges into the world, after which it keeps him company and grows up with him. \" [ the zohar 43b ] [ ki tazria b. in the bhagavad - gita \" yet in this body there is another, a transcendental enjoyer, who is the lord, the supreme proprietor, who exists as the overseer and permitter, and who is known as the supersoul, paramatma. \" [ bg. 13. 23 ] 8. guru and rabbi a. in judaism, knowledge is also passed from the rabbi to his students, but not everyone is qualified to become a student. \" as a matter of law, the sages state that these mysteries ' cannot even be taught to a single individual, unless he is wise enough to understand with his own knowledge. ' even in such a case, the complete tradition was only given over to the head of the group, and he would then only instruct those whom he saw fit. only individuals possessing the highest qualities of scholarship and piety would be admitted to the circle of initiates. \" [ introduction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5331878326018155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.509294"} {"text": "complete tradition was only given over to the head of the group, and he would then only instruct those whom he saw fit. only individuals possessing the highest qualities of scholarship and piety would be admitted to the circle of initiates. \" [ introduction to the bahir, rabbi aryeh kaplan ] it is also stated that \" one who reaches the highest level cannot reveal it to anyone. all he can do is give over the keys, so that the can open the gates which are sealed to exclude the unworthy. \" [ meditation and kabbalah, p 79 ] b. in vedic culture, although a guru would speak to whoever wanted to learn the vedic science, he was traditionally very selective whom he would initiate as his disciple. he would only accept those persons who qualified themselves by humble submission and service. lord krishna states in the bhagavad - gita, \" just try to learn the truth by approaching a spiritual master, inquire from him submissively and render service unto him. the self - realized soul can impart knowledge unto you because he has seen the truth. \" 9. vedic and jewish calendars a. the current hebrew year is 5767. in this calendar, the year in which adam was created is counted as year one. if we then count the biblical genealogies from the time of adam, we find that over 5, 000 years have elapsed since the time he was formed. however, the kabbalists clearly say that other human beings existed before adam, and this is even supported in scripture the fifth cycle was the one that brought life, and this took place around two and a half billion years ago. around 974 generations before adam, or some 25, 000 years ago, man developed all of the physical and mental capabilities that we possess today... but he still lacked the divine soul that would make him a spiritual being. god then created adam, the first true human being with a soul, ' and he blew in his nostrils a soul of life '. [ genesis 2. 7 ] [ sefer b. the vedic calendar states that kali - yuga lasts 432, 000 years, out of which we have passed about 5, 000 years. 10. the ecstasy of chanting the names of god a. people who have dedicated their lives to the service of god may at times feel unlimited joy or ecstasy while engaged in prayer. it is said, \" permute the letters back and forth, and in this manner, you will reach the first level. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47912759817229117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.510321"} {"text": "people who have dedicated their lives to the service of god may at times feel unlimited joy or ecstasy while engaged in prayer. it is said, \" permute the letters back and forth, and in this manner, you will reach the first level. as a result of the activity and your concentration on the letters, your mind will become bound to them. the hairs on your head will stand on end and tremble. your lifeblood is in your heart, and regarding this it is written, \" the blood is the soul \" [ deuteronomy 12 : 23 ]. it is likewise written, \" the blood in the soul will atone \" [ leviticus 17 : 11 ]. this blood within you will begin to vibrate because of the permutations that loosen it. your entire body will then begin to tremble, and all your limbs will be seized with shuddering. you will experience the terror of god and will be enveloped with fear of him. you will then feel as if an additional spirit is within you, arousing you and strengthening you, passing through your entire body and giving you leisure. it will seem as you have been anointed with perfumed oil, from head to foot. you will rejoice and have great pleasure. you will experience ecstasy and trembling - - ecstasy for the soul, and trembling for the body. [ meditation and kabbalah, treasury of the hidden eden p85 - 86 ] b. the stage of bhava, love of god, is manifested by eight transcendental symptoms, namely inertness, perspiration, standing of hairs on end, failing in the voice, trembling, paleness of the body, tears in the eyes, and finally trance. [ srimad bhag. 2 : 3 : 24 purport ] 11. god ' s beauty a. the jewish scriptures describe a vision of god. \" his head is a treasure of fine gold. his locks are hanging, black like the raven. \" in both talmudic and kabbalistic traditions, one of the interpretations is that it relates to a vision of god ; \" when he is visualized in battle, he is seen as a young man with black hair. \" [ sefer yetzirah ch 6. 1 ] b. the vedas refer to the form of the lord. in the srimad - bhagavatam it is stated, \" the lord is super excellently beautiful on account of his open and merciful smile and his sidelong glance upon his devotees. his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5601520044642793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.515851"} {"text": "##das refer to the form of the lord. in the srimad - bhagavatam it is stated, \" the lord is super excellently beautiful on account of his open and merciful smile and his sidelong glance upon his devotees. his black hair is curly, and his garments, waving in the wind, appear like flying saffron pollen from lotus flowers. his glittering earrings, shining helmet, bangles, garland, ankle bells, waist belt and various other bodily ornaments combine with the conch shell, disc, club, and lotus flower to increase the natural beauty of the kaustubha pearl on his chest. \" [ srimad bhag. 2. 24. 47 - 48 ] williamglick at gmail. com < mailto : williamglick at gmail. com > if you do not want to receive any more newsletters, to update your preferences and to unsubscribe visit forward a message to someone powered by phplist, www. phplist. com - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an html attachment was scrubbed... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a non - text attachment was scrubbed... size : 2408 bytes desc : not available more information about the pkg - gnome - maintainers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5263670531521147, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.517495"} {"text": "meiser repeats the \" reported history \" of the apollo : hicham and ali aboutaam readily admitted to gaps in the apollo ' s ownership record. from what they were able to determine, the statue was owned by a german family in the early 1900s. world war ii forced them to flee, leaving their belongings behind. it could be true. but where is the certified documentation? in the 1990s, a surviving member returned to the family estate after the fall of east germany. in the backyard lay a pile of debris. he could only make out the bronzed head of a young man, a sculpted hand, the outline of a lizard. the man vaguely recalled seeing the statue in the garden as a child, but he knew nothing of its history. believing the cost of repair would be greater than its value, he sold the statue to a dutch dealer in 1994, who in turn sold it to another collector, who then sold it to the aboutaams in 2001 with the understanding that he ' d remain anonymous. and are all the investigations about the apollo compelling? meiser reports : the international art loss register in new york, which tracks stolen art, found no claims on the piece. but, as i have pointed out before, absence from the art loss register does not signify anything when it comes to recently surfaced antiquities. one thing is clear. there appears to be no evidence that the statue had spent time underwater and it thus looks like the greek government ' s claim that it came from a shipwreck is without foundation. meiser then reviews some of the cases of antiquities handled by the aboutaams, though she does not note an etruscan architectural terracotta that has been returned from princeton, or the italian claim that some of shelby white ' s antiquities came from \" the aboutaam family, the owners of the phoenix ancient art gallery \". meiser quotes neil brodie who said that he \" would be acutely \" suspicious \" of anything that passed through the brothers ' hands \". in contrast : bennett dismissed the allegations. he ' d been dealing with the brothers for years. in his experience, they ' d been nothing but forthcoming and ethical. if that is the case, what else has the cleveland museum of art purchased from the brothers? will the cleveland museum of art make that list public? and, if transparency is important, there is every reason to place this information in the public domain. meiser also touches on the italian government ' s request for the return of other items. during the trial of dealer robert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4590321184268401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.533303"} {"text": "art make that list public? and, if transparency is important, there is every reason to place this information in the public domain. meiser also touches on the italian government ' s request for the return of other items. during the trial of dealer robert hecht, the italians cited eight pieces hecht had sold to cleveland. a much longer list of requested returns includes some material that has been around for quite a long - time ( see, for example, suzan mazur, \" italy will contest medea vase at cleveland museum \", scoop. co. nz, october 9, 2006 ). among the antiquities is the head of the emperor balbinus from a marble sarcophagus ( 1925. 945 ; gift of j. h. wade ) and a roman silver cup from vicarello acquired in 1966 ( 1966. 371 ) but first known in 1866. but many of the other pieces have surfaced more recently and certainly after 1970. cleveland has apparently refused to comment on the italian list, and seems to be taking a firm stand. but talking to bennett, one gets the sense that the museum won ' t be quick to wave a white flag. \" our policy is really straightforward, \" he says. \" anyone at anytime \" can protest an item ' s status. and \" if someone has information that proves [ the piece was illegally purchased ], the museum has an obligation to look at that evidence... the cleveland museum of art wants to know as much as possible about the items in our exhibits. \" but bennett misses the point. can the cleveland museum of art be certain that the pieces in question had not been looted? what was the museum ' s due diligence process? are the pieces documented prior to 1970? who sold them? at the same time, bennett claims that all pieces are vigorously researched. just because a dealer is charged doesn ' t mean all his deals were tainted. hecht ' s case is ongoing. the museum needs to make this information available.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42784113612388597, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.536631"} {"text": "early learning branch overview a growing body of research shows that the first years in a child ' s life are the foundation for school success. actions taken before children enter kindergarten affect their abilities to thrive during the elementary school years and beyond. the early learning branch of msde ' s division early childhood development ( decd ) oversees the following early childhood programs and initiatives, which promote best practices in early pedagogy and support maryland ' s school reform efforts to help ensure that all of maryland ' s youngest citizens will be successful in school and in life. click here for the 2012 - 2013 school readiness report. click on the links below for program - specific information. new! the msde division of early childhood development has completed a draft of the early learning standards for the social foundations domain. click here for information about the draft standards and how to submit comments on them. comments will be accepted through may 15th. maryland model for school readiness enhancing school readiness for all children in maryland the maryland model for school readiness ( mmsr ) is a research - based assessment and instructional system designed to provide teachers, families, and the early childhood community with a common understanding of what children know and are able to do upon entering kindergarten. all kindergarten children are assessed in the fall of their kindergarten year to determine their level of readiness across seven domains. this assessment reflects the ability of each child to demonstrate skills, knowledge, behaviors, and interests that are indicators of future school success. the early learning office coordinates and monitors the implementation of the mmsr at the local school level, provides professional development and technical assistance to the early childhood community, and analyzes and publishes the mmsr assessment results. click here for an mmsr school readiness powerpoint presentation. public prekindergarten / kindergarten programs maryland ' s prekindergarten program ( pre - k ) is a state - funded program for four year - old children who are from families that are economically disadvantaged or homeless. the over - all goal of the pre - k program is to provide learning experiences that help children develop and maintain the basic skills necessary to be successful in school. the early learning branch monitors and helps coordinate the local school system pre - k program and provides support for public pre - k initiatives. maryland ' s public schools provide a full day kindergarten program for children who are 5 years of age on or before september 1st of the year in which the child enrolls in school. judith p. hoyer program and judy centers the judith p. hoyer early child care and education enhancement program is a statewide effort to help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46501574586453426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.556042"} {"text": "interpreting book of mormon geography reviewed by randall p. spackman mormon ' s map is john l. sorenson ' s most recent compilation and discussion of book of mormon passages relating to geography. the book is composed of 128 pages of understandable text ( including seventeen maps illustrating geographical features mentioned in the text ). fifty - four endnotes ( pp. 129 - 34 ), a scripture index ( pp. 135 - 42 ), a subject index ( pp. 143 - 54 ), and various other resources make this book a compact research tool. the inside front cover contains \" mormon ' s map, \" a blue - and - green graphic resembling the maps of biblical lands found at the end of the king james version of the holy bible published by the church in 1979. a legend listing geographical details ( that are indicated on the map only by numbers ) accompanies this map. another multicolored map entitled \" major physical features \" is placed on the inside back cover, permitting the reader to refer quickly to general topographic features. mormon ' s map revisits many of the verses in the book of mormon that were mined for geographical meaning in the author ' s earlier and larger volumes : an ancient american setting for the book of mormon ( 1985 ) and the geography of book of mormon events : a source book ( 1992 ). 1 indeed, the concluding paragraph in mormon ' s map asserts that \" the features found on ' mormon ' s map ' as presented in this book are more carefully defined, more logically cross - checked, and more numerous than the criteria in the 1992 work \" ( p. 128 ). my first impression of mormon ' s map \u2014 the sort of impression one would get in a bookstore after browsing through the book for a few minutes \u2014 was that it provided an attractively packaged, readable, and relatively thorough guide for anyone interested in a reasoned interpretation of book of mormon geography. what is mormon ' s map? sorenson indicates that what he has called \" mormon ' s map \" would, in its ideal form, be a \" two - dimensional rendering of the body of information about geography that mormon possessed in his mind \" ( p. 125 ). however, the version of mormon ' s map set forth in sorenson ' s book can only be \" a reasonable approximation \" ( p. 126 ) of \" the nephites ' conception of their geography \" based on \" all the information [ sorenson has ] been able to elicit from mormon ' s words and those of other book of mormon writers \" ( pp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5031837887046403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.770534"} {"text": "\" ( p. 126 ) of \" the nephites ' conception of their geography \" based on \" all the information [ sorenson has ] been able to elicit from mormon ' s words and those of other book of mormon writers \" ( pp. 17, 126, emphasis in original ). sorenson acknowledges that mormon ' s map is \" simplified \" and \" partial \" because \" even mormon could not have recalled at the time he was writing all the knowledge he had acquired about the lands he personally traversed \" ( p. 125 ). in addition, \" mormon drew on what he knew of geography and shed light on those matters only when it seemed required in order to formulate his account.... he wanted to teach moral lessons to future readers, not instruct them about sheer facts of history and geography. geography was significant for his task at some points, but not central to it \" ( p. 125 ). finally, the map is \" incomplete \" because it \" can be improved, and will be if we discover new points in the text of the book of mormon that require change in the map \" ( p. 126 ). does book of mormon geography matter? mormon ' s map begins with a crucial question : does geography in the book of mormon matter? sorenson supports his affirmative response by discussing five concepts : ( 1 ) joseph smith ' s characterization of the book of mormon as \" the keystone of our religion \" ; ( 2 ) brigham young ' s questioning challenge to engage all our faculties as readers of scripture ( p. 1 ) ; ( 3 ) sorenson ' s belief that the promise of the book of mormon ( interestingly, he cites 2 nephi 11 : 8 rather than the more often utilized moroni 10 : 3 - 5 ) can be more powerfully fulfilled if the reader ' s understanding and sense of realism are enhanced by a clearly delineated geographical setting ( pp. 2 - 3 ) ; ( 4 ) the importance of geography ( \" precious lands \" ) for the working out of the lord ' s purposes ( 1 nephi 17 : 23 - 26, 32 - 38 ) ( pp. 3 - 4 ) ; and ( 5 ) the \" limited and unsystematized \" state of our knowledge concerning book of mormon geography. sorenson notes that \" a superb set of maps \" is included in our edition of the holy bible and additional maps began to be included in the doctrine and covenants with the 1981 edition of those scriptures. \" but our copies of the book of mormon still lack even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4860712659368298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.772287"} {"text": "that \" a superb set of maps \" is included in our edition of the holy bible and additional maps began to be included in the doctrine and covenants with the 1981 edition of those scriptures. \" but our copies of the book of mormon still lack even the most basic map to clarify the complicated goings and comings reported in our keystone scripture \" ( p. 4 ). i would add a proposition to the concepts discussed by sorenson. book of mormon geography is vital because it helps to reveal accurate information and to establish rational inferences related to the meaning and truthfulness2 of the book of mormon as an ancient text. as to geography, the book of mormon is joseph smith ' s translation of an ancient document that was originally written by record keepers who perceived events happening in real locations. book of mormon geography provides the internal clues from which theories can be constructed as to where such locations might be found. external sources ( historical, archaeological, geological, geographical, ethnological, and so forth ) may then be examined for corroboration or correction of the theories. for example, in the near eastern setting in which lehi originated, we now have several proposed locations in the same general vicinity for the so - called \" valley of lemuel \" ( 1 nephi 2 : 10 ), and one of the locations appears to contain a river running \" continually \" ( 1 nephi 2 : 9 ) from a spring. 3 in another example, nephi refers to the followers of lehi passing through \" the place which was called nahom \" ( 1 nephi 16 : 34 ) and then turning \" nearly eastward \" and enduring \" much affliction in the wilderness \" before finally reaching \" the land which [ they ] called bountiful \" on the seacoast ( 1 nephi 17 : 1 - 6 ). now it has been found that in a setting where book of mormon geography would place the location of nahom, a place called \" nehhm \" existed ( according to an eighteenth - century map ). references in related writings from several centuries earlier mention a pagan god ( \" nuhum \" ), a tribal ancestor ( \" nuham \" ), and a region and tribe ( \" nihm \" ). most recently, archaeological investigations in the area have unearthed an inscribed stone altar from the seventh or sixth century b. c. ( about the time of lehi ) referring to the tribe of \" nihm. \" 4 such tangible support indicates that the events described in the book of mormon were not the imagined novel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4855534803124291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.773418"} {"text": "inscribed stone altar from the seventh or sixth century b. c. ( about the time of lehi ) referring to the tribe of \" nihm. \" 4 such tangible support indicates that the events described in the book of mormon were not the imagined novelties of joseph smith but reasonably could have happened just where and when the book says they occurred. such evidence ( whether geological, topographical, cultural, geographical, or environmental ) is not a prerequisite for the development of a basic understanding and spiritual acceptance of and loyal commitment to the religious message of the book of mormon. the workings of the holy spirit are not dependent on educational attainments, scholarly acceptance, or scientific advances. perhaps these facts are related to sorenson ' s reasons for not expressly mentioning this line of argument. his book seems primarily addressed to latter - day saints who, in the overwhelming majority, are neither educationally ready nor sufficiently funded to develop carefully drawn theories, to pursue and examine potential data, to recognize physical substantiation, and, where necessary, to suggest modifications to prevailing interpretations of book of mormon geography. for such readers, mormon ' s map fills the purpose of providing a reasonably careful guide to current views about the geography of the book of mormon. nonetheless, book of mormon geography is vital to the establishment and management of an efficient and productive process for developing theories about, and seeking and finding material evidence related to, the book of mormon. the lord has declared that the book of mormon \" contains the truth and the word of god \" ( d & c 19 : 26 ), and he has commanded us to \" grow... in the knowledge of the truth \" ( d & c 50 : 40 ). surely that divinely intended growth may involve an organized process for extending our knowledge about the people and geography described in the book of mormon. sorenson does address the issue of latter - day saint church leaders having already settled questions about nephite geography. he makes it clear that early suppositions of church members about a hemispheric geography ignored the evidence to be found in the text of the book of mormon. sorenson also quotes church leaders and publications to show that no authoritative map or geography has ever been revealed or adopted, remarking that \" what logically would seem to be one of the first steps in a systematic investigation \u2014 to construct a map of the american ' land of promise ' based solely on statements in [ the book of mormon ] ( at least 550 passages are relevant ) \u2014 seems not to have occurred to anyone during the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.51879081103434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.774778"} {"text": "of the first steps in a systematic investigation \u2014 to construct a map of the american ' land of promise ' based solely on statements in [ the book of mormon ] ( at least 550 passages are relevant ) \u2014 seems not to have occurred to anyone during the church ' s first century \" ( p. 4 ). the investigative efforts in the second century have resulted in \" tremendous confusion and a plethora of notions that holds no promise of producing a consensus \" ( p. 5 ), primarily because most writers fail to take the first step of detailed textual examination. mormon ' s map is sorenson ' s most recent effort to provide such a first - step analysis for a general latter - day saint audience. 5 a comprehensive process in the book ' s second chapter, sorenson describes the process for developing \" mormon ' s map. \" the starting point, certainly, is the text itself. \" whatever the book of mormon says about its own geography... takes precedence over anything commentators have said of it \" ( p. 9 ). sorenson advises that we must \" intensively examine the text mormon left us ( of course, we have access to it only as it has been transmitted to us in english through joseph smith ) \" ( p. 12 ). this is a premise he also sets forth in the geography of book of mormon events : if we are serious about answering the question [ where were the lands in which book of mormon events took place? ]... what should we do...? well, the question itself has two sides to it. our goal has to be to construct an equation involving the two sides : nephite locations a, b, c, etc. = new world locations x, y, z, etc. we cannot work on the whole equation without first attaining thorough definition of the variables on either side of the equal sign. equipping ourselves with that thorough knowledge demands different capabilities on the one side and on the other. for the external world, we cannot substitute knowledge of scripture for knowledge of climate, topography, hydrography, etc. unavoidably, we must have a profound grasp of the elements of the physical and cultural scene in its own terms \u2014 without any reference to the scripture. most people offering [ geographic ] models show that they have limited knowledge of that world. on the other side, we must know all there is to know about the statements in the book of mormon on the matters at hand \u2014 without any reference to external geography, archaeology, or history. everything done so far in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5273156548959623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.776479"} {"text": "limited knowledge of that world. on the other side, we must know all there is to know about the statements in the book of mormon on the matters at hand \u2014 without any reference to external geography, archaeology, or history. everything done so far in studying the geography of book of mormon events [ presumably including sorenson ' s earlier writings ] has been inadequate by reason of incompleteness, if not of real errors. 6 john e. clark addresses the same issue in his article \" a key for evaluating nephite geographies, \" published in 1989. 7 he examines the book of mormon passages he thought were important in developing an understanding of an \" elemental \" geography described in the book. clark seems to be the first to attempt to treat the geography of the book of mormon solely from an internal standpoint and to base his thoughts on \" all the geographical passages in the book of mormon. \" 8 because of the importance of clark ' s 1989 article and sorenson ' s 1992 book with respect to the topic treated in mormon ' s map, this review will refer to these earlier studies. for example, clark addresses the issue of textual examination as follows : it has been my experience that most members of the church, when confronted with a book of mormon geography, worry about the wrong things. almost invariably the first question that arises is whether the geography fits the archaeology of the proposed area. this should be our second question, the first being whether the geography fits the facts of the book of mormon \u2014 a question we all can answer without being versed in american archaeology. only after a given geography reconciles all of the significant geographic details given in the book of mormon does the question of archaeological and historical detail merit attention. the book of mormon must be the final and most important arbiter in deciding the correctness of a given geography ; otherwise we will be forever hostage to the shifting sands of expert opinion. 9 with the fervent injunction ( and leadership ) of clark and sorenson requiring us to focus our attention on the text of the book of mormon as a first step in creating a realistic geography, the next crucial issue seems to be finding all the passages of text on which our focus is to rest. both authors begin with alma 22 and quickly build interpretative links to other passages of text. according to mormon ' s map, the nearest thing to a systematic explanation of mormon ' s geographical picture is given in alma 22 : 27 - 34. in the course of relating an incident involving nephite missionaries and the great king over the lamanites", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5056860607872389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.779662"} {"text": "to mormon ' s map, the nearest thing to a systematic explanation of mormon ' s geographical picture is given in alma 22 : 27 - 34. in the course of relating an incident involving nephite missionaries and the great king over the lamanites, mormon inserted a 570 - word aside that summarized major features of the land southward. he must have considered that treatment full and clear enough for his purposes, because he never returned to the topic. overall, over 550 verses in the book of mormon contain information of geographical significance : the account is steeped with information about the where of nephite events. ( p. 9 ) having read sorenson ' s analysis, my assumption was that i could readily find the more than 550 verses mentioned by sorenson if i looked in the scripture index to mormon ' s map. in fact, i found 637 verses. 10 clark used 318 verses to develop his \" elemental \" geography of the book of mormon. in light of this discrepancy in number of verses, i began to wonder how many verses in the book of mormon have been thought to hold meaning for someone intently seeking an understanding of the book ' s geography. more importantly, i wondered which verses they were. before reading mormon ' s map, i had been aware of the proposed internal or textual examination of book of mormon geography primarily through sorenson ' s geography of book of mormon events ; i therefore turned to part 4 of his 1992 study and counted the textual references : 725 verses. at this point, i questioned to what extent the verses identified by sorenson matched those of clark. i wondered whether sorenson ' s 1992 study and mormon ' s map referred to essentially the same textual passages. while sorenson and clark both started with alma 22, they went on to examine quite different sets of verses. of clark ' s 318 verses, 85 did not show up in sorenson ' s geography of book of mormon events and 140 verses were not cited in mormon ' s map. of the 725 verses cited in geography of book of mormon events, 233 were listed in clark ' s paper and 492 were \" new \" verses. looking at mormon ' s map, i found that only 178 cited verses were listed in clark ' s paper and only 201 verses came from the \" new \" verses listed in geography of book of mormon events. that is, of the 637 verses cited in mormon ' s map, neither clark nor sorenson had identified 258 verses earlier as being relevant to book of mormon geography. furthermore, of the 492", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4676506691653757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.780995"} {"text": "verses listed in geography of book of mormon events. that is, of the 637 verses cited in mormon ' s map, neither clark nor sorenson had identified 258 verses earlier as being relevant to book of mormon geography. furthermore, of the 492 \" new \" verses listed in geography of book of mormon events, fully 291 did not receive any mention in mormon ' s map. table 1 below shows the distribution of verses with potential geographical significance cited in clark ' s article and in sorenson ' s geography of book of mormon events and mormon ' s map. as the table depicts, clark ' s study of book of mormon passages relevant to geography relies almost entirely on verses in the books of alma and mosiah ( 86 percent of the cited verses ). these books are also vital to sorenson ' s geography of book of mormon events ( 63 percent of the cited verses ) and mormon ' s map ( 53 percent of the cited verses ). nonetheless, sorenson ' s work indicates a capacity to expand the scope of inquiry outside the books of alma and mosiah and to find geographical inferences in a wide variety of scriptural contexts. this does not mean that clark ' s work is defective ; he apparently did not intend to go beyond an \" elemental \" geography. sorenson, on the other hand, has dedicated a tremendous amount of time to the study of an internal nephite map of book of mormon events. | clark 1989 | | sorenson 1992 | | sorenson 2000 | | word of mormon | | 0 | | 1 | | 0 | after i eliminated duplications and identified all geographically relevant verses used by clark and sorenson combined, i compiled a table of 1, 068 verses that have been thought to carry potential meaning for constructing a nephite conceptual geography. 11 it seems to me that if we are going to become conscious of and accept the idea that we are searching for as good an internal map as we can find, then we really need to be reading these 1, 068 verses in the book of mormon. they would now seem to be the best place to start. are the 637 verses cited in mormon ' s map ( 60 percent of the total ) sufficient to develop an adequate internal map? sorenson clearly believes that his book examines \" mainly the most decisive and clearest statements \" ( p. 15 ). i do not know who could answer the question in any better manner today. a new level of book of mormon interpretative scholarship will have to be reached before our comprehension of the book", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031675438923717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.782479"} {"text": "the most decisive and clearest statements \" ( p. 15 ). i do not know who could answer the question in any better manner today. a new level of book of mormon interpretative scholarship will have to be reached before our comprehension of the book ' s internal geography will be more accurate. today, we can primarily refer just to the somewhat different views of clark and sorenson. a comprehending process in addition to including a comprehensive reading of textual passages, the process of reading the book of mormon for geographical meaning must provide us with comprehension of the meanings denoted and connoted by the words in the text. necessarily, this raises the issue of how to interpret the text. sorenson identifies several important principles that guide his interpretation of the book of mormon text. clark also sets forth his assumptions on how to interpret the text. at their most basic level, these principles or assumptions fall into four common categories. the assumption of simplicity rational simplicity and economy are to be assumed. mormon ' s map states : \" we should avoid needlessly complicated synthesis. if two explanations occur to us for solving a geographical problem, the simpler solution \u2014 the one with the fewest arbitrary assumptions \u2014 is probably better \" ( p. 14 ). clark words the assumption of simplicity as follows : \" the best internal reconstruction is one which reconciles all of the data in the book of mormon with a minimum number of additional assumptions. \" 12 these assumptions represent ockham ' s razor, the \" principle attributed to the fourteenth - century english philosopher william of ockham... that one should choose the simplest explanation, the one requiring the fewest assumptions and principles. \" 13 it is the rational principle of parsimony that ought to guide our interpretations of the book of mormon text unless, of course, the text itself unambiguously requires a more complex interpretation. the assumption of consistency in the geography of book of mormon events, sorenson presents the assumption of consistency this way : \" minor slips of the ' pen ' aside, all the information on geography will prove to be consistent. \" 14 in mormon ' s map, he sets forth his assumption in the form of a conclusion about consistency : my personal experience with the text of the book of mormon is that all the geographical information does prove to be consistent, so i conclude that mormon possessed an orderly \" mental map \" of the scene on which his people ' s history was played out.... mormon leaves no evidence of confusion about geography ; he easily persuades me that he could have told us more had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5462879464551827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.784054"} {"text": "i conclude that mormon possessed an orderly \" mental map \" of the scene on which his people ' s history was played out.... mormon leaves no evidence of confusion about geography ; he easily persuades me that he could have told us more had he chosen to do so. even when particular lands or cities are mentioned at widely separated places in the text, the statements fit comfortably together into a plausible whole. he never hints that he did not understand the geography behind the records of his ancestors that he was abridging ; rather, his writing exudes an air of confidence. ( pp. 10 - 11 ) clark also expresses this assumption in his study of book of mormon geography : \" assume that all passages are internally consistent and can be reconciled. \" clark adds two closely related propositions : \" assume no scribal errors unless internal evidence indicates otherwise.... assume no duplication of place names unless the text is unambiguous on the matter. \" 15 i would add the word unmistakably to clark ' s \" scribal error \" assumption. internal evidence must unmistakably indicate an error. that which a reader might initially think is a \" slip of the pen \" ( because of an insufficiently examined interpretation ) usually turns out to be reconcilable when more evidence from the text of the book of mormon is carefully considered. the assumption of uniformity both clark and sorenson rely on the assumption that at the time of the book of mormon, the natural world existed, operated, and was described in ways similar to the natural world we study and understand today. clark makes this a general assumption and mentions, as examples, \" that the locality where the book of mormon events took place was not unrecognizably altered at the time of the crucifixion, that geographic details in the small plates and in the book of ether are therefore compatible with those in mormon ' s and moroni ' s abridgment, and that the principles of natural science that apply to today ' s environments are also pertinent to nephite lands. \" 16 in mormon ' s map, sorenson expresses the sense of a general uniformitarian assumption with two rather simple propositions : \" the expressions ' up, ' ' down, ' and ' over, ' when used in a geographical context, refer to elevation.... nature worked the same anciently as it does today. \" sorenson elaborates with examples : \" we can be sure that the headwaters of rivers were at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5025844662206527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.785748"} {"text": "and ' over, ' when used in a geographical context, refer to elevation.... nature worked the same anciently as it does today. \" sorenson elaborates with examples : \" we can be sure that the headwaters of rivers were at a higher elevation than their mouths, and a river implies the presence of a corresponding drainage basin \" ( p. 13 ). sorenson also confronts the idea that \" we cannot hope to attain clarity because of the great destruction that took place at the time of the savior ' s crucifixion. \" those who suggest such a notion may feel that the destruction \" so changed everything that what could be seen of the landscape in former times would not be recognizable afterward. mormon lets us know that this concern is unfounded \" ( p. 11 ). sorenson then leads us through the textual evidence to conclude that \" most of the basic land forms and ecological conditions had [ not ] been rendered unrecognizable \" ( p. 12 ). hence, both textual evidence and logic require an assumption of uniformity in the way nature operates today and operated in book of mormon times. if one were to assume otherwise, one ' s geographical theory would have to be categorized as being in the realm of science fiction. a fictional geography may be appropriate for a literary work about imaginary characters, but such a geography would not be appropriate for the book of mormon. the events set forth in the book of mormon were perceived to have happened by actual nephite historians and their sources. such events occurred in real geographical settings subject to the normal laws and processes of nature. the assumption of an uncertain cultural comprehension clark suggests, without elaboration, that one should \" assume a literal meaning \" for book of mormon terminology. 17 sorenson seems to recommend otherwise. \" ideas in the record will not necessarily be familiar or clear to us.... book of mormon terminology will not necessarily be clear to us, even in translation, because language and cultural assumptions change.... we must seek to overcome any problems this causes us by striving to think, feel, and see as if we were mormon, rather than supposing that we can read the text ' literally ' ( which actually turns out to mean ' according to unspoken assumptions of our current culture ' ) \" ( pp. 13 - 14 ). neither author is consistent in following his own advice, as will be discussed below. naturally, if one strives to think, feel, and see like mormon, one might simply be thinking,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5670283403135028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.788002"} {"text": "culture ' ) \" ( pp. 13 - 14 ). neither author is consistent in following his own advice, as will be discussed below. naturally, if one strives to think, feel, and see like mormon, one might simply be thinking, feeling, and seeing in accordance with one ' s own cultural preconceptions ( including those one has about mormon ). to actually accomplish what sorenson suggests, we must know something about how mormon thought, felt, and viewed the world ; to do that, we should know at least the basics about how others in his part of the world perceived themselves and their world. thus, we must know where mormon lived in order to discover from all this internal book of mormon research where mormon lived! the process is circular and moves forward only with the acceptance and incorporation of more completely developed and understood information. as a result of this circularity, sorenson ' s assumption of uncertainty in cultural terminology and ideas necessarily leads to a delicate exercise in determining when to rest ( one cannot stop entirely ) in this cyclical process of interpreting the text, associating the text with a theoretical world, examining the remains of the real world related to such a theoretical world, and then reinterpreting the text, modifying the theory, conducting further research, reinterpreting the text, etc. these are not tasks that most readers want to or can undertake. hence, sorenson ' s assumption imposes a requirement of special knowledge or expertise and turns the process of reading the book of mormon for geographical purposes into a process that must fundamentally be a scholarly pursuit. while i think sorenson ' s assumption is a correct one, as a general reader of book of mormon geography i also think the assumption is not without interpretative risk ( clark ' s \" shifting sands of expert opinion \" referred to above ). we cannot continue to rely indefinitely on individual scholars working independently to bring about an improved understanding of book of mormon cultural ideas and terminology ( whether having to do with geography or otherwise ). the need for collaborative work continues to grow. the institutions necessary to produce such work ought to be identified, promoted, supported, and managed. but here i am really taking off on a tangent \u2014 an important tangent, nonetheless, that is directly related to sorenson ' s work in mormon ' s map. sorenson is surely correct that we have to take mormon ' s terminology and ideas into account. we must also bear in mind the transmission of the text from mormon ' s language into the english of joseph smith and from there into the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.555922114122004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.789465"} {"text": "' s map. sorenson is surely correct that we have to take mormon ' s terminology and ideas into account. we must also bear in mind the transmission of the text from mormon ' s language into the english of joseph smith and from there into the english of our contemporary culture. as mormon ' s map briefly observes, \" english has changed between 1829 and 2000 \" ( pp. 13 - 14 ). does this mean we must strive to think, feel, and see like joseph smith, too? the answer is yes. where did joseph smith live? how did people think, feel, and see in his culture? how did they express themselves? what did they know of mormon ' s world? we must also question how people today think, feel, see, and communicate. indeed, what do we know today about mormon ' s world? thus, we must be aware of three cultural screens \u2014 mormon ' s ( or the nephites ' ), joseph smith ' s, and our own \u2014 standing between us and the world of the book of mormon. we must assume an uncertain comprehension at our own level, at joseph smith ' s level, and, perhaps to a much lesser extent, even at mormon ' s level. all three cultural screens must be taken into account in any serious interpretative process. my own research provides a clear example of the kinds of issues that need to be examined when attempting to interpret passages in the book of mormon and place their meaning into current english language and concepts. mormon ' s map mentions the particular issue of the differences between contemporary and ancient notions about \" many days \" of travel. \" similarly, we might ask, would ' year ' have meant the same to [ mormon ] as it does to us? lasting how long? beginning and ending when? composed of what seasonal variations in climate? \" ( p. 78 ). when i began studying book of mormon chronology, 18 i started with a naive awareness that part of nephite record keeping included the measurement of years. that ' s an english word familiar to me and the same word that joseph smith used to represent calendrical periods expressed by nephi in the sixth century b. c. ( e. g., 2 nephi 5 : 28 \u2014 \" thirty years \" ), by mormon in the fourth century a. d. ( e. g., mormon 6 : 5 \u2014 \" three hundred and eighty and four years \" ), and by moroni in the fourth or fifth century a. d., when he abridged records", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.518569881236634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.790808"} {"text": "the fourth century a. d. ( e. g., mormon 6 : 5 \u2014 \" three hundred and eighty and four years \" ), and by moroni in the fourth or fifth century a. d., when he abridged records based on historical reports from roughly one to two thousand years earlier ( e. g., ether 9 : 24 \u2014 \" an hundred and forty and two years \" ). while joseph smith and the vast majority of his contemporaries surely understood the common notion of a solar or seasonal year as the repeating period indicated by the term year, they were not acquainted to any significant degree with ancient timekeeping systems. the idea that ancient cultures may have used a variety of different calendars or years ( at separate times or at the same time ) probably did not cross the minds of more than a few of joseph smith ' s contemporaries in north america. and if such an idea did cross their minds, what word other than years would they have chosen to describe simply and accurately the meaning of recurring calendrical periods that were significantly longer than a few months? hence, an important question for interpreting book of mormon chronology is whether one can reasonably conclude that joseph smith ' s use of the word he knew and understood ( years ) necessarily requires the conclusion that we must understand that word in the book of mormon in exactly the same way that joseph smith and his contemporaries did or the conclusion that the exact same calendar was used by nephi, mormon, and the jaredites described by moroni in the book of ether. my research, which has undergone several interpretative cycles, indicates that in each of the three citations above, the word years describes a period of time measured with a distinctly different calendar and that for most of nephite history all three calendars were in use by the timekeepers. is a \" literal \" interpretation of the word years, such as clark proposes, even possible? i would say yes \u2014 in a sense it is. whatever period of time is indicated, it must literally be some form of a year. but several dissimilar types of years eventually must be understood. a \" literal \" use of joseph smith ' s calendar, which is our calendar ( the dionysian / gregorian calendar introduced by pope gregory xiii in a. d. 1582 ), must necessarily lead to a distorted book of mormon chronology because it was not the calendar used by the ancient record keepers. nephi, mormon, and the jaredites used distinctive calendars for separate purposes. our interpretative experience can add rich levels of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49922371381072367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.792065"} {"text": ", must necessarily lead to a distorted book of mormon chronology because it was not the calendar used by the ancient record keepers. nephi, mormon, and the jaredites used distinctive calendars for separate purposes. our interpretative experience can add rich levels of meaning to our literal reading of the word years. can i also, as sorenson proposes, think, feel, and see as mormon did? again, i would say yes \u2014 in a way i can. but sitting in my easy chair and urging myself into some sort of imaginary late - nephite reverie is certainly not the way. once the terminology and ideas expressed in the book of mormon with respect to a specific topic have been fully examined from a textual standpoint, then careful study of external sources ( including other scriptures ) and thoughtful synthesis must be undertaken. that is one of the reasons why mormon ' s map is such a valuable book \u2014 a scholar of sorenson ' s stature has taken the time and effort to clarify his thinking regarding the textual evidence he has examined and interpreted concerning the book of mormon land of promise. interpreting book of mormon directions the assumptions of clark and sorenson appear to differ most in their interpretative effect in relation to issues about directions in the book of mormon. these issues require the adoption of interpretations that are more complex and uncertain because the book of mormon seems, at least on the level of construal undertaken so far, to provide relatively little information about the nephite directional system. as a result, clark and sorenson bring significant external assumptions to their interpretative tasks. these assumptions are valuable for the light they shine on the interpretation process. sorenson ' s treatment of the nephite directional system in mormon ' s map is for me the least satisfying discussion in the entire book. it is not a step forward. 19 to explain my disappointment and to help elucidate the interpretative process yet to be commenced with respect to directions in the book of mormon, i will contrast sorenson ' s treatment of nephite directions with the very limited interpretation undertaken by clark. in mormon ' s map, sorenson devotes a short section to nephite directions. he begins, not with an examination of the text relating to directions, but with textual passages that indicate how limited our understanding of nephite ideas and terminology might be. \" when we examine the text of the book of mormon carefully, we can detect numerous places where cultural assumptions that were second nature to the nephites are quite different than those we hold. we latter - day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5334029911345906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.793642"} {"text": "of mormon having something to do with directions. he begins by mentioning the obvious difference between terms such as north and northward, south and southward. he then jumps to what i consider an unsupportable conclusion. \" by their frequency of using the ' - ward ' suffix, we can infer that mormon and his ancestors used a somewhat different cultural scheme for directions than we do \" ( p. 80 ). why is this a reasonable inference? did mormon use the suffix or did joseph smith, in his attempt to express a nephite concept? how does frequency of use necessarily require a different directional system? what if the nephite directional scheme were exactly the same as ours, but the more important geographic areas were not directly north or south of the nephites? wouldn ' t joseph smith then refer to northward and southward as a matter of accuracy and fact, rather than to indicate a different directional scheme? indeed, in an earlier chapter of mormon ' s map, sorenson uses the term northward to help explain his reason for tilting the hourglass - shaped nephite lands away from a strict north - south axis ( pp. 18 - 20 ). that is, his argument about the need for a tilt in the axis of the nephite land of promise is founded on an interpretation of the nephite directional system so that it included cardinal directions. clearly, this matter has not been thoroughly examined, and we have no reason at this point to disregard a directional system based on cardinal directions. sorenson then provides a second example that he thinks should lead us to be cautious when interpreting the nephite directional system. he contrasts the use of the terms came and went in the book of mormon. he speculates that the distinction may have something to do with the place where the historian was recording the events, but then he notes that this contrast has not yet been analyzed systematically. the best that sorenson seems to be able to muster in this section is an expression of caution. \" beware of making assumptions about meanings that may prove to be misleading because they spring from modern - day assumptions rather than from ancient ways \" ( p. 81 ). however, sorenson has not guided us through an examination of passages leading to the conclusion that a literal reading is not appropriate when it comes to the nephite directional system. in fact, he acknowledges that not enough work has been done on this topic. while commenting that \" directional matters \" are often \" subtle, \" he expressly notes that there is much yet to be considered \" before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5287495056851075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.796950"} {"text": "the nephite directional system. in fact, he acknowledges that not enough work has been done on this topic. while commenting that \" directional matters \" are often \" subtle, \" he expressly notes that there is much yet to be considered \" before we even know all the right questions about nephite direction systems \" ( p. 81 ). in contrast, clark ' s interpretation of the directions used by nephite authors is, at least initially, \" literal \" and thus builds on the foundation of textual analysis. clark specifies his directional assumptions as follows : i assume that the nephite directional system was internally consistent and that this consistency persisted throughout the period of their history. i do not pretend to know how nephite \" north \" relates to the north of today ' s compass, and such information is irrelevant for my present purpose of reconstructing an internal geography. i do assume, however, that regardless of what any \" real \" orientation may have been, nephite north was 180 degrees from nephite south, and both were 90 degrees off of east and west. the directional suffix \" - ward \" is here loosely interpreted to mean \" in the general direction of. \" thus, i read \" northward \" as \" in a general northerly direction. \" finally, all directions are directions from \" somewhere. \" i assume the central reference point was the city of zarahemla, located in the \" center \" of the land of zarahemla ( helaman 1 : 24 - 27 ). 20 clark ' s initial view of nephite directions relies precisely on our own culture ' s cardinal directions. our \" literal \" understanding is, and to my mind must be, our first and most unsophisticated interpretation of the meanings associated with words used in the book of mormon. this \" literal \" approach to book of mormon directions also happens to be consistent with concepts of direction and geographical organization that were familiar to joseph smith and his contemporaries. 21 as joseph translated the book of mormon, he seems to have used the directional and geographical concepts familiar to him. this is, and must be, our second level of interpretation of a word or phrase mentioned in the book of mormon. in most cases, the first and second levels of interpretation probably will be identical, but this need not always be the case. the english language has changed in some respects since the time of joseph smith. near the end of his article, clark describes in much greater detail another related directional pattern when he seeks to interpret helaman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5137896806787087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.797959"} {"text": ", but this need not always be the case. the english language has changed in some respects since the time of joseph smith. near the end of his article, clark describes in much greater detail another related directional pattern when he seeks to interpret helaman 3 : 8. in that verse, the nephites are said to have expanded \" from the land southward to the land northward, and... spread insomuch that they began to cover the face of the whole earth, from the sea south to the sea north, from the sea west to the sea east. \" clark acknowledges that his reading of the book of mormon directional system can be literal only to a point. then another level of interpretation is called for and additional assumptions must be made. clark refers to this change in interpretative process as requiring an explanation that is metaphorical : the passage in helaman may have been meant in a metaphorical rather than a literal way. explaining away difficult passages as metaphors goes against one of my guiding assumptions for dealing with the text, but in this case i think it is well justified. north and south sea probably have no more concrete meaning than the phrases \" filling the whole earth \" and \" as numerous as the sands of the sea. \" mormon waxes poetic whenever describing the nephites ' peaceful golden age of uninterrupted population growth and expansion. this is understandable given the circumstances under which he wrote, and his knowledge of the certain doom of his people. it is interesting that in a parallel passage describing the same sort of population expansion [ helaman 11 : 20 ] no north or south sea is mentioned.... i am convinced that the reference to a north sea and a south sea is devoid of any concrete geographical content. all specific references or allusions to book of mormon seas are only to the east and west seas. any geography that tries to accommodate a north and south sea, i think, is doomed to fail. but we cannot dismiss the reference to these seas out of hand. if they are metaphorical, what was the metaphor? 22 with this piling up of inferences, clark theorizes that the north and south seas mentioned in the text are not physical bodies of water. he bases this theory on the slim fact that these seas are not mentioned in one similar passage in the book of mormon. hence, he moves his interpretation of book of mormon directions from a literal one consistent with our culture ( and joseph smith ' s culture 175 years ago ), where cardinal points are the principal directions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5155079477811279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.798991"} {"text": "not mentioned in one similar passage in the book of mormon. hence, he moves his interpretation of book of mormon directions from a literal one consistent with our culture ( and joseph smith ' s culture 175 years ago ), where cardinal points are the principal directions, to a third level of cultural understanding ( a nephite metaphorical level ) that still may have been somewhat accurately depicted by english words describing a cardinal direction system. clark also notes that this metaphorical interpretation \" would not be out of place in the middle east at the time of lehi ; and it is remarkably close to the mesoamerican view of their world. \" 23 that is, at this third level of interpretation, a nonliteral theory has been created and compared favorably with what clark would consider appropriate external cultures to lend credence to his further sense of the meanings that might be associated with our ( and joseph smith ' s ) cardinal directions. clark ' s conceptualized nephite world, \" as part of a metaphor for the whole earth, \" places zarahemla at the center and expands outward ( in the four cardinal directions ) through lands and wildernesses to the four seas mentioned in helaman 3 : 8. 24 clark ' s literal interpretation of a couple of verses that mention ( and don ' t mention ) north and south seas, his identification of an interpretative problem, and then his creation of a metaphorical solution or theory are procedurally sound ( but not necessarily substantively correct ). he then compares the metaphorical theory with ideas from external sources he assumes were related to the book of mormon. this is a valid interpretative process, but not necessarily one that leads to an accurate interpretation. from a substantive point of view, one must also note that clark ' s problem with the text of helaman 3 : 8 is based on his inference from helaman 11 : 20 that the north and south seas \" probably \" had no real existence. why is that inference \" probably \" accurate? are there no other passages in the book of mormon that might bear on this question? in how many other ways is the term north used in the book of mormon? what about uses of the term south? is it impossible or just unlikely that there were north and south seas? the interpretative process dealing with north and south seas has actually just begun. in mormon ' s map, sorenson seems to throw his required caution to the wind when he interprets north and south seas literally. these seas seem to serve his purpose of tilting the axis of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5295719065074674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.799995"} {"text": "dealing with north and south seas has actually just begun. in mormon ' s map, sorenson seems to throw his required caution to the wind when he interprets north and south seas literally. these seas seem to serve his purpose of tilting the axis of the nephite promised land to an orientation similar to that of mesoamerica. he first identifies a difference between the land north ( five references ) and the land northward ( thirty - one references ). there is, of course, a distinction ; \" land northward \" implies a direction somewhat off from literal north. this implication that the lands are not simply oriented to the cardinal directions is confirmed by reference to the \" sea north \" and the \" sea south \" ( helaman 3 : 8 ). these terms are used only once, in reference to the colonizing of the land northward by the nephites, but not in connection with the land southward. the only way to have seas north and south on a literal or descriptive basis would be for the two major bodies of land to be oriented at an angle somewhat off true north - south. that would allow part of the ocean to lie toward the south of one and another part of the ocean to lie toward north of the other. ( pp. 19 - 20 ) sorenson makes this argument from a literal point of view because he seems to be seeking to confirm the tilt he wants to give to his hourglass - shaped lands. ( note that in map 1 and all subsequent maps in the text, he does not tilt the lands the opposite way from mesoamerica, which would seem to be an equally likely possibility under his interpretation of north and south seas. ) i could not find any of the maps in mormon ' s map that actually show where the north and south seas were supposed to be. how were they related to the east and west seas? why would the nephites have referred to a land northward or southward if they didn ' t want to distinguish them from other lands that were literally north or south? in other words, isn ' t the whole concept of nephite directions founded on a basic four - part directional system that joseph smith was content describing as north, south, east, and west? frankly, my conclusion from this very brief review of book of mormon directions is identical to sorenson ' s in one regard : so little work has apparently been done on the topic that we do not yet know all the right questions to ask. where does sorenson think we are today? i have not attempted to provide a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4931065177996316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.801077"} {"text": "is identical to sorenson ' s in one regard : so little work has apparently been done on the topic that we do not yet know all the right questions to ask. where does sorenson think we are today? i have not attempted to provide a substantive evaluation of the chapters of mormon ' s map that deal with sorenson ' s detailed views of book of mormon land forms, topography, environment, distances, and civilization. i have no training or expertise in those subjects. frankly, the task would have to begin with comparisons of sorenson ' s inferences and the 1, 068 verses identified as having potential geographical relevance. that will take a great deal of impartial ( hopefully collaborative ) work. thus, i find myself in the position of virtually every other reader of mormon ' s map ( sorenson excepted ). i must rely on my own rational responses to sorenson ' s detailed interpretations and those responses include \" interesting, \" \" challenging, \" and \" what if... \" but hardly anything substantive. to his credit, sorenson also helps us in this area by concluding mormon ' s map with a chapter entitled \" so how much do we know? \" in essence, he reviews his own work. he compares the version of \" mormon ' s map \" he has been able to construct with the widely duplicated maps that early european cartographers produced : \" they drew in coastlines on the basis of reports that were not very clear or full from voyagers who had traversed portions of the coast. where they did not possess direct information, those mapmakers made inferences \u2014 guesses may be more accurate. as for the interior spaces beyond the coasts, their information was even sketchier. still, the maps they drafted were avidly sought by later voyagers and served them well enough. the comprehensive ' mormon ' s map ' on the inside front cover of this book can prove useful too \" ( p. 126 ). sorenson then lists the three uses to which he thinks \" a map in this tentative condition \" ( p. 127 ) can be put. first, it provides \" a model that we can apply to stories from the record to check their consistency and perhaps shed new light on factors [ the stories ] involved that had not occurred to us before. \" second, \" we may discern new questions about geography... gaps in our knowledge for which we might seek answers by consulting mormon ' s text anew. \" third, \" the map summarizes a set of criteria... against which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5074705948200582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.803723"} {"text": ", \" we may discern new questions about geography... gaps in our knowledge for which we might seek answers by consulting mormon ' s text anew. \" third, \" the map summarizes a set of criteria... against which to evaluate proposals for where in the external world nephite lands were located \" ( p. 127 ). this is a succinct summary of where we are today. \" mormon ' s map \" is surely \" tentative, \" but we may finally be in a position to begin filling in the blank spots in our understanding through a reasoned process. by combining clark ' s \" elemental \" geography and interpretative process with sorenson ' s more comprehensive geography of book of mormon events and mormon ' s map, we have a solid foundation for a collaborative project to consciously produce a generally acceptable interpretation of the nephite map described in the text of the book of mormon. we have a method for identifying interpretative issues, pulling together the textual passages that have been identified on each issue as controlling, determining various interpretative theories about those passages, and then comparing the theories for simplicity, consistency, uniformity, and uncertainty in our interpretation of ideas and terminology. will such a collaborative project necessarily produce a duplicate of clark ' s \" elemental \" geography or sorenson ' s mormon ' s map i have met john clark and john sorenson and admire them both, but i don ' t think i know anyone who could answer that question today. why don ' t we find the answer? when one approaches a landfall from the sea, the barest edge of land first appears as a dark contour rising up on the horizon. mormon ' s map leaves me with a clear sense that it represents just the first contour of a wonderful, exciting, and \" promised \" land filled with information and levels of meaning that are yet to be discovered, understood, and communicated. thank you, professor clark, for your attention to the interpretative process. thank you, professor sorenson, for extending that process into mormon ' s map. \" land ho! \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314551070687148, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.804736"} {"text": "( medical xpress ) - - cambridge scientists have, for the first time, created cerebral cortex cells those that make up the brains grey matter from a small sample of human skin. the researchers findings, which were funded by alzheimers research uk and the wellcome trust, were published today in nature neuroscience. diseases of the cerebral cortex range from developmental conditions, such as epilepsy and autism, to neurodegenerative conditions such as alzheimers. todays findings will enable scientists to study how the human cerebral cortex develops, how it wires up and how that can go wrong ( a common problem leading to learning disabilities ). it will also allow them to recreate brain diseases, such as alzheimers, in the lab. this will give them previously impossible insight, allowing them to both watch the diseases develop in real time and also develop and test new drugs to stop the diseases progressing. dr. rick livesey of the gurdon institute and department of biochemistry at the university of cambridge, principal investigator of the research, said : this approach gives us the ability to study human brain development and disease in ways that were unimaginable even five years ago. for their research, the scientists took skin biopsies from patients and then reprogrammed the cells from the skin samples back into stem cells. these stem cells as well as human embryonic stem cells were then used to generate cerebral cortex cells. dr. livesey added : we are using this system to recreate alzheimers disease in the lab. alzheimers disease is the commonest form of dementia in the world, and dementia currently affects over 800, 000 people in the uk. its a disease that primarily affects the type of nerve cell weve made in the lab, so weve the perfect tool to create a full, human model of the disease in the lab. dr. simon ridley, head of research at alzheimers research uk, the uks leading dementia research charity, said : we are really pleased to have contributed funding for this work and the results are a positive step forward. turning stem cells into networks of fully functional nerve cells in the lab holds great promise for unravelling complex brain diseases such as alzheimers. dementia is the greatest medical challenge of our time we urgently need to understand more about the condition and how to stop it. we hope these findings can move us closer towards this goal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.521748964682323, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.807169"} {"text": "americans work longer hours, take fewer vacation days, and retire later than employees in other industrialized countries around the globe. with such demanding careers, it ' s no surprise that many experience job burnout \u2014 physical, cognitive, and emotional exhaustion that results from stress at work. researchers have found that burnout is also associated with obesity, insomnia, and anxiety. now dr. sharon toker of tel aviv university ' s faculty of management and her fellow researchers \u2014 profs. samuel melamed, shlomo berliner, david zeltser and itzhak shpira of tau ' s sackler faculty of medicine \u2014 have found a link between job burnout and coronary heart disease ( chd ), the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries that leads to angina or heart attacks. those who were identified as being in the top 20 percent of the burnout scale were found to have a 79 percent increased risk of coronary disease, the researchers reported in the journal psychosomatic medicine. calling the results \" alarming, \" dr. toker says that these findings were more extreme than the researchers had expected \u2014 and make burnout a stronger predictor of chd than many other classical risk factors, including smoking, blood lipid levels, and physical activity. taking a toll on the heart some of the factors that contribute to burnout are common experiences in the workplace, including high stress, heavy workload, a lack of control over job situations, a lack of emotional support, and long work hours. this leads to physical wear and tear, which will eventually weaken the body. knowing that burnout has been associated with other cardiovascular risk factors, such as heightened amounts of cholesterol or fat in the bloodstream, the researchers hypothesized that it could also be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. over the course of the study, a total of 8, 838 apparently healthy employed men and women between the ages of 19 and 67 who presented for routine health examinations were followed for an average of 3. 4 years. each participant was measured for burnout levels and examined for signs of chd. the researchers controlled for typical risk factors for the disease, such as sex, age, family history of heart disease, and smoking. during the follow - up period, 93 new cases of chd were identified. burnout was associated with a 40 % increased risk of developing chd. but the 20 % of participants with the highest burnout scores had a 79 % increased risk. dr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4862880472184483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.809898"} {"text": "parkinson ' s disease ( pd ) is a movement disorder. the symptoms get worse over time and can include : - muscle rigidity - tremor at rest - slowing down of movements ( bradykinesia ) - difficulty moving and gait instability pd is caused by a loss of certain nerve cells in the brain. the loss of these cells causes a decrease in the amount of a brain chemical called dopamine. low dopamine levels cause pd symptoms. the brain cells may be lost because of genetic defects, the environment, or some combination of the two. a small amount of people with pd have an early - onset form. this type is caused by an inherited gene defect. secondary pd has similar symptoms but is caused by several factors such as : - antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol ( haldol ), fluphenazine ( prolixin ), trifluoperazine ( stelazine ), and chlorpromazine ( thorazine ) - antinausea / gastric motility medications such as prochlorperazine and metoclopramide - cardiovascular drugs, such as some calcium channel blockers and antiarrhythmic drugs - valproic acid ( a medication used for seizures, migraines, and bipolar disorder ) - carbon monoxide poisoning - manganese poisoning - brain tumors - iv drug abuse contaminated by mptp ( a type of neurotoxin ) - reserpine ( medicine to treat schizophrenia and high blood pressure ) - insecticide exposure factors that increase the chance of pd include : symptoms of pd begin mildly. they will worsen over time. - \" pill - rolling \" tremor in the hands - tremors are present at rest, improve with movement, and are absent during sleep - stiffness and rigidity of muscles, usually beginning on one side of the body - difficulty and shuffling when walking - short steps - slowness of purposeful movements - trouble performing usual tasks, due to shaking in hands and slowness of movement - trouble speaking ( often speaking with a low volume ) - flat, monotonous voice - shaky, spidery, or small handwriting - poor balance - difficulty with rising from a sitting position - seborrhea ( a skin problem that causes a red rash and white scales ) - loss of smell - urinary symptoms ( frequency and urgency ) - bowel movement symptoms ( straining, constipation ) - tendency to fall - stooped posture - increasingly mask - like face, with little", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5406845981668251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.816324"} {"text": "red rash and white scales ) - loss of smell - urinary symptoms ( frequency and urgency ) - bowel movement symptoms ( straining, constipation ) - tendency to fall - stooped posture - increasingly mask - like face, with little variation in expression - trouble chewing and swallowing - drooling and excessive salivation - difficulty thinking, problems with memory - decreased sense of smell - sleep problems such as rem - behavior disorder the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. there are no tests to definitively diagnose pd. the doctor will ask many questions. this will help to rule out other causes of your symptoms. tests to rule out other conditions may include : - blood tests - urine tests - ct scan \u2014 a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of structures inside the head - mri scan \u2014 a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of structures inside the head - pet scan \u2014 a scan that makes images that show the amount of activity in the brain. a special kind of pet scan called a dat scan may be used in the evaluation of pd. currently, there are no treatments to cure pd. there are also no proven treatments to slow or stop its progression. some medications may help to improve symptoms. over time, the side effects of the medication may become troublesome. the medications may also lose their effectiveness. examples of medicines include : - levodopa / carbidopa ( sinemet ) - amantadine ( symmetrel ) - anticholinergics : benztropine ( cogentin ) and biperiden ( akineton ) - monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as selegiline ( eldepryl ) - dopamine agonists : bromocriptine ( parlodel ), pramipexole ( mirapex ), cabergoline ( dostinex ), rotigotine ( neupro ), apomorphine ( apokyn ), and ropinirole ( requip ) - comt inhibitors : entacapone ( comtan ) and tolcapone ( tasmar ) depression or hallucinations may also occur with pd and its treatment. medicines may be prescribed to attempt to treat these conditions. the drugs may include : - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) - tricyclic antidepressant ( such as, nortriptyline ) - antipsychotic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48166753921550526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.817242"} {"text": "be prescribed to attempt to treat these conditions. the drugs may include : - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ) - tricyclic antidepressant ( such as, nortriptyline ) - antipsychotic medicine ( such as, clozapine ) hip fractures are common in those with pd. bisphosphonates are medications that may help reduce this risk. constipation, drooling, and lightheadedness when standing are common and may improve with medications or other treatments. different brain operations are available, and many more are being researched including : - deep brain stimulation ( dbs ) \u2014 implanting a device to stimulate certain parts of the brain ; can decrease tremor and rigidity - thalamotomy and pallidotomy \u2014 destroying certain areas of the brain to improve tremor when medication does not work ( not as common as deep brain stimulation ) - nerve - cell transplants ( research only ) \u2014 to increase amount of dopamine made in the brain therapy can improve muscle tone, strength, and balance. it will include exercises and stretches. consider joining a support group with other people with pd. it will help to learn how others are learning to live with the challenges of pd. if you are diagnosed with pd, follow your doctor ' s instructions. - reviewer : rimas lukas, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 09 / 10 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45551878749035646, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.817770"} {"text": "educator and community activist charles gomillion worked at the tuskegee institute for more than forty years. as president of the tuskegee civic association, he worked with martin luther king, jr., and the southern christian leadership conference to increase african american voter registration in the south. gomillion was the lead plaintiff in the landmark 1960 civil rights case gomillion v. lightfoot, which led the u. s. supreme court to declare gerrymandering unconstitutional. gomillion was born in johnston, south carolina, in 1900. although his parents encouraged his education, johnston \u2019 s african american school only ran three months out of the year. gomillion left home at 16 to attend secondary school at paine college, a methodist school in augusta, georgia, where he completed high school and some college before dropping out to help his aging parents. after working as a junior high school principal, he returned to paine to finish college and began teaching at tuskegee institute in 1928. gomillion continued his own studies in sociology, eventually earning a phd from ohio state university when he was 59 years old. in the 1930s, gomillion attempted to register to vote several times, starting in 1934, and was finally successful in 1939. throughout the 1940s and 1950s, gomillion, by then the dean of students at tuskegee, worked to register voters which prompted the state legislature to redraw the borders of the city in 1957 to maintain white political power. tuskegee \u2019 s municipal boundaries were gerrymandered to create a 28 - sided shape that retained every white person within the new city boundaries and excluded all but 12 african americans. gomillion brought suit to contest the redistricting in gomillion v. lightfoot. king sought gomillion \u2019 s advice for his book, stride toward freedom and thanked him for his \u201c significant suggestions and real encouragement \u201d in the book \u2019 s preface ( king, 11 ). after the supreme court ruled in his favor in gomillion vs. lightfoot, gomillion encouraged the tuskegee civic association to work for collaboration between whites and blacks. however, by the mid - 1960s, the prospect of interracial politics was met with firm resistance from local african americans who had been thoroughly excluded for so long. gomillion left the tuskegee civic association and in 1970 retired from tuskegee institute. william a. elwood, \u201c an interview with charles g. gomillion, \u201d callaloo, 40 ( summer, 1989 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4261234781847999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.820388"} {"text": "is morgellons disease a physical or psychological condition? last year, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) launched a study of a curious and controversial condition known as morgellons disease, which is characterized by creeping, crawling and stinging sensations under the skin. the project, whose goal is to identify possible risk factors and causes, was prompted by pressure from afflicted people, along with the advocacy groups and congressmen that represent them, according to cdc spokesperson lola russell. many in the medical community question whether morgellons is an infectious disease or a psychiatric disorder. morgellons has drawn increasing attention since 2002, when a pittsburgh woman named mary leitao launched a web site describing skin sores and filamentlike structures emerging from her two - year - old son \u2019 s s skin. after being inundated with e - mails from people complaining of similar symptoms, leitao founded the morgellons research foundation ( mrf ) to raise awareness and secure research funding for the bizarre condition. since then, nearly 14, 000 families have reported morgellons cases to mrf, although the actual number may be higher, the organization says. to learn more about morgellons, which many patients believe is caused by parasites, we consulted michael cappello, a pediatrics professor and infectious disease specialist at yale university school of medicine in new haven, conn. [ an edited transcript of the interview follows. ] what is morgellons disease? it is a skin condition that does not have an accepted medical definition. the name itself was given not by physicians per se \u2014 at least contemporary physicians \u2014 but by an advocacy group. [ leitao borrowed the name from 17th - century french doctors who observed a similar condition in children. ] what are the symptoms? patients complain of itching and scratching sensations. they get wrapped up in the belief that there is something beneath their skin \u2014 an infectious agent, such as a parasitic worm \u2014 that can be extracted. they often try to pull that something out of their skin, which creates open sores. patients will say, \u201c i scratched and i pulled this living thing out of my skin. \u201d how do the patients describe these living things they believe are beneath their skin? often they describe them as tiny fibers. [ according to the mrf, the fibers or \" filaments \" are \" near microscopic \" and may be white, blue, red or black. in addition to the filaments, there may also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122882764805247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.824123"} {"text": "they describe them as tiny fibers. [ according to the mrf, the fibers or \" filaments \" are \" near microscopic \" and may be white, blue, red or black. in addition to the filaments, there may also be black or white sandlike granules on or in the skin. ]. have you seen any evidence of these organisms? individuals and their physicians have sent me pictures of these filaments and skin samples purportedly containing them, but i have never found evidence of any parasites. looking under the microscope, the samples look like amorphous skin, like a skin sample from a normal person might look. some contain hair follicles. and apart from my personal experience, i am not aware of any evidence in the scientific literature suggesting that these patients have infectious agents crawling under their skin. do these patients have other signs of infectious disease? frequently, the patient \u2019 s history and skin lesions are not consistent with what we know about infectious diseases. if, for example, a person had toxoplasmosis [ a disease caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii, often contracted via contact with soiled kitty litter, for example ], he or she would have enlarged lymph nodes and flulike illness. or if a patient had pinworm [ a common parasitic infection in young children ], he or she would have rectal itching. there are even parasitic infections that cause itching and skin manifestations, but none of them are consistent with the clinical presentation of morgellons. if there are no parasites, what else could cause the sores \u2014 some kind of skin disease? to my knowledge, there is no consistent feature of these skin lesions that have been linked to a dermatological diagnosis. they are self - inflicted. so what is wrong with these patients? they are clearing suffering. my interpretation is that the symptoms are most consistent with a psychiatric condition. continue reading morgellons disease parasites skin psychiatric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46780291428957405, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.825549"} {"text": "the bulldog is a member of the non - sporting group. the non - sporting group is the most diverse group and is made up of dogs that don \u2019 t fit in any other group. the bulldog is a muscular dog of medium size with a smooth coat. females should weigh approximately 45 pounds while males should weigh around 55 pounds. their head is their most prominent feature. the circumference of their head should measure their height. the legs are short, shoulders are very wide, and the chest is deep with well - sprung rounded ribs. a well - bred bulldog \u2019 s general appearance suggests stability, strength, and courage. in attitude, they are passive yet dignified, and exude kindness. bulldogs are lovable and playful in short spurts. they are happiest when they are around people, and they tend to need a lot of attention. they enjoy a loving environment and should not be forced to endure fear or neglect. they are usually quiet and make a good companion. the bulldog breed is a friendly breed and will leave with anyone who will take them ; therefore, it is best to keep them indoors and in a secure, fenced yard when outdoors. the short face of a bulldog causes them breathing difficulties, which are magnified in the hot weather. bulldogs must be indoor dogs all of the time. in hot weather they tend to overheat. they need to be protected from heat exhaustion. when walking a bulldog in warmer weather, always bring along ice water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4548147536416192, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.829161"} {"text": "providing digital resourcesfor the australian curriculum biological, physical and earth and space sciences for early learners early learners discover the past through toys and games multimedia and inquiry questions about life in ancient times conducting historical inquiry related to australian history this is a short story about the lives of stick insects. living things have basic needs! these videos show how bugs handle their prey. dr tanya hill, astronomer, explains why we experience day and night. dr tanya hill, astronomer, explains changes in the sky and the star patterns. an interactive where students match objects that move the same way. this is a story about toys used by several generations of a family. toys from the museum ' s collection are used to explore continuity and change. children sequence images of toys from the my grandmother ' s toy box story. students investigate primary and secondary sources about the vesuvius eruption. students examine the importance of conserving the remains of pompeii. the features and functions of a roman house are explored in this resource. what does the practice of public bathing tell us about everyday roman life? illustrations of daily life and slaves ' videos prompt an inquiry into slavery. alistair thomson offers advice to students on how to record oral histories. dr moya mcfadzean discusses the role of objects in personal migration stories. michael reason discusses how photographs assist in understanding the past. dr paula hamilton reflects on creating community histories. museum victoria learning lab material is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 australia license, displayed at the bottom of each learning lab page unless stated otherwise. where website users are directed via links to museum victoria material which is not a component of the learning lab, the applicable copyright notice for that material appears in the rights tab in the page footer. hi haidar - we checked with our live exhibits department with your query, and they have said the following : no - one has ever recorded the life span of a male vi... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow museum victoria on hello kristen - if you can upload a clear image to us via our ask the experts page, we will see if the bird can be identified - it would also be useful to know...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5111212203424672, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.831577"} {"text": "search national agricultural library ( nal ) digital collections showing item 0 of from your search. a system for estimating bowen ratio and evaporation from waste lagoons - a low - cost system was deployed above a swine waste lagoon to obtain estimates of bowen ratios and characterize lagoon temperatures. the system consisted of humidity and temperature sensors and anemometers deployed above the lagoon, water temperature sensors, and a meteorological station located by the lagoon. to evaluate the system, data was analyzed from the 25th through 28th june 2007. bowen ratios showed diurnal behavior near the lagoon surface characterized by negative values during day and positive ones at night. latent ( evaporation ) and sensible heat fluxes were towards the atmosphere and the lagoon, respectively for most of the day. a diurnal cycle in atmospheric and lagoon temperatures was also observed. furthermore, wind speeds above the lagoon were highest in the afternoon. these variations were linked to lagoon temperature stratifications which became more pronounced as wind speeds increased. temperature stratification at the lagoon indicated increased heat exchange at the lagoon ' s interface with the atmosphere. during the night, the stratification disappeared and temperatures in the water column were almost identical down to about 60 cm. this behavior is similar to that observed in other shallow water bodies that are fetch - limited. lagoon heating was driven by the diurnal cycle of solar radiation and net radiation. this suggests that bowen ratios had an inverse relationship with lagoon heating and its thermal stratification. this also indicates that there was an increase in latent heat flux and evaporation during the daytime. these results are important for characterizing the thermal behavior of the lagoon leading to a better representation of processes responsible for emissions. quintanar, a. i., mahmood, r., loughrin, j. h., lovanh, n., motley, m. v. estimation, evaporation rate, waste lagoons, swine, pig manure, water temperature, sensors, anemometers, meteorological data, temperature profiles - includes references - applied engineering in agriculture 2009, v. 25, no. 6 journal articles, usda authors, peer - reviewed - works produced by employees of the u. s. government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the u. s. the content of this document is not copyrighted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5211012813282274, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.834017"} {"text": "sunlight is earth \u2019 s most abundant energy source and is delivered everywhere free of charge. yet direct use of solar energy \u2014 that is, harnessing light \u2019 s energy content immediately rather than indirectly in fossil fuels or wind power \u2014 makes only a small contribution to humanity \u2019 s energy supply. in 2008, about 0. 1 % of the total energy supply in the united states came from solar sources. in theory, it could be much more. in practice, it will require considerable scientific and engineering progress in the two ways of converting the energy of sunlight into usable forms. photovoltaic systems are routinely employed to power a host of devices \u2014 from orbiting satellites to pocket calculators \u2014 and many companies make roof - sized units for homes and office buildings. photovoltaic ( pv ) systems exploit the photoelectric effect discovered more than a century ago. in certain materials, the energy of incoming light kicks electrons into motion, creating a current. sheets of these materials are routinely employed to power a host of devices \u2014 from orbiting satellites to pocket calculators \u2014 and many companies make roof - sized units for homes and office buildings. at the present time, however, the best commercial pv systems produce electricity at five to six times the cost of other generation methods, though if a system is installed at its point of use, which is often the case, its price may compete successfully at the retail level. pv is an intermittent source, meaning that it \u2019 s only available when the sun is shining. furthermore, unless pv energy is consumed immediately, it must be stored in batteries or by some other method. adequate and cost - effective storage solutions await development. one factor favoring pv systems is that they produce maximum power close to the time of peak loads, which are driven by air - conditioning. peak power is much more expensive than average power. with the advent of time - of - day pricing for power, pv power will grow more economical. sunlight can also be focused and concentrated by mirrors and the resulting energy employed to heat liquids that drive turbines to create electricity \u2014 a technique called solar thermal generation. existing systems produce electricity at about twice the cost of fossil - fuel sources. engineering advances will reduce the cost, but solar thermal generation is unlikely to be feasible outside regions such as the southwestern united states that receive substantial sunlight over long time periods. despite the challenges, the idea of drawing our energy from a source that is renewable and that does not emit greenhouse gases has powerful appeal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5598578150674165, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.837517"} {"text": "| world salt awareness week : \u201c less salt, please! \u201d | everyone can play a role in reducing salt intake to improve health washington, d. c., 12 march 2013 ( paho / who ) \u2014 the pan american health organization / world health organization ( paho / who ) is joining the call for \u201c less salt, please! \u201d during this year \u2019 s world salt awareness week. the march 11 \u2013 17 campaign urges everyone to help reduce dietary salt, with a focus this year on chefs, caterers, and others who prepare food for consumption outside the home. \u201c restaurants and caterers often add excessive salt to foods because they think that \u2019 s what customers want, \u201d notes branka legetic, who leads paho / who \u2019 s salt reduction efforts. \u201c but people can in fact change their tastes for salt over time. if you gradually consume less salt, you will gradually want less salt. the same is true of sugar. chefs and caterers can help consumers choose this better path. \u201d salt is an essential part of the human diet, but most people consume more than they realize and more than is healthy. consuming excess salt contributes to high blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes, as well as other health problems, including kidney disease, osteoporosis, obesity and alzheimer \u2019 s. high blood pressure is the focus of this year \u2019 s world health day ( april 7 ), and reducing dietary salt will also be one of the key recommendations of that campaign. paho / who recommends that adults consume less than 5 grams of salt per day. in the americas, salt intake averages 12g / day in argentina, 11 g / day in brazil, and 8. 5 \u2013 9 g / day in canada, chile and the united states. most of the excess salt people consume comes not from the salt shaker but from processed foods such as bread, snack foods, \u201c instant \u201d meals, processed meats and condiments. restaurant foods are also major contributors, hence the focus this year on chefs and caterers. paho / who nutrition expert enrique jacoby notes that choosing \u201c low - salt \u201d versions of processed foods is not always the best solution, because processed foods tend to be less healthy than fresh foods for other reasons. \u201c foods that come in a bag or a box \u2014 what we call ultra - processed foods \u2014 are things that people should be avoiding anyway, \u201d says jacoby. \u201c low - salt versions of processed foods are full of empty calories, low on micronut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4440840227724945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.842311"} {"text": "that come in a bag or a box \u2014 what we call ultra - processed foods \u2014 are things that people should be avoiding anyway, \u201d says jacoby. \u201c low - salt versions of processed foods are full of empty calories, low on micronutrients, and often formulated and marketed to make people over - consume. in contrast, real, fresh foods provide real nutrition, satisfy hunger and are naturally low in salt. the best advice is to eat real foods like those your grandmother ate. \u201d cost - effectiveness studies have shown that reducing salt consumption at the population level can cut the prevalence of related chronic diseases at a cost of between 4 and 32 u. s. cents per person per year. a canadian study of 18 latin american countries estimated that reducing sodium intake by 10 percent each year in 18 latin american countries could prevent 593, 000 cardiovascular events and save some 54, 000 lives. salt reduction efforts are under way in countries including argentina, brazil, canada, chile, costa rica, cuba, mexico, suriname, uruguay, and the united states. they include efforts ranging from mass media and educational campaigns to collaboration with food makers to improve nutrition labels and reformulate products to contain less salt. paho, founded in 1902, is the oldest international public health organization in the world. it works with its member countries to improve the health and the quality of life of the people of the americas. it also serves as the regional office for the americas of who. regional office for the americas of the world health organization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4731115333854532, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.843248"} {"text": "| search on this day by date | 1962 : america to sell polaris to britainpresident kennedy and british prime minister harold macmillan have announced the formation of a multilateral nato nuclear force after talks in nassau, in the bahamas. the agreement means the united states will sell polaris missiles to the uk. the president has made a similar offer to france in the hope of establishing a tripartite nuclear deterrent against the countries of the eastern bloc. polaris, a two - stage solid - fuelled rocket system, is designed to be fired underwater from a submarine. it carries a half - megaton nuclear warhead at a speed of 17, 500 mph ( 28, 160 kph ). the british government would construct the submarines and develop warheads for polaris with technical support from the us. the deal has been described in the us press as a landmark in military and political development in the western world. it is also regarded as the most constructive meeting held between president kennedy and mr macmillan. however, there are now fears britain will be too reliant on the us for its nuclear deterrent in spite of the fact that the nuclear element of the weapons system will be supplied by britain. at the end of the three - day summit, the two leaders issued a joint statement. in it, mr macmillan made it clear that polaris missiles would be used for international defence of nato countries, except where britain ' s \" supreme national interests are at stake \". this phrase is designed to show the british nuclear force is politically independent of the us. cuban missile crisis president kennedy also sent a letter to france ' s president charles de gaulle offering to sell polaris as well as provide technical support. it is hoped this will not only heal the current rift between france and britain over mr macmillan ' s \" special relationship \" with the us and britain ' s wish to enter the eec, but also strengthen nato as a whole and allow france a greater role within it. if france rejects the agreement, it will still be valid between britain and america. the talks come just two months after the cuban missile crisis when it was revealed the soviet union ' s leader, nikita khrushchev, had set up nuclear missile bases on america ' s doorstep. in this context, president kennedy and mr macmillan emphasised the need for a unified defence programme. \" in strategic terms, this defence is indivisible and it is their conviction, \" said the statement, \" that in all ordinary circumstances of crisis or danger it is this very unity which is the best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4498458056550829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.847842"} {"text": "the need for a unified defence programme. \" in strategic terms, this defence is indivisible and it is their conviction, \" said the statement, \" that in all ordinary circumstances of crisis or danger it is this very unity which is the best protection of the west. \" the controversial american skybolt missile project will be abandoned due its high cost and questions about how long it would have taken to complete. the first of a dozen polaris submarines are due to go into service in the uk within five years. each submarine will cost around \u00a335m each and each missile costs \u00a3350, 000. the total cost of the nuclear naval deterrent is estimated at about \u00a3300m. the us currently has five polaris a - 1 submarines in service with a range of 1, 200 miles ( 1, 931 km ). the a - 2 version is being tested from improved polaris submarines and can reach 1, 500 miles ( 2, 414km ). a - 3 missiles are due to be ready for use in 1964 and have a range of 2, 500 miles ( 4, 023km ). compared with skybolt missiles which carry warheads of nearly two megatons, polaris rockets are less powerful. but they are also less vulnerable because skybolts are dropped from aircraft while polaris submarines are much harder to locate. stories from 21 dec | search on this day by date | | ^ ^ back to top | | front page | years | themes | witness | | \u00a9mmviii | news sources | privacy & cookies policy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44645062623428466, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.848417"} {"text": "researchers at the university of washington school of public health and community medicine have produced new analyses predicting the risk of heart disease among diverse population groups - - younger women, middle - aged men and older japanese - american men. the findings are being presented on march 26 at the 39th annual american heart association ( aha ) conference on cardiovascular disease epidemiology and prevention in orlando, florida. the analyses are based on results from several studies showing that for every nanometer decrease in low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) particle diameter or size, heart disease risk increases from 30 to 230 percent, depending on the population studied. ldl particles carry the \" bad cholesterol \" through the bloodstream. smaller ldl particles may more easily become trapped in blood vessel walls than larger ones, possibly increasing risk for atherosclerosis. ldl particle size is determined using a technique called gradient gel electrophoresis that separates ldl particles obtained from blood samples by their diameter and shape. the uw researchers have analyzed data from three different population groups. in a case - control study of 231 primarily caucasian women aged 20 - 44 in western washington, blood samples from women with heart disease had smaller ldl size than control women in the same age group. a one - nanometer decrease in ldl size was associated with a more than two - fold risk for heart disease. the relationship remained after taking into account smoking, diabetes, hypertension and ldl cholesterol level, but was reduced substantially after taking into account triglycerides ( another form of fat carried in the bloodstream ) or high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ) cholesterol, known as the \" good cholesterol \". \" many people think heart disease occurs mainly in men, but heart disease is also the number - one cause of death among women in this country, \" says dr. melissa austin, profes contact : ellen liang university of washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5423779061910438, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.850313"} {"text": "from its crew members to its crockery, enthusiasts have raked over every aspect of the titanic \u2019 s tragic tale. but what about the dogs on board? there were 12 canines on the doomed ocean liner, three of which survived. those include a baby pomeranian, lady, whose owner, margaret hays of new york city, wrapped her in a blanket and carried her into a lifeboat. the other two dogs to survive were also small, pedigreed pooches who travelled in their owners \u2019 cabins. ( all the dogs on board belonged to first - class passengers. ) sun yat - sen, a pekingese belonging to henry and myra harper ( of the harper & row publishing dynasty ) lived to yip another day, as did a pomeranian belonging to elizabeth rothschild of new york. the nine dogs confined in the onboard kennel \u2014 where they were walked and cared for by crewmembers \u2014 all died. two belonged to american coal magnate william carter, who reassured his worried children that their pets were safe as they clambered into the lifeboats. his daughter lucy was later compensated $ 100 by lloyds of london for her king charles spaniel, while his son billy received $ 200 for his airedale. the other dogs that perished included two airedales owned by john jacob astor iv and his wife, a fox terrier named dog, and a great dane who was the object of a failed rescue attempt by his owner, ann elizabeth isham. she climbed out of a lifeboat after being informed that her dog was too big to join her and returned to the ship \u2019 s kennel. a few days after the sinking, her body was found by a recovery ship, clutching her beloved canine. the titanic \u2019 s four - footed passengers are included in a new exhibition about philadelphia families aboard the titanic at the widener university art gallery in chester, pennsylvania.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40176202848249465, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.853026"} {"text": "turner to monet constable, one of the foremost british landscape painters of the nineteenth century, first achieved success with his large canvases depicting landscape and life in and around the stour valley, which he exhibited between 1819 and 1825. such was the success of the first of these large paintings, the white horse 1819, 1 when constable exhibited it at the royal academy in 1819, that he was elected associate of the academy later that year. 2 working on a scale usually reserved for history painting, constable redefined the notion of a \u2018 finished \u2019 picture by giving his large landscapes something of the spontaneous freedom and expressive handling of a rapidly painted sketch. the leaping horse is the sixth and the last of these large stour valley landscapes and one of the most powerful. constable chose a place called float jump, close to where the course of the old river temporarily left the navigable portion of the stour. it also marked the boundary between the counties of essex and suffolk. the jump itself consisted of a wooden barrier a metre high, constructed across the tow path. built to stop cattle straying, it was low enough to allow barge horses to leap over it. constable chose the moment when the horse, mounted by a boy, was leaping the barrier, which gave vigour to the scene. he depicted it from a low viewpoint to give the horse and rider a dramatic presence. constable \u2019 s principal concern was not, however, with the specifics of the location but rather capturing the atmosphere of place and the general feelings associated with experiencing nature. he sought to present nature as something mutable, not fixed. \u2018 it is a lovely subject, \u2019 constable said of the leaping horse, \u2018 lively \u2013 & soothing \u2013 calm and exhilarating, fresh \u2013 & blowing \u2019. 3 he wanted his landscapes to create a total experience, including a sense of movement and sound as well as what can be directly observed. in this painting he wanted to convey the feel of the wind, the shimmering of light, the sense of being outdoors. and he extended the experience of the landscape by depicting a moorhen startled from her nest by the thundering of the horse \u2019 s hoofs. constable \u2019 s handling of paint is expressionist and almost abstract. he used palette knife as well as brush, with which he created a visual impression of flickering lights and shadows. the light rises as if the sun is coming out and the storm clouds are blowing away. it sparkles on the trees on the left and gives the pollarded tree in the centre a silvery look. constable also carried through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.425153351909088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.856865"} {"text": "a term used with reference to business transactions to signify the investing of money at a risk of loss on the chance of unusual gain. the word is commonly used only when the risk of loss is greater than ordinary business methods and prudence warrant. a coal merchant who sees grounds for thinking that the coming winter will be severe, and that there will be a general strike among coal miners, shows enterprise if he lays in a large stock of coal with the expectation of reaping more than usual profit from its sale. he incurs the ordinary risks of business, he does not speculate. but if a man thinks, on trivial indications, that there is going to be a great development in the opening up of a new country, and buys large tracts of prairie land in the district on the chance of its rising rapidly in value, he would be said to speculate in land. more specifically, speculation is used to designate dealings in futures and options on the exchanges, especially when the parties to the transaction do not intend any effective transference of commodities or securities, but only the payment of differences between making - up prices and those agreed on. such time - bargains are universally practised nowadays on the world ' s exchanges, and the volume of business done in them vastly surpasses that where effective transfer of securities or commodities is contemplated. the transactions may vary indefinitely in character between bona fide and perfectly lawful buying and selling, on the one hand, and the merest gambling or betting on future prices, on the other. some of the ordinary types of such operations are the following. a speculator buys at the current rate a thousand dollars ' worth of stock for the account at the end of the month. when the day for settlement arrives, if the price has risen, he is paid the difference between the price at which he bought and the making up price. if the price is lower, the speculator loses and pays the difference to the broker. in the slang of the exchange, this is a \" future \", or \" time - bargain or a deal in \" differences \" ; and one who speculates for the rise of prices is called a \" bull \", while one who speculates for the fall is called a \" bear \". when the operator loses, he may prefer to extend the time of settling the account to the next settling day. this may be done by arrangement with the broker, and the transaction is known as \" carrying over \". a speculator may purchase at a fixed rate the right to receive or to refuse a certain amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.602443486002596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.867909"} {"text": "of settling the account to the next settling day. this may be done by arrangement with the broker, and the transaction is known as \" carrying over \". a speculator may purchase at a fixed rate the right to receive or to refuse a certain amount of a certain stock or commodity at a future date. this is called an \" option \". if he purchases the right either to sell or to buy, it is a \" put and call \", or a \" double option \". of course no objection can be raised against such contracts as these when they are entered into by merchants or others with a view to the effective transfer of what is bought and sold. a merchant or manufacturer requires a constant and steady supply of what he deals in so as to be able to conduct his business. effective dealings in \" futures \" and \" options \" guarantee the steady supply which is needed, and that at fixed rates settled beforehand. such business methods benefit the dealer and the public as well. they ensure a constant supply of commodities at medium rates. but the speculator does not intend effective transfer. his buying and selling are fictitious ; he only pockets his differences if he wins, and pays them if he loses. his methods give rise to serious moral, economic, and political questions, which have been the subject of much discussion. there is no great moral harm in the practices which have been mentioned if they are considered singly by themselves and in the abstract. without incurring the reproach of great moral obliquity i may buy a thousand dollars ' worth of stock at the current rate from a broker when neither buyer nor seller intends effective transfer of the stock, but merely the payment of differences when the settling day arrives. in essentials the transaction is a bet as to what the price of the stock will be on settling day. and if the buyer and the seller have the free disposal of the money which is staked on the bet, and there is no fraud, unfair dealing, or other evil adjuncts or effects of the transaction, the bet will not be morally wrong. ( see betting ; gambling. ) however, betting and gambling are almost always dangerous pastimes and often morally wrong. just in the same way speculation tends to develop a passion which frequently leads to the ruin of a speculator and his family. the hope of becoming rich quickly and without the drudgery of labour distracts a man from pursuing the path of honest work. the speculator, even if he succeeds, produces nothing ; he reaps the fruit of the to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5350004540153747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.868839"} {"text": "his family. the hope of becoming rich quickly and without the drudgery of labour distracts a man from pursuing the path of honest work. the speculator, even if he succeeds, produces nothing ; he reaps the fruit of the toil of others, he is a parasite who lives by preying on the community. moreover, in practice, the event on which the bet is laid by one who speculates in futures is seldom left to the operation of natural causes. when large sums of money are at stake the temptation to influence the course of prices becomes almost irresistible ; hence the fierce and frequent contests between \" bulls \" and \" bears \" on the exchanges. cliques of one party, interested to bring about a rise in prices, buy the stock in order that the increased demand may produce the effect desired. often the buying is merely fictitious, but this fact is not known to the outside world. the purchases are published, industriously commented upon by the venal financial press, puffs and mendacious reports are inserted in the papers in order to raise the price of the stock and attract moneyed investors. the opposite party adopts the contrary, but equally immoral, tactics. they indulge in real or fictitious sales and do all they can to depreciate the stock in their favour by fair or foul means. great financiers with command of large sums of money can and do influence the markets almost as they please, and the small speculator is usually swallowed up by them. wealthy financiers and gigantic syndicates can often buy or obtain effective control over all the available supply of some stock or commodity and then charge monopoly prices. such \" rings \", or \" corners \", even when they do not succeed entirely according to the intention of the operator produce widespread inconvenience, hardship, and ruin. the result is that in practice speculation deserves all the evil reputation which attaches to the word. speculation indeed has its defenders and advocates, especially among brokers and jobbers, who claim that it equalizes prices and prevents the fluctuations which would otherwise be inevitable. some affirm that speculative dealings have little appreciable effect on buying and selling for transfer. in volume and number speculative transactions are very much larger than those for effective transfer, but the two are conducted separately and to a great extent between different parties. it is asserted that the speculative market is to a large extent separate and distinct from the real market. these two arguments in favour of speculative dealings mutually destroy each other. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360965813489362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.870293"} {"text": ", but the two are conducted separately and to a great extent between different parties. it is asserted that the speculative market is to a large extent separate and distinct from the real market. these two arguments in favour of speculative dealings mutually destroy each other. if speculative dealings equalize prices, it cannot be true that they have little appreciable effect on the markets. as the result of the speculation depends on the actual market price of the security or commodity in question at the time agreed upon, it cannot be said that speculative transactions are independent of effective buying and selling for transfer. it is patent that the various devices to which \" bulls \" and \" bears \" have recourse do produce some effect. the acute and experienced men who devote themselves to speculative business, and who frequently have recourse to the methods described above in order to influence the market in their favour, would be the last people in the world to expend uselessly time, effort, and money. the contention, then, of producers and consumers that speculation has a disastrous effect on real business transactions seems to be well grounded. they maintain that speculators denaturalize prices. these should be regulated, and are naturally regulated, by the varying costs of production and by the mutual interaction of supply and demand ; but the artificial dealings of speculators tend to fix prices without reference to those natural factors. hence, producers and consumers are robbed by clever men, who manipulate the markets in their own interests, produce nothing, perform no useful social service, and are parasites on commerce. in germany the exchange law of june, 1896, forbade gambling in options and futures in agricultural produce, and after a severe struggle with the berlin exchange the government succeeded in maintaining the law. a similar law was passed in austria in january, 1903. america and great britain as yet have no special laws on the matter, though more measures than one have been proposed to congress. the great difficulty of distinguishing between transactions for effective delivery and mere time - bargains, and the ease with which positive laws on the matter could be evaded, have checked the tendency to positive legislation. in england the existing laws against gambling and fraud have been found sufficiently effective to provide a remedy for cases of special importance. antoine in dictionnaire de theologie catholique ( paris, 1905 ), s. v. bourse ( jeux de ) ; brants, les grandes lignes de l ' economie politique ( louvain, 1908 ) ; ecclesiasticai review,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5361493656914156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.871458"} {"text": "paris, 1905 ), s. v. bourse ( jeux de ) ; brants, les grandes lignes de l ' economie politique ( louvain, 1908 ) ; ecclesiasticai review, xxxii ( new york, 1905 ), 2 ; ingall and withers, the stock exchange ( london, 1904 ). apa citation. ( 1912 ). speculation. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14211a. htm mla citation. \" speculation. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 14. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 14211a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by douglas j. potter. dedicated to the immaculate heart of the blessed virgin mary. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. july 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730910092281521, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.872064"} {"text": "please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : http : / / hdl. handle. net / 1959. 13 / 806880 - older people playing ball : what is the risk of falling and injury? van beurden, eric ; - the university of newcastle. faculty of health, school of medicine and public health - increasing physical activity amongst seniors is important for public health, yet guidance is needed to minimise injury risks. to describe the incidence of falls / injuries in a walking team ball game ( lifeball ) designed for seniors, a prospective cohort study was undertaken amongst community dwelling lifeball participants in australia. players completed a telephone survey soon after commencing lifeball ( 2004 ) and 12 months later ( 2005 ). attendance and incident records were audited for the period. subjects joined a lifeball group with opportunity to play at least once per week. baseline was completed by 284 players aged between 40 and 96 years ( mean 67 years ), with most ( 83. 8 %, 238 / 284 ) female. of 263 followed up, the average attendances was 25, with 19. 3 % attending on fewer than 4 occasions and 14. 3 % attending 52 or more times. most ( 93. 9 % ) reported no injuries requiring medical attention. however, 16 ( 6. 1 % ) had injuries requiring medical attention and their 27 injuries represent an injury rate of 3. 3 per 1000 hours of participation. twenty participants ( 7. 6 % ) had a lifeball fall equating to a fall rate of 2. 8 per 1000 hours of participation. falls in lifeball were not associated with measured predictors ( age, gender, falls history, perceived falls risk or hours played ). incident records showed a trip / stumble involving rushing, walking backwards, or overextending ( all against rules ) as common falling causes. lifeball is not \u2018 risk free \u2019 however due to a lack of comparative data it is difficult to compare injury rate to relevant activities. prevention of injury should concentrate on enforcing safety rules. - journal of science and medicine in sport vol. 12, issue 1, p. 177 - 183 - publisher link - resource type - journal article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5428767740101197, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.874853"} {"text": "the american sheet music collection illustrates the physical and thematic development of sheet music printed in the united states from the late eighteenth century through the early twentieth century. the collection includes over 3814 items, the bulk of which spans the years 1820 - 1920. musical genres included are english and american theatre music, comic opera, patriotic songs, scottish and irish melodies, \" englished \" versions of italian opera, contemporary topical themes ( such as the civil war, including a small number of confederate imprints ), and modern broadway music. subjects and themes covered include sentimental songs, especially courtship and maternal relationships ; songs offered in tribute ( e. g. to washington, lincoln, bonaparte ; jenny lind, etc. ) ; and patriotic songs, especially of the civil war. major and minor publishers are represented. cities most prominently featured as publishing centers include boston, philadelphia, new york, and baltimore ; there are also imprints from cincinnati, chicago, milwaukee, san francisco, st. louis, and new orleans. a significant portion of the collection is illustrated which, along with the themes and lyrics of the songs themselves, provides further insight into the attitudes and values of the american people over time. in order to quote from, publish, or reproduce any of the manuscripts or visual materials, researchers must obtain formal permission from the office of the library director. in most instances, permission is given by the huntington as owner of the physical property rights only, and researchers must also obtain permission from the holder of the literary rights in some instances, the huntington owns the literary rights, as well as the physical property rights. researchers may contact the appropriate curator for further information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4954525346578181, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.879146"} {"text": "gdr germany - federal office for radiation protection19. 06. 2013 | map | | station list | | status report | | information | | faq | | contact | | imprint | the german gamma dose rate ( gdr ) network consists of about 1800 continuously measuring, automatic probes. in order to make data available to the public as soon as possible, the bfs publishes without prior examination of the data. because of the large number of probes it may happen that some data is missing or shows strange signals due to failures or technical problems ( see information ). it should be noted that such error can occur and that individual values may be corrupted at single stations, while the neighboring probes do not show these abnormalities. the time series ( averaged over one hour ) are updated regularly every 6 hours. in the case of an exceptional increase of the gdr, the probes report their status and the measured dose rate immediately. this alerts the bfs on - call team, who check the values within a short reaction time. often heavy rain showers provoke an increase of the gdr due to the fact that the derivatives of naturally occurring radon in the atmosphere are washed out and deposited on the ground. this may lead to short - term increases in the gdr visible in the measurements, which decays very quickly again. in any case, all new data is checked on a daily basis. this check takes place before 10 : 00 in the morning, thus older data is checked. the check ensures that data with technically induced errors are marked by a member of the team on duty. this marked data is not shown in the time series plots. note : averaged ( mean ) values over one hour, partly unvalidated raw data! daily mean values the time series plots represent the gamma dose rate at the station dransfeld : legend for the time series the measured dose rate depends primarily on the level of natural radioactivity in soil ( terrestrial component ) and on the intensity of the cosmic radiation ( cosmic component ). the site - specific threshold is marked as a horizontal line in the time series. if the threshold is exceeded at two adjacent stations in the network, the management centre will be alarmed to clarify the situation. typical progressions of the gamma dose rate are summarized in the information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5233141408697697, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.884158"} {"text": "from ohio history central youngstown is the county seat of mahoning county, ohio. youngstown was founded by john young in 1797 and is within the original western reserve of connecticut.. young had purchased an entire township from the connecticut land company. he paid $ 16, 085 for 15, 560 acres of land. within a short period of time, ten families settled in the village along the mahoning river. youngstown continued to grow and was officially incorporated in 1802. in that same year daniel and james heaton built the hopewell furnace. iron ore and coal deposits had been discovered near youngstown, and an early iron industry flourished. with the completion of the pennsylvania and ohio canal in the 1830s and the construction of railroads beginning in the 1850 ' s, youngstown continued to grow. by 1860, the population had reached 5, 300, and by 1870, 8, 075 people lived in the community. by the second half of the nineteenth century, youngstown had become an important intersection of a number of major railway lines, including the baltimore & ohio, the erie lackawana, the new york central, and the pennsylvania railroad. as a result of the city ' s growth, the mahoning county seat was moved from canfield to youngstown in 1876. the population reached 33, 220 in 1890. in the late 1800s, the first steel mills were constructed in youngstown, signaling the new influence of that industry on the city ' s development. the new industry attracted many immigrants to the community, including poles, italians, and hungarians. in the early twentieth century, the steel workers began to demand better wages and working conditions. there were a number of strikes in this era during world war i, the steel mills produced materiel for the war effort. as a result of this increased production, there were a number of new jobs. youngstown ' s population swelled so rapidly that there was not enough housing for everyone. when the war ended, a number of workers were laid off. once again, workers went on strike. they demanded that the companies institute an eight - hour day and a six - day week. in addition, workers wanted extra pay for working overtime. when mill owners did not respond, there were violent confrontations. by the 1920s, youngstown was second only to pittsburgh in terms of total steel production in the united states. at the same time, the industry faced some significant challenges. after the closing of the canal, the city no longer had access to water transportation. in addition, there was a shortage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35460024378689203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.888641"} {"text": "only to pittsburgh in terms of total steel production in the united states. at the same time, the industry faced some significant challenges. after the closing of the canal, the city no longer had access to water transportation. in addition, there was a shortage of water for use in the mills. in spite of these problems, the city continued to grow. the population in 1920 was 132, 358 people, and youngstown was ranked as the fiftieth largest city in the nation. the population reached its peak in 1930 at just over 170, 000 residents. the great depression hit youngstown hard. because the city ' s economy relied so much on the steel industry, its unemployment rate was approximately three times the national average during the 1930s. unions were gaining popularity among workers during this era, but several steel companies in youngstown had resisted unionization. they were collectively known as the little steel companies. workers at these mills went on strike on march 26, 1937. although the \" little steel \" strike, as it became known, was not very successful in the short - term, it led to the creation of the congress of industrial organizations, commonly known as the cio. the cio was able to force the little steel companies to accept unionization in 1941. during world war ii, youngstown ' s industries once again contributed to the american war effort. prosperity returned to the city. with the further growth of the automobile industry in the years following the war and its demand for steel, youngstown ' s economy continued to grow. this economic growth slowed in the late twentieth century, as the steel industry across the united states began to decline. cities such as pittsburgh and youngstown became part of the \" rust belt \" during this era. youngstown ' s population also decreased. according to the 2000 census, the city had 82, 026 residents. in recent years, the city of youngstown has seen some economic revitalization as new industries and enterprises have been attracted to the area. - great depression - world war i - hopewell furnace - pennsylvania and ohio canal - connecticut land company - connecticut western reserve - iron production - steel mills - zzhungarian immigrants - italian ohioans - polish ohioans - slavic ohioans - great steel strike of 1919 - little steel strike of 1937 - congress of industrial organizations - world war ii - mahoning county - eaton, ohio - [ the center of industry and labor ] - [ mahoning valley historical society ] - [ city of youngstown ] - [ wikipedia : youngstown, ohio ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3720579898641362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.889609"} {"text": "front page titles ( by subject ) 19th century french liberalism school of thought : 19th century french liberalism between the french revolution and the first world war france produced an impressive group of classical liberal and conservative writers. they focused on the problems of creating a constitutional limited government, the issue of free trade, french imperialism and colonialism, the history of the french revolution and napoleon, freedom of speech, the rise of socialism and the welfare state. they differed from their english colleagues in a number of ways, particularly in the french preference to ground the defence of liberty on natural rights instead of utilitarianism, which was increasingly favored by the english. by the time the first world war broke out the french liberal movement had been fatally weakened and it virtually disappeared. | frederic bastiat ( 1801 - 1850 ) | | jean - baptiste say ( 1767 - 1832 ) | | augustin thierry ( 1795 - 1856 ) for more information see : - john lukacs, \u201c alexis de tocqueville : a historical appreciation \u201d in literature of liberty, vol. v, no. 1, spring 1982. - editor \u2019 s introduction to francois guizot, history of the origins of representative government in europe, trans. andrew r. scoble, introduction and notes by aurelian craiutu ( indianapolis : liberty fund, 2002 ). - david m. hart, \u201c jean - baptiste say ( 1767 - 1832 ) : an annotated bibliography \u201d. - david m. hart, \u201c comte destutt de tracy ( 1754 - 1836 ) : an annotated bibliography \u201d. - sheldon richman, \u201c frederic bastiat : an annotated bibliography \u201d. 16 people in this group :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43992155877557915, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.892213"} {"text": "the oxygen content of oxy - water is 5 to 7 times higher than that of regular bottled water and up to 10 times higher than that of some tap water. the oxy - water people do not use only use less than perfect reverse osmosis membranes or mere filters to create their base water, they use steam distillation. not only does distillation remove everything but the water from the water, but it removes any vibrational \" memories \" as well. i often discuss water as possessing the proven quality of \" memory. \" filters and reverse osmosis membranes cannot erase the structural memories that the japanese scientists are photographing in water crystals, but distillation can blank water back to it ' s pure unrecorded and unadulterated state. why distilled water? from the oxy water web site : \" the distillation process removes every kind of bacteria, virus, parasite, pathogen, pesticide, herbicide, heavy metal, and inorganic material, and prepares water to accept and retain the maximum amount of oxygen possible. when ingested, water attracts and dissolves toxins and inorganic mineral deposits stored in our joints, organs, arteries, and nerve tracts, pulling them into our blood to be carried to our excretory organs for discharge. distilled water is an excellent natural solvent. you should know that the human body cannot absorb inorganic materials available in plain tap or spring water : these minerals need to be converted first to an organic state for human assimilation. this is achieved only after they pass through plants, not water. simply put, we need the purest water possible to carry what the body ' s cells need plenty of... oxygen. a recent study concluded each hemoglobin molecule in the blood requires 40 molecules of water to transport efficiently one molecule of oxygen to the cells. an inadequate amount of water can cause the hemoglobin molecule to actually repel oxygen. [ and 80 % of all americans are estimated to be clinically dehydrated. ] pure ( distilled ) water \" wets \" the hemoglobin molecules, allowing them to more effectively pick up and transport oxygen throughout the body. the tiredness many people feel after eating is a result of oxygen being consumed during the digestive process, which diminishes the oxygen available to the rest of the body. \" it seems as though some questions have arisen regarding the ability of the human body to absorb oxygen in water. the oxygen in the oxy - water is absorbed instantly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.502605622264827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.901052"} {"text": ", which diminishes the oxygen available to the rest of the body. \" it seems as though some questions have arisen regarding the ability of the human body to absorb oxygen in water. the oxygen in the oxy - water is absorbed instantly through the mucosa of the mouth just as homeopathic remedies and nutrients are. actually, the moment the water touches the inside of the mouth ( especially under the tongue ), the transference of information present in any substance begins to absorb. i recommend anyone who wants better health to drink oxy - water. \" dr. theresa dale, ph. d., n. d. sports oxygen is critical for muscle function. proper oxygenation allows the body to produce and supply atp to the muscles, giving them strength and elasticity. a lack of oxygen ( hypoxia ) causes the body to produce an oxygen - deficient form of atp called lactic acid. this reduces the efficiency of the muscles and can lead to cramps, pulls, strains, etc. unfortunately the popular heavily advertised energy drinks contain ingredients that trigger the digestive juices, causing oxygen to be transferred to the digestive tract to enable digestion. this reduces the amount of oxygen available to the rest of the body, especially the brain and muscles. other ingredients in energy drinks, such as sugars, cause a short - lived energy burst. the \" crash \" which occurs after that initial surge can leave an athlete with less energy than if they had not had the drink in the first place. couple that with oxygen loss due to digestive processing and it is understandable why most serious athletes choose pure oxygenated water. pure ( distilled ) water requires no digestion. the distilled water used in oxy - watertm is the absolute purest available and is completely compatible with the hydration demands of the body. the oxygen in oxy - watertm is quickly absorbed into the body from the instant it comes in contact with your mouth tissue, and continues throughout the digestive tract. \" the oxy water process the oxy water people start with filtration and ozonation, and then add distillation, and then refrigeration and high pressure oxygen saturation to build their water. these methods are not used by most oxygenated water bottlers because they are more costly, but the oxy water people feel there is no substitute for quality. they then go even further and use a few more proprietary methods with their oxygenated water building process in order to help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49463511265658017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.902048"} {"text": "by most oxygenated water bottlers because they are more costly, but the oxy water people feel there is no substitute for quality. they then go even further and use a few more proprietary methods with their oxygenated water building process in order to help keep the oxygen content high in their bottled water. unlike the products from some other companies, all you get with oxy water is water and oxygen. here is the summation of a study of oxy - water presented to the american college of sports medicine in june of 2001. abstract # 945 effects of oxygenized water on percent oxygen saturation and performance during exercise. a jenkins, m. moreland, t. b. waddell, b. fernhall, facsm. the george washington university, washington, dc. \" individuals who are highly trained may benefit from the use of oxygenized water to increase percent oxygen saturation during acute bouts of intense exercise and possibly prolong time to fatigue. even small increases in oxygen saturation may be significant in highly trained individuals and elite performers. \" oxy - water faq from the manufacturer \" isn ' t there already oxygen in water? yes, but. oxy - water has been able to develop a proprietary method of infusing oxygen into water without causing a molecular change. we can cause this physical change in the water without the addition of any chemicals. how can you prove that the molecular compound of h2o can hold a gas? the presence of this oxygen has been supported by an independent laboratory that, prior to testing oxy - water, did not believe that oxygen could be trapped in water. the oxygen found in oxy - water is the same oxygen that you receive from medical personnel in the event of illness. we use no chemicals to create an alleged oxygen increase. how can h2o be physically altered to hold more oxygen? what some \" experts \" have the tendency to over look ( many times to their embarrassment ) is that between the h2o molecules there are voids that can be filled with other microscopic substances. with the proper equipment and strictly controlled process, it is possible to remove the \" stuff \" between the molecules and replace it with oxygen gas. using a special technique, oxy - water is then able to trap that gas between the molecules so that it will be immediately bio - available to the body. this process has been called \" oxygenized \" to differentiate it from \" oxygenated \" or \" super oxygenated \". how difficult is it to put oxygen into the water? it is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49954858942924807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.903098"} {"text": "that it will be immediately bio - available to the body. this process has been called \" oxygenized \" to differentiate it from \" oxygenated \" or \" super oxygenated \". how difficult is it to put oxygen into the water? it is not difficult to put oxygen into water. the difficulty is to keep the oxygen in the water so that is available to those who consume it. oxy - water ' s method of increasing oxygen in water has been found to be one of the most stable methods, which can be used. this guarantees the consumer a beneficial oxygen supplement at consumption. some companies claim high oxygen content at the point of bottling, but are unable to maintain it for any appreciable length of time. oxy - water has tested its product after being bottled for 16 months and found it to still contain over 3 times more oxygen than normal bottled water. do you have independent analysis that confirms the presence of extra oxygen? yes, the atomic absorption laboratory tested oxy - water and found the oxygen content at 34 ppm, over two weeks after the bottling date. they were so surprised that in a letter to us they said, \" we didn ' t think it was possible to increase the dissolved oxygen in water but, you proved us wrong \". since then we have improved our technology and are carrying 40 to 45 ppm of oxygen. > how long will the oxygen say in the bottle? we have tested no production water that contains more the 20 to 25 ppm of oxygen after several weeks in the bottle, in spite of their claims. the excuse that their oxygen can not be measured should be looked on with great skepticism. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45261111185516206, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.903901"} {"text": "teach children to seek world without israel by itamar marcus and nan jacques zilberdik palestinian parents should teach their children that it is their role or destiny to destroy israel, according to a cartoon in the official pa daily. in the cartoon, a mother is showing her son a book with a map that includes all of israel and the pa areas. the text in the book defines the map as \" palestine. \" | text in book : \" palestine \" mother ' s words : \" this is your bride... when you grow up you will know the dowry. \" the mother tells her son : \" this is your bride... when you grow up you will know the dowry. \" march 31, 2012 ] the message of the pa daily is that parents either are educating their children or should be educating their children to see their obligation to replace all of israel with a state of \" palestine. \" the dowry - the cost of liberating palestine - is yet to be learned. last week, palestinian media watch reported that the minister of social affairs, majida al - masri, said in a speech that palestinian unity is needed in order to achieve \" the liberation of palestine - all of palestine, \" meaning israel ' s destruction. official pa daily cartoons regularly represent all of israel as replaced by \" palestine. \" in this cartoon, the text reads \" the only red line, \" conveying the message that the goal to have all of israel eliminated and replaced by \" palestine, \" remains the real \" red line. \" aug. 21, 2011 ] see pmw bulletin another cartoon expressed the idea that unity between hamas and fatah is all that is needed to eliminate israel. two identical fighters portraying fatah and hamas unity form the shape of the map of israel and the pa areas. the palestinian flag is held above the map, symbolizing palestinian political sovereignty over all of israel. march 21, 2012 ] click here to see many more examples of the pa use of maps that portray a world without israel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44926706816187684, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.905865"} {"text": "journal for the theory of social behaviour 42 ( 3 ) : 260 - 282 ( 2012 ) | abstract | | in this article, i demonstrate fundamental weaknesses in the ability of critical understandings of race to produce reliable knowledge of how social actors use social comparisons as a way to align self with ingroup. i trace these weaknesses to two sources : the first is relying on social status as an explanation for race - based assessments, ingroup motivations, and social constructions of otherness. this is opposed to leaning on assessments grounded in social psychological research that links properties of human cognition to the development and maintenance of social identities. the second weakness is an open support for activist research that is often situated in radical multiculturalism. because critical race scholars openly side with racial minorities \u2019 interests, they tend to establish incomplete assessments of social behaviors and social constructs linked to racial identities in order to maintain their stated political allegiances. to demonstrate these and other weaknesses, i draw upon the theoretical insights of social identity theory which is used to reassess bell and hartmann ' s ( 2007 ) critical race analysis of diversity dialogue in american society | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles joshua glasgow ( 2009 ). a theory of race. routledge. ron mallon & daniel kelly ( 2012 ). making race out of nothing : psychologically constrained social roles. in harold kincaid ( ed. ), the oxford handbook of philosophy of social science. oxford university press. ron mallon ( 2004 ). passing, traveling and reality : social constructionism and the metaphysics of race. nous 38 ( 4 ) : 644 \u2013 673. amanda e. lewis ( 2004 ). what group? \" studying whites and whiteness in the era of \" color - blindness. sociological theory 22 ( 4 ) : 623 - 646. ronald r. sundstrom ( 2003 ). race and place : social space in the production of human kinds. philosophy and geography 6 ( 1 ) : 83 \u2013 95. joshua glasgow, julie l. shulman & enrique g. covarrubias ( 2009 ). the ordinary conception of race in the united states and its relation to racial attitudes : a new approach. journal of cognition and culture 9 ( 1 ) : 15 - 38. zeus leonardo ( 2011 ). after the glow : race ambivalence and other educational prognoses. educational philosophy and theory 43 ( 6 ) : 675 - 698. michael", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.600204485859004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.913751"} {"text": "cognition and culture 9 ( 1 ) : 15 - 38. zeus leonardo ( 2011 ). after the glow : race ambivalence and other educational prognoses. educational philosophy and theory 43 ( 6 ) : 675 - 698. michael root ( 2001 ). the problem of race in medicine. philosophy of the social sciences 31 ( 1 ) : 20 - 39. robin o. andreasen ( 2000 ). race : biological reality or social construct? philosophy of science 67 ( 3 ) : 666. douglas mcknight & prentice chandler ( 2012 ). the complicated conversation of class and race in social and curricular analysis : an examination of pierre bourdieu ' s interpretative framework in relation to race. educational philosophy and theory 44 ( 5 - 6 ) : 74 - 97. ron sundstrom ( 2002 ). race as a human kind. philosophy and social criticism 28 ( 1 ) : 91 - 115. michael j. monahan ( 2010 ). liberalism and the challenge of race. social theory and practice 36 ( 4 ) : 689 - 704. added to index2012 - 03 - 16 total downloads5 ( # 161, 910 of 556, 803 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 64, 847 of 556, 803 ) how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5622046724565244, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.914423"} {"text": "these processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self - regulation. this collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the cognitive unconscious from... does the unconscious exist? cultural critic antony easthope answers with a witty, lucid, informed \" yes \" and draws out its implications for the way we live, how we enjoy art, and how we think about people in society and history. drawing on the writings of freud and lacan, he argues that the study of the unconscious is a way of analyzing meanings across culture as an effect of desire. easthope tests for unconscious significance in an amazing variety of examples, including jokes, (... ) tampax advertisements, hamlet, hitchcock ' s psycho, the life and death of princess di, terminator 2, bob geldof ' s autobiography, and the film titanic. ( shrink ) this book attempts to answer the question : how much of what we do is the result of conscious and deliberate decisions and how much originates in unconscious, unthought out, automatic directives? the answer is that far more than what we might imagine falls into the second category. we tend to assume responsibility for our unconsciously determined thoughts and actions, and even though we do not know why we think and act the way we do, we make up reasons for it, (... ) which we truly believe. each one of us is really two people in the same body, who in many respects, function quite independently of each other, and yet somehow manage to get along with things, while the other, the outer brain, serves as the spokesperson for both of them. the inner brain is the source of our objectives and generates the emotions that keep us on track in our attainment of them. this book explores the strange relationship between these two parts of us across a spectrum of mental processes including, memory, language, problem - solving, dreams, delusions and hallucinations, and more complex pursuits sucs as the arts, humor and religion. ( shrink ) machine generated contents note : introduction : the historiography of the unconscious ; part i. the subject before the unconscious : 1. a general science of the i : fichte and the crisis of self - identification ; 2. natural autonomy : schelling and the divisions of freedom ; part ii. the romantic unconscious : 3. divining the individual : towards a metaphysics of the unconscious ; 4. the historical unconscious ; 5. post - idealism and the romantic psyche", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5462006224109726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.942379"} {"text": "autonomy : schelling and the divisions of freedom ; part ii. the romantic unconscious : 3. divining the individual : towards a metaphysics of the unconscious ; 4. the historical unconscious ; 5. post - idealism and the romantic psyche ; part iii. the psychoanalytic unconscious : 6. freud : the geist in the machine ; 7. the liberal unconscious ; conclusion. alasdair macintyre argues that freud ' s conception of the unconscious is complicated by his tendency to use the term in two different ways. macintyre shows how freud uses the term \" unconscious \" both as a straightforward description of psychological phenomena, and as an evaluative notion to explain the links between childhood events and adult behavior. this clarification helps to shed light on the many misunderstandings of psychoanalysis, and to separate out what is and what is not of lasting value in freud ' s account (... ) of the unconscious. this new edition includes a substantial new preface by the author, in which he discusses repression, determinism, transference, and \" practical rationality, \" and offers a rare comparison of aristotle and lacan on the concept of desire. macintyre takes the opportunity to reflect both on the reviews and criticisms of the first edition and also on his own philosophical stance. ( shrink ) the heart of judgment explores the nature, historical significance, and contemporary relevance of practical wisdom. primarily a work in moral and political thought, it also relies extensively on the latest research in cognitive neuroscience to confirm and extend our understanding of the faculty of judgment. ever since the ancient greeks first discussed practical wisdom, the faculty of judgment has been an important topic for philosophers and political theorists. it remains one of the virtues most demanded of our public officials. the (... ) greater the liberties and responsibilities accorded to citizens in democratic regimes, the more the health and welfare of society rest upon their exercise of good judgment. while giving full credit to the roles played by reason and deliberation in good judgment, the book underlines the central importance of intuition, emotion, and worldly experience. ( shrink ) over the past two decades, a new picture of the unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. according to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. these processes range from complex information processing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5781454204668071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.943352"} {"text": "processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. these processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self - regulation. this (... ) collection of 20 original chapters by leading researchers examines the unconscious from social, cognitive, and neuroscientific viewpoints, presenting some of the most important developments at the heart of this new picture of the unconscious. the new unconscious will be an important resource on the unconscious for researchers in psychology, cognitive science and neuroscience. ( shrink ) eric rayner, a psychoanalyst in private practice, has written the first clear introduction to matte - blanco ' s key concepts for psychotherapists and psychoanalysts. while matte - blanco ' s theories on the structure of the unconscious and the way in which it operates are generally recognized to be the most original since those of freud, many people find his use of terminology from mathematics and logic difficult to understand. in this book, rayner sets out the central ideas and then shows, with examples, how they relate to (... ) clinical practice. he also describes how the ideas are related to those of people in other disciplines - - mathematics, logic, psychology ( specifically piaget ), and anthropology, among others. drawing on the work of a group of people who have been inspired by matte - blanco ' s thinking to extend their own ideas and test them out in the consulting room, this book reveals the significance of matte - blanco ' s thought for future research. ( shrink ) the sections on schelling, eschenmayer, and schopenhauer in chapters vi and ix appear in the 1992 schopenhauer jahrbuch as \u201c from the world - soul to the will : the natural philosophy of schelling, eschenmayer, and schopenhauer \u201d. what if you could, like a diamond forged through heat and pressure, transform every painful, scary, and stressful experience in your life into one that is meaningful, courageous, and inspiring? what if you were provided with the tools that allow you to tap and manifest the true power that exists within you - - the power to shine? are you ready to discover your path to peace? in this fascinating book, dr. darren weissman shares ancient spiritual wisdom fused with a modern - day understanding of (... ) the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5804084532959568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.944398"} {"text": "power that exists within you - - the power to shine? are you ready to discover your path to peace? in this fascinating book, dr. darren weissman shares ancient spiritual wisdom fused with a modern - day understanding of (... ) the mind ' s relationship to biology and behavior that has implications not only for your health, but for the well - being of the entire planet. you ' ll learn how to use the lifeline technique o - - a philosophy and technology for awakening your infinite potential for healing and wholeness - - and share the experiences of scores of people whose lives have been forever changed as a result. conscious visionaries pronounced more than 40 years ago that the road to peace is paved with the power of love. dr. weissman ' s book provides the steps you can use to learn to walk that path, and it will help you understand why it is your moral imperative to choose love over fear. ( shrink ) beginning with emerson and the transcendentalists, americans have tended to view the unconscious as the psychological faculty through which individuals might come to experience a higher spiritual realm. on the whole, american psychologists see the unconscious as a symbol of harmony, restoration and revitalization, imbuing it with the capacity to restore peace between the individual and an immanent spiritual power. americans and the unconscious studies the symbolic dimensions of american psychology, tracing the historical development of the concept of the unconscious (... ) from its early formulations in nineteenth - century theology through its elaboration by the major schools of contemporary academic psychology. in the process, it provides portraits of william james, early american \" freudians \" and the \" neo - freudians, \" new psychology, and humanistic psychologies. fuller draws attention to the ways in which the concept of the unconscious - - while originating in the world of scientific discourse - - symbolizes philosophical and religious interpretations of human nature, and shows how the \" american unconscious \" helps locate the development of psychological ideas within the broader contexts of american religious and intellectual history. ( shrink ) ever since the publication of his first book, the spectrum of consciousness, written when he was twenty - three, ken wilber has been identified as the most comprehensive philosophical thinker of our times. this introductory sampler, designed to acquaint newcomers with his work, contains brief passages from his most popular books, ranging over a variety of topics, including levels of consciousness, mystical experience, meditation practice, death, the perennial philosophy, and wilber ' s integral approach to reality, integrating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5901741811039629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.946900"} {"text": "nonword discrimination task and a subsequent recognition task and analyzed the data by means of process - dissociation procedures. in line with our expectations, subjects of both groups showed more false signal detection to threat than to neutral stimuli as indicated by an enhanced response bias, whereas indices of discriminative sensitivity did not show this effect. in addition, patients with panic disorder showed a generally enhanced response bias in comparison to healthy controls. they also seemed to have processed the stimuli less elaborately and less differentially. results are consistent with the assumption that subconscious threat detection can lead to misrepresentations of stimulus significance and that pathological anxiety is characterized by a hyperactive preattentive alarm system that is insufficiently controlled by higher cognitive processes. ( shrink ) puccetti argues that dennett ' s views on split brains are defective. first, we criticise puccetti ' s argument. then we distinguish persons, minds, consciousnesses, selves and personalities. then we introduce the concepts of part - persons and part - consciousnesses, and apply them to clarifying the situation. finally, we criticise dennett for some contribution to the confusion. a much - cited definition of placebo is from shapiro and shapiro ( 1997 ) : \" any therapy ( or that component of any therapy ) that is intentionally or knowingly used for its nonspecific, psychological, or psychophysiological, therapeutic effect, or that is used for a presumed specific therapeutic effect on a patient, symptom, or illness but is without specific activity for the condition being treated \" ( p. 41 ). what nonspecific means and how it relates to the psyche has been written about extensively yet inconclusively. in the end, the (... ) term nonspecific doesn ' t say anything about the crux of the matter. talking about placebo, one first has to distinguish between \" placebo effect proper \" and \" perceived placebo effect. \" the.. ( shrink ) whenever we analyze the issue of spiritual activities, we can never lay aside of the macro - background of \u201c spirit service to life \u201d. spirit is \u201d software \u201d of life. it is essentially to carry out determination of self life and a nervous system which make the information processing and feedback between self life and outside world. it has reasonable structure system and systematical work mechanism. the basic structure system of the spirit of human beings is like this : self is the core and leading (... ) of spirit running, which has properties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.603471568130398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.951148"} {"text": "between self life and outside world. it has reasonable structure system and systematical work mechanism. the basic structure system of the spirit of human beings is like this : self is the core and leading (... ) of spirit running, which has properties in three aspects which are will, needs and motility. these properties formed a unity. will mainly shows theessential property of self, which is in the domination and core position. needs mainly shows the main part of life requesting and demanding for objective outside, which is in the conditional and secondary position. if we put the needs in the key position, it will blaspheme the meaning of life and lose the value of life. motility is a centralized reflection of life activity, which could be a means for the implementation of self will and acquisition of self needs. in the tangible world, it is displayed as colorful life activity. in the intangible spiritual world, it is displayed as the information processing ability and information feedback ability of self life. motility has four different levels : emotion, subconsciousness, consciousness, cognition. correspondingly, the development of spirit could also be divided as four levels. in each level, self, activity, requested development degree, property characteristics and main content have certain of differences. in structure system of spirit, there is a correlation among each part and each element, which will interact with own characteristics to form an organic whole. in fact, it is an essential sublimation of tangible body and an intangible life existed with information form. the following figure shows the relationship of each element : [ * electronic editor ' s note : figure in pdf of article * ] this structure system of spirit, which isn \u2019 t a simple frame but an abstract mechanism of spirit running, is life active system of informatization. this system and mechanism make the changeable spiritual activity clear and orderly, and make the abundant and various life activities systematic and vivid. this system \u2019 s self isdeveloping, whose development still comply with the law of life development, symbolizing the development and extension of vitality. this development could be considered as continuance of life progress. in the low - grade life, it is mainly displayed as biological stress stage of promoting the favorable and avoiding the unfavorable as well as blind and instinctive affective response stage ; in the highgrade animals, it is gradually displayed certain of psychological activity ability and study cognition ability. in human beings, it is gradually displayed awake of consciousness and mature of reason, making human beings to control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5505399887729917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.952165"} {"text": "blind and instinctive affective response stage ; in the highgrade animals, it is gradually displayed certain of psychological activity ability and study cognition ability. in human beings, it is gradually displayed awake of consciousness and mature of reason, making human beings to control themselves and change all things to become the soul of the world. through this structure system and running mechanism, we could get a systematical explanation for theessence of emotion, mystery of psychological activity, process of consciousness awake, occurrence mechanism of dream. meantime, we put forth that human beings must experience the second awakerational awake to become the true society human when human beings become the humans with souls after consciousness awake. ( shrink ) the author attempts to answer the question, how it is possible that many scholars - including those representing prestigious universities and research institutes - are ready to consider creationists critique of the origin - of - life theories as \" valuable \", \" scientifically useful \", \" cogent \", and \" clarifying our thinking \". the answer seems to be simple : the same metascientific assumptions, which constitute a basis of antievolutionistic argumentation, still live in the philosophical consciousness ( or subconsciousness ) of a lot of scientists. among these assumptions is he thesis (... ) that order does not arise from disorder and the principle of the uniformity of nature. ( shrink ) abstract : how it is that one ' s own thoughts can seem to be someone else ' s? after noting some common missteps of other approaches to this puzzle, i develop a novel cognitive solution, drawing on and critiquing theories that understand inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia as stemming from mismatches between predicted and actual sensory feedback. considerable attention is paid to forging links between the first - person phenomenology of thought insertion and the posits ( e. g. efference copy, corollary discharge ) of current cognitive (... ) theories. i show how deficits in the subconscious mechanisms regulating inner speech may lead to a ' fractured phenomenology ' responsible for schizophrenic patients ' reports of inserted thoughts and auditory verbal hallucinations. supporting work on virtual environments is discussed, and lessons concerning the fixity of delusional belief are drawn. ( shrink ) let me begin with what may seem a very minor point, but one which i think reveals something about how many philosophers today conceive of their subject. during the past few decades, there has been an increasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.600480462371787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.953148"} {"text": "of the citadel, or the ideal city, constitutes a spatial deportment. throughout history the two myths have continually molded the built (... ) environment and thought, but the myth of the ideal city \u2013 from plato to descartes to modernity \u2013 came to dominate city - form and ensuing aspects of contemplation. this relationship seems to have shifted during the twentieth century. intellectual dispositions have begun to be largely nurtured by an incongruous city - form emerging from the gap between the incessant promise for an automated, well - functioning city, on the one hand, and looming alienation, coupled with the factual, malfunctioning city, on the other hand. urban decay, a persisting and time - bound urban event that is a byproduct of this configuration, suggests the ascent of the garden myth in post - modern city - form. ( shrink ) how do business leaders make ethical decisions? given the significant and wide - spread impact of business people \u2019 s decisions on multiple constituents ( e. g., customers, employees, shareholders, competitors, and suppliers ), how they make decisions matters. unethical decisions harm the decision makers themselves as well as others, whereas ethical decisions have the opposite effect. based on data from a study on strategic decision making by 16 effective chief executive officers ( and three not - so - effective ones as contrast ), i propose a model for ethical decision making in (... ) business in which reasoning ( conscious processing ) and intuition ( subconscious processing ) interact through forming, recalling, and applying moral principles necessary for long - term success in business. following the ceos in the study, i employ a relatively new theory, rational egoism, as the substantive content of the model and argue it to be consistent with the requirements of long - term business success. besides explaining the processes of forming and applying principles ( integration by essentials and spiraling ), i briefly describe rational egoism and illustrate the model with a contemporary moral dilemma of downsizing. i conclude with implications for further research and ethical decision making in business. ( shrink ) what type of artificial systems will claim to be conscious and will claim to experience qualia? the ability to comment upon physical states of a brain - like dynamical system coupled with its environment seems to be sufficient to make claims. the flow of internal states in such system, guided and limited by associative memory, is similar to the stream of consciousness. minimal requirements for an artificial system that will claim to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5713195176055199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.956186"} {"text": "coupled with its environment seems to be sufficient to make claims. the flow of internal states in such system, guided and limited by associative memory, is similar to the stream of consciousness. minimal requirements for an artificial system that will claim to be conscious were given in form of specific architecture named articon. (... ) nonverbal discrimination of the working memory states of the articon gives it the ability to experience different qualities of internal states. analysis of the inner state flows of such a system during typical behavioral process shows that qualia are inseparable from perception and action. the role of consciousness in learning of skills, when conscious information processing is replaced by subconscious, is elucidated. arguments confirming that phenomenal experience is a result of cognitive processes are presented. possible philosophical objections based on the chinese room and other arguments are discussed, but they are insufficient to refute claims articon \u2019 s claims. conditions for genuine understanding that go beyond the turing test are presented. articons may fulfill such conditions and in principle the structure of their experiences may be arbitrarily close to human. ( shrink ) this paper speculates upon the reasons for peter drucker ' s ongoing and vigorous denial of the relevance of business ethics. it contemplates whether drucker consciously, or even perhaps subconsciously, associates the aims of business ethics with the aims of those associated with the arbeitsfreude movement in germany prior to the outbreak of the second world war. if this is the case the paper questions whether drucker ' s distaste for some of the more notorious outcomes of that movement in germany are reflected in (... ) his hostility to business ethics. drucker ' s reflections regarding the social responsibilities of business are discussed, as are the limitations which he imposes upon such corporate social responsibility. drucker ' s distinction between societal ethics and individual ethics are also discussed. ( shrink ) this paper evaluates the claim that it is possible to use nature \u2019 s variation in conjunction with retention and selection on the one hand, and the absence of ultimate groundedness of hypotheses generated by the human mind as it knows on the other hand, to discard the ascription of ultimate certainty to the rationality of human conjectures in the cognitive realm. this leads to an evaluation of the further assumption that successful hypotheses with specific applications, in other words heuristics, seem to (... ) have a firm footing because they were useful in another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.61059527644021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.957135"} {"text": "of defences used by an oil refinery and its parent company during an oil spill incident. a hypothetical model of defences built on swajkowski \u2019 s four responses to accusations of organisational misconduct \u2013 refusals, excuses, justifications and concessions \u2013 is tested through this case. on the basis of empirical findings it is obvious that (... ) defences delay, impede and interrupt the mitigation and recovery actions of incidents. it is not possible to break the defence behaviour of individuals because it is a built - in psychological mechanism in all humans serving a valuable purpose of dosing the pain of injury. however, it is possible to separate individual and organisational behaviour so that automatic organisational procedures mitigate, recover and, ultimately, prevent incidents. the organisational psychological task of crisis management is to mitigate the organisation \u2019 s ego defences, recover from its emotional turmoil and prevent further traumas by making its ego stronger and more flexible. the argument of this paper is that in practice organisational defences act as bumpers against becoming too conscious of the gap between the corporate rhetoric and reality, as subconscious breaks against too fast change demands, and as batteries in their preconscious effort to prepare for the change. organisational refusals act as bumpers, excuses as breaks and justifications as batteries, while concessions imply that a change towards a more responsible corporation is taking place. ( shrink ) there is a kinship between owen flanagan ' s the really hard problem and william james ' s the varieties of religious experience that not only can help us to understand flanagan ' s book but also can help scholars, particularly scholars of religion, to be attentive to an important development in the realm of the \" spiritual but not religious. \" specifically, flanagan ' s book continues a tradition in philosophy, exemplified by james, that addresses questions of religious or spiritual meaning in terms accessible to a broad audience outside (... ) the context of organized religions. both james and flanagan are concerned to refute the popular perception that the sciences of the mind pose a threat to meaning and particularly to meaningful processes of human growth and transformation. where james used the subconscious to bridge between science and religion and persuade his readers of the reality of the more, flanagan uses a scientifically grounded understanding of transcendence to enchant his readers into believing in less. although i think that flanagan ' s attempt to link the psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis via the concept of transcendence is scientifically premature, his attempt at a naturalistic spirituality raises questions of definition that scholars of religion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5682022316635655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.960235"} {"text": "into believing in less. although i think that flanagan ' s attempt to link the psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis via the concept of transcendence is scientifically premature, his attempt at a naturalistic spirituality raises questions of definition that scholars of religion need to take seriously. ( shrink ) in this article, i discuss the manner in which dieter henrich \u2019 s theory of subjectivity has emerged from the fundamental questions of german idealism, and in what manner and to what extent this theory effects a reinstatement of metaphysics. in so doing, i shall argue that henrich \u2019 s position represents a viable refutation of the attempt of the physicalist explanation of the world to prove the concept of the subject to be superfluous. henrich \u2019 s metaphysics of subjectivity is primarily focused on the \u2018 ultimate (... ) questions \u2019 which also compose \u201c the deep levels of our subjectivity \u201d and concern the factors that should promote stability in our emotional, moral and intellectual life. i argue with henrich that the indisputable facticity of our conscious life is worthy of our special consideration and interpretation, explanation and clarification, just as the deeper meaning ( the individual and collective subconscious structure ) hidden beneath the layers of apparent comprehensibility calls for urgent investigation. such interpretation and elucidation of life \u2019 s meaning has a tripartite character : first, it consists of clarification of the totality of human experience together with the realities playing a part in it ; second, it builds on the process by which the contents of experience are cognized, and the knowledge thereof which results ; thirdly, it embraces the transcendental precondition enabling each and every one of us to consciously lead our lives \u2014 for life, in a human sense, does not merely happen to one. henrich \u2019 s metaphysical foundation of subjectivity is compared with kolak \u2018 s position, according to which individual consciousness is not insular, but integrated into the totality of overall unity that some have called \u201c the universal self \u201d, \u201c the noumenal self \u201d. ( shrink ) there are a number of reasons to be interested in building humanoid robots. they include ( 1 ) since almost all human artifacts have been designed to easy for humans to interact with, humanoid robots provide backward compatibility with the existing human constructed world, ( 2 ) humanoid robots provide a natural form for humans to operate through telepresence since they have the same kinematic design as humans themselves, ( 3 ) by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6292494170936198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.963102"} {"text": "interact with, humanoid robots provide backward compatibility with the existing human constructed world, ( 2 ) humanoid robots provide a natural form for humans to operate through telepresence since they have the same kinematic design as humans themselves, ( 3 ) by building humanoid robots that model humans directly they will be a useful tool in (... ) understanding how humans develop and operate as they provide a platform for experimenting with different hypotheses about humans and ( 4 ) humanoid robots, given su cient abilities, will present a natural interface to people and people will be able to use their instinctive and culturally developed subconscious techniques for communicating with other people to communicate with humanoid robots. in this paper we take reason ( 4 ) seriously, and examine some of the technologies that are necessary to make this hope a reality. ( shrink ) abstract if the question of the humanity of \u201c the other \u201c may become a question, and not be reinscribed into western colonizing patterns of thought, then its issuing must concern a limit ( always arising beyond western thought ), a delimitation of existence that is risked and put at risk without recourse to the project or operation of that colonizing thought that situates it. ideas of subjectivity, agency, and power - knowledge potential for progress, as well as rationalist instrumental thought used to recognize those peoples (... ) and cultures excluded and oppressed under the western modern tradition, must be put into question by the very agents claiming recognition, as well as the epistemic structures that sustain these concepts and the dispositions and subconscious expectations constituted by the colonizing practices of bodies and imaginaries that project the very horizons of one ' s existence. ( shrink ) we commonly identify something seriously defective in a human life that is lived in ignorance of important but unpalatable truths. at the same time, some degree of misapprehension of reality may be necessary for individual health and success. morally speaking, it is unclear just how insistent we should be about seeking the truth. robert sparrow has considered such issues in discussing the manufacture and marketing of robot \u2018 pets \u2019, such as sony \u2019 s doglike \u2018 aibo \u2019 toy and whatever more advanced devices may supersede (... ) it. though it is not his only concern, sparrow particularly criticizes such robot pets for their illusory appearance of being living things. he fears that some individuals will subconsciously buy into the illusion, and come to sentimentalize interactions that fail to constitute genuine relationships. in replying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5442763237054831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.964859"} {"text": "breast cancer returns more often in black womenoctober 29th, 2007 in medicine & health / cancer contrary to previous studies, african - american women with early - stage breast cancer who have surgery to remove the cancer ( lumpectomy ) followed by radiation therapy have a higher chance of their cancer coming back in the breast and lymph nodes 10 years after diagnosis, compared to their caucasian counterparts, according to the largest study of its kind, presented at a scientific session october 29, 2007, at the american society for therapeutic radiology and oncology \u2019 s 49th annual meeting in los angeles. the study also shows that early - stage breast cancer patients who are african - american women who are diagnosed with the disease at a younger age have a higher disease stage at diagnosis ( larger tumors and cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes ) and more aggressive tumors than caucasian women who undergo similar treatment. \u201c this study confirms the aggressive nature of breast cancer in african - american women and emphasizes how important it is for all african - american women to see their healthcare providers regularly and to go for screening mammograms to try to catch any abnormalities early, \u201d said meena s. moran, m. d., the lead author of the study and a radiation oncologist at the yale university school of medicine in new haven, conn. \u201c this study also points out the need for further research in evaluating the underlying molecular, genetic and biological differences in breast cancers in african - american women so that we can develop better strategies for helping these women beat their cancer. \u201d for patients with early - stage breast cancer, the current standard treatment involves a lumpectomy, followed by radiation therapy to the breast over a five to six - and - a - half - week period to kill any remaining cancer cells. the cohort study involved 2, 382 patients over a 30 - year period who underwent a lumpectomy and radiation therapy for early - stage breast cancer. researchers wanted to find out if there were differences in the outcomes between africanamerican patients and caucasians. findings showed that 10 years after treatment with lumpectomy and radiation, 17 percent of african - american women had their breast cancer recur compared with 13 percent of causcasian patients. source : american society for therapeutic radiology and oncology \" breast cancer returns more often in black women. \" october 29th, 2007. http : / / phys. org / news112884581. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4472175504154846, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.967529"} {"text": "when experiencing alpha decay, atoms shed alpha particles made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. why can ' t we have other types of particles made of more or less protons? the reason why alpha particles heavily dominate as the proton - neutron mix most likely to be emitted from most ( not all! ) radioactive components is the extreme stability of this particular combination. that same stability is also why helium dominates after hydrogen as the most common element in the universe, and why other higher elements had to be forged in the hearts and shells of supernovas in order to come into existence at all. here ' s one way to think of it : you could in principle pop off something like helium - 3 from an unstable nucleus - that ' s two protons and one neutron - and very likely give a net reduction in nuclear stress. but what would happen is this : the moment the trio started to depart, a neutron would come screaming in saying look how much better it would be if i joined you!! and the neutron would be correct : the total reduction in energy obtained by forming a helium - 4 nucleus instead of helium - 3 would in almost any instance be so superior that any self - respecting ( and energy - respecting ) nucleus would just have to go along with the idea. now all of what i just said can ( and in the right circumstances should ) be said far more precisely in terms of issues such as tunneling probabilities, but it would not really change the message much : helium - 4 nuclei pop off preferentially because they are so hugely stable that it just makes sense from a stability viewpoint for them to do so. the next most likely candidates are isolated neutrons and protons, incidentally. other mixed versions are rare until you get up into the fission range, in which case the whole nucleus is so unstable that it can rip apart in very creative ways ( as aptly noted by the earlier comment ). $ \\ alpha $ particles are really $ he ^ 4 _ 2 $ nucleus i. e made up of 2 neutron and 2 protons. as you can see in this graph, $ he ^ 4 _ 2 $ ion has a high binding energy per nucleon, i. e. it is highly stable among all the neighboring nuclei. this makes them easy to sustain their existence and makes it easier for the nuclei to emit them in radioactive decay thus making the resultant nuclei much more stable than if a $ he _ 2 ^ 3 $ would have escaped.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5755305779100846, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.970091"} {"text": "| mon march 24, 1969 02 : 32pm ( pst ) | this report supersedes any earlier report of this event this event has been reviewed by a seismologist mon march 24, 1969 02 : 32pm ( pst ) mon march 24, 1969 22 : 32 ( gmt ) 30. 1 km ( 18. 7 mi ) ene ( 67. azimuth ) from hanford - 300, wa 31. 7 km ( 19. 7 mi ) sse ( 151. azimuth ) from othello, wa 33. 5 km ( 20. 8 mi ) ne ( 46. azimuth ) from hanford - 400, wa | depth : | | 7. 34 km ( 4. 48 miles ) | | horizontal uncertainty : | | 26. 219 km | | depth uncertainty : | | 25. 22 km | | azimuthal gap : | | 257. 0 deg | | number of phases : | | 7 | depth within the earth where an earthquake rupture initiated. pnsn reports depths relative to sea level, so the elevation of the ground above sea level at the location of the epicenter must be added to estimate the depth beneath the earth ' s surface. a measure of how well network seismic stations surround the earthquake. measured from the epicenter ( in degrees ), the largest azimuthal gap between azimuthally adjacent stations. the smaller this number, the more reliable the calculated horizontal position of the earthquake. number of phases how well the given earthquake location predicts the observed phase arrivals ( in seconds ). smaller misfits mean more precise locations. the best locations have rms misfits smaller than 0. 1 seconds. number of p first motions a p first motion is the direction in which the ground moves at the seismometer when the first p wave arrives. we distinguish between upward and downward first motions. this is the number of observations that were used to obtain the fault plane solution. orientation of first possible fault plane the strike is the angle between the north direction and the direction of the fault trace on the surface, while keeping the dipping fault plane to your right. the dip is the steepness of the fault plane measured as an angle between the fault plane and the surface. for example, 0 degrees is a horizontal fault and 90 degrees is a vertical fault. rake is the angle, measure in the fault plane, between the strike and the direction in which the material above the fault moved relative to the material on the bottom of the fault", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5310977621189479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.973335"} {"text": ", 0 degrees is a horizontal fault and 90 degrees is a vertical fault. rake is the angle, measure in the fault plane, between the strike and the direction in which the material above the fault moved relative to the material on the bottom of the fault ( slip direction ). orientation of second possible fault plane the orientation of the two possible fault planes is the best solution we can find to match the observed first motions at the seismometers using a grid search method. the uncertainty of the strike, dip, and rake indicate the number of degrees by which those values can vary and still match the observations satisfactorily. code, or name, to designate a particular seismic station network code indicates the organization responsible for a particular station, the pnsn consists of uw = university of washington, uo = university of oregon, and cc = cascade volcano observatory the quality of an observed p arrival polarity indicates how well you can tell whether it is up or down and can range from 0 ( poor ) to 1 ( good ). the channel name allows one to distinguish between data from different kinds of sensors. the first character indicates the sample rate of the data, examples are e = 100hz, b = 40 or 50hz, h = 80 or 100 hz. the second character indicates whether the channel is a high ( h ) gain or low ( l ) gain velocity channel or a strong - motion acceleration channel ( n ). the third character indicates the direction of motion measured, z = up / down, e = east / west, n = north / south. polarity means the direction of motion, in this context it means whether it is up ( u ) or down ( d ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5530718156072132, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.973986"} {"text": "supplement forms / alternate names : - potassium chloride - potassium bicarbonate - chelated potassium ( potassium aspartate, potassium citrate ) principal proposed uses potassium is a mineral found in many foods and supplements. but you will never see pure potassium in a healthfood store or pharmacy \u2014 it is a highly reactive metal that bursts into flames when exposed to water! the potassium you eat, or take as a supplement, is composed of potassium atoms bound to other nonmetallic substances \u2014 less exciting, perhaps, but chemically stable. potassium is one of the major electrolytes in your body, along with sodium and chloride. potassium and sodium work together like a molecular seesaw : when the level of one goes up, the other goes down. all together, these three dissolved minerals play an intimate chemical role in every function of your body. the most common use of potassium supplements is to make up for potassium depletion caused by diuretic drugs. these medications are often used to help regulate blood pressure, but by depleting the body of potassium, they may inadvertently make blood pressure harder to control. potassium is an essential mineral that we get from many common foods. true potassium deficiencies are rare except in cases of prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, or with the use of diuretic drugs. however, in one sense, potassium deficiency is common, at least when compared to the amount of sodium we receive in our diets. it is probably healthy to take in at least five times as much potassium as sodium ( and perhaps 50 to 100 times as much ). but the standard american diet contains twice as much sodium as potassium. therefore, taking extra potassium may be a good idea in order to balance the sodium we consume to such excess. bananas, orange juice, potatoes, avocados, lima beans, cantaloupes, peaches, tomatoes, flounder, salmon, and cod all contain more than 300 mg of potassium per serving. other good sources include chicken, meat, and various other fruits, vegetables, and fish. potassium pills can cause injury to the esophagus if they get stuck on the way down, so make sure to take them with plenty of water. interactions you should know about if you are taking : - loop diuretics or thiazide diuretics : you may need more potassium. - ace inhibitors ( eg, captopril, lisinopril, enalapril ), potassium - sparing diuretics ( eg, triamter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257209482207883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.976510"} {"text": "icsi intracytoplasmic sperm injection what is icsi? icsi is a procedure that is used with in vitro fertilisation ( ivf ) in which one sperm is injected directly into one egg in order to fertilise it. the technique has been especially useful for men with very low sperm counts and low motility, since icsi ensures that the sperm reaches the egg directly rather than waiting for the sperm to naturally fertilise the egg. thus, icsi is sometimes used as a treatment method for male infertility. icsi is now used as part of nearly half of all ivf treatments. which infertility problems can icsi help? icsi can help overcome many problems causing male infertility such as : \u2022 low sperm count \u2022 low sperm motility \u2022 no sperm in semen \u2022 damaged or absent vas deferens \u2022 retrograde ejaculation \u2022 irreversible vasectomy \u2022 immunological factors ( e. g. anti - sperm antibodies ) \u2022 other conditions that prevent the fertilisation of the egg how is icsi done? as with normal ivf, the woman is given fertility drugs to stimulate her ovaries to produce several mature eggs for fertilisation. the man would then produce a semen sample by masturbating into a sample pot. if the man does not have sperm within his semen, then it may be possible for the doctor to retrieve sperm from his testicle under an anaesthetic. the woman is then given an anaesthetic to remove the eggs using a fine hollow needle. ultrasound is used to help the doctor locate the eggs. within the laboratory a scientist then injects one single sperm into the egg ( icsi ) ; this is done several times to produce up to 10 possible embryos. the sperm and egg are then placed into an incubated within a petri dish and checked the following day to look for signs of fertilisation. if fertilisation has occurred then an embryo ( group of cells ) will have formed, which can be seen under a microscope. the procedure is then the same as ivf, embryos which have formed can be transplanted into the woman \u2019 s uterus through the cervix using a thin catheter. a maximum of three embryos can be placed back into the uterus, however many clinics are now moving towards only putting one or two embryos back. multiple births carry a greater risk to both the mother and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4993851376737469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.982691"} {"text": "##x using a thin catheter. a maximum of three embryos can be placed back into the uterus, however many clinics are now moving towards only putting one or two embryos back. multiple births carry a greater risk to both the mother and the babies. any embryos which are left can be frozen and used in future treatments, in case the cycle is not successful. icsi success rate icsi has the highest fertilisation rate of 60 - 70 % ; however pregnancy success rates are similar to that of normal ivf. this is because there are other factors which effect success such as the fertilised embryos developing properly and the embryo implanting in the uterus correctly. therefore the success rate of icsi is similar to ivf in the region of 25 %, depending upon age. benefits of icsi icsi enables couples to achieve parenthood who would not otherwise do so due to male factor infertility. men with very low sperm count are able to have their own genetic child by using icsi. it is also possible to retrieve immature sperm from the testes, enabling men to have a child who have previously had a vasectomy. icsi has also helped couples have a child who have experienced unexplained infertility. risks of icsi icsi involves taking one sperm and inserting it directly into the egg. under normal fertilisation sperm have to compete and only the strongest and healthiest sperm makes it through the cell wall into the egg. it is thought that there may be a higher risk of congenital and health problems for the resulting child due to this procedure. a research study showed that 4. 2 % of children born from icsi had a malformation which mainly affected boy \u2019 s urinary and genital systems. this was a 3 fold increase compared to children conceived naturally. the same study found that icsi babies had more childhood illnesses and needed more medical intervention before the age of 5. the long term effects of icsi have yet to be properly seen or researched. for many parents the advantages of having their own genetic child far outweigh the risks of icsi.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4423949553440117, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.983814"} {"text": "kiew, ruth ( 1978 ) floristic components of the ground flora of a tropical lowland rain forest at gunung mulu national park, sarawak. pertanika, 1 ( 2 ). pp. 112 - 119. the floristic components of the ground layer at the gunung mulu national park, sarawak, are described. these components are associated with microhabitats. the microhabitats of the riverine system include the shallow stream, rocky banks and banks of larger rivers, and those of the shaded forest include permanently wet areas, rocky litter - free slopes, steep litter covered slopes, surfaces of logs, roots or rocks and the flat well - drained alluvial forest. possible causes of the uneven distribution of the ground layer species of the flat well - drained alluvial forest are discussed. the species composition of this alluvial forest is compared with other published reports from the danum valley, sabah and pasoh forest reserve malaya, and with some other lowland forest types such as kerangas and peat swamp forest in sarawak. the phenomenon of iridescence and variegation of leaves is briefly noted. | keyword : | | floristic components, ground layer, lowland rainforest, microhabitat, distribution of tropical herbaceous plants, variegated foliage. | | faculty or institute : | | faculty of environmental studies | | deposited by : | | nur izyan mohd zaki | | deposited on : | | 09 nov 2009 02 : 45 | | last modified : | | 27 may 2013 06 : 58 | repository staff only : item control page document download statistics this item has been downloaded for since 09 nov 2009 02 : 45.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5002113561236389, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.985465"} {"text": "new target blocks b - all, boosts gleevec ' s effectiveness against cml in mice bar harbor, maine - - three years ago, using the first of a new class of drugs known as \" small molecule kinase inhibitors, \" medicine slammed shut a door used by cancer. researchers at the jackson laboratory just found another door that kinase inhibitors may close to cancer. the gene bcr - abl1 causes two types of leukemia : chronic myelogeneous leukemia ( cml ) and b - cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( b - all ). in both cancers, enzymes that should regulate the growth and development of white blood cells go awry, resulting in uncontrolled growth of the cells. the swiss - based pharmaceutical company novartis developed gleevec, the first kinase inhibitor used to fight cancer by blocking the errant enzyme. it proved effective against chronic phase of cml, but not the advanced phase or against b - all. in some patients, it seems cml can develop a resistance to gleevec. in the may 2004 issue of nature genetics, a research team headed by shaoguang li, m. d., ph. d., of the jackson laboratory, announces success with another kinase inhibitor that blocks a different path used by cancer. studying mice, the researchers discovered that the bcr - abl1 gene activates three additional enzymes that lead to b - all leukemia. one of these enzymes may also be involved when cml patients no longer respond to gleevec. \" because of drug resistance, it becomes increasingly difficult to stop progression of and cure this disease by targeting at only one place in a multi - molecule - involved signaling pathway used by cancer, \" says dr. li. \" so we needed to find a combined drug therapy targeting simultaneously more than one places in the pathway. \" first, the team developed the first efficient and accurate mouse models of both forms of bcr - abl1 - induced leukemia. next, they discovered that three of the src kinase class of enzymes are required for b - all but not for cml, suggesting that different therapeutic strategies should be used for treating these two diseases although they are induced by the same bcr - abl1 cancer - causing gene. finally, in drug treatment studies, they found that the kinase inhibitor, known as cgp76030 produced by novartis, blocked those three critical src kinase enzymes. the drug impaired the proliferation of b - lymphoid leukemic cells and prolonged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48288860298291747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.988988"} {"text": "treatment studies, they found that the kinase inhibitor, known as cgp76030 produced by novartis, blocked those three critical src kinase enzymes. the drug impaired the proliferation of b - lymphoid leukemic cells and prolonged the survival of mice with b - all. their findings suggest additional therapeutic agents for treating this type of leukemia in humans. all is the type of leukemia that predominantly strikes children. among all cases, 85 % are of the b - all type. according to oncologist - turned - researcher dr. li, the preclinical studies suggest a specific prediction : \" drugs targeting the src kinases may be useful for the therapy of brc - abl1 - induced acute leukemia, particularly b - all. while these drugs are not effective or useful during the chronic phase of myeloid leukemia, there may be a rationale for dual kinase inhibitor therapy of more advanced leukemia. increased activation of src kinases has been observed in cml patients who have become resistant to gleevec. \" dr. li and his team are currently developing additional mouse models lacking in different combinations of the src kinases, in an effort to make available a range of targeted therapies for this category of cancer. collaborating with dr. li and members of his laboratory ( dr. yiguo hu, dr. yuhua liu and shawn pelletier ) were drs. richard van etten ( tufts - new england medical center, usa ), elisabeth buchdunger and doriano fabbro ( novartis pharma ag, switzerland ), markus warmuth ( novartis pharma ag, usa ), and michael hallek ( universitat zu koln, germany ). the research was supported by grants from the irving a. hansen foundation and the v foundation for cancer research to shaoguang li, and the national institutes of health and a leukemia and lymphoma society scor grant to richard a. van etten. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. in the middle of difficulty lies opportunity. - - albert einstein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49200113651453614, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.989752"} {"text": "st. paul, minn. \u2013 looking into our eyes may help doctors predict who is at risk for stroke. a new study found that people with changes in the small blood vessels in their eyes are more likely to later suffer a stroke than people without these signs. the results held true even after researchers took into account traditional risk factors for stroke such as smoking and high blood pressure, according to the study published in the october 11, 2005 issue of neurology, the scientific journal of the american academy of neurology. the study involved 3, 654 australians age 49 and older. researchers took special photographs of the retina of the eyes of the participants and examined them for changes suggestive of small blood vessel damage, or retinopathy. these small vessel changes can be seen in the early stages of the condition, well before eyesight is affected. \" the blood vessels in the eyes share similar anatomical characteristics and other characteristics with the blood vessels in the brain, \" said paul mitchell, md, phd, of the university of sydney in australia. \" more research needs to be done to confirm these results, but it ' s exciting to think that this fairly simple procedure could help us predict whether someone will be more likely to have a stroke several years later. \" the researchers followed the participants for seven years, tracking which participants had strokes or transient ischemic attacks, also called mini - strokes. for those who died during the study, researchers examined the cause of death to determine whether stroke was involved. those with eye blood vessel damage were 70 percent more likely to have a stroke during the study than those without the damage. the risk was higher in those with small vessel signs in the eye but without severe high blood pressure ; they were 2. 7 times more likely to have a stroke than those without eye signs. the risk was also higher for those with more than one type of blood vessel lesion. ( because diabetes can cause this type of eye damage, these results did not include participants with diabetes, which is also a risk factor for stroke. ) the signs of damage include tiny bulges in the blood vessels, or microaneurysms, and hemorrhages, or tiny blood spots where the microaneurysms leak blood. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. consistency is the last refuge of the unimaginative. - - oscar wilde", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47878013636763717, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.992351"} {"text": "| abstract : | | during the period march 9 - 22, 1936, there occurred in close succession over the northeastern united states, from the james and upper ohio river basins in virginia and pennsylvania to the river basins of maine, two extraordinarily heavy storms, in which the precipitation was almost entirely in the form of rain. the depths of rainfall mark this period as one of the greatest concentrations of precipitation, in respect to time and magnitude of the area covered, of which there is record in this country. at the time of the rain there were also accumulations of snow on the ground over much of the storm - affected region that were large for the season. the comparatively warm temperatures associated with the storms thawed the snow and added materially to the quantities of water to be disposed of by drainage into the waterways, by surface storage in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, by absorption in the ground, and, probably in comparatively negligible degree, by evaporation. the total quantity of water that had to be disposed of in these ways ranged between 10 and 30 inches in depth over much of the region. the water disposed of by natural storage, absorption, and evaporation amounted to average depths over the many river basins generally within the range of 1 to 3 inches, with a significant degree of uniformity and systematic areal distribution. the remainder of the rain and snow water, generally much larger or even several times larger in amount than surface storage, absorption, and evaporation, required accommodation by the channels of the brooks, creeks, and rivers. there were generally two distinct flood peaks, and in many of the basins the destruction was seriously aggravated, especially during the first flood, by the break - up of thick ice cover accumulated through a winter of exceptionally continuous and severe cold weather. the resulting floods were extraordinarily severe, and records of river stages, extending on some streams back to or nearly to the time of settlement by white men, were broken many of them by wide margins. the peak of the connecticut river at hartford, conn., was 8. 6 feet higher than had been experienced since the settlement by white men, 300 years ago. the susquehanna river at harrisburg, pa., was 3. 5 feet higher than had been known in a period of record covering about 200 years. the ohio river at pittsburgh, pa., was 6. 1 feet higher than had been known in the period beginning 1762. this volume presents many of the facts of these notable floods with respect to the new england rivers, for permanent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4927643697820291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.996208"} {"text": "since 1993, ran \u2019 s protect - an - acre program ( paa ) has distributed more than one million dollars in grants to more than 150 frontline communities, indigenous - led organizations, and allies, helping their efforts to secure protection for millions of acres of traditional territory in forests around the world. rainforest action network believes that indigenous peoples are the best stewards of the world \u2019 s rainforests and that frontline communities organizing against the extraction and burning of dirty fossil fuels deserve the strongest support we can offer. ran established the protect - an - acre program to protect the world \u2019 s forests and the rights of their inhabitants by providing financial aid to traditionally under - funded organizations and communities in forest regions. indigenous and frontline communities suffer disproportionate impacts to their health, livelihood and culture from extractive industry mega - projects and the effects of global climate change. that \u2019 s why protect - an - acre provides small grants to community - based organizations, indigenous federations and small ngos that are fighting to protect millions of acres of forest and keep millions of tons of co2 in the ground. our grants support organizations and communities that are working to regain control of and sustainably manage their traditional territories through land title initiatives, community education, development of sustainable economic alternatives, and grassroots resistance to destructive industrial activities. paa is an alternative to \u201c buy - an - acre \u201d programs that seek to provide rainforest protection by buying tracts of land, but which often fail to address the needs or rights of local indigenous peoples. uninhabited forest areas often go unprotected, even if purchased through a buy - an - acre program. it is not uncommon for loggers, oil and gas companies, cattle ranchers, and miners to illegally extract resources from so - called \u201c protected \u201d areas. traditional forest communities are often the best stewards of the land because their way of life depends upon the health of their environment. a number of recent studies add to the growing body of evidence that indigenous peoples are better protectors of their forests than governments or industry. based on the success of protect - an - acre, ran launched the climate action fund ( caf ) in 2009 as a way to direct further resources and support to frontline communities and indigenous peoples challenging the fossil fuel industry. additionally, ran has been a global advisor to global greengrants fund ( ggf ) since 1995, identifying recipients for small grants to mobilize resources for global environmental sustainability and social justice using the same priority and criteria as we use for paa and caf. through these three programs each year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4262133933932899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:38.998823"} {"text": "the bell on display under the trinity college gazebo on the site of the original trinity college and high school was made by the henry mcshane & co. bell foundry of baltimore, md, in 1879. the bell and the gothic style papyrus - leaf columns that the gazebo stands upon are the only surviving trinity college artifacts in trinity. both appear to date to the post - civil war renovation and expansion of the original 1855 brick trinity college building. the photo above, from the duke university archives, shows the building from the south in 1861, with president braxton craven and the all - male student body posing in their new role as commander and cadet corps of the \u201c trinity guard. \u201d the three - story brick building appears similar to any of the five cotton mills built on deep river from 1838 - 1850, and in fact the college building was the focal point of trinity in exactly the same manner as the factory was the raison - d \u2019 etre of any mill village. one major difference is that the windows of the college are much larger than the windows in any factory. organizing the home guard unit was craven \u2019 s last - ditch effort to keep his student body from enlisting in the army en mass ; during the war, however, he and the students were put on active duty guarding the confederate prisoner of war camp at the former salisbury cotton mill. the 1855 college building was expanded between 1872 - 1874 with a large wing that fronted the road which is now nc62. the new wing set at a cross - angle to the 1855, so that the whole made a t - plan. the new wing contained classrooms and a chapel ; the balcony of the chapel was supported by the papyrus columns which were re - used in the 1924 trinity high school building. the 1874 college building \u2019 s pointed windows and door openings gave it a vague gothic revival style which was popular for educational buildings and would be carried to its pinnacle in north carolina in the 1924 west campus at duke university in durham. my favorite picture of trinity college is the only one that shows the campus and grounds, a drawing on the cover of an 1883 commencement program. whether this garden actually existed is unclear ( the photo above only shows a field or wild flower meadow ), the 1883 drawing shows a lively victorian knot garden, with extensive flower beds and gravel walks. when trinity college was moved to durham in 1892, the old college buildings were turned into a private college preparatory school, which became a public school in the early 20th century. in 1924 a special school tax district was established in trinity and a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40656512057774186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.001659"} {"text": "print friendly version other names for this disease - pelletier - leisti syndrome - short stature with delayed bone age, expressive language delay, a triangular face with a prominent nose and deep - set eyes see disclaimer regarding information on this site. some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the national institutes of health. floating - harbor syndrome is a genetic disorder that was named for the first two identified patients who were seen at boston floating hospital and harbor general hospital in california. the main characteristics of this syndrome are short stature, delayed bone growth, delay in expressive language, and distinct facial features. the exact cause of floating - harbor syndrome is not known. treatment is symptomatic and supportive. - floating harbor syndrome support group. http : / / www. floatingharborsyndromesupport. com /. accessed may 7, 2009. - floating harbor syndrome. national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). http : / / www. rarediseases. org / search / rdbdetail _ abstract. html? disname = floating % 20harbor % 20syndrome. accessed may 7, 2009. on this page - genetics home reference ( ghr ) contains information on floating - harbor syndrome. click on the link to go to ghr and review the information. - the national organization for rare disorders ( nord ) is a federation of more than 130 nonprofit voluntary health organizations serving people with rare disorders. click on the link to view information on this topic. - pubmed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss floating - harbor syndrome. click on the link to view a sample search on this topic. - the the online mendelian inheritance in man ( omim ) database contains genetics resources that discuss floating - harbor syndrome. click on the link to go to omim and review these resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4888537678454445, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.003540"} {"text": "imagine a cheap, tiny, hovering aerial drone capable of being launched with the flick of a person \u2019 s wrist and able to provide manipulable 360 - degree surveillance views. it \u2019 s real, it \u2019 s inspired by maple seeds, and the company behind it, lockheed martin, envisions a future in which swarms of the new drones can be deployed at a fraction of the cost and with greater capabilities than drones being used today by the military and other agencies. \u201c think about dropping a thousand of these out of an aircraft, \u201d said bill borgia, head of lockheed martin \u2019 s intelligent robotics lab, in a phone interview with tpm, \u201c think about the wide area over which one collect imagery. instead of sending one or two expensive, highly valuable aircraft like we do today, you could send thousands of these inexpensive aircraft, and they are almost expendable. \u201d the new drone which looks like very similar to a maple seed, with a small pod - like body attached a single whirring blade, is called the samarai. the name is derived from the latin word \u201c samara, \u201d which means a winged seed, just like the one that inspired its physical design, flight pattern and construction. in june, lockheed martin released a video demo of the drone \u2019 s capabilities, and it is clearly impressive, launched by hand and piloted using a tablet computer, which also displays the drone \u2019 s live surveillance feed. \u201c you can literally pull this out of your pocket, throw it into the air, and it can start flying, \u201d borgia told tpm. \u201c it can take off and land vertically indoors. \u201d borgia said that the drone, or unmanned aerial vehicle ( uav ), was designed to be deployed in confined settings, such as urban environments or even inside buildings, where it could be piloted into different rooms and hover outside of windows, collecting surveillance footage with ease. the technology behind the drone is even more sophisticated than it looks. there are only two moving mechanical parts in the entire tiny 30 - cm aircraft : the piece that makes the propeller rotate and a flap on the large wing that comprises most of the drone \u2019 s form. then there \u2019 s the samarai \u2019 s realtime video feed, which an operator can pan and tilt in a full 360 degrees, a capability not found on any other drone of its class, this despite the fact that the drone only contains one camera which is constantly being whipped around by the rotating motion of the aircraft itself. in order to obtain a steady", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.460974640545837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.007489"} {"text": "in a full 360 degrees, a capability not found on any other drone of its class, this despite the fact that the drone only contains one camera which is constantly being whipped around by the rotating motion of the aircraft itself. in order to obtain a steady video feed with the ability to virtually pan and tilt, lockheed relies on a series of image processing algorithms, borgia told tpm. \u201c the algorithms sort of de - rotate the video and turn it back into a frame - by - frame view, similar to what you would see on any basic tv, \u201d borgia said. \u201c all of the image processing is done onboard. \u201d that means that even if disconnected from the cloud or a control server, the samarai would still be able to provide its operators with constant surveillance capabilities. borgia declined to specify the drone \u2019 s range or endurance, that is, the time it \u2019 s able to stay aloft in the air. however, he did note that the lockheed researchers behind samarai had experimented with battery - powered and carbon - based fuel versions ( the battery powered version is the one demonstrated in the video ). borgia further said that the researchers had \u201c developed simulation tools that allow us to scale the vehicle to meet specific applications, \u201d asked for by customers. lockheed martin has not revealed any of its customers or potential partners on the samarai yet, but borgia said the company would make announcements \u201c when the customers were ready. \u201d besides the 30 - cm version shown in the june demo video, lockheed also has field - tested a 17 - cm version and is working now to scale down the samarai even further, to the size of an actual maple seed. asked about any potential privacy concerns presented by the samarai, especially in light of the recent release of a voluntary industry \u201c code of conduct \u201d from drone manufacturers, borgia said that \u201c customers will have to work through the hurdles. \u201d lockheed martin began work on the samarai in 2007 under a defense department program called \u201c nano air, \u201d designed to produce \u201c an extremely small, ultra lightweight air vehicle system. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4638603214506209, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.008376"} {"text": "today is the first official digital archives day. all day, archivists and conservators working in digital archives of all kinds will be sharing their work under the # digitalarchivesday hashtag, and blogging at dayofdigitalarchives. blogspot. com i wanted to take a moment today to briefly talk about an innovation in digital imaging and computing that has become a frustation to many artists that have been experimenting with the web since the early years : anti - aliasing. put simply, anti - aliasing is a method of image processing that uses interpolation, to construct \" new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. \" this is a function of digital signal processing that has many many important applications, from helping typefaces look good on screen, to making images not look odd when scaled down. the use of anti - aliasing that we are talking about here though, is quite specific : the display of resized digital images and video in web browsers. to illustrate how anti - aliasing has affected an era of web content, we will look at cory arcangel ' s \" data diaries. \" data diaries on turbulence. org in 2002, when arcangel created \" data diaries, \" if one were set the size of an image or video embedded in a web page larger than it ' s actual size, the browser would use nearest neighbor interpolation to display the image. in other words \u2013 if one were to embed a 50 x 50 px image or video as 100 x 100 px, each pixel would appear to double in size. this default form of nearest neighbor interpolation was exploited to aesthetic ends by many early net artists, including cory. when cory made data diaries, he rendered the original videos at the dimension of 50 x 25 px - so tiny! he embedded these videos at dimensions of 500 x 266 px...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5023016540940759, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.010227"} {"text": "history of the breed long before they were driving cattle across the west, horses were a strong part of american history. colonial settlers brought their trusty steeds with them from overseas, and these sturdy animals tilled fields, pulled wagons, and carried important documents throughout the colonies. settlers had a penance for speed, and would often stage horse races as a distraction from the menial tasks of colonization. however, the settlers ' horses were beat time and again by the faster, more agile horses owned by the local chickasaw indians. settlers traded and bred their english horses with these native mounts, creating a lighter, quicker line of racing horses. these horses were called the \" celebrated american quarter running horse, \" an homage to the quarter - mile race most commonly run by the colonial settlers. horse racing was also popular in england, and a wealthy settler by the name of john randolph imported one of these godolphin arabians named janus in 1752. janus was lighter and faster than even the chickasaw indian horses, and he crossed them to create a line of horses that were the prototype to the modern american quarter horse. the revolutionary war brought an influx of thoroughbred horses to the colonies, and these mounts were bred to local horses to further refine the breed. the last part of the quarter horse puzzle came in the form of native mustangs throughout the southwestern united states. the mustang imparted the short, stocky body type that is the hallmark of the american quarter horse we know and love today. prominent quarter horses all quarter horses trace back to the same few sires and dams, but there are a few standouts that all quarter horse enthusiasts recognize. one of the most influential sires in the quarter horse world wasn ' t even a quarter horse. native dancer was a thoroughbred stallion foaled in 1950, and is one of the most notable horses in the history of racing. quarter horse breeders crossed their fastest mares with him in order to produce faster, more agile mounts. king, the 234th registered american quarter horse, can be found in the lineage of nearly every modern quarter horse. he was a stocky bay stallion that embodied the speed, grace and power that became the hallmarks of the breed. doc bar is another familiar name in the quarter horse world. bred to be a working cow horse, this stallion was sought after for his maneuverability, a trait common in modern quarter horses. dash for cash is arguably the most prominent racing - lined quarter horse stallion in history. he is ranked and the # 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41965742408256446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.014726"} {"text": "interpreter for zoom language zoom language is new language developed at depaul university by dr. jia. zoom stands for z - based object oriented modeling notation. it ' s made up of 3 different parts : zoom specification notations zoom - s, zoom design notation zoom - d and zoom implementation language zoom - i. the syntax of zoom - i is closely based on syntax of java language. it adds several extensions to java language such as enumerations, set and list formations, relations and function mappings and more. programming language design is a challenging task. development and testing of first implementation of the language is much easier and flexible done by implementing an interpreter. changes to static or dynamic semantics of a language are more easily done in interpreter than compiler. my project is to implement interpreter for the zoom - i language. the interpreter is going to be gui application with easy development of zoom programs. working on basic statements and expressions of zoom - i langauge. - 5 / 11 / 03 : basic java statements and expressions for primitive types - 5 / 19 / 03 : extended expressions for list declaration and manipulation - 5 / 26 / 03 : extended expressions for set declaration and manipulation - 5 / 31 / 03 : start work on object oriented features - 7 / 31 / 03 : object - oriented features finished - 8 / 01 / 03 : tbd - expected completion : november 2003 - initial presentation - power point slides - david a. watt & deryck f. brown. programming language processors in java. prentice hall, 2000. - alfred v. aho, ravi sethi, jeffrey d. ullman. compilers : principles, techniques and tools. addison - wesley, 1988. - ravi sethi. programming languages, concepts & constructs. addison - wesley, 1996. - randy m. kaplan. constructing language processors for little languages. john wiley & sons, inc., 1994.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5067688164979001, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.020169"} {"text": "information for contributors every scientist knows the power of engaging students in working with real data. working with data derived from observations in the field, experiments, analyses, remote sensing or modeling lies at the core of being a geoscientist and is one of the most exciting things we do. the ability to learn effectively from our own data and that of others is the mark of an accomplished scientist and is a common goal for our students. this session is designed to allow the entire gsa community to come together to share and discuss how we use data to help students learn concepts, think scientifically, and develop their skills in making interpretations and communicating conclusions. we invite contributions from throughout the geosciences involving all kinds of data in the full spectrum of approaches to helping students of all ages learn geoscience. the contributions to this session will be preserved in an on - line searchable collection designed to foster continued sharing and interaction. to make the session and the resulting collection of highest use as we think about teaching and work to adapt and adopt ideas from colleagues, we ask that each contributor - submit an abstract for session 32 that introduces or summarizes the example they wish to present ( deadline july 15 ) description of session 32, view abstracts - complete the submission form ( offline - no longer valid ) which includes uploading a pdf file of their poster ( deadline oct 31 ) - display your poster at the sunday, november 2, 1 : 00 session at gsa guidelines for poster preparation the form must be completed in a single session ( leaving the session erases the data ) at the same time your poster is uploaded. you may find it simplest to review the questions on the form, compose brief answers to them offline and then actually fill out the form in one go once your poster is complete. as guidelines to help make these presentations both comprehensive and useful, we ask that all abstracts and posters address learning goals ; instructional context ; required data, tools and equipment ; and evaluation strategies in addition to providing a description of the activity and its outcomes. you may wish to use the same text in the poster that you develop for the form below. the session will take place on sunday afternoon, november 1 in the poster hall. there are opportunities for several hundred posters. the one paper rule is waived for this session.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5520858898894669, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.022451"} {"text": "the scene : scientist jian chen adjusts optics mounted for an experiment at one of several pulse laser laboratories housed at slac. ( pulse is a joint slac / stanford university laser science institute. ) in this experiment, a small fleck of sample material is held in a special \u201c diamond anvil cell \u201d and torqued to pressures up to 12 gigapascals \u2014 120, 000 times greater than atmospheric pressure, similar to conditions deep inside the earth. chen and colleagues then use three separate, highly precise beams of pulsed laser light, bouncing variously through the specialized optics, to measure the behavior of electrons in the material under pressure. experiments of this sort give scientists clues about the nature and dynamics of the atomic world that could aid in developing new materials with exotic properties. the shot : canon 5d mk ii, 17 - 35mm / f2. 8l lens @ 17mm, f / 7. 1. iso 200, 1 / 40 sec exposure. three lights ( all speedlites ), one triggered with a pocket wizard ii, the others with optical slaves : one camera left ( close, with a red gel ), one camera right ( at full power, to cast the hard shadows ), and one camera left ( farther from the camera, with grid, visible in frame ) to illuminate chen. used a tripod and remote trigger for this one. ( all while wearing the same goggles chen is wearing \u2026 tough way to shoot! )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6062266957735638, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.023965"} {"text": "how green is my ev? it \u2019 s a lot like one of those maths problems that gave you fits in sixth grade : a salesman leaves home in denver and drives his electric car to a meeting in boulder. at the same time, a physicist driving the same model electric car sets out from her loft in los angeles, heading to an appointment near anaheim. for both, the traffic is light, and the cars consume an identical amount of battery power while travelling the same number of kilometres. being purely electric, they emit zero tailpipe pollutants during their trips. the test question : are their carbon footprints also equal? the answer may be a surprise. according to a report that the union of concerned scientists plans to release this week, there would be a considerable difference in the amount of greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide - that result from charging the cars \u2019 battery packs. by trapping heat, greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. the advocacy group \u2019 s report, titled \u2018 \u2018 state of charge : electric vehicles \u2019 global warming emissions and fuel cost savings across the united states, \u2019 \u2019 uses the electric power requirements of the nissan leaf as a basis for comparison. the leaf, on sale in the united states for more than a year and the most widely available electric model from a major car maker, sets a logical baseline. the california part of the story is upbeat : a hypothetical los angeles leaf would be accountable for the release of an admirably low level of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, about the same as a petrol car using 3 litres per 100km. but the denver car would cause as large a load of greenhouse gases to enter the atmosphere as some versions of the petrol - powered mazda 3, a compact sedan rated at 7. 1 litres per 100km in combined city and highway driving by the environmental protection agency. in simple terms, the effect of electric vehicles on the amount of greenhouse gases released into the environment can span a wide range, varying with the source of the electricity that charges them. california \u2019 s clean power makes the leaf a hero ; the coal - dependent utilities serving denver diminish the car \u2019 s benefits as a global - warming fighter. the ucs report, which takes into account the full cycle of energy production, often called a well - to - wheels analysis, demonstrates that in areas where the electric utility relies on natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric or renewable sources to power its generators, the potential for electric cars to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions is great. but where generators are powered by burning a high percentage of coal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4613798111643584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.033072"} {"text": "in areas where the electric utility relies on natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric or renewable sources to power its generators, the potential for electric cars to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions is great. but where generators are powered by burning a high percentage of coal, electric cars may not be even as good as the latest petrol models \u2014 and far short of the thriftiest hybrids. with petrol hovering around $ 4 a gallon and mass - production evs like battery - powered versions of the ford focus and honda fit ( as well as plug - in hybrids like the chevrolet volt, toyota prius phv and ford fusion energi models ) either on sale now or coming soon, the report arrives at an ideal time. its analysis can help shoppers make informed decisions. it also fills a gap : many of the existing studies on electric - car efficiency were completed before models like the leaf came to market ; others have expressed their results in science - lab terms like pounds of carbon dioxide emissions per year, not especially useful to consumers. car makers have not always helped their customers understand the issues, either, typically painting electrics and hybrids with a green brush and an idealistic setting. the attempt to forge a simple message has created mistaken impressions, too. during a discussion with business leaders and journalists at the french consulate in new york early this month, the chief executive of nissan and renault, carlos ghosn, doubled down in declaring an environmental edge for electrics over the best gasoline models. \u2018 \u2018 even if you could use electricity only from coal, \u2019 \u2019 ghosn says, \u2018 \u2018 you \u2019 re still better off using an electric car than using gasoline. \u2019 \u2019 it is a position that nissan says it has held since the leaf program began, yet the studies that the company offers in support of its position show electrics outperforming only vehicles with fuel economy ratings from about 6. 5l / 100km to 8. 7l / 100km. assembled over nine months in 2011, the ucs report provides clarification in several ways, examining charging costs under various conditions and offering comparisons among the leaf, the mitsubishi i - miev electric and the volt plug - in hybrid. most revealing, perhaps, is the geographical breakdown of electricity generation. in a worst - case situation, with electric power generated from a high proportion of coal - as it is in a wide swath of the country \u2019 s mid - section - an electric car or a plug - in hybrid will generate slightly more full - cycle global - warming emissions, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45621538201403233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.034068"} {"text": "with electric power generated from a high proportion of coal - as it is in a wide swath of the country \u2019 s mid - section - an electric car or a plug - in hybrid will generate slightly more full - cycle global - warming emissions, as the report calls the greenhouse gases, than the best petrol - powered small car. in areas where the cleanest electricity is available - regions served by hydroelectric, natural gas or nuclear generating plants - greenhouse gas emissions may be less than half that of today \u2019 s best petrol - engined vehicles. put another way, for 45 per cent of the u. s. population, an ev will generate lower levels of greenhouse gases than a petrol - powered vehicle capable of 4. 7l / 100km in combined city - highway driving. cities in this group include the predictable - seattle, for example - as well as the less obvious, such as buffalo or new orleans. about 37 per cent of americans live in regions where a leaf \u2019 s greenhouse gas emissions would equate to a gasoline - powered vehicle rated at 4. 7l / 100km to 5. 7l / 100km. some 18 per cent of the population lives in regions with a comparatively dirty power supply, where the well - to - wheels carbon footprint of a leaf would be the equivalent of a vehicle such as the chevrolet cruze, ford focus and hyundai elantra. here \u2019 s another way to look at it : if one region were completely dependent on coal for power, its electric cars would be responsible for full - cycle global - warming emissions equivalent to a car capable of 7. 8l / 100km in mixed driving. in a region totally reliant on natural gas, an electric would be equivalent to a 4. 7l / 100km. the report divides the united states into 26 regions. each region comprises a single interconnected electricity grid, although several utility companies may operate within a region. because the utilities sell power among themselves, the emission levels for one city or utility cannot be pinpointed for every hour of every day, but regional analysis provides an approximation of average emissions over time. the report \u2019 s analysis is based on the epa \u2019 s 2007 emissions and generation resource integrated database, the most recent compilation of data available. for each region, the average amount of global - warming emissions generated to produce a kilowatt - hour of electricity was calculated, taking into account emissions resulting from the transportation of fuel to the power plant. to convert those power plant emission levels to a litres per 100km figure, calculations were based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47668401956964673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.035024"} {"text": "- warming emissions generated to produce a kilowatt - hour of electricity was calculated, taking into account emissions resulting from the transportation of fuel to the power plant. to convert those power plant emission levels to a litres per 100km figure, calculations were based on the power draw of the nissan leaf : 0. 34 kilowatt - hours per mile. the volt, which draws 0. 36 kilowatt - hours per mile, requires slightly more power. the report makes it possible to compare electrics with conventional hybrids that rely solely on a petrol engine to charge their battery. in the dirtiest regions of the country, the hybrid would generate lower levels of full - cycle emissions than the electric car, but a breakdown of the data shows that more than half of americans live in regions where an electric car has lower well - to - wheels carbon emissions than today \u2019 s best full - hybrid vehicles, while 17 per cent live in areas where they would be equal. of course, conventional gas - powered vehicles are getting cleaner as engineering advances improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. on the other hand, electrics and plug - ins will become cleaner without technology changes as coal - burning power plants are replaced with natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind or solar facilities. don anair, a senior engineer in the ucs clean vehicles program, said utilities in the dirtiest electric - grid regions of the united states generate 2. 5 to 3 times more global - warming emissions than those in the cleanest regions, so there is much room for progress. but he sees the industry trending in the right direction. \u2018 \u2018 a number of old coal - fired power plants are now being retired, \u2019 \u2019 he said. \u2018 \u2018 given emission standards recently introduced by the current administration, any new coal - fired plants would be far cleaner than their predecessors. \u2019 \u2019 new york times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4982510953307318, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.035848"} {"text": "but in the mid - 1800s, that was hardly the case. the name \" los angeles \" is spanish for the angels. there is much more to this name, however. in 1769, father juan crespi, a franciscan priest accompanying the first european land expedition through california, wrote in his journal about a beautiful river they had discovered. in 1781, a new settlement was established along that same river. that settlement officially came to be known as \" el pueblo de la reina de los angeles \", or \" the town of our lady the queen of the angels \". | avila adobe, late19th century | ( photo source unknown ) historic olvera street started out as a short lane called wine street. in 1877 the street was extended and its name changed to olvera street in honor of agustin olvera, who owned a home at the end of the street across from the plaza, and who was the first county judge of los angeles. | the olvera street plaza, circa 1886 | ( photo reprinted courtesy of los angeles public library photo archives ) by 1903 the street had considerably declined, and an electrical substation was built next to the avila adobe to provide power for los angeles ' electric streetcars. the italian hall, a center for italian organizations, was constructed in 1907 at the north end of olvera street. across the street, the italian winery expanded its building in 1914. the condition of avila adobe deteriorated over the following years and was finally condemned in 1926 by the city health department. this caught the attention of socialite christine sterling, who during a visit to the plaza and olvera street in 1926, was so appalled by the run - down condition of the oldest part of the city, that she began a public campaign to save the adobe and olvera street. with a vibrant future of the olvera street area in mind, sterling envisioned a colorful mexican marketplace and cultural focal center. with funding provided by several influential businessmen and publicity from the los angeles times, she established a corporation to revitalize olvera street. descendants of the avila family gave permission to allow sterling to renovate the adobe. in addition, she solicited money, materials and labor to accomplish the repairs. unusual help received by mrs. sterling included engineers from the city department of water and power who drew up plans to grade the street, and the sheriff ' s department who provided prisoners to do the labor. in 1929, the los angeles city council closed olvera street to automobile and bus traffic, creating a lovely pedestrian avenue for people to stroll, shop and din", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3849358199984413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.039286"} {"text": "to grade the street, and the sheriff ' s department who provided prisoners to do the labor. in 1929, the los angeles city council closed olvera street to automobile and bus traffic, creating a lovely pedestrian avenue for people to stroll, shop and dine - - as seen in the attached vintage video produced back in 1937 as a travel promotion, and which is reflective of the 1930s. today, both the avila adobe and olvera street are part of the los angeles plaza historic district, which is a designated california state historic park. the entire district is listed on the national register of historic places, and avila adobe is a registered california historical landmark. the avila adobe is open to the public as a museum - - furnished as it might have appeared in the late 1840s - - and olvera street is a favourite of locals as well as tourists seeking a \" peek \" at what life was like in early los angeles. avila adobe and olvera street are included in our \" los angeles architecture - - an eclectic landscape \" \u00a9 custom - designed itinerary, may 1 - 7, 2013. for more information about this unique and comprehensive heritage and cultural tour covering l. a. ' s architectural history from \" early settlement to the present \", visit us at http : / / www. snobbytours. com / eclecticlaarchitecture. html reservations close march 1, 2013. \u00a9 2013 snobby tours\u00ae, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.388910397654785, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.039827"} {"text": "it \u2019 s like i always say, what good is urban fashion if a venomous animal lays your ass to rest with venom? game over. you need to be aware of the venomous animals that can turn your happy day upside down. like this stonefish below. that mother has venomous dorsal spines. that means your going to need a size 14 kx1 just to fit your swollen foot. venomous phylogeny : dorsal spines habitat : coasts regions of indo - pacific oceans / florida / caribbean 4. blue - ringed octopus venomous phylogeny : the toxin is produced by bacteria in the salivary glands habitat : tide pools and coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans, 3. inland taipan venomous phylogeny : fangs / venom glands habitat : arid regions of central australia 2. brazilian wandering spider venom : neurotoxin causing loss of muscle control and breathing problems, resulting in paralysis and eventual asphyxiation. habitat : tropical south america 1. box jellyfish venomous phylogeny : each tentacle has about 500, 000 cnidocytes, containing nematocysts, a harpoon - shaped microscopic mechanism that injects venom into the victim habitat : tropical and subtropical oceans, including the atlantic and east pacific / california / the mediterranean / japan and as far south as south africa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44699141448312346, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.041175"} {"text": "animal with an elongate, ribbon - like body bearing an adhesive depression at the posterior end. it reaches a length of 20 - 70 mm and a width of 5 - 7 mm. the dorsal surface is reddish - yellow with three longitudinal red bands ( one median and two lateral ). the cephalic regions are whitish, as well as the border of the body and the ventral surface. the numerous eyes are strewn fanwise over the anterior region ( c. rubrocincta - head ). tentacles are absent. the mouth and the short pharynx are situated posteriorly. the intestinal trunk extends anteriorly to the cerebral organ, with numerous pairs of lateral branches, which are not anastomosing. the genital pores are separated. the male copulatory complex lies dorsally or posteriorly to its aperture ; the prostatic organ is pyriform, interpolated ; penis - papilla in penis - pocket ; duplicate male complex sometimes occurs. the vagina is short ; shell - chamber spacious, dorso - ventrically compressed ; no [ t ] lang ' s vesicle [ / t ] ; the uterine canals extend into anterior third of body, where they remain separated. life - cycle not known. under stones between the tidemarks and on bryozoan colonies. english channel. records also from cape verde isle, mediterranean and japan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41905037028709535, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.042591"} {"text": "geared toward upper - level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics ( such as differential equations ) to help put the theory in mathematical perspectiv... read more customers who bought this book also bought : our editors also recommend : infinite sequences and series by konrad knopp careful presentation of fundamentals of the theory by one of the finest modern expositors of higher mathematics. covers functions of real and complex variables, arbitrary and null sequences, convergence and divergence, cauchy ' s limit theorem, more. infinitesimal calculus by james m. henle, eugene m. kleinberg introducing calculus at the basic level, this text covers hyperreal numbers and hyperreal line, continuous functions, integral and differential calculus, fundamental theorem, infinite sequences and series, infinite polynomials, more. 1979 edition. introductory discrete mathematics by v. k. balakrishnan this concise, undergraduate - level text focuses on combinatorics, graph theory with applications to some standard network optimization problems, and algorithms. more than 200 exercises, many with complete solutions. 1991 edition. technical calculus with analytic geometry by judith l. gersting well - conceived text with many special features covers functions and graphs, straight lines and conic sections, new coordinate systems, the derivative, much more. many examples, exercises, practice problems, with answers. advanced undergraduate / graduate - level. 1984 edition. geared toward upper - level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics ( such as differential equations ) to help put the theory in mathematical perspective. subjects include sheffer sequences and operators and their adjoints, with numerous examples of associated and other sequences. related topics encompass the connection constants problem and duplication formulas, the lagrange inversion formula, operational formulas, inverse relations, and binomial convolution. the final chapter offers a glimpse of the newer and less well - established forms of umbral calculus. 1984 edition. unabridged republication of the edition published by academic press, inc., orlando, florida, 1984. this book was printed in the united states of america. dover books are made to last a lifetime. our us book - manufacturing partners produce the highest quality books in the world and they create jobs for our fellow citizens. manufacturing in the united states also ensures that our books are printed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5533988590018326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.046416"} {"text": "meta tags are a great way for webmasters to provide search engines with information about their sites. meta tags can be used to provide information to all sorts of clients, and each system processes only the meta tags they understand and ignores the rest. meta tags are added to the < head > section of your html page and generally look like this : < html > < head > < meta charset = \" utf - 8 \" > < meta name = \" description \" content = \" author : a. n. author, illustrator : p. picture, category : books, price : \u00a39. 24, length : 784 pages \" > < meta name = \" google - site - verification \" content = \" + nxgudj4qpaz5l9bsjdi102tlvc21aih5d1nl23908vvufhs34 = \" / > < title > example books - high - quality used books for children < / title > < meta name = \" robots \" content = \" noindex, nofollow \" > google understands the following meta tags ( and related items ) : | | this tag provides a short description of the page. in some situations this description is used as a part of the snippet shown in the search results. more information | | | while technically not a meta tag, this tag is often used together with the \" description \". the contents of this tag are generally shown as the title in search results ( and of course in the user ' s browser ). more information | these meta tags can control the behavior of search engine crawling and indexing. the robots meta tag applies to all search engines, while the \" googlebot \" meta tag is specific to google. the default values are \" index, follow \" ( the same as \" all \" ) and do not need to be specified. we understand the following values ( when specifying multiple values, separate them with a comma ) : you can now also specify this information in the header of your pages using the \" x - robots - tag \" http header directive. this is particularly useful if you wish to limit indexing of non - html files like graphics or other kinds of documents. more information about robots meta tags | | when we recognize that the contents of a page are not in the language that the user is likely to want to read, we often provide a link to a translation in the search results. in general, this gives you the chance to provide your unique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4692606982133936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.049903"} {"text": "| when we recognize that the contents of a page are not in the language that the user is likely to want to read, we often provide a link to a translation in the search results. in general, this gives you the chance to provide your unique and compelling content to a much larger group of users. however, there may be situations where this is not desired. this meta tag tells google that you don ' t want us to provide a translation for this page. | | | you can use this tag on the top - level page of your site to verify ownership for webmaster tools. please note that while the values of the \" name \" and \" content \" attributes must match exactly what is provided to you ( including upper and lower case ), it doesn ' t matter if you change the tag from xhtml to html or if the format of the tag matches the format of your page. more information | | | this defines the page ' s content type and character set. make sure that you surround the value of the content attribute with quotes - otherwise the charset attribute may be interpreted incorrectly. we recommend using unicode / utf - 8 where possible. more information | | | this meta tag sends the user to a new url after a certain amount of time, and is sometimes used as a simple form of redirection. however, it is not supported by all browsers and can be confusing to the user. the w3c recommends that this tag not be used. we recommend using a server - side 301 redirect instead. | other points to note : - google can read both html and xhtml - style meta tags, regardless of the code used on the page. - with the exception of verify, case is generally not important in meta tags. this is not an exclusive list of available meta tags, and you should feel free to use unlisted meta tags if they are important to your site. just remember that google will ignore meta tags it doesn ' t know.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46308286675595306, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.050668"} {"text": "a new survey finds that one in three homeless people in boston are clinically obese, a number that casts in relief the strange reality of food in the 21st century united states. not long ago, malnourishment was embodied by emaciation. now it \u2019 s far more likely to be hidden in folds of fat. \u201c this study suggests that obesity may be the new malnutrition of the homeless in the united states, \u201d wrote the researchers, led by harvard medical school student katherine koh, in an upcoming journal of urban health study. the findings are the latest and most dramatic illustration of what \u2019 s called the \u201c hunger - obesity paradox, \u201d a term coined in 2005 by neurophysiologist lawrence scheier to describe the simultaneous presence of hunger and obesity. around that time, a vernacular sea change occurred, with \u201c hunger \u201d and its connotations of starvationreplaced by \u201c food insecure, \u201d a term more descriptive of people who might consume enough raw calories but not enough nutrients. the paradox fit with a general modern relationship in the united states between weight and wealth. whereas obesity was once a sign of wealth, it now tracks with poverty. the poorer and less food - secure people are, the more likely they are to be overweight or obese.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031967880729555, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.053342"} {"text": "international fairs enabled merchants coming from distant regions to meet one another easier and in easily accessable places. the merchants at these fairs also enjoyed special protection from the local authorities. however some of these authorities were negative towards some visitors, because they were certain foreigners. at the same time international fairs enabled these local authorities, which usually organised them, to tax and control more easily the foreign traders. the international fairs of europe, which grew up from the c12th onwards, atracted many traders from italy, france, england, spain, germany, flanders, brabant, switzerland and savoy. the notable fairs of this time were the fairs of champagne and flander, which have been referred to as what has been called the ' world ' economy of the middle ages. these fairs history, probably dates back to the c10th, but information about them have only been found from 1114 onwards. the main fairs were held at troyes in the summer and five lesser fairs around it throughout the year. the goods there were of the utmost variety : cloths and wollens from flanders and northern france ; silks from lucca ; leather from spain, pisa, africa and provence ; furs from germany ; and linens from champagne and germany. the italians also brought spices, wax, sugar, lacquer and dye - woods. there is also mention of cotton, grain and horses being traded. it was however the cloth trade which surpassed all others at these international fairs, as the cloth producing araes of the low countries and nortnern france could not sell its cloth anyware else. however the character of the fairs changed between the 13th and 14th centuries. at the beginning of the c13th, these fairs were indeed the centre of international commercial activity. but when the italians acquired the northern cloths from these fairs and began distribution throughout the mediterranean world, it can be seen that from the late c13th onwards money - changing begins to take precedence over trade. it can be said that the chief function of these fairs now became the regulation of the capital market. the champagne fairs declined in the c14th due to two primary factors ; first the industrialisation of italy and secondly the change in the precious metal market from gold to silver. it is now that the fairs of flanders and the annual fair of bruges took over as the important international fairs of europe in the c14th. this was due to the fact that flanders was a major area in the trade of cloths. the products traded at these fairs, of flanders and bruges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39389113302649215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.055826"} {"text": "hate [ heyt ] show ipa | part of speech : | | verb | | definition : | | dislike very strongly | | synonyms : | | abhor, abominate, allergic to, anathematize, be disgusted with, be hostile to, be loath, be reluctant, be repelled by, be sick of, be sorry, bear a grudge against, can ' t stand, contemn, curse, deprecate, deride, despise, detest, disapprove, disdain, disfavor, disparage, down on, execrate, feel malice to, have an aversion to, have enough of, have no use for, loathe, look down on, nauseate, not care for, object to, recoil from, scorn, shudder at, shun, spit upon, spurn | | notes : | | hate means to ' dislike intensely, loathe ' and despise means ' look down on contemptuously ' | | category : | | 1. social affections | hate, hatred, vials of hate., disaffection, disfavor ; alienation, estrangement, coolness ; enmity ; animosity., umbrage, pique, grudge ; dudgeon, spleen bitterness, bitterness of feeling ; ill blood, bad blood ; acrimony ; malice ; implacability ( revenge )., repugnance ( dislike ) ; demonophobia, gynephobia, negrophobia ; odium, unpopularity ; detestation, antipathy ; object of hatred, object of execration ; abomination, aversion, bete noire ; enemy ; bitter pill ; source of annoyance. hate, detest, abominate, abhor, loathe ; recoil at, shudder at ; shrink from, view with horror, hold in abomination, revolt against, execrate ; scowl ; disrelish ( dislike )., owe a grudge ; bear spleen, bear a grudge, bear malice ( malevolence ) [ more ] ; conceive an aversion to., excite hatred, provoke hatred ; be hateful ; stink in the nostrils ; estrange, alienate, repel, set against, sow dissension, set by the ears, envenom, incense, irritate, rile ; horri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5320264170456134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.058989"} {"text": "- - faramir, \" the two towers \" although regarded as high fantasy ( and thus conflated with \" escapism, \" often by those who should know better ), j. r. r. tolkien ' s the lord of the rings is also a treatise on war. books 3 and 4 of tolkien ' s tale ( the two towers ) shift the focus of the story from that of the adventures of the fellowship to a broader conflict brewing in middle earth. the company emerges from the dark pit of moria and the bright woods of lorien only to be swept up in the machinations of saruman and the great battle at helm ' s deep. in my re - reading of the lord of the rings i recently passed through the vast bogs and fens which lie between the emyn muil and mordor. this wide stretch of trackless, treacherous land is home to the dead marshes, named for the spectral corpses of fallen men, elves, and orcs that lie beneath its muck and dark waters. at one time their bodies lay on the dry dagorlad, the site of a great months - long battle of the second age of middle earth. in this battle the last alliance of elves, men, and dwarves fought sauron ' s forces at the gates of mordor. the forces of good prevailed as isildur cut the one ring from sauron ' s hand, but only after tremendous loss of life on both sides. gradually the swamp spread, covering the land and the bodies of the slain. tolkien wrote in a letter that he drew his inspiration for the landscape of the dead marshes from experiences in the somme, but it ' s no great stretch to speculate that this terrible battle made an impact in other, more profound ways on the lord of the rings. in the first day of the somme the british suffered their worst loss of men in a single day in british history ; 57, 000 casualites, including 19, 000 young men whose lives were snuffed out like candles in a hail of german machine - gun fire and shrapnel. among those to die in the somme were tolkien ' s good friends rob gilson and g. b. smith ( for a compelling and complete recounting of tolkien ' s wartime years and its influence upon his writings, i heartily recommend tolkien and the great war : the threshold of middle earth, by john garth ). in the dead marshes frodo, sam, and gollum come face - to - face with death as the great fear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4821265259704973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.067731"} {"text": "upon his writings, i heartily recommend tolkien and the great war : the threshold of middle earth, by john garth ). in the dead marshes frodo, sam, and gollum come face - to - face with death as the great fear - - that it is simply the end, and that there is no immortal soul. our lives are simply snuffed out when our bodies fail or are destroyed. all men, good and evil alike, are mingled together in the common lot of corruption, the grave, where good deeds in life are not rewarded by the eternal hereafter - - because there isn ' t one. the images of the dead in the pools reflect this horror, notes frodo : they lie in all the pools, pale faces, deep deep under the dark water. i saw them : grim faces and evil, and noble faces and sad. many faces proud and fair, and weeds in their silver hair. but all foul, all rotting, all dead. a fell light is in them. in another passage from the two towers that i had forgotten, sam, frodo, and gollum manage to find a brief respite in the land of ithilien, still fair and flowering even though it has fallen beneath the shadow. but this peace is only an illusion, a respite : when sam leaves the path to examine the trees, he stumbles on a ring still scorched by fire, and in the midst of it finds a pile of charred and broken bones and skulls. tolkien witnessed too much of this senseless loss of young life in his experience during the somme, which explains why death weighs heavily on his mind in the lord of the rings. elves alone have the gift of immortality, but men are mortal and \" doomed to die. \" as men dwindle from the greatness of their elder days so too are their lifespans reduced. yet the lord of the rings is also infused with heroic men and martial victories. garth posits that tolkien did not believe that the sacrifice of young men ' s lives was a waste, if given for the right reasons. writes garth : \" it [ the lord of the rings ] examines how the individual ' s experience of war relates to those grand old abstractions ; for example, it puts glory, honour, majesty, as well as courage, under such stress that they often fracture, but are not utterly destroyed. \" tolkien personified his feelings about concepts like glory, honour, and courage in the peoples of rohan. rohan is at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4997798017342867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.068695"} {"text": "puts glory, honour, majesty, as well as courage, under such stress that they often fracture, but are not utterly destroyed. \" tolkien personified his feelings about concepts like glory, honour, and courage in the peoples of rohan. rohan is at constant war with the orcs and wild men, and like the dunedain must remain ever alert, guarding against encroaching evil. they believe that death on the battlefield, while sorrowful, is never in vain as long as their acts are remembered. thus the wistful ( and my personal favorite ) bit of tolkien poetry, the lament for eorl the young : where now the horse and the rider? where is the horn that was blowing? where is the helm and the hauberk, and the bright hair flowing? where is the hand on the harpstring, and the red fire glowing? where is the spring and the harvest and the corn growing? they have passed like rain on the mountain, like a wind in the meadow ; the days have gone down in the west behind the hills into shadow. who shall gather the smoke of the dead wood burning, or behold the flowing years from the sea returning? this piece captures tolkien ' s ambivalent feelings about war. the poem on the one hand portrays the magnificence of eorl, resplendent in his war gear and the full flower of his years, using the symbolic language of spring and harvests and growing corn. but the song also mourns his death, asking again and again \" where has he gone? \" in a question that cannot be answered. eorl ' s passing leaves no trace, like a whisp of smoke. for the living only his memories remain. the riders of rohan remember their dead with songs like these and through the simbelmyne, a small white flower which grows on their graves and tombs. according to the encyclopedia of arda, \" simbelmyne is translated as ' evermind ' : a reference to the memories of the dead on whose tombs the flower grew. \" tolkien does not take war lightly and the men of rohan, though portrayed in a sympathetic light, are not his ideal. that place is held by faramir, tolkien ' s portrayal of man at his best. faramir sees war with a keen eye, and tells sam and frodo that the high men of numenor, of which he is a descendant, have \" fallen \" and are becoming like the rohirrim, loving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5009815350811506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.069636"} {"text": "his best. faramir sees war with a keen eye, and tells sam and frodo that the high men of numenor, of which he is a descendant, have \" fallen \" and are becoming like the rohirrim, loving valor for valor ' s sake : \" yet now, if the rohirrim are grown in some ways more like to us, enhanced in arts and gentleness, we too have become more like to them, and can scarce claim any longer the title high... for as the rohirrim do, we now love war and valor as things good in themselves, both a sport and an end. \" tolkien ' s clearest view on war is revealed in a famous passage in which sam views the body of a dead soldier from the south, slain at his feet by arrows from faramir ' s men in the woods of ithilien : he was glad that he could not see the dead face. he wondered what the man ' s name was and where he came from ; and if he was really evil of heart, or what lies and threats had led him on the long march from his home ; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace. in other words, war is terrible and of last resort, and slain foes are, in the end, just men - - and therefore to be pitied. war is necessary when \" destroyers \" like sauron or hitler would impose their will on the free peoples of the world, but it is a duty to be carried out, not glorified. it brings with it too much death and sorrow. in his famous foreward to the lord of the rings, tolkien wrote : one has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression ; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. by 1918 all but one of my close friends were dead. tolkien never forgot the loss of gilson and smith, nor the somme. at some level it fed into his passion for language and myth, providing fertile ground for a great tale. we have the lord of the rings to thank.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43346396217330607, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.070660"} {"text": "there are a number of ways of exciting standing waves in ropes and springs using non - commercial vibrators such as loudspeakers, 1 jigsaws, 2 motors, 3 or a simple tuning fork, 4 including the rhythmical shaking of a handheld slinky. we have come up with a very simple and cheap way of exciting stationary waves in a string, which anyone, particularly children, can try at home. it consists of using an electric toothbrush to produce a regular sideways motion that can be easily transmitted to an elastic cord. most suitable for this experiment is the kind of unit that has a metal rod protruding from the front ( see fig. 1, which shows our braun oral - b\u00ae ) to which a brush is normally affixed. the ends of the cord are attached to stands. elastic cords that come with some school notebooks work well for this experiment, but a longer cord allows the observation of a larger number of modes. the toothbrush unit is placed near one end of the cord, which is wrapped once around the rod. as the toothbrush vibrates at a fixed frequency, standing waves ( see fig. 2 ) may be tuned by changing the tension of the cord while keeping its length constant. we have found up to five harmonics with a 150 - cm cord. the toothbrush can be connected to a small potentiometer to reduce the dc voltage and hence the frequency of the motor, allowing the tuning of the standing waves with a fixed tension.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5834744413675832, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.073298"} {"text": "california myotis ( myotis californicus ) - protection status notes - little is known about population trends. the species is not state or federally protected. - myotis californicus is a small bat with dark brown to black ears and wing membranes, a distinctly keeled calcar, and pelage that varies from dark brown to pale reddish \u2011 yellow to blond. it differs from m. ciliolabrum, which is sympatric and similar in appearance, by having a more globose skull, narrower rostrum, overall more delicate appearance, and no black mask. these two species are often difficult to distinguish in the field. - life history - m. californicus mates during autumn, perhaps in the spring in california. in spring or early summer, females form maternity colonies where they give birth to one pup per year. individuals are known to be active periodically in the winter, even at temperatures below freezing. california myotis have been known to live up to 15 years. during summer, m. californicus roost alone or in small groups in caves, mines, rocky hillsides, under tree bark, and in buildings. recent studies in canada have documented maternity colonies of up to 52 individuals roosting under sloughing bark, and in cracks and hollows of large diameter, intermediate stage snags ( preferably ponderosa pine ). in winter, solitary individuals and small groups have been found in caves, mines, and buildings. california myotis are acrobatic fliers and use small waterholes to obtain needed moisture ; the kidneys are adapted for arid environments. individuals are most active soon after sunset and periodically rest at night roosts. they typically feed on moths and flies, but have been known to eat other insects. - this species occurs in a wide variety of habitats. while typical of deserts and interior basins in the western u. s., it also occurs in forested and mountainous regions. - m. californicus ranges across much of western north america from southeastern alaska and southwestern british columbia, through most of the united states west of the rocky mountains, and south to baja california and much of mainland mexico, and into guatemala. this western species known in texas from the trans - pecos region is one of the few species that winters in texas. - threats and reasons for decline - m. californicus may be affected by closure of abandoned mines without adequate surveys and by recreational caving. the species may be affected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.37942244981881396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.076097"} {"text": "the \" methane \" experiment was proposed during the transcom 2008 meeting in utrecht. the first protocol was discussed during the post - icdc8 transcom meeting in jena, followed by the final protocol in 2010. since then 16 models or model variants have performed the simulations. previous transcom experiments focused on chemically non - reactive species ( sf6, co2, 222rn ). a ch4 intercomparison requires introduction of atmospheric chemistry, which means a significant new model development for the traditional transcom participants. however, to focus on model transport properties, the ch4 chemistry is reduced to offline radical ( oh, o1d, cl ) only, which means the full - chemistry modellers have to scale down chemistry. during discussion at jena, methyl chloroform ( ch3ccl3 ) was included for tracking tropospheric oh abundance in the models, as well as sf6 and 222rn for model transport evaluations. prescribed fluxes are input to a transport model and 20 years of simulation is run with meteorological forcing appropriate for 1988 - 2007. hourly concentrations of all species are output for 280 locations. at 115 locations, species profiles, surface fluxes and meteorological variables are also output. the protocol ( version 7 ). it details the input fluxes, regridding instructions and lists of the output sites and required file formats ( similar to transcom continuous experiment ). instructions are included for accessing the ftp site for downloading input files and uploading model submissions. the model output is freely available for research purposes but please note the \" conditions of use \". the data are available in two formats : the original model submissions containing output for all sites. output files can be downloaded from ftp fxp. nies. go. jp ( refer to the protocol files for access information ). in an effort towards ease of access, time series at a subset of surface sites are archived at the wmo world data centre for greenhouse gases ( http : / / gaw. kishou. go. jp / ) publications and presentations patra, p. k., s. houweling, m. krol, p. bousquet, l. bruhwiler, and d. jacob ( 2010 ), protocol for transcom ch4 intercomparison, version 7, april ( available online at transcom. project. asu. edu / pdf / transcom / t4. methane. protocol _ v7. pdf ). patra, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5372275711394314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.081728"} {"text": "transcom ch4 intercomparison, version 7, april ( available online at transcom. project. asu. edu / pdf / transcom / t4. methane. protocol _ v7. pdf ). patra, p. k., s. houweling, m. krol, p. bousquet, d. belikov, d. bergmann, h. bian, p. cameron - smith, m. p. chipperfield, k. corbin, a. fortems - cheiney, a. fraser, e. gloor, p. hess, a. ito, s. r. kawa, r. m. law, z. loh, s. maksyutov, l. meng, p. i. palmer, r. g. prinn, m. rigby, r. saito, c. wilson, transcom model simulations of ch4 and related species : linking transport, surface flux and chemical loss with ch4 variability in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, atmos. chem. phys. discuss., submitted, 2011. presentations at the 10th transcom workshop, university of california, berkeley, 2010, ( saturday session ) are available on the transcom - ch4 ftp server at nies. for more information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5484202457896113, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.082405"} {"text": "tri states public radio staff fri september 7, 2012 volcano shoots geyser of water up into space originally published on tue october 9, 2012 10 : 53 am what we have here is a moon \u2014 a small one ( slightly wider than the state of arizona ) \u2014 circling saturn. if you look closely, you will see a small splay of light at its top, looking like a circular fountain. that ' s because it is a fountain \u2014 of sorts. a bunch of volcano - like jets are sending fantastically high geysers of water vapor up into the sky, so high that you can see them in this remarkable print by michael benson, back lit by light bouncing off of saturn. it turns out this moon, called enceladus, is a snowball containing what may be a sea of liquid water, warmed by the squishes and stretches of saturn and other moons that pass nearby ( plus it may have a hot, rocky core. ) all that gravity pushing and pulling on this little ball squeezes the liquid inside so it shoots up through some fissures at the top. nobody knew these fountains were there until the cassini spacecraft flew near enough to enceladus to find them. but now comes the amazing part. water hose in the sky some of that water vapor turns into ice and the crystals fall like snow back onto the moon at a rate of 0. 02 inches a year ; but some ice is thrown so high, it joins a ring around saturn, one of the outer rings, labeled \" e. \" take a look at this image of the same moon, enceladus \u2014 it ' s the dark spot inside the bright flare \u2014 getting real close to the e ring. according to sascha kempf of the max planck institute for nuclear physics in heidelberg, this moon is \" feeding \" water crystals into saturn ' s ring. who knew that a moon could spray ice onto a planetary ring? before these photos were taken, scientists thought teeny meteorites, called micrometeoroids, would slam into saturn ' s moons kicking up dust ( adding to dust from a long exploded moon ) and that ' s how the rings were formed. nobody imagined that the rings would be fed by geysers. but that seems to be what ' s happening to the e ring. according to kempf, the ring will carry those ice nuggets around saturn for an orbit or two, until they meet the moon again and are recaptured. but some crystals just keep circling and circling for 50, maybe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5072680884788661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.086263"} {"text": "happening to the e ring. according to kempf, the ring will carry those ice nuggets around saturn for an orbit or two, until they meet the moon again and are recaptured. but some crystals just keep circling and circling for 50, maybe 400 years. the e ring is astonishingly thin. its debris is thousands of miles across, but often only 3 meters ( about 9. 3 feet ) high. a giraffe traveling on this ring would poke out like a giant. seeing \" true color \" michael benson just published his print of water shooting off enceladus from a digital transmission sent by the cassini probe. it appears in his about - to - be published book planetfall : new solar system visions. what cassini saw came back as a batch of digital information \u2014 lots of ones and zeroes \u2014 which can be turned into black and white images. working from a series of picture fragments that cassini transmits in small batches, michael put them together into a single shot, then chose the hues and levels of light based on what is called \" true color, \" what a person would see if he happened on the scene. \" i believe i was the first to see this sight the way it would appear to an actual visitor, simply by virtue of having logged the time to create the composite image, which is made of 19 raw spacecraft frames, and took several days to composite, \" he wrote me. this is the way i like to tour the solar system. find a chair. sit. turn some pages. gaze. wonder. the price isn ' t bad, either.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5161582406825692, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.086920"} {"text": "by alexandra friedman : \u201c it is a complete failure, \u201d sighed jenn baka from her hotel room in tamil nadu, india. after months of studying a unique plant on a fulbright scholarship, baka has deemed it \u2014 the jatropha curcas \u2014 a flop. just a few years ago, it was hailed as the crown jewel of indian sustainable energy. the renewable energy industry began to explore the biofuel potential of jatropha, a plant that produces toxic, non - edible nuts. with a readily extractable 45 percent oil content and the ability to run in any diesel machine after processing, jatropha caught the attention of governments, private companies and ngos alike. the indian government championed jatropha from the start, largely due to the energy needs of its burgeoning population and its dependency on foreign fuel as the fourth largest consumer of oil in the world. with over one billion people and nearly all of its fertile land allocated to food crops, india \u2019 s land shortages render most biofuel cultivation impossible. still, the indian ministry of new and renewable energy pledged to achieve 20 percent biodiesel consumption by 2017 and to provide the entire indian population with a source of renewable energy by 2015. for a while, jatropha seemed like the answer, launching to the top of the national indian energy agenda due to its purported ability to grow anywhere. in 2003 the indian government began to set aside officially designated \u201c wasteland \u201d as jatropha test sites, where a combination of public and private investment enabled the planting of jatropha plantations. the mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee act of 2005, which guarantees rural indian households 100 days of employment on manual labor projects, provided the necessary workforce to plant jatropha. \u201c it was promoted as a crop that can survive in marginal environments under rain - fed conditions, meaning no fertilizer or extra water required, so farmers took up the crop. surprise, surprise \u2014 it doesn \u2019 t grow well in marginal conditions, \u201d explained baka. at first glance an almost messianic plant, jatropha promised to bolster employment levels and turn wastelands into producers of clean, renewable energy. researchers had estimated that one acre would yield between 200 and 400 gallons of oil, significantly more than current biofuels like soy and canola oil. but after years of trying to harvest the nut \u2019 s potential, researchers and farmers have begun to accept failure. \u201c jatropha is a pandemic like h1n1. it is not going to solve the energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44814403136813785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.097704"} {"text": "and canola oil. but after years of trying to harvest the nut \u2019 s potential, researchers and farmers have begun to accept failure. \u201c jatropha is a pandemic like h1n1. it is not going to solve the energy crisis of the world, but rather take away land where large populations are growing, \u201d said dr. k. k. tripathi of the indian department of biotechnology, who has conducted multiple government and private studies revealing poor yields of jatropha. dr. robert bailis of the yale school of forestry and environmental studies, who is currently researching the lifecycle of jatropha as a biofuel, agreed : \u201c unfortunately, the plant was really over - hyped if you go back four, five years. it was pitched as this miracle crop that can grow in really poor conditions and give great yields with very little input and very little attention from the farmer, \u201d he said, \u201c and none of that is true. \u201d this trend is especially apparent in the private sector, where companies are steadily decreasing investment in jatropha projects. in 2009 british petroleum sold its rights in an estimated $ 12. 1 million jatropha project joint venture with d1 oils for a mere $ 818, 900, making a timely departure before d1 oils fell into financial woes. megha rathee, chief operating officer at green consultancy firm earth 100, commented on dwindling governmental investment : \u201c the expected yield of jatropha never came into being, so the government lost interest. \u201d the haphazard implementation of projects like these causes skepticism among researchers like bailis, who questions the motives of corporations and the indian government behind the push for jatropha. \u201c people don \u2019 t act ethically when it comes to business, \u201d he insisted. unfortunately, farmers have suffered much more than private investors. a lack of buyers and refineries means that many of these farmers cannot sell their product, even with the government \u2019 s push for jatropha. on top of that, many farmers have reported poor yields and insist that in the three - year - plus period it takes to grow, process, and sell jatropha, they could turn a higher profit by planting crops like sorghum or sugarcane. over a third of the 700 farmers baka interviewed were promised loans from agricultural banks to replace their normal food crops with jatropha, many more receiving encouragement from the local government. few have received compensation for their efforts. jatropha \u2019 s final redeeming quality \u2014 that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4262456470163669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.098708"} {"text": "farmers baka interviewed were promised loans from agricultural banks to replace their normal food crops with jatropha, many more receiving encouragement from the local government. few have received compensation for their efforts. jatropha \u2019 s final redeeming quality \u2014 that it grows in fallow and otherwise unused land \u2014 also falls short. proponents of the plant argue that regardless of yield, jatropha does not compete for valuable food crop space, especially when planted in \u201c wasteland \u201d areas. but baka found discrepancies in the government terminology of \u201c wasteland. \u201d baka noted that one village leader she met while doing survey work in tamil nadu told her that \u201c the local state government body had forced him to plant jatropha in his village even though he said he didn \u2019 t have land. the government was trying to promote it so heavily and do these propagation schemes that they even forced him [ to find land ] to plant it. \u201d because of this external pressure, villages that grow jatropha are often forced to cultivate it in common land areas, normally used as public space for gathering fuel wood or grazing animals. the indian government definition of wastelands is \u201c lands that can be put to more productive use with effort. \u201d in many instances, \u201c there is this whole other energy economy situated there that \u2019 s not mentioned in any of the government assessments of wastelands, \u201d said baka. these wastelands are often home to trees used for fuel wood, charcoal production, electricity production and tire retreading. in some locales, jatropha has achieved success : a handful of private companies promoting the plant have implemented an effective system of jatropha production, refinement and exportation. gold star biofuels, a private jatropha oil manufacturer, is one such company. through its unique humanitarian focus on its farmers, gold star, \u201c helps the economy of the country by providing jobs to unemployed farmers, keeps the families together on the farms, pays all of our farmers u. n. wages on levels projected for 2015 and pays national insurance, \u201d explained jack holden, the company \u2019 s executive director. earth 100, part of goldman sachs group \u2019 s efforts to reduce its carbon foot - print in india, has similarly achieved success as a buyer in the jatropha oil manufacturing industry. they provide companies with \u2018 green fleets \u2019 of cars that are powered solely by nonedible biofuels like jatropha. most of earth 100 \u2019 s jatropha comes from wild sources, picked and collected by villagers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48193603119062445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.099748"} {"text": "##pha oil manufacturing industry. they provide companies with \u2018 green fleets \u2019 of cars that are powered solely by nonedible biofuels like jatropha. most of earth 100 \u2019 s jatropha comes from wild sources, picked and collected by villagers in an alternative, organic manner of cultivation. aside from the social benefits, jatropha seedcakes produced as a byproduct of oil extraction can help replenish the soil. \u201c the technology needed for avoiding chemical fertilizer is very important and significant in reducing the carbon footprint as well as energy use and improving the scenario towards sustainability [ of jatropha ], \u201d said dr. alok adholeya of the energy and resources institute. despite these small - scale successes, the overriding failure of jatropha has left many projects abandoned. the true sustainability of the plant is yet to be determined : factors influencing the yield, the carbon balance of jatropha, and the amount of energy used to manufacture the oil and the seedcake must still be researched. the enigma of jatropha remains unsolved. as rathee explained, \u201c jatropha is not the ideal solution, but it \u2019 s the only one that we have right now. \u201d alexandra friedman \u2019 14 is in pierson college. contact her at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4602706737610031, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.100235"} {"text": "a device developed in the 1930s may be the most successful cancer cure ever invented. rife frequency therapy is an early, non - toxic cancer treatment that has fallen into obscurity \u2014 but one that deserves to be resurrected! in 1933, an american inventor named royal r. rife invented an audio - frequency emitting device that was capable of sending frequencies into a person \u2019 s body that would destroy microorganisms found to be casually associated with cancer. though the theory may sound more like science fiction than real life, it \u2019 s supported by the repeated research of numerous highly respected scientists. unfortunately, like so many alternative cancer cures, rife \u2019 s machines were discredited by industry elites, who regarded rife \u2019 s work as pseudomedicine. as a result, rife machines were never put into widespread use by mainstream medicine. it is believed by many alternative health practitioners that the medical industry \u2019 s rejection of rife \u2019 s machines was caused by a conspiracy involving the american medical association, the department of public health, and other elements of \u201c organized medicine. \u201d pleomorphism : the key to rife \u2019 s cancer cure rife \u2019 s work is totally unlike any other work done in pursuit of a cure for cancer \u2014 before, during or after his lifetime. he believed that cancer was a kind of virus, and in order to pursue his theory, he invented a microscope that was 8 times more powerful than those used by his contemporaries. using his unique microscope, rife discovered two organisms, which he named \u201c bx \u201d and \u201c by \u201d and which appeared to cause carcinomas and sarcomas, respectively. further, he found that the organisms were pleomorphic \u2014 which means they could take different forms. in one form, the organisms were harmless, but in the other, they caused cancer. the idea of pleomorphic entities comes from a french scientist, antoine beauchamp. in the early days of microbiology, beauchamp and louis pasteur led opposing camps in the ideological war over the forms microbes could take. pasteur \u2019 s ideas dominated, but scientists since have proven beauchamp \u2019 s idea of pleomorphism to be correct, and the issue is still debated to this day. this pleomorphic view of microorganisms is key to rife \u2019 s cancer cure \u2014 but it contradicts elements of other theories behind the highly profitable antibiotic drugs that rose to popularity during rife \u2019 s lifetime. thus, thanks to a collusion of professional biases and profit margins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4738922324648771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.105397"} {"text": "key to rife \u2019 s cancer cure \u2014 but it contradicts elements of other theories behind the highly profitable antibiotic drugs that rose to popularity during rife \u2019 s lifetime. thus, thanks to a collusion of professional biases and profit margins, rife \u2019 s work was cast into oblivion. sine wave destroys the cancer virus this is especially tragic because rife didn \u2019 t just determine the cause of cancer ( the pleomorphic organisms bx and by ), he found a way to destroy it. rife discovered that exposing diseased organisms and cells to a modified form of their own oscillation pattern ( vibrational energy ) destroys the diseased cells, while leaving healthy cells intact and unharmed. a specific frequency in particular called the sine wave could destroy the cancer virus. thereafter, rife adapted x - ray technology and built a \u201c ray tube \u201d that he used to zap the organisms with the desired audio frequency. with his special microscope, rife could watch as cancer viruses were instantly killed by his sine wave treatment. in order to achieve those results for humans, however, he had to find a way to get the audio waves into the deep tissues inside the human body. the key was a carrier wave capable of penetrating tissue. rife ingeniously found a way to \u201c piggyback \u201d the frequencies so they could travel as a unit, but remain separate and distinct. this method of delivery allowed rife to treat cancers anywhere in the body. his treatment, approved for and used on humans in the 1930s, is completely non - toxic and does not damage healthy tissue in any way. though great successes were achieved using rife \u2019 s \u201c ray tube, \u201d ineffective business practices undermined rife \u2019 s efforts to produce more machines. finding a real rife machine a typical rife machine consists of a 9 - volt battery, wiring, a switch, a timer and 2 short copper cylinders. all one has to do is hold the 2 copper cylinders in one \u2019 s hands and relax for about 30 minutes. the machine delivers an \u201c almost undetectable \u201d current to the body. since none of the rife machines sold today are identical to the first model, the primary difficulty for those interested in this treatment is determining if the machine in question functions in a manner close enough to rife \u2019 s original. rife machines that are currently available vary widely in the type of resonant frequencies they emit. there \u2019 s a rife machine which comes with the same double - bubble bulb configuration used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48235763885982075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.106511"} {"text": "a manner close enough to rife \u2019 s original. rife machines that are currently available vary widely in the type of resonant frequencies they emit. there \u2019 s a rife machine which comes with the same double - bubble bulb configuration used by royal rife in his laboratory, and contains over 800 frequencies for treating a wide array of health conditions, including cancer. typing the key phrase \u201c rife machines \u201d on any search engine will reveal many commercially available machines that feature different configurations of functionality and programmability, and they range from $ 300 to $ 3, 000 or more. caveat emptor : unscrupulous entrepreneurs selling devices that bear rife \u2019 s name have been marketing their products using fraudulent claims, and some have been convicted of health fraud. it is advisable to exercise caution and due diligence when purchasing a rife device \u2014 and be sure to buy only from reputable companies. underground health reporter recommendations - the 8 - ingredient secret recipe to rebuilding your brand new body - how to erase wrinkles and lines without injections or surgery and make your skin look 5, 10, or even 20 years younger with these top 3 anti - aging ingredients... - discover how to prevent fatal disease, strengthen your mind, energize your body and look younger now by unlocking the antioxidant secret... - the missing secret behind the law of attraction that will enable you to finally manifest your desires...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4481013746209145, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.107195"} {"text": "sept. 19, 2011 \u2013 university of utah engineers who built wireless networks that see through walls now are aiming the technology at a new goal : noninvasively measuring the breathing of surgery patients, adults with sleep apnea and babies at risk of sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ). because the technique uses off - the - shelf wireless transceivers similar to those used in home computer networks, \u201c the cost of this system will be cheaper than existing methods of monitoring breathing, \u201d says neal patwari, senior author of a study of the new method and an assistant professor of electrical engineering. while he estimates it will be five years until such a product is on the market, patwari says a network of wireless transceivers around a bed can measure breathing rates and alert someone if breathing stops without any tubes or wires connected to the patient. \u201c we can use this to increase the safety of people who are under sedation after surgery by knowing if they stop breathing, \u201d he says. \u201c we also envision a product that parents put around their baby \u2019 s crib to alert them if the baby stops breathing. it might be useful for babies at risk of sids. \u201d the american academy of pediatrics says there is \u201c no evidence that home monitors are effective \u201d for preventing sids. since 2005, the group has opposed the use of breathing monitors to prevent sids, but has said they \u201c may be useful in some infants who have had an apparent life - threatening event, \u201d including some combination of apnea [ abnormal interruptions in breathing ], color change, limpness and choking or gagging. \u201c the aap recognizes that monitors may be helpful to allow rapid recognition of apnea, airway obstruction, respiratory failure, interruption of supplemental oxygen supply, or failure of mechanical respiratory support, \u201d the group states. in addition to other possible uses, patwari wants to conduct research with doctors to test his method as an infant - breathing monitor, and, if it proves useful, develop it as a medical device that would need federal approval. he also says it may be useful for adults with sleep apnea, which causes daytime fatigue and impairs a person \u2019 s performance. sids monitors now on the market include fda - approved medical devices that measure heart rate and respiration and are connected to babies with wires, electrodes and - or belts. other monitors, which are non - medical and over - the - counter versions, detect a lack of sound, or use mattress sensors to detect a lack of movement. patwari", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5431305305164287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.115114"} {"text": "and are connected to babies with wires, electrodes and - or belts. other monitors, which are non - medical and over - the - counter versions, detect a lack of sound, or use mattress sensors to detect a lack of movement. patwari says that with the new method, \u201c the patient or the baby doesn \u2019 t have to be connected to tubes or wired to other sensors, so they can be more comfortable while sleeping. if you \u2019 re wired up, you \u2019 re going to have more trouble sleeping, which is going to make your recovery in the hospital worse. \u201d some opposition to sids monitors is based on a fear that parents will depend on monitors instead of following other, more effective medical measures, including always placing babies on their backs to sleep, keeping redundant bedding and soft objects out of the crib, and not having babies share a bed with adults. yet many parents want monitors too. the aap acknowledges \u201c distribution of home monitors continues to be a substantial industry in the united states. \u201d new uses for wireless technology wireless technology has become pervasive, from wireless phones to wireless networks linking home computers. in 2009, patwari and then - graduate student joey wilson showed how a couple dozen wireless transceivers \u2013 devices that transmit and receive radio signals \u2013 could be used to literally see through walls to detect the location of a burglar, people trapped by a fire or hostages held captive inside a building. they formed a university of utah spinoff company, xandem technology llc, which is commercializing the wireless networks for use as motion detectors for burglar alarm systems, to help police locate hostages and even to alert out - of - town, vacationing parents if a crowd of teenagers is partying at their home during their absence. patwari \u2019 s new study points out pros and cons of adding wireless detection of breathing to the motion - detecting capability. \u201c a search and rescue team may arrive at a collapsed building and throw transceivers into the rubble, hoping to detect the breathing of anyone still alive inside, \u201d patwari and colleagues write. \u201c police or swat teams may deploy a network around a building to determine if people are inside. \u201d \u201c on the other hand, the ability to measure breathing from a wireless network has privacy implications, \u201d they add. \u201c we have shown previously that a network deployed around external walls of a building can detect and track a person who is moving or changing position. if this system can also detect and monitor a sleeping person \u2019 s breathing, it would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5432344287096529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.116213"} {"text": ", \u201d they add. \u201c we have shown previously that a network deployed around external walls of a building can detect and track a person who is moving or changing position. if this system can also detect and monitor a sleeping person \u2019 s breathing, it would have additional utility for eavesdroppers or thieves. \u201d the study : using wireless transceivers to detect breathing because of efforts to patent the new use of the wireless breathing - detection technology \u2013 which has been named breathtaking \u2013 patwari is posting his study on the online scientific preprint website arxiv this week before submitting it to a journal for formal publication. patwari conducted the study with wilson ; sai ananthanarayanan, a postdoctoral electrical engineer ; sneha kasera, an associate professor of computer science ; and dwayne westenskow, a professor of anesthesiology and research professor of bioengineering. the research was funded by the national science foundation. in a new study, patwari showed a network of 20 wireless transceivers placed around a hospital bed could reliably detect breathing and estimate breathing rate to within two - fifths of a breath per minute based on 30 seconds of data. this is different than using wireless transmitters to relay measurements from conventional breathing monitors. the motion of the chest and abdomen during breathing impedes the wireless radio signals crisscrossing a bedridden patient, who in the study was patwari himself. each of the 20 transceivers or \u201c nodes \u201d can transmit and receive to the other 19, meaning there can be up to 380 measurements ( 20 times 19 ) of radio signal strength within a short period of time ( the transceivers transmit one after the other ). the study was conducted in a clinical room used for research at the university of utah school of medicine \u2019 s department of anesthesiology. patwari reclined on a hospital bed and listened to a metronome to time his breathing so he inhaled and exhaled 15 times per minute \u2013 about the average breathing rate for a resting adult. his breathing was measured two ways : by the experimental wireless network, and by a carbon dioxide monitor connected to his nostrils by tubes. it calculated breathing rate by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled with each breath. patwari also tested the wireless network with no one in the hospital bed. the study found the wireless network could measure breathing within 0. 4 to 0. 2 breaths per minute, an insignificant error rate given that most breathing monitors round to the nearest breath per minute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5544185722765622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.117315"} {"text": "also tested the wireless network with no one in the hospital bed. the study found the wireless network could measure breathing within 0. 4 to 0. 2 breaths per minute, an insignificant error rate given that most breathing monitors round to the nearest breath per minute, he says. if a bedridden person or baby moves, the wireless system detects the movement but cannot measure their breathing at the same time. to decide if someone is breathing or not, the wireless system uses a computer algorithm \u2013 basically, a set of formulas. patwari says his algorithm squares the amplitude or loudness of the signal on each link between nodes, then averages it over all 380 links. a number larger than 1. 5 indicates breathing has been detected. patwari also measured how many nodes were required to measure breathing accurately. the minimum was 13 nodes or transceivers, while the rate of incorrect breathing measurements fell to zero when 19 nodes were used. the study also showed the height of the nodes around the hospital bed didn \u2019 t significantly affect breathing measurements. patwari plans more research on whether different or multiple radio frequencies might detect breathing better than the one 2. 4 gigahertz frequency used in the study. he also wants to test whether the system can detect two people breathing at the same rate but not in sync \u2013 something that might make it possible to design a system that could detect not only the location of hostages in a building, but the number held together.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5202886462970805, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.117932"} {"text": "- urge home - your body - your mind - drugs and alcohol - beyond school - our society - connecting you if someone drinks too much or has an adverse reaction while drinking, it is very important they receive professional help as soon as possible. quick responses can save lives... stay with the person until the ambulance arrives. ensure the person gets enough air by keeping crowds back and opening windows. loosen tight clothing. keep them warm - use blankets or a coat ( but not too warm ). if the person is unconscious, don ' t leave them on their back - they could choke. clear any vomit away from their mouth. turn them on their side and into the recovery position. gently tilt their head back so their tongue does not block their airway. if breathing has stopped, give mouth - to - mouth resuscitation. if there is no pulse, apply cpr. provide the ambulance officers with as much information as you can - what they have been drinking, how much they have been drinking, and any pre - existing medical conditions that you know the person has. give someone fluids ( even water ) if you think they ' re in shock or unconscious. leave someone alone, especially if they are unconscious. if the person is asleep and you are unable to wake them up. look at the person ' s skin. if it is cold, clammy, pale, bluish in colour.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3980992904313908, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.119403"} {"text": "resistance mechanisms are employed by bacterial organisms to gain a growth advantage in conditions that impose a tremendous selective pressure, resulting in the materialization of isolates that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials. surveillance systems are commonly used in human medicine to track the frequency and emergence of these strains, and this information is used to implement infection control policies aimed at reducing the number of these organisms. the implementation and sophistication of these monitoring programs in veterinary medicine lags behind the human counterpart. with the increasing prevalence of methicillin - resistant staphyloccus aureus ( mrsa ) in humans, particular emphasis is placed on methicillin - resistant staphylocci ( mrs ) at the osu - vmc. all staphylococcal species isolated during routine microbiological examination are screened for the presence of the meca gene, which defines an isolate as being methicillin - resistant. this gene is carried on the staphylococcal cassette chromosome ( sccmec ), which can be used to help further classify mrs organisms. healthcare - associated methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( ha - mrsa ) is typically isolated from patients in a healthcare setting, tends to be multidrug resistant, and is usually associated with sccmec types i, ii, or iii. community - associated methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( ca - mrsa ) is typically isolated from young, healthy individuals with no history of indwelling medical devices, recent visitation to a healthcare facility, or any other risk factors for ha - mrsa. ca - mrsa is usually associated with skin and soft tissue infections, is generally susceptible to multiple antimicrobial classes, contains the panton - valentine leukocidin ( pvl ) gene, and is most often associated with sccmec types iv, v, vi, and vii. additionally, using dna fingerprinting methods, ha - mrsa strains are generally most related to usa types 100, 500, and 800, while ca - mrsa are most related to usa types 300 and 400. bidirectional transmission facilitates the zoonotic potential of these organisms. unlike human medicine, long term veterinary studies are lacking, so little information is available to determine how the prevalence of mrsa and mrsp have changed over time. however, the availability of dna fingerprinting methods such as pfge have facilitated efforts to determine if isolates from separate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5108564383382802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.122973"} {"text": "women, men and suffrage nancy kohlhoff, valparaiso branch ( ed note : this is the sixth in a series of our exclusive publication of the manuscript written by nancy after much research to fill in the gaps left by history books when dealing with women \u2019 s issues and their struggle to gain the vote. ) the movement for woman \u2019 s rights which was entangled with abolition from the beginning of the century had no impetus until elizabeth stanton took the lead. she was not the first to \" analyze critically the plight of women and enumerate the changes needed to raise them from domestic servitude \" to positions of equality with men. but, unlike most other reformers, elizabeth believed reform must include more than the vote and property rights for women. she wanted to collapse the patriarchy, to remove the very underpinnings of entrenched social and religious customs. that was enough to keep her in conflict most of the time with relatives, friends and enemies. in her letters, articles and speeches, elizabeth boldly stated contraception should be available to women. the practice, barely discussed by respectable people in her time, was denounced by the clergy and most people living then who had ever had the good fortune to hear of it. she also said divorce should be obtained easily and custody of children awarded to their mothers. consumption of alcohol, without government regulation or local control, was a serious social problem in the 19th century. elizabeth observed the plight of women and children deprived of food, clothing and shelter, as well as their subjection to physical and emotional abuse, because of the excessive drinking habits of husbands and fathers. yet, the law allowed that fathers, even though they may have abandoned the family, owned their children. it was common practice for custodial fathers to \" farm out \" their children for wages which were then collected by the drunkards and used to sustain their debilitating habits. elizabeth also argued that men whose wives worked for wages should not be allowed to collect those wages. she scorned husbands who came to the factories and mills on payday, took their wives \u2019 earnings and spent the money gambling or at the local saloon before their wives had returned home after a twelve - hour - a - day, six - day work week. she demanded equal pay for women for equal work. a woman then was paid about one - quarter what a male earned for doing the same job. she advocated labor unions for the working poor, including men and women. elizabeth advocated admission of women into higher education. until 1833, when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44634338494753545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.130134"} {"text": "for equal work. a woman then was paid about one - quarter what a male earned for doing the same job. she advocated labor unions for the working poor, including men and women. elizabeth advocated admission of women into higher education. until 1833, when oberlin college admissions policy made \" no distinction to color or sex, \" no college or university in the country which admitted men, admitted women. in 1838, zeruiah porter became the first woman to graduate from oberlin although she completed only the \" literary course, \" not the regular college course which men took. elizabeth believed schools should be co - educational and provide the same training for females that was provided for males. she thought women should participate in sports, ride bicycles and exercise vigorously. elizabeth raised seven children but very infrequently left her home for public activity until she was fifty, when her last child became independent. however, she held controversial views on child rearing, too. she said babies should not be swaddled, as was the custom. she wanted them to be bathed daily and taken outside for sunshine and fresh air. she also encouraged mothers to give their infants water to drink in addition to their regular diet. she did not believe in corporeal punishment, but said children could be disciplined by reason and persuasion. she thought the wale - boned corsets worn by young girls and women dislodged every vital organ in the female body, and she refused to wear them. about the only custom elizabeth did not defy was women \u2019 s long dress. although she wore the \" bloomer \" costume or \" free dress \" for several years, she finally gave it up because she thought it diverted attention from more important reforms for women. women appearing in public in the bloomer dress were frequently jeered by passers - by and pelted with rotten fruit or vegetables by rowdy street urchins. because of her outspoken challenge to the status quo, elizabeth was suspect to nearly every segment in society. politicians, physicians, clergymen, businessmen and most women denounced her radical views. although there was never a public rift between elizabeth and henry, he seemed to copy best by ignoring her and keeping his distance. progress at last nevertheless, throughout the years, people were reading her essays and listening to her speeches. as she grew older, her reputation remained essentially unaltered, but the people did not. she had changed the way people thought. her 80th birthday was celebrated in the metropolitan opera house in new york city. a well - known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48921856679541875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.131783"} {"text": "her speeches. as she grew older, her reputation remained essentially unaltered, but the people did not. she had changed the way people thought. her 80th birthday was celebrated in the metropolitan opera house in new york city. a well - known newspaper editor paid her this tribute : \" every woman who seeks the legal custody of her children ; who finds the door of a college or university open to her ; who administers a post - office or a public library ; who enters upon a career of medicine, law or theology ; who teaches school or tills a farm or keeps a shop or rides a bicycle \u2014 every such woman owes her liberty largely to yourself and to your earliest and bravest co - workers. \" during her last years, elizabeth, then widowed, dwelt on woman \u2019 s self - reliance. in looking back over her life, it occurred to her that she had managed by her robust energy, intelligence, good - natured wit, and her own spiritual and moral strengths. henry, always an advocate of equality in the abstract, apparently never made the connection between equality in the marriage and harmony in the home. in her most famous speech, \" the solitude of self, \" she said, ( in abbreviate form ) \" no matter how much women prefer to lean, to be protected and supported, nor how much men prefer to have them do so, they must make the voyage of life alone. the talk of sheltering woman from the fierce storms of life is sheerest mockery, for they beat on her just as they do on man. whatever the theories may be of woman \u2019 dependence on man, in the supreme moments of her life he cannot bear her burdens. [ in ] the tragedies and triumphs of human experience each mortal stands alone. the strongest reason why we ask for woman a voice in government, in religion, in social life, is because she must relay on herself. \" ( quotes from griffith, elizabeth, in her own right, oxford university press, 1984 ; general background from various published sources on woman \u2019 s history. copyright 1993 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.449505653903222, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.132832"} {"text": "samarium : the essentials samarium has a bright silver lustre and is reasonably stable in air. it ignites in air at 150\u00b0c. it is a rare earth metal. it is found with other rare earth elements in minerals including monazite and bastnaesite and is used in electronics industries. samarium : historical information samarium was discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1853 by jean charles galissard de marignac in an \" earth \" called didymia. the element was isolated in 1879 by lecoq de boisbaudran from the mineral samarskite, named in honour of a russian mine official, colonel samarski, and which therefore gave samarium its name. samarium : physical properties samarium : orbital properties isolation : samarium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. this is largely because of the way it is found in nature. the lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. the most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. the first two are orthophosphate minerals lnpo4 ( ln deonotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare ) and the third is a fluoride carbonate lnco3f. lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. the most comon lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. monazite also contains thorium and ytrrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive. for many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulphuric acid ( h2so4 ), hydrochloric acid ( hcl ), and sodium hydroxide ( naoh ). modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography. pure samarium is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten smcl3 and nacl ( or cacl2 ) in a graphite cell which acts as cathode using graphite as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4942944138732145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.135802"} {"text": "what a perfect activity for a seven year old ( or a twelve year old, a 25 year old, a 45 year old or a 72 year old! ) i love that origami teaches little mr. b. the skill of carefully reading & following detailed, step - by - step instructions - - the same skill he learns when following instructions for putting together a lego set. except that, at the end of a lego project, he ends up with a big, plastic piece of junk, while when he completes an origami project, he ends up with a lovely bit of paper - art ( me? biased against legos? no, not me! ) besides the pair of technicolor penguins pictured above, we ' ve made... mama & baby owls... papa & baby hedgehogs... and a little, purple bat! there are so many good books for creating origami with children. we found these at our local library : super simple origami by irmgard kneissler absolute beginner ' s origami by nick robinson super quick origami animals by nick robinson origami for children by mari ono & roshin ono origami toys that tumble, fly & spin by paul jackson making origami fish step by step by michael g. lafosse making origami birds step by step by michael g. lafosse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4804647993774039, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.137199"} {"text": "the book of job is the 18th book of the old testament of the bible, and contains a single story of a man named job ( prounounced to rhyme with \" robe \" ). in the story, job, a faithful servant of god, has his life turned upside down and his family killed because of a bet that god makes with satan. job, who lives in the land of uz, is \" perfect and upright \". ( job 1 : 1 ) he has a happy marriage with many sons and daughters, and he owns plenty of livestock and servants. god meets satan and asks : \" have you considered my servant job? there is no one on earth like him ; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears god and shuns evil. \" ( job 1 : 8 ) satan replies that job is good only because he has a good life, \" stretch out your hand and strike everything he has, and he will surely curse you to your face. \" god agrees to this wager, and gives satan complete power over job ' s life. first satan kills job ' s servants and livestock ( job 1 : 14 - 17 ). then he kills job ' s sons and daughters ( job 1 : 18 - 19 ). job himself is afflicted with terrible boils over his entire body ( job 2 : 7 - 8 ). yet job does not renounce god, even though his wife tells him that he should. he does, however, complain a lot about his situation, cursing the day he was born. job ' s neighbors then accuse him of wickedness, asserting that if he renounces his sin and returns to righteousness, he will be restored to health and prosperity. they assume that he must have been wicked, because otherwise god would not have allowed bad things to happen to him. job spends many chapters arguing with these neighbors, asserting that he has done nothing wrong and has nothing to answer for. he tries to rationalize his situation, but also asks god what he did to deserve his terrible fate. he initially receives no answer, and chastises his neighbors for lying in order to defend god ( job 13 : 7 - 11 ). then elihu, the youngest of the neighbors and supposed author of the book of job, speaks up against job with a supposedly much better argument, which comes down to : \" god is way bigger and better than you, so don ' t question him and just apologize, even if you don ' t know what you did. \" finally god appears to job", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4104621791606423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.141031"} {"text": "job with a supposedly much better argument, which comes down to : \" god is way bigger and better than you, so don ' t question him and just apologize, even if you don ' t know what you did. \" finally god appears to job to respond to his pleas. he essentially goes on a long tirade, not answering job ' s questions, but instead repeatedly making comments like this : \" where wast thou when i laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. \" ( job 38 : 4 ) \" hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all. \" ( job 38 : 18 ) \" knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? \" ( job 38 : 33 ) and so forth. job is chastened. he humbly replies : \" behold, i am vile ; what shall i answer thee? i will lay mine hand upon my mouth. once have i spoken ; but i will not answer : yea, twice ; but i will proceed no further. \" ( job 40 : 4 - 5 ) god then proceeds to brag about his accomplishments, and job continues to be sorry for questioning him. so god wins his bet with satan, and he rewards job by giving him more than he had before. job receives twice as many livestock and servants, and has the same number of sons and daughters, only his new daughters are the very prettiest in the nation. job lives to be 140 years old and dies happy. the moral of this story is that we cannot understand god ' s motives, but if we trust in god unquestioningly, then he will provide for us. god never did explain his reasons to job. when job asked, god ' s answer was basically \" were you there when i created the universe? no, so shut up! \" according to the story, the real reason he dealt out all this punishment, misery, and the deaths of job ' s innocent children and servants, was to settle a bet. that strikes some atheists as extremely petty. and speaking of the children and servants, why get them involved? they were not even directly related to the bet. what did they do to deserve death? no doubt job found consolation in his new family, but that is not much comfort to the dead family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43310030186669574, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.142113"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. uc davis extension short courses the university of california offers many courses to the general public to assist in furthering their educational goal. these courses are offered through the university ' s outreach division uc davis extension. while uc davis extension offers courses for a wide variety of topics, in conjunction with the department of viticulture & enology, they have developed a number of excellent wine making and grape growing classes. within the last few years we have begun to adapt classes so that they may be offered as distance learning courses via the internet. more information on class schedules and requirements can be found on the university extension web site. read more >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5437398348281737, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.143480"} {"text": "by kate kelland london ( reuters ) - just one sleepless night can hamper the body ' s ability to use insulin to process sugar in the bloodstream, according to a study which scientists say might help explain why diabetes is on the rise. researchers said their findings suggest it may be no coincidence that while sleep duration has shortened in western societies in the past decade there has also been an increase in cases of \" insulin resistance \" and adult - onset diabetes. \" our findings show a short night of sleep has more profound effects on metabolic regulation than previously appreciated, \" said esther donga, director of leiden university medical center in the netherlands, who led the study published on wednesday. type 2 diabetes is caused by the body ' s inability to adequately use insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, to control glucose sugar produced from food. sugar levels rise and can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries. the disease, linked to poor diet and lack of exercise, is reaching epidemic levels. an estimated 180 million people now suffer from diabetes around the world. previous studies have found that several nights of poor sleep can result in impaired use of insulin, but donga said this was the first study to examine the effects of only a single bad night ' s sleep. the dutch scientists examined nine healthy people - - once after a night of eight hours sleep and once after a night of just four hours. the findings, published in the journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism ( jcem ), showed that partial sleep restriction during a single night reduced some types of insulin sensitivity by 19 to 25 percent. \" our data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not fixed in healthy ( people ), but depends on the duration of sleep in the preceding night, \" donga wrote in the study. \" in fact it is tempting to speculate that the negative effects of multiple nights of shortened sleep on glucose tolerance can be reproduced, at least in part, by just one sleepless night. \" a study by u. s. scientists published last year found that people who slept less than six hours a night were 4. 5 times more likely to develop abnormal blood sugar readings in six years compared with those who slept longer. experts say adults typically need between seven and nine hours sleep a night. donga said further studies were needed to see whether ways of improving sleep duration could help stabilize glucose levels in patients with diabetes. ( editing by andrew roche )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4626640694793033, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.146595"} {"text": "| title : | | sticky graphics : creating memorable graphic design using mnemonics and visual hooks | | publisher : | | switzerland : rotovision sa | | issue date : | | 2006 | | additional links : | | http : / / www. wlv. ac. uk / default. aspx? page = 16092 | | abstract : | | the researchers question the ways in which visual factors play a vital role in affecting memory, specifically examining the ways in which the visual language of graphic design plays a vital role in modifying memory. glaser and knight discusses what personal influences and world issues influence memory ( for example family and individual preference ). this research emerges from their interest in mnemonics and the fact that there was a lack of research specifically relating to visual mnemonics within graphic design. the strategies involve interdisciplinary text based research and original research with professionals leading to analysis and synthesis. the book is organized in terms of visual content and its spatial context, the pursuit of emotional response, tactile response and closes with a chapter on metaphor, metonomy and simile. the work is referenced to experienced, professional graphic designers, with examples of visual communication from around the world. the authors collate archive, analyze and present visual examples that demonstrate how visual language can aid memory. glaser \u2019 s primary focus is on the visual aspects, while knight \u2019 s is upon linguistic content. | | description : | | glaser and her co - author examine working methodologies, communication strategies, audience comprehension and retention within contemporary visual communication practices. the research focuses on the roles of graphic wit and shock, image, colour and composition, visual figures of speech and the use of materials and processes in the context of creating visual mnemonics. | | appears in collections : | | art, design and creative technology | | files in this item : | there are no files associated with this item. all items in wire are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5302576390941773, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.149237"} {"text": "the tornado of 1985 - tornado memories on may 31, 1985, a series of tornadoes hit northeastern ohio and western pennsylvania, leaving behind a wide path of death and devastation. homes and businesses were destroyed and it was many years before recovery efforts were completed. the local history and genealogy center of the warren - trumbull county public library has started a collection of photographs, newspaper articles and reminiscences from those who experienced the disaster. our goal is to create a centralized collection of information relating to the tornado, so that future generations will have access to the events of that night more than 20 years ago, and the courage and community that arose in the hours, days and weeks following. see a sample of photographs from our larger collection at the photographic memories page. read what others remember about the tornado of 1985 at our memories from around the valley page. ( a complete collection of written memories - including submissions not available online - is on file in the local history and genealogy center. ) to learn more about severe weather events in the buckeye state visit the severe weather in ohio : online exhibit on the ohio historical society website. you may also want to visit this site by jim bruner, it is dedicated to all who lost their lives from the may 31, 1985 tornadoes that devastated ohio, pennsylvania, new york and canada. return to the local history & genealogy page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4270027412941033, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.151762"} {"text": "total lunar eclipse on saturday, western states get rare view the last total lunar eclipse of 2011 \u2014 and the last one until april 15, 2014 \u2014 occurs saturday morning. and though those of us in the eastern u. s. won ' t really be able to enjoy it, nasa says that some folks in western states will have \" a rare way to begin the day. \" if the sky is clear, they ' ll be able to \" face west to see the red [ eclipsed ] moon sinking into the horizon \" as the sun rises behind their backs to the east. the best part of the show should be between 6 : 06 a. m. and 6 : 57 a. m. pacific time. the washington post ' s capital weather gang blog notes that it might not seem possible for anyone to be able to see a rising sun and a fully eclipsed moon at the same time because \" by definition, a lunar eclipse occurs when the sun and moon are 180 degrees apart, with earth moving between them to form a straight line. \" but, thanks to atmospheric refraction, the rare view will be available if you ' re in the right place. \" atmospheric refraction causes astronomical objects to appear higher in the sky than they are in reality. for example : when you see the sun sitting on the horizon, it is not there really. it ' s actually below the edge of the horizon, but our atmosphere acts like a lens and bends the sun ' s image just above the horizon, allowing us to see it.... \" the same holds true with the moon, as well. \" there ' s even a name for when an eclipsed moon sets just as the sun rises : it ' s a selenelion ( or selenehelion, space. com says ). among cities where space. com says the effect should be visible, assuming the skies are clear : los angeles, phoenix, denver and winnipeg. it has a chart showing some cities and their selenelion times posted here. other good views of the eclipse ( though not a rising sun at the same time ), says abc news, will be \" from places like hawaii, alaska and guam, where it will be the middle of the night, and from eastern asia and australia, where ( remember, they ' re on the other side of the international date line ) it will be saturday evening. \" regular two - way readers know we do enjoy a lunar eclipse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.447287356015557, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.154104"} {"text": "plants to be studied : tomato, especially solanum lycopersicum and solanum pennellii. - project objectives : plants acquire the bulk of their energy from light capture by leaves, and leaf shape has direct consequences on the efficiency of light capture and photosynthetic carbon fixation. as a result, leaf shape must be optimized in response to variation in light quality. to understand the genetic programs controlling fundamental developmental processes, genetic networks regulating both environmental response and morphological form must be integrated. this proposal uses a genomics approach to understand natural variation in leaf morphology and light response, and to investigate the mechanism by which these two genetic networks are integrated to ensure optimal developmental pattern. - experimental approaches : to elucidate developmental networks, we are using a \" genetical genomics \" approach, taking advantage of near isogenic mapping lines ( nils ) where regions of the s. pennellii genome have been introgressed into s. lycopersicum. importantly, the parental species vary significantly in both light response and leaf complexity. we are sequencing the parental line transcriptomes to deep coverage to acquire genome - wide mrna sequence and snp information. the resulting data will be used to expand the tomato unigene set and to develop a dense genome - wide marker database for s. lycopersicum and s. pennellii. the nil population will be phenotyped for leaf development and light - response traits and characterized for genome - wide transcript levels and genotypes by massively parallel short - read sequencing. construction of genetic networks regulating leaf morphology and light development from this genotype, phenotype, and trancript profile data will be coupled with genetic and transgenic approaches to identify central regulators of development and developmental variation. the resulting network will then be used as a guide to survey natural variation found in additional wild tomato accessions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5097071391224842, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.157348"} {"text": "with summer just around the corner, the days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter. this means more hours a day that the sun is in contact with your skin. with this prolonged uv exposure, it is important to keep your skin protected. keep reading for some helpful tips on using sunscreen to effectively guard your skin during the summer months. choosing your sunscreen do you ever wonder how effective your sunscreen really is? are certain types better than others? does spf actually mean anything? keep reading for some tips on choosing sunscreen. what kind is the best? there are two main types of sunscreen : physical blockers and chemical blockers. each one has its pros and cons. physical blockers are made from titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which are materials that sit on the surface of the skin and are not quickly absorbed. because of this, physical blockers reflect uv rays. this type of sunscreen lasts longer than chemical blockers, but because it is not absorbed can be easily washed or sweated off. chemical blockers, on the other hand, are made up of benzophenones. these chemicals help to absorb uv radiation. because this type of sunscreen does soak into the skin, it is much more water resistant than physical blockers. however, it wears off much faster, and therefore needs to be reapplied more frequently. both chemical and physical blockers are effective in protecting your skin from uv rays, but which one you use should depend on the situation. if you are going to be in water or sweating a lot, a chemical blocker would probably be the best choice. any other sun exposure would most likely be fine with a physical blocker. what does spf even mean? spf stands for sun protection factor. a common misconception about spf is that the higher the number, the less you have to reapply. in actuality, the spf number is only a guide to how long you can go without reapplying. a good rule of thumb is to multiply the number of minutes it takes you to burn without sunscreen times the spf number to find your maximum sun exposure time with sunscreen. for example, if it normally takes you 15 minutes to burn, and you use a sunscreen of 20 spf, then you can go a maximum of 300 minutes in the sun before reapplying. this equation is not always accurate, however, because most people use less sunscreen than the amount used in testing ; therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.511584403550172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.174215"} {"text": "a sunscreen of 20 spf, then you can go a maximum of 300 minutes in the sun before reapplying. this equation is not always accurate, however, because most people use less sunscreen than the amount used in testing ; therefore, reapplication needs to be even more frequent. the american academy of dermatology recommends using a sunscreen that is of an spf 30 or higher, and protects against both uva and uvb rays. in order for sunscreen to be effective, it is important to apply it properly. here are some tips for using sunscreen : - apply sunscreen 15 - 30 minutes before going outside so that it has time to fully absorb into your skin. - one ounce is usually enough to cover all surfaces of your body. typically one ounce is about 2 tablespoons. - reapply every two hours or after swimming or heavily sweating. - don \u2019 t forget your lips! use a lip balm with an spf of 30 or higher to protect your lips from getting burned, too. soothing a burn if you do get burned, there are some easy home remedies you can try to help ease the pain. - aloe vera or a cool compress to cool off the burn and reduce stinging. - drink water and use lotion to restore moisture back into your skin. - blend washed potatoes in a food processor or blender and apply the mixture to the burned area. once it dries, wash it off. the potatoes help to relieve some of the pain accompanied by the burn. - taking an over - the - counter pain reliever such as aspirin may also help to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. while one sunburn may only cause you a slight inconvenience, repeated exposure to the sun \u2019 s uv rays without protection could possibly lead to skin cancer. because of this, it is important to use sunscreen anytime you will be in contact with the sun and to reapply often. be sure to use enough to generously cover all exposed areas, and your skin will have a much better chance at surviving the summer. are you afraid of going to the dentist? studies show that about 15 % of americans suffer from dental anxiety or phobia. there are many different factors that may contribute to this fear ; however, it is important to overcome dental fears, otherwise it may have a negative effect on your health. keep reading for some tips to help set your mind at ease at the dentist. fear of the pain / drill if the fear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4217707919736017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.175335"} {"text": "to this fear ; however, it is important to overcome dental fears, otherwise it may have a negative effect on your health. keep reading for some tips to help set your mind at ease at the dentist. fear of the pain / drill if the fear of excruciating pain from the drill or other procedure is what \u2019 s keeping you from going to the dentist, there are some steps you can take to help make the idea less scary. first, do your research. familiarize yourself with the procedure so that you know exactly what to expect every step of the way. learn about the technology used ; today \u2019 s advanced technology makes many procedures painless. ask your dentist, too, as his technique may be different from what is normally done. if you are still hesitant, keep your eyes closed and ask your dentist if you can put in your headphones and listen to music while he is working on your mouth. if you can \u2019 t see or hear what \u2019 s going on, it may help reduce any pain or discomfort you might otherwise experience. fear of needles the needle numbs your mouth for the procedure, but what numbs your mouth for the needle? if you \u2019 re afraid of that sharp needle piercing your soft gum tissue, talk to your dentist. depending on the procedure, the dentist may be able to use another means of numbing, such as nitrous oxide. if not, he may be able to use a strong numbing gel to desensitize the area before the needle goes in. it may also help to close your eyes, so that you do not see the needle being put in your mouth. in some cases, people may be avoiding the dentist because they are embarrassed by the condition of their teeth. if you are embarrassed by your teeth, talk to your dentist. it is a dentist \u2019 s job to provide you with dental care \u2013 regardless of the state of your teeth. chances are the dentist has seen much worse, and the only way to repair your smile is to see a dentist. voice any insecurities you have to your dentist. he or she will be able to ease your mind about getting dental care. effect on overall health severe dental anxiety can have negative effects on your health. letting fear keep you from seeing the dentist can result in poor dental health, which in turn can affect your overall health. if your teeth and gums become chronically infected, this can affect speech patterns and the ability to chew and digest properly, and even lead to heart disease. because the effect of avoiding the dentist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4440565993692028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.176345"} {"text": "health, which in turn can affect your overall health. if your teeth and gums become chronically infected, this can affect speech patterns and the ability to chew and digest properly, and even lead to heart disease. because the effect of avoiding the dentist extends beyond dental health, it is important to overcome any dental fear and go in for regular cleanings. dental anxiety keeps many people from visiting the dentist, but that can have detrimental effects on oral health. if fear or nervousness is keeping you from seeing the dentist, talk to your dentist about your concerns. he or she should be able to provide you with what you need to make your experience comfortable. 90 % of americans think they have a healthy diet, according to a survey by consumer reports. however, many foods and habits that are widely considered to be healthy may actually be causing more harm than good. are you promoting a healthy lifestyle, or are your habits hurting you more than you know? keep reading to find out what foods and habits are surprisingly unhealthy. surprisingly unhealthy foods - dried fruit and nuts : dried fruit and nuts do have some nutritional value as an excellent source of fiber, vitamin c, and healthy fats and protein. however, the fruit and nut mixtures often have a ton of added salt and sugar. they may even include other items in the mix, such as chocolate chips. all of these things combined turn an otherwise healthy snack into a health hazard. look for mixes without added sugar or salt, to enjoy the snack without the risk. or buy plain nuts and dried fruit and make the mix yourself! - granola : granola is a great source of potassium, fiber and protein, but it can also be high in fat and calories. in addition, many of the items eaten with or added to granola are unhealthy, such as yogurt, chocolate or sugar. try pairing granola with low - calorie cereals to add more nutritional value, and portion control is always key. - bran muffin : while bran itself is very heart healthy and friendly to the digestive system, adding it to a muffin somewhat negates the nutritional value. muffins contain a lot of sugar and fat. in fact, health expert and author joan salge blake even said that a bran muffin could potentially have more calories than a donut! the best option is to head straight for the bran and skip the muffin altogether ; but, if you must have the muffin, there are some recipes available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4446703247442157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.177294"} {"text": "even said that a bran muffin could potentially have more calories than a donut! the best option is to head straight for the bran and skip the muffin altogether ; but, if you must have the muffin, there are some recipes available for healthier muffins. - veggie patties : veggie burgers certainly have a lot of healthy nutrients in them ; however, the pre - made, frozen patties usually contain a lot of added ingredients such as yeast extract, cornstarch and gums which have little nutritional value. check the label for the ingredients and nutrition information before buying veggie patties to make sure they are a healthy choice. - reduced fat peanut butter : you would think anything with reduced fat would be a healthier option than the fatty, regular stuff, right? while oftentimes this is the case, the fat in peanut butter is actually healthy. removing it therefore eliminates a lot of the nutritional value. stick with regular peanut butter, but watch your portions since peanuts tend to be high in calories. surprisingly unhealthy habits - using hand sanitizer : while hand sanitizer can be helpful for hand washing on the go, it really isn \u2019 t any more effective than soap and water. in addition, some hand sanitizing gels contain the ingredient triclosan, which can actually help promote the growth of bacteria. look for brands that contain at least 60 % alcohol which help kill bacteria more effectively. - wearing flip flops : flip flops help keep your feet cool during the summer, but that \u2019 s about the only favor the shoes do for your feet. flip flops have no arch support or structural support for your feet, which can lead to strained muscles. likewise, wearing no shoes at all can have a similar effect. for your summer footwear, opt for comfortable sandals that will provide plenty of support for your feet. - drinking bottled water : while drinking it bottled is better than not drinking water at all, only drinking bottled water is not the healthiest option. bottled water contains no fluoride, as opposed to tap water, which does. a fluoride deficiency can lead to tooth decay, so it is important to try to get fluoride in your water. if you are concerned about what might be in tap water, you can get a purifier such as brita or pur. these purifiers eliminate any impurities in the water but keep the fluoride. - cleaning with di", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41967583167935596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.179464"} {"text": "you are concerned about what might be in tap water, you can get a purifier such as brita or pur. these purifiers eliminate any impurities in the water but keep the fluoride. - cleaning with disinfecting products : cleaners that claim to be disinfectant or antibacterial may seem useful in cleaning your home, but inhaling the chemicals in these cleaners can have negative effects on your health. these products contain chemicals called quaternary ammonium compounds, which can lead to asthma if inhaled. in addition, some products also contain a cancer - causing chemical called 2 - butoxyethanol. disinfectant cleaners have not been proven to be any more effective than regular cleaners, so you may want to stick with those if you are concerned about the health risk. - overbrushing your teeth : brushing your teeth is definitely a good thing, but brushing them too hard or too often can be damaging to the enamel, making teeth more prone to tooth decay. dentists recommend brushing for two minutes, 2 - 3 times a day with a soft bristled brush to avoid potential damage. if needed, you can rinse away any food particles left over from eating with a glass of water in between brushings. eating well and avoiding harmful habits is essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. therefore, it is important to be aware of what could potentially have a negative influence on your health. to find out more about what you can do to be healthier, talk to your doctor. dental hygiene is very important to overall health. however, dental care is most effective when done properly. many people do not realize that they are taking care of their teeth incorrectly. if you \u2019 re worried you might be one of these people, read on to discover some helpful tips on proper dental care. the proper way to brush brushing teeth is a daily task. however, many people are unaware that there is a right and wrong way to brush their teeth. in fact, according to a survey by men \u2019 s health news, 90 % of people brush their teeth wrong. here \u2019 s the proper way to brush your teeth, starting with choosing the right toothbrush. certain toothbrushes are better for your oral health than others. choose a toothbrush that is comfortable for you to use, because the more comfortable it is for you, the more likely you are to brush your teeth. many sizes and handle varieties are available, but these things are a matter of preference. the br", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4822186515892816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.180642"} {"text": "choose a toothbrush that is comfortable for you to use, because the more comfortable it is for you, the more likely you are to brush your teeth. many sizes and handle varieties are available, but these things are a matter of preference. the bristles, however, should be soft. hard bristles are abrasive and can damage enamel. in addition, your toothbrush should be stored in an environment that allows it to completely dry in between uses. toothbrush cases and caps are great for storing your toothbrush during travel, but should not be used immediately after use as they will lock in the moisture, increasing the chance of bacterial growth. don \u2019 t let this fact tempt you to skimp on rinsing your brush after each use, though ; leaving the toothbrush un - rinsed can cause bacteria to grow, as well. in addition, you should replace your toothbrush every 3 - 4 months, as it becomes worn out and is no longer as effective. how to brush brushing should be done a minimum of twice daily, at morning and at night. too much brushing, however, can wear away enamel and irritate gums. to prevent this, professionals discourage brushing more than three times a day. brushing should take a total of about two minutes, spending about 30 seconds on each quadrant of the mouth. when brushing, the brush should be held at a 45 degree angle, using short strokes in a circular, up and down motion. many people move their brush horizontally, but this can wear ridges in your enamel that cause teeth to become dull and rough. don \u2019 t forget to get the inner surfaces of your teeth and your tongue, too! the proper way to floss flossing is often neglected, but is an essential part of your daily oral hygiene routine. flossing gets in the tight spaces that your toothbrush can \u2019 t fit into. in addition, flossing has also been linked to the prevention of diabetes and other diseases. however, flossing is only effective when performed correctly ; otherwise, it may cause more harm than good. choosing the right floss there are many different types of floss available. you should use either nylon floss, which is multifilament, or ptfe ( polytetrafluoroethylene ) floss with one filament. while the nylon floss is much cheaper, its many filaments make it easy for the floss to tear or shred while in use. ptfe floss is one strand and therefore can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4270008132571243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.181643"} {"text": "cause more harm than good, so be sure to stay away from alcohol based products. how to use mouthwash after you \u2019 ve brushed and flossed, measure out 20ml of mouthwash and gargle the liquid for 45 - 60 seconds. be careful not to swallow any of the mouthwash. after you are finished gargling, spit the mouthwash out and rinse with water, unless stated otherwise in the directions on the bottle. it is best not to eat or drink anything for 30 minutes after use for maximum effectiveness. if you use a mouthwash, you should use it one to two times a day. it can be used at any time of day, though some say it is most effective in the afternoon so the fluoride can integrate into the tooth structure. while brushing your incorrectly is definitely better than skipping brushing all together, it is not as effective and could potentially damage your teeth. for the best results, use the proper methods listed for brushing, flossing and using mouthwash. talk to your dentist for more information on proper dental care. march 20th marked the first day of spring this year, and for many people that means warmer weather, green grass and blooming flowers. for some, however, the beginning of spring is not as cheerful an event. to these people, spring only has one meaning \u2013 allergies. roughly 20 % of the american population suffers from some sort of allergy. because spring is the time of year when everything begins to bloom and grow, it is also the time of year when airborne allergies like pollen become most prevalent. keep reading to find out more about seasonal allergies and what you can do to avoid them. cause of allergies have you ever wondered how allergies develop, or why you react to a particular allergen? the exact cause of allergies is unknown, but there are many factors that are thought to play a part in the development of allergies. - genetics. certain allergies can be hereditary. if one or both of your parents are allergic to something, there \u2019 s a good chance you will develop that allergy as well. however, you may not always develop the same allergy as your parents. while allergies are typically genetic, the substance you are allergic to may vary from generation to generation. - age. chances of allergy development can increase after repeated exposure to a particular substance that the body does not recognize. therefore, experts believe that the likelihood of developing allergies increases later in life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4588105459853268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.183609"} {"text": "are allergic to may vary from generation to generation. - age. chances of allergy development can increase after repeated exposure to a particular substance that the body does not recognize. therefore, experts believe that the likelihood of developing allergies increases later in life due to continuous exposure to an allergen. - immune response. scientists also believe that how your immune system responds to certain intruders plays a part in the development of allergies. if the immune system identifies a substance that has entered the body as a dangerous intruder, it will fight to eliminate the substance and develop a sensitivity to it. - your environment. where you live ( or are ) can also have an effect on allergic reactions. if a certain allergen has a high prevalence in a particular area, it is unlikely that people who live in that area will react to that substance. because they are exposed to it often, the immune system recognizes it as a normal substance. however, if someone from a different area is exposed to that allergen, they may develop the allergy because their immune system does not recognize it. allergies can be treated with prescription or over - the - counter medication. any of the following types of medicine are commonly taken for allergies : - nasal steroids - expectorants such as guaifenesin in addition, some non - medical treatments may be done to help relieve allergies. some types of acupuncture have been known to treat allergies, as well as some over - the - counter saline sprays. you may also consider getting an air filter for your house to make sure the air that is coming in is pure. it is also a good idea to avoid going outside or to places where your allergies may be triggered. if you \u2019 re prone to allergies, you may want to take extra caution during the spring months to avoid coming into contact with allergens. try one of these helpful tips for allergy - proofing your home. - close your windows and doors. in both your car and at home, open windows / doors invite airborne allergens in. keep them closed to keep out potential allergy - causing substances. - don \u2019 t use fans. not only do fans help spread allergens throughout a room, they are also a common breeding ground for some common allergens, such as dust mites. avoid fan usage during allergy season as it may worsen allergies. - dry clothes inside. drying clothes on a clothes line outside may attract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46959963821667744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.184589"} {"text": "this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source : bohlsen group freeda j. simmons - mcmillan ' s work continues following her passing. nashville, tn ( prweb ) december 13, 2012 throughout our nation \u2019 s history, differences in race and culture have been, and continue to be, a major factor in conflicts and hate crimes. with \u2018 black & white in a multi - colored america \u2019, freeda j. simmons - mcmillan set out to break down the barriers created by cultural and racial differences. with the belief that lack of acceptance stems from a lack of familiarity, simmons - mcmillan created the works in the book to educate the readers about the similarities and differences between people of different cultures, emphasizing that people are all equal, no matter the background. simmons - mcmillan, who was a nurse for more than twenty years, died suddenly in 2010. following her death, her daughter, galileo simmons, compiled her mother \u2019 s work into \u2018 black & white in a multi - colored america \u2019. \u201c prior to my mother \u2019 s death, she was writing and creating art, hoping that one day it would be published, \u201d says simmons. \u201c many years before her death, she asked that if anything happened to her, i would continue her work and get the book published. \u201d simmons, who is also a nurse, says that her mother pulled from her own life experiences and beliefs to write the book. \u201c she was inspired to write the book based on her own interactions with the many different people she treated during her long career as a nurse, \u201d says simmons. \u201c through reading my mother \u2019 s experiences and insights, my hope is that readers will look into themselves and change their way of thinking about people with different racial or cultural backgrounds. \u201d according to simmons, the book is built on her mother \u2019 s belief that individual parts are never greater than the sum and all people are woven together to create a bigger, beautiful picture. \u2018 black & white in a multi - colored america \u2019 by freeda j. simmons - mcmillan available at http : / / www. amazon. com about the authors a nurse for more than twenty years, freeda j. simmons - mcmillan met and interacted with people from many different backgrounds and races. as a nurse, she worked in many different capacities, including surgery, intensive care and emergency. sadly, she passed on in early 2010. following her death, her daughter galileo simmons compiled and published freed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4953915947409078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.187664"} {"text": "the bbc and master computer public domain library basic iv rom routines page last altered : 8fae execute next command line / program statement submitted by steve fewell this routine has many entry points ( depending on how the last statement finished and what needs to be done to tidy up before the next statement can be executed. the entry points are listed between square brackets ( ). therefore, this routine may not necessarily be executed in the order described. [ & 8fae ] skip the rest of the line. this routine is called when a data keyword is found ( as data statements are skipped when reached and not executed ( as the read command controls how they are handled ). it is also called when the def keyword is found ( as function and procedure definitions are not directly executed until they are called by an fn or proc keyword ). this routine is also called when a rem keyword is found, to skip the rest of the line - as it is a comment line. additionally, this routine is also executed when a ' * ' command is found ( the ' * ' command is first passed to the operating system oscli routine and then this routine skips the line - so that basic doesn ' t try to execute the ' * ' command. the rest of the line is skipped as follows : * set a to # & 0d ( the end of line character - ' < cr > ' ). * set y to the basic text pointer a offset ( & 0a ) - 1. * keep incrementing y and checking the character at basic text pointer a ( & 0b - & 0c ) plus y ( offset ) with the character in a ( the ' < cr > ' character ) until the characters match. * call routine & 9bbc to update the basic text pointer a address ( to include the y offset value ) and to reset the offset ( & 0a ) to 1. ( basically, this adds y to the text pointer a address ( & 0b - & 0c ) ). [ & 8fbd ] this routine checks whether the last character read ( in a ) is ' < cr > ', if it isn ' t then jump to & 8fae to skip the rest of the line. now, we are at the end of the line ( i. e. we have reached the ' < cr > ' character ). [ & 8fc1 ] if the basic text pointer msb address is # & 07 then there are no more program lines to execute (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46478971580842987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.199466"} {"text": "the end of the line ( i. e. we have reached the ' < cr > ' character ). [ & 8fc1 ] if the basic text pointer msb address is # & 07 then there are no more program lines to execute ( as we were executing a statement from the command line - and not from within a program ), so jump to & 8f86 to prompt for the next command line input. set y to # & 01. load the next character ( offset y ) from the basic text pointer a location. if the character is negative ( i. e. # & ff ) then we have reached the end of the program, so jump to & 8f86 to prompt for the next command line input. [ & 8fdb ] set the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ) to # & 04 ( i. e. the first character of the program if the trace flag ( location & 20 ) is on ( i. e. it ' s value is not zero ), then : - * set iwa to the line number ( msb byte ( & 2b ) = the first byte at basic text pointer a ( offset 1 ) and the lsb byte ( & 2a ) - = the second byte at basic text pointer a location ( offset 2 ) ). - * call routine & 9c4b to display the trace line number ( in the iwa ) on the screen. line - after the line number and line length ). jump to & 900d to execute the statement at the basic text pointer a location. [ & 8feb ] check for special start statement characters ' * ', ' = ', ' ext keyword ' and ' [ ' set y to the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ) minus 1. load the character at the basic text pointer a location ( plus offset - y ) ( this should be the first character of the if the character is ' * ' then jump to & 8fa4 to execute the ' * ' - command. if the character is ' [ ' then set the opt flag ( location & 28 ) to 3 ( default setting ) and jump to & 8920 to begin if the character is ' = ' then jump to & 9060 to deal with returning from a function and setting the return variable ' s if the character is ' ext keyword ' then jump to & be93 to execute the ' ext = ' statement. note : in basic 2, it was not possible to assign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4396918393894129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.200446"} {"text": "returning from a function and setting the return variable ' s if the character is ' ext keyword ' then jump to & be93 to execute the ' ext = ' statement. note : in basic 2, it was not possible to assign a file length ( ext ) value, only to read the ext value ; therefore, only 1 basic token exists for the ' ext ' keyword ( unlike ptr, page, lomem and himem which have 2 keyword tokens, one for the setting of the value ( where the keyword occurs before the ' = ' ), and one for the reading of the value ( where the keyword occurs after the ' = ' ) ). when basic version 4 was written, there was not enough spare basic keyword token values to have two ' ext ' keywords ( one for ' ext = ' and the other for ' = ext ' ), so this workaround directly tests for the ' ext ' keyword appearing at the start of a statement ( along with the other special start statement characters ' * ', ' [ ' and ' = ' ) in order to distinguish between the reading of the ext value and the writing of the ext value. the ext address in the keyword execution address table points to the ext read ( = ext ) routine - this is used when the ext keyword is not at the start of the basic program statement. [ & 9000 - & 9048 ] execute the basic statement [ & 9000 ] decrement the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ). [ & 9002 ] call routine & 9ba6 to check for the end of statement ( ' syntax error ' if ' : ', ' < cr > ' or ' else ' not found ). [ & 9005 ] load the character pointed to by basic text pointer a. if the character is not ' : ' then jump back to & 8fbd to skip the rest of the program line and then proceed to execute the statement on the next line. [ & 900b ] set y to the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ). [ & 900d ] keep incrementing the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ) until we have found a non - space character. this skips any spaces at the beginning of the basic statement. if the first non - space character is more than or equal to # & cf ( ptr =, page =", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4861183280356015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.201288"} {"text": "& 0a ) until we have found a non - space character. this skips any spaces at the beginning of the basic statement. if the first non - space character is more than or equal to # & cf ( ptr =, page =,..., oscli ), [ i. e. it is not a command line - only statement ( e. g. old, new, renumber, edit ) or a middle of statement keyword ( e. g. mid $, else, and, len ), but a valid keyword that can occur at the start of a program statement ], then : [ & 9019 ] jump to the keyword ' s execution address, as follows : multiply the character ' s ascii code by 2 & add the result to the base address & 874d to form a pointer to the execution address ( lsb first, msb next ) of the required basic keyword. this resulting address is jumped to. example 1 : character = & cf [ ptr = token ] = 11001111 multiply by 2 = 10011110 ( which is & 9e in hex ). so, & 874d + & 9e = & 87eb ( the lsb of the execution address for the ptr = keyword ( & 87ec is the msb of the address ) ). example 2 : character = & ff [ oscli token ] = 11111111 multiply by 2 = 11111110 ( which is & fe in hex ). so, & 874d + & fe = & 884b ( the lsb of the execution address for the oscli keyword ( & 884c is the msb of the address ) ). basic keywords between 128 and 141 are not considered. as these keywords are used in the middle of statements ( and are not functions ), so the statements / expression handler will deal with these values. these keywords are as follows : and, div, eor, mod, or, error, line, off, step, spc, tab (, else and then. [ & 901e ] execute the basic command line statement ( which can include keywords old, new, auto, edit, etc... ) if the first / next non - space character on the command line is more than or equal to # & c6 ( ' auto ' ) then jump back to & 9019 to jump to the execution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49959627884319713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.202092"} {"text": ", auto, edit, etc... ) if the first / next non - space character on the command line is more than or equal to # & c6 ( ' auto ' ) then jump back to & 9019 to jump to the execution address for the basic keyword. this includes all basic statement start keywords ( but not middle of statement keywords like mid $, len, = ptr, and, etc... ). otherwise ( the character is less than # & c6 ) continue to & 9025 to check for a variable name. [ & 9025 ] check for variable name if the character is less than # & cf then check whether it is a variable name as follows : * set basic text pointer b location to the basic text pointer a location. ( & 19 = & 0b, & 1a = & 0c, & 1b = y ) * call routine & 9909 to evaluate a variable name at the basic text pointer b location. * if routine & 9909 returns with a value other than zero then jump to the let keyword routine ( address & 904f ). to assign a value to the variable, as the variable was found and the address of the variable ' s value was found * otherwise, ( routine & 9909 returned zero ) the variable is either invalid or hasn ' t been created yet, so : - * check the carry flag status ( as returned by routine & 9909 ). if carry is set then jump to & 8feb to - check whether the basic statement begins with a special character ( ' * ', ' [ ', ' = ' or ' ext keyword ', - and issue ' syntax error ' [ via check end of statement routine & 9ba6 ] if none of these special - characters match the character at the start of the statement ). - * store the basic text pointer b offset ( in x ) back to location & 1b. - * call routine & 9b86 to check whether the next non - space character after the variable name is an ' = ' character. - if it isn ' t then issue the ' mistake ' error, as the variable assignment is not correct and a variable - cannot appear at the start of a statement unless it is being assigned a value. - * otherwise, ' = ' was found sucessfully. - * call routine & 9854 to add the new variable name to the variable pointer table. - * if the variable type is a float ( location &", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.48896279988475666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.202964"} {"text": "assigned a value. - * otherwise, ' = ' was found sucessfully. - * call routine & 9854 to add the new variable name to the variable pointer table. - * if the variable type is a float ( location & 2c contains # & 05 ) then set x to # & 06 ; otherwise, set x to - # & 05. this specifies the amount of space to allocate for the variable ' s value. - * call routine & 9883 to allocate space for the variable ( and initialise it ' s value to zero / null ). - * decrement the basic text pointer a offset ( so that basic text pointer a points to the first character of the - variable name ) and continue to the let keyword routine to evaluate the variable name ( again! ) and - assign the value specified after the ' = ' to the variable. disassembly for the execute next command line / program statement routine | | bne - 5 - - > & 8fb3 | | 032 188 155 | | 20 bc 9b | | jsr & 9bbc update basic text pointer a ( add offset value & then reset offset to 1 ) | | bra 4 - - > & 8fc1 process the next program line | | bne - 19 - - > & 8fae skip the rest of the line and process the next program line | | beq - 65 - - > & 8f86 read & execute command line input | | bmi - 71 - - > & 8f86 read & execute command line input | | beq 10 - - > & 8fdb | | 032 075 156 | | 20 4b 9c | | jsr & 9c4b display current line number ( iwa ) on screen [ if trace is on ] | | bra 44 - - > & 900d | | 076 032 137 | | 4c 20 89 | | jmp & 8920 ' [ ' begin assembly | | 076 147 190 | | 4c 93 be | | jmp & be93 ext = | | beq - 80 - - > & 8fa4 ' * ' - command | | beq - 23 - - > & 8fe1 | | beq - 20 - - > & 8fe8 | | beq 96 - - > & 9060 ' = ' return from function call ( fn ) | | 032 166 155 | | 20 a6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4663846132212724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.203790"} {"text": "& 8fe1 | | beq - 20 - - > & 8fe8 | | beq 96 - - > & 9060 ' = ' return from function call ( fn ) | | 032 166 155 | | 20 a6 9b | | jsr & 9ba6 check end of statement | | bne - 78 - - > & 8fbd skip the rest of the line ( until ' < cr > ' found ) & process the next program line | | beq - 10 - - > & 900b | | bcc 12 - - > & 9025 | | 124 077 135 | | 7c 4d 87 | | 032 224 142 | | 20 e0 8e | | jsr & 8ee0 get next non - space character pointed to by ptr a | | bcs - 12 - - > & 9019 | | 032 009 153 | | 20 09 99 | | jsr & 9909 evaluate variable / array name & return the address of the value | | bne 27 - - > & 904f create variable ( let ) | | bcs - 75 - - > & 8feb | | 032 134 155 | | 20 86 9b | | jsr & 9b86 check for ' = ' | | 032 084 152 | | 20 54 98 | | jsr & 9854 create new variable name in variable pointer table | | bne 1 - - > & 9045 | | 032 131 152 | | 20 83 98 | | jsr & 9883 allocate space for variable disassembly for 9b86 check for ' = ' routine | | 032 213 142 | | 20 d5 8e | | jsr & 8ed5 get next non - space character ( ptr b ) | | bne - 45 - - > mistake error", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5310053789430564, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.204384"} {"text": "abandoned communities..... porth y nant it was richard muir \u2019 s book the lost villages of britain that got me hooked on the topic of abandoned communities. near the end of the book richard gave a short list of some of his favourite deserted villages. he then said that there is one village, porth y nant, that has all the ideal qualities combined to produce perfection. he regarded it as a place \u201c glorious in its beauty \u201d, and he was impressed by the fact that it was about to be restored and turned into a centre for the promotion and teaching of the welsh language. porth y nant lay in a small valley, nant gwrtheyrn, that runs down the lower slopes of yr eifl mountain towards the sea. the location of porth y nant can be found on google maps by entering \u201c nant gwrtheyrn \u201d. in the aerial view you can make out the original track running through the modern conifer forest as well as the present road. what the aerial view does not convey is the extreme steepness of the original track, in places one in three. in the middle of the nineteenth century there were three farms in nant gwrtheyrn. a granite quarry called porth y nant was opened in 1861. it was opened by a liverpool company called kneeshaw and lupton. the main output was rectangular granite setts, carved into shape at the quarry. at that time there was great demand for setts for use in paving the roads of the towns and cities of lancashire. a jetty was built so that steam ships could carry the setts by sea to liverpool, manchester, or birkenhead. soon after the opening of the quarry a terrace of small houses was built to provide accommodation for the workers. later, in 1878, as workers were joined by wives, partners, and children, two more terraces of houses were built at right angles to each other further up the valley. one was known as sea view as it faced west towards the beach, the other mountain view as it looked towards the mountain and the quarry. other buildings erected at about the same time were the plas, a large house for the quarry manager west of mountain view, and a chapel of the calvinistic methodist denomination. people living at porth y nant were familiar with several stories and legends associated with the earlier history of nant gwrtheyrn. in particular they would have heard about : \u2022 vortigern, a fifth century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3894086580408397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.207573"} {"text": "##istic methodist denomination. people living at porth y nant were familiar with several stories and legends associated with the earlier history of nant gwrtheyrn. in particular they would have heard about : \u2022 vortigern, a fifth century british ruler whose attempts to negotiate with the invading saxons went badly wrong. according to the local legend he was forced to flee and eventually found refuge in the valley that was given his name, gwrtheyrn being the welsh form of vortigern. for everything you will ever want to know about vortigern go to the vortigern studies website. \u2022 rhys and meinir, two cousins who fell in love and arranged to be married at the church in clynnog fawr ( a place well worth a visit, by the way ). meinir failed to turn up for the wedding. in a distressed state rhys spent months searching for meinir, until a lightning strike opened a hollow tree and inside it he saw the skeleton of meinir, still clad in its wedding dress. \u2022 ellis bach, so called because of his very short stature, who as well as being a very good poet was renowned for his ability to climb over rough mountain slopes. he could be relied upon to round up sheep and goats ready for market day, but on the day itself was never to be seen. two houses in mountain view the former seilo chapel, with part of sea view terrace to the left a section of the old track, known as the corkscrew or screw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4519513230064552, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.208208"} {"text": "early galaxies full of cosmic dust space dust astronomers have found dusty giant galaxies were already in existence 13 billion years ago, far earlier than previously thought. the discovery reported in the astrophysical journal, means planets, which are made from coalescing dust particles, may also have already formed that far back in time. the study ' s lead author assistant professor steven finkelstein from the university of texas, says the discovery came as a complete surprise. \" i don ' t think we really expected that, \" says finkelstein. \" we thought that 13 billion years ago would have been so early in the universe, that dust really didn ' t have a chance to form. \" \" but we now know that ' s simply not the case, at least in the most massive galaxies. \" using nasa ' s hubble space telescope, finkelstein and colleagues found that on average, galaxies appear less dusty the further back in time they look. \" if you go far enough back, dust doesn ' t exist in galaxies, \" says finkelstein. \" that ' s what you would expect, because only hydrogen and helium were made in the big bang, and dust is made up of heavier elements like carbon, silicon and magnesium produced by the first generations of stars. \" finkelstein hypothesises why dust is only found in these early massive galaxies. \" galaxies have large outflows of gas and dust from their interstellar medium, and it ' s a lot easier for that outflow to occur in low mass galaxies, where there ' s less gravity, \" says finkelstein. \" dust may be forming in all early epoch galaxies, but it ' s only sticking around in big galaxies because they have enough mass to hang on to their dust. \" the findings are based on data from candels, the cosmic assembly near - infrared deep extragalactic legacy survey, a huge two - month study carried out by the hubble space telescope. finkelstein and colleagues examined the colour of galaxies in the hubble images to see how red they look. \" dust makes things appear red, so the redder a galaxy looks, the more dust it has, \" says finkelstein. \" as well as being important for planet formation, the dust also blocks out some of the light, making it more difficult to determine how luminous a galaxy is, and consequently how much star formation is taking place in it. \" finkelstein and colleagues have more work to do, including taking spectroscopy of these galaxies to work out what they ' re made of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49866796588641893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.210700"} {"text": "science subject and location tags articles, documents and multimedia from abc science monday, 11 march 2013 the ability of ecosystems to adapt to climate change has been put under the microscope and the news is good for tuna and tropical rainforests. wednesday, 6 june 2012 consumers in developed countries are adding significantly to threats to biodiversity in developing countries via international trade. thursday, 12 january 2012 with voices hardly louder than an insect ' s buzz, the tiniest frogs ever discovered are smaller than a coin. friday, 2 december 2011 a huge treasure trove of artefacts including thousands of fragments of pottery provides the first evidence that the sea - faring lapita people settled in mainland papua new guinea. wednesday, 29 july 2009 the high rate of extinction in australia, new zealand and the pacific islands is set to get worse unless urgent action is taken to protect biodiversity in the area, warn scientists. wednesday, 17 december 2008 when it comes to stick insects it seems you really can ' t judge a tree lobster by its cover, a new study finds. tuesday, 2 december 2008 australia ' s best defence against an outbreak of avian influenza is an invisible line passing through the indonesian archipelago between bali and lombok that birds are reluctant to cross, a team of zoologists says. monday, 10 november 2008 a rock commonly found in southeast corner of the arabian peninsula could be used to soak up the main greenhouse gas carbon dioxide at a rate that could help slow global warming, scientists say. friday, 5 september 2008 more attention should be given to a potential environmental disaster in papua new guinea downstream from one of the world ' s largest copper mines, say some scientists. wednesday, 27 august 2008 the animated clownfish nemo may have found his way home a lot sooner if he had trusted his nose, according to researchers. thursday, 7 august 2008 new australian research has resolved an ongoing debate regarding the timing of a major tectonic plate collision in the south pacific region, the effects of which we ' re still experiencing. monday, 7 july 2008 indigenous australian body art, such as tattoos and intentional scarring may help to unravel mysteries about where certain groups traveled in the past, what their values and rituals were, and how they related to other cultures, according to an australian researcher. wednesday, 30 april 2008 some of australia ' s most important watery war graves could be located for about one - tenth of the cost of finding hmas sydney, the nation ' s most high - profile naval shipwreck, a researcher says. friday, 7 march 2008 sea levels are set to fall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4652490720210659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.215111"} {"text": "ask a question about ' grieges ' start a new discussion about ' grieges ' answer questions from other users is a commune the commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the french republic. french communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the united states or gemeinden in germany... in the ain ain is a department named after the ain river on the eastern edge of france. being part of the region rhone - alpes and bordered by the rivers saone and rhone, the department of ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation... department in eastern france the french republic, the french republic, the french republic, ( commonly known as france, is a unitary semi - presidential republic in western europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the indian, pacific, and atlantic oceans. metropolitan france... the veyle is a long river in the ain departement, eastern france. its source is in chalamont. it flows generally northwest. it is a left tributary of the saone into which it flows between grieges and crottet, near macon. - communes along its course :... forms most of the commune ' s northern border, then flows into the saone the saone is a river of eastern france. it is a right tributary of the river rhone. rising at viomenil in the vosges department, it joins the rhone in lyon...., which forms the commune ' s western border.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40395214146818736, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.217211"} {"text": "washington petitions for land law separate from oregon the following data is extracted from bancroft works, volume 31, history of washington, idaho, and montana, 1845 - 1889, hubert h. bancroft, 1890. the history company, publishers, san francisco.. the most important matter to which the attention of the national legislature was called was a change in the land law, to effect which congress was memorialized to grant them a surveyor - general of their own, and a land system \" separate from, and wholly disconnected with, that of oregon territory. \" 1. to be relieved from the prohibition preventing the holders of donation certificates from selling any portion of their claims before they received a patent ; their certificates to be prima facie evidence of title. suggestions were given as to the manner of establishing a claim by witnesses before the surveyor - general. 2. that persons entitled to a donation should be permitted to take irregular fractions of land. 3. that town proprietors should be authorized to convey lots by valid deeds, the same as if a patent had been issued. 4. that when either parent of a child or children should have died upon the road to washington, the survivor should be entitled to as much land as both together would have been entitled to ; provided the land taken in the name of the deceased should be held in trust for the children. or when either parent should have started for or arrived in the territory, and the other, though not yet started, should die, having a child or children, the surviving parent should be entitled, by complying with the provisions of the law, to the full amount that both parents and such child or children would have been entitled to had they all arrived in the territory. or that when both parents should die after having begun their journey to washington, or before locating a claim, having a child or children, such child or children should, by guardian, be entitled to locate as much land as both parents would have taken under the law had they lived. 5. that widows immigrating to and settling in the territory should be allowed to take the same amount of land as unmarried men, by compliance with the law. 6. that all persons who should have located claims under the provisions of the donation law prior to the 1st of jan., 1852, should be entitled to their patents as soon as the land should have been surveyed, and they have obtained a certificate from the surveyor - general. and that all persons ni ho should have located claims subsequent to the 1st day of jan., 1832, should be entitled to patents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.421734743540423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.220836"} {"text": "their patents as soon as the land should have been surveyed, and they have obtained a certificate from the surveyor - general. and that all persons ni ho should have located claims subsequent to the 1st day of jan., 1832, should be entitled to patents by residing thereon for the term of two years, or by having made improvements to the amount of four hundred dollars ; provided, that the removal of timber from the public lands without intention to reside thereon should be regarded as trespass ; the improvements to be estimated by the increased value of the lands by clearing, cultivating, fencing, and building. 7. that all american citizens, or those who had declared their intention to become such, including american half - breeds, on arriving at the age of twenty - one, should be entitled to the benefit of the donation act. 8. that the provisions of the law be extended to an indefinite period. 9. that each single person should be entitled to receive 160 acres, and a man and wife double that amount ; provided, that the estate of the wife should be sole and separate, and not alienable for the debts or liabilities of the husband. 10. that all persons who had failed or neglected to take claims within the time prescribed by law should be permitted to take claims as if they had but just arrived in the country. wash. jour. council, 1834, 179 - 81. source : bancroft works, volume 31, history of washington, idaho, and montana, 1845 - 1889, hubert h. bancroft, 1890. the history company, publishers, san francisco.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4147088063927591, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.222439"} {"text": "a pharmacy technician is one of the most basic careers in the medical industry. entering the medical profession does not necessarily mean training to become a doctor or a nurse. other careers may involve the medicine needed to make people overcome illness or live more normal lives. here is a closer look at what this professional does, the salary that is involved, what training is required, and the job outlook. this position holds the responsibility of helping licensed pharmacists with clerical duties involved with running a pharmacy. this person will make sure that the business runs smoothly. they may collect money, answer the phone, or stock shelves. they may also get involved with deeper administrative duties like maintaining accurate records of patients and handling insurance issues. they must be very careful to steer clear of dangers and make safety a number one priority. the size of the pharmacy will affect the job duties of this profession. people who work in clinics or large pharmacies will usually physically measure medicine and deal directly with customers. at smaller pharmacies, these people may simply run the cash register or answer the telephone. at times, they may also fill prescriptions. accuracy is vital in all counting, weighing, measuring, and mixing of medication. many techs will work behind a pharmacy counter and stand on their feet most of the day. some of these individuals will find employment in drugstore chains, supermarkets, or hospitals. if working in the public eye, they should have a friendly disposition and be able to deal with customers who may be sick or in pain. a pharmacist tech holds the necessary skills to run a pharmacy without the total educational qualifications to be an active pharmacist. they not only work alongside a pharmacist filling prescriptions, they also handle administrative duties and move supplies after delivery. they usually hold odd work hours unlike the standard 9 - 5 job, especially if they are employed by a pharmacy that is open 24 hours. many will be required to work nights and weekends. all of these features along with experience will be the framework for determining a pharmacy tech \u2019 s salary. technicians without formal qualifications will receive lower pay than those with more education. salary will also be higher with people who have a large amount of work experience. average salary ranges according to pharmacytechnicianhq. info, the average salary of a new technician will be around $ 25, 000 a year. the normal range will be from $ 20, 000 to $ 40, 000 per year. a technician may earn a higher salary when working for a hospital instead of a drugstore.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3858936441912776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.231863"} {"text": "of a new technician will be around $ 25, 000 a year. the normal range will be from $ 20, 000 to $ 40, 000 per year. a technician may earn a higher salary when working for a hospital instead of a drugstore. when working for the government or while doing scientific research, a person may earn upwards of $ 50, 000 a year. alaska, california, hawaii, and washington are the highest paying states for this field, paying $ 35, 000 as median income. the job commonly includes good health and retirement benefits and paid sick leave. people who want to increase their salary should seriously consider more education. training and schools when a person discovers that they want to become work in this career feild, they must first graduate from high school. other requirements will differ from state to state. some places make a student pass a test or finish a formal program of training. some technicians learn their craft by training on the job. other people will attend vocational schools or a community college. these classes usually last one year and deal with many different subjects like ways to dispense medicine, keeping records, math used in pharmacies, law, and ethics. they also learn names, uses, actions, and proper medical dosing. one benefit to attending school for this field is obtaining an internship with a hospital or other local pharmacy. this is very valuable experience. the cost for training will vary. most schools charge by the credit and an average program includes 36 credits. financial aid is often available to individuals who cannot afford the cost up front. for people who unable to commit to a real school environment, there are also online programs available. online classes give a person much more freedom with time constraints. a person can work at a personal pace, going fast through easy subjects and spending more time on harder areas. one drawback of this route of education is that no internships are given. on a positive note, a quality online school will have instructors within reach through telephone or email to deal with any questions a student may have. a usual course load through online education is split into sections or modules. a test is normally given at the end of each section. costs will also vary with these programs, but all of the online learning programs in this field are less expensive than traditional schools. there are other options to receive training for this profession. first, a person can partake in an internship program. this gives hand on training as a student studies next to an experienced professional. many national retail chains like cvs and walgreens offer these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44381690568107357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.232958"} {"text": "are other options to receive training for this profession. first, a person can partake in an internship program. this gives hand on training as a student studies next to an experienced professional. many national retail chains like cvs and walgreens offer these types of programs. not every program is similar. for example, walgreens \u2019 program is accredited by the american society of health system pharmacists ( ashp ). this is a paid program that offers national certification and full preparation for a job in this field. it provides experience in a high tech atmosphere and is a good way to expand career options through the company as they offer many positions throughout the organization. certain local pharmacies may also offer internship programs. working on the job will also provide a great learning opportunity. with each passing day at work, a person can expand their knowledge and skills. however, many pharmacies prefer to hire employees with previous training or education. to advance past the job of a general tech, many people choose to continue their education and become a certified pharmacy technician. not every state requires a person to become certified to practice as a pharmacy assistant. however, if a person is to achieve certification after completing the appropriate courses, a person will need to pass the national pharmacy technician certification ( ptcb ) exam. becoming certified will greatly enhance future employment prospects. it will be necessary to acquire recertification every two years thereafter and a person must pursue 20 hours of education within that 2 year time period. people with this certification will be delegated work from a licensed pharmacist according to rules and regulations of individual states. these people will take written prescriptions, prescriptions sent by email, as well as phone orders. a certified technician can read and fill all of these medications. even though they have a good knowledge about different medicines, any clerical questions must be addressed by a licensed pharmacist. one of the best online schools to obtain certification is the ultimate medical academy. as the pharmaceutical industry expands, this school continues to keep up to date with the latest technology and prepare students to achieve a long and prosperous job. this is a flexible course of study geared to help a student pass all necessary national and statewide exams. penn foster career school is another online school that provides all of the necessary practical training in this field and includes all textbooks and learning aids at an affordable price. there are different kinds of degrees and certifications. a certificate in pharmacy technology gives students the skills needed to fill and mix ivs, handle pharmacy inventory, take orders, and help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45287854731572696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.234098"} {"text": "this field and includes all textbooks and learning aids at an affordable price. there are different kinds of degrees and certifications. a certificate in pharmacy technology gives students the skills needed to fill and mix ivs, handle pharmacy inventory, take orders, and help pharmacists throughout regular daily activities. a pharmacy tech program may or may not offer students the chance to sit for the examination which can earn a student a diploma. however, they train people to communicate using medical terminology, fill prescriptions, and give a better understanding behind how certain medicines affect the body. these will train people to begin an entry level position in a pharmacy. an associate degree in applied science is a real college degree that requires completion of both pharmaceutical technology classes like chemistry and biology, along with general education classes. students will be a trained to mix iv solutions, fill prescriptions, take orders, manage inventory, and comprehend how medicine treats illness. it is an excellent start for people who want to advance their future career in this industry. jobs and employment opportunities the job growth rate for pharmacy techs are on the rise and are expected to grow faster than average in the coming years. there are many reasons for this including the fact that people are living longer and need medicine as they reach old age. also, pharmacists are starting to take an active role in patient care. this means that a technician must fill in for the basic duties that pharmacists no longer have the time to finish. the development of new medical treatments are also placing higher demands for technicians. as previously stated, a person can work as a technician in a hospital, clinic, local chain or pharmacy inside of a department store, or supermarket. working in a retail environment will keep a technician active. they must be keep customers constantly satisfied. jobs in this area offer some of the best chances for advancement. the best reasons to work here is that these jobs usually provide regular working hours, insurance, and retirement planning. mail order pharmacies are also a place to seek employment. as the internet is controlling more and more aspects of life, people are used to transactions that do not involve direct interaction. mail order requires less operating costs and gives the ability to serve a broader customer base. this gives employees better pay, benefits, and overall flexibility. working int he mail order field is good for independent workers. these people are responsible for receiving orders, reading prescriptions, counting medication, and labeling finished bottles. for people who enjoy personal care and being part of a team, getting a job in a hospital or nursing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44862483996672475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.235255"} {"text": "http : / / www. bellaonline. com / articles / art26019. asp - - in canda our national bird is the common loon - in british columbia our provincial bird is the stellers jay - whatis your, s : : whats your provincial or state or country * * bird * * the native bird of new zealand is the kiwi... unfortunately like the majority of our native birds, it is endangered. thanks for posting the link cerinthe. very interesting indeed! very well said, lynty2......... coming from another pisces!!!!! canada ' s national bird is the common loon, gavia immer. it is a beautiful bird with a lovely haunting call, heard often at dawn and dusk but not restricted to those times of day. i have heard them call deep into the night and during daylight hours as well. the commom loon also happens to be the provincial bird of ontario. the above url has a bit of information on the common loon. the call of the common loon has the same haunting qualities, for me, as the fish eagle of south africa. both calls make me think of the wide open spaces, the sky, the land and water. could it be that i identify because i am a pisces baby? ) ) ) the national bird of australia is the emu and of new south wales the laughing kookaburra. in the usa, like tanya above mentioned, it is the bald eagle. here in florida the state bird is the mosquito - lol - really it is yes, the robins defend their territories without mercy and the male will often kill an intruder ( or be killed by them ) but they are very ' friendly ' towards humans, if we choose to be anthropormorphic about them! and south africa ' s national bird is the blue crane i live in virginia, and our state bird is the northern cardinal ( cardinalis cardinalis ) and as tanya already stated, our national bird is the bald eagle. i ' ve enjoyed reading your posts and looking up the links to see your birds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4171342284136912, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.237359"} {"text": "freezing parkinson ' s in its tracks wednesday, may 2, 2012 tau researcher developing therapy to halt symptoms in parkinson ' s patients parkinson ' s disease, a disorder which affects movement and cognition, affects over a million americans, including actor michael j. fox, who first brought it to the attention of many tv - watching americans. it ' s characterized by a gradual loss of neurons that produce dopamine. mutations in the gene known as dj - 1 lead to accelerated loss of dopaminergic neurons and result in the onset of parkinson ' s symptoms at a young age. the ability to modify the activity of dj - 1 could change the progress of the disease, says dr. nirit lev, a researcher at tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine and a movement disorders specialist at rabin medical center. working in collaboration with profs. dani offen and eldad melamed, dr. lev has now developed a peptide which mimics dj - 1 ' s normal function, thereby protecting dopamine - producing neurons. what ' s more, the peptide can be easily delivered by daily injections or absorbed into the skin through an adhesive patch. based on a short protein derived from dj - 1 itself, the peptide has been shown to freeze neurodegeneration in its tracks, reducing problems with mobility and leading to greater protection of neurons and higher dopamine levels in the brain. dr. lev says that this method, which has been published in a number of journals including the journal of neural transmission, could be developed as a preventative therapy. guarding dopamine levels as we age, we naturally lose dopamine - producing neurons. parkinson ' s patients experience a rapid loss of these neurons from the onset of the disease, leading to much more drastic deficiencies in dopamine than the average person. preserving dopamine - producing neurons can mean the difference between living life as a parkinson ' s patient or aging normally, says dr. lev. the researchers set out to develop a therapy based on the protective effects of dj - 1, using a short peptide based on the healthy version of dj - 1 itself as a vehicle. \" we attached the dj - 1 - related peptide to another peptide that would allow it to enter the cells, and be carried to the brain, \" explains dr. lev. in pre - clinical trials, the treatment was tested on mice utilizing well - established toxic and genetic models for parkinson ' s disease. from both a behavioral and biochemical standpoint, the mice that received the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5143789390373179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.240657"} {"text": "the brain, \" explains dr. lev. in pre - clinical trials, the treatment was tested on mice utilizing well - established toxic and genetic models for parkinson ' s disease. from both a behavioral and biochemical standpoint, the mice that received the peptide treatment showed remarkable improvement. symptoms such as mobility dysfunctions were reduced significantly, and researchers noted the preservation of dopamine - producing neurons and higher dopamine levels in the brain. preliminary tests indicate that the peptide is a viable treatment option. though many peptides have a short life span and degrade quickly, this peptide does not. additionally, it provides a safe treatment option because peptides are organic to the body itself. filling an urgent need according to dr. lev, this peptide could fill a gap in the treatment of parkinson ' s disease. \" current treatments are lacking because they can only address symptoms \u2014 there is nothing that can change or halt the disease, \" she says. \" until now, we have lacked tools for neuroprotection. \" the researchers also note the potential for the peptides to be used preventatively. in some cases, parkinson ' s can be diagnosed before motor symptoms begin with the help of brain scans, explains dr. lev, and patients who have a genetic link to the disease might opt for early testing. a preventative therapy could help many potential parkinson ' s patients live a normal life. for more neuroscience news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4793900926582063, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.241242"} {"text": "all hallows ' eve is approaching and soon the celebration of halloween will begin. according to tradition, all sorts of ghosts, goblins and ghoulish creatures creep and crawl from their dark, dank domiciles on the night of oct. 31 to terrorize the earth ' s human inhabitants. of the horrifying creatures that run rampant on all hallows ' eve, some are grotesque human figures and some are animals including bats, snakes, spiders and even an insect or two. it ' s not surprising that insects and spiders are part of the ghastly crew relegated by generations of humanity to a starring role on halloween. spiders as a group have earned their spot by being somewhat reclusive and stringing their webs in every nook and cranny. of course the food habits of spiders and the presence of poison fangs in some adds to the macabre atmosphere. the black widow spider may even be considered the queen of halloween trick or treaters. she has earned her haunting title because of her murderous behavior mating in predatory insects and spiders is a dangerous and somewhat deadly game. in these arthropods, the male sometimes becomes a meal for his mate. the black widow spiders, the small male tries to sneak away from his mate but is not often successful. hence, she becomes the black widow. moths have been associated with halloween scenes. these night - flying insects are attracted to lights. no doubt the presence of moths dancing around a candle flame during a spiritual event, such as a funeral wake, has contributed to a mystical view of the insect. in the middle ages and earlier, the moth was considered to be a spirit, a human soul. one moth is appropriately named for a role in halloween celebrations. it is called the death ' s head moth ( one of the largest moths found in europe ), because it has wing markings in the shape of a skull and crossbones. in the poem \u201c haunted house, \u201d thomas hood makes use of this insect in a refrain suitable for any halloween celebration : \u201c the air was thick, and in the upper room the bat - or something in its shape - was winging ; and on the wall, as chilly as a tomb the death ' s head moth was clinging. \u201d it ' s not surprising that spiders and insects are used to spice up many halloween celebrations. after all, some people consider these arthropods the chief of the world ' s creepy crawlies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4311963192313677, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.243749"} {"text": "swaminarayan akshardham, delhi, india \u2022 360\u00b0 aerial panorama this panorama can be opened in several different resolutions. high resolution panorama with the best quality is about 7 mb large and it is suitable for fast internet connections and modern computers. for slower internet and old weak computers we created the smaller low resolution panorama. some small details have been sacrificed but the size of low resolution panorama is nomore than 2 mb. open aerial panorama ( high resolution ) as you might know, almost all followers of hinduism live in india, and no wonder the world ' s largest hindu temple is situated in the capital of india. speaking of delhi landmarks, one would traditionally mention red fort, qutub minar, and india gate on kingsway. so how come swaminarayan akshardham ( which means \" temple of the god \" ), a magnificent and beautiful temple, is not so famous? the answer is simple : it is very \" young \". it was opened in 2005. the construction took over 5 years and involved 7 thousand artisans and 3 thousand construction workers from all over india. their combined efforts gave birth to a building 42 meters high, 94 meters wide, and 106 meters long. the structure of akshardham consists of 234 pillars, 9 shiny domes, 20 four - sided towers, and over 20 thousand figurines depicting themes from indian mythology. there are over 148 statues of an elephant alone! all the facing was done by hand. outer surface of the temple is faced with pink sandstone, while the inner surface is faced with white marble. in india, pink color symbolizes love for god, and white color symbolizes absolute purity and peace. thanks to its enormous size the temple is included in the guinness book of world records. the temple complex takes up 12 hectares of land and includes the temple itself, several parks, a museum, a large cultural center where one can learn about indian traditions and customs, water canals, which you can traverse by boats, and lots of cafes and souvenir shops. every evening there is a laser show with dancing fountains on swaminarayan akshardham grounds. the fountains are built in the form of a lotus placed inside a large bowl - shaped basin. the inner side of the basin serves as steps and benches for thousands of viewers. construction of this beautiful site was funded by donations and done through a spirit of volunterism. in order to fill in all man - made lakes and canals surrounding the temple required huge supply of water from 151 ponds around the country. in a country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4703527710017241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.255261"} {"text": "construction of this beautiful site was funded by donations and done through a spirit of volunterism. in order to fill in all man - made lakes and canals surrounding the temple required huge supply of water from 151 ponds around the country. in a country, where clean water is as precious as gold, it was quite a generous donation as well. let ' s take a moment and listen to stas sedov ' s story about the photo shoot. during last days of our trip across india we planned to shoot several sights in the capital of the country : red fort, qutub minar, and others. we didn ' t plan to photograph swaminarayan akshardham. we knew that we couldn ' t even bring a cell phone inside the temple, not to mention other heavy photo equipment. however, our success in taj mahal encouraged us to request a photo permit for swaminarayan akshardham. when we entered the temple first time we had only one document in our hands : photography permit for delhi and taj mahal. at the time we were not sure what to expect, but we decided to take our chances anyway. even if we failed with a permit, at least we would see a new wonder of the world. the next thing we know, we are talking to the middle - age man from the local administration. it ' s hard to remember what exactly we were talking about, but we got him interested in our project. at the moment he didn ' t give us a definite answer. but he did ask us to give him time to see if it was possible to get permit for aerial photography. meanwhile he assigned a guide to give us a half - hour tour around museums and the temple grounds. to tell you the truth, i didn ' t know of swaminarayan akshardham existence. for me it was just another indian temple. but that was before i entered its premises... usually, at the end of every trip, when almost every day you see wonders of nature and artisan masterpieces, your emotions get \" washed out \". it is very unlikely that something would be able to surprise you. but this was an exception! to say that i was surprised is to say nothing! i was smitten by the grandeur of the idea and its magnificent implementation in stone. it ' s hard to describe the range of feelings you experience while walking the grounds of swaminarayan akshardham. you feel harmony, tranquility, and strength of your spirit. the only time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48146548289965685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.256310"} {"text": "idea and its magnificent implementation in stone. it ' s hard to describe the range of feelings you experience while walking the grounds of swaminarayan akshardham. you feel harmony, tranquility, and strength of your spirit. the only time i experienced something similar was during my visit to the meteora monasteries in greece. our guide told us that the temple has no iron elements in its structure, and no cement. the concrete was used only in the foundation. the rest was made of stone. marble and granite for the construction was delivered from all over the world. it was processed using special technology, and then joint together. all pillars of the temple are stacked, and all stone elements are turned 90 degrees after being connected. it was done to provide seismic resistance in case of earthquakes, which sometimes happen in india. imagine the level of precision required for stone processing to assemble this big \" puzzle \". beside the buildings ' structure, wall facing is quite impressive : stone figurines cover the walls all around! the size of the carvings ranges greatly : from actual size to palm size, but even the smallest figurines have the highest level of detail. the time of our excursion flew by. i was heading toward the exit, but felt confident that we would be back here. we were called the following evening and granted the permit to photograph swaminarayan akshardham. our first photo session was scheduled early in the morning, just before the site opens for tourists. pigeons, flying in the morning sky, quickly welcomed our rc helicopter to their flock. it was the most comfortable photo session we had in india : both by the atmosphere and the working process. everything indeed went very smoothly. the temple security arranged an area for us in the center of the alley for the night shooting. the temple lighting was switched on 15 minutes earlier than usual especially for our photo shoot. we just couldn ' t do a bad job in these perfect conditions. leaving premises i realized that i had just completed my most important photo shoot in india. it wasn ' t taj mahal that won me over in this extraordinary and amazing country, but swaminarayan akshardham! i truly hope to return to this temple one more time someday. nikunjnik ' s shingala, india \" i did not know about this temple. it is magnificent and i hope to visit it some day. thanks! \" birgit blume, germany c d patel, india pravinbhai thaker, india nitin thacker ca, india \" i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5343281697015332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.257249"} {"text": "not know about this temple. it is magnificent and i hope to visit it some day. thanks! \" birgit blume, germany c d patel, india pravinbhai thaker, india nitin thacker ca, india \" i hope to visit this temple one day. what a marvel? only unique foresight, planning and will of god can enable one to build such a unique structure. jai swaminarian to everyone \" praful rughani, united kingdom \" probably best place to visit and see indian artitechture, it is amazing \" ghanshyam patel, united kingdom anil upadhye, india \" maybe the best place on earth. \" thus spoke zarathustra, iran \u0645\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062e\u06cc, iran \" there is no doubt that akshardham temple is now identity for delhi. delhi missed its spiritual soul for over 900 years and now with akshardham temple the ' real soul ' of delhi - sanatan dharma is ever impressive and divine. congratulations to airpano team that you have truly captured the architectural soul of akshardham temple... amazing... captivating... art in its best form and technology... \" praful jethwa, australia \" vary nice many thanks \" harshad patel, united kingdom \" \" i just visited swaminarayan akshardham temple ( delhi, india ) in may 2007. i love that! must visit again! \" \" 8th wonder of the world \" \" joao jose brigida, portugal nishith chauhan, india \" \" \" really, baps swaminarayan temple is great, even i am living here in india but, i didn ' t see it, but because of this panorama i amazed the great temple.., and a amazing photography with its bested photographer \" \" rushiraj gadhavi, india \" wonderful, never seen such a beautiful monument delhi should be proud of this wonderful creation. \" jayantilal amin, united kingdom \" i like swaminarayan akshardham is a so big and so good i coming india and i am go to \" jatin patel, usa \" it was so beautiful i cried \" patricia towner, united kingdom \" this is the wonderfull place in the world... i ' m proud to be a ' ' baps ' ' \" saiyam patel, india \" fabulous & wonderful job done by airpano. com team, genuinely this website is mind - blowing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4334216487717012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.258090"} {"text": "wonderfull place in the world... i ' m proud to be a ' ' baps ' ' \" saiyam patel, india \" fabulous & wonderful job done by airpano. com team, genuinely this website is mind - blowing. it is true that we can pass our whole time without blinking eyes. i really appreciate for this, awesome. \" prajwal sah, nepal \" magnificent and wonderful monument by the hindu devotees by self - help post independence. \" chandra shekhar, india vineeth kunnath, india \" i and my wife, krishna, visited this marvellous piece of art and architecture and were immensely pleased and paid great tributes to hindu history, our ancestors and the whole hindu community at large. it is now the first and foremost hallmark of our capital city. thanks who made it. \" basheshar nath bhanot, united kingdom \" divine inspiration, amazing work and creating wonders.. thanks airpano. ru too. \" akshay raval, india \" akshardham temple has remarkably revived the ancient hindu art, spirituality & architecture with this magnificent, beautiful, grand and marvelous temple in delhi... \" aditya agnihotri, india \" overall very nice pan aroma except those birds, by the way how was your experience in the exhibitions? \" jimmy thomas, india \" i have visited akshardham twice, the place is truely divine, peace prevails in this place, you will find peace here - a must visit place.... \" neesha patel, india \" wow......!!! it ' s miracle. it is world best structural engineering. i am proud to be an indian and hindu. this type of ' dham ' never bild in the world without pramukhswami maharaj. \" ravi gohel, india \" akshrdham - \" emrald set in pearls \" \" drdevendra v shukla, india \" jai pramukh swamiji to : pujya pramukh swamiji bapa for his imagination of excellent remarkable masterpiece work and auspicious monumental of heavenly choice of akshardham at new delhi india regards ashokpatel, jyoti and family houston - texas usa - 77034 \" ashok patel, usa \" i wished i could stay the whole day in this temple. i went in february. the cool breeze and sun set image. there is no words to decribe the feeling inside. i cannot wait to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4400387927441539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.258900"} {"text": "- 77034 \" ashok patel, usa \" i wished i could stay the whole day in this temple. i went in february. the cool breeze and sun set image. there is no words to decribe the feeling inside. i cannot wait to visit this place again with my friends and family.. they should allow ppl to bring books and write or study here.. the air has special powers. \" vinothini kasinathan, malaysia \" amazing architecture... wonderful monument.. world class exhibition and musical fountain... must see monument... \" saurabh vaghela, india \" excellent creation of pramukhswami maharaj. \" dikesh patel, india \" never before never again \" n. v. s. krishna rao, india \" a very good example of management in this world. which is possible because of mu guru \" pramukh swami maharaj \"... i proud to be a part of \" baps \" \" kamal vaja, india \" jay swaminarayn to baps and pragat bharm savarup pramukhswami maharaj. it very very very good work for world its way for take mox. \" nirav gajjar, india \" akshardham is a heaven on the earth. \" nishi jalota, india \" it is the brightning sun among the world ' s famous buildings stars. \" arjun mistry, india \" jay swaminarayana! the search of peace with purity is now completed. we are lucky to have such pios dham in india. \" rajiv vaidya, india \" one should never miss the opportunity of visiting akshardham.. its heavenly place. \" sowmya karamcheti, india \" every person in the world should visit \" akshardham \" once in their life... otherwise they miss great opportunity too feel peace & thruth of life... \" jaykishan patel, india \" feeling proud to be indian & baps swaminarayan........... no words to say....... just amazing, jay swaminarayan \" hardik dave, india \" em abril de 2006 visitei este suberbo, magnifico e maravilhoso templo. todo aquele trabalho em marmore branco e rosa e ouro... magnifico.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42920442253075075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.259671"} {"text": "abril de 2006 visitei este suberbo, magnifico e maravilhoso templo. todo aquele trabalho em marmore branco e rosa e ouro... magnifico. no meu entender, devera ser incluido nas melhores maravilhas do mundo. parabens india. parabens akshardham. repito... lindo, lindo, lindo \" joao jose brigida, portugal \" i visited swaminarayan akshardham temple in aug 2012, it is amazing! must visit again! \" naseer thodi, india \" i have visited, amaging, like to visit again n again. seen with ground level only but when saw with aerial eyes its beautyfull. \" dinesh pancholi, india \" speechless!!!!!!!!!!! no words to describe!!!!! \" manish bhavsar, india \" \" wow \" \" 8th wonder of the world \"... \" akash patel, india \" amazing wonder, a source of divine inspirations for all times ; thanks to pramukhswami maharaj for giving such a divine gift to the society... \" rajendra sarvaiya, india \" this is one of the man made wonders on this beautiful earth. \" vinod maisuria, canada \" the creation is very good, pramukhaswami is great architectural. \" jani kalpesh, india", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45241487801177643, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.260127"} {"text": "huntington ' s disease ( hd ) by giuliano binetti in 1872 g. huntington described the variety of chorea that came to bear his name. his description contains all the essential features considered disgnostic of huntington \u2019 s disease ( hd ) : a progressive disorders combining chorea with behavioral disturbances and dementia, transmitted via an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. huntington \u2019 s disease is the prototypic neurogenetic disorder, one of the first to be mapped ( 1983 ) and subsequently cloned ( 1993 ), and the model on which presymptomatic genetic testing is based. symptoms and course it is usually apparent in the forth or fifth decades, but may occur at almost any age. no clear sex preponderance is evident. low prevalence rates have been noted in japan and among african and american blacks, and most patients are of northern european ancestry. the clinical triad of movement disorder, psychiatric features, and eventual dementia will be well known to neurologists. chorea is the first manifestation in about two thirds of patients, initially a mild fidgetiness apparent only to the careful observer, which gradually progresses and may be the only clinical manifestation of hd for several years. personality change and eye movement disorders including slow saccades, and head thrusting or blinking to generate saccadic eye movements, are also common early features. a wide range of movement disorders including parkinsonism, loss of postural stability, and dystonia eventually supervene, leading to increasingly functional impairment. progressive weight loss, often resulting in cachexia, is common. the juvenile onset form of hd may present with parkinsonism, the so - called westphal variant, while late onset forms may cause chorea alone. the majority of the patients exhibit neuropsychiatric symptoms, the most prevalent being dysphoria, agitation, irritability, apathy, and anxiety. symptoms range from mild to severe and are unrelated to dementia and chorea. the cognitive disturbances associated to hd may begin early in the disease course and include deficit in attention and concentration, memory retrieval, \u201c executive \u201d functions, and psychomotor speed. the constellation of cognitive and behavior deficits associated with hd forms a so called \u201c subcortical dementia syndrome \u201d tht is distinct from the frank amnesia, aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia that embodies the cortical dementia syndrome associated to disorders such as alzheimer disease. death most often results from dysphagia through aspiration pneumonia or suffocation, usually between 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5626092626188265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.266607"} {"text": ". expansion of a polyglutamine ( cag ) trinucleotide repeat beyond the critical threshold of 36 repeats results in disease, and forms the basis of the polymerase chain reaction based genetic test. inheritance is dominant with full penetrance, meaning that almost all mutation carriers will eventually develop the disease, except those with 36 \u2013 39 repeats where penetrance is reduced. predictive genetic testing of asymptomatic at - risk relatives of affected patients is governed by international guidelines. prenatal testing in known mutation carriers is routinely available, while linkage based exclusion testing is available to those at - risk women who do not wish to know their own gene status. the latter depends on termination of a pregnancy where linkage shows the fetus to have the same 50 % genetic risk as the mother. care and treatment chorea may respond to dopamine antagonists, both presynaptic ( tetrabenazine or reserpin ) and postynaptic ( neuroleptics such as haloperidol ). the high incidence of serious adverse reactions to these agents limits their use where the movements disorder are truly disambling. ongoing research / clinical trials current research is exploring possible drug treatments, which would prevent the accumulation of anomalous proteins in cells. other research efforts include the development of a mouse model for huntington ' s disease and the care - hd study, a clinical drug trial underway at about 20 huntington study group sites. researchers are evaluating the combination of a medication ( remacimide ) and co - enzyme q - 10. both basic ( laboratory ) and clinical ( testing of medications and treatments ) research continues to pursue avenues to facilitate new drug testing and experimental surgical techniques. international huntington association callunahof 8 7217 st harfsen the netherlands tel : + 31 - 573 - 431 595 ) fax : + 31 - 573 - 431 719 email @ example. com www. huntington - assoc. com / - bilney b, morris me, perry a. effectiveness of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech pathology for people with huntington ' s disease : a systematic review. neurorehabil neural repair. 2003 mar ; 17 ( 1 ) : 12 - 24. - feigin a, zgaljardic d. disease : implications for experimental therapeutics. curr opin neurol. 2002 aug ; 15 ( 4 ) : 483 - 9. - mcmurray ct. huntington ' s disease :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5436592723520368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.271165"} {"text": "how is it diagnosed? alzheimer ' s disease is a form of dementia but is not necessarily caused by the same factors which cause other forms of dementia. however, despite a considerable amount of research, the actual cause of the disease remains unknown. there is no single test to determine whether someone has alzheimer ' s disease. it is diagnosed by a process of elimination, as well as a careful examination of a person ' s physical and mental state, rather than by finding actual evidence of the disease. a carer or relative may be asked to provide information about the person ' s behaviour, e. g. difficulties getting dressed, washing, handling finances, keeping appointments, travelling alone, managing at work and using household appliances. a neuropsychological assessment is usually carried out. this involves finding out about possible problems with memory, language, planning and attention. a simple test called the mini - mental state examination is often used. this involves the person being asked to answer questions such as : what is the date? what city are we in? what is this called? ( shown a watch ). another part of the test is to follow a series of simple instructions. a number of tests may be carried out ( e. g. blood and urine samples ) in order to rule out the possibility of other illnesses which might explain the dementia syndrome or illnesses which might aggravate an already existing case of alzheimer ' s disease. in addition to this, a few methods of brain imaging have been developed which produce images of the living brain, thereby revealing possible differences between the brains of people with alzheimer ' s disease and those of non - affected individuals. these tests provide a risk - free and pain - free means of examining the brain of a living person. although they cannot lead to a certain diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease, some doctors may use one or more of these techniques to give more weight to a diagnosis. methods of brain imaging magnetic resonance imaging this permits an extremely detailed image of the brain ' s structure. when one image is placed over another, taken a few months ' later, it is possible to see changes at an early stage in a certain part of the brain. ct ( computed tomography ) scanning this measures the thickness of a part of the brain which becomes rapidly thinner in people with alzheimer ' s disease. spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) scanning this can be used to measure the flow of blood in the brain, which has been found to be reduced in people with alzheimer ' s disease as a consequence of nerve cells not working properly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5170268650805466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.280654"} {"text": ". spect ( single photon emission computed tomography ) scanning this can be used to measure the flow of blood in the brain, which has been found to be reduced in people with alzheimer ' s disease as a consequence of nerve cells not working properly. pet ( positron emission tomography ) the use of this scanning technique is often limited to research settings. it can detect changes in the way the brain of someone with alzheimer ' s disease functions. it can, for example, detect abnormal patterns of glucose usage by the brain. the importance of an early diagnosis although it is not possible to accurately predict dementia, it is extremely important that people who have dementia obtain an early diagnosis. it is only by obtaining a diagnosis that the correct medical treatment can be prescribed. existing drug treatment is most effective in the early stages, so delaying diagnosis prevents people from benefiting from the latest medical advances, which in many cases lead to a temporary improvement of symptoms. however, memory problems are not always a sign of dementia. although mental faculties change with age, ageing is not synonymous with dementia. many older people need more time to assimilate information and this may affect their capacity to learn and remember things. nevertheless, older people are often worried about these changes and are afraid that they might be developing dementia. at the same time, many people do not know what the symptoms are. this is not surprising, as different kinds of dementia have different symptoms. furthermore, some forms of dementia ( e. g. alzheimer ' s disease ) are insidious. the following table describes some of the early symptoms of different kinds of dementia. - difficulties with memory and orientation - difficulty finding one \u2019 s words - personality change - lack of interest in hobbies - slowing down of thought and movement pick ' s disease and frontal lobe degeneration - loss of control and inhibitions - personality change - difficulties with language dementia with lewy bodies - cognitive decline - similar symptoms to those of parkinson ' s disease - visual hallucinations - odd lapses of memory and mood swings - lack of co - ordination - inclination to withdraw from social activities - attention difficulties ( very rapid progression usually ) the presence of one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has dementia. in fact, in the case of older people, the symptoms of depression are very similar to those observed in the early stages of dementia and it is not uncommon for the two to be mixed up. sometimes, the symptoms are linked to other disorders such as thyroid gland dysfunction, lack of vitamin b12, disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5500142972893861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.282146"} {"text": "symptoms of depression are very similar to those observed in the early stages of dementia and it is not uncommon for the two to be mixed up. sometimes, the symptoms are linked to other disorders such as thyroid gland dysfunction, lack of vitamin b12, disorders of the metabolic system, alcohol or drug abuse, infections, surgical operations, stress and intolerance of medication. in such cases, the symptoms may be reversible. a differential diagnosis is clearly essential in order to rule out other causes for the symptoms experienced and correctly diagnose dementia. in case of concern, the family doctor / general practitioner should be consulted. he or she will carry out a few tests and if his / her suspicions are confirmed refer the person concerned to the relevant specialists for further tests. what are the different kinds of diagnosis? there are three possibilities for a diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease : possible, probable and certain alzheimer ' s disease. possible alzheimer ' s disease a diagnosis of possible alzheimer ' s disease is based on the observation of clinical symptoms and the deterioration of two or more cognitive functions ( e. g. memory, language or thought ) when a second illness is present which is not considered to be the cause of dementia, but makes the diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease less certain. probable alzheimer ' s disease the diagnosis is classed as probable on the basis of the same criteria used to diagnose possible alzheimer ' s disease, but in the absence of a second illness. certain alzheimer ' s disease identification of characteristic plaques and tangles in the brain is the only way to confirm with certainty the diagnosis of alzheimer ' s disease. for this reason, the third diagnosis, that of certain alzheimer ' s disease, can only be made by brain biopsy or after an autopsy has been carried out. should the person be informed of their diagnosis? nowadays more and more people with alzheimer ' s disease are being informed of their diagnosis. this is perhaps due to a greater awareness of the disease. some people might not want to be informed of the diagnosis. however, it is generally considered that everyone should have the right and be given the opportunity to decide whether they would rather know or waive this right. there are pros and cons involved in informing someone of their diagnosis. also once the decision has been made to inform someone about their diagnosis the problem may arise of how to inform the person. pros and cons of telling the person in many cases a diagnosis is made as a result of concern expressed by members of the family. often the person with dementia is unaware or does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5252202146324018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.283519"} {"text": "their diagnosis the problem may arise of how to inform the person. pros and cons of telling the person in many cases a diagnosis is made as a result of concern expressed by members of the family. often the person with dementia is unaware or does not agree that they have a problem. they are therefore not interested in obtaining a diagnosis. some might feel depressed about knowing or feel that they would have been happier not knowing. however, there are many advantages to knowing. when a person knows that they have alzheimer ' s disease and understands what it involves, they can plan how to make the most of the remaining years of relative unimpaired mental functioning. they can also take an active role in planning their care, arrange who will care for them, make important financial decisions and even decide to participate in research or make the necessary arrangements to donate brain tissue after their death for research. how to inform the person of the diagnosis some relatives and friends may find it difficult to approach the subject. some people would prefer to be told privately on a one - to - one basis, whereas others might find it more reassuring to be told in the presence of their family, who could give them moral and emotional support. another possibility is to arrange for the person ' s doctor to tell them. it might help to arrange to go to the doctor together or for the person to go alone. the doctor could then answer any questions that either the carer and / or the person with dementia might have. the way the diagnosis is explained will depend on the person ' s ability to understand. some people might understand an explanation of what the disease is, how it tends to progress and the consequences for daily living, whereas others might only be able to grasp that they have a disease which involves the loss of memory. once informed, they may need support to come to terms with feelings of anger, self - blame, fear and depression. some might be able to benefit from counselling and support groups, provided that the disease is not too far advanced. last updated : mercredi 05 aout 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47340647279812437, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.284483"} {"text": "probably the most frequently asked question about the ancient maya is : \" why did that great civilization collapse? \" according to the latest literature, academics no longer condone the use of the term \" collapse \". we now speak of a period of \" realignment \" or \" restructuring \". it seems that \" collapse \" is now politically incorrect. god, i love academia. call it what you will, the evidence points to a serious shift in maya life around 900 a. d. the great cities and ceremonial centers were abandoned and the jungle quickly overgrew the formidable structures and the roadways that connected them. maya life, based on the centuries - old tradition of rule by an elite class came to a rather abrupt and inglorious end. gone forever were the kings and priests and the elaborate ceremonies and rituals that had been the mainstay of maya life for hundreds of years. in seeking the cause for the rapid ( probably less than fifty years ) decline of the maya world, scholars have considered numerous possibilities : 1. the maya were abducted by aliens in ufo ' s. ( actually this explanation ' s more popular with the national inquirer crowd and is generally given short shrift by the academics. ) well, if none of the conventional explanations fills the bill, what does the archeological evidence have to say about the relatively sudden demise of the most advanced civilization in the new world? first of all it is important to note that no totally satisfactory explanation for the maya collapse - oops! ( make that restructuring ) exists. no one absolutely knows for sure what happened, but it ' s fair to say that there is a growing consensus among archeologists that the root cause was something we all see from day to day and never expect it to catch up with us. let ' s set the stage in the maya world around 900 a. d. firstly, the population was enormous by today ' s standards. ambergris caye must have had between ten and twenty thousand residents. the island, in fact, is one large archeological site. belize probably supported around two million people if current estimates are anywhere near correct. given the amount of arable land and the relatively inefficient slash and burn agricultural methods employed by the maya, just feeding everybody must have been a monumental effort. since there were no draft animals available to the maya, plowing and row - crop dry farming was out of the question. hence the reliance on slash and burn, wherein the jungle was cut down and burned, returning important nutrients to the soil which would then support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4514155294337728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.287884"} {"text": "- historic sites the working ladies of lowell proud and independent, the farm girls of new england helped build an industrial eden, but its paternalistic innocence was not to last february 1961 | volume 12, issue 2 while the labor force thus changed, so did the nature of the owning group. the new ownership was well represented by a man like amos lawrence, ancestor of many pious churchmen, whose name was bestowed on a new mill town on the merrimack, built up in the 1840 \u2019 s. lawrence was a nonsmoker and nondrinker who demanded the same abstinence of his male employees. plagued with stomach trouble, he dined briefly and frugally on watery gruel, and he was not a man to listen sympathetically to complaints that a worker \u2019 s salary did not buy an adequate diet. reproached by some critics with his great wealth, he is said to have snarled : \u201c there is one thing you may as well understand ; i know how to make money, and you cannot prevent it. \u201d there was something hard here that made the older, paternalistic, nationalistic outlook of the founders of waltham seem archaic. the difference between lawrence and lowell, the towns, was something like the difference between lawrence and lowell, the men. in addition, as stockholding in the corporations finally became a little more widespread, the personal link between owner and worker was snapped. the original boston promoters had been drawn from the same yankee stock as the mill hands. but the difference between a boston attorney with a few shares of suffolk manufacturing company in his safe, and bridget doyle at her spinning frame, was more than one of money. it was a gap between ways of life and understanding. moreover, as some stock passed into the hands of guardians and estate administrators, company treasurers were at last able to invoke piously the interests of widows and orphans, as they maintained dividends while slashing wages and stretching out tasks. through the 1850 \u2019 s the labor scene darkened as industry spread through the nation. prices rose in response to gold strikes and industrial booms, but wages remained at ancient levels. factory workers struck more frequently \u2014 and were more frequently replaced by immigrant strikebreakers. some leaders, despairing of direct action by labor, turned to state legislatures and petitioned for laws restricting the hours of labor and the employment of women and children. some small gains were made in legislative cutting of the work burden of children under twelve, but most \u201c ten - hour \u201d legislation proposed in new england in the fifties died in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3713148716619892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.291373"} {"text": "petitioned for laws restricting the hours of labor and the employment of women and children. some small gains were made in legislative cutting of the work burden of children under twelve, but most \u201c ten - hour \u201d legislation proposed in new england in the fifties died in the state capitals. the slogans of progress which had justified the beginnings of waltham and lowell now rang out to justify a status quo maintained at the price of increasing bitterness. so it was that in 1860 something more than a single defectively built factory lay in ruins in lawrence. in all new england there was evidence that the united states was going to have to find another way toward justice for labor \u2014 was going to have to walk the long road through decades of violence, organization, degradation, cruelty, bitterness, and protest, before the light would dawn again. the short cut to utopia had run into a dead end, and lowell was not, as it turned out, the harbinger of a perfect, harmonious, and just industrial society, in which a \u201c circulating current \u201d of laborers gained bread, education, and stature at the machines. it was not the only utopian experiment of the jacksonian era to fail. like the others, it remains in american history as a memory, the surviving token of a lost innocence that believed in the impossible, and for a few short hours in a simpler time, seemed to make it work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4391531191157624, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.291907"} {"text": "this prestwick house literary touchstone edition\u2122 includes a glossary and reader \u2019 s notes to help the modern reader contend with swift \u2019 s complex references and vocabulary. first published anonymously in 1727, jonathan swift \u2019 s gulliver \u2019 s travels created a storm of criticism \u2014 from those who believed the stories to be true and \u201c knew exactly \u201d who lemuel gulliver was, to those who demanded that the writer of the seditious tales be hunted down and executed for high treason. even today, swift \u2019 s vitriolic attacks on politics, culture, and human nature itself have earned him the reputation of a crazed misanthrope. swift, through his hero, consistently rails against political whims, human follies, and the bestial behaviors of the human race : in lilliput, gulliver is twelve times the size of the european - like natives. in brobdingnag, he is one - twelfth the size of the primitive but moral inhabitants. in laputa, buildings collapse and clothing does not fit, although constructed by the most \u201c modern \u201d and \u201c reasonable \u201d means. finally, in the land of the horse - like houyhnhnms gulliver realizes that he and his race are nothing but a brood of yahoos.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41059329828487456, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.293122"} {"text": "peacemaker, warrior, cross - cultural community builder, american indian activist, tribal elder, cultural preservation consultant, native american issues advisor, founding mother of the modern indian repatriation movement, nobel peace prize nominee, local unsung hero, religious advisor, and the rosa parks of nagpra - - these are a few of the descriptors applied to a unique woman who spent the last 16 years of her life in ames ( 1987 - 2003 ). maria pearson ( running moccasins ) was a proponent of human rights for all americans, and, in particular, those of american indians. a member of the yankton sioux tribe, she worked tirelessly on behalf of native american peoples in iowa and nationwide. largely through her efforts, the iowa burial code was changed in the 1970s mandating the reburial of american indian skeletal remains. her work in iowa and continued advocacy on behalf of native american rights was instrumental in the passage of important federal legislation, most recently the native american graves protection and repatriation act ( nagpra ) of 1990. this act provides comprehensive protection for native american burials and associated artifacts on federal properties and in public and private museums and collections. her accomplishments in this area were recognized not only at a national level but in several international conferences dealing with human rights and repatriation issues. in 1990 she traveled to venezuela to attend the second world archaeological congress as an official indigenous member of the executive council. the bbc made a documentary program, bones of contention, about maria that was broadcast in 1995. maria was featured in the leadership 2003 series of the ames tribune.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41688060006884076, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.295986"} {"text": "mlive : ann arbor could see a geminid meteor shower thursday night a rare, clear night sky in the ann arbor area thursday night may increase the visibility of the expected geminid meteor shower, mlive. com reports. the geminid shower is expected to be visible between 11 p. m. and 2 a. m., according to nasa website. mlive. com reports the meteor shower happens in december as a result of debris from the extinct comet 3200 phaethonm, coming in contact with the earth ' s atmosphere. according to nasa, the week of dec. 10 - 16 is a good window for seeing the shower, but thursday night is expected to be the anticipated peak. michigan often misses the shower due to a layer of overnight lake - effect clouds and in december the cold air blowing over the warmer great lakes creates a lot of clouds, however, the mild air thursday is expected to keep the lake clouds from forming. nasa estimates there may be as many as 30 meteors per hour. for those who still might not be able to see the shower due to city lights, nasa ' s marshall space flight center in huntsville, ala., will have a live ustream feed beginning at 11 p. m., of the meteor shower. read the full report here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4076275297898392, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.297718"} {"text": "carolyn robertson payton ( 1925 - 2001 ) by gwendolyn p. keita, american psychological association * biography of carolyn robertson payton * carolyn robertson payton is best remembered as the first woman and first african american director of the united sates peace corps. her path to this position, as well as her departure say much about her character \u2014 open to new opportunities, committed to making a difference, and willing to do what she felt was right no matter the consequences. payton accepted the position of field assessment officer for trainees for the newly created peace corps in 1964. although women were usually not given overseas staff positions, in 1966 payton became the peace corps director for the eastern caribbean region stationed in barbados. as one of only two female country directors, her success was critical in demonstrating that women could effectively do the job. this success resulted in gender being dropped as a qualifier for overseas staff positions. after a seven - year absence, payton was again called to the peace corps in 1977, this time by then us president jimmy carter who appointed payton peace corps director. she served for less than two years. her strong views about the peace corps \u2019 mission and its implementation strategies, especially regarding the importance of peace corps volunteers being nonpolitical, clashed with those of sam brown, then director of action, the agency with jurisdiction over the peace corps. payton \u2019 s refusal to back down on issues she felt were vital to the peace corps \u2019 very existence and the surrounding publicity led president carter to ask for her resignation. although a trailblazer in numerous arenas, payton \u2019 s early life was uneventful. she was born in 1925 in norfolk, virginia. her mother was a seamstress and her father a ship steward. she died at her home in washington, dc on april 11, 2001. payton had two major influences in her life that helped define her future endeavors. she attributed her courage, loyalty, and commitment to work for equality and justice to her upbringing. she was from a close knit family that emphasized the value of education. despite being born into slavery, her grandfather saw to it that all of his children attended college. payton graduated from the public schools of norfolk, virginia, and received her bs degree in home economics from bennett college in greensboro, north carolina, in 1945. bennett college, a small historically black women \u2019 s college, was the other major influence in payton \u2019 s life. she noted that bennett shaped her aspirations, attitudes, and expectations and gave her a sense of her capabilities as a woman. payton remained close to bennett college throughout her life,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3925560423644455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.304451"} {"text": "women \u2019 s college, was the other major influence in payton \u2019 s life. she noted that bennett shaped her aspirations, attitudes, and expectations and gave her a sense of her capabilities as a woman. payton remained close to bennett college throughout her life, establishing a scholarship fund there in the late 1990s. payton attended the university of wisconsin from 1945 - 1948 and completed her ms in psychology. issues related to race were intertwined with payton \u2019 s matriculation at wisconsin, beginning with the financing of her attendance. her tuition and other expenses were paid by the state of virginia as part of the state \u2019 s \u201c separate but equal \u201d policy. under this doctrine, the state covered expenses incurred at any out - of - state university if the student pursued a graduate degree in a discipline available to white students at the white state schools, but unavailable to blacks at the black state schools. incensed by class discussions of the intellectual superiority of whites and wanting to prove that there was no difference in intelligence between the races, payton conducted her masters thesis on a comparative study of the intelligence of blacks and whites as measured by the then newly developed wechsler - bellevue test of intelligence. she concluded that the test itself was an inaccurate measure of the true ability of blacks. in 1976, payton again focused on testing when she served as a field supervisor for the standardization program of the wechsler adult intelligence scale and was responsible for selection of black participants and the administration and scoring of the testing instrument. her efforts marked one of the first times black participants, selected on the basis of age, gender, and socioeconomic level, were included in the development and application of test norms for a prominent test. after graduation, payton took positions as a psychologist at livingston college in salisbury, north carolina, and later as dean of women and a psychology instructor at elizabeth city state teachers college in elizabeth city, north carolina. she joined the faculty of howard university in washington, dc, after completing coursework for her phd at columbia university in 1959. at howard, she taught child, abnormal, and experimental psychology and conducted research on the perception threshold of verticality in rhesus monkeys. she completed her doctoral degree in counseling and student administration at columbia in 1962. although best known for her work as peace corps director, payton \u2019 s major career contribution was made as director of the howard university counseling service ( hucs ) from 1970 to 1977, and later as dean of counseling and career development from 1979 until her retirement in 1995. while at the hucs, payton established a training and supervision component to address", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4345514279780707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.305897"} {"text": "made as director of the howard university counseling service ( hucs ) from 1970 to 1977, and later as dean of counseling and career development from 1979 until her retirement in 1995. while at the hucs, payton established a training and supervision component to address the need for a clinical practicum experience for graduate students in the mental health fields. she also developed a structured in - house training and clinical supervision program for staff and other mental health professionals, in addition to promoting and investing in post - graduate training for her clinical staff. through her leadership at hucs, payton consistently served as a role model for professional women, especially professional black women. during her tenure, the counseling service staff grew from 4 to 15, and provided counseling and therapy to both students and community clients. training at hucs, in addition to the usual clinical material, focused on providing counseling and psychotherapy to ethnic minority, especially african american, men and women. this program eventually developed into the american psychological association ( apa ) - approved clinical and counseling psychology pre - doctoral internship in 1983. payton was a trailblazer in the use of group techniques with african american clients, and the hucs group counseling and psychotherapy training program ( established later in the mid - 1980 \u2019 s ) was a strong component. payton was an active member of apa and a fellow of division 35. she was one of the original members on the task force on the psychology of black women in 1976, now the section on the psychology of black women. the section \u2019 s early career award is named in payton \u2019 s honor ( the carolyn payton early career award ). payton served on a number of apa boards and committees including the committee on women in psychology ( cwp ) ; the membership committee ; the committee of scientific and professional ethics and conduct ; the gay, lesbian, and bisexual concerns committee ; and the policy and planning board. she received numerous awards, including several of apa \u2019 s most prestigious. in 1982, she received the distinguished professional contributions to public service award. in 1985, the apa committee on women in psychology leadership citation award honored her for her role as \u201c an outstanding teacher, role model, and mentor for women and ethnic minorities. she has provided leadership on ethical and consumer issues in psychology and in eliminating sex bias in psychotherapeutic practice \u2026 her commitment to equality and justice for all oppressed peoples has made a precious difference in all our lives. \u201d in 1997, payton received the apa award for outstanding lifetime contribution to psychology for her \u201c dedication to using psychology to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40005088315408727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.307070"} {"text": "##apeutic practice \u2026 her commitment to equality and justice for all oppressed peoples has made a precious difference in all our lives. \u201d in 1997, payton received the apa award for outstanding lifetime contribution to psychology for her \u201c dedication to using psychology to promote better cross - cultural understanding and to end social injustice by influencing political process \u2026 [ her ] success in overcoming gender and racial barriers to achieve positions of leadership and prestige make [ her ] a role model to women and ethnic minorities everywhere. carolyn payton is remembered as a foremother of those who pushed for women \u2019 s leadership within apa and psychology. she was a wonderful role model for women, especially women of color, and was honored at the first multicultural conference and summit for her pioneering contributions to multicultural psychology. her sharp wit, incisive comments, ability to see through the verbiage, and passion for social justice will be long remembered. in her article, \u201c who must do the hard things? \u201d published in american psychologist ( april 1984 ), payton argued that psychology would not survive as a science if we ignored the social implications of our work. with her departure, it is left to all of us to do the \u201c hard things. \u201d * originally published in the feminist psychologist, newsletter of the society for the psychology of women, division 35 of the american psychological association, volume 28, number 3, summer, 2001. appearing with permission of the author.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46516480090817336, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.307723"} {"text": "another earth day has passed us and just as we make resolutions on new year \u2019 s day, you might have planned to change your energy wasting ways. those new year \u2019 s resolutions are difficult to maintain, because we often try to do too much. making just a few small changes is helpful and can be the key to lasting change. lisa abraham at ohio. com has compiled her tips for saving energy in the kitchen. they include being creative when using kitchen appliances and modifying some eating habits. limit the time the stove / oven is used never light the oven or turn on a burner when a small appliance will do the job. microwave ovens, toaster ovens, electric griddles, panini makers and, yes, even a slow cooker all consume less energy than a traditional gas or electric stove. consistently using these small appliances can make a huge difference in your energy consumption, jackie newgent a dietitian, cooking instructor and cookbook author of the newly released big green cookbook ( wiley, 2009 ). said. even though slow cookers are typically on for hours at a time, they will burn less energy than a traditional oven to prepare the same dish, such as a roast. look for ways to lessen the amount of time the oven and burners are on. when cooking pasta, newgent recommends using skinny varieties, like angel hair, that will cook more quickly. she also uses a method she dubs \u201d lid cooking \u201d to turn the stove off sooner. newgent brings a pot of water to a boil, adds her pasta and brings it up to a boil again. but then she turns the heat off, puts a lid on the pot, and lets the pasta finish cooking from the heated water. when baking something, turn the oven off five minutes before the item is done and allow the residual heat in the oven to finish the job, she said. consider making one meal each week that doesn \u2019 t require using the stove at all, such as a salad. eat more fruits and vegetables, less meat newgent suggests eating one meatless meal per week. it requires more energy to produce meat than vegetables and fruits. cutting meat out of just one meal per week can lead to significant energy savings over a year, she said. that salad fits in well here. think of it as a chance to be a more adventurous eater. run an energy - efficient kitchen while new major kitchen appliances may not be in the budget for many homeowners, most would see an immediate savings on electric bills with the conversion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5068122954323209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.314544"} {"text": "here. think of it as a chance to be a more adventurous eater. run an energy - efficient kitchen while new major kitchen appliances may not be in the budget for many homeowners, most would see an immediate savings on electric bills with the conversion. refrigerators should be away from sunlight and heat sources, like ovens. the warmer the environment, the harder the appliance will have to work and the more energy it will use. refrigerators also need breathing room \u2014 at least two or three inches of open space between the coils and the wall behind them to allow for better air circulation. keeping refrigerator coils clean of dirt, dust and pet hair also will improve performance. the harder an appliance has to work, the faster it will wear out. constantly opening and closing the refrigerator causes it to lose cold air. the same goes for the oven \u2014 keep the door closed as much as possible while in use to keep the hot air inside. gas stoves typically are less expensive to run than electric ones. always have the dishwasher fully loaded before running, and consider scraping your dishes instead of rinsing them before loading, to save on water. newgent also noted that when cooking outdoors, choose a gas grill over charcoal because gas emits less carbon into the atmosphere. here is a sample recipe from jackie newgent \u2019 s big green cookbook : citrus cream of capellini 13 / 4 tsp. sea salt, or to taste 12 oz. whole wheat capellini or angel hair pasta 1 / 2 cup organic heavy cream 1 tbsp. unsalted organic butter juice and zest of 1 lemon ( about 3 tbsp. juice ) 1 / 4 tsp. freshly ground black or white pepper, or to taste 1 / 3 cup freshly grated organic or locally produced parmesan cheese 1 / 4 cup chopped fresh flat - leaf parsley 1 / 3 cup raw pine nuts ( optional ) bring 6 cups fresh water and 3 / 4 teaspoon of the salt to a boil in a large saucepan over high heat. add the pasta and return to a boil. cover and turn off the heat. let the pasta \u201d lid cook \u201d ( cook covered while the burner is off ) until it is al dente, about 6 minutes. drain the pasta, reserving 1 / 2 cup of the cooking liquid. place the drained pasta back into the dried saucepan and set over medium - high heat. stir in the cream, butter, lemon juice and zest. cook while stirring until the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49551875173025106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.315605"} {"text": "dhari al - fadli, a patient being treated at a diabetes clinic in kuwait, is a victim of the dark side of his country ' s economic boom. after his weight hit a peak of 123 kg ( 271 pounds ), fadli developed such serious diabetes that he had to inject himself with insulin before every meal. helped by the insertion of a gastric balloon into his stomach to reduce hunger, he has now lost enough weight to stop the injections, but still has to take diabetic medication. \" we ' re all overweight in my family... we have a saying that if you don ' t have diabetes, you ' re not a kuwaiti, \" said fadli, a 49 - year - old father of five. in fact, more than one in five kuwaitis suffer from the disease. oil wealth has given kuwait and nearby countries in the gulf some of the highest per capita incomes in the world. but it has also created lifestyles - overeating, high - sugar diets, cushy jobs and heavy reliance on automobiles for transport - that are leading to an explosion of diabetes in the region, experts say. five of the 10 countries where diabetes is most prevalent are located in the six - nation gulf cooperation council, according to the international diabetes federation ( idf ), an umbrella organisation of more than 200 national associations. kuwait is no. 3 while qatar is sixth, saudi arabia seventh, bahrain eighth and the united arab emirates no. 10. the rest of the top 10 are pacific island nations with much smaller populations, apart from lebanon which comes in fifth. a staggering 21. 1 percent of people in kuwait are diabetes sufferers while prevalence rates are around 20 percent in other gcc countries, idf figures show. in the united states, the rate is 9. 6 percent ; worldwide, it is 8. 5 percent. the problem is so widespread in kuwait, said abdulmuhsen al - shammari, an endocrinologist working at mubarak al - kabeer hospital in the country, that \" it is now normal for half a dinner party to be diabetic and for them to ask for each other ' s medication after they eat \". genetic factors apparently contribute to the gulf ' s high incidence of diabetes, an incurable disease in which the body has difficulty absorbing sugars and which is closely associated with obesity, scientists say. it can lead to cardiovascular problems, blindness, strokes and kidney disease. \" research suggests that people ( in the gulf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.381717381559207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.320776"} {"text": "of diabetes, an incurable disease in which the body has difficulty absorbing sugars and which is closely associated with obesity, scientists say. it can lead to cardiovascular problems, blindness, strokes and kidney disease. \" research suggests that people ( in the gulf ) have a lower set - point at which their body - mass index levels trigger the onset of diabetes, \" said maha taysir, endocrinologist at the imperial college london diabetes clinic ( icldc ) in abu dhabi. however, even expatriates living in the gulf have a higher incidence of diabetes than they do in their home countries, taysir said. this suggests lifestyles are a major reason for the region ' s problem. just two or three generations ago, many inhabitants of region made their living through strenuous work such as fishing, goat - herding and pearl - diving. the development of the gulf ' s oil riches changed lifestyles drastically, luring tens of thousands of people into comfortable jobs at lavishly funded state enterprises, or allowing them to live on ample unemployment benefits. physically tough jobs in the gcc, such as construction and oil field operation, are almost entirely done by millions of foreign workers. gulf rulers responded to last year ' s political unrest in the middle east by increasing welfare benefits for their citizens to buy social peace, which some officials in the gulf have conceded privately risks further reducing the pressure on people to work. \" exercise is the single most important factor for reducing diabetes... but it takes a lot of work to get patients here to follow a lifestyle they really don ' t want to, \" taysir said. some gulf residents believe the first gulf war against saddam hussein in 1990 - 1991 may have contributed indirectly to the spread of obesity by fostering a junk food culture. fast food outlets blossomed in kuwait, saudi arabia and other countries where thousands of us troops were stationed, and remained part of daily life after the troops withdrew. \" the lifestyle, the luxury we live in, the lack of activity and our fatty junk food culture are all contributing factors... food is delivered, kids play sitting down at their computers... even physical education is a written exam, \" said fadli.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4057431522128334, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.321676"} {"text": "saturday 15 june flap - necked chameleon ( chamaeleo dilepis ) flap - necked chameleon fact file - find out more - print factsheet flap - necked chameleon description the flap - necked chameleon \u2019 s common name derives from the large, movable flaps that protrude from either side of the upper surface of its neck ( 2 ) ( 4 ). normally these flaps lie flat, over a bony protuberance at the back of the head called a \u201c casque \u201d ( 2 ), but during threat displays to deter rivals or predators, they can be raised and angled at 90 degrees to the head ( 2 ) ( 4 ). males can be distinguished from females by their taller casques, larger flaps and by the small spurs which protrude from the hind legs of some subspecies. at rest, the flap - necked chameleon \u2019 s body colouration is usually light green, brown or yellow, with a light or dark stripe extending across the flanks. the flap - necked chameleon \u2019 s body is diffusely marked with numerous dark spots, which become bright yellow or orange when it is excited or ready to mate ( 2 ). two low crests formed from large conical scales run down the centre of the upper and lower surfaces of the body ( 2 ), with the lower crest beginning at the throat and continuing unbroken over the belly ( 5 ). - length : up to 38 cm ( 2 ) flap - necked chameleon biology usually found amongst the branches of trees and bushes, the flap - necked chameleon will occasionally descend to the ground in order to seek out new feeding grounds or a mate ( 7 ) ( 8 ). like other chameleon species, the flap - necked chameleon has a number of special adaptations for hunting. its eyes are located on cone - shaped turrets, which can move independently, allowing it to look in two different directions simultaneously, while searching for its insect prey. once spotted, prey is caught by means of the flap - necked chameleon \u2019 s remarkable, extensile tongue. the contraction of special muscles within the tongue rapidly propels it towards the prey, which is snared by a combination of the tongue \u2019 s sticky mucous coating and a vacuum created by muscles in the tip ( 9 ). when threatened, the flap - necked chameleon presents a dramatic display, rocking from side - to - side, while raising its neck flaps, expanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4075881690573071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.329906"} {"text": "\u2019 s sticky mucous coating and a vacuum created by muscles in the tip ( 9 ). when threatened, the flap - necked chameleon presents a dramatic display, rocking from side - to - side, while raising its neck flaps, expanding its throat pouch and gaping its mouth ( 4 ) ( 5 ). female flap - necked chameleons are larger than the males and outcompete them for the most favourable areas within their habitat, where prey is most abundant ( 8 ). the short mating season is the only time when females will allow males to approach them without conflict. after mating, the female once again becomes aggressive to males, turning black and butting heads with any that approach ( 7 ). after a gestation period of around one month ( 6 ), the female digs a hole in which the eggs are buried ( 2 ). while clutch sizes of up to 60 eggs have been recorded in captivity, in the wild, clutch size may be significantly smaller ( 2 ). hatching takes place around 9 months later ( 5 ), with the young reaching sexual maturity after 9 to 12 months ( 2 ). top flap - necked chameleon range one of the most widely distributed chameleon species ( 2 ) ( 6 ), the flap - necked chameleon is found throughout almost all of southern and central africa, with the northern limits of its range extending from nigeria and cameroon in the west to somalia and ethiopia in the east ( 3 ). top flap - necked chameleon habitat the flap - necked chameleon occupies forest, bush and grassland savannah ( 7 ). top flap - necked chameleon statustop flap - necked chameleon threats the flap - necked chameleon is one of the most extensively exported chameleon species with almost 50, 000 individuals exported between 1977 and 2001. the greatest demand for these chameleons comes from the u. s. a. pet trade ( 6 ). top flap - necked chameleon conservation the flap - necked chameleon is listed on appendix ii of the convention of international trade in endangered species ( cites ) and any international trade in this species is therefore strictly controlled and regulated by annual maximum export quotas ( 3 ). despite its popularity in the pet trade, at the present time this species appears to be widespread and common ( 7 ). nevertheless, without proper monitoring of the effects of harvesting for the pet trade, the flap - necked chameleon \u2019 s population is at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4163008208339332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.330813"} {"text": "popularity in the pet trade, at the present time this species appears to be widespread and common ( 7 ). nevertheless, without proper monitoring of the effects of harvesting for the pet trade, the flap - necked chameleon \u2019 s population is at risk of undergoing a significant, but undetected, population decline ( 6 ). top find out more to learn more about reptile conservation visit : international reptile conservation foundation : authenticated ( 23 / 02 / 2009 ) by edward i. pollak, ph. d. department of psychology, west chester university of pennsylvania. top - the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth. - a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. iucn red list ( june, 2011 ) adcham. com ( january, 2009 ) cites ( june, 2011 ) - meyers, r. a. and clarke, b. m. ( 1998 ) how do flap - necked chameleons move their flaps?. copeia, 1998 : 759 - 761. - carruthersv. ( 2005 ) the wildlife of southern africa : a field guide to the animals and plants of the region. struik, cape town. - carpenter, a. i., rowcliffe, j. m. and watkinson, a. r. ( 2004 ) the dynamics of global trade in chameleons. biological conservation, 120 : 291 - 301. world association of zoos and aquariums ( january, 2009 ) - hebrard, j. j. and madsen, t. ( 1984 ) dry season intersexual habitat partitioning by flap - necked chameleons ( chamaeleo dilepis ) in kenya. biotropica, 16 : 69 - 72. - halliday, t. and adler, k. ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptile and amphibians. oxford university press, oxford. myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41399459011355144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.331690"} {"text": "website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are clearly marked with the creative commons buttons and may be used by end users only in the way allowed by the specific creative commons licence under which they have been submitted. please see http : / / creativecommons. org for details. any other use please contact the copyright owners directly ( copyright and contact details are shown for each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format ( this includes but is not limited to : websites, apps, cds, dvds, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution ). use of the material for promotional, administrative or for - profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46908727068787415, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.332723"} {"text": "many studies have shown that interval training is a very effective way to boost metabolism and burn more fat calories. in addition, interval training is one of the most efficient ways to build fitness. but what exactly is interval training? the following article explains the theory and concept of interval training and offers suggestions for how to apply it to your specific sport. interval training is a workout that combines varying levels of difficulty for specific time durations. most interval workouts alternate between high and low intensities. the high intensity portions are often for a shorter time duration and thus are referred to as sprints. sprints may be as short as 15 seconds for anaerobic workouts or as long as 20 minutes for aerobic training. a rest interval follows the sprint and allows the athlete to slowly recover by performing the same exercise at a much lower intensity. the duration of the rest interval depends on the fitness level of the athlete as well as the duration of the sprint. interval training utilizes both the aerobic and anaerobic systems of the body. during the sprints, the anaerobic system uses the stored energy from your muscles ( glycogen ). since no oxygen is being used during this type of exercise, your body produces lactic acid, which continues to build and eventually forces the athlete into oxygen debt. the rest interval allows the heart and lungs to \" pay back \" the oxygen debt and break down the lactic acid that has been building up in the muscles. because the resting interval utilizing the aerobic system, the body uses oxygen to convert stored carbohydrates into expendable energy. thus, the theory behind interval training is if you practice at higher intensity levels your body will adapt and burn lactic acid at a much more efficient rate during exercise. through this adaptation, athletes can perform at a higher intensity for a longer time period before pain or fatigue alters their performance. the physiological adaption that occurs with interval training increases the body ' s ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles and its tolerance of lactic acid accumulation. as a result of these adaptations, athletes experience greater performance, speed and endurance. another benefit of interval training is the higher caloric expenditure. calories are burned faster when an athlete performs short, high intensity exercise. even though there are less intensive resting periods, the higher, anaerobic intervals boost metabolism and burn more calories. while interval training is most often thought of for running workouts, many other forms of exercise can be adapted to this type of training. biking, swimming, rowing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5122160381839871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.336470"} {"text": "oxygen fuels the fires of time scientists from the field museum in chicago and royal holloway university of london, publishing their results this week in the journal nature geoscience, have shown that the amount of charcoal preserved in ancient peat bogs, now coal, gives a measure of how much oxygen there was in the past. until now scientists have relied on geochemical models to estimate atmospheric oxygen concentrations. however, a number of competing models exist, each with significant discrepancies and no clear way to resolve an answer. all models agree that around 300 million years ago, in the late paleozoic, atmospheric oxygen levels were much higher than today. these elevated concentrations have been linked to gigantism in some animal groups, in particular insects, the dragonfly meganeura monyi with a wingspan of over two feet epitomizing this. some scientists think these higher concentrations of atmospheric oxygen may also have allowed vertebrates to colonize the land. these higher levels of oxygen were a direct consequence of the colonization of land by plants. when plants photosynthesize they evolve oxygen. however, when the carbon stored in plant tissues decays atmospheric oxygen is used up. to produce a net increase in atmospheric oxygen over time organic matter must be buried. the colonization of land by plants not only led to new plant growth but also a dramatic increase in the burial of carbon. this burial was particularly high during the late paleozoic when huge coal deposits accumulated. dr. ian j. glasspool from the department of geology at the field museum explained that : \" atmospheric oxygen concentration is strongly related to flammability. at levels below 15 % wildfires could not have spread. however, at levels significantly above 25 % even wet plants could have burned, while at levels around 30 to 35 %, as have been proposed for the late paleozoic, wildfires would have been frequent and catastrophic \". however, there were periods in earth ' s history when the charcoal percentage in the coals was as high as 70 %. this indicates very high levels of atmospheric oxygen that would have promoted many frequent, large, and extremely hot fires. these intervals include the carboniferous and permian periods from 320 - 250 million years ago and the middle cretaceous period approximately 100 million years ago. \" it is interesting \", professor scott points out, \" that these were times of major change in the evolution of vegetation on land with the evolution and spread of new plant groups, the conifers in the late carboniferous and flowering plants in the cretaceous \". these periods of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.490742038588291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.339032"} {"text": "young headache sufferers and their parents - keep a headache calendar or diary. mark down when you have a headache, how bad it is on a 1 \u2013 10 scale and what you had to do to take it away. jot down when you had to miss school or work. download a headache calendar you can use. - obtain a headache book from the list provided and keep it handy as a reference. visit the various headache web sites listed on the sheet provided. learn as much as possible about your headache condition. this will help you maintain control over your headaches. a list of books and web sites. - do not run out of your prescription medications. plan ahead. - have an information sheet on file in your school ' s health room and work with your school nurse to facilitate quick treatment of your headaches. download an information sheet you can use. - don ' t skip meals \u2013 this is a potent headache trigger. - try to wake up and go to sleep at about the same time every day. this can minimize the number of headaches. - try to identify specific triggers that can bring on your headache and avoid them if possible. all of the recommended books have lists of common headache triggers. some may be rather obvious to you, others may not. - biofeedback is a particularly helpful non - drug method for relieving headache pain in children and adolescents. information is available upon request. - learn and practice relaxation techniques. - sometimes, a visit with a pain psychologist will be recommended in order to uncover any factors that may be adding to your headache condition. medications for headache - treat the headache early and aggressively. try to identify signs and symptoms that may tip you off that a headache may soon occur ( i. e., neck aching, yawning, fatigue, etc. ). - treat nausea aggressively. usually, the best choice will be metoclopramide ( reglan ). this not only helps for nausea, but also helps headache medications get absorbed better. take this at the first sign of a significant headache. - be aware of rebound headaches. it is easier to prevent this type of headache than to treat them. if you are using short acting, immediate relief medications more than 2 days per week, you could be at risk for developing this condition. - preventive medications ( those medications used to reduce the number and severity of headaches ). - acute medications ( those used to stop a headache as soon as possible ). - rescue medications ( those medications taken when the acute treatment doesn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41601789494253183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.343244"} {"text": "air is surprisingly heavy stuff. the air under an average coffee table weighs about 1kg, which means when we push large quantities of it through the small pipes of an engine at high speed it has a significant amount of momentum. engines breathe in huge quantities of air, each 100bhp consumes about 35 pints of air per second and expels about three times that volume in exhaust gas. all this flow needs to be carefully controlled, the flow into the cylinders is not constant but stops and starts many times a second with each cycle, inertia has to be allowed for so that enough time is available for the gas to speed up or slow down. this is all achieved with the camshaft, a long steel rod with lumps on that pushes the valves up and down. it ' s spun round in synchronisation with the crank and pistons so that the lumps, called lobes, hit the top of the valve stems via the follower or other links and force them open at just the right moment. the valve is gradually opened and shut to avoid excessive forces which would increase wear. because it takes time for the air to get moving the cam opens the intake valve before the piston starts the intake stroke ( i ' ll come back to this situation later ), as the piston draws the air in the speed increases and gains momentum, then when the piston is at the bottom of the stroke and starts coming up the momentum continues to force air in whilst the valve gradually shuts. so rather than the intake valve being only open for the 180 degrees of the intake stroke, it is more usually open for over 230 degrees in total. after it shuts and the compression stroke is followed by the expansion stroke it becomes time to open the exhaust valve, but again rather than waiting for the power stoke to finish and the exhaust stroke to start the exhaust valve is actually opened a bit early. near the end of the power stroke very little useful power is being transmitted to the crank, the exhaust is opened and gradually exhaust gas speed increases. initially the exhaust gas is forced out by combustion pressure, but as the piston travels up on the exhaust stroke it pushes the remaining exhaust gas out, further increasing momentum. near the top of the stroke there is still enough gas momentum to drag the remaining exhaust gas out of the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5186741443497864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.349238"} {"text": "the chamber even as the piston starts going back down on the intake stroke. the exhaust valve is then gradually closed. this does mean that there is a period at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the intake stroke where both the intake and exhaust valves are open, the exhaust momentum prevents it going the wrong way and even helps to drag fresh intake air into the cylinder. this situation is referred to as valve overlap. matching cam timing to the valve size and port diameter is vital, big valve / port engines have lower gas speeds, less momentum and during the overlap phase the exhaust gas can reverse direction and flow into the intake more easily at low engine speeds, but at high engine speeds a big valve head with a large overlap phase can make the engine breathe in much more air than it would normally do, effectively the gas momentum cramming more intake charge in just like a supercharger does. that is why race engines can make so much more power than road engines, but struggle to idle smoothly and can be unpleasant to drive at light throttle. cams are generally referred to by the total duration the valve is open for in degrees, most cams have the same duration for the intake and exhaust, but some race cams may use different amounts, particularly on turbo or supercharged engines. a standard cam may have a duration of 240 to 260 degrees, a sporty road cam might have about 275 to 285 degrees, but a full bore race cam could keep the valves open for as much as 310 degrees, although that probably wouldn ' t idle below 4000rpm! the cam designed is a complex subject but the design has a massive effect on how well the engine breaths, many tuning companies offer performance cams sold as ' stage 1 ' etc., but there is no technical definition of a ' stage ' and this is simply a marketing term, one company ' s stage 1 cam might be equivalent to another companies stage 3. the cams are driven by either a chain or a toothed belt that is driven by the crank so everything is synchronised. the crank has to go round twice for the pistons to do all four strokes on a 4 stroke engine, so the cams are driven at half the speed of the crank, this is done by having the cog on the crank half the size of the cogs on the cams. a very small number of engines use a series of gears instead of a belt or chain, one example being the old rolls royce v8, which has the advantage of never needing replacement and maintaining accurate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5142297949313195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.350208"} {"text": "half the size of the cogs on the cams. a very small number of engines use a series of gears instead of a belt or chain, one example being the old rolls royce v8, which has the advantage of never needing replacement and maintaining accurate timing under all conditions, the down side is that it is heavier and more expensive. adjustable ' vernier ' pulleys are available to fine tune the timing on race engines, these have two parts ; one is the outer cog driven by the chain or belt and the other part is the inner mounting hub onto the camshaft. a ring of bolts join the two halves together, each bolt passes through a slotted hole so that the two parts can be rotated slightly with respect to each other. a typical cam gear, known as a sprocket, may have teeth separated by 10\u00b0 so fitting the chain either one tooth ahead or behind adjusts timing by 10\u00b0 either way, fitting a vernier cam wheel allows finer adjustment adjustment within that 10\u00b0. retarding the cam by a few degrees can increase low speed torque at the expense of high rpm power, advancing it a few degrees has the opposite effect. a good tuning company balances the intake dimensions, exhaust manifold and systems, port and valve sizes with the right cam type and setting just the right cam timing to achieve the desired characteristics. there is a lot more to cams than just a stick with lumps on.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4640012396981743, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.350749"} {"text": "in several installations the generator manufacturer has installed the brushes so they trail the commutator. in this case, if the generator drive shaft is rotated opposite the normal direction, brush damage can occur. many operators elect to replace their own brushes in the field. this is usually not a problem as long as brush spring tensions are tested and adequate brush seating techniques are used. one nonrecommended technique used for brush seating is after installation of two brush sets ( 180 degrees apart ) in a starter generator to complete two successive ground power starts. after the second start, the brushes are seated. unfortunately, implementing this technique results in excessive arcing between the brushes and the commutator during the first start. the reason the brushes are so well seated after the second start is the arcing causes the commutator surface to resemble a rough cut file. so much for extended brush life. attention should always be paid to the manufacturer ' s recommendations prior to conducting any maintenance on a starter generator. aircraft using separate starters can incorporate brushless generators or rectified alternators. there are several distinct differences in the internal operation of these devices as compared with a unit using brushes. one primary difference is that a brushless unit will include a permanent magnet generator ( pmg ). anytime the shaft of this device is rotating, the pmg has relative movement with a series of coils. this means that even if the cockpit switch is selected \" off \" there will still be excitation power available when the engine is in operation. frequently, three phase ac power is supplied from this pmg to a generator control unit. here the excitation power is converted to dc and is then metered into the main excitor winding within the generator case. the magnetic field produced by this stationary excitor winding works in conjunction with ( usually three ) main power coils installed on the rotor. output from each power coil is ac and is directed through a diode circuit to change the ac into a rippled dc. feeder cables are used to connect this output into the aircraft electrical distribution system. the generator control unit will also monitor this output and adjust the regulation system according to voltage deficiencies or surges. numerous avionic / airframe system problems arise from anomalies in the power systems. most autoflight systems, as well as electronic flight instrument systems ( efis ), are voltage sensitive. in the event of voltage drop below a specific threshold, the autopilot may disconnect or the efis could black out. in one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.50039066839976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.354313"} {"text": "##flight systems, as well as electronic flight instrument systems ( efis ), are voltage sensitive. in the event of voltage drop below a specific threshold, the autopilot may disconnect or the efis could black out. in one situation, an aircraft had gone in for a complete interior refurbishment and new avionics. afterwards, on extended duration flights, the autopilot would periodically trip off but would always reset. numerous technicians replaced various components in the autopilot circuit. nothing solved the problem. eventually, a technician flew with the aircraft on an overseas mission and happened to notice that when the flight attendant switched on the new oven in the galley, the autopilot tripped. the technician was able to duplicate this condition time after time. the current draw associated with turning on the oven was causing a momentary voltage drop on the distribution system resulting in the autopilot trip. relocating the oven power supply to a bus that was supplied by more than one generator solved the problem. in other cases, the ripple produced by brush bounce or regulation malfunctions can cause various computers to see voltages that might be out of tolerance for a computer sensor. the computer then signals the flight crew that it has sensed a failure. ground power units ( gpu ) are also not exempt from spiking electrical power systems. in many aircraft the battery ( ies ) can be brought on line with the gpu and serve as a filter. when using a questionable gpu on an electrically sensitive aircraft, connecting a lead acid battery in parallel with the gpu will provide some protection. it is a good idea to periodically test each gpu for excessive voltage ripple. when troubleshooting electronic problems, even those associated with self diagnosing systems, consider the power source before replacing too many components.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4879259624990056, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.355019"} {"text": "warning : in the list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature, an arrow ( - - - > ) only indicates the sequence of valid publication of names and does not mean that the last name in the sequence must be used ( see : introduction ). classification - list of genera included in the order - list of families included in the order - warning : see also the file \" classification of prokaryotes : introduction \". picrophilales cavalier - smith 2002, ord. nov. ( type order of the class \u00a4 picrophilea cavalier - smith 2002 ). type genus : \u00a4 picrophilus schleper et al. 1996. etymology : n. l. masc. n. picrophilus, type genus of the order ; suff. - ales, ending denoting an order ; n. l. fem. pl. n. picrophilales, the picrophilus order. reference : cavalier - smith ( t. ) : the neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. int. j. syst. evol. microbiol., 2002, 52, 7 - 76. original article in ijsem online copyright \u00a9 j. p. euzeby the information on this page may not be reproduced, republished or mirrored on another webpage or website. see, legal rights and disclaimers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5312825136181338, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.356338"} {"text": "titanic centenary : swedish dreams of a new life lost at sea in the days after the titanic sank with the loss of 1, 517 lives, the chicago daily tribune published an account of how swedish immigrant and city tram conductor nils palsson discovered his wife alma and four children had perished in the waters of the atlantic. \" paulson looked pale and ill when he leaned hungry - eyed over the desk and asked in broken english if his wife or children had been accounted for. \" chief clerk ivar holmstrom scanned his list of third - class passengers saved. \" he failed to find there any of the names enumerated by paulson. ' perhaps they did not sail, ' he suggested hopefully. \" then he looked over the list of those who sailed third class on the titanic... the process of elimination was now complete. \" your family was on the boat, but none of them are accounted for, \" said clerk holmstrom. \" the man on the other side of the counter was assisted to a seat. his face and hands were bathed in cold water before he became fully conscious. \" he was finally assisted to the street by gust johnson, a friend who arrived with him. \" paulson ' s grief was the most acute of any who visited the offices of the white star, but his loss was the greatest. \" his whole family had been wiped out. \" a million emigrants during the 19th century failing crops and rising poverty levels made many swedes sell up to start a new life across the atlantic. the 231 nordic passengers - 123 swedes - 89 died - 63 fins - 43 died - 31 norwegians - 21 died - 14 danes - 12 died between the early 1800s and 1930 more than one million swedes left for america. most sailed from southampton or liverpool to new york. on the titanic, the swedes were the largest group after british and american passengers, making swedish the second most spoken language on board, according to titanic expert and author claes - goran wetterholm. \" there were more than 200 nordic passengers and they made up almost a third of all third - class passengers, \" he explained. of the estimated 1, 300 passengers on board the titanic, there were 123 swedes, 112 in third class. there were 327 british and 306 american passengers on board. nils palsson, a miner, left his home in bjuv, skane, south sweden, in june 1910 for chicago where he got a job as a tram conductor. unknown child ' s grave by april 1912 he had enough money", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37767136549648195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.361828"} {"text": "board. nils palsson, a miner, left his home in bjuv, skane, south sweden, in june 1910 for chicago where he got a job as a tram conductor. unknown child ' s grave by april 1912 he had enough money to pay for alma palsson, 29, and their children gosta leonard, two, stina viola, three, paul folke, five, and torborg danira, eight, to join him. they travelled via copenhagen to england and southampton where they boarded titanic. as the ship began to sink late on 14 april alma dressed her children in their cabin. but they arrived on deck too late for the lifeboats and all of them died that night. alma ' s body was recovered but none of her children was found. in the days after the disaster the body of a fair - haired little boy was found floating in the water near the site of the sinking. he was never identified and was buried at fairview cemetery in halifax, canada. his gravestone read : \" erected to the memory of an unknown child \". lars - inge glad, a descendant of nils palsson, said : \" for many years it was believed that the ' unknown child ' s grave ' belonged to one of alma ' s children but it turned out to be an english child from third class. \" the grave, which is near alma ' s grave at fairview cemetery, was identified in 2007 as that of sidney leslie goodwin, a 19 - month - old boy from wiltshire. mr glad said : \" nils never recovered from losing his family, but he remarried another swedish woman called christina. \" they moved from chicago to a place not that far away where they bought a house where nils planted four trees in the garden in memory of his wife and children. nils later changed his surname to paulson to make it sound more american. \" he died in 1964. the names of their children have been kept alive in our family. my mother ' s second name was viola and my grandmother was called torborg. \" the lost ring the story of another swedish victim will live on through her wedding ring. gerda lindell, 30, was also emigrating to america with her husband edvard, 36, on the titanic. the couple, from helsingborg, skane, managed to stay together as the titanic went down and reached collapsible lifeboat a together. august wennerstrom, one of only 34 surviving swedes, later described the events to many newspapers. he said he and edvard managed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.399677140298241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.362799"} {"text": "skane, managed to stay together as the titanic went down and reached collapsible lifeboat a together. august wennerstrom, one of only 34 surviving swedes, later described the events to many newspapers. he said he and edvard managed to get into the lifeboat but gerda had no strength left to climb in and clung on to the side. eventually she could hold on no longer and drowned. wennerstrom described how edvard ' s hair \" turned all grey in lesser time than 30 minutes \" before he died, still holding his wife ' s ring in his hand. the survivors were later transferred to another lifeboat and taken to carpathia while the collapsible was left to drift away. gerda ' s body was never found, nor was her husband ' s. but a month later a crew from another ship, oceanic, found the drifting lifeboat about 300 miles from where the titanic sank. last swedish survivor as they began recovering three dead bodies from the raft, they saw something glistening at the bottom. they had found gerda lindell ' s ring. the ring was reunited with her father in sweden after her brother saw a note about it in a local newspaper. for many years the ring, which was a combined wedding and engagement ring, remained in the family and gerda ' s niece wore it. mr wetterholm had heard the story about the ring but until he managed to trace it in 1991 he thought it was a myth. the ring is now stored in a safety deposit box in sweden, but is taken out for exhibitions around the world. another well known swede on board was lillian asplund. she is better known as the last american survivor, although she was actually from sweden. having been born in the us in 1906 to immigrant parents, the family returned to smaland in sweden in 1907 to sort out the family farm after her grandfather ' s death. by 1912 they decided to move back to the us and mr asplund booked them on the titanic. lillian survived along with her mother selma and younger brother felix and were rescued by carpathia. her father and three older brothers died. lillian asplund never wanted to to talk about the events of that fateful night. she died in 2006 at the age of 99.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3988606212800219, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.363652"} {"text": "history of chiropractic daniel david palmer founded chiropractic in 1895, after an experience in which he apparently believed he cured a man \u2019 s deafness by manipulating his back. he opened the palmer school of chiropractic and began teaching spinal manipulation. this college still exists today, with a fully accredited program. one of palmer \u2019 s first students was his son, bartlett joshua ( b. j. ) palmer. it was b. j. palmer who truly popularized the technique. later, willard carver, an oklahoma city lawyer, opened a competing school. he believed that chiropractic physicians needed to offer other methods of treatment in addition to spinal manipulation. this opened a schism in the chiropractic world that still exists today. followers of palmer and his methods focus only on spinal adjustments, an approach called \" straight \" chiropractic. those who, like carver, use various approaches to healing are called \" mixers. \" mixers may use vitamins, herbs, and any other treatment methods they find useful ( and are allowed to practice by law ). medical treatments in the 19th and early 20th centuries were not based on scientific evidence of effectiveness, and chiropractic treatment was no exception. it became a widespread technique long before there was any real evidence that it worked. chiropractic schools utilized all of their profits and resources to further develop programs for training people in chiropractic techniques \u2014 not for verifying the theory and practice of chiropractic. however, in the 1970s, proper scientific research into chiropractic began to draw interest. in 1977, the foundation for chiropractic education and research ( fcer ) established a program to train chiropractic researchers. since then, efforts have been made to fund scientific trials testing the effectiveness of chiropractic techniques and to establish a scientific foundation for the practice. what is the scientific evidence for chiropractic spinal manipulation? chiropractic spinal manipulation has been evaluated scientifically to determine its efficacy, as well as its costs comparative to other forms of health care. however, the evidence is not compelling in either case. although there is some evidence that chiropractic spinal manipulation may be helpful for various medical purposes, in general the evidence is not strong. there are several reasons for this, but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands - on therapy like chiropractic. only one form of study can truly prove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45990268230034725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.376745"} {"text": ". there are several reasons for this, but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands - on therapy like chiropractic. only one form of study can truly prove that a treatment is effective : the trial. ( for more information on why such studies are so crucial, see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? ) however, it isn \u2019 t easy to fit chiropractic into a study design of this type. consider the obstacles : what could researchers use for placebo chiropractic treatment? and how could they make sure that both participants and practitioners would be kept in the dark regarding who was receiving real chiropractic manipulation and who was receiving fake manipulation? because of these problems, all studies of chiropractic manipulation fall short of optimum design. many have compared chiropractic treatment against no treatment. however, studies of this type cannot provide reliable evidence about the efficacy of a treatment. if a benefit is seen, there is no way to determine whether it was caused by chiropractic manipulation specifically, or just attention generally. ( attention alone will almost always produce some reported benefit. ) more meaningful trials used some sort of unrelated fake treatment for the control group, such as phony laser acupuncture. however, it is less than ideal to use a placebo treatment that is so very different in form from the treatment under study. better studies compare real chiropractic manipulation against sham forms of manipulation, such as light touch. studies of this type are a definite step forward. however, it is quite likely that the practitioners at least unconsciously conveyed more enthusiasm and optimism when performing the real therapy than the fake therapy ; this, too, could affect the outcome. it has been suggested that the only way to get around this problem would be to compare the effectiveness of trained practitioners to actors trained only enough to provide a simulation of treatment ; however, such studies have not been reported. still other studies have simply involved treating people with chiropractic spinal manipulation and seeing whether they improve. these trials are particularly meaningless ; it has been long since proven that both participants and examining physicians will at least think that they observe improvement in people given a treatment, regardless of whether the treatment does anything on its own. finally, other trials have compared chiropractic manipulation to competing therapies, such as or conventional physical therapy. however, neither of these therapies has been proven effective. when you compare un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5026334752164399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.377769"} {"text": "whether the treatment does anything on its own. finally, other trials have compared chiropractic manipulation to competing therapies, such as or conventional physical therapy. however, neither of these therapies has been proven effective. when you compare unproven therapies to each other, the results cannot possibly prove that any of the tested treatments are effective. given these caveats, we discuss below what science knows about the effects of chiropractic. besides effectiveness, another important consideration is cost of care. there are many aspects to the cost of treatment, including number of visits to the chosen provider, cost of evaluation procedures such as x - rays, insurance reimbursement versus patient out - of - pocket expense, and costs for missed work time. however, it is difficult to develop accurate cost - comparison figures because there are many complicating factors in research on the subject. for example, one approach is to simply identify people with similar injuries who choose one treatment or another and add up the total cost. unfortunately, the results of such a study can be misleading. people with more or less severe back pain might tend to choose different forms of treatment ; if those with more severe pain usually chose surgical treatment, this would tend to inflate the comparative costs of conventional care and make chiropractic seem less expensive. another potentially complicating factor is that, to a great extent, insurance companies control utilization of treatment. if they are less inclined to authorize chiropractic visits, people who choose chiropractic care might find their care cut off more rapidly than others who choose, say, physical therapy. this too would lead to artificially low costs of chiropractic treatment compared to physical therapy, skewing the results of the study. these problems could be solved by conducting a study in which researchers randomly assign participants to certain treatments, with the length of treatment determined entirely by the treating physician. unfortunately, studies of this type have not yet been conducted. chiropractic spinal manipulation is one of the most popular treatments for acute and chronic back pain in the us, and it may in fact provide at least modest benefit. however, as yet, research evidence has failed to find chiropractic manipulation convincingly more effective than standard medical care. chiropractic does seem to be more effective than placebo, if not by a great deal. for example, a single - blind controlled study of 84 people suffering from low back pain compared manipulation to treatment with a diathermy machine (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4755802508190727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.378970"} {"text": ". chiropractic does seem to be more effective than placebo, if not by a great deal. for example, a single - blind controlled study of 84 people suffering from low back pain compared manipulation to treatment with a diathermy machine ( a physical therapy machine that uses microwaves to create heat beneath the skin ) that was not actually functioning. the researchers asked the participants to assess their own pain levels within 15 minutes of the first treatment, then 3 and 7 days after treatment. the only statistically significant difference between the two groups was within 15 minutes of the manipulation. ( chiropractic had better results at that point. ) in another single - blind, placebo - controlled study, researchers assigned 209 participants to one of three groups : a high - velocity, low - amplitude ( hvla ) spinal manipulation ; a sham manipulation ; or a back - education program. although this has been reported as a positive study, most of the differences seen between the groups were not statistically significant. in addition, because almost half the participants dropped out of the study before the end, the results can ' t be regarded as meaningful. unimpressive results were also seen in a well - designed study of 321 people with back pain comparing chiropractic manipulation, a special form of physical therapy ( the mackenzie method ), and the provision of an educational booklet in treating low back pain. all groups improved to about the same extent. several studies evaluated the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation combined with a different kind of treatment called mobilization, but they too found little to no benefit. on a positive note, one study of 100 people with back pain and sciatica symptoms ( pain down the leg due to disc protrusion ) found that chiropractic manipulation was significantly more effective at relieving symptoms than sham chiropractic manipulation. several studies have found that chiropractic is at least as helpful as other commonly used therapies for low back pain, such as muscle relaxants, anti - inflammatory medication, soft - tissue, conventional medical care, and physical therapy. for example, a large, well - designed study found chiropractic manipulation more effective than general medical care and exercise therapy. note : physical therapy, the main conventional therapy for back pain, also lacks consistent supporting evidence. for example, in one large study of people with back pain, a single session of advice proved equally effective as a full course of physical therapy for back pain. as with back pain, despite the widespread use of chiroprac", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47000173263051487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.379958"} {"text": "lacks consistent supporting evidence. for example, in one large study of people with back pain, a single session of advice proved equally effective as a full course of physical therapy for back pain. as with back pain, despite the widespread use of chiropractic spinal manipulation for neck pain, there is as yet no reliable evidence that it works any better than other therapies, particularly over the long - term. of the limited number of studies performed, most have failed to find manipulation ( with or without mobilization or massage ) convincingly more effective than placebo or no treatment. one large study ( almost 200 participants ) found that a special exercise program ( medx ) was more effective than manipulation. however, a study reported in 2006 showed that a single high - velocity, low - amplitude ( eg, chiropractic - style ) manipulation of the neck was more effective than a single mobilization procedure in improving range of motion and pain in people with neck pain. and a 2010 systematic review, including 17 randomized trials, found mixed results for the benefits of manual therapy ( including manipulation and mobilization ) combined with exercise. according to these researchers, high - quality studies showed manual therapy plus exercise to be more effective than exercise alone in the short - term, but there was no difference over the long - term. upper extremity pain patients often seek out chiropractic for painful conditions affecting their upper extremities ( eg, shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand ). a recent search and analysis of all published studies examining the effectiveness of chiropractic for these conditions revealed mostly case studies, an unreliable source of evidence. the few uncovered controlled trials were of insufficient quality to draw any reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of chiropractic for painful conditions of the upper extremity. tension headaches and cervicogenic headaches many people experience headaches caused by muscle tension, neck problems, or a combination of the two. because these so - called and cervicogenic headaches ( caused by neck problems ) overlap, we discuss them together here. chiropractic spinal manipulation has shown some promise for these conditions, but the evidence remains incomplete and somewhat contradictory. in a controlled trial of 150 people, investigators compared spinal manipulation to the drug amitriptyline for the treatment of chronic tension - type headaches. by the end of the 6 - week treatment period, participants in both groups had improved similarly. however, 4 weeks after treatment was stopped, people who had received spinal manipulation showed greater reduction in headache intensity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4744842559881614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.380972"} {"text": "the treatment of chronic tension - type headaches. by the end of the 6 - week treatment period, participants in both groups had improved similarly. however, 4 weeks after treatment was stopped, people who had received spinal manipulation showed greater reduction in headache intensity and frequency and over - the - counter medication usage than those who used the medication. the difference in the amount of improvement between the groups was statistically significant. in another positive trial, 53 people with cervicogenic headaches received chiropractic spinal manipulation or laser acupuncture plus massage. chiropractic manipulation was more effective. however, a similar study of 75 people with recurrent tension headaches found no difference between the two groups. other, smaller studies of spinal manipulation have been reported as well, with mixed results. in a controlled trial, 200 people with cervicogenic headaches were randomly assigned to receive one of four therapies : manipulation, a special exercise technique, exercise plus manipulation, or no therapy. each participant received at least 8 to 12 treatments over a period of 6 weeks. all three treatment approaches produced better results than no treatment, and approximately the same effect as each other. however, these results prove little because, as noted earlier, any treatment whatsoever will generally produce better results than no treatment. a review of 5 randomized trials with 348 patients found that spinal manipulation was more effective than medication ( amitriptyline ), manipulation with placebo, sham manipulation with placebo, standard treatment, or no treatment. however, there was no significant difference in headache pain or intensity when comparing spinal manipulation to soft tissue therapy with placebo laser. 83 there is some evidence that chiropractic manipulation may provide both long - and short - term benefits for in a double - blind, placebo - controlled study, 123 participants suffering from migraine headaches were treated for 2 months with chiropractic manipulations or fake electrical therapy ( electrodes placed on the body without electrical current sent between them ) as placebo. the study lasted a total of 6 months : 2 months pre - treatment, 2 months of treatment, and 2 months post - treatment. after 2 months of treatment, those receiving chiropractic manipulation showed improvement in headache severity and frequency compared to the control group. furthermore, these benefits persisted to a 2 - month follow - up evaluation. chiropractic manipulation also produced relatively prolonged benefits in another trial as well. in this study, 218 people with migraine headaches were divided into three groups : manipulation, medication (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.484632863742896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.382363"} {"text": "these benefits persisted to a 2 - month follow - up evaluation. chiropractic manipulation also produced relatively prolonged benefits in another trial as well. in this study, 218 people with migraine headaches were divided into three groups : manipulation, medication ( amitriptyline ), or manipulation plus medication. during the 4 weeks of treatment, all three groups experienced comparable benefits. during the follow - up 4 - week period, however, people who had received manipulation alone experienced more benefit than those who had been in the other two groups. however, a study of 85 people with migraines compared spinal manipulation against two other treatments : manipulation performed by a non - chiropractor and mobilization. the results showed no difference between groups. chiropractic has been evaluated for many other conditions as well, but the results as yet provide little evidence of benefit. is a common and frustrating problem. although chiropractic manipulation has been promoted as a treatment for this condition, there is as yet little evidence that it offers specific benefits. in a single - blind, placebo - controlled trial, a total of 86 infants either received three chiropractic treatments or were held for 10 minutes by a nurse. while a high percentage of infants improved, there was no significant difference between the two groups. another trial compared spinal manipulation to the drug dimethicone. while chiropractic proved more effective than the medication, dimethicone itself has never been proven effective for infantile colic, and the study did not use a placebo group. for this reason, the results of this study indicate little about the effectiveness of chiropractic treatment for infantile colic. a small crossover trial of chiropractic for found equivocal results. a small trial compared real and sham activator - style chiropractic treatment in people with phobias and found some evidence of benefit. in two controlled studies comparing spinal manipulation to sham manipulation for treatment of people with, the results showed equal improvement for participants in the two groups. these results suggest that the benefits were most likely caused by the attention given by the chiropractor, and not due to the spinal manipulation itself. however, one of these studies has been sharply criticized for using as a sham treatment a chiropractic method perfectly capable of producing a therapeutic effect. this could hide real benefits of the tested form of chiropractic. ( if the \u201c placebo \u201d treatment used in a study is actually better than placebo, and the tested treatment does no better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46128718391893164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.383425"} {"text": "method perfectly capable of producing a therapeutic effect. this could hide real benefits of the tested form of chiropractic. ( if the \u201c placebo \u201d treatment used in a study is actually better than placebo, and the tested treatment does no better than this \u201c placebo, \u201d the results would appear to indicate that the tested treatment is no better than placebo, and, hence, ineffective. ) dysmenorrhea ( menstrual pain ) a single - blind, placebo - controlled study of 138 women complaining of compared spinal manipulation to sham manipulation for four menstrual cycles and found no differences between the two groups. high blood pressure in a study of 148 people with mild high blood pressure, use of chiropractic spinal manipulation plus dietary changes failed to prove more effective for reducing blood pressure than dietary changes alone. a single - blind, placebo - controlled trial compared real and sham chiropractic ( activator technique ) in 46 children with problems, but failed to find a statistically significant difference between the groups. weak evidence hints that chiropractic could be somewhat helpful for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis ( curvature of the spine that occurs for no clear reason in adolescents ). chiropractic manipulation appears to be generally safe \u2014 rarely causing serious side effects. however, a temporary increase of symptoms may occur relatively frequently. other side effects include temporary headache, tiredness, and discomfort radiating from the site of the adjustment. more serious complications may occur on rare occasions. these are primarily associated with manipulation of the neck. articles have been published that document a total of almost 200 cases of more serious complications associated with neck manipulation, including stroke, vertebral fracture, disc herniation, severely increased sensation of nerve pinching, and rupture of the windpipe. more than half of these reports involve some form of stroke, often due to a tear in a major blood vessel at the base of the neck ( the vertebral artery ). although attempts have been made to determine in advance who will experience strokes following chiropractic, they have not been successful. thus, stroke must be considered an unpredictable, though rare, side effect of chiropractic manipulation of the neck. to put this in perspective, however, the rate of complications from chiropractic is extremely low. according to one estimate, only one complication per million individual sessions occurs. among people receiving a course of treatment involving manipulation of the neck, the rate of stroke is perhaps one per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4730111197394921, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.384355"} {"text": "if he casts the right fly, an angler can catch some really big fish. scientists are the same way, needing the right type of microscope to visualize nature ' s smallest molecules and atoms. now, researchers are redesigning their light microscopes to catch a glimpse of some of the most miniscule molecules, those that make proteins in bacteria and archaea. a promising solution is the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) and stochastical optical reconstruction microscopy ( storm ). together, these techniques are improving our understanding of how bacteria and archaea transcribe dna to rna and then translate rna to proteins. in addition, they are re - shaping how cell biology studies relate to environmental microbes. luring and lighting biomolecules \" light microscopy has been a workhorse in cell biological research, \" says harvard biophysicist xiaowei zhuang. she says scientists want to use light microscopy to study cells, especially live ones, because it is non - invasive. the problem, however, with zooming in on biomolecules and their movements in bacteria and archaea is the small size of the individual cells. at only about three micrometers long and a micrometer wide, bacterial and archaeal cells come into focus just around the diffraction limit of light, which is about 200 nanometers. with light microscopy, scientists can see a cell but not its nuclear and cellular machinery. even though these cells are relatively simpler than mammalian cells and other eukaryotic ones, scientists still know little about them. to get a better look, zhuang and her collaborators developed storm in 2008 ( 1 ). zhuang ' s group has used it to image individually labeled proteins in live cells, including bacteria and archaea. and, like pairing the right fly with a great bait, other researchers are using storm with their own techniques to \" look at the distribution and dynamics of nuclear targets at a resolution that is far from the reach of conventional microscopy, \" says bakshi. for example, cristina moraru of the max planck institute for marine microbiology in germany and colleagues wanted to know where ribosomes sit within the cell because those molecular machines interact with the nucleoid \u2014 the carrier of the genetic information in archaea and bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5822731965585239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.390585"} {"text": "bacteria. based on where ribosomes are located, there are different models of interactions, which can significantly shape regulation of transcription, translation, and other cellular processes. in a paper recently published in systematic and applied microbiology ( 2 ), moraru \u2019 s group reported on a combined storm and fish approach to locate ribosomes in an escherichia coli cell. moraru \u2019 s team used fish to label specific sequences of ribosomal rna with fluorescent probes, and then imaged the samples with storm. \" in the end, all these differences could reflect in the way the cell answer to environmental changes, and therefore, in the fitness and survival, \" says moraru. in the near future, she adds, scientists could use storm, fish, and other super - resolution techniques to count of the number of ribosomes in a bacterium. ribosomal catch and release counting the number of ribosomes is essential to understanding how bacteria grow. moraru explains that \" the regulation of ribosome numbers in microbial cells is complex and, probably, there will not always be a direct correlation between ribosome numbers and metabolic activity. \" but it is likely that a cell with a high ribosome content will be more active compared with one with a low ribosome content. if scientists can count ribosomes, they could get a sense of the level of metabolic activity in microbial cells. but scientists have not yet counted the exact numbers of ribosomes per cell ; the fish protocol and rna probes need to be more efficient at hybridization. \" work in this direction is in progress, and we are confident that there is only a matter of time till ribosome quantification per cell will be achieved, \" says moraru. so far, prokaryotic cell biology studies have been limited because many methods are not compatible with uncultivated microorganisms. but because the fish - storm approach uses rna probes that target different microbial taxa in environmental samples, scientists could study ribosome variation across bacterial species. \" by looking at samples from different environmental conditions, from warm season versus cold season, or, from high salinity versus low salinity, the variation of ribosome number across environmental conditions could be assessed, \" says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. \" targeting rrna by super - resolution fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5380364379957856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.391637"} {"text": "says moraru. in structured environments, such as biofilms, activated sludge and tissue samples, fish also preserves the spatial information and reveals potential interactions between different species and community members in a sample. \" targeting rrna by super - resolution fish is only the beginning. in the near future, we envision targeting the other nucleic acid components of microbial cells to reveal the sub - cellular localization and numbers of specific genes and mrnas, \" says moraru. a different kettle but the fish - storm approach isn ' t the only way to bait biomolecules in small cells. bakshi, a graduate student in university of wisconsin - madison chemist james weisshaar ' s lab, uses a technique called pointillism to do sub - diffraction limit imaging. with this technique, he constructs an image of a cell by localizing a large number of single molecules iteratively. this requires labels that can be switched on and off, but generates resolution up to 20 \u2013 30 nanometers. in contrast to fish, bakshi \u2019 s approachcan be used for live - cell imaging. to truly understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the behavior of any biomolecule, says bakshi, requires that scientists can probe one molecule at a time. his team ' s technique gives them the position and movement of a single object in a cell at a high spatio - temporal resolution. \" when we are looking at a ribosome, it enables us to determine which molecules are involved in translation and where they are inside the cell, \" he says. in a 2012 paper published in molecular microbiology ( 3 ), he and weisshaar reported that most of e. coli ' s translation is not coupled with transcription \u2014 a discovery that runs counter to the common view in the scientific literature. bakshi says that since bacteria lack a nuclear membrane \u2014 which separates the nucleoid from the rest of the cytoplasm \u2014 co - transcriptional translation is possible in the cells. to what extent the translation process is coupled to transcription, however, was not clear. electron microscope images of ribosomes in cell extract, published in the 1970s, suggested that all translating ribosomes are joined to the chromosome through transcriptional coupling. \" when we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, \" says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5865816234863537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.392620"} {"text": "we found that our results suggest that most translation is actually happening without such coupling, we were very surprised, \" says bakshi. the team eventually figured out that the lifetime of an mrna in e. coli is much longer than the time taken for its transcription. the mrna gets released from proteins associated with the nucleoid once transcription terminates and is then translated by ribosomes without being attached to dna for the rest of its lifetime, he says. the techniques \u2014 whether it ' s fish, storm, or something else \u2014 ultimately let biologists cast deeper lines into individual cells of bacteria and archaea, learning more about their molecular and metabolic dynamics. 1. huang, b., w. wang, m. bates, and x. zhuang. 2008. three - dimensional super - resolution imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. science 319 ( 5864 ) : 810 - 813. 2. moraru, c. and amann, r. ( 2012 ). \" crystal ball : fluorescence in situ hybridization in the age of super - resolution microscopy. \" systematic and applied microbiology. in press. 3. bakshi, s. et al. ( 2012 ). super - resolution imaging of ribosomes and rna polymerase in live escherichia coli cells. \" molecular microbiology 85 ( 1 ) : 21 \u2013 38 4. wang, w. et al. ( 2011 ). \" chromosome organization by a nucleoid - associated protein in live bacteria. \" science 333 : 1445 - 1449.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5641474167451315, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.393183"} {"text": "birds buffer against virus north american scientists studying west nile virus have shown that more diverse bird populations can help to buffer people against infection. since the virus first spread to north america it has reached epidemic proportions and claimed over 1, 100 human lives. \u201c this is an important example of the links between biodiversity and human health \u201d, commented dr stuart butchart, birdlife ' s global research and indicators coordinator. biodiversity is increasingly being recognised as socially and economically important because of the valuable services it provides. the authors of this latest research - john swaddle and stavros calos - highlighted the \u201c increasing evidence for economically valuable ecosystem services provided by biodiversity \u201d. west nile virus mainly affects birds but can be transferred to humans via mosquitoes. it first spread to north america in 2002, and since that time it has reached an epidemic scale with over 28, 000 human cases \u2013 including 1, 100 deaths - being reported. the cost of west nile virus - related healthcare in the united states was estimated at $ 200 million in 2002 alone. the virus is also an important threat to bird populations. over 300 species act as hosts, although american robin turdus migratorius has been named as largely responsible for transmission from birds to humans. \u201c west nile virus may compound existing pressures - like habitat loss - to increase the risk of extinction for species \u201d, commented dr butchart. for example, yellow - billed magpie pica nuttalli, which is found only in california, appears to have declined by almost 50 % in the last two years as a consequence of the disease. \u201c this is an important example of the links between biodiversity and human health \u201d \u2014 dr stuart butchart, birdlife ' s global research and indicators coordinator scientists studying the virus looked at us counties east of the mississippi river and compared their avian diversity with the number of human cases. they found that high bird diversity was linked with low incidence of the virus in humans. they reported that about half of the human incidences of west nile virus could be explained by the differences in local bird populations. the study \u2019 s results also suggest that bird communities lowered human case numbers even when the epidemic was underway. the way in which biodiversity and disease rates are linked has been dubbed the \u2018 dilution effect \u2019. although the exact mechanisms aren \u2019 t currently clear, scientists believe that increased diversity within an ecosystem reduces - or dilutes - the proportion of suitable hosts for a disease, and therefore reduces transmission rates. it has previously been studied through another infection, lyme disease, but this new research suggests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4471818236676747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.397862"} {"text": "at least a thousand years before the jewish concept of humans being made in the image of god ( genesis 1, 27 ), african sages said the sanctity of life is the central pillar inside each human being. this concept was introduced in the sebait of kheti for his son meritkara in the first intermediate period, more specifically in the 9th dynasty ( c. 4042 - 3633 bce ). kheti \u2019 s comments not only provide the earliest known concept of humans as the images of god, but they also pose them as the children or offspring of god ( karenga, maat, p. 225, 318 ). out of this evolved concepts of the sanctity of human life and humans as the bearers of dignity and divinity \u2014 both characterizing what it means to be human \u2014 and both constituting the source of good character. thus, ones dignity is the absolute reality and significance of ones selfhood and ones divinity is the subtle and hidden qualities of god \u2019 s consciousness that requires cultivation throughout ones lifetime. by being of a spiritual nature both are without degrees. this ancient africans belief in man being made in the image of god ( snn ntr ; imago dei ) became the spiritual grounding or meaning for human dignity and divinity ; for the sacredness of life ; and for moral responsibility. hence it followed that the moral relationship between one human and another ought to be that of acknowledgement of the dignity and divinity bestowed on every person and the appreciation of whatever flows out of and / or contributes to either or both. to appreciate ones dignity demands the acquisition of african - type moral character. african - type moral character is fashioned around the spark of the divine presence within each human being. this means that whereas dignity and divinity are birth gifts, ones dignity must be displayed around ones divinity while ones divinity must be cultivated into enlightenment. when one esteems who one is, based upon ones dignity, and then attaches to ones dignity the tasks one does in life and carries those tasks to completion, one exhibits self - respect. selfhood mastery means one maintains moral character every time one is being severely tested. | < prev | | next > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5126198745355108, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.400312"} {"text": "how one word developed a split personality to me, one of the best things about being an english speaker is affixes - those little additions before or after the root of a word that can transform its meaning. our language allows us to be almost endlessly creative in how we combine and recombine words and word parts. take the case of the two affixes robo - and - bot : two sides of the same word, but with very different effects. compare the roboturtle ( an engineering project described as \u201c an agile and aggressively maneuvering biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicle \u201d ) with turtlebot ( a homebrew robot kit that \u201c can explore your house on its own! \u201d ) the word robot, in the sense of a machine capable of independent action, was ushered into the language in 1920 by the play \u201c r. u. r. : rossum \u2019 s universal robots. \u201d according to karel capek, the play \u2019 s czech author, his brother josef suggested that he take the word from the czech robota ( meaning \u201c forced labor \u201d or \u201c drudgery \u201d ) rather than create a word from a latin root. ( according to the oxford english dictionary, the word android, \u201c an automaton resembling a human being, \u201d is nearly 200 years older. ) but in the 90 - odd years since we \u2019 ve had the word robot, it \u2019 s undergone a personality split into two different affixes, robo - and - bot. this isn \u2019 t surprising - there \u2019 s a language - learning strategy called the \u201c principle of contrast, \u201d which basically means that when we learn a language, we come to expect that two words should never be exact synonyms. even for words as close in meaning as baggage and luggage, there tend to be definite distinctions in use ( for instance, we talk often about \u201c emotional baggage, \u201d but would mention \u201c emotional luggage \u201d only as a joke ). so robo - and - bot may have started out as similar affixes, but as new generations of english speakers have adopted them - and expected them to be different - they have drifted apart. robo - is the stronger of the two affixes, and it has taken on a slightly more menacing air. compounds with robo - tend to focus on qualities of strength and unstoppableness - for good or ill. although the robocop of the 1987 movie of the same name was a hero, later references to robocops have focused more on the supposedly dehum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4936845187045825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.407644"} {"text": "tend to focus on qualities of strength and unstoppableness - for good or ill. although the robocop of the 1987 movie of the same name was a hero, later references to robocops have focused more on the supposedly dehumanized nature of over - armored police. robocalls, those auto - dialed nuisances, inexorably interrupt you during dinner, and the calls used for negative political campaigning are sometimes called robo - slime ; robo - polls are calls used to conduct scientifically questionable surveys. robo - trading, using algorithms to automatically buy and sell stocks and securities, was widely blamed for last year \u2019 s \u201c flash crash, \u201d when the dow jones industrial average dropped more than 600 points in five minutes. and the outcry over robo - signers, mortgage - company employees who signed thousands of foreclosure documents without looking at them, led major banks ( including other more - scary - than - cute robo - compounds include the robo - toilet, which, with its motion - activated lid and seat, sounds like an accident waiting to happen ; the robotaxi, which has space for two passengers ( without bags ) but no driver ; and the robonaut, a semi - humanoid joint project of gm and nasa, intended to help on both spacewalks and assembly lines. ( why semi - humanoid? the robonaut has no legs. ) even the most innocuous nouns can take on a harder edge when preceded by robo - : in the 2010 movie \u201c megamind, \u201d megamind laments that he \u201c had so many evil plans in the works - the illiteracy beam, typhoon cheese, robosheep.... \u201d the suffix - bot, on the other hand, is a bit more cuddly : think roomba, not robocop. early uses of - bot marked computer programs that automatically interacted with information online, and ranged from helpful to slightly annoying : searchbots to build indexes of webpages, spambots, floodbots ( which pushed information where it wasn \u2019 t wanted ), cancelbots ( which removed unwanted information ), and chatbots or chatterbots ( programs designed to engage in more - or - less human - sounding conversation ). these - bots were easy to anthropomorphize, and more or less harmless - unlike, say, an autonomous evil cyborg. more recently, twitter has been colonized by a host of twitterbots,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4820039812214509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.409748"} {"text": "sounding conversation ). these - bots were easy to anthropomorphize, and more or less harmless - unlike, say, an autonomous evil cyborg. more recently, twitter has been colonized by a host of twitterbots, little programs that automatically find, create, or send data. many are annoying and spammy, bombarding the poor souls who happen to tweet about ipads or other hot products with commercial messages. but some are pure entertainment, such as a comedybot, which automatically posts bits from comedians, or @ einsteinbot, which autotweets quotes from albert einstein. friendlier words seem to be more easily suffixed with - bot. there are guidebots and guardbots, helpbots and healthbots, medbots and newsbots, shopbots and teachbots. the chalkbot writes inspirational messages in chalk on the roadway ; the dustbot is an \u201c on - call robotic rubbish collection service \u201d being tried in italy. the suffix - bot is also popular in product names - there \u2019 s jambot ( musical software ), kegbot ( a beer dispenser that tracks how much you \u2019 ve consumed ), and wattbot ( which helps you figure out whether you can save money through renewable energy sources ). dorkbot is an organization for those interested in electronic art ; makerbot is a company that creates 3d printers - which can also make parts for more makerbots. when - bot words do turn unfriendly, they emphasize the knee - jerk automaticity of what \u2019 s being done, and so are often political. there are obamabots and randbots ; romneybots, republibots, and dembots, conserva - bots, bushbots, palinbots, paulbots ( ron paul enthusiasts ), and limbots ( followers of rush limbaugh ). the scariest - bot may be the fembot, encompassing the evil - but - hot fembots of austin powers, ads for svedka vodka, and the robyn song that insists that \u201c fembots have feelings too. \u201d why don \u2019 t we call them robo - femmes? because they \u2019 re still more sexy than scary : thus the - bot suffix. so what happened to make robo - take the aggressive path and - bot the cute and friendly one? other words that have split into prefix - suffix pairs have clearer rationales for their separate meanings : alcoholic \u2019 s more common - holic suffix is used for any addiction, with alco", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5246362316124284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.411303"} {"text": "take the aggressive path and - bot the cute and friendly one? other words that have split into prefix - suffix pairs have clearer rationales for their separate meanings : alcoholic \u2019 s more common - holic suffix is used for any addiction, with alco - reserved for things related to alcohol, such as alcopops ( alcoholic drinks that taste like soft drinks ) and alcolocks ( devices that disable a car \u2019 s ignition if the driver has had too much to drink ). more commonly, though, it \u2019 s only the less - specific tail end of a word that goes on to a productive life as a suffix : the - thon of marathon, the - naut of astronaut, the - gate of watergate. perhaps it \u2019 s because robot \u2019 s two syllables are equally meaningful ( or meaningless ) that we can get two different affixes out of it : - bot, as a suffix, acts more like a cute diminutive, like - let or - ling, while robo -, as a prefix, behaves more like a menacing intensifier, like mega - and uber -. either way, at this point, the divergence looks as if it \u2019 s here to stay - and is almost, dare we say, automatic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4905815656070297, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.412326"} {"text": "sir ferdinando gorgesarticle free pass sir ferdinando gorges, ( born c. 1566, probably at wraxall, somerset, eng. \u2014 died 1647, long ashton, gloucestershire ), british proprietary founder of maine, who promoted, though unsuccessfully, the colonization of new england along aristocratic lines. after a colourful military career in his early manhood, during which he was knighted ( 1591 ), gorges \u2019 life after 1605 was dominated by attempts to gain royal sanction for various settlement schemes in north america, although he himself never traveled there. he felt that colonizing should be a royal endeavour and that colonies should be kept under rigid control from above. in 1620 gorges succeeded in obtaining a charter to develop the council for new england \u2014 a proprietary grant covering the entire area in north america between the 40th and 48th parallels. he intended to distribute the land as manors and fiefs to fellow gentry who were members of the council but was thwarted by the success of two vigorous, middle - class, self - governing english colonies founded by joint - stock companies at plymouth and massachusetts bay. since these new england settlements had received their charters directly from the crown, the council was thus bypassed as an intermediary. gorges was the recipient of several land grants during his lifetime, most importantly the charter for maine in 1639. although his agents set up a provincial government there, the english civil wars and gorges \u2019 advancing age prevented him from fulfilling his american dream. what made you want to look up \" sir ferdinando gorges \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38159892663498796, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.414469"} {"text": "medici familyarticle free pass medici family, french medicis, italian bourgeois family that ruled florence and, later, tuscany, during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals ( from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530 ). it provided the church with four popes ( leo x, clement vii, pius iv, and leon xi ) and married into the royal families of europe ( most notably in france, in the persons of queens catherine de medicis and marie de medicis ). three lines of medici successively approached or acquired positions of power ( see the table ). the line of chiarissimo ii failed to gain power in florence in the 14th century. in the 15th century the line of cosimo the elder set up a hereditary principate in florence but without legal right or title, hence subject to sudden overthrow ; crowns burgeoned, however, on the last branches of their genealogical tree, for two of them were dukes outside florence, their last heir in a direct line became queen of france ( catherine de medicis ), and their final offspring, alessandro, a bastard, was duke of florence. in the 16th century a third line renounced republican notions and imposed its tyranny, and its members made themselves a dynasty of grand dukes of tuscany. the differences between these three collateral lines are due essentially to circumstances, for there was, in all the medici, an extraordinary persistence of hereditary traits. in the first place, not being soldiers, they were constantly confronting their adversaries with bribes of gold rather than with battalions of armed men. in addition, the early medici resolutely courted favour with the middle and poorer classes in the city, and this determination to be popolani ( \u201c plebeian \u201d ) endured a long time after them. finally, all were consumed by a passion for arts and letters and for building. they were more than beneficent and ostentatious patrons of the arts ; they were also enlightened and were probably the most magnificent such patrons that the west has ever seen. line of chiarissimo ii. the medici were originally of tuscan peasant origin, from the village of cafaggiolo in the mugello, the valley of the sieve, north of florence. some of these villagers, in the 12th century perhaps, became aware of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to florence. there, by the following century, the medici were counted among the wealthy notables,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38688364217022797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.420477"} {"text": "the sieve, north of florence. some of these villagers, in the 12th century perhaps, became aware of the new opportunities afforded by commerce and emigrated to florence. there, by the following century, the medici were counted among the wealthy notables, although in the second rank, after leading families of the city. after 1340 an economic depression throughout europe forced these more powerful houses into bankruptcy. the medici, however, were able to escape this fate and even took advantage of it to establish themselves among the city \u2019 s elite. but their policy of consolidating their position by controlling the government \u2014 the work of the descendants of chiarissimo ii ( himself the grandson of the first known medici ) \u2014 resulted in 50 years of serious misfortunes for the family ( 1343 \u2013 93 ). his grandson salvestro took up his policy of alliance with the popolo minuto ( \u201c common people \u201d ) and was elected gonfalonier, head of the signoria, the council of government, in 1378. salvestro more or less willingly stirred up an insurrection of the ciompi, the artisans of the lowest class, and, after their victory, was not above reaping substantial monetary and titular advantages. but in 1381, when the popular government fell, he had to go into exile. his memory, however, was still alive in 1393, when the popolo magro ( \u201c lean people \u201d ) once more thought it possible to take over the signoria. the mob hastened to seek out his first cousin, vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without losing face. with vieri this branch of the medici was to disappear definitively from history. line of cosimo the elder. a distant cousin of salvestro was averardo de \u2019 medici ( or bicci ), whose progeny became the famous medici of history. his son giovanni di bicci de \u2019 medici ( 1360 \u2013 1429 ), considered the first of the great medici, inherited the family business based on cloth and silk manufacturing and on banking operations and made the family powerfully prosperous. giovanni \u2019 s two sons, cosimo ( 1389 \u2013 1464 ) and lorenzo ( 1394 \u2013 1440 ), both of whom acquired the appellation of \u201c the elder, \u201d founded the famous lines of the medici family. cosimo de \u2019 medici, the older brother, established the family \u2019 s political base. he served on the florentine board of war,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40203944860259755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.421451"} {"text": "acquired the appellation of \u201c the elder, \u201d founded the famous lines of the medici family. cosimo de \u2019 medici, the older brother, established the family \u2019 s political base. he served on the florentine board of war, called the dieci ( the ten ), and held other posts. his two sons were piero ( 1416 \u2013 69 ) and giovanni ( 1424 \u2013 63 ). the latter died before his father, who in death received the title \u201c father of his country. \u201d piero di cosimo de \u2019 medici maintained and strengthened the political fortunes of the family. he also fathered two sons, one of whom, giuliano ( 1453 \u2013 78 ) was assassinated. the second son, lorenzo ( 1449 \u2013 92 ), became in his own time il magnifico ( the magnificent ). lorenzo de \u2019 medici deservedly holds an honoured place in the history of florence and italy. inheriting from his forebears a deep respect for arts and letters, he became a poet himself as well as a patron of artists and a skilled statesman. his three children, piero ( 1472 \u2013 1503 ), giovanni ( 1475 \u2013 1521 ) \u2014 later leo x \u2014 and giuliano ( 1479 \u2013 1516 ), played contrasting roles in the city \u2019 s history. assuming the mantle of family power from lorenzo, piero alienated the people of florence by siding with the french. because of this act, considered a betrayal, the medici had to flee florence ( 1494 ). giovanni, at that time a cardinal, used his influence with pope julius ii to bring the family back to positions of power. giuliano, who received the french title of duc de nemours, was in poor health and died relatively young. piero, oldest of the children of lorenzo the magnificent, fathered one son, also named lorenzo ( 1492 \u2013 1519 ), who in turn had a daughter, catherine ( 1519 \u2013 89 ), who became queen of france as wife of henry ii ; three of her four sons became kings of france. giovanni, second son of lorenzo the magnificent, became pope leo x. in commemoration of the deaths of giuliano and lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned michelangelo to complete the famous medici tombs in florence. the few years of this period are often considered to be the apogee of the medici age. the period has even been called \u201c the century of leo x. \u201d from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3939922426166591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.422515"} {"text": "supreme court of japanarticle free pass supreme court of japan, japanese saiko saibansho, the highest court in japan, a court of last resort with powers of judicial review and the responsibility for judicial administration and legal training. the court was created in 1947 during the u. s. occupation and is modelled to some extent after the u. s. supreme court. as was the federal constitutional court of west germany, the supreme court of japan was endowed with the prerogative of judicial review, largely as a result of u. s. influence. the supreme court of japan is the successor to the daishin - in, which was established in 1875 and reorganized in 1890 under the meiji constitution ( 1889 ) as a supreme court of final appeal in criminal and civil cases. under the control of the ministry of justice, that court had little independence and could not deal with questions of constitutionality. the 1947 court, therefore, was intended to have the freedom to work independently of the government and to decide the constitutionality of statutes and administrative decisions. the supreme court of japan is made up of 14 justices and a chief justice, who sit as the grand bench to hear constitutional cases and cases that a petty bench ( made up of five of the justices ) has been unable to decide. there are three petty benches : civil, criminal, and administrative. a petty bench may consider a constitutional issue only if the grand bench has set precedent in the specific area covered. distribution of cases among the petty benches and assignments of individual supreme court judges are determined by the entire court sitting as the judicial assembly. the assembly is responsible for determining regulations for the national courts, the public prosecutors, and the legal profession and for disciplining violators of these regulations. as japan has a unified national court system, all courts are under the control of the supreme court. the court even prepares a list of nominees for positions in the inferior courts. the judicial assembly, through the legal training and research institute, also oversees graduate legal training for those who wish to pursue careers as judges, prosecutors, and lawyers. the justices are appointed by the cabinet ( the chief justice by the emperor upon designation by the cabinet ). at least two - thirds must have considerable experience as lawyers, prosecutors, law professors, or members of high courts. justices serve for life but may be retired for advanced age or ill health ; they may also be impeached by the diet. the only restriction on the justices is that they are forbidden to take part in politics. theoretically, the public has some control over the appointments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4609972304602641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.426569"} {"text": "chapter 20 : long acre the formation of the parish of st. paul, covent garden, in 1645 left a long strip of ground between the northern boundary of that parish and castle street, long acre, the northern boundary of the parish of st. martinin - the - fields ; through this strip runs the street called long acre. the street takes its name from a field known as long acre, which consisted originally of 7 acres and was purchased ( ref. 158 ) by henry viii, together with covent garden adjoining it on the south, from the abbey of westminster. it was then held on lease by william browne. in july, 1547, long acre and covent garden were granted ( ref. 26 ) to edward, duke of somerset, the protector, who, four years later, in december, 1551, was sentenced to death in westminster hall. we are told that the people \" supposing he had been clerely quitt, when they see the axe of the tower put downe, made such a shryke and castinge up of caps, that it was heard into the long acre beyonde charinge crosse. \" ( ref. 187 ) in may, 1552, john, earl of bedford, obtained a grant \" of the land called le covent garden ; and the 7 ac. land and pasture called long acre abutting on st. martin ' s lane on the west, on foscue [ drury ] lane on the east, on the strand on the south, and upon the land called elmfield pertaining to the mercers ' company on the north, to hold as of the manor of east greenwich. \" ( ref. 26 ) bedford ' s descendants retained possession of this property almost down to the present day. elmfield, to the north of long acre, was not bought by henry viii, but remained in the possession of the mercers ' company. in 1614 the mercers granted a 30 years ' lease of it to thomas, earl of exeter, who in the following year sold his lease to sir william slingsby. the street called long acre was laid out at about this time by slingsby and the earl of bedford, the line of the street following approximately the line of the common boundary of their properties. thenceforth the term long acre was frequently applied to the ground on both sides of the street, and in 1650 when the mercers ' ground was surveyed it was referred to as \" elme close alias long acre, \" and a certain captain disher tried to prove that it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37517435360586116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.437028"} {"text": "was frequently applied to the ground on both sides of the street, and in 1650 when the mercers ' ground was surveyed it was referred to as \" elme close alias long acre, \" and a certain captain disher tried to prove that it was part of the property purchased by henry viii. ( ref. 188 ) from 1616 onward there were frequent complaints about buildings in long acre erected \" contrary to the king ' s proclamation. \" in 1630 francis, earl of bedford and sir henry cary ( then tenant of elmfield ) replied to a letter ordering them \" to cleanse and make passable the way called long acre \" that their predecessors had granted long leases of their lands adjoining the street \" in hope to procure fair and spacious buildings to be there erected, \" and that if the king would give them leave to build they would \" pave and keep it as well as any other street in london. \" ( ref. 36 ) part of elmfield was granted by slingsby to the churchwardens of st. clement danes for use as a laystall. in 1636 this laystall was condemned by the justices of the peace for westminster as a \" nuisance, \" but the churchwardens successfully appealed against this decision by stating that the houses in the neighbourhood had been built since the formation of the laystall and \" the building of houses there is a greater nuisance and inconvenience to the public than the placing of the laystall can be. \" ( ref. 36 ) nevertheless by various shifts and expendients building went on. in december, 1637, william portington, lieutenant of the horse for middlesex, appealed against an order of the commissioners for buildings for the demolition of his shed fronting long acre. portington argued that his building was not \" a shed \" which he defined as \" a leaning to something to bear up the roof \" whereas \" this roof bears itself and at its first erecting as a tenement it was built for one. \" ( ref. 36 ) in the same year another petitioner, thomas cooke, stated that long acre was \" almost wholly built. \" ( ref. 36 ) the parliamentary survey ( ref. 188 ) shows that the street was fairly well lined with small houses and shops in 1650. mercer street and cross lane were also built up, the latter being on the site of what is now neal street ( formerly king street ). feather alley, knockle alley and dirty lane or street were also mentioned as turnings out of the north side", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4095970435579348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.438084"} {"text": "mercer street and cross lane were also built up, the latter being on the site of what is now neal street ( formerly king street ). feather alley, knockle alley and dirty lane or street were also mentioned as turnings out of the north side of long acre. among the early residents may be mentioned oliver cromwell ( 1637 \u2013 43 ), nicholas stone, sculptor ( 1615 \u2013 45 ), john parkinson, botanist ( 1626 \u2013 45 ), and sir john temple ( 1645 ). john taylor, the \" water - poet. \" took the crown inn in hanover court after the fall of oxford in 1645. scipio lesquire, who owned much property in the parish, and after whom lesquire street ( later chandos street ) was named, also lived in long acre ( 1627 \u2013 59 ), as did major - general skippon ( 1645 \u2013 49 ), the earl of peterborough ( 1665 \u2013 74 ), john dryden ( 1668 \u2013 86 ), lady mary st. john, mother of viscount bolingbroke ( 1655 \u2013 92 ), and adrian vandiest, dutch landscape painter ( 1698 \u2013 1704 ). thomas stothard, artist, was born at the black horse inn in 1755. on the 1875 ordnance survey several \" coach manufactories \" are shown on the north side of the street, and leases of the mercers ' company show that the connection of this trade with the locality dates back to the late nos. 16 \u2013 20. \u2014 these premises, which appear to have been built circa 1690, have plain brick fronts of two storeys over shops and with attics ( plate110 ). a plain projecting band denotes the second floor level while the windows have their frames flush with the wall face. the shops are of later date. in no. 19 the upper flights of the staircase are original and have spiral balusters, square newel posts and close moulded strings, but the lower flight and the side entrance have been altered. some of the rooms still retain bolection moulded panelling in two heights with a deep wooden cornice. on the first floor is a mantelpiece with plain stone jambs and a keyed flat list of occupants to 1800. ( fn. a ) no. 16 \u2014 edward ( edmond ) vialls ( 1690 \u2013 1717 ), amos vialls ( 1718 \u2013 42 ), vialls widow ( 1743 ), jas. cope ( 1744 \u2013 47 ), james rigby ( 1747 \u2013 49 ), jeremiah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40338135622902926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.439125"} {"text": "16 \u2014 edward ( edmond ) vialls ( 1690 \u2013 1717 ), amos vialls ( 1718 \u2013 42 ), vialls widow ( 1743 ), jas. cope ( 1744 \u2013 47 ), james rigby ( 1747 \u2013 49 ), jeremiah wills ( 1749 \u2013 52 ), sunibank giles ( 1753 \u2013 79 ), john randall ( 1780 \u2013 85 ), thos. cox ( 1786 \u2013 89 ), barbor and harvey ( 1790 \u2013 97 ), jas. scoles ( 1797 \u2013 ). no. 17. \u2014 isaac deloone ( 1690 \u2013 92 ), samuel watson ( 1693 \u2013 1712 ), wm. casteele ( 1713 \u2013 14 ), john bird ( 1715 \u2013 23 ), edward middlebrook ( 1724 \u2013 25 ), joseph mason ( 1726 ), edward mason ( 1727 ), thos. cotterell ( 1728 \u2013 50 ), george hall ( 1751 \u2013 52 ), john bedford ( 1752 \u2013 57 ), john hurst ( 1758 \u2013 61 ), sarah hurst ( 1762 ), john reynolds ( 1762 \u2013 67 ), joseph carter ( 1768 ), henry edgecomb ( 1769 \u2013 71 ), thomas faucit ( 1772 \u2013 73 ), thomas moyston ( 1774 \u2013 76 ), thomas wood ( 1777 \u2013 78 ), evan powell ( 1779 \u2013 80 ), john crookham or cookham ( 1781 \u2013 88 ), tho. wooden ( 1789 \u2013 91 ), tempest holt ( 1791 \u2013 93 ), jno. crockham ( 1794 \u2013 96 ), hannah crockham ( 1797 ), john mansfield ( 1798 ), evan jones ( 1799 \u2013 ). no. 18. \u2014 john perismore ( 1690 \u2013 1703 ), owen davis ( 1704 \u2013 18 ), lewis gyatt ( 1719 \u2013 21 ), james hurst ( 1722 \u2013 25 ), samuel hurst ( 1726 \u2013 32 ), samuell steele ( 1733 ), christopher white ( 1734 \u2013 55 ), henry todd ( 1755 \u2013 67 ), \u2014 hill ( 1768 ), thos. dawson ( 1769 \u2013 79 ), john whitaker ( 1780 \u2013 81 ), geo. salt ( 1782 \u2013 ). no. 19. \u2014 thos. burton ( 1690 \u2013 1704 ), jonathan farren ( 1705 \u2013 16 ), wm. west ( 1717 \u2013 20 ), rich. messenger ( 1721 \u2013 22 ), john chiselston ( 1723 \u2013 30 ), samuel davison ( 1731 \u2013 33 ), bartholomew kilpin ( 1734 \u2013 41 ), peter planck ( 1742", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4004593746138852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.439975"} {"text": ". west ( 1717 \u2013 20 ), rich. messenger ( 1721 \u2013 22 ), john chiselston ( 1723 \u2013 30 ), samuel davison ( 1731 \u2013 33 ), bartholomew kilpin ( 1734 \u2013 41 ), peter planck ( 1742 \u2013 70 ), miss planck ( 1771 \u2013 73 ), peter planck & co. ( 1774 \u2013 96 ), renigall briand ( 1797 \u2013 98 ), \u2014 planck ( 1799 \u2013 ). no. 20. \u2014 jas. english ( 1686 \u2013 96 ), edw. luttrell ( 1698 \u2013 99 ), charles pennycock ( 1700 ), augustine ingeno ( 1701 ), alexander bracket ( 1702 \u2013 03 ), richard yates ( 1704 \u2013 27 ), yates widow ( 1728 \u2013 30 ), thomas turner ( 1731 ), ric. hubbard ( 1731 \u2013 40 ), john gibson ( 1742 \u2013 45 ), savile ( samuel ) samber ( 1747 \u2013 53 ) ( 1754 \u2013 1800 occupied with no. 19 ). conduit court between nos. 17 and 18, appears to have taken its name from leonard conduit who is rated there in 1689 \u2013 90. it is described by strype as \" indifferent broad with a free - stone pavement, and passage to hart street ; a court indifferently well built and inhabited. \" no. 17, long acre, the bird in hand, has been so called for well over 200 years. langley court, a narrow thoroughfare leading out of long acre on the southern side between nos. 34 and 35, has some interesting bay windows. it was known until 1846 as leg alley, probably from the house at the corner which in the 18th century had the sign of the golden leg. the south side of the court appears to have been erected circa 1759 \u2013 61, probably by thomas prior of st. giles - in - the - fields, bricklayer. no. 53, long acre. \u2014 this house appears to date from the middle of the 18th century but the interior has been entirely altered. list of residents to1800 : timothy raikes ( 1730 \u2013 32 ), ignatius couran ( 1734 \u2013 35 ), mary hancock ( 1736 \u2013 40 ), john shelton or sheinton ( 1741 \u2013 60 ), edward brain ( 1761 ), john plunkett ( 1762 ), jas. rowles ( 1765 \u2013 75 ), henry frost ( 1776 ), john barber ( 1777 \u2013 80 ), john windeatt ( 1781 \u2013 82 ), richard mortimer ( 1783 \u2013 85", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4397075313715497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.440867"} {"text": "treating diabetes, cerebral palsy and heart disease with cord blood type 1 diabetes type 1 diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes. it is an autoimmune disease caused by the body ' s own immune system attacking and destroying the insulin producing cells in the pancreas. insulin allows the body to process sugar to create energy, and without insulin, the body literally starves as it cannot process food. type 1 diabetes affects more than 140, 000 people in australia alone and, while it can be managed, at present it cannot be cured. as a result, it is a lifelong and often disabling disease that can severely impact the quality of life of those who are afflicted. type 1 diabetes - fast facts researchers are looking at a wide range of potential cell - based therapies and the use of autologous umbilical cord blood as a source of immunomodulatory cells for the treatment of autoimmune diseases has become increasingly popular7 - 10. umbilical cord blood contains a population of immature but highly functional regulatory t - cells ( tregs ) 11. these regulatory t - cells could, in theory, limit inflammatory cytokine responses and energize effector t - cells, which are thought to play a key role in autoimmune processes12, 13. in the laboratory infusion of human blood stem cells into diabetic animals has demonstrated a reversal of the disease2, 3. the potential of such cells to provide a source of safe and effective immunomodulation may be of the greatest importance in treating type 1 diabetes4 - 6. as such, umbilical cord blood tregs have become a major focus in designing cell - based therapies for children with type 1 diabetes14 cord blood and cerebral palsy cerebral palsy ( cp ) is a permanent physical condition that affects movement and muscle coordination. it results from damage to part of the brain, usually before birth. in australia it is estimated that a child is born with cerebral palsy every 15 hours and despite advances in medical science the incidence of cp has not declined. babies most at risk of cerebral palsy are those born prematurely or with low birthweight. while the reasons for this remain unclear, cerebral palsy may occur as a result of problems associated with preterm birth or may indicate an injury has occurred during the pregnancy that has caused the baby to be born early. for most people with cerebral palsy, the cause is unknown. except in its mildest forms, it is usually diagnosed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46721595461482224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.448916"} {"text": "associated with preterm birth or may indicate an injury has occurred during the pregnancy that has caused the baby to be born early. for most people with cerebral palsy, the cause is unknown. except in its mildest forms, it is usually diagnosed within the first 12 - 18 months of life. the early signs are a lack of muscle coordination when performing voluntary movement, walking with one foot or leg dragging, walking on the toes or muscle tone that is either too stiff or too floppy. cerebral palsy cannot be cured ; to date, treatment plans for children have focused on improving a child ' s physical and mental functioning through physical, occupational, speech and behavioural therapy. additional treatment for cp has included special braces to compensate for muscular imbalances, mechanical and communication aids as well as surgery. however, there is now some exciting research regarding the use of cord blood cells for people with cerebral palsy taking place around the world. researchers at duke university, usa are looking at infants and children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and infusing them with their own cord blood. parents, therapists and researchers are observing dramatic improvements in the motor and speech skills of the children with cerebral palsy, in some cases within a few days of being treated with their own cord blood extracted at birth. additional trials are underway in the us, europe and a trial is expected to commence in australia mid - 2011. real life stories videos 1 and 2 : these two amazing videos show the dramatic changes that maia friedlander, a young new zealand girl with cerebral palsy, underwent after receiving stem cell therapy using her own cord blood. the cord blood was inserted by dr joanna kurtzberg at duke university and within two days maia ' s parents began to notice significant changes. video 3 : at 8 months old dallas hextell was diagnosed with cerebral palsy. unable to communicate or control his body, conventional therapy had had little impact. dallas was accepted into the duke university clinical trial and this video shows the remarkable improvement of dallas after receiving his own cord blood. video 4 : chloe levine underwent an infusion of her own cord blood stem cells to treat cerebral palsy. her progress since the infusion has been remarkable and this video shows how cord blood changed her life. video 5 : this video features two children emma jabs and alyssa dupuis, who received infusions of their own stem cells to treat cerebral palsy. cord blood and heart disease cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) refers to all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. affecting more than 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.450380176572067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.449927"} {"text": "diabetes mellitus. lancet 364 : 203 \u2013 205. 6. couri ce et al : secondary prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus : stopping immune destruction and promoting beta - cell regeneration. braz j med biol res 2006 ; 39 : 1271 \u2013 1280 7. ende n et al : effect of human umbilical cord blood cells on glycemia and insulitis in type 1 diabetic mice. biochem biophys res commun 2004 ; 325 : 665 \u2013 669. 8. haller m et al : insulin requirements, hba1c, and stimulated c - peptide following autologous umbillical cord blood transfusion in children with type 1 diabetes ( abstract ). diabetes 2007 ; 56 ( suppl. 1 ) : a82. 9. viener h et al : changes in regulatory t cells following autologous umbillical cord blood transfusion in children with type 1 diabetes ( abstract ). diabetes 2007 ; 56 ( suppl. 1 ) : a82. 10. voltarelli jc et al : autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. jama 2007 ; 297 : 1568 \u2013 1576 11. godfrey wr et al : cord blood cd4 ( + ) cd25 ( + ) - derived t regulatory cell lines express foxp3 protein and manifest potent suppressor function. blood 2005 ; 105 : 750 \u2013 758 12. fruchtman s : stem cell transplantation. mt sinai j med 2003 ; 70 : 166 \u2013 170. 13. han p et al : phenotypic analysis of functional t - lymphocyte subtypes and natural killer cells in human cord blood : relevance to umbilical cord blood transplantation. br j haematol 1995 ; 89 : 733 \u2013 740 14. haller mj et al : autologous umbilical cord blood infusion for type 1 diabetes. exp hematol 2008 ; 36 : 710 \u2013 715 want to know more? for more articles, local directories of shops and services, checklists, calculators and more visit our... : : pregnancy & birth info hub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4312175452962661, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.451863"} {"text": "little falls, n. j., july 17 - - increases in teenage births, aids infections, and other sexually transmitted diseases indicate that progress in adolescent sexual health may have slowed in recent years, researchers say. teen birth rates for girls decreased for almost 15 years before starting an upward trend in 2005, and the annual rate of aids diagnoses among boys in that age group has nearly doubled in the last 10 years, according to a new cdc after decreasing for more than 20 years, gonorrhea infection rates leveled off, while syphilis rates have been increasing, cdc ' s lorrie gavin, phd, and colleagues reported in the july 17 morbidity and mortality weekly report. \" the sexual and reproductive health of america ' s young persons remains an important public health concern, \" the researchers said. \" earlier progress appears to be slowing and perhaps reversing. \" the report is a summary of data on young people from ages 10 to 24 from multiple sources, including the national vital statistics system, the national examination survey, and the national survey of family growth. the researchers found that about one million young people in the u. s. had chlamydia, gonorrhea, or syphilis in 2006. that group accounted for nearly half of all incident sexually transmitted diseases even though it represented only 25 % of the sexually active population, the researchers said. a large proportion of disease occurs in the youngest population, with about 18, 000 youths between ages 10 and 14 diagnosed with sexually transmitted diseases in 2006. chlamydia was the most commonly reported std, followed by gonorrhea, and then syphilis. rates of all three diseases were highest among non - hispanic blacks for all age groups. also, about 25 % of girls from to 19 and 45 % of those from 20 to 24 had human papillomavirus infections between 2003 and 2004. while teen pregnancy rates decreased every year from 1991 to 2005, they started increasing from 2005 to 2007. about 745, 000 pregnancies occurred among girls under 20 in 2004, with 16, 000 of those involving girls from 10 to 14. like disparities in std infection, pregnancy rates were much higher for hispanic and non - hispanic black girls ages 15 to 19 than in white girls ( 132. 8 and 128 per 100, 000 population, versus 45. 2 ). with regard to aids, the annual rate of diagnoses among boys ages 10 to 24 has nearly doubled in the last 10 years, from 1. 3 cases per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41573473853334697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.455449"} {"text": "132. 8 and 128 per 100, 000 population, versus 45. 2 ). with regard to aids, the annual rate of diagnoses among boys ages 10 to 24 has nearly doubled in the last 10 years, from 1. 3 cases per 100, 000 in 1997 to 2. 5 in 2006. that year, about 22, 000 youths in 33 states were living with hiv / aids. again, non - hispanic blacks were most likely to be affected. black teenage girls ages 15 to 19 were more likely to live with aids than hispanics, alaska natives, whites, or pacific islanders ( 49. 6 per 100, 000 compared with 12. 2, 2. 6, 2. 5, and 1. 3, respectively ). sexual assaults also increased over the study period, the researchers said, with 105, 000 girls visiting an emergency department for a sexual assault injury between 2004 and 2006. about 27, 500 of those visits were among girls ages 10 to 14. the researchers said that the southern states generally had the highest rates of negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes, including early pregnancies and stds. they said their findings \" underscore the importance of sustaining efforts to promote adolescent reproductive health. \" \" practitioners, \" they said, \" can use [ this information ] when making decisions about how to allocate resources and identify those subpopulations that are in greatest need. \" the study was limited by self - reported data, undetected cases of disease, challenges in estimating pregnancy rates, and lack of ability to investigate causality. what do you think?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42133658846229616, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.456045"} {"text": "phytoplankton under ice beneath the arctic ice \u2014 over 12 feet deep in some areas \u2014 lies a dark, cold and lifeless sea. or so we thought. \u201c if someone had asked me before the expedition whether we would see under - ice blooms, i would have told them it was impossible, \u201d says arrigo. \u201c this discovery was a complete surprise. \u201d the researchers discovered an abundance of phytoplankton \u2014 microscopic life that forms the base of the marine food chain. phytoplankton require sunlight for photosynthesis, just like plants. and sunlight has a tough time penetrating thick sea ice. but that thick sea ice is changing. not only are warmer temperatures thinning the ice, but as the ice melts in summer, it forms pools of water that act like transient skylights and magnifying lenses. these pools focus sunlight through the ice and into the ocean, where currents steer nutrient - rich deep waters up toward the surface. phytoplankton under the ice evolved to take advantage of this narrow window of light and nutrients. the phytoplankton displayed extreme activity, doubling in number more than once a day. blooms in open waters grow at a much slower rate, doubling in two to three days. these growth rates are among the highest ever measured for polar waters. researchers estimate that phytoplankton production under the ice in parts of the arctic could be up to 10 times higher than in the nearby open ocean. the phytoplankton bloom discovered by arrigo and his colleagues in the chukchi sea ( just north of alaska ) extends tens of meters deep in spots and about 100 kilometers ( 62 miles ) across. \u201c at this point we don \u2019 t know whether these rich phytoplankton blooms have been happening in the arctic for a long time and we just haven \u2019 t observed them before, \u201d arrigo says. \u201c these blooms could become more widespread in the future, however, if the arctic sea ice cover continues to thin. \u201d the discovery of these previously unknown under - ice blooms could have serious implications for the broader arctic ecosystem, including migratory species such as whales and birds. phytoplankton are eaten by small ocean animals, which are eaten by larger fish and ocean animals. \u201c it could make it harder and harder for migratory species to time their life cycles to be in the arctic when the bloom is at its peak, \u201d arrigo says. \u201c if their food supply is coming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4771437751565093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.460011"} {"text": "a legend in her own time both for her brilliant poetry and for her resistance to oppression, anna akhmatova \u2014 denounced by the soviet regime for her \u201c eroticism, mysticism, and political indifference \u201d \u2014 is one of the greatest russian poets of the twentieth century. before the revolution, akhmatova was a wildly popular young poet who lived a bohemian life. she was one of the leaders of a movement of poets whose ideal was \u201c beautiful clarity \u201d \u2014 in her deeply personal work, themes of love and mourning are conveyed with passionate intensity and economy, her voice by turns tender and fierce. a vocal critic of stalinism, she saw her work banned for many years and was expelled from the writers \u2019 union \u2014 condemned as \u201c half nun, half harlot. \u201d despite this censorship, her reputation continued to flourish underground, and she is still among russia \u2019 s most beloved poets. here are poems from all her major works \u2014 including the magnificent \u201c requiem \u201d commemorating the victims of stalin \u2019 s terror \u2014 and some that have been newly translated for this edition. buyback ( sell directly to one of these merchants and get cash immediately ) | currently there are no buyers interested in purchasing this book. while the book has no cash or trade value, you may consider donating it |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41665646287945857, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.461777"} {"text": "\u00a9 2005 - 2012 american society of clinical oncology ( asco ). all rights reserved worldwide. on this page : you will find information about how many people learn they have this type of cancer each year and some general survival information. remember, survival rates depend on several factors. to see other pages in this guide, use the colored boxes on the right side of your screen, or click \u201c next \u201d at the bottom. this year, an estimated 7, 060 adults ( 2, 630 men and 4, 430 women ) in the united states will be diagnosed with anal cancer. it is estimated that 880 deaths ( 330 men and 550 women ) from this disease will occur this year. the five - year survival rate ( percentage of people who survive at least five years after the cancer is detected, excluding those who die from other diseases ) for early, localized anal cancer is between 53 % and 71 %, depending on the type of cancer ( see overview for details ). the five - year survival rate for people with tumors that have spread to the area around the anus is 24 % to 48 %. if the cancer has spread to more distant body parts, the five - year survival rate is between 7 % and 21 %. survival rate may be lower for people who have human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ), the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( aids ). cancer survival statistics should be interpreted with caution. these estimates are based on data from thousands of people with this type of cancer in the united states each year, but the actual risk for a particular individual may differ. it is not possible to tell a person how long he or she will live with anal cancer. because the survival statistics are measured in five - year intervals, they may not represent advances made in the treatment or diagnosis of this cancer. learn more about understanding statistics. statistics adapted from the american cancer society ' s ( acs ) publication, cancer facts & figures 2013, and the acs website. choose \u201c next \u201d ( below, right ) to continue reading this guide to learn what raises a person \u2019 s risk of developing this type of cancer, or use the colored boxes located on the right side of your screen to visit any section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4116316641857619, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.465723"} {"text": "this kennel was in a barn about 60 feet long and 30 feet wide with metal walls, a peaked metal roof, and concrete flooring. there were 12 dog pens in a row, each with inside and outside cages connected by plastic doggy doors framed in wood. the inside pens were about 3. 5 feet long, two feet wide, and three feet high, had wooden beams along the bottoms of the pens, rusting, thin - gauge wire for walls, and no roofs. each dog pen contained a single adult pug or miniature pinscher, each of which had a bronze tag hanging from a collar around its neck. each inside cage contained a dog house, about 1. 5 feet long, wide, and high, made of untreated wood. the corners of the dog houses were chewed and broken in several places ( 3. 1 ( c ) ( 1 ) - surfaces ). there was straw and wood chips on the flooring of the cages and more than 24 hours \u2019 accumulation of feces in each inside pen ( 3. 11 ( a ) - cleaning of primary enclosures ). each cage had a metal or plastic food dish placed on the floor ( 3. 9 ( b ) - feeding ). the water dishes contained ice ( 3. 2 ( a ) - heating, cooling and temperature ) ( 3. 10 - watering ). a wooden board against the inside of the barn wall and about four feet above the flooring of one cage had a white, plastic five - gallon bucket on top of it with a wooden board about a foot wide and long on top of it ( 3. 1 ( b ) - condition and site ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4967671930574653, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.467443"} {"text": "as ancient rome lived in splendor off the tribute raised in the provinces, so in modern america the political capitals are prospering economically at the expense of the rest of the nation. the productive, private citizens in outlying regions of our nation and states are financially burdened to pay for a parasite public economy of lawmakers, lobbyists, contractors, and bureaucrats in the political centers. several statistics support those claims : - average annual pay of workers in the district of columbia exceeds the national average by 48 percent. nation - wide, income per person in counties with state capitals tends to be nearly 10 percent higher than in other regions. - the income differential between washington and the rest of the nation rose from 25. 9 percent in 1980 to 32. 1 percent in 1990. the poorest states have capitals with per capita income levels about 17 percent above state averages ; the richest states show virtually no income differential, which suggests that government income redistribution may contribute to poverty rather than enhance wealth. - although unemployment in the washington, d. c., metropolitan area has been increasing, it remains almost 30 percent below the national average. unemployment rates in counties containing state capitals average about 20 percent lower than in other counties. that evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that those who make up the \u201c parasite economy \u201d have been successful at improving their economic well - being at the expense of those working in the productive private economy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4625301607794864, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.469016"} {"text": "evaluation of meningitis surveillance before introduction of serogroup a meningococcal conjugate vaccine \u2014 burkina faso and mali each year, 450 million persons in a region of sub - saharan africa known as the \" meningitis belt \" are at risk for death and disability from epidemic meningitis caused by serogroup a neisseria meningitidis ( 1 ). in 2009, the first serogroup a meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( psa - tt ) developed solely for africa ( menafrivac, serum institute of india, ltd. ), was licensed for persons aged 1 \u2013 29 years. during 2010 \u2013 2011, the vaccine was introduced in the hyperendemic countries of burkina faso, mali, and niger through mass campaigns. strong meningitis surveillance is critical for evaluating the impact of psa - tt because it was licensed based on safety and immunogenicity data without field effectiveness trials. case - based surveillance, which includes the collection of epidemiologic and laboratory data on individual cases year - round, is recommended for countries that aim to evaluate the vaccine ' s impact. a key component of case - based surveillance is expansion of laboratory confirmation to include every case of bacterial meningitis because multiple meningococcal serogroups and different pathogens such as haemophilus influenzae type b and streptococcus pneumoniae cause meningitis that is clinically indistinguishable from that caused by serogroup a neisseria meningitidis. before the introduction of psa - tt, evaluations of the existing meningitis surveillance in burkina faso and mali were conducted to assess the capacity for case - based surveillance. this report describes the results of those evaluations, which found that surveillance infrastructures were strong but opportunities existed for improving data management, handling of specimens shipped to reference laboratories, and laboratory capacity for confirming cases. these findings underscore the need to evaluate surveillance before vaccine introduction so that activities to strengthen surveillance are tailored to a country ' s needs and capacities. before introduction of the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, meningitis surveillance in burkina faso and mali included aggregate case counts only, enhanced by cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) collection from a subset of cases during the epidemic season to guide epidemic preparedness and choice of polysaccharide vaccine. in collaboration with the west africa inter - country support team of the world health organization ' s africa regional office", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46918470440668936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.483453"} {"text": "( csf ) collection from a subset of cases during the epidemic season to guide epidemic preparedness and choice of polysaccharide vaccine. in collaboration with the west africa inter - country support team of the world health organization ' s africa regional office, cdc evaluated 2007 meningitis surveillance data from burkina faso during 2007 \u2013 2008 and from mali in 2010. surveillance was evaluated according to cdc guidelines ( 2 ). each country ' s surveillance system was evaluated for compliance with standard operating procedures for enhanced meningitis surveillance and case - based surveillance in africa developed by the world health organization ( 3 \u2013 5 ). meningitis surveillance data were analyzed, stakeholders were consulted, and surveillance databases, reports, and registers were examined. data management was evaluated, along with data completeness, reporting completeness, and representativeness ; specimen collection and transport ; and laboratory confirmation. in burkina faso in 2007, all 55 districts reported a total of 25, 695 meningitis cases to the national surveillance office. cases were reported weekly in aggregate, and reporting was supplemented with line lists of case - level data during the epidemic season. multiple databases rather than a single database were used, and unique identifiers were not used to link epidemiologic and laboratory data ; instead, hand - matching ( i. e., by name, age, and residence ) was attempted. completeness of case - level data was greater for demographic information ( 98 % ) than for vaccination status ( 81 % ). reporting completeness of the surveillance system, defined as the 10, 614 line - listed cases divided by the 25, 695 total cases reported in aggregate, was 41 %. of the line - listed cases, 9, 824 ( 93 % ) had csf specimens collected. population representativeness of surveillance data based on the proportion of districts submitting line lists and csf specimens was 91 % ( 50 / 55 ) and 85 % ( 47 / 55 ), respectively ; 4 % ( 443 / 10, 614 ) of line - listed cases and 4 % ( 423 / 9, 824 ) of specimens were from the burkina faso capital, ouagadougou. the proportion of all reported cases with a specimen reaching a national reference laboratory was 11 % ( 2, 898 / 25, 695 ) for cases reported in aggregate and 27 % ( 2, 898 / 10, 614 ) for line - listed cases. csf macroscopic examination, gram stain, and white blood cell count were performed routinely at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4956983177016958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.484520"} {"text": "collected. results of these tests suggested bacterial meningitis in 39 % ( 198 / 514 ) of specimens. at the one reference laboratory that performed culture and latex agglutination, the proportion of specimens that were confirmed as bacterial meningitis was 21 % ( 106 / 514 ). mamoudou djingarey, md, denis kandolo, md, clement lingani, msc, fabien diomande, md, world health organization west africa inter - country support team, burkina faso. isaie medah, md, ludovic kambou, md, felix tarbangdo, ministere de la sante, burkina faso. seydou diarra, md, kandioura toure, md, flabou bougoudogo, phd, ministere de la sante, mali. sema mandal, md, ryan t. novak, phd, amanda c. cohn, md, thomas a. clark, md, nancy e. messonnier, md, div of bacterial diseases, national center for immunizations and respiratory diseases, cdc. corresponding contributor : sema mandal, firstname. lastname @ example. org, 404 - 639 - 3158. high - quality surveillance with laboratory confirmation is necessary to evaluate vaccine effectiveness, inform vaccination strategies to maintain population immunity, and monitor for changes in disease epidemiology. in this evaluation of meningitis surveillance in burkina faso and mali, good organizational structures, capable staff, and clear protocols for collecting both aggregate and case - level data and collecting csf specimens were found. however, a major gap was that case - level data and specimens often were not sent to the national level for analysis. harmonized data management tools and linking case identifiers were lacking. moreover, the ability of the reference laboratories to confirm cases was limited by the low number of submitted specimens, along with delayed specimen transport, and inadequate capacity for testing. based on the findings from the evaluation, recommendations were made to burkina faso and mali to improve data management, epidemiology, and laboratory capacity. since march 2008 in burkina faso and december 2010 in mali, these surveillance domains have been strengthened through baseline assessments, technology transfer, training, and mentorship. this is the model for meningitis surveillance and capacity - building in the meningitis belt ( figure ). surveillance needs assessments were conducted and pilot projects for case - based surveillance were implemented in selected districts, which were subsequently scaled up to the appropriate level", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48924521189253367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.486988"} {"text": "is the model for meningitis surveillance and capacity - building in the meningitis belt ( figure ). surveillance needs assessments were conducted and pilot projects for case - based surveillance were implemented in selected districts, which were subsequently scaled up to the appropriate level in each country. to improve case - level data reporting to the national level, district visits by supervision teams focused on introducing data management tools that included deploying a standardized surveillance database, introducing systemwide linking using unique case identifiers, and conducting training for surveillance officers. additionally, national level surveillance epidemiologists and data managers were mentored in collating, analyzing, and interpreting data. to improve specimen transport, district visits focused on reconnecting the network and conducted training on appropriate transport conditions. to improve laboratory capacity for case confirmation, real - time pcr \u00a7 and external quality - control programs were established at reference laboratories. preliminary data from burkina faso for 2011 show improvements in surveillance. compared with 2007, in 2011 the proportion of line - listed cases doubled from 41 % to 88 %, and the proportion of all reported cases with a specimen reaching a reference laboratory increased from 11 % to 85 %. with implementation of real - time pcr in four national reference laboratories, causative pathogen confirmation increased from 24 % to 41 %. in mali, most surveillance - strengthening activities are still in progress, but compared with 2007, early 2012 indicators are encouraging. two of the first districts to introduce psa - tt now send electronic line - list data to the national level, the proportion of districts submitting specimens has increased from 61 % to 80 %, and pcr has been introduced at the national reference laboratory ( conventional pcr in 2009, real - time pcr in 2011 ). in burkina faso, high - quality surveillance data revealed the impact of psa - tt 1 year after it was introduced, with significant decreases in the incidence of all bacterial meningitis, serogroup a \u2013 specific meningococcal disease, and bacterial meningitis mortality, with no outbreaks identified ( 6 ). in mali, no meningitis outbreaks have occurred in 2012, and preliminary surveillance data have not identified serogroup a disease ( 7 ). burkina faso and mali differed in how they built on existing infrastructure to establish case - based surveillance. depending on local capacity, populations at risk, disease incidence, and geographic distribution, subnational rather than nationwide population - based case - based surveillance might be appropriate. for example, although burkina faso and mali are neighbors with similar sized populations ( 15", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4937316778337006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.488067"} {"text": "surveillance. depending on local capacity, populations at risk, disease incidence, and geographic distribution, subnational rather than nationwide population - based case - based surveillance might be appropriate. for example, although burkina faso and mali are neighbors with similar sized populations ( 15 \u2013 16 million ) and a history of meningitis epidemics, disease epidemiology over the past decade has differed substantially. the incidence of meningitis disease in burkina faso is one of the highest in africa, with a mean annual incidence of 90 per 100, 000 during 2005 \u2013 2009. the last major epidemic was in 2007, with 25, 695 cases. mali has a much lower mean annual incidence, seven per 100, 000 during 2005 \u2013 2009, and the last major epidemic was in 1997, with 11, 228 cases. unlike burkina faso, which lies entirely within the meningitis belt, mali ' s northern, sparsely populated desert regions do not. therefore, mali concentrated its surveillance - strengthening efforts on the most populous districts in the meningitis belt to achieve a high proportion of laboratory - confirmed cases. the experience of case - based surveillance in burkina faso and mali has shown that one size might not fit all, but key factors for achieving surveillance objectives are conducting baseline surveillance evaluations, placing a high priority on developing surveillance expertise ( e. g., through staff training and development ), and building on existing infrastructure. the public health goal of introducing a serogroup a meningococcal conjugate vaccine is to eliminate meningitis epidemics in sub - saharan africa. \u00b6 strong case - based surveillance with pathogen - specific laboratory confirmation is essential to enable accurate assessments of vaccine effectiveness, vaccine failures, duration of protection, and herd immunity. assessment of all of these factors will help define a national vaccination strategy to maintain population immunity so that epidemics do not recur. such surveillance also enables identification of susceptible populations that might emerge as a result of low vaccine coverage or loss of vaccine potency during vaccine storage and handling. additionally, case - based surveillance is essential to detect other meningococcal serogroups and other meningitis pathogens with epidemic potential. finally, case - based meningitis surveillance can be of even greater value in the many countries that have introduced haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines and in those that plan to introduce pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, providing necessary information on vaccine effectiveness and changes in the epidemiology of meningitis following implementation of the vaccination programs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48204497162836035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.489116"} {"text": "known to cause meningitis. \u00a7 advantages of real - time over conventional pcr include the following : 1 ) in real - time pcr, amplification products are measured quantitatively each amplification cycle by measuring the fluorescence of a dye, whereas in conventional pcr, amplification products are detected only after the last amplification cycle when the products are separated by gel electrophoresis and stained ; 2 ) real - time pcr is more sensitive than conventional pcr ; and 3 ) real - time pcr amplification is performed in a closed system, whereas amplification in conventional pcr is performed in an open system, allowing a greater chance of contamination. \u00b6 additional information available at http : / / www. meningvax. org / mission. php. what is already known on this topic? a new serogroup a meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( psa - tt ) was introduced in the african meningitis belt with the goal of eliminating epidemic meningitis as a regional public health concern. strong case - based surveillance with laboratory confirmation is essential in early - implementing countries to evaluate vaccine impact because the vaccine was licensed based on safety and immunogenicity data without field effectiveness trials. what is added by this report? surveillance evaluations conducted in burkina faso and mali before introduction of the vaccine revealed limitations in data quality and management, specimen collection and transport, and laboratory confirmation. building on existing infrastructure and expertise, surveillance - strengthening activities, such as technology transfer, training, and mentorship, demonstrated measurable improvements. compared with 2007, causative pathogen confirmation during 2011 \u2013 2012 increased from 24 % to 41 % in burkina faso, and the proportion of districts submitting specimens increased from 61 % to 80 % in mali. what are the implications for public health practice? countries implementing psa - tt should evaluate their existing meningitis surveillance before vaccine introduction and create a surveillance system that is population - based at the national or subnational level and that generates case - level data appropriate to their needs and capacity. abbreviations : qa = quality assurance ; qc = quality control ; pcr = real - time polymerase chain reaction ; id = identifier. alternate text : the figure above shows the model for meningitis surveillance and capacity - building used in the \" meningitis belt \" in africa. based on the evaluation findings, recommendations were made to burkina faso and mali to improve epidemiologic and laboratory capacity. since march 2008 in burkina faso", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49484992955959084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.491306"} {"text": "gonorrhea laboratory information identification of n. gonorrhoeae and related species the genus neisseria contains a number of species which are normal flora and pathogens of humans and animals. of these species, the species of human origin - - and particularly the pathogenic species, n. gonorrhoeae and n. meningitidis - - have been studied extensively in an effort to control the infections they cause. gonorrhea, caused by n. gonorrhoeae, is one of the most frequently reported infectious diseases in the united states and worldwide. rapid tests have been developed to identify and distinguish n. gonorrhoeae, from the commensal neisseria and related species which are normal flora of the oro - and nasopharynx. because many rapid tests for the identification of n. gonorrhoeae test for a limited number of characteristics which may be shared by one or more nonpathogenic neisseria spp., a non - gonococcal, commensal neisseria species may be incorrectly identified as n. gonorrhoeae. such incorrect identifications may result in serious social and medicolegal consequences for patients and their families. thus, the primary purpose of these pages is to provide information relating to the accurate identification of n. gonorrhoeae. descriptions of species in these pages will, for the moment, be limited to those of human origin. information relating to the identification species of animal origin will include a table of differential characteristics which should be consulted when a gram negative diplococcus is not readily identifiable as a human neisseria species e. g., an isolate from a wound inflicted by an animal bite. in addition, reference information on the taxonomy, host range, pathogenicity, natural habitat and prevalence of the neisseria species is included.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4825029291533979, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.494107"} {"text": "mobility / stability statistics for 2011 - 2012 definitions of terms used the total ( cumulative ) number of students in membership at any time during the academic year. instructional program service type ( ipst ) : services provided by schools and / or districts for students identified as belonging to one or more of the categories below. students with disabilities : students who have been formally identified as having physical or health conditions that may have a significant impact on the student \u2019 s ability to learn and therefore warrant placing the student on an individual educational program ( iep ). limited english proficient : this designation encompasses all students identified as either non - english proficient or limited english proficient. non - english proficient is defined as a student who speaks a language other than english and does not comprehend, speak, read, or write english. limited english proficient is defined as a student who comprehends, speaks, reads, or writes some english, but whose predominant comprehension or speech is in a language other than english. districts must provide language services to all limited english proficient students. student qualifies for either the free or reduced lunch program. the federal national school lunch act establishes eligibility for the reduced price lunch program for families with income up to 185 percent of the federal poverty level ( in 2009, this amount was $ 39, 220 for a family of four ). families with income up to 130 percent of the federal poverty level qualify for the free lunch program ( in 2009 this amount was $ 27, 560 for a family of four ). students enrolled in a specially designed program for children who are, or whose parent or spouse is a migratory agricultural worker, and who, in the preceding 36 months, in order to obtain, or accompany such parent or spouse in order to obtain, temporary or seasonal employment in agricultural work has moved from one school district to another. students that are identified by the school as failing, or most at risk of failing, to meet the state \u2019 s challenging student academic achievement standards on the basis of multiple, educationally related, objective criteria established by the school. according to the mckinney act, a \u201c homeless individual \u201d : lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence. gifted and talented : students who have been formally identified, using district - wide procedures aligned with cde guidelines, as being endowed with a high degree of exceptionality or potential in mental ability, academics, creativity, or talents ( visual, performing, musical arts, or leadership. for additional information, e - mail :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5722089287065586, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.498357"} {"text": "reporting on the state of the north american environment the north american agreement on environmental cooperation obliges the secretariat of the commission for environmental cooperation to \u201c periodically address the state of the environment in the territories of the parties. \u201d to meet this obligation, the secretariat has developed this report \u2014 the north american mosaic : an overview of key environmental issues \u2014 with the support of environmental reporting experts from the governments of canada, mexico and the united states. this report describes current environmental conditions and trends across north america. the breadth and diversity of the subject are astounding : from tiny invasive zebra mussels to global greenhouse gases measured by the teragram ; from the last remaining vaquita porpoises to vast expanses of boreal forests and marine ecosystems ; from invisible molecules of toxic chemicals to the all - too - visible smog and haze that blanket our cities from time to time. as a mosaic of existing information, this report prompts us to consider the following questions : the commission for environmental cooperation welcomes your feedback < email @ example. com >. - what are the central environmental challenges confronting north america? - what are the greatest priorities for cooperative action among our three countries to address these environmental challenges? - how can we measure our progress and create effective feedback mechanisms? - how can we enhance the relevance of trinational cooperation through the commission for environmental cooperation? the 14 environmental issue papers may be downloaded individually as pdf files :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45785049591378546, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.500090"} {"text": "march 2, 2011 contact : ashley moore the children ' s hospital of philadelphia office : ( 267 ) 426 - 6071 ; mobile : ( 267 ) 294 - 9134 performing delicate surgery in the womb, months before birth, can substantially improve outcomes for children with a common, disabling birth defect of the spine. experts at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia ( chop ) co - led a new landmark study showing that fetal surgery for spina bifida greatly reduces the need to divert fluid from the brain, improves mobility and improves the chances that a child will be able to walk independently. spina bifida is the most common birth defect of the central nervous system, affecting about 1, 500 babies born each year in the united states. \u201c this is the first time in history that we can offer real hope to parents who receive a prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida, \u201d said n. scott adzick, md, surgeon - in - chief at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia, director of children \u2019 s hospital \u2019 s center for fetal diagnosis and treatment, and lead author of a federally sponsored study reporting results of a clinical trial of fetal surgery for myelomeningocele, the most severe form of spina bifida. adzick, who led a team at chop that pioneered fetal surgeries for this condition and set the stage for this clinical trial, added, \u201c this is not a cure, but this trial demonstrates scientifically that we can now offer fetal surgery as a standard of care for spina bifida. \u201d myelomeningocele is devastating, occurring when part of the spinal column does not close around the spinal cord, failing to protect it during stages of fetal development. long - term survivors of the condition frequently suffer lifelong disabilities, including paralysis, bladder and bowel problems, hydrocephalus ( excessive fluid pressure in the brain ), and cognitive impairments. fetal surgery researchers have now reported long - awaited results from an unprecedented clinical trial that compared outcomes of prenatal, or fetal, surgery versus postnatal surgery, the conventional surgery for this disabling neurological condition. the study appears today in an online first article in the new england journal of medicine. two and a half years after fetal surgery, children with spina bifida were better able to walk, when compared to children who received surgery shortly after birth. patients who received fetal surgery also scored better on tests of motor function. within a year after fetal surgery, they were less", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46360973064867494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.509466"} {"text": "surgery, children with spina bifida were better able to walk, when compared to children who received surgery shortly after birth. patients who received fetal surgery also scored better on tests of motor function. within a year after fetal surgery, they were less likely to need a shunt, a surgically implanted tube that drains fluid from the brain. three fetal surgery centers participated in the management of myelomeningocele study ( moms ) trial \u2014 at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia, vanderbilt university, and the university of california san francisco. the biostatistics center at george washington university ( gwu ) served as the coordinating center and oversaw data collection and analysis, while the eunice kennedy shriver national institute of child health and human development sponsored the trial. the moms study was a prospective, randomized clinical trial. one sign of its prominence is that all u. s. fetal surgery centers not participating in the trial agreed to perform no fetal surgery for spina bifida during the 7 - year duration of the trial. the trial goal was to enroll 200 patients, but the nih ended the trial in december 2010, after 183 surgeries had occurred, based on clear evidence of efficacy for the prenatal procedure. throughout the trial, women whose fetuses had been diagnosed with spina bifida contacted the trial \u2019 s coordinating center at gwu if they chose to volunteer for the study. that center randomly assigned half of the eligible women to receive prenatal surgery, the other half to receive postnatal surgery. postnatal surgery entailed delivery by planned cesarean section at 37 weeks gestation, after which the surgical team repaired the opening in the newborn \u2019 s spine, usually within 24 hours after birth. in prenatal surgery, done between 19 and 26 weeks \u2019 gestation, the surgical team made incisions in the mother and her uterus, then repaired the spina bifida lesion while the fetus was in the womb. mothers in this group stayed near the center for ongoing monitoring, then underwent delivery by planned cesarean section at 37 weeks, or earlier, because many of the babies in the prenatal surgery group arrived prematurely. the complex requirements of this fetal surgery require a highly sophisticated multidisciplinary team. the chop program includes specialists in fetal surgery, neurosurgery, obstetrics, maternal - fetal medicine, cardiology, anesthesiology and critical care, neonatology, and nursing. in both study groups", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4835029990447184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.510454"} {"text": "least one year after surgery. clinicians who were independent of the surgical teams and blinded ( not informed which of the two surgeries a given child received ) evaluated the children from the study at one year of age and again at age 30 months. \u201c the mothers, children and families who participated in this moms trial, and who are continuing to be available for follow - up studies, have made an important contribution to our knowledge and treatment of spina bifida, \u201d said lori j. howell, rn, ms, executive director of the cfdt, and a study co - author. \u201c because of their involvement, we are better able to accurately counsel other families about what it will mean to have a child with spina bifida \u2014 and to offer a rigorously tested, innovative prenatal surgical treatment. \u201d although the trial results mark a milestone in spina bifida treatment, not every woman carrying a fetus with spina bifida may be a suitable candidate for fetal surgery. for example, severely obese women were not included in the current study because they have a higher risk of surgical complications. adzick noted that further research will continue to refine surgical techniques and improve methods to reduce the risks to mothers and fetuses. in the meantime, concluded adzick, \u201c both the experimental outcomes of animal studies and the results of the moms trial suggest that prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele stops the exposure of the developing spinal cord to amniotic fluid and thereby averts further neurological damage in utero. in addition, by stopping the leak of cerebrospinal fluid from the myelomeningocele defect, prenatal surgery reverses hindbrain herniation in utero. we believe this in turn mitigates the development of hydrocephalus and the need for shunting after birth. \u201d adzick added that this demonstrated success for fetal surgery may broaden its application to other birth defects, many of which are rarer but more uniformly lethal than spina bifida. children \u2019 s hospital \u2019 s comprehensive center already offers fetal surgery for selected life - threatening fetal conditions. the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia began performing fetal surgery for spina bifida in 1998, three years after adzick launched the center for fetal diagnosis and treatment. the center \u2019 s reports of neurological improvements in spina bifida, based on 58 fetal surgeries through 2003, helped lay the groundwork for the moms trial. for ad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4389325561345125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.513849"} {"text": "march 26, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia, phone : ( 267 ) 426 - 6055, ascenzi @ email. chop. edu new biological research reveals how an invading virus hijacks a cell \u2019 s workings by imitating a signaling marker to defeat the body \u2019 s defenses. by manipulating cell signals, the virus destroys a defensive protein designed to inhibit it. this finding, from studies in human cell cultures, may represent a broader targeting strategy used by other viruses, and may lay the scientific groundwork for developing more effective treatments for infectious diseases. \u201c learning details of how cells respond to viruses helps us to understand key cellular machinery better, \u201d said study leader matthew d. weitzman, ph. d., of the center for cellular and molecular therapeutics at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. \u201c this study tells us how a virus overcomes intrinsic host defenses. in this case the virus mimics signals used during normal dna repair mechanisms. \u201d the study team, formerly based at the salk institute for biological studies in la jolla, calif., published their current findings online march 8 in molecular cell. biologists have long known that viruses hijack cellular processes to replicate themselves, while host cells have evolved intrinsic defense systems to resist viral invasion. to replicate, viruses must deliver their own dna into a cell \u2019 s nucleus, so a viral infection entails a conflict between two genomes \u2014 the dna of the host cell versus the foreign dna of the virus. viruses mount their attack by interacting with specific cell proteins as a way of penetrating the cell \u2019 s defenses. \u201c in this study, we asked how the herpes simplex virus finds the specific proteins that it interacts with, \u201d said weitzman. \u201c by describing the mechanism of this particular interaction between a virus and a cell protein, we have pinpointed key regulators of a cell \u2019 s processes, and shed light on how a cell regulates its defenses. \u201d this laboratory study focused on herpes simplex virus type - 1 ( hsv - 1 ), a common human virus that results in recurrent infections alternating with inactive periods. like other viruses, hsv - 1 is known to manipulate cellular processes in order to infect cells, but the specific mechanisms by which it acts on the dna repair pathway were previously unknown. weitzman \u2019 s study team was studying a viral protein called icp0 that overcomes host defenses by targeting cellular proteins for destruction. they found that icp0 exploits ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5394353511717049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.517601"} {"text": "mechanisms by which it acts on the dna repair pathway were previously unknown. weitzman \u2019 s study team was studying a viral protein called icp0 that overcomes host defenses by targeting cellular proteins for destruction. they found that icp0 exploits phosphorylation, a chemical mark that is often used in cells to promote interactions between proteins, especially as part of the cellular signaling response to dna damage. in hsv - 1 infection, the phosphorylation signal on icp0 attracts a cellular dna damage response protein, rnf8, which binds to the false signaling marker and is then degraded. because rnf8 normally inhibits viral replication, its destruction leaves the cell vulnerable to hsv - 1 infection, as the virus takes over the cell \u2019 s machinery. the researchers also found that icp0 exploits the same phosphorylation signal to bind to other cellular proteins in addition to rnf8, a hint that it may play a broader role in defeating antiviral defenses and manipulating cellular machinery. weitzman will continue to investigate hsv - 1 infection in neurons and in animal models. he also plans to extend his research into other viruses, which may act on different pathways than hsv - 1 does. \u201c ultimately, \u201d he added, \u201c better knowledge of molecular mechanisms in infection may suggest strategies to interrupt the viral life cycle and treat infections. \u201d the national institutes of health, the salk institute, the american cancer society and the howard hughes medical institute were among the funders of this research. \u201c viral e3 ubiquitin ligase - mediated degradation of a cellular e3 : viral mimicry of a cellular phosphorylation mark targets the rnf8 fha domain, \u201d molecular cell, published online march 8, 2012, to appear in print, april 13, 2012. doi : 10. 1016 / j. molcel. 2012. 02. 004", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5490945825674053, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.518329"} {"text": "human rights reminder sixty - four years ago, on dec. 10, the united nations promulgated and its members adopted the international declaration of human rights. ever since, international human rights day has been \u201c celebrated \u201d on the same date. written after world war ii as the sun had just begun to rise over the darkened, brutalized terrain of so much of the world, the document enshrines the highest values and aspirations of civilized men and women. the document hoped to open a door onto a new world. it begins : \u201c whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world \u2026 \u201c whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind \u2026 \u201c whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations \u2026 \u201d how should we respond, therefore, when not one leader of the arab world, let alone the purportedly moderate palestinian authority president mahmoud abbas, condemned the call to genocide last weekend by hamas chief khaled meshal? meshal fulminated against israel. \u201c we are not giving up any inch of palestine. it will remain islamic and arab for us and nobody else. jihad and armed resistance is the only way. we cannot recognize israel \u2019 s legitimacy. from the sea to the river, from north to south, we will not give up any part of palestine \u2014 it is our country, our right and our homeland. \u201d was it only a fool \u2019 s grasp at a straw to hope that abbas, the anointed of the western world, would have publicly protested : \u201c no! that is no longer the way. we wish to live alongside, not instead of, israel. \u201d but it would appear that despite the new un state status conferred upon abbas \u2019 plo, the palestinian leader believes the provisions of the declaration do not apply to him. of course, in this belief, he is at one with all the members of arab league who applauded meshal and the various other political leaders who regard the declaration as merely a decorative plaque to hang on a wall hiding a crack in the plaster rather than as an earnest, meaningful expression of human values. but the protection of human rights must not only concern us when it is beyond our borders. cjn reporter andy levy - ajzenkopf reminds us in a compelling, two - part series about the predicament of the european roma that we must ensure our own laws \u2013 here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4201196363889708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.524557"} {"text": "warsaw ghetto uprising \u2019 s 70th anniversary seventy years ago last month, the nazis began their second deportation of the jews from the warsaw ghetto. in response, on jan. 18, 1943, the first organized and armed jewish / zionist resistance action in the ghetto was launched. the fighters of the zzw and zob drove the nazis from the ghetto. months later, on april 19, 1943, on the eve of passover, the nazi ss and police units entered the ghetto and were attacked by organized jewish partisans yet again. there were two separate armed resistance organizations in the ghetto \u2013 the zzw and zob. the most famous jewish leader of armed resistance is mordechai anielewicz, commander of the zob ( jewish fighting organization ) during the uprising. the zob was an alliance of several zionist and non - zionist youth groups. anielewicz received paramilitary training in betar as a young teenager and left the group before the war. the zob had a socialist orientation, and betar as an organization did not participate in it, in part because of politics. zzw, the jewish military organization, was commanded and manned by betar members and their allies. betar \u2019 s fighters in the warsaw ghetto uprising have been largely written out of history. moshe arens, a former israeli defence minister who was a betar member, recently wrote a yet - to - be published book on betar \u2019 s heroic battle against the ss in the ghetto. that book, flags over the warsaw ghetto ( gefen publishing, november 2011 ), and articles by arens about the zzw that were published in yad vashem studies, ha \u2019 aretz and the jerusalem post have helped to create a far more accurate account of the zzw \u2019 s participation in the uprising. the book and the articles also did much to recall the heroism of pawel frenkel, zzw \u2019 s commander. the zzw is now thought by historians to have been the better - equipped force in the ghetto, as it had procured machine guns. the zob, however, had more fighters. the groups finally decided to co - ordinate their efforts in the last moments before the april 19 battle began. for 28 days, jewish warriors fought the enemy and showed bravery not seen since the days of bar kochba \u2019 s uprising against rome. in the vilna ghetto, betar leader joseph glazman was deputy commander of the united partisan organization, the only armed jewish resistance group in that ghetto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39406052629087585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.529836"} {"text": "and showed bravery not seen since the days of bar kochba \u2019 s uprising against rome. in the vilna ghetto, betar leader joseph glazman was deputy commander of the united partisan organization, the only armed jewish resistance group in that ghetto. betar was founded in 1923 by ze \u2019 ev jabotinsky ( 1880 - 1940 ), a figure who is too often forgotten today. professor daniel j. elazar ( 1934 - 1999 ), a scholar of the jewish political tradition, in the may 15, 1981, edition of the journal sh \u2019 ma elazar remarked about jabotinsky \u2019 s legacy : \u201c would there be serious public commemoration of the 100th birthday of zev jabotinsky had it not been for the fact that the likud won the election in israel in 1977? not likely. for 30 years and more, jabotinsky was one of those non - persons in israel and the jewish world \u2026 the ruling labor party made him a non - person for the same reasons that it portrayed [ then - prime minister ] menachem begin and his supporters as uncivilized fascists \u2013 it is easier to beat the opposition by painting it as irrelevant, intolerable and non - existent, until it is too strong to be dismissed. \u201d this year \u2019 s 70th anniversary of the warsaw ghetto uprising offers an opportunity to remind today \u2019 s jews about jabotinsky \u2019 s vital contributions. moshe phillips is the president of the philadelphia chapter of americans for a safe israel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44248368251962966, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.531105"} {"text": "carbon savings - promoting tangible methods of conservation ( finalist. ) ymca - toronto office updates based on feedback : many have felt this proposal is based on measuring a person ' s carbon footprint, instead we are helping people estimate the economic and environmental benefits they can expect to achieve by switching to a new light bulb, showerhead or even by adding a rain barrel. we will be getting the word out through our own marketing efforts but also see this as a resource to support the many organizations that are already out there. we provide traction to the envrionmental movement and use money and environmental benefits as incentives for people to consider and try new products. we are looking to work with sustainability networks, housing associations, builders, manufactuers and retailers ( to help market their products ), real estate agents, mortgage specialists, educational programs, speakers and the list goes on. - if you are one of these people or know someone who is, we would love to hear from you! carbon savings is committed to reducing society \u2019 s demand on natural resources by promoting environmentally preferred products ( epps ). to do this, carbon savings focuses on public awareness by helping people to understand how to conserve water and energy and then to estimate the financial and environmental benefits associated with each method. this is done through calculators which help people estimate their annual savings, payback period and co2 reductions. please view http : / / carbonsavings. org / product. php? item = faucet for an example. the organization was founded on the following premises : - people would prefer to reduce their impact on the environment as long as it does not affect their standard of living - the majority of people are motivated to action based on financial considerations - people are hesitant to spend money when the resulting savings are unknown in order to support the transition towards a low carbon economy, carbon savings has decided to concentrate its efforts on a two pronged approach. the first is to help homeowners and businesses find tangible methods to conserve energy and water. there are roughly 30 household technologies that are good for the environmental and have a fast payback period, yet many of them are unfamiliar to the public. as a result, carbon savings is building a comprehensive and easy - to - use website for consumers to view all of their options and learn about each one. the second approach is to help companies communicate the benefits of their epps to the public. this allows manufacturers and retailers to promote their products by demonstrating the economic and environmental benefits to the customer. in essence, the calculators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5037736550062238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.539061"} {"text": "learn about each one. the second approach is to help companies communicate the benefits of their epps to the public. this allows manufacturers and retailers to promote their products by demonstrating the economic and environmental benefits to the customer. in essence, the calculators become interactive marketing tools to help companies sell more products. at the end of the day, increased sales translate into greater adoption of conservation. background & details the concept of carbon savings was born in 2010 as part of a sustainability course in engineering at queen \u2019 s university. since that time, the idea has evolved and gained momentum. today, the company has teamed up with a number of non - profit organizations to provide traction to their environmental efforts. one of carbon savings \u2019 core beliefs is that in order to achieve mainstream conservation, consumers must first know what their options are and then be convinced these products are worth buying. as a result, the company has created a working prototype at www. carbonsavings. org to allow users to browse through different product categories, such as showerheads and thermostats, in order to learn about them and their importance. each technology is highlighted with its own interactive calculator to help users estimate the financial and environmental benefits. the calculators are pre - loaded with average household data to help people that may not be aware of reasonable input values. these numbers can be changed to generate customized estimates. in addition to the 30 household technologies, there are roughly 40 commercial technologies that can be adopted at work to generate even greater savings. as the site develops, the goal is to provide a user experience geared towards helping people and companies explore practical opportunities to achieve conservation. by highlighting all of these technologies, carbon savings is looking to offer the most extensive collection of environmental products and their calculators in one location. beyond the educational website, carbon savings will leverage its impact by creating marketing tools for manufacturers and retailers. the calculators can be customized to be product specific and can be placed on the retailer \u2019 s site beside the product, which positions the calculators in front of people at the point of sale. it also enables companies to provide personalized estimates without sending their customers away from their website. the calculators have a lot of flexibility in terms of look, feel and the number of questions asked of the user. they must also be approved by carbon savings for accuracy and then carry the carbon savings logo, providing third party verification. companies do not currently have the option to license energy savings calculators and therefore, cannot benefit from the various advantages they have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5071859031821868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.540190"} {"text": "user. they must also be approved by carbon savings for accuracy and then carry the carbon savings logo, providing third party verification. companies do not currently have the option to license energy savings calculators and therefore, cannot benefit from the various advantages they have to offer. the licensing option allows companies to focus on their core competency while outsourcing software improvements and utility updates to an industry expert. also, companies are able to forgo the development cost, which reduces risk and makes high - end features more affordable. at the end of the day, these marketing tools and added features help companies sell more epps and lead to a low carbon economy. once the site is established, carbon savings will create tools to help sustainability departments and green teams to evaluate the energy and water savings potential of their company. again, the focus will be on both the financial and enviornmental benefits so they can communicate the benefits to the public once the retrofits are performed. this helps the departments identify the best opportunities while saving a lot time since the software will evaluate which technologies offer the greatest savings and are best suited for their applications. this lets staff members concentrate on implimentation while carbon savings performs the initial research and compares technologies. a big component of our success will be getting our calculators in front of people. this will be facilitated by a number of partnerships. as it ' s been mentioned throughout the competition, we have a number of partnerships in the works and some have been confirmed at this time. we are working with the ymca, a few td branches ( to start ), science 44 housing co - op ( and looking at the co - op network ), youth metoring youth program and we are hoping to work with a number of low - income housing organizations, greenovations with queen ' s university and there are a large number of organizations in the pipeline. another aspect to consider is that corporate clients are similar to partnerships in the way that they help bring the calculators to the public. companies looking to license the calculators bring the calculators to their own network and often present the information at meaningful times such as the point of sale or in relationship to a \" call to action \". the energy demands of the average canadian household results in roughly 8 - 10 metric tons of co2 emissions per year. however, it is possible to reduce these energy demands by more than 20 % with technologies that offer a combined payback period of less than 5 years. as a result, a household would be able to save upwards of $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.480724110210474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.541376"} {"text": "co2 emissions per year. however, it is possible to reduce these energy demands by more than 20 % with technologies that offer a combined payback period of less than 5 years. as a result, a household would be able to save upwards of $ 500 per year and reduce emission by over 2 metric tons on an annual basis. average annual savings low flow showerheads - 220kg co2 | $ 90 per year | 0. 7 year payback period ( or less ) | 30, 000l of water faucet aerators - 60kg co2 | $ 40 per year | 0. 5 year payback period ( or less ) | 15, 000l of water rain barrel - 2kg co2 | $ 9 per year | 10 year payback period | 5, 000l of water front - load washing - 170kg co2 | $ 140 per year | 5 - 10 year payback period | 40, 000l of water thermostat - 200kg co2 | $ 40 per year | 2. 5 year payback period phantom power bar - 30kg co2 | $ 20 per year | 2 year payback period the goal is to reach as many people as possible and through the help of the ymca, carbon savings is able to get a good start. in toronto alone, the ymca network reaches approximately 500, 000 people each year and the organization helps roughly 25 % of all immigrants entering the country. their network offers an incredible opportunity to reach a large number of people and tailor solutions to help recent immigrants. the partnership will begin with a flyer distributed through the ymca \u2019 s network that will highlight a couple household products and how much can be saved. it will then lead people to both organizations \u2019 websites to learn more. partnering with the ymca offers an unparalleled ability to reach a large number of people and achieve environmental reform. furthermore, targeted campaigns can help low income families save money with products that have payback periods of less than 1 year. separately, a couple bank branches have offered to provide exposure by handing out information about www. carbonsavings. org to new homeowners that sign up for a mortgage. carbon savings was founded by howard swartz who graduated from mechanical engineering at queen \u2019 s university. he has continued his studies at queen \u2019 s and is currently completing a masters in civil engineering with speciality in applied sustainability. he has worked as the environmental manager for an eco - friendly coffee shop and spent a summer at an energy service company. in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4818081027434965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.542494"} {"text": "contact lens prescription by mary jameson, bhs, coa, nclc, cpot what do the numbers on a contact lens prescription mean? how do they relate to a patient ' s eyes? how important are they? with all of the controversy surrounding the issue of releasing contact lens prescriptions, we should understand what every detail of the prescription means. measuring base curve the back of a contact lens features a series of curves. these curves help the contact lens fit the contour of a cornea. the main back surface curve of a lens is the base curve. it represents the central radius of curvature of the back of the lens. the base curve corresponds to the keratometry reading, the measurement of a patient ' s corneal curvature. we typically record keratometry measurements in diopters of power and typically measure the base curve reading in millimeters of radius. you can use a conversion chart to transition from diopters to millimeters of radius. when you select a trial lens, you can choose a base curve that is on k ( meaning it matches the corneal curvature reading ), steeper than k ( meaning the base curve is smaller than the corneal curvature reading ) or flatter than k ( meaning that the base curve is larger or longer than the corneal curvature reading ). an \" on k fit \" is not always the ideal. you can compare this to shopping for shoes or clothing - - if you are a certain size in one brand, you may not be the same size in another. the same is true for contact lenses. patients need to try contact lenses on to make sure the fit is the best possible. the power of a lens represents the prescription that will neutralize the power of the patient ' s eye. this number is not always the same for a contact lens fitting as it is for a spectacle prescription. you must take the vertex distance ( the distance from the surface of the cornea to the back of the spectacle lens ) into consideration because the contact lens fits onto the cornea. you can use an effectivity chart to make the appropriate power adjustments. also, the over - refraction during the lens fit will help finalize the patient ' s prescription. when you fit gas permeable lenses, you must consider the relationship of the base curve to the cornea. when you fit a lens steeper or flatter than the keratometry reading, a lacrimal lens forms between the cornea and the back curvature of the lens. if you fit a lens steeper than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323201838766063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.547036"} {"text": "curve to the cornea. when you fit a lens steeper or flatter than the keratometry reading, a lacrimal lens forms between the cornea and the back curvature of the lens. if you fit a lens steeper than the k reading, then you must add minus power to the prescription. likewise, if you fit a lens flatter than the k reading, then you must add plus power to the prescription. use the acronym samfap ( steeper add minus ; flatter add plus ) to help remember this calculation. contact lens diameter influences the fit of the lens. diameter is less variable for soft lenses. if you reduce the diameter of the lens but the base curve remains the same, then the lens will show more movement. if you increase the diameter of the lens but the base curve remains the same, the lens will show minimal amounts of movement. contact lens prescriptions should be filled just like any other valid medical prescription. make \" no substitutions \" the norm for contact lens prescriptions. any variance from the prescribed contact lenses can result in problems for your patients. ms. jameson is laboratory supervisor for the department of clinical sciences at the pennsylvania college of optometry and is a past chair of the aoa paraoptometric contact lens spectrum, issue : october 2003", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4792500029930137, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.547639"} {"text": "having a labrador retriever as a companion in your home is wonderful, especially if you have the opportunity to have raised your dog from a puppy. however, dogs tend to be much more short - lived than humans, and many pet owners are concerned about how to give their dog the highest quality of living possible. there are many factors that influence how many years your labrador retriever will spend with you, some of which will depend on your responsibility as a pet owner. what is the average lifespan of a labrador retriever? the official average lifespan of a labrador retriever is said to be between 12 and 13 years. this is called the median age. the term \u201c median age \u201d refers to a point when half of a specific breed live past this age, while half are no longer alive. labrador retrievers have a relatively high median age compared to some other larger breeds ( st. bernard dogs only have a median age of 4. 1 years! ). however, it is possible for a labrador retriever to live longer than 13 years, with good lifestyle habits and attentive medical care. good lifestyle habits many veterinary studies have proven that a fit labrador lives much longer than an inactive or obese labrador. in one study, there were two groups of 20 dogs : one group was fed low - quality dog food, and one group was fed high quality dog food in addition to exercise. by the age of 13, eleven of the dogs that had been fed better food were still alive, in contrast to one of the low - quality dog food group. though some of these dogs died from disease, it is clear that some important lifestyle choices can affect how long your dog will live. how to help your dog live longer the most important thing to help your dog to live longer is to provide constant attention. your dog is your companion, and will thrive off of the love that you show them. as a companion, it \u2019 s important that you feed your dog the highest quality pet food that you can afford. lower quality pet foods may contain chemicals, indigestible nutrients, and a high carbohydrate content. higher quality foods contain nutrients that are easily absorbed, and are much easier for your dog to digest. exercise is also very important when helping your dog to become healthy. labrador retrievers are very active, and will require at least 20 minutes of moderate exercise on a daily basis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3589919753960145, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.550085"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - boys in the united states are starting puberty earlier than ever, according to a new study publishing in the november issue of the journal pediatrics. in the study, lead author marcia herman - giddens from the university of north carolina ' s school of public health and her colleagues show that boys are starting to sexually develop six months to two years earlier than medical textbooks say is standard. this research has been a long time coming. herman - giddens first documented early puberty in girls in 1997, and several studies have since backed up those findings. one of the reasons it took so long to do a comprehensive study on early puberty in boys, herman - giddens said, is that the onset is more difficult to identify. for girls, breast development and the start of a menstrual cycle are obvious clues. for boys, the onset of puberty comes in the form of enlarged testes and the production of sperm. researchers responded : \" ' yikes, we don ' t want to ask about that! ' \" herman - giddens said with a laugh. but ask they did - - 212 practitioners across the country examined more than 4, 100 boys aged 6 to 16. the practitioners recorded information on the boys ' genital size and pubic hair appearance. researchers assigned each boy ' s data to one of five stages - - stage 1 being pre - puberty, stage 2 being the onset of puberty and stage 5 being adult maturity. they then compared the ages and puberty stages of all the boys. the rigorous study was designed to report on only physical changes, not hormonal. the results were broken down by race : african - american boys start hitting stage 2 first, at about 9 years old, while non - hispanic white and hispanic boys begin developing around 10 years old. \" this should have an impact on the public health community, \" herman - giddens said. but the researcher is concerned about using the numbers as a new standard for pediatricians. \" that might be normal now, \" she said, \" but that doesn ' t mean it ' s normal in the sense of what ' s healthy or what should be. \" one of the reasons she ' s worried is that our environment may be playing a role in accelerating puberty. \" the changes are too fast, \" herman - giddes said. \" genetics take maybe hundreds, thousands of years. you have to look at something in the environment. that would include everything from ( a lack of ) exercise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4375806271501767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.554144"} {"text": "accelerating puberty. \" the changes are too fast, \" herman - giddes said. \" genetics take maybe hundreds, thousands of years. you have to look at something in the environment. that would include everything from ( a lack of ) exercise to junk food to tv to chemicals. \" dr. megan kelsey, an assistant professor of pediatric endocrinology with children ' s hospital colorado, said several studies have shown an association between childhood obesity and early puberty in girls. fat tissue has the ability to convert other hormones into estrogen, which experts believe may lead to early breast development. fat also creates the hormone leptin, which is necessary for the onset of puberty, kelsey said. the little research that has been done on the relation between obesity and puberty in boys has shown conflicting results. a few studies found puberty is delayed in obese males - - possibly because of excess estrogen in the body. obesity could still be to blame, but a closer examination is needed, kelsey said. the problem is a lot of other factors that could be involved. \" it ' s a very complicated subject, \" said sonya lunder, a senior analyst with the environmental working group. \" we ' re finding a lot of the chemicals that americans have daily exposure to have an impact. \" but identifying the specific chemicals that are causing hormonal changes has so far been impossible. skepticism abounds about food additives, pesticides and chemicals like bpa, lunder said. \" the overall concern is that by hastening puberty you ' re actually shortening childhood, \" she said. \" the real impact of this is not only on future fertility, \" but also that puberty is a \" physiological change in your brain. \" parents should be aware that their boy or girl could hit puberty earlier than they did as children, herman - giddes said. they may need to give \" the birds and the bees \" talk earlier or be prepared to explain their child ' s body changes. early development in girls has been linked to poor self - esteem, eating disorders, and depression, according to health. com. the findings for boys are not as clear, but parents should be on the lookout for risky behaviors. one thing that should be a relief for parents, though, is that boys are still seemingly reaching sexual maturity at the same age as they have in the past. \" although they seem to be starting a little bit earlier, they seem to reach the end of puberty at the same time as they used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40549536387317364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.555079"} {"text": "problem code : manyleft all submissions for this problem are available. the classical game of oneleft is played as follows. some pegs are placed on an nxn grid. initially, at least one cell is empty and at least one contains a peg ( each cell contains at most one peg ). a move consists of jumping one peg over an adjacent peg to an empty cell, and removing the peg that was jumped over. formally, if there is a peg in cell ( x1, y1 ), and cell ( x2, y2 ) is empty, and ( x1 - x2, y1 - y2 ) is one of ( 0, 2 ), ( 0, - 2 ), ( 2, 0 ), or ( - 2, 0 ), and there is a peg in cell ( ( x1 + x2 ) / 2, ( y1 + y2 ) / 2 ), then the peg in cell ( x1, y1 ) may be moved to cell ( x2, y2 ) and the peg in cell ( ( x1 + x2 ) / 2, ( y1 + y2 ) / 2 ) removed. the coordinate ( 0, 0 ) indicates the top - left corner, ( n - 1, 0 ) indicates the top - right corner, ( 0, n - 1 ) indicates the bottom - left corner, and ( n - 1, n - 1 ) indicates the bottom - right corner. the game continues until no more moves are possible. normally the goal of oneleft is to leave a single peg on the grid. however, in this problem the goal is to leave as many pegs as possible. optimal solutions are not required, but solutions that leave more pegs will score more points. input begins with an integer n, the size of the grid. n lines follow with n characters each, representing the grid. a '. ' character indicates an empty cell, and a ' * ' character indicates a peg. for each test case, first output the number of moves in your solution. then output each move in the form \" x1 y1 x2 y2 \", which indicates a peg moving from ( x1, y1 ) to ( x2, y2 ). any whitespace in your solution will be ignored. your score for each test case is the fraction of cells containing pegs after performing the moves in your solution. your overall score is the average of your scores on the individual test cases. invalid solutions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5762461871410614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.558399"} {"text": ". any whitespace in your solution will be ignored. your score for each test case is the fraction of cells containing pegs after performing the moves in your solution. your overall score is the average of your scores on the individual test cases. invalid solutions will be judged as \" wrong answer \". in particular, if any legal moves exist after the moves in your solution have been performed, your solution will considered invalid. sample input 1 6.. *.. * *.. *. * * * *. * *. * * *.. * * * *.. * *. *. * sample output 1 13 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 0 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 3 5 3 3 5 2 3 2 5 0 5 2 3 2 3 0 2 4 0 4 0 3 0 5 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 5 sample input 2 5. *. *... *.. *... *... *.. *... sample output 2 the first sample output scores 8 / 36 = 0. 2222. the second sample output scores 7 / 25 = 0. 28. recall that the goal is to maximize your score. test case generation for each official test file, n is chosen randomly and uniformly between 10 and 30, inclusive. a real number d is chosen randomly and uniformly between 0. 5 and 0. 95, then each cell is independently chosen to contain a peg with probability d. | time limit : | | 1 sec | | source limit : | | 50000 bytes | | languages : | | ada, asm, bash, bf, c, c99 strict, caml, cloj, clps, cpp 4. 0. 0 - 8, cpp 4. 3. 2, cs2, d, erl, fort, fs, go, hask, ick, icon, jar, java, js, lisp clisp, lisp sbcl, lua, nem, nice, nodejs, pas fpc, pas gpc, perl, perl6, php, pike, prlg, pyth, pyth 3. 1. 2, ruby, scala, scm guile, scm qobi, st, tcl, text, wspc | fetching successful submissions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5588035646022906, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.559148"} {"text": "posted 3 years ago in 1941 anton refreger was paid $ 26, 000 by the wpa to make murals in san francisco ' s rincon post office on spear street. i visited it today and took pictures of the wonderful murals, which trace the state ' s history from the indians to the world wars. these two murals are numbers four and five. notice in them the massive hands of the people - - something found in all of refreiger ' s murals. here is the provided description in the post office, which is actually now a food court, not a post office. 4. conquistadors discover the pacific : \" baja california was discovered in 1533 by fortun jimenez of the cortes expedition. by 1540, ulloa, another member of that expedition, had explored the sea of cortes. also in that year, hernando de alarcon sailed up the colorado river and in 1541, francisco de bolanos explored both sides of the baja peninsula. the first european to explore alta california, the land above the bajapeninsula, was juan rodriguez cabrillo who sailed to the santa barbara islands in 1543. ' 5. monks building the mission : \" mission san francisco de asis, named for the founder of the franciscan order, st. francis of assisi, is popularly know as mission dolores. that name comes from a stream named arroyo de los dolores originally on the property. that stream and its adjoining lake were filled in years ago. mission dolores, the sixth of california ' s 21 missions, was founded in 1776 by a missionary named palou. the chapel that stands today was completed in 1791 and restored in 1917 by architect willis polk. \" part of my trip to rincon center. for more on new deal post office murals, check out this website : http : / / www. parmaconservation. com / newdealpostoffic. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4140785364184516, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.561173"} {"text": "washington - - december 7 - - the united states is facing a looming waste crisis with a conservative estimate of 70 billion pounds of pvc plastic ( polyvinyl chloride ) slated for disposal in the next decade. disposal rates are expected to sharply increase as an estimated 125 billion pounds of pvc installed in the last 40 years in construction and other long lasting uses will need to be disposed of as it reaches the end of its useful life. this pervasive poison plastic is used in thousands of products including pipes, building materials ( such as vinyl siding ), consumer products ( such as toys or tablecloths ) and disposable packaging, and cannot be disposed of safely. from 1966 to 2002, an estimated 250 billion pounds of pvc was used in the u. s., with a doubling of use in the past 15 years alone. a new report, pvc : bad news come in threes, documents the health and environmental hazards during manufacturing, product use and disposal, and provides detailed state and national estimates on pvc waste incinerated and landfilled. several communities near incinerators are concerned about increased cancer rates linked to dioxin emissionsburning pvc plastic forms dioxins, a highly toxic group of chemicals linked to cancer many pvc products are made with toxic additives including phthalates and organotins that can be released during use, and leach into groundwater when landfilled. studies have shown plasticizers such as phthalates have migrated out of pvc containers used to store food, iv bags used to hold blood, toys and numerous other soft vinyl products, exposing people to toxic additives. and, consumers that recycle pvc bottles are unaware that it can contaminate the entire recycling batch. the center for health, environment & justices ( chej ) be safe network kicked off a campaign to convince johnson & johnson and microsoft to switch to available, safe non - pvc products and packaging as bristol meyers, samsung and nike have already done. many firefighters who are concerned about pvc - producing toxic fumes in burning buildings will benefit from firestones announcement in october to phase out 8, 000 tons of pvc used annually in their roofing. the two corporate targets are large users of pvc packaging such as microsofts blister packaging on software products, and johnson and johnsons kids detangling shampoo bottles. some major medical device manufacturers are switching from using pvc to avoid direct patient exposure to phthalates, as well as the public and environmental health impacts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44518047611911227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.566687"} {"text": "imagine a moment from the age of dinosaurs frozen in time : primitive birds, bees, insects, early mammals, the first known flowering plants and of course, dinosaurs, all exquisitely preserved in fine - grained fossils from chinaa\u20ac\u2122s liaoning province. volcanic eruptions killed and buried victims quickly in this dinosaur pompeii, capturing soft, fragile features not normally preserved in fossils a\u20ac \u201d notably the feathers on animals that had never been known to have them before. now, with state - of - the - art animation to bring this lost world to life, nova investigates the mysterious feathered dinosaurs that are challenging old ideas about the origin of bird flight. the central character in this drama is a strange little dinosaur with wings on its legs as well as its arms. the pigeon - sized microraptor is the smallest adult dinosaur ever found, perhaps the first known tree dweller. but could it really fly? is it the key to understanding the origin of flight or merely an evolutionary dead end unrelated to the ancestry of birds? to help solve the riddle, nova assembles a team of top paleontologists, aeronautical engineers and paleo - artists to reconstruct the microraptor and build a sophisticated model for a wind tunnel experiment. the results have surprising implications for long - accepted ideas about how winged flight began. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5193286863493283, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.569415"} {"text": "herbal tea ingredients the prickley hawthorne bush is native to europe, africa and western asia and is often used as a hedge in europe though it grows to be about 13 feet high. in north american climates the hawthorne tree grows to about 5 feet tall. the hawthorne plant has a grayish colored bark and thorns that grow along the branches. the leaves are shiny and dark green with a bluish tint to the undersides. hawthorne trees produce white flowers and bright red berries that hang in clusters. hawthorne berries are widely used for heart problems and its medicinal value for blood and heart related illness is thought to be both effective and safer than other drugs with similar qualities. hawthorne is used for irregular heart beat, to lessen the plaque build up in arteries and increase blood flow and oxygen in the blood to the heart and brain. it is known as a high blood pressure regulator. in addition to the benefits to the heart and circulatory system hawthorne has been used to rid the body of excess water and salts and support weight loss programs. medicinal properties extend to digestive disorders, insomnia and even sore throats can be relieved by hawthorne. effect of the benefits from hawthorne herbals are seen after several weeks use as it is a slow acting herb. hawthorn is available as a dried herb, tea and as a tincture which is more potent than the tea. it is sometimes found under the name indian hawthorne. it is thought that the thorns of the hawthorne tree were used to make the crown of thorns worn by jesus at his crucifixion. herbal tea recipe hawthorne tea is prepared by steeping 1 \u2013 2 teaspoons dried leaf and flower or 2 \u2013 3 teaspoons of the dried crushed berry in 8 ounces of boiling water for 15 \u2013 20 minutes. hawthorne extract can also be added to other herbal teas for additional effects. hawthorne uses & herbal remedies hawthorne tea benefits hawthorne herb is often used to quiet muscle spasms and as a sedative of the nervous system without inducing sleep. a compress of hawthorne berries have been used to help remove splinters and embedded foreign bodies in the skin. hawthorne is thought to be an effective treatment in heart disease and will help to improve blood supply to the heart and smooth the heart contractions. the leaf bud of the hawthorne can be cooked and eaten, the leaf can be chewed to nourish and relieve hunger, the berries can be used to make jellies and fruit sauces and the flowers can be added to salads. hawthorne side effects & cautions hawthorne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4291364037286483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.574416"} {"text": "can be cooked and eaten, the leaf can be chewed to nourish and relieve hunger, the berries can be used to make jellies and fruit sauces and the flowers can be added to salads. hawthorne side effects & cautions hawthorne is considered a safe herb ; however, caution should be made in excessive use of it. lowering blood pressure naturally we came across this resource for lowering blood pressure and it is a great report. if you are suffering from high blood pressure, you are well aware of the dangers. this report can help you to naturally reduce your blood pressure and gain control. lots of our readers have reported back excellent results in just 2 - 3 weeks after implimenting a few of the strategies. you can get the high blood pressure remedy report by clicking here. buy herbal tea remedy e - book if you are interested in herbal teas \u2013 our complete herbal tea recipe e - book is a fabulous resource. you can buy it for a limited time for just $ 9. 99. you will get 80 tried and tested herbal teas and herbal blends along with what the tea is best used for. this herbal remedy tea recipe book will become one of your favorite resources if you are interested in holistic healing, herbs and herbal tea. use the graphic below to place your order. return from hawthorne herb to herbal tea ingredients. return to herbal tea home", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43400525349708485, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.575461"} {"text": "for most of us, search engine optimization ( seo ) can be more than a little confusing. the main idea is to increase traffic to your site through optimizing pages for search engines, but how does it work? in plain english, how do you get the pages within your site \u201c read \u201d by the search engines and stored in the database of existing pages? in seo terms, how do you get your site crawled and indexed? search engines use two major areas of assessment to produce search engine result pages ( serps ) most relevant to a specific search : document analysis and link analysis. document analysis comprises several factors. the search engine crawls pages for keywords related to the search while taking both quantity and location into account. keywords in more important places carry more weight. for example, a search engine assumes keywords in your domain name, title tag and h1 tags ( headings ) as more likely to convey subject matter than page content and captions. search engines also surmise that pages with multiple instances of a keyword are more relevant to the query, the word or phrase entered in a search engine. actual page content is another factor that search engines are able to recognize and use to rank pages. search engines use semantics and lexical analysis to \u201c read \u201d text and judge its quality. other factors are also measured, such as how long a viewer spends on your page. how do you keep a viewer on your page longer? you can compel them to stay with unique, intelligent content. search engines not only strive to produce relevant serps, but also quality serps, a process which is achieved through link analysis. search engines assume that the more sites there are that link to your site ( called backlinking ), the more authoritative your site is. popularity equals importance. search engines also \u201c read \u201d what the backlinking site says about your site. the anchor text ( the actual text being linked ) and the text directly surrounding the link are both considered. if the anchor text for the backlink is \u201c this is a terrible site, \u201d search engines take that text into account. therefore, you wouldn \u2019 t want another site to link to yours with the anchor text \u201c click here, \u201d but something more relevant, such as your company name or descriptive keywords. links from any old site won \u2019 t do either. the more trusted or authoritative the site is that backlinks to your site, the more weight that backlink will carry. this being said, backlinks from poorly coded sites with inferior content can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4796519358653841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.581351"} {"text": "from any old site won \u2019 t do either. the more trusted or authoritative the site is that backlinks to your site, the more weight that backlink will carry. this being said, backlinks from poorly coded sites with inferior content can actually hurt your ranking. link farms, sites that exist solely to house links for the purpose of influencing rank, are an example of this type of harmful spam. sites that participate in link farms are penalized by search engines and given a lower ranking. most importantly, for your site to be crawled and properly indexed, you need a site worthy of traffic. this means having a site with good usability, professional design and high - quality content. a site with good usability is easily crawled because it has clear navigation and organizational hierarchy, making subject matter easily assessed. professional design conveys authority and trust, making viewers more likely to visit and backlink to your site. finally, high - quality content will bring links and invite viewers to spend more time on your site. even professional search engine optimizers are unaware of the exact procedure search engines use to rank pages. if all the secrets were released, the process could be cheated, rendering search engines less effective at returning relevant information. the bottom line is that high rankings come from high - quality pages with professional design and great content. follow that mantra and you have taken the biggest step toward obtaining a high ranking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4472575851668774, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.582279"} {"text": "last modified : 2012 - 07 - 07 by rick wyatt keywords : nevada | united states | links : fotw homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors image by clay moss, 28 march 2009 in 1865, a star was added, representing nevada, bringing the total number of stars on the u. s. flag to 36. there were thirteen stripes representing the thirteen original colonies. the 1929 design was altered in 1987 so the name \" nevada \" is placed under the star, not spaced all around it. motto of state is \" battle born \" reflecting the formation of the state during the civil war. the background color on nevada flags is officially \" cobalt blue \", best matched at rgb 0 - 51 - 153. clay moss, 28 march 2009 nevada revised statutes nrs 235. 020 state flag. the official flag of the state of nevada is hereby created. the body of the flag must be of solid cobalt blue. on the field in the upper left quarter thereof must be two sprays of sagebrush with the stems crossed at the bottom to form a half wreath. within the sprays must be a five - pointed silver star with one point up. the word \" nevada \" must also be inscribed below the star and above the sprays, in a semicircular pattern with the letters spaced apart in equal increments, in the same style of letters as the words \" battle born. \" above the wreath, and touching the tips thereof, must be a scroll bearing the words \" battle born. \" the scroll and the word \" nevada \" must be golden - yellow. the lettering on the scroll must be black - colored sans serif gothic capital letters. joe mcmillan, 16 february 2000 \" the county flag array came about as a result of the nevada centennial in 1964. it was the brainchild of the music director at the sands hotel in las vegas, mr. antonio morelli. his suggestion was passed to the chairman of the nevada centennial commission mr. thomas c. wilson. he requested that the county commissioners of all 17 nevada counties consider adopting flags. james j. ferrigan iii, 5 january 2001 as a result all of nevada ' s counties began to solicit designs from schools, local artists, and designers. all the counties adopted official flags in time for their display on nevada day 1964. on that day a u. s. marine corps honor guard from the u. s. navy ammunition depot at hawthorne marched the new flags into the west portico of the capitol in carson city", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43332611447648106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.586157"} {"text": "adopted official flags in time for their display on nevada day 1964. on that day a u. s. marine corps honor guard from the u. s. navy ammunition depot at hawthorne marched the new flags into the west portico of the capitol in carson city and presented them to governor grant sawyer in the name of the people of nevada. since then they have been used at the capitol building as well in numerous nevada day parades. \" image by clay moss, 25 march 2009 there are two flags of the governor of nevada, one military and the other civil. the military version was updated in 1991 when the specifications were created for the state flag in 1991. james j. ferrigan iii, 17 april 2001 while official, the governor ' s flag has apparently fallen into disuse as the governor ' s office according to jim doesn ' t even know that the flag exists. clay moss, 25 march 2009 image by clay moss, 25 march 2009 the previous governor ' s flag had the letters nevada wrapped around the central star. nevada ' s state seal has mountains, a mine, a railroad crossing a bridge, a plow, etc. the star and sagebrush badge was designed specifically for the flag. joe mcmillan, 5 february 2001 image by joe mcmillan, 21 april 2000 the state military crest, which is the crest used in the coats of arms of units of the national guard, as granted by the precursor organizations of what is now the army institute of heraldry. the official institute of heraldry blazon is \" within a garland of sagebrush a sledge and miner ' s drill crossed in saltire behind a pickaxe in pale proper. \" joe mcmillan, 21 april 2000 image by zach harden, 10 august 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3960985095449243, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.586964"} {"text": "bone loss in the jaw is common in people who have lost teeth, had gum disease, suffered facial trauma, or have ill - fitting dentures. even with just a single missing tooth, 40 - 60 % of the supporting bone structure can be lost in the first year, which can make it very difficult to place a dental implant that will last. but today, thanks to advanced bone grafting techniques, we have the ability to grow bone where you need it. this gives us the opportunity to build a strong foundation on which successful implants can be placed to help restore a fully functional, beautiful smile. there are several bone graft options, which will be determined during your treatment planning with your doctor. common bone grafting procedures - autogenous bone graft - also called autografts, these types of grafts are made from the patient ' s own bone, removed from another part of the body. the most common area is the hip. - allogeneic bone - bone from a human tissue donor obtained from a bone bank ( cadaver bone ). - xenogenic - similar to allogeneic bone, but derived from another species, usually a cow. - alloplast - synthetic or artificial bone. an example is infusea\u00ae bone graft - which contains a synthetic version of bone morphogenetic proteins ( bmps ) which are naturally produced in the body to regulate bone formation and healing. - many patients prefer these grafting options because they eliminate the harvesting procedure of the autogenous bone graft. however, with these procedures bone regeneration may take longer and the outcome may be less predictable. - ridge preservations - replacing bone in the empty space or socket created after a tooth is extracted. - sinus lift - replacing bone lost in the upper jaw / sinus floor to accommodate a dental implant. - guided tissue / bone regeneration - special membranes are placed under the gum to protect a bone graft and encourage bone regeneration. - platelet rich plasma - using platelets from your own blood to promote faster and more efficient healing. most bone grafting procedures are fairly simple and are usually performed under sedation in our office. however, major bone grafts are sometimes performed to repair defects of the jaws resulting from traumatic injuries, tumor surgery, or congenital defects. large defects are often repaired using anautogenous bone graft. these procedures are routinely performed in an operating room and may require a hospital stay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4448635723625405, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.590043"} {"text": "susan yark with bartow history museum explained the intent of the two - day camp was to help children see how youth in pioneer days created their own toys and games. the camp also involved some modern aspects for participants. \u201c we learned that kids in the past played with sticks, so we painted a base coat on [ sticks ] and put decorations and yarn wigs on them and, of course, the googly eyes, \u201d yark said. other activities included weaving, candle dipping and a tour of the museum. \u201c [ it \u2019 s important ] to recognize the difference of what happens now and what happened in the past, \u201d yark said. \u201c and the chores they had to do, like candlemaking \u2014 it \u2019 s fun for us, but [ pioneers ] had to do it once a year for the whole year \u2019 s lighting of their cabin. \u201d camp participants also played games, such as the cherokee bean dice game and a cherokee game called \u201c firekeeper. \u201d \u201c [ firekeeper ] uses craft sticks that are painted to look like fire. we take a bandanna hankerchief and put it around the eyes as a blindfold for the firekeeper, \u201d yark said. \u201c the other children try to steal a stick one at a time and the cherokee children learned how to be quiet when they were hunting. \u201d while the camp taught from the past, a modern craft \u2014 the styrofoam and yarn octopus \u2014 was the crowd favorite for tuesday, which included children ages 7 to 11. monday \u2019 s camp was geared toward children ages 4 to 6. \u201c we \u2019 ve been making arts and crafts, weaving, and we \u2019 ve made candles and stuff like that. it \u2019 s been a lot of fun, \u201d euharlee elementary school third - grader dylan hankins said. both hankins and fellow camp participant cody stewart, a fourth - grader at taylorsville elementary school, said they enjoyed crafting the styrofoam and yarn octopus as well as playing and exploring in the museum \u2019 s history nook. program volunteers and staff said one of the less popular activities was weaving, leaving some children frustrated with the difficult nature of the activity and unable to complete their project before the end of camp. however, that wasn \u2019 t the case for caroline lanier, a third - grader at tes. \u201c weaving was hard... but that was my favorite part, \u201d lanier said. \u201c i finished everything. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4284501159273649, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.593491"} {"text": "traunik - alger county was the site of a rare bird sighting this week when an endangered whooping crane appeared off a dirt road near a corn field, about two miles north of traunik. initial reports from those spotting the bird thought it was an albino sandhill crane. the whooping crane was seen with the grayish or rusty brown - colored sandhill cranes. whooping cranes are distinctively white. the crane, known to researchers as no. 2705, is a female hatched in captivity at the necedah national wildlife refuge in wisconsin in spring 2005. in autumn that year, the bird was fitted with radio transmitters and legs bands with a distinct color pattern, allowing for positive identification. not only was the sighting unusual for local birdwatchers, but it was also interesting for researchers at the international crane foundation in baraboo, wis. \" we ' ve never had a bird there before. it ' s a little bit puzzling, \" said sara zimorski, co - chair of the whooping crane tracking team. \" it ' s completely new to us too, so we ' re not sure what she ' s going to do. \" in late march, the same whooping crane was found in northern wisconsin, much farther north than she ' d gone before. the crane migrates to tennessee each winter. in 2001, a well - publicized scientific effort was undertaken at the refuge to teach whooping cranes to migrate to florida, following ultra - lite aircraft. the cranes hatched in captivity are raised by humans wearing costumes to look like cranes. the female whooping crane seen in alger county was part of a newer program called \" direct autumn release \" that was begun in 2005. \" those birds learn to migrate not with aircraft, but with older whooping cranes and sandhill cranes, \" zimorski said. zimorski said this whooping crane may decide to spend the summer in the u. p., but would likely leave the way she got here - following sandhill cranes, back to wisconsin before winter. biologists estimate that there were between 700 and 1, 400 whooping cranes alive in 1865. their numbers dropped rapidly, however, and by 1890 the whooping crane had disappeared from the heart of its breeding range in the north central united states, due to unregulated hunting and loss of habitat. prior to the introduced population at the necedah refuge, the birds were only hanging on to a tenuous existence at the in texas at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4164343397644742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.596283"} {"text": "what is a root canal? in dentistry, the root canal is the soft nerve in the tooth that is covered by the hard enamel outer layer. the root canal, as a nerve, is sensitive and vulnerable to high pain levels if it is impacted by decay or other issues. dentists work with the root canal to alleviate some issues with the nerve. root canal procedure the root canal procedure is also called endodontic therapy. this might happen if the patient begins to experience a lot of pain because of decay of the tooth or other issues. the patient will generally see a periodontist who will advise on the issues that are making the root canal procedure necessary and identify both an immediate and a general strategy for protecting overall dental health. a root canal is done with local anesthetic. the dentist often works to change the way the nerve experiences a stimulus. this can lead to less pain in the tooth. a tooth can still \u201c work \u201d with a dead nerve, and a root canal procedure is a way of making a hurt tooth functional again. before going through with a root canal procedure, the patient should talk to the dental office about all of the risks and benefits, including cost and time involved, and give a medical history as well as a list of any known allergies to help avoid some problems and complications. - getting to the root of your pain - options after a failed root canal - potential complications of a root canal - why is a root canal needed? - can a root canal be combined with other dental treatments? - options for restoring a tooth after a root canal - the cost and financing of a root canal - risks of apicoectomy root end surgery - how apicoectomy root end surgery is performed - the cost and financing of apicoectomy root end surgery dentists in beverly hills, ca dr. kevin b. sands specializes in cosmetic dentistry, taking pride in offering the finest in patient care and services to each and every patient. he is determined to give you the smile you deserve! in fact, some of the most beautiful smiles in hollywood have come through our doors. dr. kevin b. sands has trained with some of the worlds most prominent cosmetic dental specialists. he is rapidly becoming known beverly hills leading cosmetic dentist for people...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48892849710697817, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.598654"} {"text": "let food be your medicine! in india, food has been used to cure minor ailments for years. learn how you can cure aches and pains, lifestyle conditions, minor skin and hair problems and common ailments at home! find home remedy body rash or skin rash is usually an inflammation on the skin. there is a change in color and texture on the affected area. body rash could be the result of irritation, disease or an allergic reaction. allergies could be to food, plants, chemicals, animals, insects or other environmental factors. body rash could affect the entire body or could be limited to a specific area. sometimes body rashes could be contagious. body rash mix 10 - 12 basil leaves with 1 tbsp olive oil, 2 garlic cloves, salt and pepper. apply a coat of this mixture to the rashes. holy basil leaves salt and pepper take foods rich in vitamin c. it has antioxidant properties that will help in fighting body rash. avoid foods causing allergic skin rash on the body or back. do not scrub your skin when there is a rash breakout. avoid using soap, switchover to gentle body cleansers. do not expose the area to direct sunlight and hot water. apply olive oil to the affected area to get relief from the body rash. another effective natural cure for body rash and back rash is to apply baking powder on the affected area. pour a cup of uncooked oatmeal into your bathwater and soak in the tub for natural treatment of body rash. it relieves inflammation. to relieve from skin rash, make a poultice from dandelion, yellow dock root and chaparral. all advice is intended to be for informational purposes only, and not a substitute for professional or medical advice and / or diagnosis / treatment. desidieter does not provide medical advice and is not a substitute for professional medical advice from a qualified healthcare provider.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43849882856789196, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.600659"} {"text": "about seven years ago, a brain scientist was working with primate brain signals three floors underground. the scientist was using special neurological amplifiers that amplified micro - volt signals. he called me to solve a strange, sporadic noise problem that had appeared in his amplifier outputs. his laboratory had been in operation for many years before this problem appeared. when confronted with a mysterious problem, i always ask one particular question : \" what is changed, what is different? \" but in this case, the answer was nothing. connecting up a scope, i soon saw a signal on the screen that coincided with a noise from a speaker connected to a neural amplifier output. we heard a distinctive \" click \u201d sound. by slowing the horizontal time period to one second / division, we could see the entire several - millisecond - long noise pulse. but this was no ordinary noise pulse - - it was actually a perfect bipolar square wave. envision a single period of a full sine wave on a scope screen, then convert that same wave pattern to fit a bipolar square wave. that ' s exactly what it was. every few seconds it appeared, but each time, the starting and ending polarity was flipped. there was no question this was an intelligently generated signal - - but from where? soon, a pattern was discernible. pulse spacing was a consistent 5. 5 seconds. remember, this laboratory was about 60 feet underground. the building had corrugated steel plates as the base, with three reinforced concrete floors up above. line of sight with the local radar dish required that you travel through wet dirt, steel, rock, and reinforced concrete for about two miles at a slight upward angle to reach the local airport dish. and microwaves will not travel through any of these materials very well. certain types of microwave sources contain a property few engineers know about - - scalar energy. scalar electromagnetic waves have the e and b fields in phase, unlike normal electromagnetic waves where e and b fields are typically 90 degrees out of phase. there is another interesting characteristic of scalar waves - - they are not stopped by shielding, even by a faraday cage. when e and b fields are in phase, they do not interact with metal molecules like conventional rf does, which makes shielding useless. usually, only distance can stop scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6234979877532227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.606195"} {"text": "scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this : \" what is the rotation period of your radar dish? i ' m certain i ' m picking up your signal at the university. \" he replied : \" let me look out the window and see. \" a short time later, he came back to the phone, saying : \" about five and a half seconds. \" ah ha! there was my signal source. conventional microwave theory says this was impossible, but there it was. clearly these were not conventional microwaves at all. the engineer then asked where i was picking up their signal and i told him. he mumbled, \" guess it would be good for tracking submarines, too. \" apparently, i was correct. this scalar signal disappeared overnight and never returned. as for the real purpose of this scalar pulse, which traveled through two miles of dirt, reinforced concrete, steel, and rock? it remains unknown to this day. shutting down that short - lived signal, which was transmitted for just one day, did not cause the airport to close. apparently, it had little to do with air traffic control. here is the strangest part of all : it was a signal that was dc - based and detected by a neural amplifier with a - 3db bandwidth of 50hz. no diode detector, no rf amplifier, no demodulators, no if stages, no dish, no waveguides, none of the usual rf components. yet, this very low frequency signal definitely originated from a radar dish after traveling through about two miles of dirt and other materials. this entry was submitted by ted twietmeyer and edited by rob spiegel. ted twietmeyer \u2019 s background includes a patented optical backplane technology. he also has more than 30 years of experience in defense and aerospace systems engineering, project management, and the training of customer technical personnel. since 2000, ted has been designing advanced, custom - designed, high - performance systems at the board level. tell us your experience in solving a knotty engineering problem. send stories to rob spiegel for sherlock ohms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5874340115498529, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.607166"} {"text": "\u201c nothing struck deeper fear into the hearts of southerners, whether they held slaves or not, than the idea of a slave revolt. \u201d - - historian kenneth c. davis as a young man, turner was sold to thomas moore. upon moore ' s death, turner moved to the home of joseph travis, the new husband of moore ' s widow. in each setting, he was remembered for his praying, fasting, and visions. a solar eclipse in february 1831 was interpreted by turner to be the sign for him to take action. he and a few trusted friends commenced planning an insurrection. originally slated for july 4 but postponed due to turner being ill, the plan resurfaced on august 13, when an atmospheric disturbance made the sun appear bluish - green. again construing this as a sign, turner and his fellow slaves decided to act. on august 21 - - 175 years ago this week - - they killed the entire travis family as they slept. thus began a house - to - house murdering spree that swelled turner ' s \" army \" to more than 40 slaves. by the morning of august 22, word of the rebellion had gotten out... prompting a calling up of the militia and a wave of fright through the region. turner and his men continued marching and killing but were badly outnumbered by the white militia. many slaves were arrested or killed, but turner eluded capture for two months. \" the whites around southampton... were thrown into an utter panic, many of them fleeing the state, \" says davis. by the time turner was finally caught on october 30, 55 whites had been stabbed, shot, and clubbed to death. turner ' s actions, while doomed to end with his death at the hands of the state, had impacted the south and its \" peculiar institution \" in a permanent manner. as davis explains, \" to whites and slaves alike, he had acquired some mystical qualities that made him larger than life, and even after his hanging, slave owners feared his influence. \" turner and 54 others were executed but the violent rebellion brought virginia to the verge of abolishing slavery. predictably, the state chose instead to clamp down harder on slaves but this served only to heighten awareness of how untenable the situation had become. in the immediate future lurked john brown, the underground railroad, frederick douglass, the liberator, uncle tom ' s cabin, and, of course, the emancipation proclamation. the south had indeed been put on notice. mickey z. is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42468438993267305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.609930"} {"text": "st patrick \u2019 s trian kids love this place, which in three separate and highly interactive exhibitions tells the history of armagh, the story of st patrick and recounts the tale of gulliver \u2019 s travels. the name trian [ say : tree - an ] is taken from the three old divisions of armagh \u2013 into irish town, english town and scots town, but the stories it tells have much wider interest and they are very well told. the armagh story you will have driven through armagh by the time you see this, and will see how the city grew, from it \u2019 s earliest pre - christian origins though the arrival of st patrick, raids by the vikings and the development of a fine georgian city right to the modern day. it is not a dull presentation \u2013 kids are engaged with drawings and via interactive screens and get to join in with activities along the way. st patrick \u2019 s story much of what was know about st patrick is contained in the book of armagh, a treasure of early christian ireland which is on display here in facsimile ( you can see the original in trinity college, dublin ). in this part of the trian we learn not just about st patrick, but about how these manuscripts were created. visitors can trace some of the images from the book \u2013 after they have learned to make their own ink and quill pen! interactive displays allow you to converse with and question some of those involved in creating the book. here the world expands and you become a tiny lilliputians, donning costumes and sitting in huge chairs, as you enter the home of the giant gulliver to hear his amazing story. it \u2019 s really fun and you even get to tie up the giant! visiting st patrick \u2019 s trian the exhibitions are open year round, all day monday - saturday, afternoons only on sunday. more detailed info at the website. there is an auditorium at the site where events of various kinds, including musical events, are held. there is no information about these on the website, so you will need to contact them to find out if there is anything on when you are in the area. the is a nice bright and airy cafe at the centre, serving good snacks and light meals, with a terrace to eat on if the weather allows.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41690732197632296, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.614822"} {"text": "above the bit : where the horse evades the rider ' s aids by raising the head above the level of the rider ' s hands. this reduces the amount of control the rider has over the horse. action : the movement of the horse ' s legs. aids : signals or cues by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. the \" natural \" aids include the voice, the legs, the hands, and weight. \" artificial \" aids include the whip and spurs. airs above the ground : high school movements performed by highly trained horses, where either the front legs or all four legs are off the ground. airs above the ground include the levade and the capriole. amble : the slower form of the lateral pacing gait. ( see pacer ) back : to step a horse backward. barrel racing : a timed event in western riding where horse and rider complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels. bascule : term used to describe the arc a horse makes as it jumps a fence. blistering : application of a caustic agent, or blister, to the leg. formerly and, occasionally, still used in the treatment of a number of conditions, such as spavin, ringbone, and bowed tendon. thought to encourage internal healing in some cases. bosal : a braided noseband used in western equitation. western bitless bridle. breaking, or breaking - in : the early education of the young horse, where it is taught the skills it will need for its future life as a riding or driving horse. broken - in / broke to ride : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called greenbroke. ) buck : a leap in the air with the head lowered and the back arched. canter : three - beated gait of the horse in which one hind leg strides first ( the leading leg ), followed by the opposite diagonal pair and finally the opposite foreleg. called the lope in western riding. capriole : one of the airs above the ground in which the horse leaps with all four legs and strikes out with the hind legs in mid - leap. cavelletti : adjustable low wooden jumps used in the schooling of horse and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning \" a circle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5403107201835579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.627041"} {"text": "and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning \" a circle. \" class : a grouping of horses in a show involving horses with riders or shown at hand that perform according to the class specifications as described in the rulebook of that show. collected : controlled gait : a correct coordinated action. collection : where the rider, by means of carefully balanced driving and restraining aids, causes the horse ' s frame to become compacted and the horse light and supple in the hand. the baseline is shortened, the croup is lowered, the shoulder is raised and the head is held on the vertical. cooling out : cooling down a heated horse by walking, brushing, giving very small drinks of water, and sponging him off after he has been worked. counter canter : school movement in which the horse canters in a circle with the outside leg leading, instead of the more usual inside leg. courbette : one of the airs above the ground. after performing the levade, the horse bounds or hops forward on bent hind legs. combined training : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as eventing. cross - firing : condition in which the hind foot strikes the opposite front leg or hoof. crow hopping : when a horse hops or leaps repeatedly in the air, with all four feet off the ground at the same time, he is said to be crow hopping. crow hops : mild bucking motions. cues : another name for aids. signals by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. dishing : a faulty action, where the foot of the foreleg is thrown outward in a circular movement with each stride. disunited : canter in which the horse ' s legs are out of sequence. diagonals : the horse ' s legs move in pairs at the trot, called diagonals. the left diagonal is when the left foreleg and right hindleg move together, the right diagonal is when the right foreleg and the left hindleg move together. dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5372585420022524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.628176"} {"text": ". dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of set tests, seeks to judge the horse ' s natural movement and level of training against an ideal. driving : a discipline in which a horse or horses pull a vehicle such as a carriage, cart, or wagon. engagement : the hindlegs are engaged when they are brought well under the body. english pleasure : a saddleseat class judged on manners, performance, attitude, and quality of the horse. equitation : the art of horse riding. eventing : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as combined training. extension : the extension of the paces is the lengthening of the frame and stride. the opposite of collection. extravagant action : high knee and hock action such as that seen in the hackney and the saddlebred. flat race : a race without jumps. floating : the action associated with the trotting gait of the arabian horse. flying change : change of canter lead performed by the horse to rebalance during turns and changes of direction. forefooting : roping an animal by the forefeet. forging : a fault in a gait which occurs when a hind foot strikes the bottom of the front foot on the same side. four - in - hand : a team of four harness horses. fox trot : a short - step gait, as when passing from walk to trot. gait : the paces at which horses move, usually the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. gallop : four - beated gait of the horse, in which each foot touches the ground separately, as opposed to the canter, which is a three - beat gait. going : term used to describe the nature of the ground, i. e. deep, good, rough. green : a horse that is in the early learning stage of his particular discipline is said to be green. greenbroke : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5229410178300569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.630655"} {"text": "initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games, including bending poles, sack race, musical sacks, and a variety of other games and races. gymnastic : combination of fences placed at relative distances to each other, used in the training of the jumping horse. habit : traditional riding attire for sidesaddle riders. half halt : an exercise, basically a \" pay attention, please \" used to communicate to the horse that the rider is about to ask for some change of direction or gait, or other exercise or movement. half pass : dressage movement performed on two tracks in which the horse moves sideways and forwards at the same time. halter - broke : term used to describe a young horse that has been accustomed to the very basics of wearing a halter. halt : when the horse is at a standstill. hand gallop : an extension of the canter. haute ecole : the classical art of advanced riding. see also airs above the ground. high school : advanced training and exercise of the horse. horsemanship : the art of equitation or riding. hunt seat : an english discipline which includes riding on the flat and over fences to demonstrate suitability to the hunt field. impulsion : strong, but controlled, forward movement in the horse ( not to be confused with speed ). in front of the bit : a term used to describe a horse which pulls or hangs heavily on the rider ' s hand. in hand : when a horse is controlled from the ground rather than being ridden. indirect rein : the opposite rein to the direction in which the horse is moving. when giving an indirect rein aid, the instruction comes by pressing the opposite rein against the horse ' s neck. inside leg : the legs of both horse and rider which are on the inside of any circle or curved track being travelled. inside : in a ring, the side of the horse closer to the center of the ring. interference : faulty gait in which a foot strikes the fetlock or cannon of the opposite foot ; most often done by base - narrow, toe - wide, or splay - footed horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5577216124016385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.631836"} {"text": "horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one or more horses. the \" near \" leader is the left hand horse and the \" off \" leader is the right hand horse. leg up : method of mounting in which an assistant stands behind the rider and supports the lower part of his left leg and giving a boost as necessary as the rider springs up off the ground. leopard : a rope which attaches to the halter that is used to lead or tie a horse with. levade : a classical air above the ground in which the forehand is lifted with bent forelegs on deeply bent hind legs - a controlled half - rear. line - up : a command used in the show ring for riders to come to the center of the ring and form a line. lope : slow western canter. manege : an enclosure used for training and schooling horses. also called a school. nearside : the left hand side of the horse. offside : the right hand side of the horse. on the bit : a horse is said to be \" on the bit \" when he carries his head in a near vertical position and he is calmly accepting the rider ' s contact on the reins. outfit : the equipment of rancher or horseman. outside : when riding in a ring, the side closest to the rail or fence of the ring. overface : to present a young horse at a fence which is beyond his level of training, or beyond his physical capability. overreaching : faulty gait in which the hind foot steps on the heel of the front foot on the same side. occurs most often when the horse is galloping or jumping. pacer : a horse which moves its legs in lateral pairs, rather than the conventional diagonal pairs. pace : a lateral two - beat gait mostly performed by gaited horses. paddling : throwing the front feet outward as they are picked up ; most common in toe - narrow or pigeon - toed horses. passage : dressage movement in which the horse trots in an extremely collected and animated manner. passenger : one who rides a horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and cr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5547272739098125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.632984"} {"text": "horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and croup lowered. pirouette : dressage movement in which the forelegs of the horse describe a small circle, while the hind legs remain in place, one of them acting as a pivot. plantation pleasure : an english class judged on manners and way of going to include tennessee walking horses, which will show at the flat walk, running walk, and canter. pleasure driving : a class of horses pulling carts which is judged on manners and way of going. pointing : perceptible extension of the stride with little flexion ; likely to occur in the long - strided thoroughbred and standardbred breeds - animals bred and trained for great speed. posting trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called rising trot. ) pounding : heavy contact with ground instead of desired light, springy movement. rack : the fifth gait of the american saddlebred - a flashy four - beat gait. rein back : when a horse moves backward with the hooves being set down almost simultaneously in diagonal pairs. reining : type of western riding in which advanced movements such as spins and slides are executed in various patterns. reverse : a command used in the show ring to indicate a change of direction. rising trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called posting trot. ) running walk : a four - beat gait faster than a walk, often over 6 miles per hour. saddle seat : a discipline of riding which is typically used for breeds that show with high knee and hock action and a very flashy, animated way of going. school movements : the gymnastic exercises performed in the school or manege. school : enclosed, marked out area used for the training and exercise of the horse. ( see also manege. ) serpentine : school movement in which the horse, at any pace, moves down the center of the school in a series of equal - sized loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509123737813056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.634093"} {"text": "loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability to fit ( prepare ) and show a horse at halter being poised and confident while leading a well - groomed and conditioned horse through a precise pattern. side - wheeler : a pacer that rolls the body sidewise as he paces. single - foot : a term formerly used to designate the rack. speedy cutting : the inside of diagonal fore and hind pastern make contact ; sometimes seen in fast - trotting horses. spread : to stretch or pose. trailer : transportation vehicle of one or more horses, which is towed behind another vehicle. transition : the act of changing from one pace to another. walk to trot and trot to canter are known as \" upward transitions. \" canter to trot and trot to walk are known as \" downward transitions. \" trappy : a short, quick, choppy stride ; a tendency of horses with short, straight pasterns and straight shoulders. traverse or side up : lateral movement without forward or backward movement. tree : the wooden or metal frame of a saddle. trot : moderate - speed gait in which the horse moves from one diagonal pair of legs to the other, with a period of suspension in between. two track : school movements in which the hindlegs follow a separate track from that made by the forelegs. vaulting : equestrian sport involving gymnastic exercises done on the back of a moving horse. vertical : upright fence with no spread. can be rails, planks, gate, or wall. walk : a slow four - beat gait. warming - up : the process of going through the gaits while performing suppling exercises to limber up both horse and rider in the beginning of a workout. whoa : a verbal command used to signal a well - trained horse to stop. usually combined with gently pulling back on the horse ' s reins. wrangling : rounding up ; saddling range horses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5278031041134316, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.634997"} {"text": "tracing jane austen ' s popularity austen is now so popular that even non - novel readers recognize the name from seeing it in various, unexpected places like tea mugs and dating guides. her immediate regency siblings and her future victorian collateral descendants would faint at seeing their sister and aunt depicted like this. for they presented her as a near saint. but austen has also stepped off the pedestal into the trenches of world war i and classrooms ranging from high school to post - doctoral school seminars. starting the saint jane myth when henry austen wrote his biography of his sister for the posthumous publications of northanger abbey and persuasion, he presented a woman ready for sainthood : faultless herself, as nearly as human nature can be, she always sought, in the faults of others, something to excuse, to forgive or forget. where extenuation was impossible, she had a sure refuge in silence. she never uttered either a hasty, a silly, or a severe expression... she was thoroughly religious and devout ; fearful of giving offence to god, and incapable of feeling it toward any fellow creature.... henry ' s notice, of course, is understandably influenced by his feelings of loss over his 41 - year - old sister. henry also had recently become a clergyman of the anglican evangelical persuasion, so this recent career move certainly affected his decision to write of his sister ' s religious devotion. but imagine the shock when the edition of her letters came out in 1932. here ' s another austen one - liner from a letter that completely undercuts henry ' s \" incapable of feeling offence \" line : \" i do not want people to be very agreeable, as it saves me the trouble of liking them a great deal \" ( letter, december 24, 1798 ). yet 1932 was still a long way from 1818 when henry wrote the biographical notice. and so the austens had time to perpetuate \" saint jane. \" victorianizing jane austen austen ' s next biographer was a beloved nephew, james edward austen - leigh. by the time he published a memoir of jane austen in december of 1869 ( though dated as 1870 on the title page ), he was a mutton - chopped victorian. and so it ' s not surprising that he presented this type of aunt jane to the world with the help of his two sisters ; all three of them, the children of jane austen ' s eldest brother james, knew their aunt well and still remembered her. the memoir opens by saying that austen ' s life was \" singularly barren \" of events. this portrayal doesn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36386846575280585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.641129"} {"text": "two sisters ; all three of them, the children of jane austen ' s eldest brother james, knew their aunt well and still remembered her. the memoir opens by saying that austen ' s life was \" singularly barren \" of events. this portrayal doesn ' t look too promising! and because the victorian mindset is one of silence and coverup, the memoir proceeds accordingly. not that austen has anything to hide. but the memoir presents aunt jane as a simple woman who had \" genius \" and lived a happy christian life without complexity. the sarcasm, cynicism, and satire that you ' ve seen in her letters and even seen in some of her fiction are all missing. nevertheless, the memoir satisfied the appetites of a new generation of austen readers for information on the author ' s life. and it boosted austen ' s popularity! taking austen to the trenches in 1894, the english critic george saintsbury coined the word \" janeite \" to mean an enthusiastic admirer of austen ' s works. but rudyard kipling popularized the term in a short story called \" the janeites, \" first published in 1924. written in heavy cockney slang, the story isn ' t the easiest text in the world to read. but it ' s worth the effort. here ' s the story in summary : soon after wwi, the story ' s narrator goes to a masonic lodge on cleaning day. one of the cleaners is humberstall who ' d been wounded in the head but who still returned to the western front as assistant mess waiter for his old heavy artillery platoon. a simple and uneducated man, he tries to explain how his boss, the senior mess waiter, was able to talk with the university - educated officers on equal ground because of their shared love of jane austen ' s novels. humberstall is coached on the novels and is led to think that the austen readers, or janeites, are all members of a masonic - like secret society. they scratch the names of austen characters on the guns. then all but humberstall are killed by a hail of gunfire. when he quotes emma to a nurse, another secret janeite, she saves his life by getting him on the hospital train back to england. humberstall still reads austen ' s novels as they remind him of his comrades back in the trenches. \" there ' s no one to match jane when you ' re in a tight place, \" he says, noting the comfort her novels provide. yet her comfort isn ' t all healing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41818288769295175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.642231"} {"text": "as they remind him of his comrades back in the trenches. \" there ' s no one to match jane when you ' re in a tight place, \" he says, noting the comfort her novels provide. yet her comfort isn ' t all healing, for as the other masonic lodge cleaner notes, humberstall ' s mother has to come and take him home from the lodge because he gets \" fits. \" wwi soldiers agreed that while they were overseas in the war, reading austen was an effective mental escape from gas masks and bayonets. the army medical corps advised shell - shocked soldiers to read austen for the books ' soothing effects. supposedly, mr. and mrs. rudyard kipling found comfort in austen ' s novels, which they read to each other after their son was killed in 1914 in wwi. taking austen to school austen ' s novels became continuously available since 1833, when england ' s bentley standard novel series produced affordable editions of her works. in 1923, r. w. chapman ' s edition of austen ' s novels was published by oxford university press. this scholarly edition is one of the earliest of the works of any english novelist. while austen had readership popularity before, she now had academic distinction. scholars began to pay serious attention to her novels, proceeding with literary analyses. austen ' s use of irony was especially appealing to american academic critics writing just after wwii because analyzing her verbal irony made use of a popular new critical approach that treated the text as an object in itself and studied that text in terms of how the author used language. a study in 1997 \u2013 1998 by the national association of scholars showed that in the 1964 \u2013 1965 academic year, 25 liberal arts colleges surveyed in the united states still had no courses that cited jane austen in their catalogs. when those same schools were surveyed in the 1997 \u2013 1998 academic year, however, austen had moved into third place, just behind those old standbys shakespeare and chaucer. austen ' s appearance in college catalogs ' course descriptions is likely the result of the women ' s movement and the expansion of the canon ( literary texts that authorities consider as the best representatives of their times ). for along with austen on the 1997 \u2013 1998 lists were virginia woolf, toni morrison, emily dickinson, george eliot, and zora neale hurston. in the earlier list, no female writers were listed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43791223469045754, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.643389"} {"text": "joe mahoney / i - news network joe mahoney / i - news network single parenthood is a bigger indicator of poverty than race, according to an analysis of six decades of u. s. census bureau data by i - news network. combined as it often is with curtailed educational and employment opportunities, the rise of the single - parent family is a major factor in the widening disparities between blacks, latinos and white state residents in the decades after the civil - rights era. the i - news analysis covered family income, poverty rates, high school and college graduation, and homeownership as reported by the census bureau from 1960 to 2010. health data and justice reports also were examined. while the rate of single parenthood has increased among all races, its surge has been particularly dramatic among blacks. in colorado, more than 50 percent of black households with young children are headed by a single parent compared to 25 percent of white households. among latino households in the state with young children, 35 percent are headed by a single parent, according to the i - news analysis. those figures dovetail with the growing trend of births to single women. nationally, 29 percent of white babies are born to unwed mothers, according to the federal centers for disease control and prevention, while 53 percent of hispanic babies and 73 percent of black babies are born to single mothers. denver mayor michael hancock said, \u201c the family structure has disintegrated in a sense. that challenge is real. \u201d while many single parents raise thriving, productive children, the growing trend of fatherless homes has enormous implications for future generations. children raised in female - headed homes in colorado are four times more likely to live in poverty than those from married - couple homes, according to the i - news analysis. other studies show they are less likely to go to college or even graduate high school. regina huerter, co - founder of the gang rescue and support project in denver, which primarily serves hispanic youths, theorized that the widening divide between the races stems from a \u201c mutually reinforcing \u201d convergence of births to unwed mothers, growing minority male incarceration rates and the demise of minority neighborhoods. all of these factors weakened the fabric of family life and changed the norms that defined communities just five decades ago, huerter said. at some point, she said, it became socially acceptable for unmarried women to have babies. \u201c when did that happen? what was the date? my mother would have killed me if i \u2019 d gotten pregnant, \u201d said hue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4105784999782452, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.649119"} {"text": ", huerter said. at some point, she said, it became socially acceptable for unmarried women to have babies. \u201c when did that happen? what was the date? my mother would have killed me if i \u2019 d gotten pregnant, \u201d said huerter, who is 52. huerter, hancock and others linked the absence of fathers in the home, in part, to the rising number of black and latino men in prisons, often for drug crimes. in 2010, about one in every 20 black men were incarcerated in colorado state prisons compared to one out of every 50 latino men and one of every 150 white men, according to an i - news analysis of government figures. the state \u2019 s black and latino incarceration rates are higher than the national averages, where disparities also exist, according to an analysis of bureau of justice reports. nationally, one of every 33 black men and one of every 83 latino men was behind bars in 2010. colorado \u2019 s rate for white men was equivalent to the national figure, one in 150. \u201c the combination of the war on crack and mandatory sentencing saw a huge sweep of black males into prison and further degeneration of the black family, \u201d said theo wilson, a district director for barbershop talk, a mentorship organization for men. the rev. leon kelly, who has worked with thousands of denver \u2019 s at - risk inner - city kids, believes intergenerational abandonment lies at the heart of the single - parenthood phenomenon. \u201c when you have some of these heads of household that are women, sometimes they feel like, \u2018 this is the norm. this is what i was raised with, \u2019 \u201d kelly said. \u201c they \u2019 re so used to people coming in and out of their life. with their kids, their babies, it \u2019 s something that nobody can take away. their kids are going to be there. \u201d i - news is a nonprofit news service serving colorado.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3872986793806411, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.649897"} {"text": "per square meter warm - up : relationships in ecosystems ( 10 minutes ) 1. begin this lesson by presenting the powerpoint, \u201c per square meter \u201d. 2. after the presentation, ask students to think of animal relationships that correspond to each of the following types ; competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism a. for example, two animals that compete for food are lions and cheetahs ( they compete for zebras and antelopes ) 3. record the different types of relationships on the board. activity one : my own square meter ( 30 minutes ) 1. have students go outside and pick a small area ( about a square meter each ) to explore. it is preferable that this area be grassy or \u2018 natural \u2019. the school playground might be a good spot. 2. each student should keep a list of both the living organisms and man - made products found in their area ( i. e grass, birds, insects, flowers, sidewalk etc. ) students are allowed to collect a few specimens from this area to show to the class. if students do not have jars, they can draw their observations. * see reproducible # 1 activity two : who lives in our playground? ( 10 minutes ) 1. after listing, collecting, and drawing specimens, students should return to the classroom and present their findings. a. have the students sit in a circle. each student should read his or her list of findings out loud. if they collected specimens or drew observations, have them present them to the class. 2. make a list of these findings on the board. only write repeated findings once ( to avoid writing grass as many times as there are students ). keep one list of living organisms and one list of man - made products. 3. for now, focus on the list of living organisms. as a class, help students name possible relationships between the organisms. see if they can find one of each type of relationship. for example, a bee on a flower is an example of mutualism because the nectar from the flower nourishes the bee and in return, the bee pollinates the flower. activity three : humans and the environment : human effect on one square meter ( 15 minutes ) 1. now that students have focused on the animal relationships of their square meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253325390593063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.654607"} {"text": "meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects of man - made products on the environment. use the following questions as guidelines. a. what is the effect of an empty drink bottle ( or any other piece of trash ) in a grassy field? will it decompose? will it be used by an animal as a habitat or food? answer : trash is an invasive man - made product. most trash is non - bio degradable and is harmful to the environment and to eco - system relations. therefore, it is a harmful addition to the square meter. b. who left the bottle there? do you think they are still thinking about it? did they leave it there on purpose? why did they leave it there? answer : most people litter thoughtlessly. they are not thinking about their actions and how they may effect the environment or eco - systems. it is important that people recognize that litter has a major effect on the environment. c. what about a bench? does a park bench have the same effect on the environment as a piece of trash? answer : a park bench can be considered as a positive human - made product. a park bench has little negative effect on the environment and even helps humans further appreciate eco - systems. the park bench may even provide shelter or a perch for the eco - systems living organisms. d. is there a difference between positive human - made products and negative ones? what are some examples of each? answer : yes, there is a difference between positive and negative human - made products. positive products have minimal effect on the functioning of eco systems whereas negative products have major effects on eco systems. an example of a positive human - made product would be a solar powered house. an example of a negative human - made product would be a car that produces a lot of pollution. wrap up : our classroom eco - web ( 20 - 30 minutes ) 1. have students create classroom artwork by illustrating the relationships between their eco - systems. 2. each student should draw at least two components of his or her square meter. 3. after everyone has finished their illustrations, create a web relating the illustrations. draw arrows between illustrated components with written indications of the type of relationship exemplified. 4. post the finished product in the classroom so that students can see the interconnectedness of the earth \u2019 s eco - systems. extension", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.532621008036626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.655723"} {"text": "the american lung association \u2019 s 2008 state of the air report found that about one - third of people in the u. s. live an an area with unhealthful levels of ground - level ozone pollution. ozone pollution, which forms when emissions from vehicles, yard care equipment, and other sources react with heat and sunlight, can cause health problems for kids and adults suffering from asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. viewer tip : you can help protect air quality at home by taking simple steps to reduce backyard emissions. make sure that lawn mowers and other gas - powered equipment are functioning properly, and use the correct fuel - oil mixture in two - stroke equipment for maximum efficiency. try to mow during cooler parts of the day \u2013 early morning or evening \u2013 when ozone pollution is less likely to form. and, if you have a small job, consider using hand - powered tools such as push mowers and hand clippers to eliminate emissions completely! ( source : the american lung association. 2008. \u201c state of the air. \u201d http : / / www. stateoftheair. org / ; u. s. epa office of mobile sources. \u201c your yard andclean air. \u201d http : / / www. epa. gov / otaq / consumer / 19 - yard. pdf. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46504688285478696, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.657093"} {"text": "dinosaurs ' active lifestyles suggest they were warm - blooded h. pontzer, v. allen, j. r. hutchinson / plos one whether dinosaurs were warm - blooded or cold - blooded has been a long - standing question in paleobiology. now, new research on how two - legged dinosaurs walked and ran adds new evidence to the argument for warm - bloodedness, and suggests that even the earliest dinosaurs may have been warm - blooded. warm - blooded ( or endothermic ) dinosaurs \u2014 able to regulate their own body temperatures \u2014 would have been more active and could have inhabited colder climates than cold - blooded ( or ectothermic ) dinos, which would have functioned more like modern reptiles \u2014 animals that become animated only as temperatures warm. endothermic dinosaurs would have also required more energy to maintain their higher metabolic rates. evidence such as rapidly growing bones, bird - like feathers and athletic builds have led most paleontologists to believe that dinosaurs were endothermic, says paleobiologist greg erickson of florida state university in tallahassee, fla., who was not involved in the new research. but many scientists are still averse to the idea of warm - blooded dinosaurs. for example, some researchers have suggested that larger, more massive dinosaurs may have radiated much less heat than smaller dinosaurs \u2014 and thus, they could have been cold - blooded while still able to maintain relatively high body temperatures. in the new study, published today in plos one, biomechanist herman pontzer of washington university in st. louis, mo., and colleagues sought to figure out whether the lower metabolism of an ectotherm would have afforded dinosaurs the energy they needed to walk and run. to test this possibility, the team looked at two factors thought to be linked with energy requirements in modern animals : hip height and the volume of muscle used to hold up and move an animal \u2019 s body forward. if the limb length and active muscle volumes of dinosaurs required more energy than an ectotherm \u2019 s metabolism would have been able to provide, pontzer and colleagues reasoned, then the dinosaurs were likely endothermic. the team studied 13 different two - legged dinosaur species, ranging in size from tyrannosaurus to the tiny, bird - like archaeopteryx, as well as one early dinosaur relative, marasuchus. based on hip height, the results showed that the five largest dinosaurs ( including tyrannosaurus ) would have needed endothermic metabolisms just to have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5129030406010433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.661785"} {"text": "archaeopteryx, as well as one early dinosaur relative, marasuchus. based on hip height, the results showed that the five largest dinosaurs ( including tyrannosaurus ) would have needed endothermic metabolisms just to have the energy to walk, and all of the dinosaurs would have required endothermy to run at a moderate speed. results based on estimated active muscle volume revealed a similar pattern : the five largest dino species would have needed to be endothermic to walk or run, while smaller, very active dinosaurs such as velociraptor, must have been endothermic to be able to run. in addition, even the most ancient dinosaur - like relative, marasuchus, may have been endothermic based on the data from the hip study, pontzer says, suggesting that endothermy evolved very early on in the dinosaur lineage. therefore, the results also suggest that all dinosaurs were endothermic, the team wrote. \u201c i think their study is pointing to what a lot of other studies are saying \u2014 that these animals were endothermic, \u201d erickson says. \u201c it \u2019 s just, what grade of endothermy were we dealing with? \u201d for example, modern marsupials, although endothermic, generally grow more slowly and have lower metabolic rates than other mammals, he says. the study may not put the final \" nail in the coffin \" for the idea that large dinosaurs could have been ectothermic, but it does provide positive evidence for an alternative metabolic strategy, says patrick o \u2019 connor, a paleontologist at the ohio university college of osteopathic medicine in athens who was also not involved in the new research. \" studies like this add crucial new lines of evidence that help us refine existing hypotheses, \" o ' connor says. estimating dinosaur metabolisms based on modern animals can only go so far, according to erickson. for example, pontzer and colleagues focused on two - legged dinosaurs because if they had used four - legged dinosaurs, they would have also needed to estimate how the dinosaurs \u2019 weight was distributed across all four legs. but because all modern ectotherms, such as alligators, are four - legged, pontzer and colleagues had to gauge the hypothetical ectothermic capacity for the two - legged dinosaurs against four - legged modern animals, erickson notes. moreover, even the largest modern ectotherms are much smaller than a 6 - metric", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47350018320821846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.663069"} {"text": "kombu, also known as kelp, is a sea vegetables of the ' laminaria ' family of which there are more than ten species. eden kombu laminaria japonica is a dark greenish brown sea vegetable with thick, wide leafy fronds that grow in the waters off the southeastern coast of hokkaido, japan ' s northern most island. this type of kombu, known as ' ma - konbu ', is highly prized. not only for its abundance of essential minerals, vitamins, and trace elements but also for its natural glutamic salts that make it makes an excellent flavoring agent. kombu contains the amino acid glutamine, a naturally sweet, superior flavor enhancer. eden kombu sea vegetable grows wild in the clean, cold northern waters where the choicest grades of kombu grow bathed in steady arctic currents. eden selects only the tender central part of the plant that has the best flavor and texture. the fronds are hand harvested using long poles with knives attached to cut the kombu free from the ocean bottom. as the kombu floats to the surface it is gathered into boats and taken ashore. the fronds are washed, folded and naturally sun dried on the white sand beaches before cutting and packaging. lesser grades of commercial kombu are cultivated artificially or simply gathered from the beach after washing ashore. many are sprayed with chemically produced and toxic monosodium glutamate ( msg ) to make the kombu more tender. eden kombu grows wild and is gathered by hand from the sea while the plant is still living. eden kombu sea vegetable is most frequently used to make the delicious japanese noodle broth, dashi, seasoned with shoyu soy sauce. it can be used, however, to make a variety of soup stocks. simply place a strip in a pot of water and bring to a boil. remove the kombu after 4 to 5 minutes and discard or chop and use in other dishes. vegetables, herbs, spices or fish can be added to the stock after removing the kombu. kombu can also be soaked, chopped and simmered with carrots, onions, squash, daikon or other sweet vegetables. a small piece of kombu added to dried beans, helps to tenderize them as they cook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4607265661710594, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.665436"} {"text": "when your child steals - for parents of fifth grade children come on, admit it : you ' ve taken something that doesn ' t belong to you, even if you have to dig deep into your own childhood to remember \u2013 a candy bar at the convenience shore, a friend ' s toy, change from your mom ' s purse. yet it shocks you nevertheless when you discover your own child stealing. here ' s how to keep calm and handle it without envisioning mug shots in your child ' s future. what you need to know communicating about money is important to address : - the positive and negative emotions it brings out of people - differences in values and attitudes toward spending and saving - differences in financial goals - potential money problems and how to overcome them - identification of personal values how you can help when you discover your child stealing : - stay calm, and resist the inclination to treat your child like a common criminal \u2013 keep the phone on the hook, and your fingers away from the 9 and 1 digits for now. - try thinking in children ' s, rather than adult ' s, terms in attempt to determine why your child might have taken something that did not belong to him. remembering your own experiences as a child might help you come up with possible answers. - once you have all the facts and are certain of your ability to remain calm enough for discussion, use this as an opportunity to address personal and family values regarding money, dealing with the matter : take turns with your child answering the following questions : - on what would you spend an extra $ 20? an extra $ 2000? - what would you do if you witnessed one of your friends shoplifting? - what would you do if you found a wallet on the sidewalk with money and i. d. inside? or no i. d. inside? - what would you do if your best friend ' s birthday is coming up, but you don ' t have enough money for a present? - what would you do if a cashier charged you too much? too little? for more on this topic, please see the full article : add your own comment - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - first grade sight words list - graduation inspiration : top 10 graduation quotes - 10 fun activities for children with autism - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - should your child be held back a grade? know your rights - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - smart parenting during and after divorce : introducing your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46611747269537046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.668558"} {"text": "\" sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs \" sustainability embodies \" stewardship \" and \" design with nature, \" well established goals of the design professions and \" carrying capacity, \" a highly developed modeling technique used by scientists and planners. the most popular definition of sustainability can be traced to a 1987 un conference. it defined sustainable developments as those that \" meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs \" ( wecd, 1987 ). robert gillman, editor of the in context magazine, extends this goal oriented definition by stating \" sustainability refers to a very old and simple concept ( the golden rule )... do onto future generations as you would have them do onto you. \" these well - established definitions set an ideal premise, but do not clarify specific human and environmental parameters for modeling and measuring sustainable developments. the following definitions are more specific : - \" sustainable means using methods, systems and materials that won ' t deplete resources or harm natural cycles \" ( rosenbaum, 1993 ). - sustainability \" identifies a concept and attitude in development that looks at a site ' s natural land, water, and energy resources as integral aspects of the development \" ( vieira, 1993 ) - \" sustainability integrates natural systems with human patterns and celebrates continuity, uniqueness and placemaking \" ( early, 1993 ) in review of the plurality of these definitions, the site or the environmental context is an important variable to most working definitions of sustainability. this emphasis is expressed in the following composite definition : sustainable developments are those which fulfill present and future needs ( wecd, 1987 ) while [ only ] using and not harming renewable resources and unique human - environmental systems of a site : [ air ], water, land, energy, and human ecology and / or those of other [ off - site ] sustainable systems ( rosenbaum 1993 and vieria 1993 ). these fundamental human - environmental exchanges of the community \u2019 s \" site \" were found very useful in developing critical \" input - output \" modeling techniques or indicators which directs the community ' s regenerative process. this selected network of a community \u2019 s human and environmental interrelationships were measured and placed in balance by the selected set of integrated design and planning strategies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5759980849791017, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.673095"} {"text": "depression : using positive thinking what is an actionset? depression is an illness that makes a person feel sad and hopeless much of the time. it ' s different than feeling a little sad or down. depression can be treated with counseling or medicine, or both. positive thinking also can help prevent or control depression. if you would like more information, see the topic : return to topic : positive thinking, or healthy thinking, is a way to help you stay well by changing how you think. it ' s based on research that shows that you can change how you think. and how you think affects how you feel. cognitive - behavioral therapy, also called cbt, is a type of therapy that is often used to help people think in a healthy way. cbt can help you learn to replace negative thoughts with positive ones. these negative thoughts are sometimes called irrational or automatic thoughts. working on your own or with a counselor, you can practice these three steps : the goal is to have positive thoughts come naturally. it may take some time to change the way you think. so you will need to practice positive thinking every day. test your knowledge cognitive - behavioral therapy ( cbt ) is a type of therapy that can help change how you think about yourself. you need to see a counselor to do cbt. changing the way you think can help you replace negative thoughts with helpful ones. this can help you cope with depression and may help keep it from coming back. 1 maybe you weren ' t able to close a sale or get a big project done at work. or perhaps a relationship has ended. it ' s normal to feel down. but you ' ve had trouble sleeping. you can ' t enjoy many of your usual activities. and you ' re blaming yourself. \" i ' m a failure at everything, \" you tell yourself. the more you think about yourself in a negative way, the harder it is to feel hopeful and positive. the negative thinking makes you feel bad. and that can make you feel more depressed, which leads to more bad thoughts about yourself. it ' s a cycle that ' s hard to break. but with practice, you can retrain your brain. after all, you weren ' t born telling yourself negative things. you learned how to do it. so there ' s no reason you can ' t teach your brain to unlearn it and replace negative thinking with more helpful thoughts. positive thinking also can help you manage stress. too much stress can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work harder, which can increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.528449728606551, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.684026"} {"text": "no reason you can ' t teach your brain to unlearn it and replace negative thinking with more helpful thoughts. positive thinking also can help you manage stress. too much stress can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work harder, which can increase your risk for a heart attack. stress also can weaken your immune system, which can make you more open to infection and disease. although you can use cbt on your own, it ' s important to talk to your doctor or a counselor if you feel that your mood is getting worse. you may need more help. test your knowledge positive thinking can help you stop negative thoughts that make depression worse. positive thinking can help your health in other ways. stop your thoughts the first step is to stop your negative thoughts or \" self - talk. \" self - talk is what you think and believe about yourself and your experiences. it ' s like a running commentary in your head. your self - talk may be positive and helpful. or it may be negative and not helpful. ask about your thoughts the next step is to ask yourself whether your thoughts are helpful or unhelpful. does the evidence support your negative thought? some of your self - talk may be true. or it may be partly true but exaggerated. there are several kinds of irrational thoughts. here are a few types to look for : choose your thoughts the next step is to choose a more positive, helpful thought to replace the unhelpful one. keeping a journal of your thoughts is one of the best ways to practice stopping, asking, and choosing your thoughts. it makes you aware of your self - talk. write down any negative or unhelpful thoughts you had during the day. if you think you might not remember at the end of your day, keep a notepad with you so you can write down any irrational thoughts as they happen. then write down a helpful message to correct the unhelpful thought. if you do this every day, positive or helpful thoughts will soon come naturally to you. but there may be some truth in some of your negative thoughts. you may have some things you want to work on. if you didn ' t perform as well as you would like on something, write that down. you can work on a plan to correct or improve that area. if you want, you also could write down what kind of irrational thought you had. journal entries might look something like this : test your knowledge which of these thoughts is an example of positive thinking? i ' ve had a couple of bad relationships", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.45799183087062423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.685021"} {"text": "on top of concerns about high oil prices now comes the fear that we have reached \u201c peak oil \u201d and that global oil output will start to decline. have we? if oil has peaked, do we face a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and international conflict for supplies? no one should underestimate the energy challenge. with continued economic growth, the world \u2019 s energy needs could increase by half within 25 years. unchecked, this will result in significantly higher carbon emissions. many scientists agree that emissions from human activities are changing our climate and call for urgent action. the world \u2019 s energy needs must be met while cutting carbon dioxide emissions. but where are we going to find this energy? my view is that \u201c easy \u201d oil has probably passed its peak. but there are other reserves that are still a long way from their peak. in unconventional oil and gas \u2013 resources that are harder to tap \u2013 there are plenty of reserves. the oil industry has to explore new frontiers, develop new hydrocarbon energy sources and integrate \u201c co2 solutions \u201d. the challenge is to develop technology that can fuel growth without environmental degradation. that means applying advances on the scale necessary to make real progress. it means integrating technologies because that is where the real benefits come in this complex business. it means applying those technologies in increasingly demanding projects, and accessing resources in challenging frontier environments such as the arctic or in deep offshore waters. the biggest impact technology could have is to increase significantly the amount of conventional oil we recover from existing reservoirs. this is little more than one - third on average at present across the industry. smart technology enabling engineers to monitor and control reservoir processes remotely, along with techniques using heat, gas or chemicals to make oil flow more easily, could significantly boost recovery rates. integrating technology will also enable us to access previously inaccessible hydrocarbon resources. much of the world \u2019 s huge reserves of natural gas are still untapped. cooling gas into liquid allows it to be transported as liquefied natural gas for power generation in other markets. demand for lng is set to double in the next decade but this, again, depends on technological advance. technology is also being used to turn gas to liquids. this will enable the industry to unlock reserves and convert gas into fuels such as diesel, which will be ideal for reducing pollution in major cities. other new hydrocarbon energy frontiers include heavy oils and where oil is contained in sand and shales, contaminated and tight gas and coal - bed methane. there is lots of coal, too, particularly in the us and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46787491179096463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.691055"} {"text": "for reducing pollution in major cities. other new hydrocarbon energy frontiers include heavy oils and where oil is contained in sand and shales, contaminated and tight gas and coal - bed methane. there is lots of coal, too, particularly in the us and china. at shell we are testing an environmentally sensitive way of unlocking the large potential of oil shale in colorado using electric heaters to heat the rock formation and release light oil and gas. coal gasification offers a way of using coal more efficiently, cleanly and flexibly. the resulting \u201c syngas \u201d can fuel efficient combined cycle power plants. it can also be used, with the same technology as gas to liquids, to produce high - quality liquid fuels. the world will need these resources. but they are more carbon - intensive and increase the urgency of finding ways of tackling carbon emissions. so my vision is for \u201c green fossil fuels \u201d with much of their co2 captured and sequestrated underground or in inert materials. in the medium term, this could be cheaper, more convenient and more flexible than alternative energies. a typical one - gigawatt coal - fired power plant produces the same carbon emissions as 1. 5m cars. china alone is building about 17 of these plants a year. this is why sequestration should be a priority for power plants. one prerequisite for success is ensuring sufficient investment to access more difficult resources and undertake long - term technology development. the international energy agency estimates that meeting global energy needs will require investing more than $ 17, 000bn by 2030. given the urgent investment needs, exacting windfall taxes is counterproductive, particularly in an industry with a history of volatile prices. so, while the good news is that there is a wide variety of energy sources to deal with the energy challenge, our industry has its work cut out for it. it will have to mobilise its experience and talents but also rely on governments and consumers to recognise that we share common concerns and have to respond to changing circumstances. the writer is chief executive of royal dutch shell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5275013992076445, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.692999"} {"text": "the abuse of cocaine has become a major public - health problem in the united states since the 1970s. during that period it emerged from relative obscurity, described by experts as a harmless recreational drug with minimal toxicity. by the mid - 1980s, cocaine use had increased substantially and its ability to lead to drug taking at levels that caused severe medical and psychological problems was obvious. cocaine ( also known as \" coke, \" \" snow, \" \" lady, \" \" crack \" and \" ready rock \" ), is an alkaloid with both local anesthetic and psychomotor stimulant properties. it is generally taken in binge cycles, with periods of hours to days in which users take the drug repeatedly, alternating with periods of days to weeks when no cocaine is used. many users are recalcitrant to treatment, and the introduction of substantial criminal penalties associated with its possession and sale have not yet been effective in reducing its prevalence of heavy use. in fact, although occasional use of cocaine diminished somewhat by the early 1990s, heavier use did not. cocaine is extracted from the coca plant ( erythroxylon coca ), a shrub now found mainly in the andean highlands and the northwestern parts of the amazon in south america. the history of coca plant use by the cultures and civilizations who lived in these areas ( including the inca ) goes back more than a thousand years, with evidence of use found archeologically in their burial sites. the inca called the plant a \" gift of the sun god \" and believed that the leaf had supernatural powers. they used the leaves much as the highland indians of south america do today. a wad of leaves, along with some ash, is placed in the mouth and both chewed and sucked. the ash helps in the extraction of the cocaine from the coca leafnd the cocaine is efficiently absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth. during the height of the inca empire ( 11th - 15th centuries ) coca leaves were reserved for the nobility and for religious ceremonies, since it was believed that coca was of divine origin. with the conquest of the inca empire by the spanish in the 1500s, coca use was banned. the conquistadors soon discovered, however, that their indian slaves worked harder and required less food if they were allowed to chew coca. the catholic church began to cultivate coca plants, and in many cases the indians were paid in coca leaves. although glowing reports of the stimulant effects of coca reached europe, coca use did not achieve popularity. this was no doubt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4767869775726112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.709975"} {"text": "coca. the catholic church began to cultivate coca plants, and in many cases the indians were paid in coca leaves. although glowing reports of the stimulant effects of coca reached europe, coca use did not achieve popularity. this was no doubt related to the fact that coca plants could not be grown in europe and the active ingredient in the coca leaves did not survive the long ocean voyage from south america. after the isolation of cocaine from coca leaves by the german chemist albert niemann in 1860 and the subsequent purification of the drug, it became more popular. it was aided in this regard by commercial endeavors in which cocaine was combined with wine ( e. g., vin de coca ), products for which there appeared many enthusiastic and uncritical endorsements by notables of the time. both interest in and use of cocaine spread to the united states, where extracts of coca leaves were added to many patent medicines. physicians began prescribing it for a variety of ills including dyspepsia, gastrointestinal disorders, headache, neuralgia, toothache, and morend use increased dramatically. by the beginning of the twentieth century, cocaine ' s harmful effects were noted and caused a reassessment of its utility. as part of a broader regulatory effort, the u. s. government began to control its manufacture and sale. in 1914, the harrison narcotic act forbade use of cocaine in over - the - counter medications and required the registration of those involved in the importation, manufacture, and sale of either coca or opium products. this had the effect of substantially reducing cocaine use in the united states, which remained relatively low until the late 1960s, when it moved into the spotlight once again. cocaine is a drug with both anesthetic and stimulant properties. its local anesthetic and vasoconstriction effects remain its major medical use. the local anesthetic effect was established by carl koller in the mid - 1880s, in experiments on the eye, but because it has been found to cause sloughing of the cornea, it is no longer used in eye surgery. because it is the only local anesthetic capable of causing intense vasoconstriction, cocaine is beneficial in surgeries where shrinking of the mucous membranes and the associated increased visualization and decreased bleeding are necessary. therefore, it remains useful for topical administration in the upper respiratory tract. when used in clinically appropriate doses, and with medical safeguards in place, cocaine appears to be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4873995788963325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.711151"} {"text": "mucous membranes and the associated increased visualization and decreased bleeding are necessary. therefore, it remains useful for topical administration in the upper respiratory tract. when used in clinically appropriate doses, and with medical safeguards in place, cocaine appears to be a useful and safe local anesthetic. cocaine can be taken by a number of routes of administrationral, intranasal, intravenous, and smoked. although the effects of cocaine are similar no matter what the route, route clearly contributes to the likelihood that the drug will be abused. the likelihood that cocaine will be taken for nonmedical purposes is assumed to be related to the rate of increase in cocaine brain level ( as measured by blood levels ) associated with those routes that provide the largest and most rapid changes in brain level being associated with greater self - administration. the oral route of administration, not a route used by cocaine abusers, is characterized by relatively slow absorption and peak levels that do not appear until approximately an hour after ingestion. cocaine, however, is quickly absorbed from the nasal mucosa when it is inhaled into the nose as a powder ( cocaine hydrochloride ). because of its local anesthetic properties, cocaine numbs or \" freezes \" the mucous membranes, a quality used by those purchasing the drug on the street to test for purity. when cocaine is used intranasally ( \" snorting \" ), cocaine blood levels, as well as subjective and physiological effects, peak at about 20 to 30 minutes, and reports of a \" rush \" are minimal. intranasal users report that they are ready to take a second dose of the drug within 30 to 40 minutes after the first dose. although this route was the most common way for people to use cocaine in the mid - 1980s, it is not as efficient in getting the drug to the brain as either smoking or intravenous injection, and it has declined in popularity. when taken intravenously, venous blood levels peak virtually immediately and subjects report a substantial, dose - related rush. this route was, until the mid - 1980s, traditionally the choice of the experienced user, since it provided a rapid increase in brain levels of cocaine with a parallel increase in subjective effects. blood levels of cocaine dissipate in parallel with subjective effects, and subjects report that they are ready for another intravenous dose within about 30 to 40 minutes. users of intravenous cocaine are also more likely to combine their cocaine with heroin ( e. g., a \" speedball \" ) than are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49558940980506305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.713943"} {"text": "and subjects report that they are ready for another intravenous dose within about 30 to 40 minutes. users of intravenous cocaine are also more likely to combine their cocaine with heroin ( e. g., a \" speedball \" ) than are users by other routes. in the mid - 1980s, smoked cocaine began to achieve popularity. freebase, or \" crack, \" is cocaine base, which is not destroyed at temperatures required to volatilize it. as with intravenous cocaine, blood levels peak almost immediately and, as with intravenous cocaine, a substantial rush ensues after smoking it. users can prepare their own free - base from the powdered form they purchase on the street, or they can purchase it in the form of crack, or \" ready - rock. \" the development of a smokable form of cocaine provided a more socially acceptable route of drug administration ( both nicotine and marijuana cigarettes provided the model for smoking cocaine ), resulting in a drug that was both easy to use and highly toxic, since the route allowed for frequent repeated dosing with a readily available and relatively inexpensive drug. the use of intravenous cocaine is frequently taken in combination with other drugs such as alcohol, marijuana, and opiates. in fact, almost 75 percent of cocaine deaths reported in 1989 involved co - ingestion of other drugs. when taken in combination with alcohol, a metaboliteocaethylenes formed, which appears to be only slightly less potent than cocaine in its behavioral effects. it is possible that some of the toxicity reported after relatively low doses of cocaine might well be due to the combination of cocaine and alcohol. cocaine is broken down rapidly by enzymes ( esterases ) in the blood and liver. the major metabolites of this action ( all relatively inactive ) are benzoylecgonine, ecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester, all of which are excreted in the urine. cocaethylene is an additional metabolite when cocaine and alcohol are ingested in combination. people with deficient plasma cholinesterase activityetuses, infants, pregnant women, patients with liver disease, and the elderlyre all likely to be sensitive to cocaine and therefore at higher risk for adverse effects than are others. research has been focused on the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates that mediate cocaine ' s reinforcing effects. although a number of neurotransmitter systems are involved, there is growing evidence that cocaine ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.490828031968083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.715498"} {"text": ". research has been focused on the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates that mediate cocaine ' s reinforcing effects. although a number of neurotransmitter systems are involved, there is growing evidence that cocaine ' s effects on dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic and / or mesocortical neuronal systems of the brain are most closely associated with its reinforcing and other behavioral effects. the initial site of action in the brain for its reinforcing effects has been hypothesized to be the dopamine transporter of mesolimbocortical neurons. cocaine action at the dopamine transporter has the effect of inhibiting dopamine re - uptake, resulting in higher levels of dopamine at the synapse. these dopaminergic pathways may mediate the reinforcing effects of other stimulants and opiates as well. a substantial body of evidence suggests that dopamine plays a major role in mediating cocaine ' s reinforcing effects, although it is clear that cocaine affects not only the dopamine but also the serotonin and noradrenaline systems. in addition to blocking the re - uptake of several neurotransmitters, cocaine use results in central nervous system stimulation and local anesthesia. this latter effect may be responsible for the neural and myocardial depression seen after taking large doses. cocaine use has been implicated in a broad range of medical complications covering virtually every one of the body ' s organ systems. at low doses, cocaine causes increases in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and body temperature. there have been suggestions that cocaine ' s cardiovascular effects can interact with ongoing behavior, resulting in increased toxicity. cocaine intoxication has been associated with cardiovascular toxicity, related to both its local anesthetic effects and its inhibition of neuronal uptake of catecholamines, including heart attacks, stroke, vasospasm, and cardiac arrhythmias. cocaine is generally taken in binges, repeatedly, for several hours or days, followed by a period in which none is taken. when taken repeatedly, chronic cocaine intoxication can cause a psychosis, characterized by paranoia, anxiety, a stereotyped repetitive behavior pattern, and vivid visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. less severe behavioral reactions to repeated cocaine use include irritability, hypervigilance, paranoid thinking, hyperactivity,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120146427390968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.716619"} {"text": ", anxiety, a stereotyped repetitive behavior pattern, and vivid visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. less severe behavioral reactions to repeated cocaine use include irritability, hypervigilance, paranoid thinking, hyperactivity, and eating and sleep disturbances. in addition, when a cocaine binge ceases, there appears to be a crash response, characterized by depression, fatigue, and eating and sleep disturbances. initially, the crash is accompanied by little cocaine craving, but as time increases since the last dose of cocaine, compulsive drug seeking can occur in which users think of little else but the next dose. nonhuman research subjects. one of cocaine ' s characteristics, as a psychomotor stimu - lant, is its ability to elicit increases in the motor behavior of animals. single low doses produce increases in exploration, locomotion, and grooming. with increasing doses, locomotor activity decreases and stereotyped behavior patterns emerge ( continuous repetitious chains of behavior ). when administered repeatedly, cocaine produces increased levels of locomotor activity, increases in stereotyped behavior, and increases in susceptibility to drug - induced seizures ( i. e., \" kindling \" ). this sensitization occurs in a number of different species and has been suggested as a model for psychosis or schizophrenia in humans. although sensitization to cocaine ' s unconditioned behavioral effects generally occurs, such effects are related to dose, environmental context, and schedule of cocaine administration. for example, sensitization occurs more readily when dosing is intermittent rather than continuous and when dosing occurs in the same environment as testing. learned behaviors, typically generated in the laboratory using operant schedules of reinforcement in which animals make responses that have consequences ( e. g., press a lever to get food ), generally show a rate - dependent effect of cocaine. as with amphetamine, cocaine engenders increases in low rates of responding and decreases in high rates of responding. environmental variables and behavioral context can modify this effect. for example, responding maintained by food delivery was decreased by doses of cocaine that either had no effect or increased comparable rates of responding maintained by shock avoidance. cocaine ' s effects can also be modified by drug history. although repeated administration can result in the development of sensitization to cocaine ' s effects on unlearned behaviors, repeated administration generally results in tolerance to cocaine ' s effects on schedule - controlled responding. this decrease in effect of the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5323706537271868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.717723"} {"text": "drug history. although repeated administration can result in the development of sensitization to cocaine ' s effects on unlearned behaviors, repeated administration generally results in tolerance to cocaine ' s effects on schedule - controlled responding. this decrease in effect of the same dose after repeated dosing is influenced by behavioral as well as pharmacological factors. human research subjects. a major behavioral effect of cocaine in humans is its mood - altering effect, generally believed related to its potential for abuse. traditionally, subjective effects have provided the basis for classifying a substance as having abuse potentialnd the cocaine - engendered profile of subjective effects is prototypic of stimulant drugs of abuse. thus, cocaine produces dose - related reports of \" high, \" \" liking, \" and \" euphoria \" ; increases in stimulant - related factors, such as increases on vigor and friendliness scale scores ; ratings of \" stimulated \" ; and decreases in various sedation scores. subjective effects correlate well with single intravenous or smoked doses of cocaine, peaking soon after administration and dissipating in parallel with decreasing plasma concentrations. when cocaine is administered repeatedly, tolerance develops rapidly to many of its subjective effects and the same dose no longer exerts much of an effect. this means that the user must take increasingly larger amounts of cocaine to achieve the same effect. tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of cocaine is less complete ; the result here is a potential for drug - induced toxicity, since more and more drug is taken when the subjective effects are not present but the disruptions in cardiovascular function are still present. although users of stimulant drugs claim that their performance of many activities is improved by cocaine use, the data do not support their assertions. in general, cocaine has little effect on performance except under conditions in which performance has deteriorated from fatigue. under those conditions, cocaine can bring it back to nonfatigue levels. this effect, however, is relatively short - lived, since cocaine has a half - life of less than one hour. despite substantial efforts directed toward treatment of cocaine abuse, in the mid - 1990s we are still unable to treat successfully many of the cocaine abusers who seek treatment. for many years the only approach to treating these people was psychological or behavioral. as of 1994, the most promising of these include behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, rehabilitation ( e. g., vocational, educational, and social - skills training ) and supportive psychotherapy. a major problem with these treatment approaches is related to their lack", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5050394862238913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.719049"} {"text": "1994, the most promising of these include behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, rehabilitation ( e. g., vocational, educational, and social - skills training ) and supportive psychotherapy. a major problem with these treatment approaches is related to their lack of selectivity. rather than tailoring programs to an individual ' s background, drug - use history, psychiatric state, and socioeconomic level, individuals receive the treatment being delivered by the particular program they happen to attend. treatment programs that focus on specific target populations will be far more successful than those which cover all who apply. for example, patients with relatively mild symptoms might do quite well in a behavioral intervention with some relapse - prevention instructions but those with more severe problems might require the addition of pharmacotherapy. pharmacological approaches to treating cocaine abusers have focused on potential neurophysiological changes related to chronic cocaine use. thus, because dopamine appears to mediate cocaine ' s reinforcing effects, dopamine agonists such as am - antadine and bromocriptine have been tried. methylphenidate, a stimulant, has been suggested as a possible substitution medication, and antidepressants such as desipramine have been studied because of their actions on the dopaminergic system. in addition, because cocaine blocks re - uptake of serotonin at nerve terminals, serotonin - uptake blockers, such as fluoxetine, have also been tested. although most of the potential medications have been shown to be successful in some patients under open label conditions, none have been clearly successful in double blind placebo - controlled clinical trials. clearly, no medication yet exists for the treatment of cocaine abuse. it may well be that different medications may be effective for the various target populations and that variations in dosages and durations of treatment might be required, depending on a variety of patient characteristics. in fact, several medications have been shown to be effective only for small and carefully delineated populations ( e. g., lithium for cocaine abusers diagnosed with concurrent bipolar manic - depressive or cyclothymic disorders ). an artificial enzyme has been developed that inactivates cocaine as soon as it enters the blood - stream by binding the cocaine and breaking it into two inactive metabolites, and this has the potential for destroying much of the cocaine before it reaches the brain. as of 1994, this technique is unavailable for human use. in addition, and most importantly,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47471591668349344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.720312"} {"text": "by binding the cocaine and breaking it into two inactive metabolites, and this has the potential for destroying much of the cocaine before it reaches the brain. as of 1994, this technique is unavailable for human use. in addition, and most importantly, cocaine abuse ( and drug abuse in general ) is a behavioral problem, and it is unlikely that any medication will be effective unless it is combined with an appropriate behavioral intervention. ( see also : ; colombia as drug source ; epidemics of drug abuse ; epidemiology of drug abuse ; national household survey on drug abuse ; ) bock, g., & whelan, j. ( 1992 ). cocaine : scientific and social dimensions. ciba foundation symposium 166. chichester : wiley. johanson, c. e., & fischman, m. w. ( 1989 ). pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. pharmacological reviews, 41, 3 - 52. kleber, h. d. ( 1989 ). treatment of drug dependence : what works. international review of psychiatry, 1, 81 - 100. landry, d. w., et al. ( 1993 ). antibody - catalyzed degradation of cocaine. science, 259, 1899 - 1901. marian w. fischman did this raise a question for you?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49760262308761577, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.720853"} {"text": "beyond buzzwords with soa soa has had time to mature, but discussions around it are still laden with buzzwords and unrealistic expectations. learn what soa is and isn ' t with the first of a new series. a service - oriented architecture ( soa ) facilitates flexibility and cost savings for businesses, but its flexibility is also at fault for diluting the concept of soa. many technologies can be used in support of designing systems that may be described as soa, which leads to a global misunderstanding of the true spirit of soa. we often get bogged down talking about the technology, so this article is going to take a step back and explain what it \u2019 s really about. what soa is not soa is not any single system, technology, or application. it is an architecture, or put another way : a way to design a group of system ; a methodology. the service - oriented part speaks to the notion that systems interaction should be done via network - enabled services. most often, since they provide the most flexibility, web - based services and technologies are employed for this task. what soa is soa can be broken into two parts : it systems and the software that runs on them. in the systems design sense, soa spells out the best way to design complex systems to ensure they are multi - functional. it is at this point where many people like to compare a big erp system to soa. with a large erp system, you will have a set of servers that only interact with a database, and all the functionality is contained within that monolithic system. features and extensibility are dependent on what the vendor allows you to do. with an soa design, you can plug in features at - will, since they will interact with various \u201c services \u201d in a standard way. in reality, erp is a task, and even the largest monolithic systems usually have some extensibility built - in. we most often see soa proponents with the same erp system everyone else uses, but they have likely extended it much further. in the software engineering sense, soa is about code re - use. not in the object - oriented programming sense of re - use ; soa actually takes it much further. traditionally we might abstract common functions in software into libraries, and then share those libraries so that people don \u2019 t have to re - implement the same code. think of a simple banking system \u2019 s online credit application. one function might require that we look up the applicant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5125207921984568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.726636"} {"text": "abstract common functions in software into libraries, and then share those libraries so that people don \u2019 t have to re - implement the same code. think of a simple banking system \u2019 s online credit application. one function might require that we look up the applicant \u2019 s ssn to see if they have other accounts. we might call this function listuseraccounts. when called, it will return a list of all past and current accounts associated with the applicant. the function contains all the logic, and knows where to look for this information. it simply returns the proper information for use by the program that called instead of requiring that software run on a single system that has access to listuseraccounts, an soa - enabled environment will provide a network - accessible service whereby many systems can access this function. in short, software functions are turned into network - aware services instead of internal functions accessible by only a few programs. the same listuseraccounts function could be used by an online banking application when a person wants to see what their account balances are. without careful design, large systems often paint themselves into a corner. soa helps designers think in such a way that avoids creating single - purpose silos, and instead creates re - usable functionality. nothing new to see here please realize that soa does not represent a silver bullet install - it - and - realize - benefits technology. it is, in effect, simply a tool that has opened eyes worldwide and allowed systems and software designers to speak a consistent language. critics of soa often claim infrastructures naturally evolve toward this type of architecture. this is absolutely correct, but soa \u2019 s value is that it provides a unified dictionary and set of best practices for companies to follow. best practices are often a scary concept, making businesses implement things they don \u2019 t really need, but the nature of soa helps alleviate the downsides of traditional \u201c best practices religion. \u201d soa, thankfully, requires businesses to design systems that map directly to their needs. implementations require that architects understand business processes as well as the capabilities of their computer systems before soa can be implemented. each implementation is different, and that does a long way toward avoiding the \u201c me too \u201d mentality too often found at it organizations around the world. that is not to say that many it shops aren \u2019 t grinding away implementing soa services in a haphazard fashion, just that in spite of it, the projects are sure to improve systems to some degree. the other big problem with soa is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5354208359024616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.727673"} {"text": "is not to say that many it shops aren \u2019 t grinding away implementing soa services in a haphazard fashion, just that in spite of it, the projects are sure to improve systems to some degree. the other big problem with soa is that people believe the cost of implementing new software approaches zero as the infrastructure grows. it \u2019 s just a matter of rearranging pieces and calling services that already exist to implement something new. as more and more functionality becomes service - oriented, it is true that development time decreases. adding new functionality is always required, and regardless, someone still has to arrange the existing pieces into meaningful programs. it \u2019 s better, faster, less error prone, but certainly not ever free. the evolution of systems and services into an soa design means that designers and even programmers begin to work at a higher level. instead of implementing listuseraccounts ( again ), programmers begin to think about more creative ways to use that information. this, supports a positive evolution of the products engineers create, as their time has been freed up to work on the truly difficult problem. when companies fail at implementing soa, it \u2019 s often because they don \u2019 t embrace the true meaning and benefits of soa. changing a few things in an existing system does not make an soa ; soa requires that all systems, functions, and processes \u2014 both in current and especially future systems \u2014 present meaningful re - usable services to allow other systems to extend them. at the beginning of this article i said that people frequently getting bogged down talking about technologies is one of soa \u2019 s drawbacks. now that we \u2019 ve covered the fundamental methodology, we can delve into some of those technologies. next week, the second part of this soa tutorial will explain the popular technologies to help you make a well - informed decision about which should be leveraged in your soa endeavors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.47550410273154664, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.728589"} {"text": "developing a water management plan a comprehensive water management plan helps kick - start a successful water management program by helping a facility set water conservation goals and identify water conservation opportunities. the plan should include clear information about how a facility uses its water, from the time it is piped into the facility through disposal. knowledge of current water consumption and its costs is essential for making the most appropriate water management decisions. this page includes helpful hints in developing a water management plan. you can also view completed water management plans for many of epa \u2019 s facilities. a focal point of water management plans is the best management practices ( bmps ) section. bmps are designed to consider all of the various uses of water and maximize conservation. bmps can be categorized to either maximize water efficiency or minimize water use. following are 14 bmps as recommended by the federal energy management program : - bmp # 1 - water management planning - bmp # 2 - information and education programs - bmp # 3 - distribution system audits, leak detection and repair - bmp # 4 - water - efficient landscaping - bmp # 5 - water - efficient irrigation - bmp # 6 - toilets and urinals - bmp # 7 - faucets and showerheads - bmp # 8 - boiler / steam systems - bmp # 9 - single - pass cooling systems - bmp # 10 - cooling tower systems - bmp # 11 - commercial kitchen equipment - bmp # 12 - laboratory / medical equipment - bmp # 13 - other water use - bmp # 14 - alternate water sources elements of a proper water management plan a water management plan can be divided into three components : water accounting, bmps achieved, and water management opportunities. to develop a proper facility water management plan, it is important to include the following elements, at a minimum : - operation and maintenance ( o & m ). appropriate o & m recommendations from the bmps are included in facility operating plans or procedure manuals. - utility information. appropriate utility information includes the following : - contact information for all water and wastewater utilities. - current rate schedules and alternative schedules appropriate for usage or facility type. this helps ensure that you are paying the best rate. - copies of water / sewer bills for the past two years. this will help you identify inaccuracies and determine whether you are using the appropriate rate structure. - information on financial or technical assistance available from the utilities to help with facility water planning and implementing water efficiency programs. some energy utilities offer assistance on water efficiency. - contact information for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45672361207175355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.733895"} {"text": "##ccuracies and determine whether you are using the appropriate rate structure. - information on financial or technical assistance available from the utilities to help with facility water planning and implementing water efficiency programs. some energy utilities offer assistance on water efficiency. - contact information for the agency or office that pays the water / sewer bills. - production information, if the facility produces its water and / or treats its own wastewater. - facility information. at a minimum, perform a walk - through audit of the facility to identify all major water - using processes, determine the location and accuracy of water measurement devices and main shut off - valves, and verify operating schedules and occupancy of buildings. to meet reporting requirements in executive order 13423, facilities should include a description of actions necessary to improve the accuracy of their water usage data. activities can include a metering ( or other measurement ) plan for the facility. * - emergency response information. develop water emergency and / or drought contingency plans describing how your facility will meet minimum water needs in an emergency or reduce water consumption in a drought or other water shortage. this should be done in conjunction with your local water supplier. - comprehensive planning. inform staff contractors and the public of the priority your agency or facility places on water and energy efficiency. ensure appropriate considerations are taken into account early in the design and planning of any new or retrofit project. * in order to properly manage water conservation projects, it is important that all water be accounted for through precise measurement, such as water meters. it is necessary to have measurements not only to plan how to address water conservation, but also to monitor and track progress made in these programs as well as to adjust and make changes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45553622796379284, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.734677"} {"text": "here are the l - i - g - h - t - s to the word of god : literal interpretation, illumination by the holy spirit, grammatical principles, historical context, teaching ministry, scriptural harmony. principles of biblical interpretation ought to be determined before developing one \u2019 s theology, but in practice the reverse is often true. cultists in particular consistently read their deviant theologies into the biblical text instead of allowing the text to speak for itself. faith teachers are also guilty of this practice, as i document in my book \u201c christianity in crisis \u201d. in view of this growing problem, it would be productive to consider some of the primary principles of hermeneutics. before you run off because of the formidable sound of this term, however, let me quickly point out that hermeneutics is simply a \u201c fifty - cent \u201d word that describes the science of biblical interpretation. the purpose of hermeneutics is to provide the student of scripture with basic guidelines and rules for \u201c rightly dividing the word of truth \u201d ( 2 tim. 2 : 15 ). to help ensure that you will remember these principles, i \u2019 ve developed the acronym l - i - g - h - t - s. just remember that the science of biblical interpretation \u201c lights \u201d your path as you walk through theword. the l in lights will remind you of the literal principle of biblical interpretation. in simple terms, this means that we are to interpret the word of god just as we interpret other forms of communication \u2014 in its most obvious and literal sense. most often, the biblical authors employed literal statements to communicate their ideas ( such as when the apostle paul said of jesus, \u201c by him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth \u201d \u2014 col. 1 : 16 ). and where the biblical writers express their ideas in literal statements, the interpreter must take those statements in a literal sense. in this way, the interpreter will grasp the intended meaning of the writer. of course, this is not to deny that scripture employs figures of speech. indeed, the biblical writers often used figurative language to communicate truth in a graphic way. and, in most cases, the meaning of such language is clear from the context. when jesus says he is \u201c the door \u201d ( john 10 : 7 ), for example, it is obvious he is not saying he is composed of wood and hinges. rather, he is the \u201c way \u201d to salvation. illumination by the holy spirit the i in lights will remind you of the illumination of scripture that can only come", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5664365257551662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.739673"} {"text": "for example, it is obvious he is not saying he is composed of wood and hinges. rather, he is the \u201c way \u201d to salvation. illumination by the holy spirit the i in lights will remind you of the illumination of scripture that can only come from the spirit of god. first corinthians 2 : 12 says : \u201c we have not received the spirit of the world but the spirit who is from god, that we may understand what god has freely given us. \u201d because the author of scripture \u2014 the holy spirit ( 2 pet. 1 : 21 ). \u2014 resides within the child of god ( 1 cor. 3 : 16 ), he or she is in a position to receive god \u2019 s illumination ( 1 cor. 2 : 9 - 11 ). and, indeed, the spirit of truth not only provides insights that permeate the mind, but also provides illumination that can penetrate the heart. the g in lights will remind you that scripture is to be interpreted in accordance with typical rules of grammar \u2014 including syntax and style. for this reason, it is important for the student of scripture to have a basic understanding of grammatical principles. it is also helpful to have a basic grasp of the greek and hebrew languages. if you do not know greek or hebrew, however, don \u2019 t panic. today there are a host of eminently usable tools to aid you in gaining insights from the original languages of scripture. besides commentaries, there are \u201c interlinear \u201d translations that provide the hebrew and greek text of the bible in parallel with the english text. as well, strong \u2019 s concordance has a number - coding system by which you can look up the greek or hebrew word ( along with a full definition ) behind each word in the english bible. moreover, there are dictionaries of old and new testament words that are keyed to strong \u2019 s concordance. tools such as these make it easy for the layperson to obtain insights on the original hebrew or greek of the bible without being fluent in these languages. the h in lights will remind you that the christian faith is historical and evidential ( luke 1 : 1 - 4 ). the biblical text is best understood when one is familiar with the customs, culture, and historical context of biblical times. thankfully, there are a host of excellent bible handbooks and commentaries to aid us in the process of understanding the people and places of the bible. the t in lights will remind you that even though the illumination of scripture ultimately comes through the ministry of the holy spirit, god has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5455656087176145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.740900"} {"text": "host of excellent bible handbooks and commentaries to aid us in the process of understanding the people and places of the bible. the t in lights will remind you that even though the illumination of scripture ultimately comes through the ministry of the holy spirit, god has also provided the church with uniquely gifted human teachers ( eph. 4 : 11 ). therefore, as we seek to rightly interpret god \u2019 s word ( 2 tim. 2 : 15 ), we would do well to consult those whom god has uniquely gifted as teachers in the church ( cf. tit. 2 : 1 - 15 ). of course, following the example of the bereans ( acts 17 : 11 ), we should always make sure that what human teachers say is in line with scripture ( cf. 1 thess. 5 : 21 ). the s in lights will remind you of the principle of scriptural harmony. individual passages of scripture must always be in harmony with scripture as a whole. the biblical interpreter must keep in mind that all of scripture \u2014 though communicated through various human instruments \u2014 has a single author ( god ). and, of course, god does not contradict himself. studying the bible is the noblest of all pursuits, and rightly understanding it, the highest of all goals. the six principles listed above can help you attain this goal. and as the science of biblical interpretation continually lights your path through scripture, you will find yourself growing in your understanding of him who is the light of the world \u2014 jesus christ ( john 8 : 12 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5386098292001739, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.741501"} {"text": "a user - interface for proofs and certified software by janet bertot, yves bertot, yann coscoy, healfdene goguen and francis montagnac by making it possible to express the properties of procedures and functions, proofs assistants can be used to help develop certified software. however, these proof assistants are often complicated to use and deserve real user - interfaces to make software development feasible. since 1990, the croap team at inria sophia - antipolis has been studying the development of user - interfaces for theorem provers to reduce this level of complication. we have implemented a powerful prototype, ctcoq, that has been used successfully in the development of certified algorithms for program manipulation or polynomial mathematics. the last version of this proof environment has been released in february 1997. the semantics of programs can be mathematically described using relations between inputs and outputs or using functions from the domain of inputs to the domain of outputs. when these relations and functions are formally described, it is possible to use a computer to check mechanically some of their properties. this leads to the perspective of checking that programs fulfil a formal specification and ultimately to zero - default software. since the correction of a given program may rely on an arbitrarily complex corpus of mathematics, the system used for the verification needs to have very powerful proving capabilities. to date, only the systems known as theorem provers or proof checkers provide enough mathematical capabilities for this task. the coq proof assistant is one such proof checker ( see previous article ). it uses type theory to express the properties of functions and encode powerful mathematical tools such as recursion and algebraic structures. intuitively, the types used in a programming language like pascal or c make it possible to verify simple consistency properties between the components of a software. when using language with more expressive types, the properties that can be expressed using types can actually cover the complete specification of a software system. the ctcoq user - interface is an independent front - end for the coq proof assistant. it uses technologies from the domain of programming environments to help the proof developer in several ways. the first element taken from programming environment technology is the use of syntax directed tools. these tools use a precise description of the proof assistant ' s syntax to help in the rapid construction of syntactically correct logical sentences, specifications, and proof commands. for instance, syntax directed menus make it possible to perform transformations on expressions or commands that respect the syntactic correctness of these expressions, thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6089247687159185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.745961"} {"text": "help in the rapid construction of syntactically correct logical sentences, specifications, and proof commands. for instance, syntax directed menus make it possible to perform transformations on expressions or commands that respect the syntactic correctness of these expressions, thus reducing the time spent in correcting low - level errors. syntax aware tools also make it easier to recognize usual mathematical notations and render them using multiple - font display, in a wysiwyg fashion. these tools make semantic manipulation of data possible, with interpretation of the user ' s pointing or dragging gestures using the mouse. for instance, pointing at an expression can be interpreted guiding the proof process towards this expression. in the same realm, dragging an expression can be used to rearrange data when the algebraic properties make it possible. other tools taken from programming environments use the analysis of dependence graphs between functions, mathematical objects, and proof commands. this analysis can lead to quicker tools to help finding and correcting errors in specifications, thus making the development of completely proved software quicker. powerful analyses also make it possible to extract natural language presentation from proofs data structures, thus making the results of proof developments understandable by mathematicians and engineers outside the community of coq and ctcoq users. the ctcoq proof environment has been used successfully in the development of algorithms for symbolic computation, trajectory planning, and program partial evaluation. future research around this user - interface aims on one side at a better integration with symbolic computation and computer algebra systems and on the other side at a better use of dependency graphs to make large proof maintenance and re - engineering feasible. publication references for this research can be found at : http : / / www. inria. fr / croap / publications. html the ctcoq system can be retrieved by following the instructions found at : http : / / www. inria. fr / ctcoq / ctcoq - eng. html yves bertot - inria tel : + 33 4 9365 7739", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5917829442128378, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.747897"} {"text": "contact : jules asher nih / national institute of mental health caption : our brains are all made of the same stuff. despite individual and ethnic genetic diversity, our prefrontal cortex shows a consistent molecular architecture. for example, overall differences in the genetic code ( \u201c genetic distance \u201d ) between african - americans ( aa ) and caucasians ( cauc ) showed no effect on their overall difference in expressed transcripts ( \u201c transcriptional distance \u201d ). the vertical span of color - coded areas is about the same, indicating that our brains all share the same tissue at a molecular level, despite distinct dna differences on the horizontal axis. each dot represents a comparison between two individuals. the aa : : aa comparisons ( blue ) generally show more genetic diversity than cauc : : cauc comparisons ( yellow ), because caucasians are descended from a relatively small subset of ancestors who migrated from africa, while african americans are descended from a more diverse gene pool among the much larger population that remained in africa. aa : : cauc comparisons ( green ) differed most across their genomes as a whole, but this had no effect on their transcriptomes as a whole. credit : joel kleinman, m. d., ph. d., nimh clinical brain disorders branch usage restrictions : none related news release : our brains are made of the same stuff, despite dna differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5765932339142605, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.749432"} {"text": "there are several border bridges the connect canada to the us in niagara and we have listed them below. the niagara river runs between to of the great lakes connecting lake erie and lake ontario, and in turn, acts as a natural border separating southern ontario in canada and new york state in the united states. in the last hundred years or so there have been many bridges of all shapes and sizes that have crossed the niagara river and connected the two countries together allowing people and goods to cross without having to fight the wild rapids of the niagara. currently there are a total of six bridges crossing over the niagara river connecting the us and canada. each of them only allow specific types of traffic to cross over them so choosing the right bridge to cross from on your trip to or from the falls is crucial to saving time and money. starting at the lake erie end of the niagara river and working our way towards lake ontario the border bridges that cross the niagara are as follows : the peace bridge this structure connects the city of fort erie canada to buffalo united states. it is open to car, truck and pedestrian traffic. fort erie is about a half hour drive from niagara falls canada. the rainbow bridge this border crossing bridge connects the city of niagara falls canada to the city of niagara falls buffalo directly and takes visitors right into the heart of all the attractions of niagara falls. this bridge is open to car truck and pedestrian traffic. the whirlpool bridge this bridge also connects niagara falls canada to niagara falls us but is only open to vehicles carrying the nexus pre - clearance passes only. generally these are people who work or need to cross the border bridges frequently and have passed several security clearance applications to get approved. the whirlpool bridge is also open to train traffic. there is no pedestrian traffic allowed. the lewiston - queenston bridge connecting the towns of lewiston new york with queenston ontario this bridge is open to both car and truck traffic. only a few minutes down river from the city of niagara falls, this bridge can be a good alternative if the rainbow bridge is experiencing heavy traffic. the lewiston - queenston bridge is not open to pedestrian traffic. the international railway bridge constructed only for the use by trains, this bridge connects rail traffic from fort erie canada to buffalo, united states. not accessible to cars, trucks or pedestrian traffic. the michigan central railway bridge the only bridge connecting the two countries over the niagara river that is currently not in use the michigan railway bridge was a railway traffic only bridge that served train traffic from niagara falls canada to niagara falls usa. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40264741863107256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.752320"} {"text": "perhaps steinbeck \u2019 s most successful work, which won him the pulitzer prize in 1940 and figured predominantly in his winning the nobel prize in 1962, \u201c the grapes of wrath \u201d tells the story of the joad family, who driven out of the oklahoma dust bowl by drought and hardship during the height of the great depression travels to california in search of jobs and a better future. although written 80 years ago, the play, says director michael michetti, is \u201c still profoundly relevant. \u201d steinbeck wrote it after observing the life of migrant farm workers. in a letter to his friend elizabeth otis, steinbeck wrote about thousands of families starving to death, \u201c not just hungry, but actually starving \u2026 the states and counties will give them nothing because they are outsiders. but the crops in any part of this state could not be harvested without these outsiders. \u201d it is no secret that our country faces similar problems today. the migrant families are not from oklahoma this time, but they are still migrating in search of employment and better conditions. like the joads, who lost their home and property, in the last few years our country has seen people lose their houses and struggle with unemployment. and like in the story, our society must realize the relevance of government involvement and the need for human kindness. at a noise within, galati \u2019 s adaptation features steinbeck \u2019 s words almost exclusively, as well as live music that includes period hymns, dust bowl songs, and original works by michael smith written for the play \u2019 s original 1988 production. galati won two tony awards for this adaptation and its direction on broadway. \u201c the grapes of wrath \u201d at a noise within is a thought - provoking production. it brings about the realization that, although time moves on, our society remains plagued by like issues. and it underlines the importance of looking beyond ourselves to help others. it is delightfully performed, creatively staged, and thoroughly enjoyable. \" the grapes of wrath \" a noise within 3352 east foothill blvd, pasadena, ca 91107 saturday, march 2, at 8 p. m. sunday, march 3, at 2 p. m. sunday, march 24, at 2 p. m. sunday, march 24, at 7 p. m. thursday, april 11, at 8 p. m. friday, april 12, at 8 p. m. saturday, april 20, at 8 p. m. sunday, april 21, at 2 p. m. friday, may 3, at 8 p. m. saturday", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37957114430679484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.755236"} {"text": "mark h. shour, p & s, entomology several child abuse cases were documented recently when children were exposed to chemicals used in licensed child care centers in iowa. injuries ranged from chemical skin burns, to eye injuries, to respiratory distress. although these injuries were not intentional, they were preventable. currently, more than 250, 000 children are enrolled in child care facilities ( centers and in - home sites ) in the state of iowa. these children have the potential of being exposed to cleaning agents, pesticides, and other chemicals while in child care. a march 2007 statewide survey by isu extension found more than 700 cleaning and disinfectant products as well as over 130 insecticide, herbicide and rodenticides in child care centers. to increase awareness for chemical safety in iowa \u2019 s child care centers through provider training and useful educational aids. a focus group of 10 licensed child care center directors in august 2007 determined that self - paced learning modules ( internet and dvd ) would be the best way to train providers since staff / child contact time fills the work week ( m - f, 6am \u2013 6pm ). eight modules were assembled : overview, pesticides, pesticide labels, cleaning chemicals, chemical storage, common pest, integrated pest management overview, and \u201c is it safe? \u201d dvd by the toxicology education foundation. the overall time was 2. 5 hours. the internet training site was : http : / / www. ipm. iastate. edu / ipm / childcare / home. an optional worksheet was developed to enhance the information gained through the audiovisual training. approval for continuing education units was obtained from isu continuing education for program participants. the child care center director \u2019 s focus group also determined that some eye - catching visual aid should be created to reinforce the training. a set of three full color posters ( 18 \u201d w x 24 \u201d l ; laminated ; sp 0316 ) was developed : \u201c reading chemical product labels \u201d, \u201c chemical use in child care facilities \u201d, and \u201c choosing pest management strategies \u201d. a pilot training was conducted with 7 child care centers and 60 providers. based on pre - training / post - training surveys, participants improved their knowledge of chemical safety issues for 17 of the 30 questions, and had proper understanding for 9 of the 30 questions. participants strongly believed the training familiarized them with pesticide and other chemical safety and ipm. an additional 40 people have taken the internet training following the pilot program. there were 9, 000 poster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49695303419137393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.758046"} {"text": "edutopia stw yesprep rubric and descrip literary analysis romeo and julietcopyright 2009 yes prep public schools romeo and juliet literary analysis paper for the romeo and juliet essay, you have a choice of six different topicsyou need to choose one. a good essay will have an introduction paragraph with a strong, clear thesis, several wellorganized body paragraphs with evidence that supports your point of view, and a concluding paragraph with the thesis restated. your essay should be two to three pages, typed and double - spaced in 12 - point font. this essay assignment will require you to plan and organize your essay carefully. i will provide time for you to work in class and will also help you organize your ideas and gather evidence. choose a topic about which you have a strong personal opinion but your thesis must be supported by evidence in the play. here is the timeline of due dates for your paper add these dates to your calendar : due dateassignment monday, april 27th 12 dialectical journal entries for your topic declare project extension ( s ) monday, may 4th project extension : check - in 1 monday, may 11th project extension : check - in 2 monday, may 18th final draft and project extensions monday, may 18th - thursday, may 21st project presentations i. romeo and juliet tells the story of two young lovers who fall deeply in love and do everything they can to be together. compare and contrast the actions of this couple with those of typical teenagers we see today in america. what factors play a role in this love story that create similarities and differences to todays love stories? a. possible topics to consider in your analysis ( feel free to add your own ) : what are the common dating practices of each time period? ii. how do the different cultures affect dating norms? iii. how does age play a role in decision - making? iv. how much parental involvement is expected in a dating relationship? what is acceptable behavior if parents and children do not see eye to eye? v. besides family grudges, what are other reasons two young lovers would be forbidden from being together? ii. william shakespeare is very intentional about how he shapes each character in the play so that each plays an integral role in the tragedy that ensues. analyze the personality traits of 2 - 4 characters in romeo and juliet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4488020585625757, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.762614"} {"text": "possible sandro botticelli fresco painting found in ruined hungarian castle. 06 / 10 / 2007 - a restoration project in esztergom, hungary has resulted in a surprise possible attribution of a painting to early italian renaissance painter sandro botticelli. while restorations have been ongoing since 2000 on the four - piece mural, it is only in recent weeks that art historians have recognized the hand of sandro botticelli in the one of the fresco paintings. one of the 4 fresco painting, ca. hereto see our fine art the mural paintings were commissioned to decorate the castle chapel by janos vitez, archbishop of esztergom. to paint the frescoes, vitez employed the school of fra filippo lippi to whom sandro botticelli was apprenticed. the images depict the four medieval virtues, a common theme of the apparent in the fresco painting to even a casual observer is the flowing red hair characteristic of sandro botticelli ' s simonetta vespucci, who died in 1476, but who botticelli continued to paint for the remainder of his career. janos vitez was a hungarian humanist who was born around 1400 and reigned as archbishop in hungary from 1465 to 1472. brenda harness, art historian for more information on italian renaissance art and book recommendations, click", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43824503914626417, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.764160"} {"text": "feral and stray cat management trap, neuter, return ( tnr ) is a proven humane method for feral ( wild ) and stray cat population control. these cats are often referred to as \" community \" cats because they are a product of irresponsible pet owners in the community. an abandoned domestic cat that is not already spayed or netuered will produce kittens that will become feral. feral cats colonies can survive anywhere there is a food source. feeding them is the first step to controlling the population. the next step is trapping them so that they can be sterilized and vaccinated. the rate of disease in feral cats is the same as for domestic cats. rabies is not a threat for feral cats in sw florida. feral cats act like any other wild animal, totally nocturnal, usually silent and they are normally clean and sleek. stray cats are visible during the day, are vocal and are dirty and hungry. once the cats are spayed and neutered, the pulbic nuisance issues of overpopulation, territory marking, fighting, predation and aggressive behavior cease. controlled feral cat colonies must be managed by a caregiver who provides daily food and water. a colony of controlled feral cats can be a benefit to the community by providing free pest control for rats, mice and other vermin that carry diseases that could affect the wellbeing of the human community. collier county has a tnr ordinance in place and is in full support of community members that are trapping and fixing feral and stray cats in their community. tnr is the centerpiece of our mission. we offer resources to residents of collier county who are willing to trap and transport cats to local veterinarians for surgery and vaccines. please visit us at the petsmart store on pine ridge road in naples on saturdays from 10 - 3 to discuss your needs. how to help feral and stray cats feed the cat ( s ) every day at the same time and place feeding location and time - locate the bowls of food and water in a protected area that is out of sight from public view. you do not want anyone doing harm to the cats. feed just after dark or very early in the morning so no one sees you. if ants get into the food, buy \u201c food grade diatomaceous earth \u201d from the feed store ( or online at www. dirtworks. com ) and sprinkle on the ground around the area. it will kill the ants but will not be harmful to the cats. you can make an affordable covered feeding station", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4149172190518872, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.771086"} {"text": "earth \u201d from the feed store ( or online at www. dirtworks. com ) and sprinkle on the ground around the area. it will kill the ants but will not be harmful to the cats. you can make an affordable covered feeding station / shelter for the cats by buying a large 4 foot rubbermaid container from home depot. take the lid off ( use the lid for something else ), turn it upside down, cut out both of the ends and use 2 bungee cords to strap it to a wooden shipping pallet ( can be acquired from grocery stores and other business, usually for free ). trap, neuter and return ( tnr ) them to the same place - feral cats cannot be relocated sterilizing the cat affordably - call the collier spay neuter clinic at 239 - 514 - 7647 getting a trap - borrow a trap from domestic animal services on davis road in naples ( deposit required ) or the collier spay / neuter clinic on immokolee rd 239 - 514 - 7647 buy a trap from lowes or tractor supply ( havahart # 1079 ) for approx. $ 50. 00 trapping the cat - call the clinic to make sure they can take the cat on the morning you plan to have your cat in the trap locate the trap where you feed. cover the back, top and sides of the trap with a towel to make it more appealing. if the trap is near sprinklers, cover the trap with a black garbage bag first and overlay the bag with a towel. put the trap out just after dusk and check on it during the night if you can. otherwise, check early in the morning before anyone knows it is there if you have the cat in the trap, cover the trap completely with towels to calm the cat down. cover the back seat of your car with garbage bags and transport the cat to the clinic asap. be prepared to pick the cat up the next morning. after you pick up the sterilized cat from the vet, put newspaper down on the floor of your garage and put the towel covered trap on the newspaper overnight bring the covered trap back to your feeding location early the next morning and release the cat. the cat may disappear for several days but will be back to resume normal activities continue to feed and care for the cats", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3706574129743325, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.772027"} {"text": "what are tachyons? tachyons are hypothetical particles that can only travel faster than the speed of light. as you probably know, objects with a real number for mass can never travel at the speed of light because of einstein ' s theory of relativity. as a consequence of this theory, as a objects velocity increases its mass increases. as is it can be seen by the following formula mass = rest _ mass * 1 / sqrt ( 1 - v ^ 2 / c ^ 2 ). at the speed of light the mass becomes infinite. so, it would take an infinite amount of energy for a massive particle to reach the speed of light. these objects are sometimes called tardyons. photons can travel at the speed of light because they have no mass and their energy is e = planck ' s constant * nu ( frequency of the photon ). in order for something to travel at the speed of light it would have to have an imaginary number for its mass. an imaginary number is a number that is a multiple of the square root of a negative number. as a particle travels faster than the speed of light the denominator of mass = rest _ mass * 1 / sqrt ( 1 - v ^ 2 / c ^ 2 ) becomes imaginary, the imaginary mass would counteract this and we ( in the rest frame ) would see something that had real mass in the rest frame but something that always traveled faster than the speed of light. there have been a few experiments to find tachyons using a detector called a cerenkov detector. this detector is able to measure the speed of a particle traveling through a medium. photons travel at a slower speed inside a medium. if a particle travels though a medium at a speed that is greater than light for that medium cerenkov radiation occurs. this is analogous to the sonic boom produced when an airplane travels faster than the speed of sound in air or the shock wave at the bow of a ship. if tachyons existed you would be able to see cerenkov radiation in a vacuum. a few cerenkov experiments were conducted in a vacuum and no radiation was found, so it is generally accepted that tachyons do no exist. i hope this helped you. christina l. hebert graduate student at fermilab | last modified 12 / 11 / 1999 firstname. lastname @ example. org |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5841285326770086, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.774644"} {"text": "select product type tips & advice : different type of bird feeders bird feeders come in all different shapes, materials & sizes all with the same goal of attracting the widest variety of birds as possible to your garden to feed. what you put in the feeder is the key factor to attracting the birds into your garden. so whether its a seed, peanut or suet feeder its important to try a variety of foods in the feeders to find out which birds like what food. the important factor is ensuring what ever feeder you use that the food can flow easily from it. keeping the feeder clean will help ensure any trapped food is removed allowing it to flow freely and at the same time reduce the risk of any bacteria. seed feeders are one of the most popular type of feeders probably because of the wide variety of foods you can get to fill them, and the more feeders you site with a variety of different seeds the wider species of birds you are likely to attract. seed feeders come in a variety of designs from tubular feeding stations to hopper type feeders with a trough at the base for the birds to eat from. they all come in many different designs to not only appeal to the birds but also to the bird watchers. seed feeders are designed to dispense various types of different seed like wild bird seed blended mixes, sunflowers - black, striped or hearts. some seed requires a specially designed feeders like niger / thistle seed feeders. niger / thistle seed is very light and small and without using a specific feeder the seed can blow away and fall through the holes of standard seed feeders. tubular style seed feeders come with a various number of feeding ports where birds can hang or perch to feed. the more ports you have the more birds that can feed at anyone time, and quiet often the more confident the birds feel feeding as there is safety in numbers. ensure feeders with more than 2 ports are tall enough to enable birds of all sizes to perch or hang utilising all ports at once. hopper style feeders - the lantern feeder is an example of a hopper feeder. the seed is dispensed through positioned gaps in base of the casing, and with these type of feeders the seed falls into a small trough round the base of the feeder and the birds perch and hang onto the perches to feed on the seed. feeders can be hung from a bird table, post, wall, fence or suitable branch of a tree using a bracket, hook, rope or other secure suitable anchor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42748446344052105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.781861"} {"text": "feeder and the birds perch and hang onto the perches to feed on the seed. feeders can be hung from a bird table, post, wall, fence or suitable branch of a tree using a bracket, hook, rope or other secure suitable anchor point. its important that the fixing is secure at all times as when the feeders are full of food and the birds are feeding the weight and movement can result in them becoming insecure. peanut feeders are another popular type of feeder. they too come in various shapes, sizes & materials and are essential for dispensing peanuts to the birds in your garden. its important that peanuts are fed from a specific feeder in order that birds cant get at the peanuts whole as this can cause choking especially amongst fledgling in the spring. peanut feeders are usually a cylindrical tube covered in a steel mesh which birds hang from while they peck away at the nuts inside. having to peck away at the nuts through the mesh not only ensure the birds cant eat the nuts whole but also ensures they hang around in your garden longer to feed. bringing hours of entertainment to those who love watching the birds. peanuts attract a wide variety of birds - blue tits, great tits, woodpeckers, greenfinches, nuthatch are just a few of the regular visitors that will enjoy feeding on peanuts in your garden. another visitor that loves to feed at the peanut feeder will be the squirrel. so if you have problems with the squirrels that visit your garden then use a squirrel proof feeder to deter their unwanted attention. tubular and hopper feeders made of plastic are an easy target for squirrels as they gnaw through the plastic fitments to get to the food. buying feeders made of metal or ceramic fitments helps keep squirrels at bay as they are harder to penetrate while hanging upside down from a fence, tree or bird table. while they are more expensive to buy initially they are well worth it as they are more likely to survive the attention of the squirrels - although determined squirrels may still find a way. as squirrels are very partial to seeds and nuts, while it can be very entertaining watching them become acrobat ' s as they strip and destroy the feeders to reduce this destruction you can buy specially designed feeder that restrict squirrels. squirrel proof feeders - are very attractive feeders that have the tubular feeder encased by a metal plastic coated cage, which stops squirrels being able to get at the feeder and the food inside. these feeders are designed to allow the smaller birds into the cage through the wire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47005785570908337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.782836"} {"text": "are very attractive feeders that have the tubular feeder encased by a metal plastic coated cage, which stops squirrels being able to get at the feeder and the food inside. these feeders are designed to allow the smaller birds into the cage through the wire gaps to feed in peace out of the reach of the larger birds and the squirrels that compete for their food. squirrel proof feeders are available for dispensing seed or nuts and even ones that can dispense both within the same feeder. even if you don ' t get a problem from squirrels in your garden using one of these feeders keeps a feeder in your garden that only the smaller birds can feed from encouraging a wider variety of smaller birds into your garden to feed. suet feeders are plastic coated wire holders designed to hold fat balls or suet blocks efficiently while birds feed. the suet block holders are designed for holding suet blocks but are also idea for placing toast or bread and scrap in. fat ball feeders are designed to hold fat balls. the plastic netting that fat balls come wrapped in ideally should be removed and the fat ball placed in a suitable feeder to reduce the risk of the birds becoming trapped in the fine netting or choking on the plastic netting as they peck at the suet. suet feeders due to the nature of the food that goes in them require regular cleaning to avoid any remains of the food going rancid. they should be cleaned everytime before being replenished. wash in hot soapy water first rinse well and then clean with a cleaner disinfectant like bug gard. suet is high in fat which is a good source of nourishment and attracts many different birds in particular nuthatches, woodpeckers, tits and starlings. starling can ly devour your suet treat in no time at all and to ensure others birds get the chance to feed from them you might want to place the suet in an area of the garden that the larger birds like starling find more difficult to feed from or place the suet feeder inside a metal cage to restrict access to the larger birds & squirrels. feeding tray are an alternative way of feeding birds their food while keeping it off the ground. feeding trays are raised off the ground, usually made of a wood or metal frame with a fine wire mesh base. the advantage of a feeding tray is food thats not suitable for feeding from a feeder - for example ground food, suet pellets, dried mealworms etc can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43681674692818406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.784175"} {"text": "by : katie burns date : 8 / 1 / 11 registered dietitians are aware of the science behind the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans and are knowledgeable of the impact poor diet can play on one \u2019 s health, but an important component of food and health that is often overlooked or oversimplified is food safety. a significant public health issue, the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that there are 48 million illnesses, 128, 000 hospitalizations and 3, 000 deaths per year in the united states related to foodborne illness. food safety doesn \u2019 t strengthen your bones ; it won \u2019 t help manage your weight, nor will it help you run faster and jump higher. however, it does play an important role in disease prevention and overall health and wellness. unfortunately, the ific foundation 2011 food & health survey has shown a steady decline in safe food handling practices by consumers : \u2022 clean : only about 80 % of americans report washing their hands with soap and water and only 71 % report washing cutting boards when preparing food or getting ready to eat ; \u2022 separate : less than two - thirds of americans separate raw foods from ready - to - eat foods, and only about half use different cutting boards for each product. \u2022 cook : while 68 % of americans indicate they cook their food to the required temperature, less than 30 % report using a food thermometer to check the food \u2019 s doneness. \u2022 chill : nearly 70 % of americans report storing leftovers within two hours of serving. while the majority of americans are not seeking out registered dietitians to learn about food safety, only 2 % stated they had received food safety information from a registered dietitian, according to the 2011 food & health survey, the basic food safety practices of \u201c clean, separate, cook and chill \u201d can easily be attached to nutrition messages. after all, \u201c food isn \u2019 t nutritious unless it \u2019 s safe! \u201d \u2022 enjoy your food. o clean : when you \u2019 re getting ready to eat or make a meal, wash your hands with soap and water. you \u2019 ll enjoy your food so much more knowing you \u2019 ve taken a step to keep it safe, plus it will allow you to slow down and think about the food you \u2019 re about to eat \u2014 just one more way to be mindful about what you eat! \u2022 make half your plate fruits and vegetables. o separate : when preparing your meal, keep raw meat, poultry, seafood and eggs ( and their juices ) away from ready - to - eat foods like fruits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4666364635389566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.787457"} {"text": "how to read a balance sheet : current and quick ratios you ' ve read through our abbreviated definitions of various items on the balance sheet - - congratulations. now we ' ll have some fun with numbers and play around with these bits of information. we do this to get the nitty - gritty details about how well the company manages its assets and whether or not its price represents a bargain, based on the assets it has at its disposal. the first tool you use is called the current ratio. a measure of just how much liquidity a company has, this number is simply the current assets divided by the current liabilities. for instance, if joe ' s bar and grill has $ 10 million in current assets and $ 5 million in current liabilities, here ' s the formula : $ 10 million current assets / $ 5 million current liabilities = 2. 0 current ratio as a general rule, a current ratio of 1. 5 or greater can meet near - term operating needs sufficiently. a higher current ratio can suggest that a company is hoarding assets instead of using them to grow the business - - not the worst thing in the world, but it ' s something that could affect long - term returns. you should always check a company ' s current ratio ( and any other ratio ) against the same information for its main competitors. certain industries have their own norms in terms of the current ratios that do make sense and those that do not. for instance, in the auto industry, a high current ratio makes a lot of sense if a company does not want to go bankrupt during the next recession. when we discussed inventories, we mentioned that sometimes inventories are not necessarily worth the amount they are on the books for. this is particularly true in retail, where you routinely see close - out sales with 60 % to 80 % markdowns. it is even worse when a company going out of business is forced to liquidate its inventory, sometimes for pennies on the dollar. and if a company has much of its liquid assets tied up in inventory, it will be very dependent on the sale of that inventory to finance operations. if the company is not growing sales very quickly, this can turn into an albatross that forces the company to issue stock or take on debt. because of all of this, it pays to check the quick ratio. the quick ratio is simply current assets minus inventories divided by current liabilities. by taking inventories out of the equation, you can find out if a company has sufficient liquid assets to meet short - term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.453228357427043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.790867"} {"text": ", it pays to check the quick ratio. the quick ratio is simply current assets minus inventories divided by current liabilities. by taking inventories out of the equation, you can find out if a company has sufficient liquid assets to meet short - term operating needs. if you look at the balance sheet of joe ' s bar and grill, you ' ll see that the company has $ 2. 5 million of current assets in hamburger buns that are sitting in inventory. you now can figure out the company ' s quick ratio : quick ratio = ( current assets - inventories ) / current liabilities ( $ 10 million current assets - $ 2. 5 million inventories ) / $ 5 million current liabilities = 1. 5 quick ratio looks like joe ' s makes the grade again. most people look for a quick ratio greater than 1. 0 to be sure there is enough cash on hand to pay bills and keep going. like the current ratio, the quick ratio can also vary by industry. it always pays to compare this ratio to that of peers in the same industry to understand what it means in context. in addition, some investors will use something called the cash ratio : the amount of cash a company has divided by its current liabilities. this is not a tool to use, however, so we don ' t have a general guideline if you want to check it. it is just another method to compare companies in the same industry to determine how well they are funded. for more lessons on reading a balance sheet, follow the links at the bottom of our introductory article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45341064217164906, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.791450"} {"text": "no one knew the american history better than gore vidal. it was in his blood. he learnt it from a grandfather who served in the senate, and from his personal association with the great american political families of his time. from his home atop a ravello cliff face he spun wonderful stories out of american history, buttressed by a flawless memory and a talent for mimicry. his historical novels chart the emergence of america as a continental power with centralised government, and what he saw as a descent into imperialism. he embodied an anti - imperial tradition that goes back to mark twain \u2013 representing an isolationist viewpoint that once ran deep in america. gore vidal believed no foreign war justified a single american life and this view was his fundamental political commitment. and he loved a political feud \u2013 his own being a vendetta against bobby kennedy, with whom he clashed while campaigning for the us congress in 1962. he told me once that addressing an anti - nixon rally in boston he was asked, \" why is nixon so hated in massachusetts? \" his roared response : \" because having seen so many crooks in its history, the people of massachusetts recognise a crook when they see one! \" the public applause, so strong it was almost a blow to the chest, confirmed in him a love of oratory and the chance to occupy a political stage. he would have loved to have been a politician and stood twice \u2013 once for congress and later for the senate from california. he would have traded all his literary accomplishments for a chance to serve as a long term senator, and to have one day run for president. gore vidal ' s passing at age 86 is a loss to his country, to literature and to history. farewell to a polymath, a storyteller and a wonderful writer. his essays may have been the best in the language. there won ' t be another mind like his. - minister ' s office : ( 02 ) 6277 7500 - dfat media liaison : ( 02 ) 6261 1555", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42871284734408865, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.793458"} {"text": "miraflores is the name of one of the three locks that form part of the panama canal and the name of the small lake that separates these locks from the pedro miguel locks upstream. in the miraflores locks, vessels are lifted ( or lowered ) 54 feet ( 16. 5 m ) in two stages, allowing them to transit to or from the pacific ocean port of balboa ( near panama city ). ships cross below the puente de las americas ( bridge of the americas ) which connects north and south america. as of 2005, the following schedule was in effect for ship transit through the locks. from 06 : 00 to 15 : 15, ships travel from the pacific towards the atlantic. from 15 : 45 to 23 : 00 ships travel from the atlantic towards the pacific. at any other time, travel is permitted in both directions, a modern visitor centre allows tourists to have a full view of the miraflores locks operation. binoculars are recommended to view the pedro miguel locks in the distance. as of 2010, admittance for adults to the visitors centre costs us $ 5 ( observation terrace ) or $ 8 ( supporting exhibits and video show added ) with lower rates for children and senior citizens. panama residents are admitted free of charge. viewing a transit operation at the centre can take more than 30 minutes. a souvenir shop in the base level sells related merchandise. the centre closes at 17 : 00. the panama canal ( spanish : canal de panama ) is a 48 - mile ( 77. 1 km ) ship canal in panama that connects the atlantic ocean ( via the caribbean sea ) to the pacific ocean. the canal cuts across the isthmus of panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. there are locks at each end to lift ships up to gatun lake ( 85 feet ( 26 m ) above sea - level ). gatun lake was created to reduce the amount of work required for the canal. the current locks are 110 feet ( 33. 5 m ) wide. a third, wider lane of locks is being built. france began work on the canal in 1881, but had to stop because of engineering problems and high mortality due to disease. the united states ( us ) later took over the project and took a decade to complete the canal in 1914, enabling ships to avoid the lengthy cape horn route around the southernmost tip of south america ( via the drake passage ) or to navigate the strait of magellan. one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the panama canal shortcut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4382687475485225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.796804"} {"text": "1914, enabling ships to avoid the lengthy cape horn route around the southernmost tip of south america ( via the drake passage ) or to navigate the strait of magellan. one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the panama canal shortcut made it possible for ships to travel between the atlantic and pacific oceans in half the time previously required. the shorter, faster, safer route to the us west coast and to nations in and along the pacific ocean allowed those places to become more integrated with the world economy. during this time, ownership of the territory that is now the panama canal was first colombian, then french, and then american ; the united states completed the construction. the canal was taken over in 1999 by the panamanian government, as long planned. annual traffic has risen from about 1, 000 ships when the canal opened in 1914, to 14, 702 vessels in 2008, the latter measuring a total of 309. 6 million panama canal / universal measurement system ( pc / ums ) tons. by 2008, more than 815, 000 vessels had passed through the canal, many of them much larger than the original planners could have envisioned ; the largest ships that can transit the canal today are called panamax. the american society of civil engineers has named the panama canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43864869216038355, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.797321"} {"text": "gardening articles : care : : soil, water, & fertilizer transplanting eggplant, peppers, and okra ( page 2 of 2 ) by national gardening association editors head off cutworms one of the simplest treatments to prevent cutworm damage can be done when you transplant. simply take a strip of newspaper two or three inches wide and wrap it around the stem of the plant. when you place the plant in its hole, make sure an inch of the newspaper strip is below the soil surface, withthe rest staying above ground. this prevents the dreaded cutworm from chewing through the stem of your tender young plant. run through a checklist in your mind before you start to transplant. this will prevent you from reaching for something that isn ' t there while the roots of the plant you ' ve just taken from its pot start to dry out. is it cloudy or late in the day? is the soil fully prepared? are the plants properly hardened off? do you have a shovel or trowel, fertilizer or compost, newspaper cutworm collars and watering can at hand? if not, do whatever is necessary before starting to transplant. even though you ' ve hardened off your transplants, they still have tender roots. getting them into the ground quickly will help prevent any damage to the roots and help minimize the shock.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3659305765070969, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.799974"} {"text": "eshelby islands site plan 1. 1 rationalesite plans are an important management tool used jointly by the great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) and the department of environment and resource management ( derm ). they identify the significant values and management arrangements at a particular site, concentrating on the specific use issues and cumulative impacts. the waters surrounding eshelby island ( 20 - 012 ) and little eshelby island ( 20 - 013 ) have been assigned to a protected setting ( setting 5 ) in the whitsundays plan of management 2008 ( wpom ). due to their protected setting, the wpom requires that this site plan be developed to ensure protection of the natural, cultural and heritage values of the eshelby islands. eshelby island is a high continental island, located approximately 30 kilometres north of airlie beach. figure 1 : map of eshelby islands [ pdf 1. 262mb ] 2. natural, cultural and heritage values the values described below are not exhaustive, but are indicative of the significance of the area covered by this site plan. birds are an integral part of the marine park and the great barrier reef world heritage area and the whitsundays are recognised internationally as an important stopover for migratory birds. colfelt ( 1985 ) notes that eshelby island probably has the most prolific bird life of any island in the whitsundays. eshelby island is an important rookery for the bridled tern sterna anaethetus and the common noddy anous stolidus. up to 10 000 bridled terns have been recorded on the island at one time. both of these species are listed marine and migratory species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999. eshelby island also hosts numerous other bird species, some of which are vulnerable, or at risk of becoming vulnerable, in the whitsundays. in 1935 an unmanned navigational light was erected on eshelby island. initially powered by batteries, it was converted to solar power in 1985. 2. 3 traditional owners the islands and surrounding areas are culturally significant to the ngaro aboriginal traditional owner group. the islands, reefs and surrounding waters are part of the cultural landscape. spiritual connections are often associated with the natural and cultural resources. the central queensland land council aboriginal corporation is the representative body for traditional owners whose estates are located in the whitsunday region. 3. current use eshelby island is a commonwealth island, managed by the gbrmpa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43798518853683943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.807632"} {"text": "natural and cultural resources. the central queensland land council aboriginal corporation is the representative body for traditional owners whose estates are located in the whitsunday region. 3. current use eshelby island is a commonwealth island, managed by the gbrmpa. part of eshelby island is leased to the australian maritime safety authority ( amsa ), which maintains the lighthouse on the island. no recreational or commercial visitation to the islands or the surrounding waters is allowed as the islands are within a preservation ( pink ) zone, which prohibits access. nb : access is allowed under exceptional circumstances. refer to 4. 1. 2 ( a ). 4. management strategies 4. 1 current management the waters surrounding the eshelby islands are within a preservation ( pink ) zone under both state and commonwealth zoning plans. marine park zoning map 10 shows the zoning at the eshelby islands. the objective of the preservation zone is to preserve the natural integrity and values of the area, generally undisturbed by human activities. eshelby island ( as opposed to the waters surrounding the island ) is zoned as a commonwealth island. the zoning plan is one of a range of management tools for the eshelby islands. other management tools include the whitsundays plan of management 2008, the great barrier reef marine park act 1975 and great barrier reef marine park regulations 1983. 4. 1. 2 restricted access 4. 1. 2 ( a ) vessel access access into the preservation zone surrounding the islands is prohibited without the written permission of the gbrmpa. under exceptional circumstances, such as responding to an emergency, permission is not required to enter the preservation zone. these circumstances are described in part 5 of the zoning plan. 4. 1. 2 ( b ) aircraft access the eshelby islands are identified as significant bird sites in the whitsundays plan of management 2008. aircraft are not allowed to approach within 1000 metres of the islands below 1500 feet ( above ground or water ). 4. 1. 3 research and monitoring written permission from the gbrmpa is required to conduct research activities in the preservation zone surrounding the eshelby islands, or on the islands themselves. in accordance with section 2. 8. 4 of the zoning plan, permission will only be granted if the research : a ) is relevant to, and a priority for, the management of the marine park b ) cannot reasonably be conducted elsewhere. 4. 2 proposed management access to the eshelby islands is adequately managed under the zoning plan. at this time no further management strategies are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4371631782088327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.809154"} {"text": "relevant to, and a priority for, the management of the marine park b ) cannot reasonably be conducted elsewhere. 4. 2 proposed management access to the eshelby islands is adequately managed under the zoning plan. at this time no further management strategies are required. 5. community engagement this site plan was developed in consultation with derm, the whitsunday local marine advisory committee, the tourism and recreation reef advisory committee, traditional owners and local users of the marine park. for further information or to provide comments on the site plan, please call ( 07 ) 4750 0700 or email email @ example. com blackwood, r. ( 1997 ). the whitsunday islands : an historic dictionary. central queensland university press. colfelt, d. ( 1985 ). 100 magic miles of the great barrier reef \u2013 the whitsunday islands. windward publications. if you ' re heading out on the water, don ' t forget your free zoning map so you know where you can go and what you can do. the great barrier reef is a hive of activity. if you ' re lucky enough to see a humpback whale from may to september, make sure you keep a safe distance. we ' re delighted to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the great barrier reef marine park ' s world heritage listing. visit our great barrier reef and discover its amazing plants, animals and habitats. there are a range of tourism experiences on offer. everyone has a role to play in protecting our great barrier reef. find out what you can do to help protect this great australian icon. if you see sick, dead or stranded marine animals please call rspca qld 1300 animal ( 1300 264 625 ) a vulnerability assessment : of the issues that could have far - reaching consequences for the great barrier reef.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.451879194187129, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.810157"} {"text": "how the flute works the native american flute has two chambers. air enters the first chamber and is forced upward by the wall between the two chambers and out through an opening in the top of the flute. the air is then redirected by a block ( also known as a bird or fetish ) affixed to the top into a hole in the second chamber. as the air enters the second chamber, the sound is created. because the block plays such an important role, make sure it is positioned properly. make certain that the bottom leading edge of the block is lined up with the back of the hole and centered. later you may wish to experiment by varying the position back or forward 1 / 32 to 1 / 16 of an inch. the sound is influenced by : 1. the tuning of the flute, 2. the nature of the wood from which the flute is crafted, 3. the finger placements over the holes, 4. the force of the air by the player. let ' s begin with the basics buttons to hear example of sounds ) check fetish - always check the fetish on your flute to make sure it is placed with the bottom leading edge of the block lined up with the back of the hole and centered. holding your flute & finger placement - the middle three fingers of each hand cover the holes of a six hole flute and the forefinger and middle finger of your top hand and the middle three fingers of your bottom hand cover the holes of your 5 hole flute. the \" textbook \" method is left hand on top but many fine players place the right hand on top. experiment both ways to find which is most comfortable for you. pads vs tips of fingers - the holes are covered by the pads of the finger, not the tips. covering the holes with the pads of your fingers best assures total coverage which is vital. producing sound & the \" sigh \" - sigh into the flute rather than blow. you should get a low mellow sound. technically the top lip is pulled back against the upper teeth but this is far less important than breathing gently ( sighing ) into the flute rather than \" blowing \". if you hear a squeal, you are failing to completely cover all six holes. if you get a high sound, you are over blowing. however, there are a few fingering combinations that work best with \" overblow \" particularly on notes with the top hole open. you will discover this as you practice the drills. air leak blow variations in breathing \" tuh \" - if you elect to play the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4762099242308657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.814937"} {"text": "a few fingering combinations that work best with \" overblow \" particularly on notes with the top hole open. you will discover this as you practice the drills. air leak blow variations in breathing \" tuh \" - if you elect to play the same note more than once in a sequence, \" tuh \" into the flute for each note you are playing while covering all holes on your flute. \" woo \" - volume variations can be easily achieved by breathing the sound \" woo \" into the flute while increasing and decreasing the volume of air. \" ha \" - vibrato can be created by making the sound \" ha, ha, ha, ha, ha \" almost like gargling into the flute. the more you play, the more you will learn to experiment with your breath. combination - play some notes long, some short, use more or less force ( as a general rule, use more force on higher notes ). vary the force within a note, remember there is no right or wrong way, just fun and joy, so find what feels good to you. tapping rapidly, lift and lower your finger or slide it over a hole during a continuous breath. sliding is moving a finger across a hole while you play. lesson four playing scales 5 hole scale basic minor scale 5 hole flute practice this scale in both directions. drills and songs for the basic scale follow. remember to breathe as needed. you may wish to practice in front of a mirror ( if you turn blue, you are not breathing enough ). 6 hole scale minor pentatonic scale 6 hole flute practice this scale in both directions. drills and songs for the basic pentatonic scale follow. remember to breathe as needed. you may wish to practice in front of a mirror ( if you turn blue, you are not breathing enough ). note : if your flute begins to sound a little funny after a long playing session, tap the air chamber hole vigorously against the palm of your hand or shake the flute, air chamber down, to remove the excess moisture. most flute lovers own multiple flutes so they can rotate for freshness and to play different keys. other scales, drills and songs are included in our books. why is grand canyon flutes the number one place to buy flutes & drums? we carry the world ' s largest selection of finely crafted native american style flutes & drums we ship immediately by priority mail... no backorders... no delays we carry flutes from the finest flute & drum makers in the business our instruction / song books are easy to follow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4771123563569434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.815970"} {"text": "if you are the mother of a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ), you may be at increased risk for depression, according to a study conducted by a louisiana - based family physician. dr. louis mccormick conducted a year - long study of mothers of children with adhd who were patients in his franklin, la., medical practice. of the 39 mothers who took the study \u2019 s self - test for depression, 21 had scores that suggested depression. eleven women scored in the \u201c minimal to mild \u201d range ; five in the \u201c moderate to marked \u201d range ; and five in the \u201c severe to extreme \u201d range. the mothers were then interviewed, diagnosed and, where appropriate, treated. so, what does this study really mean? mccormick theorizes that the stress of parenting an adhd child can create situational depression, that is, depression caused by a specific stressful life event : divorce, death of a loved one, losing one \u2019 s job, an unwilling move to another location, ill parents and, of course, in this case, a child with an extremely demanding and frustrating condition which, in some cases, can also create financial distress. adhd children are often loud, physically overactive, impulsive, and seemingly unwilling to follow directions. they can be reckless, even accident - prone. they may alienate their friends, frustrate their teachers, and annoy neighbors, thereby causing their mothers great distress on many levels. while certainly there is treatment for adhd, it requires much time and fine - tuning to develop the appropriate skills for dealing with a child \u2019 s behavior, and for the overall treatment ( which sometimes includes medication ) to be effective. this requires great patience and persistence from the parents. this can take a major psychological toll on mothers who are most often the primary caretakers. in some cases, mothers may have a biological predisposition to depression. the enormous stress of parenting an adhd child, mccormick believes, triggers that predisposition to depression, and is an underlying, additional layer of the situational depression. it is extremely important to be aware of the possible increased risk of depression if you are the mother of a child with adhd so that you will be as vigilant about your own health as you are about your child \u2019 s. if you suspect that you may suffer from depression, have seen your family physician to eliminate any physiological causes, you can request a self - test or other appropriate test from a professional counselor or psychologist. you can take the test in the privacy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781981524459558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.820167"} {"text": "what is a news feed? a news feed ( also known as an rss feed ) is a listing of a website ' s content. it is updated whenever new content is published to the site. news readers \" subscribe \" to news feeds, which means they download lists of stories at an interval that you specify ( every 30 minutes, for example ), and present them to you in your news reader. a news feed might contain a list of story headlines, a list of excerpts from the stories, or a list containing each story from the website ( bluedevil ' s news feeds contain story excerpts ). all news feeds will have a link back to the website, so if you see a headline / excerpt / story you like, you can click on the link for that piece of content and will be taken to the website to read it. what is a news reader? a news reader ( also known as a news aggregator ) is simply a piece of software that you can use to read your subscribed news feeds. it is to news feeds what outlook, hotmail, and entourage are to email what is rss? rss ( really simple syndication ) is an xml - based format for sharing and distributing web content, such as news headlines. using an rss reader, you can view data feeds from various news sources, including headlines, summaries, links to full stories.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47159739383646027, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.821503"} {"text": "public funding for transportation goes back further than the eye can see, from building the erie canal to construction of the new york city subway and interstate highways. in each case, the decision to expend public monies was based on pressing public needs for expansion of canal, transit and highway systems and the belief that public investment would pay dividends in economic growth. new york and new jersey officials are now faced with deciding whether privately operated ferries should be next in line for public funding. new york waterway, which currently carries 32, 000 passengers a day, primarily from new jersey to manhattan, is experiencing acute financial difficulties. the company \u2019 s president, arthur imperatore, announced this month at a city council hearing that, \u201c new york waterway is dying. \u201d the company has closed some routes and is planning to shut down additional routes later this month. as with the region \u2019 s bus, subway, rail and highway systems, proponents of public subsidies argue that ferries provide a vital transportation service and spur economic development, in this case, along the new jersey waterfront. without the ferries, as many as 5, 000 cars now parked near the new jersey shore might travel into manhattan each day, further burdening already congested tunnels and bridges into manhattan. and ferries provide important redundancy in the transportation system, a fact graphically highlighted on september 11, 2001. ironically, ny waterway, established in 1986, has long been hailed as a model of private entrepreneurship. imperatore \u2019 s father set up the company to provide easy access to manhattan for his new jersey residential developments. the company offered not only ferry service but also bus service in midtown to access west side ferry terminals. at first glance, ferry service might seem to be an ideal candidate for private operation. ferries serve a niche market of customers who lack ready access to new jersey \u2019 s bus and rail networks or who prefer the ambiance of waterborne transportation to the crush of path trains. ferry riders are generally well - paid professionals. and by increasing access to manhattan jobs, the ferries make private residential developments on the jersey side of the hudson river more attractive and valuable. ny waterway \u2019 s current troubles were spawned by decisions intended to build on its own success. ferry ridership doubled after the 9 / 11 attacks, which closed the path system \u2019 s world trade center station. both the company and public agencies leapt at opportunities to increase ferry services by adding routes and revamping ferry terminals. but after ny waterway took on $ 33 million in debt to buy new boats, path reopened ahead of schedule,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3817231884322028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.831778"} {"text": "world trade center station. both the company and public agencies leapt at opportunities to increase ferry services by adding routes and revamping ferry terminals. but after ny waterway took on $ 33 million in debt to buy new boats, path reopened ahead of schedule, manhattan job losses produced a drop in the number of commuters, ridership fell off after the hudson river froze for two weeks last winter, fuel prices doubled and the company spent $ 4 million in legal fees over a dispute with the federal government over billing practices for post - 9 / 11 service. some officials are now calling on government agencies to keep the service running. hudson county ( nj ) officials formulated a plan to buy the company and operate it in concert with hoboken and weehawken. but state officials last week nixed that plan. some hudson county and new york city council officials are calling on the city of new york and the port authority of new york and new jersey to step in. new york city councilmember david yassky urged the city to waive docking fees that total $ 1. 5 million a year. council members also urged the port authority to authorize subsidies amounting to $ 16. 6 million a year. tom fox of new york water taxi, a competitor to ny waterway which is putting together a plan with three other ferry and sightseeing cruise companies to take over ny waterway routes, said subsidies are needed to compete with the heavily subsidized path lines. the city transportation department responded that the council would need to offset the revenue loss if landing fees were waived. the port authority was noncommittal, calling for a \u201c multiagency review of ferry service throughout the region. \u201d the port authority also pointed out that it has invested, or plans to invest, more than $ 100 million in ferry terminals, roadway upgrades and other infrastructure costs. thus, the issue is not whether privately operated ferries should receive public subsidies, but what form of subsidies, and how much, and who will pay. the most fundamental question is whether public agencies should subsidize specific ferry routes to keep them running. on the one hand, equitable treatment of commuters suggest that the public should subsidize ferry travelers. after all, the path system and nyc bus system only recover 41 percent of their operating expenses and even the nyc subway, which leads all transit systems in the u. s. in farebox cost recovery, only pays 67 percent of its expenses from fares, according to federal data ( in pdf format ) summarized in a brookings institution study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3647355984652809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.833343"} {"text": "expenses and even the nyc subway, which leads all transit systems in the u. s. in farebox cost recovery, only pays 67 percent of its expenses from fares, according to federal data ( in pdf format ) summarized in a brookings institution study. on the other hand, would political considerations overwhelm business decisions about which routes to keep, which to close and which to expand, leading to an inefficient and heavily subsidized ferry network that drains the public till? the reticence of the port authority and nyc transportation department to agree to operating subsidies is well founded. the port authority has increased its funding for path while keeping path fares relatively low. under pressure from staten island voters and elected officials, the giuliani administration abolished the staten island ferry fare. the average trip on the s. i. ferry costs $ 2. 95, all of which is paid by the city, none by riders. the city council recently adopted a bill to increase late night service and some rush hour service at an additional cost of $ 5 million a year. the test for public officials is now to find a way to support continued ferry service where it provides substantial public benefits while maintaining the market - driven sensitivities to both changing demand and opportunities for service that are the hallmark of private companies. this is a difficult task, made more so in the current crisis - driven environment, as ny waterway totters on the brink of closure. bruce schaller is head of schaller consulting, which provides research and analysis about transportation, and is also a visiting scholar at the center for transportation policy and management at new york university. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3904000235643489, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.834024"} {"text": "screen production and the environmenta major part of the screen production industry relies on the beauty and imagery of dramatic unspoilt natural landscapes. if these landscapes are not protected and cared for, the screen production industry will lose the stunning backdrops for its productions. it is vital that these images relate to reality. many of the negative environmental impacts associated with the screen production industry relate to location filming and how production companies treat sites. in many countries, including new zealand, environmental regulators and / or local authorities have implemented regulations for productions using sites protected for their environmental, historical or cultural importance. however, negative environmental impacts are not restricted to filming on location. studio operations also have their own environmental impacts, eg greenhouse gas emissions, even though there may be fewer environmental compliance issues than when filming on location. often it will be up to the production company to introduce voluntary measures for improving the management of the environmental impacts for studio productions. the screen production industry has a particular dependency on technical equipment, media and information technology. these have associated environmental impacts but also have the potential to provide and promote solutions to environmental problems. the availability of film and television to audiences has grown tremendously over the past 50 years. although entertainment is the main purpose for most films and programmes, screen production has the potential to profoundly influence the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of audiences in their day - to - day lives. convincing and effective portrayal of environmental and social issues through film and television plays an important role in raising public awareness especially in educational programmes and campaigns of governmental and non - governmental organisations. just as the screen industry and broadcast media have been used to promote social change, with respect to the dangers of smoking and drink - driving, better public awareness of environmental issues will lead to positive changes in people \u2019 s behaviour. it may mean that someone who has never recycled may begin to do so, or somebody else may decide to take the bus instead of the car or purchase ' environmentally friendly ' products.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42109934442561187, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.836776"} {"text": "no one knows how much warming is \" safe \". what we do know is that climate change is already harming people and ecosystems. its reality can be seen in melting glaciers, disintegrating polar ice, thawing permafrost, changing monsoon patterns, rising sea levels, changing ecosystems and fatal heat waves. scientists are not the only ones talking about these changes. from the apple growers in himachal to the farmers in vidharbha and those living in disappearing islands in the sunderbans are already struggling with the impacts of climate change. but this is just the beginning. we need to act to avoid catastrophic climate change. while not all regional effects are known yet, here are some likely future effects if we allow current trends to continue. relatively likely and early effects of small to moderate warming : natural systems, including glaciers, coral reefs, mangroves, arctic ecosystems, alpine ecosystems, boreal forests, tropical forests, prairie wetlands and native grasslands, will be severely threatened. longer term catastrophic effects if warming continues : greenland and antarctic ice sheets are melting. unless checked, warming from emissions may trigger the irreversible meltdown of the greenland ice sheet in the coming decades, which would add up to a seven meters rise in sea - level over some centuries. new evidence showing the rate of ice discharge from parts of the antarctic means that it is also facing a risk of meltdown. never before has humanity been forced to grapple with such an immense environmental crisis. if we do not take urgent and immediate action to stop global warming, the damage could become irreversible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47169137955578394, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.838931"} {"text": "stopping genetic junk never in the past have crops, cultivated by us, had to undergo such scrutiny. but the scrutiny is required especially in the case of genetically engineered [ ge ] or genetically modified [ gm ] crops. ge crops are organisms created artificially in labs through a process known as recombinant dna technology. the unpredictability and irreversibility of ge have raised a lot of questions about this technology. moreover, studies have found that ge crops harm the environment and have a potential to risk human health. all this has resulted in a controversy across the world about the need to introduce this dangerous technology. greenpeace in india and in several other countries entered the agriculture scenario with the campaign against the environmental release of ge or gm organisms. ge crops represent everything that is wrong with our agriculture. they perpetuate the destruction of our biodiversity and the increasing control of corporations over our food and farming. the anti ge campaign has contributed in ensuring a serious debate on the need for ge crops in the country. it has also ensured that india does not approve commercialisation of any gm food crop. the campaign has brought together farmers, consumers, traders, scientists and other civil society organisations to put up a brave front against the entry of gm crops in our country. this resulted in the indefinite moratorium on bt brinjal, the first gm food crop that was up for commercialisation. while bt brinjal has been stalled for now, 56 other crops are being genetically modified and are waiting for approval. rice is the leader amongst these. if not stopped the entire country would become one big feeding experiment for gm seed companies. the campaign is trying to plug the gaps in the existing regulatory system in the country to stop the release of any gm crops. we are also asking the government to come up with a bio - safety regime that will prioritise citizen \u2019 s health, environmental safety and the nation \u2019 s socio - economic fabric. as the citizen is also a consumer and has a right to safe gm free food, we have been mobilizing consumers and engaging with food brands in the country to ensure that the food industry in the country remains gm free. for the first time in india there is a consumer campaign against gm food and food brands have started to notice this consumer opinion. to summarise, our basic demands are : 1. a complete ban the release of any genetically modified organisms in the environment, either for commercial cultivation or for experiments. 2. re - focus scientific research on ecological alternatives, to identify agro - ecological practices", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4652546664309022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.842393"} {"text": "darpa looks to nanotechnology to target illnesses the defense advanced research projects agency hopes to develop intracellular platforms to fight diseases in warfighters. the research agency issued a solicitation on june 8 for help developing in vivo nanosensors for therapeutics ( ivn : tx ) that would fight diseases on a cellular level rather than relying on disease - specific medicines that require expensive and expansive storage and shipment. it said the new platform is needed because research like that done by the military infectious disease research program has shown more warfighters are hospitalized each year for infectious diseases than are wounded in combat. the negative effects of warfighter illness and downtime multiply when extended across the military, it said. numerous medicines have to be transported to military treatment facilities around the world, soldiers must be trained to fill new roles, and in some cases operational plans must be modified or even postponed, it said. the rapidly deployed and adaptable ivn : tx platform to treat military - relevant disease may reduce logistical burdens and increase operational readiness, it said. the platform looks to revolutionary treatment methods to get sick warfighters back on their feet, fast. the agency \u2019 s solicitation calls for development of nanoplatforms that treat a variety of diseases, including nanoparticle therapeutic platforms that could be rapidly modified to treat a broad range of diseases, but based on safe and effective technologies. the civilian medical community has been using small - molecule therapeutics to treat diseases for years, it said, because traditional drugs are often effective against only one disease, can have significant side effects and are very expensive to develop. \u201c doctors have been waiting for a flexible platform that could help them treat a variety of problematic diseases, \u201d said timothy broderick, physician and darpa program manager. \u201c darpa seeks to do just that by advancing revolutionary technologies such as nanoparticles coated with small interfering rna ( sirna ). rna plays an active role in all biological processes, and by targeting rna in specific cells, we may be able to stop the processes that cause diseases of all types \u2014 from contagious, difficult - to - treat bacteria such as mrsa to traumatic brain injury. \u201d the agency said safety is a key factor to the many potential technical approaches for ivn : tx. nanoplatforms, it said, must be biocompatible, nontoxic and designed with eventual regulatory approval in mind. the ivn : tx approach of treating illness inside specific cells may also minimize dosing required for clinical efficacy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49233999870302936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.845126"} {"text": "our focus will be on how film, art, literature, and music produce and represent global culture in new york city. we will study the changing venues for international art, the influence of diasporic communities, and the ways in which representations of new york city have changed since the attacks of 2001. critical examination of economic, political, and cultural processes that have defined what we mean by globalization. issues such as the political economy of film and music, the role of identity politics in literature and art, the problems of capital and labor in the global city will provice a strong historical and theoretical background for more specific investigations in our other courses. mapping the city through literature, film and new media readings and activities that will introduce students to the histories and cultures of new york as they are represented in books and on screens large and small. students will receive credit for working in a media or media - related organization. weekly blackboard entries will allow the class to talk together about their experiences. exploration and focused analysis of one form of contemporary media and its relations to globalization in order to suggest answers to one or more of the follow questions : what are the themes and values that inform works or activities that are considered \" universal \" or \" global \"? how does localization or culture identity persist in a global context? what approaches to or forms of media allow for individual or collective negotiation of the terrain or culture differences and convergences?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5075391510566831, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.849646"} {"text": "zachary taylor, our 12th president born in virginia in 1784, zachary taylor was taken to kentucky as an infant where he grew up on a large plantation. in 1808 he received his first commission as an army officer, becoming commander of the garrison at fort pickering ( memphis is located there today ). in 1810 he married margaret mackall smith. they had one son and five daughters. being transferred from one fort to another, taylor gained fame as an indian fighter, and received the nickname of \u201c old rough and ready \u201d for his homespun ways and wide - brimmed straw hat. the family settled in louisiana when taylor assumed command of the fort at baton rouge. he had a 40 - year military career in the u. s. army, serving in the war of 1812, black hawk war, and second seminole war. he also led troops to victory in several important battles of the mexican - american war. although a wealthy slave owner, taylor opposed the extension of slavery into areas where neither cotton nor sugar cane could be grown. as a national hero, he was nominated for president in 1848 by the whigs, who added millard fillmore of new york as vp to balance the ticket. for the first time the entire nation voted on the same day, november 7, 1848, and taylor and fillmore were narrowly elected. the slavery issue challenged taylor immediately. california and new mexico wanted statehood and the question of whether slavery would be allowed led to a bitter debate in congress. southern states threatened to call a secession convention. taylor issued a statement that he would hang anyone who tried to disrupt the union by force or by conspiracy. members of both parties in congress tried to work out a compromise which would placate both the slave and non - slave supporters. on july 4, 1850, while attending the fourth of july celebrations in washington, taylor contracted a stomach ailment and was dead by july 9. heat stroke, cholera, typhoid fever and food poisoning have all been suggested as the source of his fatal illness. he had eaten a hasty snack of iced milk, cold cherries and pickled cucumbers. also, although it was july, he was wearing a thick coat, vest, high - collared shirt and top hat which might have caused heat stroke. he was reported to have a red, flushed face and slurred speech. he is buried in louisville, kentucky, at what is now the zachary taylor national cemetery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.378048676727717, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.851974"} {"text": "acute ear infections account for 15 - 30 million visits to the doctor each year in the u. s. in fact, ear infections are the most common reason why an american child sees the doctor. acute otitis media ( aom ). about two - thirds of children will have a least one attack of aom by age 3, and a third of these children will have at least three episodes. boys are more likely to have infections than girls. aom generally affects children ages 6 - 18 months. the earlier a child has a first ear infection, the more susceptible they are to recurrent episodes ( for instance, three or more episodes within a 6 - month period ). as children grow, the structures in their ears enlarge and their immune systems become stronger. by 16 months, the risk for recurrent infections rapidly decreases. after age 5, most children have outgrown their susceptibility to any ear infections. otitis media with effusion. ome is very common in children age 6 months to 4 years, with about 90 % of children having ome at some point. more than 50 % of children have ome before the age of 1, and more than 60 % by age 2. other risk factors ear infections are more likely to occur in the fall and winter. the following conditions also put children at higher risk for ear infection : - allergies. some doctors believe that an increase in allergies is also partially responsible for the higher number of ear infection cases. allergies can cause inflammation in the airways, which may contribute to ear infections. allergies are also associated with asthma and sinusitis. however, a causal relationship between allergies and ear infections has not been definitively established. - enrollment in day care. although ear infections themselves are not contagious, the respiratory infections that often precede them can pose a risk for children who have close and frequent exposure to other children. some research suggests that the increasing rate of ear and other infections may be due to the increasing attendance of very small children, including infants, in day care centers. - exposure to second - hand cigarette smoke. parents who smoke pose a significant risk that their children will get both otitis media with effusion ( ome ) and recurrent acute otitis media ( aom ). ( passive smoking does not appear to be a cause of initial ear infections, however. ) - being bottle - fed as infants. babies who are bottle - fed may have a higher risk for otitis media than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4033549969254119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.856034"} {"text": "during a fluorescein eye stain test, a dark orange dye ( fluorescein ) is placed onto the outer surface of your eye, called the cornea. a blue light is then shone onto the eye. the dye will show any scratches, tears or foreign particles on your eye as a green color under the light. based on the staining, your doctor can identify any problems with your cornea or diagnosis certain conditions. this test is usually ordered if your doctor suspects you have damage on your cornea or foreign objects in your eye. if you wear contact lens, your doctor might do this test to see whether the contacts are damaging your cornea. you doctor may recommend a fluorescein eye stain test if he or she suspects you have abrasions, or scratches, on your cornea. the cornea is a clear surface that covers your outer eye. it is made up of cells and proteins. unlike most of your body \u2019 s other tissues, the cornea contains no blood vessels. it is protected and nourished by tears. it has two main functions \u2014 to protect the eye from dust, germs, and other harmful irritants ; and to permit and direct light as it enters the eye. the cornea is highly sensitive. if it becomes scratched or damaged, new cells quickly cover the injury to prevent infection from occurring. deeper scratches will take longer to heal and may cause scars. a fluorescein eye stain test can help detect corneal injuries, small foreign objects or particles in the eye, and abnormal tear production. the test may also help your doctor determine if your contact lenses are irritatingyour corneas. according to the developmental disabilities health alliance, this test has a 93 to 97 percent accuracy rate for detecting corneal problems. your ophthalmologist ( eye doctor ) will use either a small eyedropper or piece of blotting paper to place dye into your eye. he or she will ask you to blink several times to allow the dye to completely cover the surface of the cornea. blinking spreads the dye throughout your tear film \u2014 the wet surface of your eyeball that lubricates and protects the eye. the tear film is made up of water, oil, and mucus. you may feel a slight stinging sensation when the dye is first applied. after a few moments though, the dye will feel like normal liquid on the eye and will no longer be uncomfortable. the doctor will then shine a cobalt - blue light onto your eye. the combination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506675692468386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.860102"} {"text": "a slight stinging sensation when the dye is first applied. after a few moments though, the dye will feel like normal liquid on the eye and will no longer be uncomfortable. the doctor will then shine a cobalt - blue light onto your eye. the combination of this light and the dye will make any abnormalities or abrasions on the cornea appear green. from this, your ophthalmologist will be able to determine the location of any problems and evaluate the level of damage. if your eye is healthy and the cornea is undamaged, the dye will remain in the film on the surface of your eye and not cause areas to turn green. abnormal results from this test may be caused by corneal abrasions, or scratches on the surface of the eye. these abrasions may be a result of : - a poke in the eye from a fingernail, make - up brush, or other object - dust, ash, or dirt that has blown into the eye - a chemical burn - rubbing your eyes too roughly - dirty, old, or poorly - fitting contact lenses - not protecting the eyes during general anesthesia ( if they are not closed, the cornea will dry out ) - the presence of foreign bodies, such as an eyelash - other injuries or trauma to the eye in some cases, the damage could be caused by abnormal tear production ( or dry eye ). this is a condition in which there are insufficient tears to nourish and protect the eye, leading to inflammation of the cornea. your test may also reveal a blocked tear duct. this test is risk - free. however, the fluorescein dye may stain for a few days if it touches the skin around your eye. in general, there is nothing you need to do to prepare for this test. if you wear contact lens, you will be asked to take them out beforehand. after the test, your doctor will use the results to diagnosis any problems you are having with your eyes. he or she will meet with you to discuss the damage discovered on your cornea and plan any necessary treatment. treatment options may include : - removal of the foreign object from the eye - using prescription eye drops or ointment - wearing a temporary eye patch or bandage contact lens - leaving contact lenses out until the cornea has healed - taking pain medications if your injury has only affected the surface of your cornea, it should heal in about two days. if the injury has penetrated the surface of the eye, healing will take longer, depending on the cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5132016382173945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.862229"} {"text": "a river in indiana. ( ao \u2013 9 : dp. 16, 800 ; l. 417110 \u201d ; b. 60 \u2019 ; dr. 26 \u2019 2 \u201d ; s. 11 k. ; cpl. 168 ; a. 2 5 \u201d, 4 40mm. ; cl. patoka ). patoka ( ao \u2013 9 ) was laid down 17 december 1918 by the newport news ship building and dry dock co., newport news, va. ; launched 26 july 1919 ; acquired by the navy from ussb 3 september 1919 ; and commissioned 13 october 1919, comdr. e. f. robinson in command. assigned to nots, patoka departed norfolk 4 november 1919 for port arthur, tex., where she loaded fuel oil and sailed for scotland, arriving on the clyde 6 december. she returned to port arthur for more oil and got under way 9 january 1920 for the adriatic sea, arriving spalato, 12 february. returning to the united states in april patoka went back to the near east, arriving at constantinople in june. after duty in the adriatic and mediterranean she returned to the united states, and served on both the east and west coasts until 1924 when she was selected as a tender for rigid airship shenandoah. a mooring mast some 125 feet above the water was constructed ; additional accommodations both for the crew of shenandoah and for the men who handle and supply the airship were added ; facilities for the helium, gasoline, and other supplies necessary for shenandoah were built ; as well as handling and stowage facilities for three seaplanes. this work by the norfolk navy yard was completed shortly after 1 july 1924. patoka retained her classification of ao \u2013 9. patoka engaged in a short series of mooring experiments with the shenandoah, which had reported to the commander, scouting fleet for duty 1 august 1924. the first successful mooring was made 8 august 1924. in october, patoka, milwaukee, and detroit, were assigned stations in the mid - atlantic to furnish the airship los angeles with the weather reports and forecasts during her flight, 12 to 15 october 1924, from germany, where she had been built, to lakehurst, n. j. during 1925 patoka operated with both shenandoah and los angeles in demonstrating the mobility of airships, and in reducing the number of ground personnel required to handle them. a projected polar flight by shenandoah, using patoka as her base of operations, was cancelled when the airship was lost in a storm 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.376746774857611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.869889"} {"text": "in demonstrating the mobility of airships, and in reducing the number of ground personnel required to handle them. a projected polar flight by shenandoah, using patoka as her base of operations, was cancelled when the airship was lost in a storm 3 september 1925. between 1925 and 1932 patoka operated with los angeles and served as her base of supply and operations on her longrange flights to puerto rico ( 1925 ), panama ( 1928 ), florida ( 1929 ), and during the fleet concentration off panama ( 1931 ). during 1932 she also operated with the newly - acquired airship akron, but the decommissioning of los angeles, 30 june 1932, foretold a rest for patoka. she decommissioned 31 august 1933. on 10 november 1939 patoka recommissioned at the puget sound navy yard, comdr. c. a. f. sprague in command, and reported to patrol wing 5, aircraft, scouting force. her classification had been changed to av \u2013 6, seaplane tender, 11 october 1939. on 18 january 1940 she departed puget sound and, after taking on fuel and cargo at san pedro, arrived at san diego on the 31st. she steamed for the east coast 5 february and reached norfolk 25 march. next patoka was assigned to the naval transportation service in june and reclassified ao \u2013 9, 19 june 1940. on 13 august she departed norfolk and sailed to houston. between august and december 1940, she operated out of houston and baytown, tex., delivering fuel oil to boston, melville, norfolk, charleston, and key west. from march 1941 to september patoka delivered fuel oil and general cargo to various units of the fleet in the atlantic, gulf, and caribbean areas. on 28 september she departed norfolk and proceeded, via aruba, to recife, brazil. patoka made one more round trip to recife before the united states entered world war ii. on 7 december 1941, patoka was moored at recife, acting as tanker, cargo, store ship, and repair ship. here she supplied the units of task force 3 ( later 23 ) with fuel, diesel, lubricating oil ; gasoline \u201d stores ; provisions ; and repairs. shortly after the turn of the new year 1942, she got under brazil, anchoring there 8 january. there, she way for bahia, received word that ships bearing rubber and other vital war goods had left french indo - china bound for the axis controlled ports in europe. patoka requested and received permission to patrol the shipping lanes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3949292629718283, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.870850"} {"text": "anchoring there 8 january. there, she way for bahia, received word that ships bearing rubber and other vital war goods had left french indo - china bound for the axis controlled ports in europe. patoka requested and received permission to patrol the shipping lanes off bahia. when she had completed her patrol duties she put into port and returned to recife 22 january. six days later she was bound for san juan, puerto rico, but en route she was diverted to trinidad, b. w. i. taking on fuel and stores she returned to recife. standing out of the harbor 21 february, she again set course, changed several times to avoid reported submarines, and reached san juan, puerto rico 4 march. her return trip to recife was made without incident. on 25 may 1942, while again returning to recife from trinidad escorted by jouett, patoka sighted an enemy submarine on the surface. jouett attacked, forcing the u - boat to dive and continued the attack until patoka had escaped. patoka remained at recife, continuing to supply the ships of task force 23 with provisions, supplies and tender services until april 1943, with occasional trips to puerto rico and trinidad for replensihment. patoka then got underway for home, reaching norfolk 22 may for overhaul. she sailed for new york 6 august to join a convoy bound for aruba, n. w. i. and resumed operations along the coast of south america. in april 1944, she carried 62 prisoners of war ( german naval and merchant marine personnel ) from rio de janeiro to recife where they were turned over to the u. s. army. patoka departed 24 march and arrived norfolk 6 april for an overhaul period, to prepare for duty in the pacific. on 15 june, patoka departed from norfolk for the panama canal and pearl harbor. there she was outfitted for duty as a minecraft tender and was reclassified ag \u2013 125 on 15 august. shortly thereafter she sailed via guam for okinawa, reaching buckner bay 5 september. patoka provided the minecraft with tender services until 21 september at which time she got underway for wakayama, japan. anchoring there on 23 september, she continued to provide logistic support to units of the 5th fleet, servicing mine vessels of task group 52. 6. she remained with the occupational forces until the spring of 1946, returning to the united states 10 march 1946. patoka decommissioned 1 july 1946, was transferred to the war shipping administration, was struck from the navy list 31 july 1946,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4055134592284798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.871774"} {"text": "notes and comments on the \" western rite \" the question of rites is precisely not, has never been and cannot be a mere question of rites per se, but is and has always been a question of faith, of its wholeness and integrity. the liturgy embodies and expresses the faith, or better to say, the experience of the church, and is that experience ' s manifestation and communication. and when rites, deta ched from their nature and function, begin to be discussed in terms of \" acceptance \" and \" rejection \" or \" likes and dislikes \", the debate concerning them becomes meaningless. for many people, the eastern and western rites are two entirely different and self - contained \" blocks \" ruling out, as an impure \" hybridization \", all contacts and mutual influences. this, however, is wrong - first of all, historically. in a sense, the enti re history of christian worship can be termed a history of constant \" hybridizations \" - if only this word is deprived of its negative connotations. before their separations, the east and the west influenced one another for centuries. and there is no exagg eration in saying that the anaphora of st. john chrysostom ' s liturgy is infinitely ' closer ' to the roman anaphora of the same period than the service of holy communion in the book of common prayer is to, for example, the tridentine mass. what makes a western rite orthodox? for many proponents of the western rite, all it takes is a few additions and a few deletions, e. g. \" striking the filioque \" and \" strengthening of the epiclesis. \" this answer implies, on the one hand, that there exists a unified and homogenous reality identifiable as the western rite and, on the other hand, that except for two or three \" heretical \" ingredients or omissions, th is rite is ipso facto orthodox. both presuppositions are wrong. indeed, one does not have to be an \" authority on the west \" in order to know that liturgical development in the west was shaped to a degree unknown in the east by various theologies, the succession of which - and the clashes of one with another - constitute western religious history. scholasticism, reformation, counter - reformation, etc., have all resulted in sometimes radical liturgical metamorphoses and all have had a decisive impact on worship. therefore, one should speak today not of the western rite, but of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4810587591933801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.875616"} {"text": "history. scholasticism, reformation, counter - reformation, etc., have all resulted in sometimes radical liturgical metamorphoses and all have had a decisive impact on worship. therefore, one should speak today not of the western rite, but of western rites, deeply - if not radically - differing from one another, yet all reflecting in one way or another, the western theological tragedy and fragmentation. this does not mean that all these rites are \" heretical \" and simply to be condemned. it only means that, from an orthodox point of view, their evaluation in terms merely of \" deletions \" and \" additions \" is - to say the least - inadequate. for the irony of our present situation is that while some western christians come to orthodoxy in order to salvage the rite they cherish ( book of common prayer, tridentine mass, etc. ) from liturgical reforms they abhor, some of these reforms, at least in abstacto, are closer to the structures and spirit of the early western rite - and thus to the orthodox liturgical tradition - than the later rite, those precisely that the orthodox church is supposed to \" sanction \" and to \" adopt. \" it is my deep conviction that the eastern liturgical tradition is alone today in having preserved, in spite of all historical \" deficiencies \", the fullness of the church ' s lex orandi and constitutes, therefore, the criterion for all liturgical evaluations. father alexander schmemann ( 1920 - 1983 ) ( svtq 24 / 4, 1980 ) the priest. a newsletter for the clergy of the diocese of san francisco. issue no. 5, may 1996 back to \" theology - modern church life \" of holy trinity cathedral ' s home page should you have any questions or comments please e - mail us!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47407287879318916, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.876299"} {"text": "introduction to ants ants, the most common household pest, can be a mere nuisance or more than that : there are some that just want to share the food, but others sting or damage building materials. here is some information about dealing with these insects. in the same family with bees and wasps, the ant is a member of a group of insects with thousands of species, some of which are household pests. they can range in size from 0. 1 \u201d (. 25 cm ) to 1 \u201d ( 2. 54 cm ), and are variously yellow, red, brown, black, or a blend. being omnivorous, they eat human food as well as waste. in addition, the carpenter ant creates living area in wood, often choosing sites where the wood is wet and damaged. ants have a clearly delineated 3 - section body ( head, thorax, and abdomen ), six legs, compound eyes, and a pair of antennae. some have stings, and some can spray poison. some varieties have wings. they are nocturnal, being most active at night. ridding your home of ants once you identify ants in your home, you need to decide what form of treatment to use. in any case, it is important to eliminate food sources if possible, as well as use some substance that will kill them. eliminating food sources may include : - carefully wiping the outside of all containers that are used to store attractive food stuffs, such as honey and molasses. - cleaning all dinnerware, pots and pans, kitchen utensils and flatware after each meal is prepared and served. - washing all dining and food preparation surfaces, whether tables, trays, desks, and including those on porches and patios adjacent to the house. since ants avoid vinegar and citrus, cleaners with either of these will tend to keep them away. - eliminating any crumbs from surfaces below the eating area after each meal. - securing waste in plastic and removing it from the premises every evening. - sweeping / washing the kitchen floor every evening. - removing uneaten pet food and cleaning the surrounding area after every meal the pet has. - keeping extra pet food in a sealed, hard plastic container. - storing pantry items ( including, but not limited to, flour, cereal, crackers, cookies, etc. ) in sealed, hard plastic containers. - finding and repairing any leaks that could be providing a source of water. if you find ants already in any food item, discard it. because ants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42988940211290183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.882219"} {"text": "flour, cereal, crackers, cookies, etc. ) in sealed, hard plastic containers. - finding and repairing any leaks that could be providing a source of water. if you find ants already in any food item, discard it. because ants are so small, it is probably impossible to seal all possible access. so, the next steps are to find the access being used in this instance and seal it, and eliminate the nest. since ants like to parade in line, it may be fairly easy to find the point of entry that they are using. when found, seal it with appropriate material, for example, caulk. petroleum jelly can be used as a temporary sealant. the ants inside can be quickly eliminated with a household cleaning spray. the ants you find indoors may have nests either in or out of the house. carpenter ants tend to nest inside ; while other species often have their nests in the soil outside and enter the house seeking food or water. for ants nesting in the woodwork, it may be necessary to find the nest in order to have the integrity of the structure confirmed, and for this, professional assistance may be necessary. for outside nests, if sealing the ants \u2019 point of entry doesn \u2019 t work, the best approach is often to use poison bait, and let the ants carry the poison to the nest, which will, in effect, destroy it. if there are children or pets in the household, make sure you consider them in choosing your course of action. written by mary elizabeth related home institute articles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44486061520417913, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.883770"} {"text": "| federal legislation | | march 14, 2003 | s. 89 \u2014 universal national service act of 2003 none at this time. hslda ' s national center is tracking this legislation. official purpose : a bill to provide for the common defense by requiring that all young persons in the united states, including women, perform a period of military service or a period of civilian service in furtherance of the national defense and homeland security, and for other purposes. the language of this bill mandates a national service obligation for every u. s. citizen and permanent resident, aged 18 - 26. it authorizes the president to establish both the number of people to be selected for military service, and the means of selection. additionally, the measure requires those not selected specifically for military service to perform their national service obligation in a civilian capacity for at least two years. s. 89 language permits : - deferments for education only through high school graduation, or until the age of 20. - exceptions are made for those with 1 ) extreme hardship, or 2 ) physical or mental disability. - conscientious objectors are defined and directed by the military selective service act ( 50 u. s. c. 456 ( j ) ). introduced : january 7, 2003 by sen. ernest f. hollings [ sc ] | 1 / 7 / 2003 : | | read twice and referred to the senate committee on armed services. | | 12 / 31 / 2004 : | | this bill is \" dead \". it was not passed into law before the end of the 108th congress. | | other resources | house rejects bill to restart military draft \u2014 ( 10 / 06 / 2004 ) setting the record straight about a military draft \u2014 ( 09 / 14 / 2004 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4788769915716777, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.888000"} {"text": "sex and punishment did not start out as a project about sex. my initial, admittedly overambitious, goal was to write a narrative history of the law using colorful cases as examples. i decided to start with the oldest written laws in existence and take it from there. i was surprised by what i found. as i looked at the first written laws from ancient mesopotamia, i noticed that the earliest lawmakers were preoccupied with questions of sex. everywhere i looked, there were specific rules on sexual relations with pigs and oxen, prostitutes, and family members. sex was evidently more micromanaged then than it is now, with the exception of same - sex relations, which the law ignored almost entirely until the hebrews labeled homosexuality a terrible crime against god and man. additionally, i saw that sex was sometimes used as a punishment in itself, as when the wife of an assyrian rapist was ordered raped in turn as punishment for her husband ' s crime, or when men who damaged egyptian property markers were required to deliver their wives and children to the rough affections of donkeys. it soon became clear that sex law was as passionate and mercurial as the sex drive itself, and could support a rather interesting book on its own. extraordinary flesh - and - blood cases jumped out of the dustiest volumes, begging to be told. sex and punishment brings them back to life. i would be glad if, after reading my book, people paused before they condemned others for their sexual behavior. of course, violence and abuse of power are always wrong, but we must realize that we all have inherited attitudes and morals that are, at bottom, arbitrary. here are 11 of the most outrageous historical cases of sex being criminalized : a castilian law from the 13th century commanded that men who \" sin against nature with each other \" were to be \" castrated before the whole populace \" and then \" hung up by the legs until dead, and that their bodies never be taken down. \" elsewhere, homosexual offenses brought burning at the stake and hanging by the \" virile member. \" by 1300, there were laws punishing homosexuality harshly in virtually every jurisdiction. one city required not only that homosexuals be burned but that their families be forced to watch the execution and to remain until the fire was out. < em > ( photo via stigeredoo on < a href = \" http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / stigeredoo / 21943529 / sizes / z / in / photostream", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.482161132013191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.897833"} {"text": "out. < em > ( photo via stigeredoo on < a href = \" http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / stigeredoo / 21943529 / sizes / z / in / photostream / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > flickr. com < / a > ) < / em > biblical law made no distinction between body and mind : both had to be pure if the tribe was to avoid fire and brimstone from god above. when a man had a wet dream, the bed in which he slept became defiled, the bedclothes unusable until scrubbed, and any clay pots touched by the man were considered so filthy they had to be smashed to bits. this process would continue for a week, after which the hapless wet dreamer was required to seek out a priest to help him make a sacrifice of doves or pigeons and beseech god ' s forgiveness. < em > ( photo via firearcade on < a href = \" http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / artistgroup / 5192546521 / sizes / z / in / photostream / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > flickr. com < / a > ) < / em > in ancient mesopotamia, men were almost never punished for cheating on their wives. married women who took lovers, on the other hand, were subjected to the earliest known death penalty law. many adulteresses were impaled in public on long poles, but not before they were publicly humiliated, such as having their hair shaven and having a cord bored through their noses and being led through town like animals. husbands in ancient greece and rome had several options to exact vengeance against men who seduced their wives. greek husbands were allowed to shove objects such as spiky fish or radishes into their rivals ' anuses. rome allowed this, as well, but also permitted aggrieved husbands to rape their wives ' lovers. the idea was to degrade the seducers by making them into \" women \" and thus ruining their social standing. < em > ( photo via clayirving on < a href = \" http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / clayirving / 2683140242 / sizes / z / in / photostream / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > flickr. com < / a > ) < / em > for 1, 000 years, rome '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4933813538908941, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.898819"} {"text": "/ clayirving / 2683140242 / sizes / z / in / photostream / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > flickr. com < / a > ) < / em > for 1, 000 years, rome ' s highest priestesses, known as the vestal virgins, enjoyed more privileges than any other females. but if they had sex, the safety of rome was thought to be put at risk. when rome lost a big battle or disaster struck, people often concluded that a vestal must have been active in bed. a pleasure - loving vestal was buried alive in a small, furnished room. as soon as she was put underground, attendants sealed the chamber with stones and spread earth around so no trace of her remained. < em > ( photo via strollers on < a href = \" http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / strollers / 146813196 / sizes / z / in / photostream / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > flickr. com < / a > ) < / em > medieval christian doctrine prohibited sex between husbands and wives during the first three days of marriage, as well as sundays, wednesdays, fridays, and saturdays, the three lents, the weeks following easter, the days preceding the pentecost, the two months around christmas, and many other holy days, not to mention during a woman ' s pregnancy, lactation, or menstruation. at best, that left about four days per month. even then, sex was restricted to nighttime encounters with no fondling or unusual positions. oral and anal sex were punishable by up to 25 years of fasting and abstinence. the law has punished sex between jews and christians throughout european history. in 1222 an oxford deacon was burned to death on a charge of bestiality for marrying a jewish woman. at about the same time a parisian man who had fathered children with a jewish woman was also burned. \" coition with a jewess, \" said the judge, \" is precisely the same as if a man should copulate with a dog. \" jews were also forbidden to visit christian prostitutes. the city of avignon threatened jewish men with the loss of a foot for walking into public brothels. < em > ( photo via burrowphotography on < a href = \" http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / 22886639 @ n08 / 58882898", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4303095974639719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.899778"} {"text": "public brothels. < em > ( photo via burrowphotography on < a href = \" http : / / www. flickr. com / photos / 22886639 @ n08 / 5888289895 / sizes / z / in / photostream / \" target = \" _ hplink \" > flickr. com < / a > ) < / em > women and male homosexuals have always been on the wrong side of the law, but female - female sex was often difficult for lawmakers to understand. while the italian town of treviso required that lesbians \" be tied naked for a full day to a stake... and then burned, \" the inquisition did not punish female - female sex unless the women used an \" artificial instrument \" in bed. the last lesbian execution in europe took place in germany in 1721, in which a woman was burned to death after adopting no fewer than nine separate male identities and using a large leather contraption to satisfy her credulous wife. after the civil war, when racial tensions in the american south ran high, a man ' s dark skin was proof enough that he was a rapist. as one court put it, no black man could assume that a white woman \" would consent to his lustful embraces. \" between 1700 and 1820 more than 80 percent of the men executed in america for rape were of african descent ; 95 percent of the females were white. punishments for black rapists in the south included, in addition to the occasional castration, being burned alive and decapitated, followed by the display of the severed heads on a pole. chinese females were thought to carry deadly germs that infected the white population. a doctor ' s report to congress warned : \" there are cases of syphilis among the whites that originated from these chinese prostitutes that are incurable. \" in 1875 congress barred the entry into the united states of all asian women brought over for \" lewd and immoral purposes. \" the law theoretically allowed genuine chinese wives to immigrate while keeping out only sex workers, but in application it barred almost all chinese women from entering the country. out of 39, 579 chinese who entered the united states in 1882, for example, only 136 were women. starting in the 18th century the urge to masturbate was viewed as a dangerous mental disorder. between 1893 and 1898 doctors at one kansas mental asylum severed the testicles of 44 masturbating male inmates and performed hysterectomi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44559888623761906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.900760"} {"text": "veteran physical educator bev davison knows how to get the biggest bang for her buck. in creative physical activities and equipment, she shares her secrets of how to expand a physical education or recreation program without exceeding the budget. davison ' s practical, ready - to - use strategies help you make the most of your budget, no matter how big or small. but the ideas in this book aren ' t just easy on the wallet ; more equipment means less down time and more opportunities for children to participate and learn. first, you ' ll discover how to make equipment using inexpensive, readily available materials and even trash! need some pinnies? grab a pair of scissors and some old towels and start creating! are old dryer sheets accumulating in the laundry room? turn them into juggling scarves! all of the equipment is easy to assemble - no mechanical skill is needed. in addition, the book describes dozens of unique games and activities that use this equipment to teach important skills. next, the book explains how to use traditional equipment - such as frisbees and jump ropes - in nontraditional ways and how to extend the life of old or broken equipment, including flat tennis balls and broken badminton racquets. you ' ll also learn the art of obtaining free equipment. the book provides information on equipment that ' s free for the asking, items that can be obtained by collecting proofs of purchase, and general budget - stretching ideas. finally, since some equipment can be quite expensive, fundraising is an occasional necessity. proving that fundraising does not have to be time - consuming and painful, the book presents ideas for 15 refreshingly creative fundraisers that are easy to organize and execute. many of them don ' t require solicitation by students, which means greater parental support and participation. a resource no physical education or recreation program should be without, creative physical activities and equipment can pay for itself after just one use! chapter 1. making equipment bean bag targets \u2022 plastic bottle equipment \u2022 streamers \u2022 hockey pucks, sticks, and goals \u2022 pinnies \u2022 football t - stands \u2022 bases \u2022 whistle holder \u2022 time - out timer chapter 2. from trash to treasure old panty hose \u2022 old socks \u2022 old newspapers \u2022 old soda bottles \u2022 packing peanuts \u2022 old coffee cans \u2022 old dryer sheets \u2022 m & m minis plastic tube containers \u2022 empty adding machine paper rolls \u2022 garden hose \u2022 empty paper towel rolls \u2022 cardboard boxes \u2022 plastic trash bags chapter 3. same old stuff frisbees \u2022 rubber gloves \u2022 jump ropes \u2022 stil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44655268419707744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.905114"} {"text": "this part of the website is an english translation of the definitive hurdy - gurdy reference book die drehleier ( the hurdy - gurdy ), written by marianne brocker. for general information about this translation please see the index page. this material is covered by copyright and may not be used without permission. please see the index page for more information about distribution. | table of contents | | previous chapter | | next chapter | | references | | figures | a. its position in the medieval instrumentarium the numerous musical instruments of the middle ages were mentioned in the literature of the time especially when the authors wanted to describe the brilliance of a festive event. for this they often used long lists of instruments in which they named many different instruments. the authors avoided repeating the name of an instrument and characterized different forms of an instrument group with a special appendage. [ fn ] if several instruments of the same type were played this was indicated by the use of the plural or by the appendage of a number. [ fn ] since various instruments are so often described as being together it must be supposed that they were also played together. [ fn ] accordingly there was already in the middle ages a type of orchestra with varying and different members. next to ensembles, in which only instruments of one family were played [ fn ], there were also groups which consisted of wind, percussion and string instruments, as well as standard ornaments which were used over a longer period of time and variously put together. [ fn ] it should not be concluded from the varying arrangements of such ensembles that there was unordered and noisy playing or that the instruments were played in unison. \" it is in no way to be imagined, as is usually done, that the medieval orchestra consisted of members playing many instruments haphazardly and that now and then a uniform harmonic impression was given, just as the opposite cannot be imagined, namely that all the instruments played the same melody together. there is no reason to deny that a musical practice striving for an aesthetic and harmonic effect existed in the middle ages \". [ fn ] with the use of many instruments arose \" a rich texture of unique tonal magic. \" [ fn ] among the instruments of this time the hurdy - gurdy also frequently appears in texts and in pictures ; this is an indication that its harmonies were not dissonant when it was played together with various other instruments. the instruments played simultaneously which are mentioned in texts were arranged by the authors in various ways", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4888933913682866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.987528"} {"text": "gurdy also frequently appears in texts and in pictures ; this is an indication that its harmonies were not dissonant when it was played together with various other instruments. the instruments played simultaneously which are mentioned in texts were arranged by the authors in various ways, and often a grouping according to certain points of view can be established. all instruments played in the same way are named one after the other, such as wind, percussion, plucked or bowed instruments. they may also be arranged according to their loudness of tone, such as loud and soft. the instruments with which the hurdy - gurdy was grouped in these lists vary. a grouping according to related tonal effects is frequently found in connection with the hurdy - gurdy. the hurdy - gurdy is often grouped with other string instruments in the lists, ( ill. 3, 24, 25 ) [ figlink ], partly separated from other bowed instruments by the plucked instruments, partly directly associated with these : \" que gigue, harpen e simphonie \" ; [ fn ] harpe ende symphonien \" ; [ fn ] \" ay [ sp ] [ a - y / macron ] auje cinfonjas farpa giga e rota \" ; [ fn ] \" harpes, gigues et cyfonies \" ; [ fn ] \" harpeors et bretons, giges et chifonie \" ; [ fn ] \" audivi suon di gighe e ciunfonie \" ; [ fn ] \" rubebes, leuths, vielles, syphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" symphonies, rotes, sautier \" [ fn ] \" cistole, rothe, syphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" citole i ot e viele e synphan, q ' amour novele \". [ fn ] next to this are found also instrument lists in which the individual instruments appear arranged in pairs. in these sources the hurdy - gurdy is always named together with a bowed instrument which either has drone strings, like the vielle, or which is played together with the hurdy - gurdy as a descant instrument : \" de gighe sot, de simphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" et sifonies et vieles \" ; [ fn ] \" cil porte gige cil simphonie \" ; [ fn ] \" videln und symp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5053305405121737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.988539"} {"text": ": \" at \u00feis bruydale was plei i - nough : [ sp ] [ i - dash - nou - yogh - h ] song and gret hoppingue, tabours and fithele and symphanye \" [ fn ] ; \" in harpe and tabour and symphan gle wurschep god \" [ fn ] ; taburs et cifonies i vont lor lais cantant \" [ fn ]. the groupings of plucked instruments, wind instruments, and the hurdy - gurdy ( ill. 50 ) [ figlink ] not only depicts both different groups of string instruments separated by the wind instruments, but perhaps also the consciously emphasized tonal relationship of the hurdy - gurdy to the stringed instruments : \" with harpe and pype and simphonye \" [ fn ] ; \" and whenne he was nye the palyse, he hurde harping, luting, pipinge, tromping and \u00fee symphonie \" [ fn ]. with this last example the author leaves the number of instruments uncertain, while he emphasizes the hurdy - gurdy with the singular case, the addition of the ' and ' as well as the definite article. the sharp and nasal sound of the hurdy - gurdy with its piercing drone tone is, like that of the bagpipes, quite loud. therefore even in the middle ages the hurdy - gurdy was frequently placed with the wind and percussion instruments in instrument lists and in representations ( ills. 47, 48 ) [ figlink ], in order to make explicit its tonal relationship to the wind instruments : \" belles, chymbes, and symfan \" [ fn ] ; \" cumballes et tambors, semphaines, trompettes et violettes \" [ fn ] ; \" gigues et harpes et vieles, muses, fleustes, et fresteles tympres, tabors et syphonies \" [ fn ] ; \" cimbales, simphonies, choros, challemies, doulchaines \" [ fn ] ; \" chifonie, flaios de saus \" [ fn ] ; \" de timbres, de cors, de busines e de tabors e de troines, de flageus e de simphonies \" [ fn ] ; \" tabors,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48119465748323503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.990210"} {"text": "de saus \" [ fn ] ; \" de timbres, de cors, de busines e de tabors e de troines, de flageus e de simphonies \" [ fn ] ; \" tabors, et timbres, et fresteles, fleustes, cors et syphonies \" [ fn ] ; \" organs in weth cymbalys recordys ha symphony \" [ fn ] \" trompes, chiphonies, chalemies, bombares, muses, fleutes, douchaines \" [ fn ] ; \" with grete foyson of hornys, trumpys, symphonys, and other mynstrelces \" [ fn ] ; \" and the sound of organys, symphanys and of instrumentis of all musyke \" [ fn ]. the fact that in all this last text only two instruments are mentioned by name and the others are only summarily mentioned seems to indicate the tonal similarity and the compatibility of these instruments on account of their drone tones. the relationship of the hurdy - gurdy to the wind instruments is also depicted in a picture of minstrels in a 14th century manuscript from the alexander roman ( ill. 48 ) [ figlink ]. the instruments represented are arranged in two groups, apparently distinguished according to tone and separated from each other by the kettle drums : bagpipes, hurdy - gurdy, shawm, portative organ, kettle drums, mandola, harp, fiddle and psaltery. the hurdy - gurdy is among the wind instruments and is next to the bagpipes, whose sound is most similar to its own. aside from the medieval organ with its drone pipes, the bagpipes were especially suited to be played with the hurdy - gurdy. for this reason even today the bagpipes are the instrument most often played with the hurdy - gurdy. in the middle ages these instruments were played together on account of their common tonal characteristics. this is made clear by several sources in which either the hurdy - gurdy is named directly with the bagpipes or both instruments appear one after the other : \" ne cyphonie, ne meuse \" [ fn ] ; \" citole, rothe, syphonie, la chevrecte d ' esclavonnie \" [ fn ] ; \" saltiers, gighes, vieles, muse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4586735900554198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.991219"} {"text": "ne meuse \" [ fn ] ; \" citole, rothe, syphonie, la chevrecte d ' esclavonnie \" [ fn ] ; \" saltiers, gighes, vieles, muses et sifonies \" [ fn ] ; \" et estives et chiphonies \" [ fn ] ; \" cors et musettes, simphonies doulcettes \" [ fn ] ; \" tabours and fi\u00feele and symphanye : stiues and harpingue \" [ fn ] ; \" he herde the symphony and cornemuse \" [ fn ] ; to this last place belongs the grouping of ' symphonie ' and ' croud ' which occurs several times in the middle english literature. in these cases ' croud ', the latin \" chorus \" must denote the bagpipes [ fn ] and not the string instrument ' croud ' or ' crwth ' : \" and whanne he cam, and neixede [ sp ] [ nei - yogh - ede ] to the hous, he herde a symphonie and a croude \" [ fn ] ; \" and symphonie and croude weren herd whanne apostles knewen alle wittis \" [ fn ] ; \" ther ys harpe nor gyterne, symphonye, nouther crowde \" [ fn ] ; \" croude he herde and simphonye \" [ fn ]. an especially clear indication to playing the bagpipes and the hurdy - gurdy together can be seen in the annals of the menetriers jehan and estienne ferrier of geneva. they report about a countess who went out to meet her returning husband in the year 1390 with the entire court and many minstrels. the minstrels blew horns, played harps and flutes, cymbals ( cymbales ), fiddled ( rebbeis ), and played hurdy - gurdies ( cyphonies ) and bagpipes ( musettes ), \" die zusammenstimmten und schlugen trommeln \" [ that played together and beat drums ]. [ fn ]. as the texts make clear, the hurdy - gurdy had a permanent place in the medieval instrumental ensembles. since it was one of the \" bas instruments \" [ f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46191583608624986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.992012"} {"text": "cantore \" [ fn ]. even in the 17th century marin mersenne suggested using the hurdy - gurdy when tuning the spinet, insofar as its keys were correctly positioned : \" la vielle peut seruir pour accorder les epinettes, et particulierment celles qui sont luthees [ sp ] \" [ fn ]. the importance of the hurdy - gurdy as a church instrument and its popularity as a musical instrument in the late middle ages is mirrored in treatises which were written especially for this instrument and which must be viewed as the most important sources of information about the tuning of the medieval hurdy - gurdy. these treatises contain directions for the correct placement of the keys, with whose help the single melody tones are produced on a string. all of the treatises preserved come apparently from the 13th century. the most correct and the most exact information is contained in the treatise earlier ascribed to odo of cluny. the others are not exact in what they relate. the treatise is ascribed to odo since he is mentioned in the appendix of this work. the copy comes from the 13th century ; the treatise therefore is considered to be also dated to the 13th century. [ fn ]. the question concerning the dating of this work is thereby however not cleared up, since the copyist of odo ' s work could have relied to some extent on the tuning directions of an older author. scholars who busy themselves with the organistrum often claim that the keys, which are later also called ' claves ' [ fn ] had at this time, the 13th century, the name of ' plectra ' [ fn ]. this however does not come clearly from any of the treatises. only in the following article are two ' plectra ' mentioned, which however denote bridges that are situated at the beginning of the keybox and directly behind the wheel. [ nb : in the following pages the \" square b \" is shown with a small [ nb : in the following pages b, \u00fe, b - flat, and h are all used to label notes. it ' s not clear yet whether the translator knew which symbol related to which note, or how the notes referred to in the original text relate to modern notation, so these issues remain to be resolved. ] the text runs thus : \" quomodo organistrum construatur \" in primis a capite iuxta primum plectrum, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44672498628171076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.993992"} {"text": "the original text relate to modern notation, so these issues remain to be resolved. ] the text runs thus : \" quomodo organistrum construatur \" in primis a capite iuxta primum plectrum, infra usque ad aliud plectrum, quod ponitur post rotulum, per duos passus metire, et in primo passu pone c. secundus finit. a c ad finem metire per tria, et quartus retro reddit g. a g ad finem per tres, et quartus retro pone d. a d ad finem per iii. et in primo passu pone a. de a. ad finem pone iii. et in primo retro pone e. et ab e. ad finem per iii. in primo passu pone \u00fe. item a c. ad finem per ii. et iii. retro pone f. ab f. ad finem per iiii. in primo passu pone b. \" [ fn ] if the strings are divided in accordance with these instructions and the keys situated on the prescribed points, the result is as follows : the tonal range of the organistrum extends over a diatonic octave with both semitones before the octave, b - flat and b. to achieve this, eight keys must be so placed that the following string relationships result : [ fn ] the string relationships of the individual are accordingly : from the string relationships it is apparent that the hurdy - gurdy was tuned with a pythagorean temperament. tuned this way the fourth and fifth were pure. the third on the other hand consisted of two major whole tones 8 / 9, so that the major pythagorean third of 64 / 81 arose. this third is about 80 / 81, or the syntonic comma, larger as opposed to the pure third of 4 / 5. the second treatise, which is also anonymous, comes from around the same time and has the title : \" mensura organistri. a. c. novem passus usque ad sustentationem chordae facias. ieam a d. novem passus. item a c quatuor passus. item a c. tres passus. item a d. tres passus. item ab f. quatuor passus, primus passus terminat in b. molle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49528771757548523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.998003"} {"text": ". item a c quatuor passus. item a c. tres passus. item a d. tres passus. item ab f. quatuor passus, primus passus terminat in b. molle. item ab e. tres passus, primus passus terminabit in \u00fe ; quod si adhuc c. acutam, quae diapason cum c. sonat, ponere volueris, quatuor passibus a g. usque in finem dimensis c. supradictam reperies. \" [ fn ] this set of tuning directions is apparently the work of a copyist since it is not only less accurate than the preceding work, but with the notes d to g the writer merely mentions into how many parts the string is to be divided, without saying which notes the individual divisions produce. he also even forgets to provide the length for the sixth, the a. however it can be deduced from the string relationships of the other notes. the relationships are the same as in the preceding treatise, and thus the tuning is the same : the hurdy - gurdy was also tuned in the same way according to the following treaties, which has two tuning methods in it which are different in that according to the first method three notes are tuned differently, whereby the g and the \u00fe are produced by a division of the string which deviates from the other methods but which leads to the same result. a third note however, the b - flat rotundum is found here, otherwise than in the other tuning methods, not by dividing the string from f as the fourth 3 / 4 of f, but by the equidistant division of the length a\u00fe. when the major whole tone a\u00fe is divided with the ratio 8 : 9 = 16 : 18, then from a we have for the note b - flat the ratio 17 : 18 with 99 cent. the second tuning method of this treatise is essentially the same as the others. only the conclusion is noteworthy, which is almost identical to the previously discussed treatise. \" item alia mensura organistri. omnes voces organistri elevatione et depositione lignorum intenduntur et remittuntur. [ fn ] equaliter enim dividimus dupla proportione organistrum avolubili etta [ fn ] usque ad locum quo ponenda est prima littera scilicet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48899340543436354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.999010"} {"text": "remittuntur. [ fn ] equaliter enim dividimus dupla proportione organistrum avolubili etta [ fn ] usque ad locum quo ponenda est prima littera scilicet c, et relicto primo passu vacuo et in fine alterius c posito ut diximus, iterum redimus ad ettam novenis passibus et primo passu d invenimus epogdoa proportione. similiter a d ettam novem passus facientes primo passu e ponimus, f vero a c ut g a d usque ad ettam disponimus sesquitercia proportione, a vero a d ut \u00fe quadratum ab e invenimus sesqualtera proportione. synemenon vero equa divisione illius toni qui est inter a et \u00fe quadratum invenimus. volens autem item alia mensura quis organistrum disponere a c viiii passus usque ad separationem chordae faciat, primus d ponit, item a d viiii passus fiant, primus e ponit, a c vero iiii passus faciat, primusque ponit f, item a c tres passus metiantur, primusque g ponit, a d quoque tres passus fiant, primusque a ponit, ab f autem iiii passus faciat, et primus b rotundum, id est synemenon ponit, ab e tres ponantur passus, primusque \u00fe ponit quadratum, quod si adhuc c acutam que dyapason cum c gravi sonat ponere voluerit, iiii passibus a g usque in finem dimensis c supra dictam reperiet. \" [ fn ] a further tuning method, in which the wheel is mentioned, also dates from the 13th century. according to this treatise as well the hurdy - gurdy is given a pythagorean tuning. \" si organistrum regulariter mensurandi notitiam subtilem habere volueris, mediocritas magaga ut magna post rotam ponatur. in primis inveniat, ut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5239766626372968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:39.999680"} {"text": "ut consona sic iocunda, ut ita dicam, vox necesse est conficiatur. \" [ fn ] of the five tuning methods preserved the following dating to the first half of the 13th century is the most difficult to decipher. in an appendix to an article about organ pipes which concludes the treatise, the copyist makes several remarks about various musical instruments. the tuning method given there would be incomprehensible without a knowledge of other other organistrum treatises. it concerns the locations of keys on a ' organica lira ' ( see page 191 ). the keys are denoted as ' magada ' by the writer. the word ' magada ' ( in the previous treatise also ' magda ' ) comes from the greek ' magas - ados ' and means ' bridge. ' \" organicum quicumque liram metiendo laboras a magda c gravem passibus angenovem. in d passus erit a c d novem sed e quaerit c dabit f v (... ) g passibus a dabit e. quattuor amagada tot ab f stabit b rotunda passibus hinc geris littera quam gravis. invenit equivocam tribus invenit e \u00fe c quartam hic placeat suus regula dicta brevis \" [ fn ]. although these instructions are very incomplete, the formation of the major third from two major whole tones and the use of b - flat and b is evident. this article then gives the same tonal range as the others. that the ' organica lira ' is a hurdy - gurdy is clear by the remarks that follow the tuning directions. there follows the two octave greek system with b - synemenon as the 16th note. the writer gives the letters a - g to the greek symbols for the intervals, but in such a way that a corresponds to our modern c. the letters a - g used here do not indeed agree with the tuning method for the ' organica lira ' above. from this it follows that the writer of this treatise placed several older copies under each other without bothering to harmonize them. following this the writer remarks that these are the 16 strings of the monochord, and that the newer ones have an additional two strings. at the end of the treatise come a few remarks about the consonance of the fifth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4944958511692339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.001498"} {"text": "harmonize them. following this the writer remarks that these are the 16 strings of the monochord, and that the newer ones have an additional two strings. at the end of the treatise come a few remarks about the consonance of the fifth, fourth and octave. for a better overview the placements of the keys according to the individual tuning methods will be shown again. in this schematic representation the bracketed arabic numerals behind the starting note show into how many equal parts from there onwards the string is to be divided in ordered to produce the note to which the arrow points. this also indicates the note from which new notes are reached. the arrow in reverse indicates that the string is divided from the starting note to the end of the string, but that the note is not reached in the same direction, but by the transfer of a part of the division to the opposite direction [ fn ]. [ editor ' s note : the translator included some observations on this table, which have been included below. the editor cannot support, confirm or deny any of the statements and conclusions reached by the translator. ] [ translator ' s note : i have failed to see how the directions above, the schemas as given, and the note [ fn ] below correspond. the schema gec [ fn ] should give, according to the directions above, 5 / 8, for c = 1 / 2 [ sp ] of the entire length of the string, and if this length in turn is divided into four equal parts, increments of 1 / 8 of the entire string length will result. there are four of these increments from the end of the string to c, and hence the addition of one more will result in 5 / 8 for g. but g, according to the tuning directions of the first treatise, equals 2 / 3. note 1 appears to refer to this locating of g since it is the first instance of a reverse arrow and the only instance of finding any note from c. but note 1 shows the length of string from c to the end as being divided into three parts, not four. if the ' 4 ' in gec [ fn ] is changed accordingly to ' 3 ', then the result is the one desired ; for 1 / 3 of the length c - to - the - end - of - the - string is 1 / 6 of the entire length of the string. ' c ' represents 3 / 6 ( one half of the string ) and thus the addition of one more inc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5516727032509128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.002470"} {"text": "of the length c - to - the - end - of - the - string is 1 / 6 of the entire length of the string. ' c ' represents 3 / 6 ( one half of the string ) and thus the addition of one more increment will make g 4 / 6 or 2 / 3. the schemata can hence be rendered serviceable if in all cases of the ' reverse arrow ' the numeral in brackets is reduced by one ( 1 ). by the way, a formula useful for translating the schemata is the following : let l = the fraction length equivalent to the starting letter ( c = 1 ) and n = the numeral in brackets and x = the fraction length equivalent to the note sought ; then if l ( n ) dx, then l - ( l / n ) = x and if xe l ( n ), then ( l / n - 1 ) + l = x example : eea ( 4 ) = ( 16 / 27 ) + 16 / 27 = 64 3 81 ] what is noteworthy about these treatises is that the tunings are all in major keys, observed by hugo reinmann. [ fn ] implicated in the use of a major tonality is however is also the use of major thirds, that is, pure thirds in the relationship 4 / 5 ( or 386. 3 cents ). compared with the pure third the pythagorean ditonus, formed from two major tones with the relationship 8 / 9 ( each 204 cents ), is 64 / 81 ( 408 cents ) too high. this third sounds dissonant in harmony since beats are formed that can clearly be heard. on instruments which were built to be played harmonically and which show an obvious major tonality, one would expect a pure tuning ; as a matter of fact however all the tuning methods preserved depict pythagorean tuning. in this however these treatises do not differ from the likewise pythagorean tuning for the monochord or for the organ [ fn ], which in the middle ages was also a drone instrument. it must be said to this however that the pythagorean tuning is not contrary to pure tuning, since it does not exclude pure thirds. rather the pythagorean tuning leads almost necessarily to pure thirds, as soon as in the chain of fifths b - flat f c g d a e b eight tones have been passed. if a ninth note e - flat is tuned to the eight notes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5710854679396883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.003435"} {"text": "against the string would not be strong enough to evoke a clear tone. the string then must lie low enough between the two end bridges so that when the other bridge is vertical the string is really shortened ( b ). this method of stringing results in a premature contact between bridge and string when the form is set upright, so that the pitch is not insignificantly changed before the bridge reaches its upright position ( c ). sliding keys offer a similar possibility to the player. the keys have wooden tangents attached to them which perform the function of shortening the string ( see page 102 ). on most hurdy - gurdies the keys can be pushed further into the keybox than is necessary to produce the desired pitch. thus the string touched by the tangent is stretched more and the pitch raised ( a ). my own attempts sometimes resulted in raising the pitch more than a semitone, especially with the higher notes. this changing of the pitch by pressure was consciously used with the hurdy - gurdy. the contemporary french instrument has two full chromatic octaves ( d ' - d ' ' ' ), in which due to lack of space, one note ( c # ' ' ' ) has been left out. the usual practice is to produce the c # ' ' ' simply by applying more pressure to the c ' ' ' key, which with some practice succeeds with amazing exactitude. \" le vielleur modifie la hauteur en appuyant sur les touches \" [ fn ]. on the first hurdy - gurdies to be preserved there is to be observed, besides the technique of varying the pressure on the key, yet another method of correcting the pitch. the tangents serving to shorten the string do not sit firmly in the round holes in the keys made for them ( a ). the part of the tangent that fits into the keys is also round, so that the player is able to turn the tangent back and forth ( b ), which implies a change in the pitch. with this technique the fine tuning of the individual notes on the two unison tuned melody strings of the french hurdy - gurdy is attained even today. since there are various ways of changing the pitch, an exact measurement of the individual tones is hard to achieve. at the beginning of this century ludwig riemann investigated the pitches of the various notes of a \" baurenleyer \" [ peasant hurdy - gurdy ] from zurich [ fn ]. he emphasizes however that the result of his investigations are subjective.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5020363123794057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.005364"} {"text": "the beginning of this century ludwig riemann investigated the pitches of the various notes of a \" baurenleyer \" [ peasant hurdy - gurdy ] from zurich [ fn ]. he emphasizes however that the result of his investigations are subjective. he apparently wrote down only what he heard when he was playing. unfortunately the author says nothing about the instrument which he used, but just gives the scale of the \" baurenleyer \" among 94 scales of instruments. it is apparently an instrument with a diatonic tonal range of one octave. as a standard for the deviations in tone of the individual instruments riemann used a tempered scale. deviations from the tempered note he symbolized with a whole note divided into 8 parts : the staff pointing up indicates a higher pitch, and when pointing down a lower pitch. with the \" baurenleyer \" he also used in addition sixteenth notes. the deviations established with the hurdy - gurdy are : quarter note deviations and sixteenth note deviations below. the whole note denotes agreement with the tempered note. riemann produced the following scale for the \" baurenleyer \" : first off it must be assumed that the instrument fell out of tune one semi - tone, for a f # scale is thoroughly unusual for a west european hurdy - gurdy. in order to make the other deviations more clear, cent values are given to the individual notes. from this a more precise picture of the distance between each tone results. the octave has 1200 cents, the tempered whole tone 200 cents, the tempered half tone 100 cents, the quarter tone 50 and the sixteenth tone 12. 5 cents. in order to make the differences more apparent the pythagorean and the just tuning in cents are added. as can be seen from the table, almost all of the notes of the riemann scale are impure. either they are extremely small ( whole tone of 162 cents ) or extremely large ( whole tone of 237. 5 cents ). in the center of the scale is a normal tetrachord : a # - b - c # - d #, which is flanked above and below by intervals of 350 cents ( f # ' - a # ' and d # \" - f # \" ). it is particularly noteworthy that on this instrument neither the third, fourth or fifth are pure, but the major seventh, on the other hand ( 1087. 5 cents ) corresponds to that of the pure tuning ( 1088 cents ). when major intervals like the fourth and fifth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4875519750425451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.007538"} {"text": "on this instrument neither the third, fourth or fifth are pure, but the major seventh, on the other hand ( 1087. 5 cents ) corresponds to that of the pure tuning ( 1088 cents ). when major intervals like the fourth and fifth are not perfect, but about a quarter tone too low, they are very noticeable, particularly because a drone instrument like a hurdy - gurdy almost always has its drone in the fifth or the fourth. the drone strings are so tuned that the fifth sounds pure to the prime tone. on the scale that riemann has produced the fifth would sound dissonant, since the fifth of the melody string is about a quarter - tone lower than the fifth of the drone string. unfortunately riemann says nothing about the instrument which he investigated. doubts about this scale must arise however since the author emphatically established that the folk instruments were so tuned that the practical tones were in agreement with the overtone phenomenon and with the fading of the tones, [ fn ] which is not the case with this hurdy - gurdy. riemann also mentions the extraordinarily frequent occurrence of the major third on folk instruments [ fn ]. on this hurdy - gurdy however the thirds f # ' - a # ' ( 350 cents ) and d # \" - f # \" ( 350 cents ) are pitched as so - called ' neutral thirds ' ( 347 cents ) right between the major and the minor thirds ; for the major third of 386 cents the lower, f # ' - a # ', is 36 cents too small, the upper, d # \" - f # \", is for the minor third of 216 cents 34 cents too large. it can be assumed that riemann was dealing with a normal instrument whose tangent positions could be changed and whose keys could be pushed into the body in varying degrees. with this assumption, this scale loses its value because it cannot be checked if riemann perhaps did not push the keys in as far as they would go, but just so far that a note was produced. the impression of a really subjective auditory investigation arises here, for the impurity of practically every note speaks against the use of a scale such as the one riemann depicted. when played together with other instruments the pitch of the hurdy - gurdy could be corrected simply by applying more or less pressure to the keys or by repositioning the tangents. this was probably done without any great difficulty even in the middle ages. the adjustment of pitch differences of wind instruments when played", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.495775839457698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.008509"} {"text": "were indeed limited as to type, but these nevertheless corresponded to the earliest known forms of medieval polyphony. the term used for this music practice, ' organum ', shows that there was a connected between these polyphonic forms and the musical instruments, which can be recognized clearly in the name for the organ ( ' organum ' ) and for the hurdy - gurdy ( ' organistrum ' ). ' organum ' does not denote just the organ and the polyphonic music practice, but also, quite generally, an ' instrument '. [ fn ] if ' organum ' still had a general meaning ( instrument ) and a special meaning ( organ ) for augustine and isidor, then later authors used this term to denote just the organ. [ fn ] it was known from augustine and isidor in the early middle ages that ' organum ' was the name for the organ or another instrument. if this name was later given to a polyphonic music practice, then the connection between musical instruments and the polyphonic organa cannot be simply disregarded. the use of this name as a term for a music practice leads to the conclusion that this type of polyphony was first executed instrumentally. this is indicated for example by johannes affligemensis, who speaks of naming a particular method of playing after an instrument. [ fn ] the parallel organum accordingly was \" named in view of the effect organum already known in the instrumental music : this was a characterization which, used for a choir of human voices, can only be explained in that this manner of singing was intended to imitate the instrument ( organa ) \". [ fn ] next to the thesis that parallel organa were performed solely by voices [ fn ] the opinion has also been aired that the musical instrument were only subsequently constructed so as to meet the requirements of the vocal parallel organum. [ fn ] both interpretations contradict the sources which lead to the conclusion that the term ' organum ' first indicated an instrument and then was transferred to a polyphonic choral practice with instrumental accompaniment. thus heinrich husmann attempted to explain the origin of the term ' organum ' for a choral practice as a transfer from the byzantine organ, since this had a ' mixtur ' register which sounded several pipes with parallel octaves and fifths when played on one key. since in principle this is the construction of the primitive parallel organum, its name ( in the first beginning phase ) could have been borrowed from the parallel technique of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5484460150750607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.010463"} {"text": "which sounded several pipes with parallel octaves and fifths when played on one key. since in principle this is the construction of the primitive parallel organum, its name ( in the first beginning phase ) could have been borrowed from the parallel technique of the organ of that period. \" [ fn ] that this form of polyphonic choral practice has its origins in instruments is shown by the comparison of the singing with the hurdy - gurdy ' s sound : \" a donc seront les voiz ohiez en semblance de chifoniez \". [ fn ] the theoretician ' s sources also speak for a participation of instruments in the execution of ' organa '. [ fn ] besides the \" dyaphonia basilica \" the author of the \" summa musicae \" mentions instrumental participation in the \" organica dyaphonia. \" [ fn ] the same author clearly indicates an instrumental execution of the lowest voice when he remarks that the cantus organicus goes so low that it cannot be sung. [ fn ] the anonymous iv even testifies to the performance of the drones on the organ, [ fn ] and the anonymous from st. emmeram thinks of organum as being a mixed vocal and instrumental presentation, whereby the author characterizes the instrumental tenor as being a ' burdo. ' ( see page 48 ). [ fn ] if however the term ' organum ' served to denote an instrumental practice, then the terms derived from it are also connected with instruments. [ fn ] cosuequently the term ' organisare ' can denote \" to play polyphonically ', and ' organistra ' denotes the ' organ ' or ' instrument player ', [ fn ] and the term ' organicus punctus ' can be interpreted, not just literally but in reference to the instrument as ' organ point '. [ fn ] the later addition of the human voice to an instrumentally performed polyphonic music is indicated by the naming of the accompanying voice as ' vox organalis '. it was of course not just the human voice that was denoted by ' vox ', but also the voice of an instrument, so that it does not appear to be wrong to think of an instrumental voice with the ' vox organalis '. [ fn ] ernst ludwig waeltner believes that the term ' organum ' was originally not used for the entire practice, but just for that of the ' vox organalis '. the accompanying voice was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5012768717894032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.012723"} {"text": "with the ' vox organalis '. [ fn ] ernst ludwig waeltner believes that the term ' organum ' was originally not used for the entire practice, but just for that of the ' vox organalis '. the accompanying voice was hence first used in connection with the instruments. only then was the term applied to the entire practice. \" the adoption of the term ' organum ' indicates that the use of instruments was an important factor of this method of presentation. \" [ fn ] the connection between ' organum ' as a polyphonic music practice and ' organum ' as instrument is clearest however in the term ' musica organica ' which was common in the middle ages for denoting instrumental music. [ fn ] since apparently the term ' organum ' was transferred from instruments to a certain manner of presenting polyphonic music, these instruments must have already been polyphonic. however t here was a great number of such instruments in the middle ages. therefore it can be assumed that instruments of this type were used also in the presentation of organa practice, although the sources of early polyphonic music which have been preserved do not indicate to what extent musical instruments participated. [ fn ] probably this will never be known since a strict distinction between vocal and instrumental music was not known until modern times, as for example the addition of a ' da cantare o suonare ' to many title pages of old music shows. [ fn ] even for the 16th century music the question as to whether it is to be performed instrumentally, instrumentally and vocally, or just vocally cannot be answered since there were not set rules. \" music was played just how the instruments and the voices were available. \" [ fn ] with instrumental accompaniment for vocal music the instruments available were played, whereby these could fulfill various functions : they could support the harmony or substitute for missing voices. [ fn ] the participation of instruments was not exhausted however in these two duties. it can no longer be established what function the individual instruments had, but the medieval instrumentarium which has been preserved in word and picture shows nevertheless such a great number of various types and forms that the conclusion seems to be justified that musical instruments were extensively used in that period. there must have been accordingly a marked instrumental practice about which however only suppositions can be made, since the preservation of instrumental music began only very late and even these sources do not usually give any information about the use of certain instruments. this may be connected with the fact that while there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031693390596179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.014123"} {"text": "practice about which however only suppositions can be made, since the preservation of instrumental music began only very late and even these sources do not usually give any information about the use of certain instruments. this may be connected with the fact that while there was a great number of instruments of various types, these instruments were nevertheless in various stages of development, so that no ' instrumental style ' for specific instruments could arise. [ fn ] d. the hurdy - gurdy in church music it has already been mentioned that the hurdy - gurdy functioned as a church instrument in the late middle ages ( see page192 ). the instrument ' s harmonies allow certain deductions to be made about its repertoire. the construction of the instrument permits only those harmonies which are also found in the earliest sources of sacred polyphonic music, for which reason the hurdy - gurdy appears particularly suited to the execution of the organa. this polyphonic practice of the parallel and drone organa was common in medieval secular music as well as in sacred music. \" parallelness and drone technique \" form the \" pillars of the polyphony cultivated in the european ars antiqua. \" [ trans ch : \" old music \" ] [ fn ] both forms of polyphony were established early in sacred music. probably the first reference to the practice of organa is found in the writings of bishop aldhelm from the 7th century. [ fn ] the musica enchiriadis, which contains the first extensive description of the parallel organum dates from the middle of the 9th century and originated in the vicinity of metz. this organum with parallel voices has been handed down [ note : better wording =? ] in fourth and fifth intervals. [ fn ] hugo riemann questions the practical performance of the parallel organum and considered the whole family as simply scholarly tinkering on the part of theoreticians. [ fn ] this view resulted from our modern sense of sound which finds sequences of fifths and fourths empty and graceless. this is because the harmony of the root note with the fifth or fourth which fades away very rapidly and which has a high degree of consonance. \" it should be generally known that even in our music sphere untrained singers, when they want to sing with others in a choir, often sing along in the fifth, thinking they are singing in the same pitch. \" [ fn ] even in the middle ages the marked fading - in of these ' perfect ' consonances was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48122312114842597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.015065"} {"text": "they want to sing with others in a choir, often sing along in the fifth, thinking they are singing in the same pitch. \" [ fn ] even in the middle ages the marked fading - in of these ' perfect ' consonances was recognized and hence were used to create a stronger tonal effect. the treatises which deal with the parallel organum do not represent a fixed establishment of a new \" invention \", but appear only to order a wide spread type of polyphony \" into a fixed theoretical system and provide evidence for the practicability of its use in church choral music \" [ fn ]. the author of the musica enchiriadis then expressly emphasizes that this polyphony was called \" assuete organum \" [ fn ]. popular parallel music was spread throughout the whole of europe, and the origins of the church organum are probably to be sought in a popular music practice [ fn ]. up until the 16th century polyphonic music of the type of the early organum was known throughout europe [ fn ] ; thus the example in hungary [ fn ] and in catalonia, from whence comes a manuscript, the \" cantorale sti. hieronimi \" from the 15th century. despite its late date it also contains \" two or three voice organa in the style of the 13th century with quadrate notation \" [ fn ]. the last part of a choral manuscript from the first half of the 16th century forms \" an almost rigid fifth organum interrupted by unison parts \" [ fn ]. even in recent times, until 1928, [ fn ] this parallel organum practice existed in the icelandic tvisongvar ( plural of tvisongur ). [ fn ] another example of the organa music practice is found in macedonia in a type of social epic, in which two choruses alternating sing in epic verse and finally together end the piece in a interval of a fifth. \" diese musikpraxis erinnert stark an anser fruhmittelalterliches organum. \" [ fn ] [ trans mm : \" this music practice very much recalls our early medieval organum \" ] the drone practice was probably much more developed than the parallel music, as the large number of drone instruments in the middle ages testifies. both types of folk polyphonic music practice appear to be very old and have been spread throughout the whole of europe. they probably did not originate in the middle ages, but much earlier. their age cannot be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4710800028107799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.016919"} {"text": "drone instruments in the middle ages testifies. both types of folk polyphonic music practice appear to be very old and have been spread throughout the whole of europe. they probably did not originate in the middle ages, but much earlier. their age cannot be determined, but early forms of polyphony must have been known in antiquity, since the instrumentarium of those times was too complex to allow it to be supposed that there was just a unison presentation practice [ fn ]. this variety of instruments existed also during the entire middle ages, and it appears to be certain that instruments were used for just these forms of polyphonic music. thus a northern european source reports of several instruments being played together, among these apparently some hurdy - gurdies, and to which a vocal organum was sung : \" sumir leika salterium ok simphon, sumir troda [ sp ] [ tro - d / stroke - a ] organum, sumir berja bumbu, en sumir blasa i trumbu \" ( some played the psalerium and simphon, others performed organum, some played the bumbu and others blew the trumbu ) [ fn ]. an instrumental basse dance from the 16th century has parallel fourths, fifths and octaves which return over the tenor and which recall the parallel organum [ fn ]. if the folk music of the middle ages had a definite instrumental character, then the use of instruments even in the early medieval church polyphony is not to be excluded from consideration. the theoreticians do not provide any basis for determining the extent to which musical instruments were used in the church organa practice but it must be nevertheless be assumed that they participated in this music practice [ fn ]. many of the preserved sources would in fact remain incomprehensible if the participation of instruments was rejected [ fn ]. in any case, the participation of instruments cannot be denied on the grounds that \" it is church music for which the participation of neither organ ( organum ) nor instruments ( organa ) is handed down \" [ fn ]. how would, according to this point of view, the source discussed on page 363 be valued, which reports of participation of minstrels with their instruments at the daily masses? the use of \" instruments in organum \" was rather \" so understandable for the theoreticians that it did not need to be specially mentioned \" [ fn ]. a reference to instrumental participation in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45239195632375084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.017859"} {"text": "with their instruments at the daily masses? the use of \" instruments in organum \" was rather \" so understandable for the theoreticians that it did not need to be specially mentioned \" [ fn ]. a reference to instrumental participation in parallel organum is given in the paris treatise, which allows both ' human ' as well as instrumental voices for octave doubling [ fn ]. the instrumental version is supported by the frequent use of large intervals as ninths, tenths, sevenths, etc., and by the frequently prescribed individual notes isolated by pauses [ fn ]. another point which leads us to think of an instrumental presentation is the slowing down of the tempo in organum. the koln treatise, like the paris treatise as well as the musica enchiriadis emphasize the slower tempo of the organa in comparison with that of the choral presentation [ fn ], which itself slows down when instruments are added. \" we know from our own experience that plain - chant slows down when it is accompanied by the organ \" [ fn ]. \" die verlangsamung des zietma\u00dfes im organum ist ein besonderes merkmal der fruhen organalpraxis. sie ermoglichte es den im organum beteiligten instrumenten, wie auch sangern, ihre jeweiligen tone zu kolorieren. diese kolorierungen stellen gleichsam di verbindung zwischen den einzelnen klangen her. \" [ fn ] ( \" the slowing down of the tempo in organum is a special characteristic of the early organa practice. it made it possible for the participating instruments, as well as for the singers, to color their respective tones. this coloration produces, as it were the connection between the individual tones of the organum and hence between the individual sounds. \" ernst ludwig waeltner considers the organum to be an essential part and a specific manner of presentation, of the liturgy [ fn ] and even assumes a definite individual instrumental - vocal formation for the early practice of organum. [ fn ] with this he accords to the sound of the organum which have been handed down in writing only a supporting function as a harmonic tonal foundation, over which it is freely improvised. the numerous instruments serve \" through improvisation to increase the splendor of the organum ' s chordal pillars. it was therefore music which set large masses and means in motion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4955727348587241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.018758"} {"text": "function as a harmonic tonal foundation, over which it is freely improvised. the numerous instruments serve \" through improvisation to increase the splendor of the organum ' s chordal pillars. it was therefore music which set large masses and means in motion in order to achieve the fullest possible sound \" [ fn ]. since the musical instruments apparently already had such a great significance for the execution of parallel organum, they must have been even more in demand for the drone organum. long sustained drone tones are found in sacred music first in the drone organa of the 11th and 12th centuries. already guido of arezzo gives an example of the drone organum [ fn ] ; this type of organum is further described in a 12th century anonymous treatise [ fn ]. the constant return to the primary tone and to the fifth have a drone character in sequences, the texts of which frequently mention musical instruments [ fn ]. \" both tones are so to speak drone tones and are executed as such with instrumental accompaniment \" [ fn ]. as in two short tonal pieces by perotin a \" dyaphonia basilica ' ( see page 47 ) is also found in a 15th century manuscript from innsbruck ( innsbruck hs. univ. ms. 457 ) [ fn ] ; in a ' organum quadruplum ' by perotin in the f of the tenor is held for over 130 measures [ fn ], and this could be performed on the hurdy - gurdy or on wind - bag instruments ( organ, bagpipes ). the thesis of the instrumentally executed tenors is also supported by the fact that the low drone of the tenor gave its name to the lowest octave on keyboard instruments. in the instrument making treatise of henricus arnaut of zwolle ( c. 1440 ), the notes of the lowest octave of a keyboard instrument are called ' barduni ' [ fn ], as was also the low unshortened string of the bowed - instrument vielle, which ran along the side of the finger - board, characterized by hieronymus de moravia as a drone string : \" secunda ( chorda ), quae bordunus est aliarum, d solum facit \" [ fn ]. an excellent source for sacred instrument presentation practices is provided by the organa of the saint jacob ' s liturgy of the codex calixtinus [ fn ]. this codex originated in santiago de compostela, the most important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090266421358693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.019945"} {"text": "fn ]. an excellent source for sacred instrument presentation practices is provided by the organa of the saint jacob ' s liturgy of the codex calixtinus [ fn ]. this codex originated in santiago de compostela, the most important pilgrim center in the middle ages and at the same time a meeting place of musicians with their various instruments, for the \" mittelalterlichen wallfahrtsorte und heiligtumer europas waren immer lebendiger mittelpunkt der mehrstimmigen, volkstumlichen und instrumentalmusik \" [ fn ] ( \" medieval pilgrim centers and shrines of europe were always lively centers of the polyphonic, popular, and instrumental music. \" ) the well developed music practice in santiago was not only preserved by the hand written sources but also by especially generous representation of numerous instruments on the cathedral and on the archbishop ' s palace. the hurdy - gurdy was also pictured on both buildings which indicates that it was especially valued in the santiago instrumentarium. the two player organistrum used there was probably utilized mainly for the performance of church music, \" and in most cases it was the center of a large orchestra \" [ fn ]. \" the organistrum is placed in the center of the group. the circumstance of a rather prominent place being given to it... suggests that it was used in sacred music rather as a church - organ \" [ fn ]. the instrumental practice cultivated in santiago is indicated especially by the 23 organa of the codex calixtinus, of which, according to walter kruger, 15 were performed with drones. [ fn ] many of these organa show not only long drones but also a moving melody of the ' vox organalis ' in contrast to the ' vox principalis '. \" doppelgriffe ( falls nicht mixturen ) jedenfalls auf instrumentalpraxis auch der principalis hinn. \" [ fn ] ( \" double fingerings ( if not ' mixturs ' ) also point to an instrumental practice of the principalis as well \". various other factors also strengthened the instrumental presentation practice of the organa. dom german prado established that the ' conductus ' of the codex has its origin in dances from toledo and seville, and that for example the conductus ' ad superni ragis ' stems from a galician dance for the bagpipes [ fn ], for which reason kruger supposed that this piece was also performed in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42009710311454773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.020951"} {"text": "its origin in dances from toledo and seville, and that for example the conductus ' ad superni ragis ' stems from a galician dance for the bagpipes [ fn ], for which reason kruger supposed that this piece was also performed in santiago either on the bagpipes or on the hurdy - gurdy [ fn ]. besides, there are numerous references to instruments in the text : \" clerus cum organo / et plebs cum tympano / cantet redemptori \" ; \" organa dulcia conveniencia sunt resonanda \" [ fn ] ; \" jocundetur et letetur, augmentetur / fidelium concio, / sollempnizet, modulizet, organizet / spiritali gaudio \" [ fn ]. the ' symphonia ' is found in another conductus text, which is interpretated as being a hurdy - gurdy by marius schneider : \" cum hera simphonia, tuba et canora \" [ fn ]. the chonicler reports that the pilgrims, arranged according to nationality, presented themselves in the cathedral of santiago and sang to the accompaniment of instruments which they had brought with them from their home countries [ fn ]. in the sacred processions the musicians, and indeed instrumentalists, were represented, as was always the case with medieval pilgrimages and liturgical celebrations. the codex includes several polyphonic pieces which were suited to solemn processions accompanied by dancing and instrumental music [ fn ]. if one accepts the participation of instruments in the presentation of organum in the churches, then the next question is : ' what instruments known to us from this period were especially suited for this music practice? '. for this question one fact which is essential for the use of the instruments in this context but which often is not sufficiently considered is decisive. the organum was a church practice which was tied to the wide and high spaces of cathedrals and churches. from this in itself results a natural selection of instruments which are particularly suited for these spaces. indeed all available instruments could be used, as was often the case, but some instruments, on account of their construction and their musical possibilities sounded especially good in a church. preference was therefore given to those instruments with which the musician could produce not only a loud, but a carrying sustained tone as well. on account of the slow tempo of the organum the players of the participating instruments had to be able to hold each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4430853077503437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.021844"} {"text": ". preference was therefore given to those instruments with which the musician could produce not only a loud, but a carrying sustained tone as well. on account of the slow tempo of the organum the players of the participating instruments had to be able to hold each note as long as possible. the wind and bowed instruments were well suited for this purpose, while the quickly disappearing notes of the plucked instruments were unsuitable. the organ, whose relationship to the organum practice is made clear by the common term ' organum ', seems to have been especially well suited for this presentation practice [ fn ]. if the technical aspects of this instrument were still imperfect, it was suited nevertheless as a drone instrument on account of the loud sustained tones which were attributed with special respect in the sources [ fn ]. it is certainly not correct to think that there was no connection between the organ and organum on account of the primitive mechanism of the instrument [ fn ] ; at the leonin [? ] the organ already had keys and the player was quite able to execute faster movements [ fn ]. the close relationship between the organ and parallel organum is made clear by a late quint organum, which appears in the 14th century in the first english tablature [ fn ]. aside from the organ, two other members of the wind instrument family, the double shawms and the bagpipes were of special interest for the organum, since they likewise enable the player to sustain polyphonic harmonies. among the bowed instruments the hurdy - gurdy especially belonged to the ranks of the polyphonic instruments. the medieval name of the hurdy - gurdy ' organistrum ' indicates a close relationship between the organum and this instrument. next to other shortening methods the 13th century hurdy - gurdy also had a key mechanism which appeared as if made just for played fixed organum ( ill. 2 ) [ figlink ]. \" the music peculiar to this type of lyre to a great extent confirms the assumption that the vocal organum arose from an attempt to imitate the instrumental effect \" [ fn ]. the individual keys of the hurdy - gurdy in illustration 2 are provided with letters for the notes, which indicate that the range of the instrument was one octave with b - flat and b. this picture clearly shows the construction of the keys, which when turned 90 degrees upward simultaneously contact all three strings. the rotating keys of the hurdy - gurdy effected a simultaneous shortening of all the strings. if the instrument had several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48484383466438913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.022909"} {"text": "b. this picture clearly shows the construction of the keys, which when turned 90 degrees upward simultaneously contact all three strings. the rotating keys of the hurdy - gurdy effected a simultaneous shortening of all the strings. if the instrument had several strings and all the strings could only be shortened simultaneously, the question arises as to how these strings were tuned. van waesberghe is of the opinion that all the strings were tuned to one pitch : \" zoals men ziet, wordt met een draaing van de pennen de snaar ( of de gelijkgestemde snaren ) ingekort... dit ' organistrum ' kende aanvankelijk een, twee, of drie snaren die allen dezelfde toon voortbrachten \" [ fn ]. [ trans : jw : \" as can be seen, the string ( or strings tuned in unison ) are shortened with a turning of the keys... this ' organistrum ' knew, originally one, two, or three strings that all produced the same tone. \" ] tuning all the strings to one pitch would have meant that the particular features which the hurdy - gurdy had to offer would not have been utilized. as illustration 2 shows however, the instrument was so built that mixed tones could be played, and it certainly did not correspond to the idea behind the construction to avoid such sounds by tuning the strings to the same pitch. the hurdy - gurdy had with ' organistrum ' a name derived from ' organum '. ' organum ' however denoted not only the organ, which could without doubt produce a mixture of tones [ fn ], but also a polyphonic music practice. this polyphonic organum practice was known even in spain, despite the domination of the arabs, [ fn ] and hence it is that area from which the first preserved representations of the hurdy - gurdy come. the chronicler vergilius cordubensis of spain, in his listing of the professors and departments at the university in cordoba, mentions also two music masters and expressly the type of music which they taught : \" et duo magistri legebant de musica, de ista arte quae dicitur organum \" [ fn ]. only one representation of the hurdy - gurdy from this period seems to depict a one - stringed instrument ( ill. 13 ) [ figlink ] ; on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5254563084293562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.023962"} {"text": "de ista arte quae dicitur organum \" [ fn ]. only one representation of the hurdy - gurdy from this period seems to depict a one - stringed instrument ( ill. 13 ) [ figlink ] ; on all the other representations it is clear that the normal hurdy - gurdy was strung with more than one string. why then tune all the strings to the same pitch on an instrument which was meant to be played polyphonically? this was not necessary to strengthen the single tone, since the instrument must have had quite a loud sound, if only because of the resonating body. from the modern small hurdy - gurdies we know that the wheel causes a much stronger rubbing than a bow, and that therefore, the tone of the instrument is very loud and wide reaching. [ editor ' s note : the modern practice is to tune the melody strings in unison or in octaves. ] analogous to the other instruments of this period on which drone and mixed sounds could be produced, and corresponding to the organum practice which gave the hurdy - gurdy its name, it must be supposed that the strings were tuned to different pitches. the organum and the organistrum are closely related not only by name but also in respect to their effects. the organum was a church practice and the organistrum was at this time a respected church instrument [ fn ] ; and it was precisely with its function as a church musical instrument that van waesberghe concerned himself with in his article [ fn ]. noteworthy about the instrument mentioned is the simultaneous shortening of all three strings resulting in a division of all the strings at exactly the same places. if the three strings were not tuned to the same pitch, then they must nevertheless have been so tuned that necessarily resulting harmonies always remained consonant when the strings were shortened. thus it is not surprising that most scholars who mention this picture immediately thought of the parallel organum with its primary - fifth - octave sound and did not even consider the possibility that the three strings were all tuned the same [ fn ]. \" l ' organisrum produisait donc trois sons a la fois et l ' on pouvait les soutenir indefiniment. \" [ fn ] [ trans : sb : \" the organistrum thus produced three tones simultaneously and could be sustained indefinitely. \" ] on this hurdy - gurdy then harmonies in the sense of the fixed parallel organum were realized with the use of the keys.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4926093158212055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.024929"} {"text": "] [ trans : sb : \" the organistrum thus produced three tones simultaneously and could be sustained indefinitely. \" ] on this hurdy - gurdy then harmonies in the sense of the fixed parallel organum were realized with the use of the keys. edmond de coussemaker considers therefore the hurdy - gurdy to be an instrument constructed for the performance of the parallel organum : \" l ' instrument qui porte ce cachet de la maniere la plus frappante est ' l ' organistrum '. son nom... en est lui - meme une preuve manifeste : car ' l ' organum ' etait precisement le nom des accords formes de reunions d ' octaves, de quintes ou de quartes, ce qui indique parfaitement sa destination \" [ fn ]. [ trans : sb : the instrument which demonstrates this characteristic the most strikingly is the ' organistrum '. its name... is in itself manifest proof of this : for the ' organum ' was precisely the name of the chords formed by the joining of octaves, fifths or fourths, which clearly demonstrates the purpose of the organistrum. \" ] as the treatises and illustration 2 prove, the hurdy - gurdy normally had the tonal range of one octave beginning with c and including b - flat and b natural. deviations from parallel sounds were not possible for the hurdy - gurdy with rotating keys, on the other hand however the instrument already had accidentals of necessity. if one accepts the tuning of the strings in the interval of the lower fifth, or at another time the lower fourth, the following notes result : with the construction of the hurdy - gurdy which provided only these rotating keys for all three strings, the musical possibilities of the instrument were exhausted in the performance of the parallel organum. the limitations of the instrument is not due to the simultaneous shortening of all three strings, but rather to the shortening of the strings at exactly the same points, which means that the chords playable on the instrument were always similarly constructed. since the distances between keys were fixed and in each case always remained the same, no change could be brought about in the construction of individual chords. this instrument was indeed excellently suited for the presentation of a parallel organum, even without the participation of other instruments, but by its nature its tonal possibilities were so limited that its harmonies were unavoidably uniform. it could therefore not be avoided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107529725715894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.025863"} {"text": "instrument was indeed excellently suited for the presentation of a parallel organum, even without the participation of other instruments, but by its nature its tonal possibilities were so limited that its harmonies were unavoidably uniform. it could therefore not be avoided that when polyphony became more varied the hurdy - gurdy made for parallel sounds was given up. on the other hand the hurdy - gurdy with drone strings has maintained itself up to the present day. by attaching one, two, or more drones, the use of the instrument was considerably extended. with three strings, two strings could be tuned in intervals of a fifth or fourth and be shortened by keys while the third functioned as a drone string ( see page 114 ). the hurdy - gurdy found use in sacred music as a drone instrument as well. in the 13th century it was a large instrument played by clerics, which, on account of the size of its resonating body and the length of its strings, enabled the musician to produce a deep drone sound. compared to most other musical instruments it had the advantage that the player could sustain indefinitely each single note. the large organistrum was especially suited to the performance of the sustained organum with its drone sounds and the tenors with their slight ambitus and the slow alterations in the scale, since this large hurdy - gurdy as a bass instrument with its loud sound was in the position of being able to support all other instruments or voices and perhaps even to drown them out. on the other hand, the instrument was operated by two players, whereby one of these had both hands free to operate the keys. with two hands the musician could even achieve a certain fluency, so that he could play a more moving melody on the melody string. if the instrument was only to serve as a drone instrument, then double drones, double octaves but above all alternating drones, which perhaps changed several times in one piece, were produced. another advantage lay in the fact that the hurdy - gurdy ' s strings could be quickly retuned to another key. it can be said with certainty that the large organistrum for two players was a low sounding instrument and that for a long time it was used in churches as the predecessor to the organ. the frequent representation on 12th century north spanish churches seems to confirm this, since for the same period, from the 9th to the 12th century, it cannot be established that there were organs in the spanish churches. [ fn ] the large organistrum must have been exclusively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4614399041189983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.026814"} {"text": "on 12th century north spanish churches seems to confirm this, since for the same period, from the 9th to the 12th century, it cannot be established that there were organs in the spanish churches. [ fn ] the large organistrum must have been exclusively a church instrument. on account of the technique required for playing it and the operation by two players it had the disadvantage as compared to other instruments that it could be played only in a sitting position. small hurdy - gurdies are found in representations only since the 13th century. they must however been around earlier, since the literary sources in the 12th century already mention the use of hurdy - gurdies in celebrations and processions. the hurdy - gurdy probably existed at some time in two different forms and had two different functions : as a large church instrument and as the small instrument of the minstrels. as far as sound goes, the large hurdy - gurdy was doubtless suited for large areas and open spaces. when we hear the considerably smaller hurdy - gurdy of modern times we are still astounded by the sharp and far - carrying sound of this instrument. hence the hurdy - gurdy for two players must have had a very loud sound, so that with its piercing tone it could properly fulfill the requirements that were placed on an instrument intended for large spaces. the opinion that the instrument, on account of its sound which was compared to a ' rasping shriek ', was played only outdoors, \" where one can in any case think of the good effect \" [ fn ], cannot be brought into agreement with its great popularity and its position in the medieval instrumentarium. e. the hurdy - gurdy in medieval secular music besides the large organistrum used in the church there existed already at the same time the small instrument for one player. this hurdy - gurdy was given a quite different sphere of duties, which for the secular instrumental music of the middle ages was of great importance. in this sphere however the small one - player hurdy - gurdy could only be used and enjoy such great popularity for such a long time because it offered tonal possibilities different from those of the large bass instrument of the church. by shortening the entire length of the instrument and hence the strings as well it became a descant instrument. along with the decrease in its size the hurdy - gurdy lost the disadvantage of immobility of the large organistrum ; it could now be easily transported and handled, and was thus quite suited to be played", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43834592918035986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.028720"} {"text": "became a descant instrument. along with the decrease in its size the hurdy - gurdy lost the disadvantage of immobility of the large organistrum ; it could now be easily transported and handled, and was thus quite suited to be played while standing or walking and hence could become one of the instruments of the minstrels. although the small hurdy - gurdy belonged to the instrumentarium of the minstrels, it was also used in the churches, since the minstrels with their instruments were not excluded from the field of church music. thus the hurdy - gurdy was a popular instrument of the pilgrims and was expressly mentioned by geoffrey chaucer in his \" canterbury tales \" as one of the instruments which the canterbury pilgrims played : \" with harpe and pype and simphonye \" [ fn ]. one of the important semi - sacred duties for the small hurdy - gurdy lay in the accompaniment of dances which were certainly cultivated in many pilgrim centers as well. above all the participants in processions and celebrations danced one part of the liturgical music, and religious dances with instrumental accompaniment even took place in churches. [ fn ] the montserrat dance of death for example was actually conducted as a round dance with choir and leader [ fn ]. the pilgrims at montserrat also danced and sang continuously between prayers [ fn ]. in this context it is significant that these dances were accompanied with instruments. even the accompaniment of cult dances by instruments has been testified to [ fn ], and when the liturgical tunes were later no longer danced to, the music nevertheless has a certain dance character and betrays its origin from dances [ fn ]. the performance of this music was generally entrusted to the medieval minstrels, whose repertoire was apparently very extensive. the same minstrels played with their instruments every type of secular and sacred music at feasts and solemnities [ fn ]. they even performed music in the church, and this practice was apparently so widespread that the councils had to forbid it from the spanish churches. [ fn ] pilgrims were accompanied on their way by minstrels who also preceded processions, marriage celebrations and other festivities with their instruments. in many areas marriage processions were led by musicians up until the 20th century. these musicians played uninterruptedly all the way to the church. thus for example in marriage festivities in some french provinces bagpipe players and hurdy - gurdy players led the way in the procession to the church [ fn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4412055816452095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.029816"} {"text": "century. these musicians played uninterruptedly all the way to the church. thus for example in marriage festivities in some french provinces bagpipe players and hurdy - gurdy players led the way in the procession to the church [ fn ]. the hurdy - gurdy belonged to the instruments which were classed as ' soft instruments ' and which were used in the performance of liturgical music and in mystery plays [ fn ]. with the use of musical instruments however was at the same connected the presence and participation of minstrels in the church [ fn ], who until the end of the 15th century played in instrumental ensembles in religious ceremonies and church marriages. [ fn ] very little is known about the structure of medieval secular music [ fn ], but the literary and pictorial sources testify that the instruments played an important role in it. from the literature it is apparent that the minstrels had to be good instrumentalists ; they should be able to play at least nine instruments, as guiraut de calanso advises in his sirventes \" fadet joglar \". he lists that he plays more than these nine instruments, among these the hurdy - gurdy [ fn ]. a jongleur had to master the a wide variety of skills, but his principal task lay in the performance of music : he made dancing music and entertained his public with instrumental music together with other musicians or by singing to an instrumental accompaniment. the medieval minstrel was an indispensable entertainer in the houses of the rich. johannes de garlandia mentioned around 1200 in his \" dictionarius \" the many different instrumentalists, among these hurdy - gurdy players as well, whom he had seen in wealthy homes : \" sed in domibus divitum vidi liricines, tibicines, cornicines, vidulatores cum vidulis, alios cum fistro, cum giga, cum simphonia, cum psalteria... \" [ fn ] these minstrels had also to provide the background music for the dinner, which included both instrumental and vocal music [ fn ]. since ' tafelmusic ' was often performed by instrumentalists, a prerequisite was the grouping of different instruments into one ensemble ( see page 235 ). [ fn ] thus mathieu d ' escouchy reports of a dinner during which it was sung to the accompaniment of several instruments : \" et apprez, ou", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43350134654685446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.031103"} {"text": "the grouping of different instruments into one ensemble ( see page 235 ). [ fn ] thus mathieu d ' escouchy reports of a dinner during which it was sung to the accompaniment of several instruments : \" et apprez, ou paste, juerrent les aveugles, de vielles, et aveuc eulx ung leu bien acorde ; et chantoit aveuc eulx une damoiselle de l ' ostel de ladicte duchesse nommee pacquette, dont la chose ne valoit pas pis \" [ fn ]. an especially important part of the instrumentalist ' s task lay in vocal accompaniment since almost all old french poetry was recited in song [ fn ], and all were intended to be executed by singing [ fn ]. [ note : these don ' t seem to differ - resolve. ] the most important medieval poetry, the ' chansons de geste ', were extensive epics which usually contained more than 10, 000 verses [ fn ]. the presentation of these ' chansons de geste ' belonged also to the repertoire of the jongleur : \" on n ' etait pas bon jongleur si l ' on n ' avait pas dans la memoire un grand nombre de chansons de geste \" [ fn ]. like the ' chansons de geste ' the lives of the saints were also sung by the jongleurs [ fn ]. hardly anything is known about the composers of the ' chansons de geste ' or about their musical structure. it is certain however that they were sung [ fn ], otherwise this type of epic would not have been called a ' chanson ' [ fn ]. melodies for the chansons have not been handed down, since it was not customary to commit them to paper [ fn ]. johannes de grocheo however has something to report about them [ fn ], according to which the melodies were constantly repeated. they would be then ' short melodies ' which all the jongleurs and the copyists of the manuscripts would know, so that it would be superfluous to write them down [ fn ]. the singing of the chansons was accompanied by instruments [ fn ] as is indicated in the texts of the chansons [ fn ]. according to the information from the texts only string instruments were used to accompany the song [ fn ]. according to the ' chanson de horn ' the presentation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44759928790639214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.032058"} {"text": "fn ] as is indicated in the texts of the chansons [ fn ]. according to the information from the texts only string instruments were used to accompany the song [ fn ]. according to the ' chanson de horn ' the presentation of a lay was conducted in the following manner : first the jongleur would tune his instrument, then he would play an introduction and then accompany the song. each time after the song he would repeat the melody on his instrument [ fn ]. the jongleurs with their instruments participated in the presentation of songs of the troubadours and of the trouveres. it is true that the troubadours also presented their songs by themselves, a fact which is particularly emphasized in their biographies [ fn ]. a polyphonic accompaniment and ornamentation through instruments were just as familiar to the german minnesinger as to the french troubadours and trouveres. this is testified by gottfried von stra\u00dfburg, who called walther von der vogelweide a master in \" organieren und wandelieren \" [ fn ]. hermann, a monk from salzburg, wrote some songs with instrumental parts ( among these the \" taghorn \" and the \" nachthorn \" ), in which the instrumental part remains confined to one note which only changes to the lower fourth or the octave, and which is thus quite similar to a drone [ fn ]. music formed an essential, part of courtly life and middle - class society, which is why so many instruments are mentioned in medieval poetry. of approximately 50 middle high german epics only nine do not mention music at all, while in the others together 29 different instruments are introduced by name. [ fn ] the pictorial representations must also be added to the numerous instruments mentioned. when therefore, as the sources prove, musical instruments played a significant role, then it is unthinkable that they occupied only a subordinate position and could easily have been done away with. karl nef believed that the ' chansons de geste ' were performed without any accompaniment just as the gregorian chant was, even though he quoted some of the texts which report the practice of song with the simultaneous playing of an instrument, if however the instrument did happen to be used, then nef purports that its duty consisted more or less of playing along with the melody in the same pitch [ fn ]. other authors also share this opinion : \" la viola acompanyava el cant dels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45855087182127197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.033130"} {"text": "used, then nef purports that its duty consisted more or less of playing along with the melody in the same pitch [ fn ]. other authors also share this opinion : \" la viola acompanyava el cant dels trobadors a l ' unison o a l ' octava \" [ fn ] [ translation jw : \" the viola accompanied the troubadour ' s song in unison or at the octave \" ]. \" die begleitung des gesanges kann nur im mitspielen der gegeben melodie, im einklange, nur angeben einzelner haupttone bestanden haben. \" [ fn ] [ \" the accompaniment can only have consisted in playing with the given melody in unison by providing individual principal notes \". ] this idea of the unison performance by an instrument and voice is made problematic by the \" often extraordinarily long unsingable colorations \" in minnesinger melodies, which caused arnold schering to reject a vocal presentation and to consider them as \" instrumental colorations \" [ fn ]. if the melodies were performed on an instrument, then it would have had to enable the player to perform fast passages. the hurdy - gurdy, whose sliding key mechanism ( see page 102 ) made it into a moving melody instrument, was one of the instruments suited for this. the hurdy - gurdy could be excellently used for vocal accompaniment since it always provided a harmony with its drone strings. compared to the viella, which was bowed, it even had an advantage which lay in the way the instrument was held : the viella was leaned against the shoulder, which had to influence the song when the player and singer were one and the same, while the hurdy - gurdy allowed complete freedom of movement for the upper part of the body. the use of the hurdy - gurdy as an accompaniment instrument was therefore very widespread, and in the sources it is frequently named together with the singers or as the accompanying instrument of a singer. like the french jongleurs the spanish juglares also made use of the hurdy - gurdy for the presentation of ' chansons de geste ' [ fn ]. the most precise source for the accompaniment of these chansons by the hurdy - gurdy is given by jean corbichon, a chaplain of charles v of france ( ruled 1364 - 1380 ). in 1372 he translated the work of bartholoma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4831850477014757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.034086"} {"text": "for the accompaniment of these chansons by the hurdy - gurdy is given by jean corbichon, a chaplain of charles v of france ( ruled 1364 - 1380 ). in 1372 he translated the work of bartholomaeus anglicus \" de propietatibus rerum \" into french and corrected the author, who in his definition of ' simphonie ' relied on isidor ( see page 104 ) : \" mais on apelle en francois une symphonie l ' instrument dont les aveugles jouent en chantant les chansons de geste \" [ fn ]. [ translation : jw : \" but in french a simphonie is the instrument which is used by the blind while playing and singing the \" chansons de geste \" ] the hurdy - gurdy apparently was very suitable as an accompanying instrument, as other texts indicate : \" and with - in the cite there wente a - bowte a womman synggynge with a symphanye \" [ fn ]. \" simphonides, simphonieur, qui chante en simphonie \" [ fn ]. in spain the romances of the 15th century were sung by juglares or by blind beggars everywhere to the accompaniment of the lute, the vihuela, or the hurdy - gurdy [ fn ]. probably like the ' chansons de geste ' the music of the romances consisted of short melodies which were constantly repeated, whereby the strophes of the text corresponded with those of the music. in long romances the melodies were ornamented and formed into variations, which were executed either vocally or instrumentally [ fn ]. marius schneider established that most of the musicians in representations both sing and play. according to his opinion the musician either sang or played the same part or sang one voice and played a counter voice. we do not know how the songs which were accompanied by the hurdy - gurdy sounded. one reference point could be provided by a report about wandering bagpipe players from grusinia, who still visited the small farms and provincial towns at the beginning of this century. they appeared at family gatherings and at other festivities and sang songs appropriate for the occasion and accompanied them with their bagpipes, framing them in preludes and postludes. their music was described as being always very much the same [ fn ]. but the hurdy - gurdy was used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44722407114910134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.034929"} {"text": "sang songs appropriate for the occasion and accompanied them with their bagpipes, framing them in preludes and postludes. their music was described as being always very much the same [ fn ]. but the hurdy - gurdy was used not just to accompany song, but was utilized as a melody instrument as well : \" qui jouoit chancons sur la siphonie \" [ fn ] ; \" la peussiez oir. m. calimels catant. taburs et cifonies i vont lor lais cantant \" [ fn ]. the jongleurs and juglares with their instruments were not only singers of the ' chansons de geste ' and the lives of the saints, but were also transmitters of news [ fn ]. \" die politische berichterstattung und tageskritik waren... ein hauptaufgabenfeld fur die fahrenden. \" [ fn ] [ \" political reports and daily criticisms were... a chief duty of the itinerants \". ] they could be met with everywhere ; they served the princes of their day or sang and played at church festivities, church dedications or at the annual markets [ fn ]. in the cities they played for the public in courts and on crossroads [ fn ] and \" functioned as the daily news of those times \". [ fn ] the daily news items represented with instrumental accompaniment just as were the songs, and one of the instruments was the hurdy - gurdy. \" c ' etait au son de la vielle a roue que le baenkelsaenger chantait les nouvelles et les scandales quotidiens. \" [ fn ] [ trans : jw : \" it was to the sound of the hurdy - gurdy that the baenkelsaenger sang the daily news and scandals. \" ] that the presentation of such news was accompanied by the hurdy - gurdy is also shown by a decree of charles vi of france in september 1395 which forbade the minstrels to mention the king, the pope, or other french princes in their songs. some months later measures again had to be taken \" contre les chifoineurs et chanteurs demourans a paris \" [ trans : jw : \" against the symphonie players and singers living in paris \" ], since the hurdy - gurdy players of paris had not hee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42100451027674557, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.035745"} {"text": "which were determined by the construction of the instrument indicate that the hurdy - gurdy probably belonged to one of the high points of instrument making technique in the middle ages. \" the simphonie probably marks the high point of medieval musical ingenuity \" [ fn ]. the hurdy - gurdy in the middle ages was therefore in no case more imperfect than other instruments of the same period. it lost its position of respect however as more and more beggars began to play it. in the late middle ages the hurdy - gurdy in all regions was pushed back into two areas in which it would maintain itself for a long time, and in part even up until the present time. on the one hand the hurdy - gurdy preserved itself as an instrument for the beggar ' s sentimental songs, and on the other as a well sounding instrument for the accompanying dances and village songs. in these two areas the hurdy - gurdy came to be used for completely different musical repertoires. the music of the mostly blind beggars showed the last remains of the church practice : they sang mainly religious songs while turning the wheel evenly. a report concerning russian beggars with hurdy - gurdies gives a good example for these ' beggar ' s lyres ' and their repertoire. their instruments had three strings which were usually tuned to the primary note, its fifth and its octave, whereby the drone strings were the lower octave and the fifth to the primary note. the white russian hurdy - gurdy had 4 to 7 keys, the ukranian had 9 to11, and thus the tonal range was extremely limited. \" die melancholish - monotone und trube musik der leier entspricht am besten dem repertoire der bettelnden sanger, den geistlich - religiosen gesangen \". [ fn ]. [ \" the melancholy monotone and sad music of the hurdy - gurdy suits best the repertoire of the begging singer, the spritual - religious songs \" ] by turning the crank evenly the feeling of monotony was unavoidably conjured up. in hungary the hurdy - gurdy probably got its name from the monotony of these religious songs which were sung to the instrument, where it was also called \" szentlelekmuzsika \", which means ' holy spirit music ' [ fn ]. marin mersenne, who had probably heard this type of music on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4748632821470368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.037865"} {"text": "which were sung to the instrument, where it was also called \" szentlelekmuzsika \", which means ' holy spirit music ' [ fn ]. marin mersenne, who had probably heard this type of music on the hurdy - gurdy, knew that it had also other possibilities to offer : \" si les hommes de condition touchoient ordinairement la symphonie, que l ' on nomme vielle, elle ne seroit pas si meprisee qu ' elle est, mais parce qu ' elle n ' est touchee que par les pauures, et particulierement par les aueugles qui gaignent leur vie auec cet instrument, l ' on en fait moins d ' estime que des autres quoy qu ' ils ne donnent pas tant de plaisir \" [ fn ]. [ translation sb : \" if men of a higher station regularly played the symphonie, also called the vielle, it would not be so despised as it is, but because it is only used by the poor and in particular the blind who earn their living with this instrument, it is held in less esteem than others which do not give as much pleasure \" ]. it appears as if the repertoire of the hurdy - gurdy played by beggars was very similar in the different countries. one reason for this uniformity is that the beggar wanted to attract attention to himself by his monotonous manner of singing and by the sad sound of his instrument, while the religious character of his songs were intended to awaken the sense of christian duty. another reason is that the beggar usually lacked any musical training. [ fn ] the hurdy - gurdy with its fixed tones and its easily managed tonal range was quickly learned, so beggars remained bonded to their instruments. the reports speak almost exclusively of blind beggars who play the hurdy - gurdy. a blind man could learn to finger the notes the most quickly on this instrument, since \" die leier klingt auch in der finsterniss \" [ fn ] [ \" the lyre sounds in the darkness as well \" ] the beggars were satisfied with a few pieces which they learned to present [ fn ]. various sayings which refer to the small musical repertoire of the beggars indicate this : \" ce vielleur n ' aura qu ' un double \", [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4947700218243859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.038810"} {"text": "danced. \" ] \" die zwen mit der leiren haben zu danz gemacht \" [ fn ]. women as well played the hurdy - gurdy for dances : \" es solt och die lirerin ir aller gespiel sin und ain tanz machen das es gieng krachen \" in order to effectively accompany a dance, the hurdy - gurdy player had not only to know the repertoire of the dancer, but he had to play his instrument in quite a different way. at dances a uniform monotone manner of playing was probably avoided quite early and it was attempted to mark the dance rhythms by turning the crank unevenly and in jerks. it is not known when this was first started, just as it is not known when the trompette string was introduced as a means of strengthening the rhythm. dance melodies of the middle ages can be established only with difficulty since only late instrumental sources for dances were preserved. however during the entire middle ages dance was extremely popular [ fn ]. the preserved documentation indicates the predominance of major scales [ fn ], and the western european hurdy - gurdy had no chromatic tones for a long time and was tuned in a major scale. aside from this a strong emphasis was placed on the fifth and fourth [ fn ], and this is connected not only with the parallel music but also with the primary - note - fifth - ( fourth ) - drone sounds of the bagpipes or the hurdy - gurdy. as in other musical areas there was no fixed instrumentation for dance music. instead the instruments which happened to be available were played. this prevented also a specific instrumental character, so that from the sources preserved it cannot be established for which instruments these were intended. the various instruments when played together must have often sounded quite loud, since the sources mention quite a few wind instruments [ fn ]. the dances which were danced in every level of society differed however in their instrumentation according to the instruments used in the various levels. \" tanzmusik der bauern und burger mag manchen ' unleidig rauh ' geklungen haben. die auffuhrung durch mehrere instrumente und der bordun des dudelsacks brachten klangfulle und mehrstimmigkeit. da diese fast ausnahmslos improvisiert wurde, geben nur vereinzelte schriftliche zeugnisse kunde", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45257441349483823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.041639"} {"text": "4q448 parchment copied between 103 - 76 b. c. e. height 17. 8 cm ( 7 in. ), length 9. 5 cm ( 3 3 / 4 in. ) courtesy of the israel antiquities authority ( 2 ) the king jonathan mentioned in this text can be none other than alexander jannaeus, a monarch of the hasmonean dynasty who ruled judea from 103 to 76 b. c. e. the discovery of a prayer for the welfare of a hasmonean king among the qumran texts is unexpected because the community may have vehemently opposed the hasmoneans. they even may have settled in the remote desert to avoid contact with the hasmonean authorities and priesthood. if this is indeed a composition that clashes with qumran views, it is a single occurrence among 600 non - biblical manuscripts. however, scholars are exploring the possibility that jonathan - jannaeus, unlike the other hasmonean rulers, was favored by the dead sea community, at least during certain periods, and may explain the prayer ' s inclusion in the dead sea materials. this text is unique in that it can be clearly dated to the rule of king jonathan. three columns of script are preserved, one on the top and two below. the upper column ( a ) and the lower left ( c ) column are incomplete. the leather is torn along the lower third of the right margin. a tab of untanned leather, 2. 9 by 2. 9 cm, folds over the right edge above the tear. a leather thong, remains of which were found threaded through the middle of the leather tab on the right edge, probably tied the rolled - up scroll. the form of the tab - - probably part of a fastening - - seems to indicate that the extant text was at the beginning of the scroll, which was originally longer. differences between the script of column a and that of b and c could indicate that this manuscript is not the work of a single scribe. this small manuscript contains two distinct parts. the first, column a, presents fragments of a psalm of praise to god. the second, columns b and c, bear a prayer for the welfare of king jonathan and his kingdom. in column a lines 8 - 10 are similar to a verse in psalm 154, preserved in the psalms scroll ( 11qpsa ) exhibited here. this hymn, which was not included in the biblical book of psalms, is familiar, however, from the tenth - century syriac psalter. 4q448 courtesy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3927248059624666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.051079"} {"text": "154, preserved in the psalms scroll ( 11qpsa ) exhibited here. this hymn, which was not included in the biblical book of psalms, is familiar, however, from the tenth - century syriac psalter. 4q448 courtesy of the israel antiquities authority ( 2 ) column a 1. praise the lord, a psalm [ of 2. you loved as a fa [ ther (? ) 3. you ruled over [ 4. vacat [ 5. and your foes were afraid ( or : will fear ) [ 6.... the heaven [ 7. and to the depths of the sea [ 8. and upon those who glorify him [ 9. the humble from the hand of adversaries [ 10. zion for his habitation, ch [ ooses column c column b 1. because you love isr [ ael 1. holy city 2. in the day and until evening [ 2. for king jonathan 3. to approach, to be [ 3. and all the congregation of your people 4. remember them for blessing [ 4. israel 5. on your name, which is called [ 5. who are in the four 6. kingdom to be blessed [ 6. winds of heaven 7. ] for the day of war [ 7. peace be ( for ) all 8. to king jonathan [ 8. and upon your kingdom 9. 9. your name be blessedtranscription and translation by e. eshel, h. eshel, and a. yardeni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4354459404989862, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.051677"} {"text": "14 june 2012, 10 : 10 bst getting ever louder in its calls for the world to get serious about climate change, the international energy agency ( iea ) is also increasingly concrete about what needs to be done. global investments in renewable energy must double by 2020 to $ 23. 9 trillion to keep global temperatures from rising beyond 2\u00b0c, says iea in its new book, energy technology perspectives 2012. and they must grow to $ 140 trillion by 2050. that ' s $ 36 trillion more than currently projected where controlling emissions is not a priority - the equivalent of $ 130 per person each year. it sounds like an enormous amount of money, but the plan more than pays for itself. by 2025, reduced spending for fossil fuels would outweigh the investment, and for every $ 1 invested, $ 3 would be saved by 2050, adding up to at least $ 100 trillion in savings. \" the window of opportunity is closing rapidly on achieving the 2\u00b0c target. the investments made today will determine the energy system that is in place in 2050 ; therefore, the lack of progress in clean energy is alarming, \" says iea. \" continued heavy reliance on a narrow set of technologies and fossil fuels is a significant threat to energy security, stable economic growth and global welfare, as well as to the environment. \" \" renewable energy resources and significant potential for energy efficiency exist virtually everywhere, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. reduced energy intensity, as well as geographical and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in far - reaching energy security and economic benefits. \" in april, iea released the tracking clean energy progress report, warning that despite recent progress in deploying renewable energy, it must be sped up. iea ' s 2\u00b0c scenario prioritizes the clean energy technologies that can ensure an 80 % chance of limiting long - term global temperature increase to 2\u00b0c. it starts with energy efficiency to cut energy consumption in the world economy by two - thirds before 2050. annual improvements in energy intensity must double, from 1. 2 % over the last 40 years to 2. 4 % in the coming four decades. economic incentives and more stringent standards are necessary, particularly in buildings and transportation. while more mature technologies - hydro, biomass, onshore wind and solar pv - are making sufficient progress, others lag. \" particularly worrisome is the slow uptake of energy efficiency technologies, the lack of progress in carbon capture and storage and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.518319774651218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.054978"} {"text": "social bases of west german politics, 1953 ( icpsr 7104 ) principal investigator ( s ) : unesco institut fur sozialwissenschaften this study, conducted in west germany prior to the federal election in september 1953, covered four main areas : politics, the respondents ' occupational background, family relations, and social relations. respondents were asked about their intended vote in 1953 and their past vote in 1949. additional questions explored the extent of the respondents ' political information and political interest, and how often and with whom they discussed politics. the occupational background section of the interview probed whether respondents had achieved their occupational goals in life. employed respondents were queried about their occupational histories and job satisfaction, while unemployed respondents were asked about their interest in entering the labor force. another portion of the study inquired about the respondents ' relationships with their families. variables assessed whether the respondents lived with relatives or shared financial support. the interview also asked about discussions between husbands and wives, and whether they shared opinions. the fourth major area covered by the study ascertained how frequently and with whom the respondents had long talks, discussed personal problems, or wrote letters. this section also surveyed the respondents ' membership and activity in voluntary associations and church - related initiatives. the personal data section of the interview covered the education, income, marital status, sex, age, and religious preference of each respondent. additional items provide information about the respondents ' geographic mobility and place of residence. these data are available only to users at icpsr member institutions. because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download the data. unesco institut fur sozialwissenschaften. social bases of west german politics, 1953. icpsr07104 - v2. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2006 - 08 - 15. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr07104. v2 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr07104. v2 this survey was funded by : - united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization scope of study subject terms : attitudes, elections, family life, interpersonal communication, job history, job satisfaction, job security, opinions, party membership, political awareness, political participation, social contact, social networks, voter attitudes, work attitudes date of collection : universe : citizens 18 - 79 years of age in the federal republic of germany, registered in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5022416636713223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.059034"} {"text": "job satisfaction, job security, opinions, party membership, political awareness, political participation, social contact, social networks, voter attitudes, work attitudes date of collection : universe : citizens 18 - 79 years of age in the federal republic of germany, registered in the community central registry of inhabitants ( \" einwohnermeldekartei \" ). persons living in private households and group quarters were included in the sample, as well as institutional populations. data types : survey data sample : a stratified, multistage, random sampling procedure was utilized in this study. the sample was drawn in three stages : first, the sampling points were designated, then households were chosen within each sampling point, and finally, individuals were selected within each household. weight : the study contains a weight variable ( v3 ) that produces a representative sample of citizens of the federal republic 18 - 79 years of age when used in analysis. the weight variable corrects for sex and age biases in the sample, and was constructed by comparing the age by sex distribution of the sample with the census distribution. the weighted n for this sample is 3, 256. 8. original icpsr release : 1984 - 06 - 19 - 2006 - 08 - 15 this study has been updated from osiris and now includes sas, spss, and stata setup files, a sas transport ( xport ) file, a spss portable file, and a stata system file. use any of the notification links to add this study to your rss feed ; you will then receive notification if the study is substantively updated. - citations exports are provided above. export study - level metadata ( does not include variable - level metadata ) if you ' re looking for collection - level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our metadata records page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5121310995285657, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.059785"} {"text": "do radioisotope clocks need repair? testing the assumptions of isochron dating using k - ar, rb - sr, sm - nd, and pb - pb isotopes by steven a. austin, ph. d. rate ii : radioisotopes and the age of the earth : results of a young - earth creationist research initiative, ( volume ii ), l. vardiman et al., eds. ( san diego, ca : institute for creation research and the creation research society, 2005 ) the assumptions of conventional whole - rock and mineral isochron radioisotope dating were tested using a suite of radioisotopes from two precambrian rocks. amphibolite from the beartooth mountains of wyoming shows evidence of thorough metamorphism by isochemical processes from andesite by an early precambrian magma - intrusion event. a diabase sill, exposed within the wall of grand canyon at bass rapids, formed by a rapid intrusion event. the event segregated minerals gravitationally, apparently starting from an isotopically homogeneous magma. although k - ar, rb - sr, sm - nd, and pb - pb methods ought to yield concordant isochron dates for each of these magmatic events, these four radioisotope pairs gave significantly discordant ages. special allowance was made for larger - than - conventional uncertainties expressed as 2\u03c3 errors associated with the calculated \u201c ages. \u201d within a single beartooth amphibolite sample, three discordant mineral isochron \u201c ages \u201d range from 2515\u00b1110 ma ( rb - sr mineral isochron ) to 2886\u00b1190 ma ( sm - nd mineral isochron ). the diabase sill in grand canyon displays discordant isochron \u201c ages \u201d ranging from 841. 5\u00b1164 ma ( k - ar whole - rock isochron ) to 1379\u00b1140 ma ( sm - nd mineral isochron ). although significant discordance exists between the k - ar, rb - sr, sm - nd, and pb - pb radioisotope methods, each radioisotope pair appears to yield concordant \u201c ages \u201d internally between whole - rocks and minerals. internal concordance is best illustrated from the bass rapids diabase sill by the tightly constrained rb - sr whole - rock and mineral isochron \u201c ages \u201d of 1055\u00b146 ma and 1060\u00b124 ma, respectively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5108357319442383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.065614"} {"text": "rocks and minerals. internal concordance is best illustrated from the bass rapids diabase sill by the tightly constrained rb - sr whole - rock and mineral isochron \u201c ages \u201d of 1055\u00b146 ma and 1060\u00b124 ma, respectively. the most problematic discordance is the sm - nd and pb - pb whole - rock and mineral isochron \u201c ages \u201d that significantly exceed the robust rb - sr whole - rock and mineral isochron \u201c ages. \u201d it could be argued that the robust rb - sr whole - rock and mineral isochron \u201c ages \u201d are in error, but an adequate explanation for the error has not been offered. the geological context of these precambrian rocks places severe limitations on possible explanations for isochron discordance. inheritance of minerals, slow cooling, and post - magmatic loss of daughter radioisotopes are not supported as processes causing isochron discordance in beartooth amphibolite or bass rapids diabase. recently, geochronologists researching the great dyke, a precambrian layered mafic and ultramafic intrusion of zimbabwe in southeast africa, have documented a similar pattern of radioisotope discordance. alpha - emitting radioisotopes ( 147sm, 235u, and 238u ) give older \u201c ages \u201d than \u03b2 - emitting radioisotopes ( 87rb and 40k ) when applied to the same rocks. therefore, it can be argued that a change in radioisotope decay rates in the past could account for these discordant isochron \u201c ages \u201d for the same geologic event. conventional radioisotope clocks need repair. radioisotope decay rates, isochron dating, rate ii for full text please see the download pdf link above for the entire article.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4946817445669482, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.066707"} {"text": "during the \u201c automation scare \u201d in the 1950s, people were intrigued yet suspicious about the power of computers. would they someday send us into permanent unemployment? could robots eventually take over the world? the original goal of artificial intelligence was to build a person out of silicone. although scientists made quick progress in building computers and robots that amazed us, they never came close to actually replicating the human brain. \u201c machine learning \u201d was first introduced 50 years ago. this concept focuses on computers \u2019 ability to \u201c learn \u201d not through human programming, but through experience and pattern identification. for example, machine learning allows a computer to become a masterful chess player by observing good and bad moves and learning from mistakes. while a computer looks at every possible move up to 20 to 40 moves ahead, humans use more conceptual skills to decide how to make moves. in a recent pbs nova documentary \u201c the smartest machine on earth, \u201d researchers explore powerful new tools in computing, like \u201c watson, \u201d a supercomputer with a brain, or central processing unit, that can process 500 gigabytes, or the equivalent of a million books, per second. in 2009, jeopardy producers came to ibm to size up watson \u2019 s abilities. you might remember when 74 - win jeopardy! champion ken jennings went head - to - cpu with watson a few years back. during watson \u2019 s \u201c training \u201d for the match, the scientists at ibm had to constantly expose watson to large amounts of possible answers to questions so that it would have sufficient rules and logic to come up with correct answers. having studied thousands of questions, within a few milliseconds watson analyzed every possible answer. it learned to make statistical judgments based on how pieces of evidence work together in the database of information scientists gave to it. in the end, the competition was close, but watson pulled ahead and won the show. scientists who worked with watson point out that there are two ways of building intelligence. we can either write down the recipe or let it grow by itself. it \u2019 s clear that we don \u2019 t know how to write down the recipe, according to scientists. machine learning enables computers to grow their own intelligence. scientists continue to debate the ability of machines to truly displace us. there is so much that we know that we don \u2019 t even realize we know, such as the fact that ice is cold and sandpaper is rough. our common sense knowledge seems too complex to program into a computer. human intelligence is deeply rooted in language and emotion. without experience or emotion, can computers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5351049942615226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.070777"} {"text": "t even realize we know, such as the fact that ice is cold and sandpaper is rough. our common sense knowledge seems too complex to program into a computer. human intelligence is deeply rooted in language and emotion. without experience or emotion, can computers ever understand the world the way we do? they don \u2019 t connect to human cognition on an emotional level, such as the way a symphony or a play can move us. language and context are barriers for understanding. for example, figuring out the meaning of a sentence like \u201c i shot an elephant wearing pajamas \u201d is very difficult for computers. was the shooter wearing pajamas or was the elephant? was a camera or a gun used to do the shooting? of course machine learning goes far beyond winning trivia game shows. it \u2019 s driving a computing revolution. according to an article in wired magazine, today artificial intelligence isn \u2019 t trying to re - create the brain. instead, it relies on machine learning, massive data sets, sophisticated sensors, and clever algorithms to master discrete tasks. \u201c in short, we are engaged in a permanent dance with machines, locked in an increasingly dependent embrace. \u201d machine learning makes it possible to predict the weather days in advance. it lets companies like amazon or zappos suggest products for you based on what you \u2019 ve chosen before. it allows doctors to better diagnose medical conditions. it \u2019 s even helping us communicate with people through speech recognition, which was once though impossible. computers are now trained with millions of patterns of human speech, and the accuracy continues to improve. there are even apps for the ipad and iphone that you can use to quickly record something and translate it on the spot when talking to a person who speaks another language. ibm imagines a time when a computer will operate like the one in star trek \u2014 as information - seeking tools that communicates with us to ensure we get what we want. this thinking signals a shift in the way we use and accept computers in our lives, compared to the fear and suspicion we felt half a century ago.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5565679133938849, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.071729"} {"text": "lewis latimer : an edison pioneer | line 1 : | | line 1 : | = = < pageby nominor = \" false \" comments = \" false \" > < / pageby > < pageby nominor = \" false \" comments = \" false \" > < / pageby > revision as of 13 : 53, 3 september 2008 lewis howard latimer was born to george and rebecca latimer on 4 september 1848, the youngest of four children ( three boys and one girl ). he attended only grade school, and the remainder of his education was self - taught. at the age of 10 he began working with his father in order to support the family. he has a fabulous appetite for reading, drawing, and learning in general. the son of a former slave, latimer had bitter feelings about slavery. at the age of 15, he falsified the date on his birth certificate and enlisted in the union navy during the civil war. after receiving an honorable discharge, latimer returned to boston. his first job was as an office boy with crosly and gage, a well - known boston patent law firm. he taught himself drafting and, after recognizing his talents, the firm promoted him to draftsman. one of his assignments was to make the initial drawings for one of alexander graham bell \u2019 s telephone patents. in 1880, herman maxim, chief engineer and electrician for the united states lighting company, who was very impressed with latimer \u2019 s talents as a draftsman, hired him. latimer took this opportunity to learn about the electric industry. during his tenure with maxim, he invented an electric lamp with a carbon filament ( 1881 ). he traveled to london to advise the english on setting up a lamp factory. in 1885 he began his association with thomas edison, serving as an engineer, chief draftsman, and expert witness on the board of patent control in gathering evidence against the infringement of patents held by general electric and westinghouse. he was named an edison pioneer in 1918, an elite group of men who worked for edison. latimer married mary wilson on 10 december 1873, and they had two children, emma jeannette, born in 1883, and louise rebecca, born in 1890. throughout his life, latimer was also interested in poetry, the arts, and civil rights. notable patents and contributions : water closet for railroad cars ( 1874 ) improvement to electric lamp ( 1881 ) process for manufacturing carbon filament ( 1882 ) arc light globe support (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4747499561805414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.076377"} {"text": "epiphenomenalism is a position in the philosophy of mind according to which mental states or events are caused by physical states or events in the brain but do not themselves cause anything. it seems as if our mental life affects our body, and, via our body, the physical world surrounding us : it seems that sharp pains make us wince, it seems that fear makes our heart beat faster, it seems that remembering an embarrassing situation makes us blush and it seems that the perception of an old friend makes us smile. in reality, however, these sequences are the result of causal processes at an underlying physical level : what makes us wince is not the pain, but the neurophysiological process which causes the pain ; what makes our heart beat faster is not fear, but the state of our nervous system which causes the fear etc. according to a famous analogy of thomas henry huxley, the relationship between mind and brain is like the relationship between the steam - whistle which accompanies the work of a locomotive engine and the engine itself : just as the steam - whistle is caused by the engine \u2019 s operations but has no causal influence upon it, so too the mental is caused by the workings of neurophysiological mechanisms but has no causal influence upon their operation. table of contents - what is epiphenomenalism? - epiphenomenalism in the 18th and 19th century - epiphenomenalism in the 20th century - arguments for epiphenomenalism - arguments against epiphenomenalism - references and further reading in the beginning epiphenomenalism was known as the doctrine of \u201c automatism \u201d or as the \u201c conscious automaton theory. \u201d the term \u201c epiphenomenalism \u201d seems to have been introduced in 1890 in william james \u2019 s the principles of psychology ( it occurs once in the chapter entitled \u201c the automaton - theory ; \u201d other than that james uses the terms \u201c automaton - theory \u201d or \u201c conscious automaton - theory ; \u201d see robinson 2003 ). the term \u201c epiphenomenon \u201d was used in medicine in the late nineteenth century as a label for a symptom concurrent with, but not causally contributory to, a disease ( an epiphenomenon is thus something like a secondary symptom, a mere afterglow of real phenomena ). accordingly, epiphenomenalism in the philosophy of mind holds that our actions have purely physical causes ( neurophysiological", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5562797137982989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.181319"} {"text": ", and its history. \u201d huxley argued that brute animals and ( presumably ) human beings are conscious automata : they enjoy a conscious mental life, but their behavior is determined solely by physical mechanisms. huxley was convinced that the body of humans and animals is a purely physical mechanism and that the physical processes of life are explainable in the same way as all other physical phenomena. this mechanistic conception, he held, \u201c has not only successfully repelled every assault that has been made upon it, but [... ] is now the expressed or implied fundamental proposition of the whole doctrine of scientific physiology \u201d ( huxley 1874, 200 ). already descartes had argued that non - human animals are mere mechanical automata and subject to the same laws as other unconscious matter, and huxley wholeheartedly embraced descartes \u2019 s defense of automatism by appeal to reflex actions ( huxley 1874, 218 ). huxley observed that a frog with certain parts of his brain extracted was unable to initiate actions but nevertheless able to carry out a range of reflex - like actions. since he thought that the partial leucotomy made sure the frog was totally unconscious, he concluded that consciousness was not necessary for the execution of reflex actions : the frog walks, hops, swims, and goes through his gymnastic performances quite as well without consciousness, and consequently without volition, as with it ; and, if a frog, in his natural state, possesses anything corresponding with what we call volition, there is no reason to think that it is anything but a concomitant of the molecular changes in the brain which form part of the series involved in the production of motion. ( huxley 1874, 240 ) huxley agreed with descartes that animals are automata, but he was unwilling to accept that they are devoid of mentality : \u201c sleeping dogs frequently appear to dream. if they do, it must be admitted that ideation goes on in them while they are asleep ; and, in that case, there is no reason to doubt that they are conscious \u201d ( huxley 1898, 125 ). huxley therefore segregated the question of consciousness from the question of the status of an automaton : animals do experience pain, but that pain is, like their bodily movements, just a result of neurophysiological processes. animals are conscious automata. in contrast to descartes, huxley argued that considerations similar to those about reflex actions in frogs also suggest that we are conscious automata. he referred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5574377893292578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.183537"} {"text": "movements, just a result of neurophysiological processes. animals are conscious automata. in contrast to descartes, huxley argued that considerations similar to those about reflex actions in frogs also suggest that we are conscious automata. he referred to a case study of a certain dr. mesnet who had examined a french soldier who had suffered severe brain damage during the franco - prussian war in 1870. from time to time this soldier fell into a trance - like state in which he was able to execute a series of complex actions while apparently being unconscious : if the man happens to be in a place to which he is accustomed, he walks about as usual ; [... ] he eats, drinks, smokes, walks about, dresses and undresses himself, rises and goes to bed at the accustomed hours. nevertheless, pins may be run into his body, or strong electric shocks sent through it, without causing the least indication of pain ; no odorous substance, pleasant or unpleasant, makes the least impression ; he eats and drinks with avidity whatever is offered, and takes asaf\u0153tida, or vinegar, or quinine, as readily as water ; no noise affects him ; and light influences him only under certain conditions. ( huxley 1874, 228 ) since mesnet \u2019 s patient could carry out actions ordinarily performed with consciousness as initiating or coordinating element while apparently being unconscious, consciousness did not seem to be necessary for their execution. since it was impossible to prove that the patient was indeed unconscious in his abnormal state, huxley did not claim to have proven that humans are conscious automata, but he at least thought that \u201c the case of the frog goes a long way to justify the assumption that, in the abnormal state, the man is a mere insensible machine \u201d ( huxley 1874, 235 ). huxley \u2019 s naturalistic or mechanistic attitude towards the body convinced him that the brain alone causes behavior. at the same time, his dualism convinced him that the mental is essentially non - physical. he reconciled these apparently discordant claims by degrading mentality to the status of an epiphenomenon. most contemporary philosophers reject substance dualism and the question that plagued descartes \u2013 how can an immaterial mind whose nature is to think and a material body whose nature is to be spatially extended causally interact? \u2013 no longer arises. moreover, many philosophers even reject huxley \u2019 s event - dualism in favor of psychophysical event - identities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.56878433739515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.184885"} {"text": "mind whose nature is to think and a material body whose nature is to be spatially extended causally interact? \u2013 no longer arises. moreover, many philosophers even reject huxley \u2019 s event - dualism in favor of psychophysical event - identities. according to one version of non - reductive physicalism, for instance, every concrete mental event ( every event token ) is identical to a concrete physical event, although there are no one - one correlations between mental and physical properties ( event types ). since fear is identical to the neurophysiological event which causes the increased heart rate, fear causes the increased heart rate, too, and epiphenomenalism seems avoided. however, the charge of epiphenomenalism re - arises in a different guise. there is a forceful intuition that events cause what they cause in virtue of some of their properties. suppose a soprano sings the word \u201c freedom \u201d at a high pitch and amplitude, causing a nearby window to shatter. the singing which causes the shattering is both the singing of a high c and the singing of the word \u201c freedom. \u201d intuitively, only the former, not the latter, is causally relevant for the singing \u2019 s causing the shattering : \u201c meaningful sounds, if they occur at the right pitch and amplitude, can shatter glass, but the fact that the sounds have meaning is irrelevant to their effect. the glass would shatter if the sounds meant something completely different or if they meant nothing at all \u201d ( dretske 1989, 1 - 2 ). if events cause their effects in virtue of some of their properties but not in virtue of others, the question arises whether mental events ( even if they are identical to physical events ) cause their effects in virtue of their mental, their physical or both kinds of properties. if mental events cause their effects only in virtue of their physical properties, then their being mental events is causally irrelevant and mental properties are, in a certain sense, epiphenomena ( three reasons for thinking that mental properties are causally irrelevant are discussed in section 4b ). following brian mclaughlin, one can thus distinguish between event - or token - epiphenomenalism on the one hand and property - or type - epiphenomenalism on the other ( see mclaughlin 1989, 1994 ). according to the event - or token - epiphenomenalism defended by huxley, concrete physical events are causes, but mental events cannot cause anything. according to the kind of property - or type - epip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6169266947840415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.189030"} {"text": "mclaughlin 1989, 1994 ). according to the event - or token - epiphenomenalism defended by huxley, concrete physical events are causes, but mental events cannot cause anything. according to the kind of property - or type - epiphenomenalism that threatens modern non - reductive physicalism, events are causes in virtue of their physical properties, but no event is a cause in virtue of its mental properties. if event - epiphenomenalism is wrong, mental events can be causes ; but if they are causes solely in virtue of their physical properties, property - epiphenomenalism is still true, and some consider this to be no less disconcerting than huxley \u2019 s original epiphenomenalism ( see arguments in favor of a philosophical theory typically focus on its advantages compared to other theories \u2014 that it can explain more phenomena or that it provides a more economical or a more unifying explanation of the relevant phenomena. there are no arguments for epiphenomenalism in that sense. epiphenomenalism is just not an attractive or desirable theory. rather, it is a theory of last resort into which people are pushed by the feeling that all the alternatives are even less plausible. even epiphenomenalists admit that, from the first - person point of view of a thinking and feeling subject, they don \u2019 t like it. why, then, do people embrace epiphenomenalism? epiphenomenalism required an intellectual climate in which two apparently discordant beliefs about the world were equally well entrenched : a dualism with respect to mind and body on the one hand and a scientific naturalism or mechanism concerning the body on the other. to most thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, it seemed obvious that human beings enjoy a mental life that resists incorporation into a purely materialist ontology. our thoughts, sensations, desires etc. just seemed to be too dissimilar from ordinary physical phenomena for them to be \u201c nothing but \u201d physical phenomena. at the same time, however, science saw the advent of a decidedly naturalistic attitude towards the human body, motivated by the successes of mechanistic physics in other areas and characterized by a desire to identify the underlying causal structure of every observed phenomenon in terms of matter and motion alone. in particular, neurophysiological research was unable to reveal any mental influence upon the brain or the body. eventually, with the demise of vitalism regarding the forces governing animate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6101718750516373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.196910"} {"text": "structure of every observed phenomenon in terms of matter and motion alone. in particular, neurophysiological research was unable to reveal any mental influence upon the brain or the body. eventually, with the demise of vitalism regarding the forces governing animate life, the conception of the physical as a causally closed system, in which physical forces are the only forces, became almost universally accepted. when combined with the naturalistic assumption that human beings are a part of the physical world and governed by its laws, this left no room for any causal efficacy of our mental life. there simply seemed to be \u201c no gaps \u201d ( mclaughlin 1994, 278 ) in the causal mechanisms that could be filled by non - physical phenomena. therefore, epiphenomenalism can be regarded as the inevitable result of the attempt to combine a scientific naturalism with respect to the body with a dualism with respect to the mind. human beings are exhaustively governed by physical laws so that no non - physical causes must be invoked to explain their behavior, but since they are also subjects of non - physical minds, these minds must be causally irrelevant. whenever our trust in the causal authority of the physical is overwhelmed by our first - person experience of ourselves as creatures with an essentially non - physical mind, epiphenomenalism is waiting in the wings. this holds for huxley \u2019 s version of epiphenomenalism no less than for modern property - epiphenomenalism \u2013 both are driven by the idea that some of our mental life is distinct from that part of the physical that is the ultimate and only authority with regard to causation. those who defend epiphenomenalism typically do so because they fail to see how it could not be true. how could our mind make a causal difference to our physical body? this is the so - called \u201c problem of mental causation. \u201d that there is mental causation is part and parcel of our self - conception as freely deliberating agents that are the causal origins of their actions and do what they do because they have the beliefs and desires they have. yet, the how of mental causation constitutes a serious philosophical problem. its solution requires an account that shows exactly how the mental fits into the causal structure of an otherwise physical world in such a way as to exert a genuine causal influence, and any such account faces at least three difficulties. first, causation seems to require laws, but there are grounds for denying the existence of appropriate laws connecting the mental and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5939759763673796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.199343"} {"text": "physical world in such a way as to exert a genuine causal influence, and any such account faces at least three difficulties. first, causation seems to require laws, but there are grounds for denying the existence of appropriate laws connecting the mental and the physical ( the \u201c argument from the anomaly of the mental \u201d ). second, causation is arguably a local or intrinsic affair, while in the case of beliefs and desires, for instance, those aspects constitutive of them insofar as they are mental are arguably relational or extrinsic ( the \u201c argument from anti - individualism \u201d ). third, we do not understand how the mental can be causally efficacious without coming into conflict with other parts of the causal structure we know ( or at least suspect ) to play an indispensable causal role in the production of physical effects ( the \u201c argument from causal exclusion \u201d ). the anomalous monism of donald davidson was one of the earliest versions of non - reductive physicalism ( see davidson 1970 ). davidson devised it to reconcile the idea that the mental is part of the physical causal network with the idea that we are autonomous agents in voluntary control of our actions. the problem is that the latter idea requires, while the former explicitly denies, that \u201c [ m ] ental events such as perceivings, rememberings, decisions, and actions resist capture in the nomological net of physical theory \u201d ( davidson 1970, 207 ). on the one hand, since cause and effect must always fall under a strict causal law, if the mental is to be causally efficacious, it must be subject to strict laws. on the other hand, we can be autonomous agents only if the mental is not part of the potentially deterministic nomological network of physics ; true autonomy requires that there be no strict laws connecting mental events with other mental events or with physical events and that the concepts necessary to describe, explain and predict actions and to ascribe attitudes not be reducible by definition or natural law to the concepts employed by physical sciences ( davidson 1970, 212 ). the exact nature of davidson \u2019 s argument for this \u201c anomaly of the mental \u201d is a matter of dispute, but his idea seems to be that the existence of strict psychophysical or psychological laws, together with the strict and potentially deterministic physical laws, would be at odds with the essentially holistic and rational nature of belief attributions ( davidson 1970, 219 - 221. ) if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.595250125551912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.202035"} {"text": "the existence of strict psychophysical or psychological laws, together with the strict and potentially deterministic physical laws, would be at odds with the essentially holistic and rational nature of belief attributions ( davidson 1970, 219 - 221. ) if causation requires causes and effects to fall under strict laws, and if there are no strict laws concerning mental events, mental causation seems to be impossible. this is the \u201c argument from the anomaly of the mental. \u201d one response would be to abandon the requirement that causes and effects must fall under strict laws. another response would be to retain the causal law requirement but to deny that the mental is anomalous in the relevant sense. davidson himself did neither of these. his anomalous monism was designed to show that mental causation is in fact compatible with the causal law requirement and the absence of strict psychological and psychophysical laws. davidson derived anomalous monism from the following three seemingly inconsistent premises : ( 1 ) principle of causal interaction : at least some mental events causally interact with physical events. ( 2 ) principle of the nomological character of causality : events related as cause and effect fall under strict causal laws. ( 3 ) principle of the anomalism of the mental : there are no strict psychological or psychophysical laws on the basis of which mental events can be predicted and explained. ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) apparently imply the falsity of ( 3 ) : \u201c it is natural to reason that the first two principles [... ] together imply that at least some mental events can be predicted and explained on the basis of laws, while the principle of the anomalism of the mental denies this \u201d ( davidson 1970, 209 ). davidson \u2019 s goal was to interpret ( 1 ), ( 2 ), and ( 3 ) in such a way that they are not only consistent but jointly entail that particular mental events which causally interact with other events are identical to physical events. according to davidson, ( 1 ) is an extensional claim about a relation between particular events : although the assertion of the causal relation between two events c and e requires describing them, the causal relation itself holds \u201c no matter how they are described \u201d ( davidson 1993, 6 ; 1970, 215 ). in contrast, ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) concern laws. since \u201c laws are linguistic \u201d ( davidson 1970, 215 ) and thus an intensional affair, particular events fall under laws \u201c only as described. \u201d ( 2 ) says that whenever two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5696688686219413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.206569"} {"text": "contrast, ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) concern laws. since \u201c laws are linguistic \u201d ( davidson 1970, 215 ) and thus an intensional affair, particular events fall under laws \u201c only as described. \u201d ( 2 ) says that whenever two events c and e are related as cause and effect, there are descriptions \u201c dc \u201d and \u201c de \u201d of c and e, respectively, under which c and e instantiate a causal law, although there may be descriptions \u201c d * c \u201d and \u201c d * e \u201d under which they do not instantiate a causal law ( although \u201c d * c caused d * e \u201d is nevertheless a true singular causal statement ). given this, it is easy to see why davidson thinks that ( 1 ), ( 2 ), and ( 3 ) entail that mental events which causally interact with other events must be identical to physical events. by ( 1 ), some mental event m causes or is caused by a physical event p. by ( 2 ), m and p must therefore instantiate a strict causal law. that is, there must be descriptions \u201c dm \u201d and \u201c dp \u201d of m and p, respectively, such that \u201c dm - events cause dp - events \u201d ( or \u201c dp - events cause dm - events \u201d ) is a strict causal law. by ( 3 ), this can only be a physical law. hence, \u201c dm \u201d and \u201c dp \u201d must belong to the vocabulary of physics. since events are mental or physical \u201c only as described \u201d and since m has with \u201c dm \u201d at least one physical description, m must thus be a physical event ( davidson 1970, 224 ). however, while causation may admittedly be an extensional relation between particular events, many philosophers have argued that which causal relations an event enters into is determined by which event - types it falls under. the singing \u2019 s being the singing of a high c, it seems, is causally relevant for its causing the shattering, while its being the singing of the word \u201c freedom \u201d is not. according to anomalous monism, davidson \u2019 s critics claim, only the strict laws of physics can be causal laws, and hence events seem to be causally related only in virtue of falling under physical event - types, rendering mental event - types causally irrelevant : davidson \u2019 s argument for anomalous monism shows that any causal relation involving a mental event and a physical event holds only because a strict physical law subsumes the two events", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6311480690896899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.209810"} {"text": "physical event - types, rendering mental event - types causally irrelevant : davidson \u2019 s argument for anomalous monism shows that any causal relation involving a mental event and a physical event holds only because a strict physical law subsumes the two events under physical kinds or descriptions. the fact that the mental event is a mental event, or that it is the kind of mental event that it is, appears to be entirely immaterial to the causal relation. [... ] individual mental events [... ] do have causal efficacy, but only because they fall under physical kinds, and the mental kinds that they are have [... ] nothing to say about what causal relations they enter into. the causal structure of the world is wholly determined by the physical kinds and properties instantiated by events of this world. ( kim 2003b, 126 ) this is a prominent objection against anomalous monism ( see, for example, honderich 1982 ; kim 1989a, 1993a ; sosa 1993 ). anomalous monism may avoid token - or event - physicalism, but it seems to succumb to type - or property - epiphenomenalism : mental events, by being identical to physical events, are causally efficacious, but that they are the kind of mental event they are adds nothing to their causal efficacy ( for responses on behalf of anomalous monism see campbell 1997, 1998 ; davidson 1993 ; lepore & loewer 1987 ; mclaughlin 1989 ). anti - individualism or externalism holds that the content of mental states and the meaning of some natural language terms is a relational, or extrinsic, rather than a local, or intrinsic, property ( see burge 1979 ; putnam 1975 ). what are local or relational properties? suppose sarah weighs 110 pounds, is four foot five, has blond hair and is taller than jack. the first three properties seem to be local in the sense that they supervene upon sarah \u2019 s internal make - up and sarah can acquire or loose them only if she herself undergoes some change. the fourth property, in contrast, seems to be relational in the sense that sarah has it only by courtesy of certain external facts, namely, only if there is someone else, jack, who is smaller than she is. if jack grows tall enough, sarah loses the property of being taller than jack, although she herself does not undergo any change. according to hilary putnam, meanings of natural kind terms are relational properties ( see putnam 1975", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6317675200764201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.216309"} {"text": ", who is smaller than she is. if jack grows tall enough, sarah loses the property of being taller than jack, although she herself does not undergo any change. according to hilary putnam, meanings of natural kind terms are relational properties ( see putnam 1975 ). what sarah means by an utterance of, say, \u201c water, \u201d \u201c tiger, \u201d \u201c elm, \u201d or \u201c gold \u201d is not determined solely by her internal make - up, but also by her environment. consequently, such terms can mean different things in the mouth of molecularly identical twins that are indistinguishable with regard to their local properties. meanings \u201c just ain \u2019 t in the head, \u201d as putnam famously put it. moreover, the contents of the corresponding thoughts seem to be relational properties, too : what sarah believes when she has a belief she would express as, say, \u201c water is wet \u201d is determined by the way the world is and not solely by how things are \u201c inside \u201d her. tyler burge went even further and argued that natural kind terms are not the only terms whose meaning is determined by external factors and that not only differences in the physical environment can affect the meaning of a term or the content of a belief, but also differences in a subject \u2019 s historical, linguistic, or social environment ( see burge 1979 ). externalism or anti - individualism makes mental causation problematic. causality seems to be an entirely local affair in the sense that a system \u2019 s behavior apparently supervenes upon its internal make - up. consequently, two systems exactly alike in all internal respects will behave in exactly the same way, so that relational properties like being a genuine dollar coin or being a photo of sarah do not seem to make a difference to the behavior of, say, a vending machine or a scanner : as long as the piece of metal inserted into a vending machine has a certain set of local properties, the vending machine will exhibit a certain behavior, no matter whether the piece of mental inserted is a genuine dollar coin or a counterfeit, and a scanner will produce a certain distribution of pixels on the screen, no matter whether the object scanned is a photo of sarah or a piece of paper locally indistinguishable from a photo of sarah. the assumption that causation is a local affair, when combined with externalism or anti - individualism, leads to epiphenomenalism : the meaning or content of a mental state, being a relational property, threatens to be as irrelevant for our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6524954990898432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.218613"} {"text": "that causation is a local affair, when combined with externalism or anti - individualism, leads to epiphenomenalism : the meaning or content of a mental state, being a relational property, threatens to be as irrelevant for our behavior as the property of being a genuine dollar coin is for the behavior of a vending machine. in order to avoid epiphenomenalism, we must either eschew anti - individualism or show how relational mental properties can make a causal difference. jerry fodor tried to explicate a notion of \u201c narrow content \u201d according to which the mental states of intrinsically indistinguishable subjects must have the same contents, although their relationally individuated \u201c wide contents \u201d may differ ( see fodor 1987, ch. 1, 1991 ). since narrow contents supervene upon the intrinsic make - up of a subject, fodor held, the charge of epiphenomenalism can be avoided. however, he has recently given up on this idea because it proved extremely difficult to say exactly what narrow contents are ( see fodor 1995 ). frank jackson and philip pettit argue that relational properties can be causally relevant in virtue of figuring in so called \u201c program explanations, \u201d although strictly speaking the causal work is done solely by local properties ( see, for example, jackson & pettit 1990 ). in a similar vein, lynne rudder baker and tyler burge claim that the charge of epiphenomenalism \u201c just melts away \u201d ( baker 1993, 93 ) if we acknowledge that our explanatory practice which undoubtedly treats explanations in terms of relational properties as causal explanations trumps any metaphysical armchair argument to the contrary ( see baker 1993, 1995 ; burge 1993 ). and fred dretske argues that while the triggering causes of behavior are always local, relational mental properties can make a causal difference in virtue of being structuring causes of behavior, that is, in virtue of structuring a causal system in such a way that the occurrence of a triggering neurophysiological cause causes a given behavioral effect ( see, for example, dretske 1988 ). most philosophers nowadays defend some version of non - reductive physicalism. according to non - reductive physicalism, all scientifically respectable entities are physical entities, where entities which cannot be straightforwardly reduced to physical entities \u2014 mental events or properties, for instance \u2014 are physical at least in the broad sense that they superven", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.622364610841726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.220525"} {"text": "to non - reductive physicalism, all scientifically respectable entities are physical entities, where entities which cannot be straightforwardly reduced to physical entities \u2014 mental events or properties, for instance \u2014 are physical at least in the broad sense that they supervene or depend upon physical entities. non - reductive physicalism is attractive because it promises to respect the naturalistic attitude characteristic of our modern scientific time while at the same time also preserving our self - conception as autonomous agents. for decades, however, jaegwon kim has argued that non - reductive physicalists unwittingly commit themselves to epiphenomenalism. his master argument is the so - called causal exclusion argument, which he uses as a reductio ad absurdum of non - reductive physicalism : if the mental were merely supervenient upon but not reducible to the physical, as non - reductive physicalism holds, it would be causally irrelevant ( barring overdetermination ). non - reductive physicalism is thus unable to steer a safe path between the scylla of reductionism on the one hand and the charybdis of epiphenomenalism on the other, so that those unwilling to embrace outright reductionism are forced to accept epiphenomenalism. kim \u2019 s most recent version of the causal exclusion argument, the so - called supervenience argument, has two stages. stage one holds that mental properties ( or, rather, their instances \u2013 a qualification that will be omitted from now on ) can cause other mental properties only if they can cause physical properties. stage two then holds that mental properties can cause physical properties only if they are reducible to physical properties or genuinely overdetermining. since overdetermination can be ruled out, the only remaining alternatives are \u201c reduction or causal impotence \u201d ( kim 2005, 54 ). suppose a mental property m causes a mental property m *. since mind - body supervenience \u201c is a shared minimum commitment of all positions that are properly called physicalist \u201d ( kim 2005, 13 ), non - reductive physicalism must posit a physical supervenience base p * of m * which is ( non - causally ) sufficient for m *. what, then, is responsible for m * \u2019 s occurrence \u2014 m or p *? there appears to be \u201c a tension between vertical determination and horizontal causation \u201d ( kim 2003a, 153 ) : \u201c under the assumption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5984300542441003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.222285"} {"text": "for m *. what, then, is responsible for m * \u2019 s occurrence \u2014 m or p *? there appears to be \u201c a tension between vertical determination and horizontal causation \u201d ( kim 2003a, 153 ) : \u201c under the assumption of mind - body supervenience, m * occurs because its supervenience base p * occurs, and as long as p * occurs, m * must occur [... ] regardless of whether or not an instance of m preceded it. this puts the claim of m to be a cause of m * in jeopardy : p * alone seems fully responsible for, and capable of accounting for, the occurrence of m * \u201d ( kim 1998, 42 ). the upshot of this first stage of the argument is that the tension between m and p * can be resolved only by accepting that \u201c m caused m * by causing its supervenience base p * \u201d ( kim 2005, 40 ). stage two then goes on to argue that mental - to - physical causation is impossible. given the so - called causal closure of the physical, p * must have a sufficient and completely physical cause p, leading to a competition between m and p for the role of p * \u2019 s cause. barring overdetermination, m seems bound to loose this competition : if p is a sufficient cause of p *, then once p is instantiated all that is required for p * to occur is done and there is nothing left for m to contribute, causally speaking. this completes stage two of the causal exclusion argument. both steps together seem to lead to epiphenomenalism \u2013 unless mental properties are reducible or genuinely overdetermining, they must be causally inert, so that with the overdetermination option and the reduction option ruled out, epiphenomenalism is the inevitable consequence. in response, non - reductive physicalists have offered compatibilist accounts of mental causation designed to explain how irreducible mental properties can play a substantial causal role in the production of physical effects, given that the causal work is done solely by physical properties. the common core of these attempts is the idea that there is some compatibilist condition c such that ( 1. ) fulfilling c is sufficient for being causally relevant ; ( 2. ) properties which do not do any real causal work can fulfill c ; ( 3. ) c can be fulfilled by two or more properties without leading to any kind of \u201c causal competition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5978000552646698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.223959"} {"text": ") fulfilling c is sufficient for being causally relevant ; ( 2. ) properties which do not do any real causal work can fulfill c ; ( 3. ) c can be fulfilled by two or more properties without leading to any kind of \u201c causal competition ; \u201d and ( 4. ) mental properties can fulfill c. prominent compatibilist candidates for c include figuring in counterfactual dependencies ( see lepore & loewer 1987 ) or program explanations ( see jackson & pettit 1990 ), being a determinable of the physical properties which do the causal work ( see yablo 1992 ), or falling under non - strict causal laws ( see fodor 1989 ; mclaughlin 1989 ). intuition tells us that we, as conscious selves, are in charge of our actions, and the man in the street finds the idea that consciousness is a causally irrelevant by - product of brain processes preposterous. empirical scientists, however, have long questioned these assumptions. many of them think that the brain causes our actions and then makes us think that it was us who did it : \u201c the unique human convenience of conscious thoughts that preview our actions gives us the privilege of feeling we willfully cause what we do. in fact, unconscious and inscrutable mechanisms create both conscious thought about action and the action, and also produce the sense of will we experience by perceiving the thought as cause of the action \u201d ( wegner 2002, 98 ). no empirical research has provoked more philosophical discussion than benjamin libet \u2019 s experiments concerning the relationship between unconscious brain activity and the subjective feeling of volition during the initiation of simple motor actions ( see libet et al. 1983 ; libet 1985 ). previous research had shown that actions that are perceived to be the result of a conscious feeling of volition are also preceded by a pattern of brain activity known as the \u201c readiness potential. \u201d the question libet and his colleagues wanted to answer was : what comes first \u2014 the feeling of volition or the readiness potential? they instructed subjects to perform a simple motor activity, like pressing a button, within a certain time frame at an arbitrary moment decided by them ( \u201c let the urge to act appear on its own any time without any preplanning or concentration on when to act \u201d ; libet et al. 1983, 625 ). the subjects were asked to remember exactly when they made the decision, when they were first aware of the \u201c urge to act, \u201d by noticing the position of a dot circling a clock face (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5806878377408516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.225402"} {"text": "\u201d ; libet et al. 1983, 625 ). the subjects were asked to remember exactly when they made the decision, when they were first aware of the \u201c urge to act, \u201d by noticing the position of a dot circling a clock face ( the \u201c clock \u201d being a cathode ray oscilloscope modified so as to be able to measure time intervals of roughly fifty milliseconds ). the time when the action was carried out, when the subjects actually pressed the button, was measured by electronically recording the position of the dot. on average, it took about 200 milliseconds from the first conscious feeling of voliton to the actual pressing of the button. but libet and his collaborators also recorded the subjects \u2019 brain activity by means of an eeg. they found that an increased electrical activity, the so - called \u201c readiness potential, \u201d was built up ( primarily in the secondary motor cortex ) on average approximately 500 milliseconds before the button was pushed, and that means approximately 300 milliseconds before the subjects felt the conscious \u201c urge to act \u201d ( libet \u2019 s experiments have been repeated and improved several times ; see, e. g. keller & heckhausen 1990 ; haggard & eimer 1999 ; miller & trevena 2002 ; trevena & miller 2002 ). it is tempting to interpret this result as showing that the allegedly free decision of the subject was in fact determined by unconscious brain processes and that, at least insofar as decisions to act are concerned, our mind is a mere epiphenomenon, but it remains a controversial issue exactly what philosophical consequences we ought to draw from libet \u2019 s experiments ( see pockett et al. 2006 ). epiphenomenalism has had few friends. it has been deemed \u201c thoughtless and incoherent \u201d ( taylor 1927, 198 ), \u201c unintelligible \u201d ( benecke 1901, 26 ), \u201c quite impossible to believe \u201d ( taylor 1963, 28 ) and \u201c truly incredible \u201d ( mclaughlin 1994, 284 ). the resistance stems from the fact that many think that if epiphenomenalism were correct, we could not be the kind of being we are and we could not occupy the place in the world we occupy. we would instead be at the mercy of our brains and we would have to say that our actions are all our brains \u2019 actions and that ultimately \u201c we \u201d have nothing to do with them. if the eyebrows are raised they are not raised by us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5846917877474053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.227617"} {"text": ". we would instead be at the mercy of our brains and we would have to say that our actions are all our brains \u2019 actions and that ultimately \u201c we \u201d have nothing to do with them. if the eyebrows are raised they are not raised by us. what is done is not done by us. [... ] we go piggy - back, and we cannot get off. where it goes, we go. what \u2019 s \u201c it \u201d? the body / brain is \u201c it. \u201d \u201c it \u201d is not us, is the point. epiphenomenalism would be the ruin of the self and that self \u2019 s life. [ \u2026 ] our supposed self is illusory, and we are deluded. [... ] we lose ourselves when consciousness ceases to be effective in what we chose. ( hyslop 1998, 68 ) in his book the fundamental questions of philosophy, alfred cyril ewing introduced epiphenomenalism as a theory that can be disposed of in a \u201c conclusive fashion \u201d ( ewing 1953, 127 ) : \u201c that epiphenomenalism is false is assumed in all practical life [... ] and it is silly to adopt a philosophy the denial of which is implied by us every time we do anything \u201d ( ewing 1953, 128 ). but what exactly is it that renders epiphenomenalism so evidently absurd? epiphenomenalism is counterintuitive. there \u2019 s no doubt about that. yet, philosophy, like all science, is not concerned with intuitiveness but with truth, and that a theory is counterintuitive does not show that it is not true. in fact, a host of widely accepted and feted theories are counterintuitive at first and some remain so forever : the copernican system, the freudian theory of the unconscious, einstein \u2019 s theories of special and general relativity or quantum mechanics. einstein \u2019 s theory of relativity, for instance, is much less intuitive than newtonian physics, but ultimately the fate of a theory depends on whether there are good arguments in favor of it, not on whether it is intuitive. if there are reasons for taking epiphenomenalism seriously, then we should do that, just as we do it in the case of the theory of relativity : \u201c epiphenomenalism may be counterintuitive, but it is not obviously false, so if a sound argument forces it on us, we should accept it \u201d (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5487741632661896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.231718"} {"text": "as we do it in the case of the theory of relativity : \u201c epiphenomenalism may be counterintuitive, but it is not obviously false, so if a sound argument forces it on us, we should accept it \u201d ( chalmers 1996, 159 ). it might seem as if we can be introspectively aware of chains of mental occurrences, one of which is causing the other, for instance when we reason through an argument, write a piece of prose, or acquire a new belief by inferring it from previously held beliefs. we just know, it seems, that in these cases there is mental causation. the same may be said to be true of various chains of occurrences both inside and outside of our mind, for instance when volitions give rise to appropriate behavior, when a pain results in a wincing, or when fear makes our heart beat faster \u2013 one might say that in these cases, too, we have some immediate cognitive access to the causal efficacy of the mental. if we could indeed be in some sense \u201c directly acquainted \u201d with the fact that such sequences are the result of genuinely causal processes, epiphenomenalism would not be an option. yet, our awareness of regular successions does not and cannot reveal their causal nature. the awareness of the psychological or psychophysical sequences that make up our everyday life is no more awareness of causal processes than awareness of the sequence of shadows a moving car casts ( lachs 1963, 189 ). whatever those who hold that epiphenomenalism is \u201c incompetent to take account of the obvious facts of mental life \u201d ( taylor 1927, 198 ) mean, they cannot mean that it is contradicted by our immediate cognitive access to our mind \u2019 s causal effectiveness, because there is no phenomenological difference between a situation in which epiphenomenalism is false and a situation in which epiphenomenalism is true. one of the earliest objections to epiphenomenalism starts with the observation that we have the properties we have because they contributed positively to our ancestors \u2019 differential fitness and that a property which endows an organism with an evolutionary advantage must make a causal difference to its survival. since we have mental properties, while our ancient ancestors did not, the argument continues, these properties must have evolved over time and therefore must be capable of making a causal difference ( this argument is frequently attributed to popper & eccles 1977, but it was endorsed already by james 1879 ). epiphen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.583819828282601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.234490"} {"text": "not, the argument continues, these properties must have evolved over time and therefore must be capable of making a causal difference ( this argument is frequently attributed to popper & eccles 1977, but it was endorsed already by james 1879 ). epiphenomenalists respond that mental properties may have evolved as nomologically necessary by - products of adaptive traits. a polar bear \u2019 s having a heavy coat decreases its fitness ( by slowing it down ), but is nevertheless an evolved trait because it was an inevitable by - product of a highly adaptive trait, namely, having a warm coat : \u201c having a heavy coat is an unavoidable concomitant of having a warm coat [... ], and the advantages for survival of having a warm coat outweighed the disadvantages of having a heavy one \u201d ( jackson 1982, 134 ). likewise, it could be that we enjoy our mental life because its neurophysiological causes contributed positively to our ancestors \u2019 differential fitness by making them \u201c fitter \u201d compared to those who lacked such neurophysiological equipment. maybe we have a mind because it was evolutionary adaptive to have a big brain and it is nomologically impossible to have a big brain without having a mind. the problem with this response is that while we understand perfectly well why polar bears can have warm coats only in virtue of having heavy coats, we have little or no idea why it should be necessary to have a mind in order to have a big brain. why should of all neurophysiological structures only those with a causally irrelevant mind as by - product be able to do what was required for our ancestors \u2019 survival? if a company claims that religion is not an employment criterion, but it turns out that all its employees are of the same religion, that cries out for an explanation, and the same holds if the epiphenomenalist claims that although our mind is totally ineffective, during the course of evolution only brain structures have evolved that are accompanied by a mind as a by - product. another problem is that epiphenomenalism seems to render our standard response to the other minds problem impossible. according to that response, our belief that our fellow human beings have a mental life similar to ours is justified by an argument from analogy, stated in its classic form by john stuart mill and bertrand russell ( mill 1865, 190 - 191 ; russell 1948, 208 - 209 & 501 - 504 ). since our own body and outward behavior are observably similar to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5639213401460645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.237071"} {"text": "from analogy, stated in its classic form by john stuart mill and bertrand russell ( mill 1865, 190 - 191 ; russell 1948, 208 - 209 & 501 - 504 ). since our own body and outward behavior are observably similar to the body and the behavior of our fellow human beings, we are justified by analogy in believing that they enjoy a mental life similar to ours. the idea is to infer like mental causes from like behavioral effects and this does not work for the epiphenomenalist who denies that there are any mental causes. ( this is an objection to epiphenomenalism only if the argument from analogy does indeed provide a good solution to the other minds problem, and that is far from obvious \u2013 notoriously, inductions based on a single positive instance are problematic and in the case of other minds there is no independent way of verifying the conclusion. ) the epiphenomenalist can employ the same strategy as in the case of the argument from evolution and insist that our inference to the mental life of others need not advert to causality all the way up. if the similar behavior and the similar body of others provide evidence for anything, they provide evidence for the assumption that they are in physical states relevantly similar to those which, in us, are causally responsible for our mental life. this inference is not one from outward behavior to inward mental causes, but from outward behavior to inward neurophysiological causes and from there on further to inward mental effects, but it seems that it is no less reliable ( see benecke 1901 ; jackson 1982 ). davidson famously pointed out that i may have a reason for performing an action, perform that action, and yet not perform it for that reason ( davidson 1963, 9 ). suppose, for instance, i want to meet my mistress and i believe that i can attain this goal by giving her a call ; suppose i also have a second - order desire to get rid off my first - order desire and i believe that i can attain this goal by calling my psychiatrist. when i finally walk to the phone, it seems, i have a reason for doing so ( my first - order desire plus my corresponding belief ) which is not the reason for which i walk to phone ( wilson 1997, 72 ). according to davidson, the reasons for an action and the reasons for which the action is performed can be easily distinguished : the reasons for which an action is performed are those which cause the action. this explanation is not available to the ep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5768359393313137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.239687"} {"text": ", 72 ). according to davidson, the reasons for an action and the reasons for which the action is performed can be easily distinguished : the reasons for which an action is performed are those which cause the action. this explanation is not available to the epiphenomenalist who holds that no reason ever causes an action. ( again, this is an objection against epiphenomenalism only if davidson \u2019 s distinction makes sense ; see latham 2003 for the view that it doesn \u2019 t. ) in response, however, the epiphenomenalist can hold that the reasons for which an action is performed are those that are caused by the neurophysiological cause of the action. knowledge, memory, justification, meaning and reference all seem to require the causal efficacy of what is known, remembered, believed, meant or picked out. how, for instance, could we say that sarah knows that there is orange juice in the fridge or that her belief that there is orange juice in the fridge is justified, if her belief were in no way causally connected to the fridge or the orange juice? the causal relation does not have to be direct \u2013 it may be that sarah \u2019 s mother saw the orange juice in the fridge, told it to sarah \u2019 s sister who in turn told it to sarah, causing her thereby to believe that there is orange juice in the fridge. most of our knowledge depends upon such indirect causal chains. we are not in direct causal contact with plato, the cholera, caesar \u2019 s crossing of the rubicon or the outbreak of world war i, but we can have knowledge about these things because we are linked to them by long causal chains starting with someone who was in direct causal contact with them. according to a causal theory of knowledge, knowledge is impossible without such a causal chain, and something similar holds for justification, memory, meaning, and reference. if sarah believes that it rained on february 1, 1953 in amsterdam, but the rain on february 1, 1953 in amsterdam is not causally related in any way to sarah \u2019 s belief, then it seems that her belief cannot be justified ; if the rain on that day is not causally related to sarah \u2019 s current mental states in any way, then it seems that she cannot remember the rain on february 1, 1953 in amsterdam ; and one reason why sarah \u2019 s twin on putnam \u2019 s famous twin earth ( see putnam 1975 ) cannot refer to water and why by using the word \u201c water \u201d she cannot mean water is that she never did causally interact with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5825941229484815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.242196"} {"text": "1953 in amsterdam ; and one reason why sarah \u2019 s twin on putnam \u2019 s famous twin earth ( see putnam 1975 ) cannot refer to water and why by using the word \u201c water \u201d she cannot mean water is that she never did causally interact with water. if knowledge, justification, memory, meaning and reference require a causal contact with what is known, believed, remembered, meant and picked out, epiphenomenalism implies that we cannot have knowledge of or justified beliefs about mental states ( our own or those of others ), that we cannot remember past mental states, cannot refer to mental states and cannot make meaningful statements about them. however, it is absurd to hold that sarah cannot know that she is having a toothache, that she cannot remember the feeling she had when she fell in love for the first time etc. moreover, if a causal theory of meaning or reference is correct, then the very statements the epiphenomenalist uses to formulate her position are meaningless : \u201c if the mental contributes nothing to the way in which the linguistic practices involving \u2018 [ psychological ' terms are developed and sustained in the speech - community [... ] then [ this ] would deprive the epiphenomenalist of the linguistic resources to enunciate his thesis \u201d ( foster 1996, 191 ). to the extent that epiphenomenalism aspires to make a meaningful statement about the nature of our mental life, it would thus be self - refuting since that is impossible if it is true ( see robinson 2006 for a discussion of this problem and for a reply on behalf of epiphenomenalism ). even if the epiphenomenalist could somehow formulate her position, it would be a pointless exercise from her point of view to try to convince us of its truth, because if she is right, rational considerations can have no causal influence upon our beliefs and actions. in response, the epiphenomenalist could argue that a causal chain cannot always be required because sarah can know, justifiably believe or remember that bachelors are unmarried and that two plus two equals four, or use the term \u201c the biggest star in the universe \u201d to refer to an object even if she never causally interacted with bachelors, the number two or the biggest star in the universe. the problem, however, is that our knowledge and our memories of and our talk about our mental states seem to be fundamentally different from the typical examples of knowledge, memory, or reference that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6004528515468823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.244668"} {"text": "her feeling to her current state of knowledge or memory. why should such a chain be less capable of grounding knowledge or memory than a causal chain which starts with the toothache or the feeling itself? to insist without further explanation that the link has to be causal through and through does not tell us what the apparently indispensable je - ne - sais - quois about such a causal link is, without which knowledge, memory etc. are supposed to be impossible ( see pauen 2006 and staudacher 2006 for further discussion ). there are various objections against epiphenomenalism, nearly all of which are based upon the claim that this or that undeniable fact would be impossible if epiphenomenalism were true. in response, the epiphenomenalist typically points out that the causal relation she says holds between mental states and their neurophysiological correlates ensures that whenever her opponents appeal to a mental cause to account for some apparently undeniable fact, she can appeal to a physical cause which is correlated with the alleged mental cause with nomological necessity and does exactly the same causal job. - baker, l. ( 1993 ). metaphysics and mental causation, mental causation, hrsg. v. j. heil & a. mele, 75 - 95. oxford : clarendon press. - baker, l. ( 1995 ). explaining attitudes. cambridge : cambridge university press. - benecke, e. ( 1901 ). on the aspect theory of the relation of mind to body. proceedings of the aristotelian society, 1, 18 - 44. - birnbacher, d. ( 2006 ). causal interpretations of correlations between neural and conscious events. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 115 - 128. - bonnet, c. ( 1755 ). essai de psychologie. ou considerations de l \u2019 ame, sur l \u2019 habitude et sur l \u2019 education. london. reprinted 1978, hildesheim : georg olms verlag. - burge, t. ( 1979 ). individualism and the mental. midwest studies in philosophy, 4, 73 - 121. - burge, t. ( 1993 ). mind - body causation and explanatory practice, mental causation, hrsg. v. j. heil & a. mele, 97 - 120. oxford : clarendon press. - campbell, n. ( 1997 ). anomalous mon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5948652517167772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.250619"} {"text": "and explanatory practice, mental causation, hrsg. v. j. heil & a. mele, 97 - 120. oxford : clarendon press. - campbell, n. ( 1997 ). anomalous monism and the charge of epiphenomenalism. dialectica, 52, 23 - 39. - campbell, n. ( 1998 ). the standard objection to anomalous monism. australasian journal of philosophy, 75, 373 - 382. - chalmers, d. ( 1996 ). the conscious mind : in search of a fundamental theory. oxford : oxford university press. - davidson, d. ( 1963 ). actions, reasons, and causes. journal of philosophy, 60, 685 - 700. reprinted in essays on actions and events, 3 - 19. oxford : clarendon press 1980. - davidson, d. ( 1970 ). mental events, experience and theory, ed. l. foster & j. w. swanson, 79 - 101. amherst, ma : the university of massachusetts press and duckworth. reprinted in essays on actions and events, 207 - 225. oxford : clarendon press 1980. - davidson, d. ( 1993 ). thinking causes, mental causation, ed. j. heil a. mele, 3 - 17. oxford : clarendon press. - dretske, f. ( 1988 ). explaining behavior : reasons in a world of causes. cambridge, ma : mit press. - dretske, f. ( 1989 ). reasons and causes. philosophical perspectives, 3, 1 - 15. - ewing, a. ( 1953 ). the fundamental problems of philosophy. new york : macmillan. - fodor, j. ( 1987 ). psychosemantics. cambridge, ma : mit press. - fodor, j. ( 1989 ). making mind matter more. philosophical topics, 17, 59 - 79. reprinted in a theory of content and other essays, 137 - 160. cambridge, ma : mit press 1990. - fodor, j. ( 1991 ). a modal argument for narrow content. journal of philosophy, 88, 5 - 26. - fodor, j. ( 1995 ). the elm and the expert : mentalese and its semantics. cambridge, ma : mit press. - foster, j. ( 1996 ). the immaterial self. london : routledge. - haggard, p. & eimer, m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6027548146058403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.252927"} {"text": "the elm and the expert : mentalese and its semantics. cambridge, ma : mit press. - foster, j. ( 1996 ). the immaterial self. london : routledge. - haggard, p. & eimer, m. ( 1999 ). on the relation between brain potentials and the awareness of voluntary movements. experimental brain research, 126, 128 - 133. - hodgson, s. ( 1965 ). time and space : a metaphysical essay. london : longmans, green. - honderich, t. ( 1982 ). the argument for anomalous monism. analysis, 42, 59 - 64. - huxley, t. h. ( 1874 ). on the hypothesis that animals are automata, and its history. fortnightly review, 22, 555 - 580. reprinted in collected essays : volume i, method and results, 195 - 250. london : macmillan 1893. - huxley, t. h. ( 1898 ). hume with helps to the study of berkeley. new york : d. appleton and company. - hyslop, a. ( 1998 ). methodological epiphenomenalism. australasian journal of philosophy, 76, 61 - 70. - jackson, f. ( 1982 ). epiphenomenal qualia. philosophical quarterly, 32, 127 - 136. - jackson, f. & pettit, p. ( 1990 ). program explanation : a general perspective. analysis, 50, 107 - 117. - james, w. ( 1879 ). are we automata? mind, 4, 1 - 22. - keller, i. & heckhausen, h. ( 1990 ). readiness potentials preceding spontaneous motor acts : voluntary vs. involuntary control. electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 76, 351 - 361. - kim, j. ( 1989a ). the myth of nonreductive materialism. proceedings of the american philosophical association, 63, 31 - 47. reprinted in supervenience and mind : selected philosophical essays, 265 - 284. cambridge : cambridge university press 1993. - kim, j. ( 1993a ). can supervenience and \u2018 non - strict laws \u2019 save anomalous monism?, mental causation, ed. j. heil & a. mele, 19 - 26. oxford : clarendon press. - kim, j. ( 1998 ). mind in a physical world : an essay on the mind -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6272975027244504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.254488"} {"text": "?, mental causation, ed. j. heil & a. mele, 19 - 26. oxford : clarendon press. - kim, j. ( 1998 ). mind in a physical world : an essay on the mind - body problem and mental causation. cambridge, ma : mit press. - kim, j. ( 2003a ). blocking causal drainage and other maintenance chores with mental causation. philosophy and phenomenological research, 67, 151 - 176. - kim, j. ( 2003b ). philosophy of psychology, donald davidson, ed. k. ludwig, 113 - 136. oxford : clarendon. - kim, j. ( 2005 ). physicalism \u2013 or something near enough. cambridge, ma : princeton university press. - lachs, j. ( 1963 ). the impotent mind. review of metaphysics, 17, 187 - 199. - latham, n. ( 2003 ). are there any nonmotivating reasons for action?, physicalism and mental causation : the metaphysics of mind and action, ed. s. walter & h. d. heckmann, 273 - 294. thoverton : imprint academic. - lepore, e. & loewer, b. ( 1987 ). mind matters. journal of philosophy, 84, 630 - 642. - lewis, d. ( 1983 ). extrinsic properties. philosophical studies, 44, 197 - 200. - libet, b. ( 1985 ). unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. behavioral and brain sciences, 8, 529 - 539. - libet, b., gleason, c., wright, e. & pearl, d. ( 1983 ). time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities ( readiness - potential ) : the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. brain, 106, 623 - 642. - mclaughlin, b. ( 1989 ). type epiphenomenalism, type dualism, and the causal priority of the physical. philosophical perspectives, 3, 109 - 135. - mclaughlin, b. ( 1994 ). epiphenomenalism, a companion to the philosophy of mind, ed. s. guttenplan, 277 - 288. oxford : blackwell. - mill, j. s. ( 1865 ). an examination of sir william hamilton \u2019 s philosophy. collected works of john stuart mill, vol. 9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.573420428209815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.256034"} {"text": "mind, ed. s. guttenplan, 277 - 288. oxford : blackwell. - mill, j. s. ( 1865 ). an examination of sir william hamilton \u2019 s philosophy. collected works of john stuart mill, vol. 9, ed. j. m. robson. toronto : university of toronto press, 1979. - miller, j. & trevena, j. ( 2002 ). cortical movement preparation and conscious decisions : averaging artifacts and timing biases. consciousness and cognition, 11, 308 - 313. - pauen, m. ( 2006 ). feeling causes. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 129 - 152. - pockett, s., banks, w. & gallagher, s. ( 2006 ). does consciousness cause behavior? cambridge, ma : mit press. - popper, k. & eccles, j. ( 1977 ). the self and its brain. new york : springer. - putnam, h. ( 1975 ). the meaning of \u2018 meaning \u2019. minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, 7, 131 - 193. reprinted in mind, language, and reality : philosophical papers, vol. 2, 215 - 271. cambridge : cambridge university press 1975. - robinson, w. ( 1982 ). causation, sensations and knowledge. mind, 91, 524 - 540. - robinson, w. ( 2003 ). epiphenomenalism, the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy ( spring 2003 edition ), hrsg. v. e. zalta, url = < >. - robinson, w. ( 2004 ). understanding phenomenal consciousness. cambridge : cambridge university press. - robinson, w. ( 2006 ). knowing epiphenomena. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 85 - 100. - russell, b. ( 1948 ). human knowledge : its scope and limits. london : allen & unwin. - sosa, e. ( 1993 ). davidson \u2019 s thinking causes, mental causation, ed. j. heil & a. mele, 41 - 50. oxford : clarendon press. - staudacher, a. ( 2006 ). epistemological challenges to qualia - epiphenomenalism. journal of consciousness studies, 13, 153 - 175. - taylor, a. ( 1927 ). plato : the man and his work. new york : macveagh. - taylor, r. ( 1963 ). metaphysics. englewood cliffs :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6121422567110466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.274270"} {"text": "the american clean energy and security act of 2009 would create 20, 000 new jobs in illinois and save its average household $ 193 a year by 2020, according to a new report released by environment illinois and the american council for an energy - efficient economy. the federal bill, which passed the house of representatives in june and now moves to the senate, introduces new renewable energy and energy efficiency requirements. it also contains \u201c cap and trade \u201d \u2014 a cap on carbon emissions and a mechanism for companies to bid on emissions \u201c credits \u201d in a stock market - type system. according to the report, the legislation would also reduce illinois \u2019 annual carbon emissions by 9. 7 million metric tons \u2014 equal to pollution from more than 1. 7 million cars \u2014 by 2020. brian spranger, a field associate for environment illinois, a citizen - funded environmental organization, confirms that illinois has much to gain from the acesa \u2014 including one of the highest potentials for increased job growth in the nation. \u201c the high job creation number has to do with not only our strong manufacturing potential and skilled workforce, but the age of a lot of our buildings in the state, \u201d spranger says. \u201c quite simply, we have a lot of leaky old buildings that waste a lot of energy. this means there \u2019 s a lot of work to be done, and thus, plenty of jobs to be created. \u201d environment illinois and the american council for an energy - efficient economy, a nonprofit research organization based in washington, d. c., are calling on the senate to implement further policy improvements. the report estimates that stronger measures such as requiring utility companies to reduce their energy usage by at least 10 percent ( the current version of the acesa requests 5 percent with an optional 3 percent increase ) would create 30, 400 new jobs in illinois, save its average household $ 252 a year and reduce annual carbon emissions by 16 million metric tons in the next 10 years. in a released statement, brian granahan, a staff attorney and clean energy advocate with environment illinois, said : \u201c while the house bill is a critical first step in harnessing the power of energy efficiency, this report shows that we can save even more money, create more jobs and reduce more pollution. \u201d in the past few months, illinois has also taken its own steps to increase energy efficiency. in late august, gov. pat quinn signed the energy efficient building act, which requires illinois to adopt the 2009 international energy conservation code for new residential construction. additions, renovations or repairs to existing buildings need to meet iecc standards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4476811239701949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.280988"} {"text": "four laws that drive the universe by peter atkins ( oxford university press, usa, hardcover, 9780199232369, 130pp. ) publication date : november 2007 written by peter atkins, one of the worlds leading authorities on thermodynamics, this powerful and compact introduction explains what these four laws are and how they work, using accessible language and virtually no mathematics. guiding the reader a step at a time, atkins begins with zeroth ( so named because the first two laws were well established before scientists realized that a third law, relating to temperature, should precede them - - hence the jocular name zeroth ), and proceeds through the first, second, and third laws, offering a clear account of concepts such as the availability of work and the conservation of energy. atkins ranges from the fascinating theory of entropy ( revealing how its unstoppable rise constitutes the engine of the universe ), through the concept of free energy, and to the brink, and then beyond the brink, of absolute zero. c. p. snow once remarked that not knowing the second law of thermodynamics is like never having read a work by shakespeare. this brief but brilliant book introduces general readers to one of the cornerstones of modern science, four laws that are as integral to the well - educated mind as such great dramatic works as hamlet or macbeth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6483294530393807, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.284555"} {"text": "history & region ceylon orange pekoe is a classic breakfast tea grown on the island of sri lanka. the name comes from the dutch royal house of orange - not from the fruit. situated just off the southern coast of india, sri lanka ' s climate is tropical, with two distinct monsoon seasons allowing for yearlong tea production. gorgeous green tea bushes wrap the lush hills, and the narrow roads wind through the long ago, europe found it an ideal place for trading, and it became colonized for 450 years before gaining independence in 1948. the portuguese, dutch and british have all left their influence. the island is now home to almost 20 million people. the dutch were the first to experiment with planting tea, but without success. when the british secured the island, they had more luck. planters came from england spurred by courage and opportunity. they bought land and toiled in harsh conditions, and by 1875, the tea industry was up and going. sir thomas lipton is the most famous of the tea produced in sri lanka is still referred to as is the world ' s third largest producer of tea in the world. most estates are also home to their own tea factories, processing thousands of tons of tea in many instances. the majority of tea production is black, ' orthodox ' and grown in the following regions : kandy, nuwara eliya, dimbula, uva, ratnapura and galle. the region of nuwara eliya is the highest growing region and is credited for producing the finest teas. ' orthodox ' tea production is a method of crushing tealeaves by rolling. the rolling process helps break down and twist the leaves, allowing oxidization to begin. the tea is then fired, and final grading is based on the quality of the leaf. glossary of tea grades pekoe : derived from the chinese word ' bai hao ' meaning ' white hair. ' it refers to the silvery white down present on young tealeaves. flowery orange pekoe : high quality whole or broken leaf tea with lots of tips whole leaf tea with some tips whole leaf tea with leaves rolled lengthwise pekoe : whole leaf tea of medium quality broken orange pekoe : smaller and broken leaves with lots of tips broken, less quality tealeaves tasting notes & brewing when making our teas from ceylon, we like to pre - heat our teapot or mug. add 1 teaspoon per cup, add hot water ( just as it comes to a boil ) and steep until desired strength. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44165711685113695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.289867"} {"text": "cimmerians, a nomadic people, most likely of iranian origin, who flourished in the 8th - 7th centuries b. c. e. the name. the english form is ultimately derived from gk. kimmerioi via lat. cimmerii. in assyrian and babylonian sources various forms are found : ga - mir, gamir - ( r ) a, gi - mir - a - a, gi - mir - ra - a - a, and so on ( see, e. g. parpola, 1970a, pp. 122 - 33 ; cf. pinches, p. 611 ). the hebrew bible ( genesis 10 : 2, ezekiel 38 : 6 ) has gmr, masoretic gomar ( erroneously assimilated to gomar, name of the wife of hosea ( hosea 1 : 3 ; d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, p. 109 no. 12 ) ; in the septuagint the forms gamer ( genesis ) and gomer ( ezekiel ) are used ( cf. josephus, antiquitates iudaicae 1. 123 : gomaros, and 1. 126 : gomareis ), and the vulgate has gomer ( cf. also ezekiel 27. 17 : gmdym [ read gmrym? ; cf lagarde, p. 367 ], jeremiah 25. 25 : zmry [ read gmry? ; cf. d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, p. 112 ] ). i. m. d \u2019 yakonov attributes the variation a / i in the first syllable of the word to vowel gradation ( see below ). it is possible that the name was preserved in arm. garmik\u02bf, referring to cappadocia south of the river halys ( adontz, pp. 316ff. ; d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, p. 111 ; cf., however, noldeke, p. 324 ). origin. the first mention of cimmerians in western sources is in the odyssey of homer ( 11. 14 ), where they are described as inhabitants of the opposite side of the oceanus river surrounding the earth, a country forever deprived of sunshine, thus at the entrance to the kingdom of hades, toward which odysseus sails to obtain an oracle from the soul of the seer teiresias. the western greeks very early localized odysseus \u2019 s wanderings to the seas around italy and sicily and placed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3995713582316233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.323301"} {"text": "kingdom of hades, toward which odysseus sails to obtain an oracle from the soul of the seer teiresias. the western greeks very early localized odysseus \u2019 s wanderings to the seas around italy and sicily and placed the cimmerians around lake avernus near cumae in campania ; near avernus there was an ancient oracle of the dead, and, because of its physical peculiarities, the lake was considered to be one of the entrances to hades ( ephorus [ ca. 405 - 330 b. c. e. ], in jacoby, fragmente, no. 70, fr. 134 ; strabo, 5. 4. 5 ). nearly all authors of the hellenistic and roman periods looked at the cimmerians through the prism of the homeric evidence ; specifically it is often used to date homer. the fictive identification of the cimmerians with the celtic ( or germanic ) tribe of the cimbri, made by poseidonius ( 128 - 45 b. c. e. ), ultimately depended on this evidence ( jacoby, fragmente, no. 87, fr. 31 ). nevertheless, prevailing opinion among the ancients was that the cimmerians had once inhabited the steppes on the northern shore of the black sea. the first surviving evidence of this view is found in the poem arimaspaea by aristeas of proconnesus ( ca. 550 b. c. e. ), in which the scythians are said to have driven the cimmerians from their country in southern russia ( bernabe, p. 151, fr. 2 ; cf. herodotus, 4. 11 - 13 ; cf. 1. 15, 1. 103 - 04, 4. 1, 7. 20 ). according to herodotus ( 4. 11 - 12 ), the cimmerian aristocrats, reluctant to abandon their homeland, killed one another and were buried in a tumulus beside the river tyres ( modern dniester ), after which the common people migrated to \u201c asia \u201d to escape the scythians, proceeding along the black sea coast of caucasia ( see caucasus i. geography, population, and economy ) to the peninsula of sinope and leaving traces in the form of toponyms on the shores of the cimmerian bosporus. the idea that the black sea steppes had been the former homeland of the cimmerians was probably already current at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3853038208135686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.324398"} {"text": "peninsula of sinope and leaving traces in the form of toponyms on the shores of the cimmerian bosporus. the idea that the black sea steppes had been the former homeland of the cimmerians was probably already current at the beginning of the period of the ionian colonization of scythia, in the second part of the 7th century b. c. e. initially two different versions about the starting point of the cimmerian flight were current among the colonists, that of the tyrits and that of the bosporans. later these were combined by the historians, as in the work of herodotus. later authors, influenced by the large number of \u201c cimmerian toponyms \u201d in the region of the bosporus, connected the cimmerians mainly with that region ( see, e. g., strabo, 1. 1. 10, 1. 2. 9, 3. 2. 12, 7. 4. 3, 11. 2. 5 ). probably it was before the time of herodotus that reports about the cimmerians on the northern shores of the black sea were connected with the evidence in the odyssey ; it seemed natural to consider that homer had depicted this cold northern country in poetic imagery as deprived of sunshine and near hades ( strabo, 1. 1. 10 ; 1. 2. 9 ). this opinion has been accepted by the majority of scholars in modern times. archeologists have logically concluded that finds dating from before the appearance of the scythians ( i. e., the culture of scythian type ) in southern russia must be cimmerian. especially since a. i. terenozhkin published his work on these pre - scythian finds, soviet archeologists, as well as many from abroad, have identified a nomadic culture that flourished mainly in the ukraine during the period of transition from the bronze to the iron age as that of the cimmerians. two chronological phases have been recognized : chernaya gora ( ca. 900 - 750 b. c. e. ) and novocherkassk ( ca. 750 - 700 b. c. e. ; for this dating see il \u2019 inskaya and terenozhkin, p. 19 ; for a more convincing dating of the second phase to the 9th - 8th centuries, see kossak, pp. 35ff., 84 ). some scholars, however, have considered the classical tradition to be imaginary, pointing, for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44256584448885433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.325554"} {"text": ". 19 ; for a more convincing dating of the second phase to the 9th - 8th centuries, see kossak, pp. 35ff., 84 ). some scholars, however, have considered the classical tradition to be imaginary, pointing, for example, to glaring errors in herodotus \u2019 s narrative, for example, his report ( 4. 11 ) that the cimmerians had fled eastward from the scythians, who were in fact coming from the east, and his report of the troops \u2019 march along the caucasian shore of the black sea, which would have been impassable if they were coming directly from the strait of kerch ( d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, pp. 135 - 36 ). karl mullenhoff ( pp. 19 - 31 ) argued that the location of the cimmerians on the north shore of the black sea was based solely on an attempt at rationalization of the homeric evidence by the greeks, citing the avernian location as an analogy ( see also, rohde, pp. 99 - 100 ; aly, pp. 122 - 23 ; cozzoli, p. 67 et passim ). nevertheless, it seems that this interpretation could have had only secondary importance in the evolution of the classical tradition ; it is significant that there are no legends about odysseus \u2019 s wanderings on the black sea, in contrast to the western mediterranean. more important is archeological evidence that both shores of the strait, as well as the lower dniester, were largely uninhabited from the 10th century b. c. e. until the arrival of the scythians, the period of the novocherkassk culture previously associated with the cimmerians ( vinogradov, pp. 370ff. ; tokhtas \u2019 ev, 1984a, pp. 142 - 43 ). it is clear that the greeks ascribed to the cimmerians a tumulus beside the river tyres, just as, for example, they ascribed various ancient buildings to the half - mythical pelasgians ( cf. uslar, p. 277 ; d \u2019 yakonov, 1956, p. 239 ). a similar interpretation was given to some ruins that were reminiscent of defensive structures, kimmeria teikhea ( \u201c cimmerian fortifications \u201d ; herodotus, 4. 12 ; tokhtas \u2019 ev, 1984b, pp. 144 - 45 ). excavators of the bosporan settlement kimmerikon ( late 6th century b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4869891180050642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.326427"} {"text": "\u201c cimmerian fortifications \u201d ; herodotus, 4. 12 ; tokhtas \u2019 ev, 1984b, pp. 144 - 45 ). excavators of the bosporan settlement kimmerikon ( late 6th century b. c. e. - 3rd century c. e. ) discovered a stratum dated to the second half of the 2nd millennium b. c. e., which had been disturbed by greek colonists ( kruglikova ; for dating, see sharafutdinova, pp. 115 - 16 ) ; the name of the later settlement is evidence that the greeks considered these antiquities to be cimmerian. the assertion that cimmerians had lived there was founded partly on findings of this sort and was reflected in the name of another locality on the bosporus, kimmerie khore ( \u201c cimmerian land \u201d ; herodotus, 4. 12 ; cf. tokhtas \u2019 ev, 1984b, pp. 142ff. ). just as the thracian bosporus received its name from adjoining thrace, the cimmerian bosporus took its name from cimmeria. confidence in the classical tradition was finally shaken by the fact that no artifacts of the novocherkassk type have been found in the transcaucasian, near eastern, or anatolian regions connected with later cimmerian activity ( see below ). only artifacts of early scythian type have been found in those areas ( kossak, pp. 47 - 48, 63, 66, 67 ; d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, pp. 133ff. ; kleiner et al., pp. 94, 135ff. ). the most ancient such finds ( probably from the end of the 9th century b. c. e. ) were discovered in tuva ( southern siberia ). in the second half of the 8th century the bearers of this culture were moving westward. one group reached the land that is now bulgaria ; another halted in northern caucasia and at the same time partly penetrated into transcaucasia and, in the 7th century, as far as anatolia. this last group is to be identified with the cimmerians of the written sources ( for material, see il \u2019 inskaya and terenozhkin, pp. 18 - 86 ; murzin ; for chronology, see kossak, pp. 25ff. and passim ). as the cimmerians cannot be differentiated archeologically from the scythians,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4423814104545111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.327521"} {"text": "terenozhkin, pp. 18 - 86 ; murzin ; for chronology, see kossak, pp. 25ff. and passim ). as the cimmerians cannot be differentiated archeologically from the scythians, it is possible to speculate about their iranian origins. in the neo - babylonian texts ( according to d \u2019 yakonov, including at least some of the assyrian texts in babylonian dialect ) gimirri and similar forms designate the scythians and central asian saka, reflecting the perception among inhabitants of mesopotamia that cimmerians and scythians represented a single cultural and economic group ( d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, pp. 118ff. ; dandamayev, pp. 95 - 105 ). unfortunately, the proposed etymologies of the names of cimmerian kings \u2014 teuspa, tug / k / dug / k - dam - mi - i, and sa - an - dak - kur - ru ( read sandaksatru? ) \u2014 are not completely reliable, though they could be iranian ( d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, pp. 112 n. 20, 116 - 17 n. 30 ; cf. mayrhofer, pp. 187ff. ). the ingenious etymology proposed for the ethnonym itself, from iranian * gamira - / * gmira - \u201c mobile unit \u201d ( d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, pp. 131 - 32 ), cannot be verified, but no other satisfactory suggestion has been put forward. the widely held opinion that the cimmerians were of thracian origin depends in fact only on the confused information of strabo : \u201c the cimmerians, who are also called treres, or some people of them \u201d ( 1. 3. 21 ) ; \u201c... treres, a cimmerian people \u201d ( 14. 1. 40 ). in all other references, however, strabo and other authors treated treres and cimmerians as separate peoples ( cf. strabo, 1. 3. 21, 12. 3. 24, 12. 8. 7, and 13. 4. 8 ; cf. callisthenes, in jacoby, fragmente, no. 124, fr. 29 ; for more detail, see cozzoli, pp. 75ff ). some scholars have considered the word argillai \u201c underground dwellings, \u201d which ephorus applied to the habitations of the ave", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4641916450370795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.330123"} {"text": ", no. 124, fr. 29 ; for more detail, see cozzoli, pp. 75ff ). some scholars have considered the word argillai \u201c underground dwellings, \u201d which ephorus applied to the habitations of the avernian cimmerians, as of thracian origin, but those cimmerians were not directly related to the historical people ( see above ) ; the same word, attested this time as a greek word, has a convincing greek etymology ( cf. chantraine, p. 103 ). cimmerians in transcaucasia and the near east. according to intelligence reports sent to the assyrian king sargon ii between 720 and 714 b. c. e., king rusa i of urartu marched his troops to kur gamir ( ra ) \u201c land of the cimmerians \u201d but was defeated ( parpola, 1987, nos. 30 - 32 ; lanfranchi and parpola, nos. 92, 144, 174 ; deller, pp. 98ff. ) ; a modern attempt at more precise dating of these events to august - september 714 ( lanfranchi ) is hardly convincing. kur gamir ( ra ) was reliably localized by d \u2019 yakonov on the territory of modern georgia, most probably in its central part ( d \u2019 yakonov, 1984, pp. 90, 175 n. 253 ; idem, 1981, p. 108 ; idem and kashkai, p. 71 ) ; the opposing view of mirjo salvini ( pp. 45 - 46 ) and his arguments for a location south or southeast of lake urmia do not seem well founded. it is in central georgia that archeologists have found the greatest concentration of materials of the scythian type ( d \u2019 yakonov, 1981, p. 135 ; esayan and pogrebova, p. 20 map ), the earliest dating from about 700 b. c. e. ( kossak, pp. 43 - 48 ). the homeric evidence for the cimmerians ( see above ) was apparently drawn from a more ancient greek epic, argonautica ( see von der muhll, pp. 148ff. ), which may have recorded the actual presence of cimmerians in the general region immediately to the east of colchis in the 8th century b. c. e. according to another assyrian intelligence report ( lanfranchi and parpola, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48189903799160505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.331141"} {"text": "which may have recorded the actual presence of cimmerians in the general region immediately to the east of colchis in the 8th century b. c. e. according to another assyrian intelligence report ( lanfranchi and parpola, no. 145 ; deller, no. 2. 1 ), cimmerians did invade urartu from the territory of mannea ( the country south of lake urmia ) ; the document is datable to the same years ( 720 - 14 b. c. e. ), but, as the context differs from that of rusa \u2019 s campaign against the \u201c country of cimmerians, \u201d it is probable that it deals with a different phase of the conflict. transcaucasia was in fact the base from which cimmerian troops marched, probably until the beginning of the reign of assurbanipal ( 668 - ca. 625 b. c. e. ). in 679 the cimmerian king teuspa was defeated by the assyrians near the city hubussnu ( perhaps in cappadocia ; see, e. g., borger, pp. 33 l. 18, 51 l. 43, 100 l. 23 ; heidel, p. 14, col. 2 ll. 1 - 3 ; grayson, p. 125, chron. 14. 9 ) ; in the same year cimmerian detachments of individual soldiers ( probably captives ) were serving in the assyrian army ( d \u2019 yakonov, 1984, p. 175 no. 259 ; idem, 1981, p. 113 ). in 675 they were present on the border of mannea ( fales and lanfranchi ; cf. starr, no. 269 ) and in about 667 on mannean territory ( parpola, 1983, p. 420 ). subria ( the country west of lake van ) was perhaps subject to invasion by the cimmerians in about 672 - 69 ( starr, no. 18, referring to an alliance with urartu. in the period of the median revolt against assyria ( ca. 674 - 72 ) even parsua ( west of media ; starr, no. 39, 40 ) and probably ellipi ( between media and elam, starr, nos. 79, 80 ; cf. nos. 65, 97 ) were open to attack by the cimmerians, who were allies of the medes ( cf. starr, nos. 36, 43, 45,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39932857807815325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.332029"} {"text": "and elam, starr, nos. 79, 80 ; cf. nos. 65, 97 ) were open to attack by the cimmerians, who were allies of the medes ( cf. starr, nos. 36, 43, 45, 48, 50, 51, pp. lxi - lxii ; parpola, 1983, pp. 192 - 93 and n. 196 ). cimmerians were serving as contingents in the assyrian army in 671 - 70 ( starr, nos. 139, 142, 144, p. lxiii ). cimmerians in anatolia. strabo ( 1. 3. 21 ) synchronized the suicide of king midas of phrygia with the invasion of his country by the cimmerians. owing to contradictory and dubious reports about the date of midas \u2019 s death, however, it is impossible to date this event more precisely than 700 - 675 b. c. e. the apparent synchronism most likely results from chronographic speculations, in which ancient and popular conceptions about midas and homer as contemporaries were connected with the no less widely accepted synchronism between homer and the cimmerian invasion. other evidence about the arrival of the cimmerians in phrygia ( stephanus byzantius, s. v. syassos ) offers no grounds for dating. an assyrian oracular text of 676 - 60 b. c. e. has been interpreted as referring to a conjectural alliance between the cimmerians and phrygians against melitene, uru melidi ( modern eski malatya in eastern turkey ; starr, no. 1, cf. pp. lvii - lviii ; see also starr, no. 17, a document probably related to the same events, mentioning cimmerians in the same connection with cilicians ). it is equally difficult to determine when the cimmerians appeared in the region of sinope ( ehrhardt, pp. 55, 326ff. ). as noted above, cimmerians were defeated by assyrians in eastern anatolia as early as 679 b. c. e., but in the reign of esarhaddon ( 680 - 69 b. c. e. ) they remained active, mainly on the northern and eastern borders of assyria. the first reliable information about their permanent establishment in anatolia is from the early reign of assurbanipal : in about 665 they attacked lydia but were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4091050283175045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.332931"} {"text": ". e. ) they remained active, mainly on the northern and eastern borders of assyria. the first reliable information about their permanent establishment in anatolia is from the early reign of assurbanipal : in about 665 they attacked lydia but were defeated by king gyges, with assurbanipal \u2019 s support ( cogan and tadmor, p. 84 ; spalinger, p. 402 ). in the spring of 657 the assyrians expected the cimmerians to march against lydia, probably from eastern anatolia ( apparently from cappadocia, which was their base ; cf. arm. gamirk\u02bf ), whence they also exercised \u201c hegemony \u201d over at least a part of syria ( parpola, 1970b, nos. 110, 300 ; idem, 1983, pp. 307ff. ). in 644 they defeated the lydians and took sardis, the lydian capital ; gyges died during this battle. it is possible that, when the treres and the lycians seized sardis once again in 637, the cimmerians were their allies ( spalinger, pp. 406 - 09 ; cogan and tadmor, pp. 78 - 79 nos. 25, 84 ). in the 640s, under the leadership of king lygdamis ( akkad. dugdamme ) and sometimes in alliance with the treres under king kobos, the cimmerians attacked the greek city - states of ionia and aeolis ( herodotus, 1. 6 ; callimachus, hymn to diana 255ff. ; welles, no. 7 ; strabo, 1. 3. 21, 3. 2. 12, 11. 2. 5 ; kleiner et al., pp. 135ff. ). they were also active in paphlagonia ( strabo, 1. 3. 21 ), especially in the region of sinope ( cf. above ) ; in bithynia ( arrian, in jacoby, fragmente, no. 156, frs. 60, 76 ; scholia in apollonius of rhodes, argonautica 1. 1126 ; heracleides ponticus, in wehrli, pp. 103 - 04, fr. 129 ) ; and in the troad ( aristotle, in stephenus byzantius, s. v. antandros ; in pliny, natural history 5. 123 ). in about 640", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3583021080802985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.333760"} {"text": ", pp. 103 - 04, fr. 129 ) ; and in the troad ( aristotle, in stephenus byzantius, s. v. antandros ; in pliny, natural history 5. 123 ). in about 640 they tried to enter into an alliance with the state of tabal, a faithless vassal of assyria, and twice attacked the imperial forces ; during the second campaign, in 640, lygdamis was taken seriously ill and killed himself ( according to strabo, 1. 3. 21, he died in cilicia ), being succeeded by his son sa - an - dak - kur - ru ( thompson, 1933, pp. 88 - 89 ; idem, 1940, pp. 106 - 07 no. 33 l. 10 - 11, 109 no. 35 ll. 6 - 12 ; millard, pp. 109 - 10 ; cogan and tadmor, pp. 80 - 81, 84 ; spalinger, p. 407 ). in the 630s or 620s b. c. e. the scythian king madyes defeated the treres ( strabo, 1. 3. 21 ), probably in eastern anatolia, and at the end of the 7th or beginning of the 6th century the lydian king alyattes defeated the cimmerians ( herodotus, 1. 16 ; polyaenus, 7. 2. 1 ), after which nothing more was heard of them. a. adontz, histoire d \u2019 armenie, paris, 1949. w. aly, volksmarchen, sage und novelle bei herodot and seinen zeitgenossen, gottingen, 1921. a. bernabe, ed., poetae epici graeci i, leipzig, 1988. r. borger, die inschriften asarchaddons, konigs von assyrien, archiv fur orientforschung, beiheft 9, graz, 1956. u. cozzoli, i cimmeri, rome, 1968. p. chantraine, dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque i, paris, 1968. m. cogan and h. tadmor, \u201c gyges and assurbanipal. a study in literary transmission, \u201d orientalia, n. s. 46, 1977, pp. 65 - 85. m. a. dandamayev, \u201c data of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39781500649194046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.334579"} {"text": "kiev, 1984. t. noldeke, review of e. schrader, keilinschriften und geschichtsforschung, in zdmg 33, 1879, pp. 302 - 32. s. parpola, neo - assyrian toponyms, alter orient and altes testament 6, neukirchen - vluyn, germany, 1970a. idem, ed., letters from assyrian scholars to the kings esarhaddon and assubanipal, 2 vols., alter orient und altes testament 5 / 1 - 2, neukirchen - vluyn, germany, 1970b - 83. idem, ed., state archives of assyria i. the correspondence of sargon ii, pt. 1, helsinki, 1987. t. g. pinches, \u201c sargon \u2019 s eighth campaign, \u201d jras, 1913, pp. 581 - 612. e. rohde, \u201c studien zur chronologie der griechischen litteraturgeschichte, \u201d in kleine schriften i, tubingen and leipzig, 1901, pp. 1 - 113. m. salvini, \u201c la storia della regione in epoca urartea, \u201d in tra lo zagros e l \u2019 urmia, rome, 1984, pp. 9 - 51. i. n. sharafutdinova, \u201c sabatinovskaya kul \u2019 tura, \u201d in kul \u2019 tury epokhi bronzy na territorii ukrainy, kiev, 1986. a. j. spalinger, \u201c the date of the death of gyges and its historical implications, \u201d jaos 98, 1978, pp. 400 - 09. i. starr, ed., state archives of assyria, pt. iv. queries to the sungod. divination and politics in sargonid assyria, helsinki, 1990. a. i. terenozhkin, kimmeriitsy, kiev, 1976. r. c. thompson, \u201c the british museum excavations at nineveh, 1931 - 1932, ( 3 ) inscriptions, \u201d annals of archaeology and anthropology 20, 1933, pp. 79 - 109. idem, \u201c a selection from the cuneiform historical texts from nineveh ( 1927 - 32 ), \u201d iraq 7, 1940, pp. 85 - 131. s. r. tokhtas \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47935282465561596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.337352"} {"text": ", pp. 79 - 109. idem, \u201c a selection from the cuneiform historical texts from nineveh ( 1927 - 32 ), \u201d iraq 7, 1940, pp. 85 - 131. s. r. tokhtas \u2019 ev, \u201c scythica v trudakh ii vsesoyuznogo simpoziuma po drevnei istorii prichernomor \u2019 ya ( tskhaltubo, 1979 ), \u201d vdi, 1984a, pp. 133 - 43. idem, \u201c kimmeriiskyaya toponimiya i, \u201d in etnogenez narodov balkan i severnogo prichernomor \u2019 ya, moscow, 1984b, pp. 142 - 48. p. k. uslar, drevneishie skazaniya o kavkaze, tiflis, 1881. yu. g. vinogradov, \u201c polis v severnom prichernomor \u2019 e, \u201d in antichnaya gretsiya i, moscow, 1983, pp. 366 - 420. f. wehrli, die schule des aristoteles vii. herakleides pontikos, basel, 1953. c. b. welles, royal correspondence in the hellenistic period, new haven, conn., 1934. ( sergei r. tokhtas \u2019 ev ) originally published : december 15, 1991 last updated : october 20, 2011 this article is available in print. vol. v, fasc. 6, pp. 563 - 567", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5048424823482867, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.337931"} {"text": "economic tools for marine protected areas 01 june 2008 | news story from 26 - 30 may 2008, the iucn regional office for oceania, coral reef initiatives for the south pacific ( crisp ) and the secretariat of the pacfic regional environment programme ( sprep ) hosted a regional workshop on the use of economic tools for supporting the design and management of marine protected areas ( mpas ). the aim of the workshop was to share information and discuss how economic tools could be incorporated into the various stages of pacific mpa design and management. presentations were given on a range of topics including the use of contingent valuation techniques to assess the non - use value of marine resources in fiji, the use of input - output analysis to assess the local economic impact of the creation of protected areas in new south wales, the design of a payment system for ecosystem services for mpas in vietnam, the cost of pacific locally managed marine areas ( lmmas ), the use of cost - benefit analysis for natural resource management decision - making and the phoenix islands protected area ( kiribati ) endowment financing scheme. the last day of the workshop was dedicated to identifying around a dozen case studies in pacific island countries, where economic tools can be applied and tested for informing marine managed area design and management. funding from crisp, iucn and sprep will be used to develop partnerships for carrying out the proposed case studies which will include a cost - benefit analysis of destructive fishing practices in kiribati, a cost effectiveness analysis of several management schemes for the lmma network in the region and a cost - benefit analysis of alternative mma management models in vanuatu. during the workshop, the lack of trained resource economists in the region was identified as one constraint to carrying out economic analysis to support the design and management of mmas in the pacific on a wider scale. as a result most economics work in this area to date has relied on outside expertise. participants identified a number channels for addressing this issue including : direct capacity building exercises, promoting partnerships between outside and local experts in carrying out the proposed case studies, and providing incentives to regional economists to apply their skills to mma issues. the workshop was attended by key stakeholders involved in economics and marine conservation in the pacific from organizations including conservation international, foundation for peoples of the south pacific international ( fspi ), institut de recherche pour le developpement ( ird ), pacific islands forum secretariat ( pifs ), pacific islands applied geoscience commission ( sopac ), secretariat of the pacific commmunity ( spc ), university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43813379546487635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.347538"} {"text": "light behind the fall : japan \u2019 s electricity consumption, the environment, and economic growth by vaclav smil the phenomenon is unmistakable ( albeit largely unnoticed ), and the contrast lends itself to all kinds of symbolic interpretations : japan \u2019 s unending retreat from being a highly respected polity and economic powerhouse, widely expected to become the 21st century \u2019 s global ichiban, has entered troubled waters. as a result of that downward economic trend, whose beginning was signaled by the collapse of the nikkei index in 1990, japan \u2019 s gdp managed the real ( inflation - adjusted ) annual growth of just 1. 1 % between 1991 and 2006, while during the preceding 15 years the country \u2019 s gdp had nearly doubled. but this long - lasting economic and social malaise has been accompanied by a substantial ( 17 % ) increase in japan \u2019 s primary energy consumption. this is remarkable because pre - 1990 japan was the world \u2019 s most consistently, and most admirably, energy - efficient economy that had always managed to do with relatively less energy. overall efficiency of japan \u2019 s energy conversion ( usually measured as the amount of primary commercial energy used to generate a unit of gdp ) was high before the first opec oil price crisis in 1973 - 74, when the western nations were wasting energy with abandon. during the early 1970s it took about twice as much energy to produce a dollar of gdp in the us as it did in japan. and when europe and north america belatedly embarked on unprecedented energy conservation programs during the late 1970s, they found that the already frugal japan was becoming even more energy - parsimonious. this great energy conservation drive was going strong through 1985, when opec \u2019 s hold on the global oil market collapsed and oil prices fell from the historic high of nearly $ 40 in 1981 to less than $ 10 ; its effects would linger through the 1980s. by 1990 the us needed about 30 % less energy to produce a dollar of gdp than it did in 1974 \u2014 but japan had lowered the average energy of its economy by another 35 %. consequently, despite the pronounced appreciation of its currency ( by 1990 the purchasing power parity was \u00a5193 / us $ ), japan was thus even further ahead of the us in energy conservation than it had been before the first oil price crises of the early 1970s. but then an unexpected reversal took place. between 1990 and 2005, the energy intensity of the us economy ( using inflation - adjusted monies ) fell by another 12 %, but the energy intensity of the japanese economy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190965734628779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.359722"} {"text": "oil price crises of the early 1970s. but then an unexpected reversal took place. between 1990 and 2005, the energy intensity of the us economy ( using inflation - adjusted monies ) fell by another 12 %, but the energy intensity of the japanese economy first stagnated and then, by the year 2000, was actually about 6 % above the 1990 value. by the year 2005 it was still about 3 % higher. a closer look at the reasons for this reversal shows two surprising factors. first, japan \u2019 s fabulous industrial energy conservation machine had seized up ( fig. 1 ). energy intensities ( that is, energy used per unit value of product ) of all major industries \u2014 after falling by 20 - 50 % between 1973 and the late 1980s \u2014 had reached their lowest levels between 1988 and 1990, and had risen and stagnated afterwards : by the year 2000, the energy intensity for the iron and steel industry, manufacturing, and ceramics were about 12 %, 15 %, and 17 % above the 1989 level respectively. fig. 1. energy intensities of japan \u2019 s major industries why did this happen? fig. 1 clearly indicates that the rate of improvement was already considerably lower during the late 1980s than it had been during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and hence it would have been unrealistic to expect further large efficiency gains during the 1990s. this sequence is universal : the least expensive, technically the easiest or the most rewarding energy conservation measures ( \u201c low - hanging fruit \u201d in the engineering parlance ) are taken first, and subsequent improvements depend much more on the cost of energy : during the 1990s, world oil prices remained stable and low, discouraging more expensive conservation measures. but this does not explain the post - 1990 reversals of industrial energy intensity trends. those are attributable to several concurrent trends. first, as large numbers of more efficient energy converters and processes that were installed before 1990 began to age, their performance began to deteriorate. assiduous maintenance and upgrading can prevent such deterioration, but in many cases these steps were not taken because companies were short of funds as they faced contracting markets and foreign competition, or as they channeled their investment into setting up new facilities overseas ( especially in china ) and neglected the domestic infrastructure. contraction and stagnation of the japanese economy and foreign competition also meant that many industries began to use their assets less intensively, and lower utilization capacities often translate into higher energy ( and monetary ) costs per unit of production. finally, some industries tried to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5590635382374715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.360802"} {"text": "and stagnation of the japanese economy and foreign competition also meant that many industries began to use their assets less intensively, and lower utilization capacities often translate into higher energy ( and monetary ) costs per unit of production. finally, some industries tried to stay competitive by concentrating on production of higher - quality items that are often much more energy - intensive than the mass produced varieties that now come increasingly from china and india ( stainless steel vs. ordinary sheet steel ; composite materials vs. ordinary ceramics ). the second reason was that japanese citizens \u2014 after generations of relatively frugal living \u2014 had finally began to spend more on their interior environment, and nowhere has this increase been clearer than in the rising consumption of electricity. between 1990 and 2005, japan \u2019 s generation of electricity rose by about 33 % in absolute, and by about 28 % in per capita terms \u2014 but per capita residential electricity consumption rose by about 45 %, to roughly 2, 200 kwh / year. this was by far the fastest increase in using any form of residential energy : between 1990 and 2005, consumption of liquid fuels ( dominated by kerosene for heating ) barely changed ( going up by less than 3 % ), and the combustion of natural gas ( for cooking and heating ) went up by less than a quarter. japan \u2019 s excellent surveys of the ownership of household electricity converters explain the reasons for this rise ( table 1 ). table 1. ownership of household electric converters ( units / 1, 000 households ) between 1990 and 2005 the ownership of automatic washing machines tripled ; installation of room air conditioners more than doubled ; there were 50 % more stereos, about 40 % more vcrs, 20 % more large refrigerators ( with the volume in excess of 300 liters ), and about 10 % more color tvs. moreover, in 2005, virtually every household had a personal computer, and nearly a fifth of them had a dishwasher, items that were relatively rare in 1990. and japanese bought more lights : between 1990 and 2005, the average consumption of electricity for residential lighting went up by about 50 %, to nearly 300 kwh / year / capita or nearly 950 kwh / household ; this was still slightly less than half of the average u. s. household rate, but more than 20 % higher than that of germany, 30 % higher than that of the uk, and twice as high as that of france. consequently, it would seem that japanese homes are increasingly filled with electric ( and electronic ) gadgets. the fact that they still have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5415373037019402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.363410"} {"text": "higher than that of germany, 30 % higher than that of the uk, and twice as high as that of france. consequently, it would seem that japanese homes are increasingly filled with electric ( and electronic ) gadgets. the fact that they still have fewer lights per household than the three largest european economies \u2014 17, compared to 18. 5 in france, 20. 1 in the uk and 30. 3 in germany ( the u. s. mean is 43 ) \u2014 is not a useful comparative metric. japanese lights are far more efficient than those in other affluent countries, because 95 % of them are fluorescent lights \u2014 mostly the tubes that produce up to 95 lumens of light per watt compared to just 10 - 15 lumens per watt ( lm / w ) for standard incandescent bulbs. in contrast, only about 45 % of europe \u2019 s lights and 35 % of u. s. lights are either linear or compact fluorescents ( fig. 2 ). fig. 2. shares of different lights in 2005 consequently, the proper indicator of lighting intensity is the actual quantity of illumination, the amount of lumens available per unit of household area. in japan ( using the average household area of 95 m2 ), this rate is about 515 lm / m2 compared to 315 lm / m2 in the u. s. and 450 lm / m2 in germany : high lighting efficiency and the relatively small area of japanese dwellings more than compensate for a significantly smaller number of lights in japanese homes ( table 2 ). but it is by no means clear to what side of an international comparative ledger this primacy belongs. table 2. residential lighting in japan, usa and germany ( 2005 ) on one hand, light usage in japan points to strongly collective japanese behavior and exemplary frugality ( 95 % use efficient fluorescent lights ), traits that other nations would find useful in their effort to lessen the impact of modern civilization on the global environment ; on the other hand, standard linear fluorescent lights are neither the most spectrally - optimized nor beautiful sources of illumination, and hence their near - universal usage can be seen as a sign of relative impoverishment and, as is so often the case in japan, as yet another inexplicable acceptance of bad taste in a culture that is so devoted to beautiful design. and the japanese, people with an even greater chronic sleep deficit than americans, keep their fluorescent tubes and compacts lit much longer than do people in any other affluent nation, averaging about 3. 4 hours a day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5381253437245106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.364636"} {"text": "that is so devoted to beautiful design. and the japanese, people with an even greater chronic sleep deficit than americans, keep their fluorescent tubes and compacts lit much longer than do people in any other affluent nation, averaging about 3. 4 hours a day per light, compared to 1. 9 hours in the u. s., 1. 5 hours in germany and a mere hour in france. in a search for specific factors that would explain this significant difference i suggest three realities, none of them unique to japan but all of them quite pronounced in that country. the first factor that contributes to longer use of electric lights is japan \u2019 s ubiquitous long - distance commuting that often starts and ends in darkness. consequences of the chronic cumulative sleep deficit induced by this practice are well illustrated by a recent survey by infoplant market research : two - thirds of males and 71 % of females sleep when riding a train. the second factor is a sleep pattern common among japanese high - school students : napping ( inemuri ) during the late afternoon and then studying late at night and into the early morning. steger concluded that \u201c regardless of possible considerations of whether it makes sense, this rhythm seems to be a set sleeping pattern for students in general, and in particular for high - school students preparing for exams. since everyone follows a similar rhythm, it is difficult for an individual to change or even seriously question it. \u201d finally, there is a traditional japanese arrangement of infants and small children sleeping with the parents, who are readily accessible to children during waking episodes : this practice obviously leads to more light - switching at night, besides making yonaki, sleep - related nighttime crying, more common and a matter of concern for the country \u2019 s pediatricians. there is little doubt that the japanese would illuminate their households even more if electricity prices were lower. japan \u2019 s national electricity market was expanded in 2005, but ( unlike in many other countries ) large ( and vertically integrated ) utility companies ( dominated by the giant tokyo electric ) do not allow their customers to switch to other suppliers. even so, the mere threat of further market reforms has helped to reduce electricity prices, albeit only modestly : between 2000 and 2005 they fell by about 5 %. for decades the combination of increasing intensity of outdoor lighting and high densities of japan \u2019 s residential and industrial areas, and of the country \u2019 s transportation corridors, has created large bright patches of light across large parts of the archipelago seen on nighttime satellite images ( fig. 3 ). good news is that,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.543907636715841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.365868"} {"text": "high densities of japan \u2019 s residential and industrial areas, and of the country \u2019 s transportation corridors, has created large bright patches of light across large parts of the archipelago seen on nighttime satellite images ( fig. 3 ). good news is that, regardless of what is going on in the outside world, there is now also considerably more light inside the japanese homes. fig. 3. nighttime satellite image of japan \u2019 s lights superimposed on a daylight satellite image of the archipelago and its eastern neighbors. vaclav smil is distinguished professor, university of manitoba, canada. his interdisciplinary research has roamed broadly over issues of environment, energy, food, population, economics, and policy studies. he wrote this article for japan focus. published on april 2, 2007. his article \u201c japan and china : the next fifty years, \u201d is available from japan focus. he can be reached via email and his homepage. 1. calculated from annual data series in : statistics bureau. japan statistical yearbook. tokyo : statistics bureau. the most recent volume is online : www. stat. go. jp / english / data / nenkan. 2. i dealt with various consequences of that transformation in : smil, v. 2006. japan and china : the next fifty years. japan focus summer 2006 : www. japanfocus. org / products / details / 2213. 3. see, among many others : smil, v. 1987. energy food environment : realities, myths, options. oxford : oxford university press ; smil, v. 1992. how efficient is japan \u2019 s energy use? current politics and economics of japan 2 ( 3 / 4 ) : 315 - 327. 4. i have used purchasing power parity, rather than official exchange rate, to calculate the japanese value from official energy and gdp statistics. 5. for the us data see : energy information administration. 2007. energy consumption, expenditures, and emissions indicators, 1949 - 2005. available online : www. iea. doe. gov / emeu / aer / txt / ptb0105. html. for the japanese data see : the energy conservation center. 2006. handbook of energy & economic statistics in japan. tokyo : the energy conservation center. 6. energy conservation center japan. 2007. japan energy conservation handbook. tokyo : eccj. 7. statistics bureau. 2007. japan statistical yearbook 2007. tokyo : statistics bureau. 8. compiled from data in 2007 and 1992 editions of japan statistical yearbook. 9. waide, p", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5512400065320162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.367104"} {"text": ". japan energy conservation handbook. tokyo : eccj. 7. statistics bureau. 2007. japan statistical yearbook 2007. tokyo : statistics bureau. 8. compiled from data in 2007 and 1992 editions of japan statistical yearbook. 9. waide, p. 2006. light \u2019 s labour \u2019 s lost : policies for energy - efficient lighting. paris : international energy agency. available online : www. iea. org / textbase / work / 2007 / cfl / waide. pdf. 10. improvements in the efficacy of electric lights are traced in detail in : smil, v. 2005. creating the 20th century : technical innovations of 1867 - 1914 and their lasting impact. new york : oxford university press ; smil, v. 2003. energy at the crossroads : global perspectives and uncertainties. cambridge, ma : the mit press. compiled and calculated from data in waide, japan statistical yearbook and statistical abstract of the united states. 11. even in sub - arctic sweden with short winter days the average usage is only 1. 35 hours / lamp. 12. trains are the japanese second bedroom. what japan thinks, 7 december 2005. available online : whatjapanthinks. com / 2005 / 12 / 07 / trains - are - the - japaneses - second - bedroom 13. steger, b. 2006. sleeping through class to success : japanese notions of time and diligence. time & society 15 ( 2 - 3 ) : 197 - 215. if you have electronic access to time & society, i highly recommend this illuminating analysis. 14. fukumizu, m. et al. sleep - related nighttime crying ( yonaki ) in japan : a community - based study. pediatrics 115 ( 1 ) : 217 - 224. 15. sioshansi, f. p. and w. pfaffenberger, eds. 2006. electricity market reform : an international perspective. amsterdam : elsevier. 16. the image is available at : kitamoto, a. 2007. earth in the night : nighttime lights of the world data by dmsp satellites. tokyo : national institute of informatics : agora. ex. nii. ac. jp / ~ kitamoto / research / rs / world - lights. html. en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5613759384271895, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.367947"} {"text": "with a rash of media reports of bear sightings across north carolina, the n. c. wildlife resources commission is reminding residents not to panic and to remain calm if they see a black bear. bears are not inherently dangerous and seeing a bear can be a once - in - a - lifetime experience for residents to appreciate from a safe distance. it is not uncommon to see a black bear in spring in the piedmont region of north carolina. juvenile bears ( 1 - 2 years old ) are dispersing from their den \u2019 s home area, while adult bears can roam extensively searching for food and mates. juvenile bears may look small \u2014 in fact, some people refer to them as cubs \u2014 but they are not cubs and are well - equipped to live on their own. sometimes a young bear finds its way accidentally into a town when the natural corridor, river or drainage ditch it is traveling on leads into a town. this often happens at night, when human activity is low and vehicle traffic is light. however, at daybreak the bear finds itself in the middle of increasing human activities. if left alone by the public, most young transient bears will find their way quickly back out of the town and to their natural habitat. residents are urged not to approach or follow bears, and to use caution when driving in areas where bears have been sighted. commission biologists monitor these situations to determine if any action is needed to protect the animal. if a bear is in a tree, residents are urged to clear the area and allow the bear to come down on its own and move on. a bear climbs a tree because it feels threatened by cars and people. it will come down after it no longer feels threatened, usually at night. the commission is cautioning people to not feed bears that wander into yards, parks, onto sidewalks or into other residential areas. feeding a bear rewards it for coming near people and their homes, which increases the likelihood that the bear will approach again. while black bears are rarely aggressive toward people, they can become bold when they grow accustomed to feeding on human - provided foods, such as pet foods, garbage and bird seed. when this happens, black bears can lose their fear of humans. when reported to the commission, interactions between humans and bears are evaluated on a case - by - case basis. however, the commission does not normally relocate bears. bears that wander into urban or suburban settings and seek refuge in trees will most likely leave the area on their own. relocation of bears is rarely needed because : - most conflicts do not warrant trapping. for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43550611780873694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.372847"} {"text": "however, the commission does not normally relocate bears. bears that wander into urban or suburban settings and seek refuge in trees will most likely leave the area on their own. relocation of bears is rarely needed because : - most conflicts do not warrant trapping. for example, a bear simply wandering into a suburban area is not necessarily a safety issue. bears can move long distances during dispersal, and it \u2019 s likely the animal will move on if left alone. the process of trapping and relocating bears is difficult, and can be more dangerous for the bear, the public, and those involved than letting the bear leave the area on its own. bears are more likely to injure themselves, or threaten humans, during the course of trapping and relocation. - simply catching every bear that someone sees is not an option because there are few remote areas of the state remaining in which to relocate bears where they will not come into contact with humans. - relocated bears often return to the place they were originally captured. - in many cases, food attractants are the source of the problem. the best long - term solution involves removal of attractants ( bird feeders, unsecured garbage ) rather than removal of the bear. - trapping and relocating bears attracted by food would simply move the problem, rather than solve it. the solution is to modify your habits and prevent bears from being attracted to your home. residents can avoid problems by : - securing bags of trash inside cans stored in a garage, basement or other secure area, and placing the cans outside, as late as possible, on trash pick - up days \u2014 not the night before. - purchasing bear - proof garbage cans or bear proofing your existing garbage container with a secure latching system. - discontinuing the feeding of wild birds during spring and summer, even with feeders advertised as \u201c bear - proof. \u201d bears are still attracted to seed that spills on the ground. - avoiding \u201c free feeding \u201d pets outdoors. if you must feed pets outdoors, make sure all food is consumed and empty bowls are removed. - cleaning all food and grease from barbecue grills after each use. bears are attracted to food odors and may investigate. for more information and more tips on black bears in north carolina, read \u201c coexisting with bears \u201d at www. ncwildlife. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4080240254374612, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.374115"} {"text": "many ideologies have passed over the mediterranean sea on their way to the arab world, and each time a new ideology arrived, many thought that it would be the ideology, with a capital \u2018 i \u2019 that would unite, organize, form and lead the arab world into european - style modernity. the nationalism ( loyalty of the individual to his ethnic group ) that was awakened in europe after the \u201c spring of nations \u201d ( 1848 ) was known as \u201c komiya \u201d \u2013 patriotism, in the arab world, which is expressed by connection and loyalty to the homeland. pan - slavism was transformed into pan - arabism ; european socialism was adopted by the arab world under the name of \u201c ba \u2019 ath \u201d ; communism was also imported and was known as \u201c shayoo \u2019 aya \u201d and even nazi ideas that arrived in the years of the thirties took hold among some modern arab intellectuals. one example is muhammad anwar al - sa \u2019 adat, who was head of the egyptian nazi movement, and was later to become the president of egypt. all of these ideas were buzzing in the public arena in the middle east within the last hundred years, and observers from outside \u2013 mainly the officials of the colonial offices of the british empire \u2013 thought that european modernity had arrived to the middle east and had settled among its peoples through the modern ideologies that were imported in the mouths and in the pens of those enlightened arabs who were educated in the sorbonne, oxford, yale and harvard. on the basis of these ideologies \u2013 so the british, french and italian colonial officials hoped \u2013 nation - states would emerge, as happened in europe, and these nation - states would supply a focal point for identity, social adhesion, and national consciousness for the masses in the middle east ( though nobody asked these people if they at all wished to adopt the social methods and ideologies of the european states ). but this didn \u2019 t happen. the masses of the middle east, for the most part, remained loyal to their tribe, ethnic group, religious group, or sect and rejected all of the ideas that were imported from the west. the cornerstone of middle eastern culture was and remains tribal culture, that which europeans thought it possible to eliminate by means of a few articles in the newspaper or speeches on the radio. today we address our words to the loyalty of the peoples of the middle east within their traditional frameworks. the source of this miserable country \u2019 s problems is the fact that the british included within it eleven different ethnic groups : kyrgy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4682362458187088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.380974"} {"text": "on the radio. today we address our words to the loyalty of the peoples of the middle east within their traditional frameworks. the source of this miserable country \u2019 s problems is the fact that the british included within it eleven different ethnic groups : kyrgyz, turkmen, nuristani, pamiri, pashtun, tajik, hazara, uzbek, aimak, and baloch. these groups share very little in common, because they have different languages, different world views, different customs, different leadership, different goals, and, in short \u2013 these peoples are so different from one another that they don \u2019 t even speak the same language. it \u2019 s also important to note that none of these groups is called \u201c afghani \u201d. so is it really surprising that this state is a failed state, and that no one manages to stabilize it? throughout this state \u2019 s history, foreigners have tried to bring these ethnic groups together into some kind of basic cooperation, but the experiments have all failed. it is a wonder to me that the world continues to resuscitate this dead political body, which should have been divided into its ethnic parts long ago. this unfortunate state is torn and divided along four axes : the ethnic axis \u2013 in iraq there are four ethnic groups : arabs, kurds, turkmen, and persians. the tribal axis \u2013 the population in iraq comprises approximately seventy tribes, each of which functions as if it were an ethnic group. the sons of these tribes do not marry the daughters of another tribe, because they don \u2019 t trust them, and therefore also tend not to open a business with another tribe. each tribe has its own dialect, and in iraq some of the tribes have their own flag and anthem, which are not connected to the flag and anthem of iraq. the religious axis \u2013 in iraq there are a large number of religions : muslim, christian, a few dozen jews, tsavaaim, mandaean, zoroastrians, bahai, yazidi and more. the muslims see the members of other religions as heretics. the sectarian axis \u2013 the religions are divided : the muslims are divided into sunni, shia, salafi and sufi ; the christians have about eight different sects. thus, iraq is \u201c blessed \u201d with all of the four axes of division that are known in the middle east. is it a wonder that this state is hemorrhaging? because libya is entirely within the sahara desert where there is almost no water at all, the population", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.448788288053212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.382056"} {"text": "blessed \u201d with all of the four axes of division that are known in the middle east. is it a wonder that this state is hemorrhaging? because libya is entirely within the sahara desert where there is almost no water at all, the population is divided into small tribes ; in libya there are about 140 different tribes. after they succeeded in overthrowing qadafi, the tribes are now fighting one another. in jordan, about one quarter of the population is bedouin, and three quarters are \u201c palestinian \u201d, meaning farmers and city people who do not want to be bedouins and cannot be bedouins, and therefore they are now trying to split off from the regime, ( which anyway is headed by a family that the saudis threw out ninety years ago ) and to establish for themselves an \u201c alternative homeland \u201d, that is, a different palestine, in addition to that which they hope will arise between the sea and the jordan river. this is the reason that jordan \u2019 s king abdullah comes to washington each month : \u2013 primarily to urge president obama to exert pressure on israel to establish a palestinian state in gaza, judea and samaria. if a state such as this will arise, then the king will be able to say to his citizens : \u201c the palestinian state already exists \u201d and the king will then be able to exile to that palestinian state anyone in jordan who speaks of an \u201c alternative homeland \u201d. in this way he hopes to survive on his throne. about the author : dr. mordechai kedar ( ph. d. bar - ilan u. ) served for 25 years in idf military intelligence specializing in arab political discourse, arab mass media, islamic groups and the syrian domestic arena. a lecturer in arabic at bar - ilan u., he is also an expert on israeli arabs. you might also be interested in : if you don ' t see your comment after publishing it, refresh the page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47320746580434914, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.382872"} {"text": "green jobs industry in the 21st century in december of 2007, congress passed a $ 125 million green collar jobs program. the green jobs act would invest $ 125 million in green - collar job training programs, and the energy efficiency and conservation block grant, which would authorize grants to local communities to help improve their energy efficiency and increase renewable energy. colleges and universities are joining the green revolution. along with greening their campuses with sustainable buildings, better recycling and waste management programs, and a dedication to the conservation of wilderness areas and arboretums, colleges and universities are incorporating green studies into their curriculum. many schools across the country now have renewable energy programs, solar energy laboratories, sustainable agriculture green chemistry studies, sustainable architecture programs, and ecotourism programs, to name a few. across every industry, new job possibilities are emerging for those with the skills ranging from farming to finance, and engineering to ecology. corporations who once shied away from culpability for their role in creating hazardous wastes and harming the environment are now becoming more \" green \" conscious. the best thing about the green industry is that many workers - engineers, lab technicians, installation professionals, analysts, scientists - are finding that it is as easy as transitioning from one industry to the next. with the overwhelming attention paid to the deteriorating environment, and with new government regulations and policies, the green jobs industry is burgeoning in the u. s. in a 2007 u. n. reported in preliminary findings that the u. s. environmental industry in 2005 produced more than 5. 3 million jobs ( ten times the number in the u. s. pharmaceutical industry ). according to the american solar energy society, there are 8. 5 million jobs in renewable energy or energy - efficient industries. and, according to the apollo alliance ( a coalition of environmental groups, politicians, and labor unions dedicated to leading the us economy into a renewable energy based economy ) there will be 3 to 5 million more green jobs by 2018.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42900526029379593, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.385087"} {"text": "unmasking the purim story purim celebrates a miraculous salvation that took place over 2, 000 years ago, in the persian - median empire. but its message is as relevant today as ever. purim literally means a lottery, a reference to the lot that the wicked haman drew. the name of the holiday implies fate and chance \u2013 the roll of the dice, the luck of the draw. and at first glance, the story of purim appears to be a series of mere coincidences. when reading the megilah, you get the feeling that the narrative is written like a great piece of classical literature : heroes and villains, high drama and suspense, climax and the fabric of the story is tightly woven. the plot thickens with all of its twists and turns. but behind this \u201c storybook drama \u201d lies something profound. according to rabbi joseph b. soloveitchik, one of the lessons of the purim story is that man is vulnerable. one minute everything is fine and then suddenly, without warning, the jewish people across the entire persian empire are confronted with the threat of destruction. story merely a string of events strung together with no meaning? is life just a series of events? are we merely subject to the whim of an evil tyrant? a pliable king? esther is one of the books of our holy bible, but god is not mentioned, not even once. according to our tradition, he is hiding. the talmud ( hullin 139b ) asks, \u201c where is [ there an allusion to ] esther in the torah? \u201d the talmud then cites the verse from the torah \u2019 s admonition that speaks of hester panim \u2013 god seemingly hiding his face amidst jewish suffering \u2013 \u201c and i will surely hide ( haster astir ) my face from you. \u201d and yet, there is a tradition that in the book of esther, when we read the word ha - melekh, \u201c the king, \u201d it \u2019 s not only a reference to king achashverosh, but therein lies an allusion to god, the king of on purim, we are challenged to see god, the king, in the narrative ; to search for him ; to seek him out. he appears to be \u201c hidden, \u201d in the fabric of this tightly woven tale, but indeed he is pulling the strings from behind the curtain. the name of the book itself megillat esther, in fact, can be understood to mean \u201c revealing the hidden. \u201d but it \u2019 s not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46342932304731765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.388594"} {"text": "the fabric of this tightly woven tale, but indeed he is pulling the strings from behind the curtain. the name of the book itself megillat esther, in fact, can be understood to mean \u201c revealing the hidden. \u201d but it \u2019 s not enough to see god in the purim story ; we are challenged to find him in the narrative of our lives : in our trials and tribulations, in the vicissitudes of life ; the ups and downs of our personal lives. and it \u2019 s true for our national life as well \u2013 purim challenges us to see god behind the curtain on the stage of modern history as it unfolds before our eyes. purim is a topsy - turvy day. everything is upside down. we hide behind costumes to remind us that to truly see is to peel back the layers of perception. some drink in excess to access a deeper reality, one beyond logic or reason. we recognize that redemption can come in places we least expect it, and that the plans and schemes of our enemies can be foiled just as quickly as they were hatched. being human, we are limited in our ability to understand. tragic events seem senseless, without a rhyme or reason. world events can seem confusing, with the future uncertain. on purim, we recognize that god \u2019 s hand is guiding it all. the king is working behind the we may not understand all of the twists and turns of the plot, but we know the author. the writer lives and teaches in jerusalem and is the author of mishteh shimshon on the laws of purim. his forthcoming book is return again : the argument for aliyah.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4675953315855847, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.389242"} {"text": "golden valley, minn. - dr. amy esler from the university of minnesota joined kare 11 news at 10 : 00 to discuss a new study that indicates that older men are more likely than young ones to father a child who develops autism or schizophrenia. scientists reported on wednesday that the link is because of random mutations that become more numerous with advancing paternal age. it is the first study to quantify the effect as it builds each year. the age of mothers had no bearing on the risk for these disorders, the study found. experts said that the finding was hardly reason to forgo fatherhood later in life, though it may have some influence on reproductive decisions. the overall risk to a man in his 40s or older is in the range of 2 percent, at most, and there are other contributing biological factors that are entirely unknown. but the study, published online in the journal nature, provides support for the argument that the surging rate of autism diagnoses over recent decades is attributable in part to the increasing average age of fathers, which could account for as many as 30 percent of cases. the findings also counter the long - standing assumption that the age of the mother is the most important factor in determining the odds of a child having developmental problems. the risk of chromosomal abnormalities, like down syndrome, increases for older mothers, but when it comes to some complex developmental and psychiatric problems, the lion ' s share of the genetic risk originates in the sperm, not the egg, the study found. previous studies had strongly suggested as much, but the new report quantifies that risk for the first time, calculating how much it accumulates each year. the research team found that the average child born to a 20 - year - old father had 25 random mutations that could be traced to paternal genetic material. the number increased steadily by two mutations a year, reaching 65 mutations for offspring of 40 - year - old men. the average number of mutations coming from the mother ' s side was 15, no matter her age, the study found. \" this study provides some of the first solid scientific evidence for a true increase in the condition \" of autism, said dr. fred volkmar, director of the child study center at the yale school of medicine, who was not involved in the research. \" it is extremely well done and the sample meticulously characterized. \" the new investigation, led by the icelandic firm decode genetics, analyzed genetic material taken from blood samples of 78 parent - child trios, focusing on families", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47814942197318133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.404809"} {"text": "in the research. \" it is extremely well done and the sample meticulously characterized. \" the new investigation, led by the icelandic firm decode genetics, analyzed genetic material taken from blood samples of 78 parent - child trios, focusing on families in which parents with no signs of a mental disorder gave birth to a child who developed autism or schizophrenia. this approach allows scientists to isolate brand - new mutations in the genes of the child that were not present in the parents. most people have many of these so - called de novo mutations, which occur spontaneously at or near conception, and a majority of them are harmless. but recent studies suggest that there are several such changes that can sharply increase the risk for autism and possibly schizophrenia - and the more a child has, the more likely he or she is by chance to have one of these rare, disabling ones. some difference between the paternal and maternal side is to be expected. sperm cells divide every 15 days or so, whereas egg cells are relatively stable, and continual copying inevitably leads to errors, in dna as in life. still, when the researchers removed the effect of paternal age, they found no difference in genetic risk between those who had a diagnosis of autism or schizophrenia and a control group of icelanders who did not. \" it is absolutely stunning that the father ' s age accounted for all this added risk, given the possibility of environmental factors and the diversity of the population, \" said dr. kari stefansson, the chief executive of decode and the study ' s senior author. \" and it ' s stunning that so little is contributed by the age of the mother. \" dr. stefansson ' s co - authors included c. augustine kong of decode and researchers from the university of iceland, aarhus university in denmark, and the company illumina cambridge ltd. dr. stefansson said that it made sense that de novo mutations would play a significant role in brain disorders. at least 50 percent of active genes play a role in neural development, so that random glitches are more likely to affect the brain than other organs, which have less exposure. in the end, these kinds of mutations may account for 15 to 30 percent of cases of autism, and perhaps schizophrenia, some experts said. the remainder is likely a result of inherited genetic mutations and environmental factors that are the subjects of numerous studies. dr. stefansson and other experts said that an increase in the average age of fathers has most likely led to more cases of autism. unlike other theories proposed to explain the increase, like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5153518292414934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.407396"} {"text": "genetic mutations and environmental factors that are the subjects of numerous studies. dr. stefansson and other experts said that an increase in the average age of fathers has most likely led to more cases of autism. unlike other theories proposed to explain the increase, like vaccinations, it is backed by evidence that scientists agree is solid. but this by itself hardly explains the overall increase in diagnoses, at least in the united states. the birthrate of fathers age 40 and older has increased by more than 30 percent since 1980, according to government figures, but the diagnosis rate has jumped tenfold, to 1 in 88 8 - year - olds in the most recent government survey. and it is not clear whether the rate of schizophrenia diagnosis has increased at all in that time. nonetheless, if these study findings hold up and extend to other brain disorders, wrote alexey kondrashov, of the university of michigan, in an editorial accompanying the study, \" then collecting the sperm of young adult men and cold - storing it for later use could be a wise individual decision. \" that very much depends on the individual, of course. \" you are going to have guys who look at this and say, ' oh no, you mean i have to have all my kids when i ' m 20 and stupid? ' \" said evan e. eichler, a professor of genome sciences at the university of washington in seattle. \" well, of course not. you have to understand that the vast majority of these mutations have no consequences, and that there are tons of guys in their 50s who have healthy children. \" this story, \" father ' s age is linked to risk of autism and schizophrenia, \" originally appeared in the new york times. ( copyright 2012 by nbc and new york times. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5053557626483656, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.409122"} {"text": "death of a visionary february 16, 1950 : jesse clyde nichols, who developed the country club plaza and many housing developments throughout kansas city, dies just six months before his 70th birthday at his kansas city home. jesse clyde nichols died on february 16, 1950, after a three - month battle with lung cancer. the news about the famed real estate developer \u2019 s death quickly spread across the nation and even much of the world. some 2, 000 people attended his funeral at the country club christian church, where pastor warren grafton, in his eulogy, explained that the best memorial was to simply look around the city and see the influence of j. c. nichols. nichols was born in 1880 in olathe, kansas. always a hard worker, he began selling small homes in his early twenties. in 1905 nichols embarked on his first real estate development, which he called the country club district. it comprised just 10 acres in 1905, but four years later it encompassed 1, 000 acres. what brought nichols national renown was not the scale of his developments, but the potential permanence of his developments. the top priority was to protect the beauty and character of residential areas through what eventually became known as city planning. in city planning, private or public leaders would create long - term plans for the location and character of shopping districts, residential areas, transportation networks, and heavy industry. zoning regulations, among the first in the nation, legally limited certain areas to residential, industrial, or commercial development. neighborhood covenants required the proper maintenance of homes and landscapes. homeowner associations in each neighborhood would permanently control the covenant regulations. carefully planned parks, attractive roads, and suburban shopping districts could enhance the value of the homes around them. nichols demonstrated this with the country club plaza shopping center, which combined some elements of all three. less celebrated by modern standards were deed restrictions that limited what sort of people could purchase property in a given neighborhood. the resulting racial discrimination barred minorities from the country club district, even if they could have afforded the expensive homes. at the time, discrimination against racial or religious minorities was both legal and common throughout the nation. as a result of high property values and demographic trends, the racial makeup of the country club district is still largely white even though legal housing discrimination ended in the 1960s. the criticisms of nichols notwithstanding, pastor grafton \u2019 s adage still holds true half a century after nichols \u2019 s death. in addition to most of the southwestern portion of kansas city, missouri, observers today can see grand monuments that nichols influenced or inspired. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43474772475114914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.422627"} {"text": "criticisms of nichols notwithstanding, pastor grafton \u2019 s adage still holds true half a century after nichols \u2019 s death. in addition to most of the southwestern portion of kansas city, missouri, observers today can see grand monuments that nichols influenced or inspired. the j. c. nichols memorial fountain, j. c. nichols parkway, and the reece & nichols real estate company bear his name. he was a critical leader in the creation of the midwest research institute, the kansas city art institute, the liberty memorial, the nelson - atkins museum of art, the country club plaza, and the north american aviation aircraft plant that paved the way for the general motors fairfax plant that stands at the same location. decades after his death, his accomplishments continue to pay dividends to kansas city. read biographical sketches of j. c. nichols and his associates, prepared by the missouri valley special collections, the kansas city public library. - biography of j. c. nichols ( 1880 - 1950 ), real estate developer, by susan jezak ford, 2003 - biography of edward buehler delk, ( 1885 - 1956 ), architect ; the chief architect of the plaza, by susan jezak ford, 1999 - biography of george e. kessler ( 1862 - 1923 ), landscape architect ; assisted with the overall layout of the plaza and streets, by susan jezak ford, 2003 - biography of edward w. tanner ( 1896 - 1974 ), architect ; designed most of the early plaza buildings, by susan jezak ford, 2003. - biography of sid j. ( 1860 - 1938 ) and s. herbert hare (? - 1960 ), landscape architects ; designed much of the country club district, by daniel coleman, 2008 view images of j. c. nichols and related items that are a part of the missouri valley special collections. - map of the country club district, 1917 - j. c. nichols memorial fountain - portrait of j. c. nichols - country club plaza, 1940 - garden at the j. c. nichols residence - postcard of a rustic bridge and spirea in bloom in mission hills kansas ; used by j. c. nichols to promote real estate - postcard of a rustic bridge in rockhill park ; one of j. c. nichols \u2019 s first real estate developments check out the following books about j. c. nichols. - the j. c. nichols chronicle : the authorized story of the man, his company, and his legacy, 1880 - 1994, by robert pearson and brad pearson ; funded by the j. c. nichols", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38822010351124664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.424091"} {"text": "books about j. c. nichols. - the j. c. nichols chronicle : the authorized story of the man, his company, and his legacy, 1880 - 1994, by robert pearson and brad pearson ; funded by the j. c. nichols company and the nichols family, offers the most complete biography of nichols and a narrative of his accomplishments - j. c. nichols and the shaping of kansas city : innovation in planned residential communities, by william s. worley ; examines the impact of j. c. nichols on kansas city, includes some comparisons to other cities - j. c. nichols and the origins of the planned residential community in the united states, 1903 - 1930, by william s. worley ; how j. c. nichols spurred national real estate trends - the building and selling of homes, by jesse clyde nichols ; manuscript of a speech that described his theories on real estate development view the documentary, community builder : the life & legacy of j. c. nichols, by steven c. f. anderson and brian peter falk, kansas city public television. continue researching j. c. nichols using archival material. - vertical files : country club district, the missouri valley special collections - vertical file : nichols, j. c. company, missouri valley special collections - vertical file : fountains - - nichols, j. c., missouri valley special collections - vertical file : j. c. nichols investment company, missouri valley special collections - vertical file : nichols, jesse clyde, missouri valley special collections - j. c. nichols collection ( sc48 ), missouri valley special collections - j. c. nichols company records, western historical manuscript collection, university of missouri - kansas city by jason roe, graduate student, department of history, university of kansas christensen, lawrence o. dictionary of missouri biography. columbia : university of missouri press, 1999. ford, susan jezak. biography of j. c. nichols ( 1880 - 1950 ), real estate developer. missouri valley special collections, 2003. pearson, robert and brad pearson. the j. c. nichols chronicle : the authorized story of the man, his company, and his legacy, 1880 - 1994. kansas city, mo : country club plaza press, 1994. worley, william s. j. c. nichols and the shaping of kansas city : innovation in planned residential communities. columbia, mo : university of missouri press, 1990.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36796538248671085, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.425380"} {"text": "the mormon passage through missouri in 1838, missouri governor lilburn boggs issued the \" order of extermination \" that ordered the killing or removal of mormons residing in missouri \u2014 initiating an exodus of latter - day saints. though there seems to be no historical evidence that missouri carried out these threats, the order spurred mormons to leave the state in search of friendlier territory. over time, the order of extermination has become a symbol of violence and discrimination against mormons, resulting in a distortion of what historical evidence suggests actually happened : emigration and eventual prosperity, not mass extermination, from 1838 to 1869. fred e. woods sheds new light on this 30 - year period of mormon history on sunday, may 17, at 2 p. m. at the central library, 14 w. 10th st. his presentation will reveal that mormons used missouri as an outfitting post to travel west by wagon to their promised land \u2014 in spite of the order of extermination \u2014 until the arrival of the transcontinental railroad. woods is associate professor of church history and doctrine at brigham young university, where he currently holds the richard l. evans chair for religious understanding. this presentation is part of the missouri valley speakers series, a program of the missouri valley special collections at the central library. the series is made possible by a grant from the national endowment for the humanities. admission is free. click here or call 816. 701. 3407 to rsvp. free parking is available in the library district parking garage located at 10th and baltimore.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43232078763607074, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.427079"} {"text": "it ' s october. welcome to 425 + years of filipino american history. while reflecting on our community ' s legacies and connections to this land, we shed light on just how deeply this story is woven into the story of food and agricultural systems. this is true whether talking about the first filipinos in the bayous, alaskeros in the salmon canneries, to the struggles of farmworkers for dignity. that history, that story of connection, isn ' t over yet. last week, i was invited to lead a seeds lesson to 2nd and 3rd grade classes. while preparing the lesson, i felt surprisingly nervous, more than if i was going to address a room full of young adults. i knew this wouldn ' t be the time to get into topics like monsanto and agribusiness, the benefits of sustainable farming, seedsaving, or the current debate around the right to know campaign on gmo foods. how do you get to what a seed really is? how to touch its essence, and not define it by the complex issues surrounding it? this felt like turning a novel - a whole library, really - into a haiku. so when i entered the classroom and faced 20 pairs of friendly eyes, i asked them to close those eyes for a minute and imagine a world without plants. to really imagine it. what would that world look like, smell like, be like? when they opened their eyes, they shared some of their ideas. we couldn ' t breathe any air, said one girl. everything would be dry and nothing would be green, added a boy. there would be no flowers. there would be nothing for us or the animals to eat. ( later, we talked about how even our clothes are from plants - many of us were wearing cotton ). i heard this one repeated often : we need the plants to make our earth more beautiful. i asked them who could tell us what a seed is, what it does. \" a seed is the part of the plant that grows into another plant. \" and what does a seed need to grow? so many eager hands shot up. they knew : air, water, space, good dirt, and sunlight. we talked about the seeds we knew and loved to eat. they named fruits like kiwi, and dishes like refried beans and rice. jars full of seeds to smell and touch were passed around the circle, full of red rice grains, millet, multicolored heirloom corn, bright lentils and whole, sweet - smelling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4911192600103558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.432228"} {"text": ", and dishes like refried beans and rice. jars full of seeds to smell and touch were passed around the circle, full of red rice grains, millet, multicolored heirloom corn, bright lentils and whole, sweet - smelling vanilla pods. at the end of the day, reorganizing the little jars of seeds, i couldn ' t help but think about the adult world outside this school classroom. how we get ourselves so confused at times. it ' s trite, but talking with the very young is perhaps the most potent reminder of what adults need to be reminded of. there is so much noise we either cut through or get caught in. i wondered : to the boy who answered that seeds are the things that grow into other plants - what would he think if he later learns that some seeds have been engineered so the plants do not produce viable seeds? to the kids who said seeds simply need good dirt, sunlight, space, water and clean air - what would they think about agriculture that leans on artificial fertilizers and pesticides, and poisons people and those very things needed to survive? the truth is that if we do not shift course from where things are now, in a major way, that reality will continue and is exactly what they will inherit. the youngest and most vulnerable of our society see and know the simple truths. we owe the best we can do to restore and protect the promise of seeds. more on seeds :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48043094257467, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.432788"} {"text": "posted : oct 5, 2010 12 : 27 pm by ( cc ) updated : oct 5, 2010 8 : 56 pm an experimental brain cancer vaccine has been found to nearly double the life expectancy of some patients with the most aggressive form of the disease. glioblastoma is an aggressive form of brain cancer that usually claims its victims within 15 months after diagnosis, but patients in a clinical trial at duke university are beating the odds. \" one of the most amazing things we ' ve seen with this vaccine is several of our patients have now lived over 5 years from their time of diagnosis, \" said dr. john sampson of preston robert tisch brain tumor center at duke university. the vaccine targets a genetic mutation that fuels about a third of glioblastomas, but those mutations are also found in other cancers, which has some wondering whether the vaccine could do more. \" i think there ' s good evidence that it will. this particular mutation that it targets in a highly specific way is actually present in a number of other cancers, \" said dr. sampson. the next step in the research is to launch a study that compares patients on the vaccine with those on a placebo. doctors say it is going to be very difficult to find sick people willing to chance not getting the treatment when they see how well patients in the small, experimental studies are doing. those on the vaccine also went an average of 14 months before their disease progressed, compared with more than 6 months for other patients. there were no side effects related to the vaccine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4947188726099067, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.434642"} {"text": "sodium lauryl sulphate ( sls ) is found in most shampoos and toothpaste. it is a known skin irritant and is absorbed through the skin and retained in the heart, liver and brain for long periods of time. it can cause damage to the eyes, even when absorbed through the skin. exposure can lead to coughing, headaches, nausea and vomiting. it is an ingredient of great concern for scientists, especially when children are exposed to it. oddly, skin deep only rates this ingredient a 3. sodium laureth sulphate ( sles ) is a milder version of sls with an added ether chain and is regularly found in cleansers and shampoos. it is added to thicken and give a richer consistency. it can cause skin irritation, and should be kept away from children. ammonium lauryl sulfate ( als ) is also commonly used in shampoos and cleansers. it can irritate eyes, skin and lungs but is much milder and safer than sls. the environmental working group ' s skin deep database rates this ingredient 1 - 2. sodium lauryl sulphoacetate ( slsa ) sounds very similar to sodium lauryl sulphate, and its very easy for one to draw the conclusion that its equally bad for the body. in fact that is not the case - the two are very different. sodium lauryl sulphoacetate is a very mild foaming agent and has a hazard ranking of 1 ( low hazard ) in the skin deep database. it is derived from coconut and palm oils and creates a rich lather that can easily be rinsed away. its molecular size is considerably larger than sls - it is too large to penetrate the skin, unlike the much smaller sls molecular that does penetrate the skin and lead to skin irritations and other problems. all of the above are anionic surfactants ( or wetting agents ) which are used to lower the surface tension of water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47031965970563644, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.437468"} {"text": "lesson plans for teaching organization a collection of learn nc ' s lesson plans for teaching organization, the second of the five features of effective writing. - getting paragraphing down p. a. t. - one way to remember when to indent and begin a new paragraph is when ( p ) the place changes, ( a ) the action changes, and ( t ) the time changes ( p - a - t ). in this lesson, students will learn how to identify appropriate places to indent new paragraphs in their writing. - great beginnings - good beginnings hook readers and make them want to continue reading. students will learn the features of good beginnings by reading the beginnings of several narrative picture books, and then writing good beginnings for their own narratives. - great endings - sometimes authors end their stories with a memory, a feeling, a wish, or a hope. other times they end the story by referring back to the language of the beginning. in this lesson, students will examine the characteristics of good endings by reading good endings of narrative picture books. they will then practice writing good endings for their own narratives. - little bit? big bit? little bit - this lesson helps students who tend to jump right in and tell their entire story in the first few sentences and then struggle to complete their story. students will learn to start and end their stories with just a \u201c little bit \u201d about the setup and closure of the story. - meanwhile - transition words that connect ideas - students will identify transition words in picturebooks that they can use in their own writing. transition words are the glue that holds sentences and paragraphs together. they signal that this is a new part of the story. - transition words and phrases - students will learn to combine sentences using two kinds of transition words : time transitions and thought ( logical ) transitions. transition words link related ideas and hold them together. they can help the parts of a narrative to be coherent or work together to tell the story. coherence means all parts of a narrative link together to move the story along. think of transition words as the glue that holds a story together. using transition words helps avoid the \u201c listing \u201d problem in stories. - cause and effect writing : what it looks like and who reads it - students examine the causes and effects presented in a brochure called \u201c ozone : the good and the bad. \u201d they also examine the language of the brochure with regard to audience appropriateness. students then write their own brochures examine their classmates \u2019 brochures for cause and effect and for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088633729931493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.444378"} {"text": "##re called \u201c ozone : the good and the bad. \u201d they also examine the language of the brochure with regard to audience appropriateness. students then write their own brochures examine their classmates \u2019 brochures for cause and effect and for audience appropriateness. - helping students understand text structures : informational problem / solution - this exercise teaches students to understand the organizational structure of problem / solution essays by having them write \u201c what it says \u201d and \u201c what it does \u201d statements about a text. asking students to write these statements about a text will enable students to read the text closely and will ensure that they understand the structure of a problem / solution text. - examining effective openers and closures in writings - students will listen to a reading of dr. seuss \u2019 and jack prelutsky \u2019 s hooray for difendoofer day! students will then work cooperatively to edit one another \u2019 s rough drafts of analytical essay, focusing on openers and closures. - practicing elaboration in a problem / solution essay - one theory suggests that students tend to list in an essay because they lack the tools to elaborate. because they do not have the strategies, they attempt to fill up the empty space by introducing new primary ideas instead of fleshing out the ideas they have already presented. this activity attempts to make students aware of the need to elaborate and to provide students with some workable strategies for elaborating. using a powerpoint presentation, the teacher demonstrates the necessity for elaboration in a problem / solution essay. students then choose a particular point in the powerpoint presentation to expand through elaboration. - making patterns, make sense - students will analyze organizational patterns in analytical writing by reading, oh, the places you \u2019 ll go! by dr. seuss. students will then apply these patterns to their own writing by creating children \u2019 s books about success. - thematic and organizational patterns in mclaurin \u2019 s \u201c the rite time of night \u201d - students will learn to identify and color - code thematic and organizational patterns found in the narrative and then use two - column notetaking to highlight how these patterns helped mclaurin give his story focus and organization. as a suggested follow - up activity, students are given ideas for writing their own narratives, using similar techniques as mclaurin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5036921257479703, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.445592"} {"text": "gypsies, roma and travellers this photograph depicts a group of gypsies taken in ireland in 2007 an innovative project to find out about the family histories and culture of local gypsies, roma and travellers ( grt ) began in leicestershire. working in partnership with museum colleagues in leicester, the record office for leicestershire, leicester and rutland assisted by volunteers from the local grt community, began to collect information and material. the funding was provided by renaissance east midlands and channelled through the leicester city council museum service. this project was part of a bigger enterprise \u201c moving here \u201d, hosted by the national archives, which gives access through the website www. movinghere. org. uk to migration stories from people of various backgrounds and origins who moved to britain. the undertaking had its own project worker, margot farnham, who conducted all of the interviews with the representatives of the gypsy roma and travellers community and edited them digitally. after collating all the available resources, the record office put on an exhibition called \u2018 stopping places \u2019 in july 2008. interior of a trailer. please note it is decorated with the crown derby & silver bowl at the back gypsies and travellers leave very little trace in archives because of their nomadic lifestyle and dependence on an oral tradition rather than a written one, and little is known about them. what can be found in the record office, as in many county archives, are passing references to gypsies in parish registers or in documents such as parish constables \u2019 accounts, where they had brushes with the law. the picture is very one - sided. as a result of this, one of the main aims of the project was to create a resource about them, working as equal partners with members of the community to tell their stories. through cooperation with members of the travelling community, the record office now has recorded interviews, written stories, photographs and other documentation, which the public and researchers can access. another vital reason for working on this project was the request of the representatives of the gypsy group to create records about their lives and customs so that their descendants may use them in future. wagon & harnessed horses - ireland or isle of man in this section you can discover the history and customs of the grt community, read their family histories and view various photos and documents. page last updated : 12 june 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41540897092808465, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.451823"} {"text": "vincent ' s word studies previous - next chapter - index robertson ' s word pictures in the nt - greek nt when he was set ( kaqisantov ), following tyndale. rev., more literally, when he had sat down ( compare wyc., when he had set ). after the manner of the rabbis, he seated himself ere he began to teach. its root is supposed to be a word meaning great, and its earlier meaning appears to be limited to outward prosperity ; so that it is used at times as synonymous with rich. it scarcely varies from this meaning in its frequent applications to the grecian gods, since the popular greek ideal of divine blessedness was not essentially moral. the gods were blessed because of their power and dignity, not because of their holiness. \" in general, \" says mr. gladstone ( \" homer and the homeric age \" ) \" the chief note of deity with homer is emancipation from the restraints of moral law. though the homeric gods have not yet ceased to be the vindicators of morality upon earth, they have personally ceased to observe its rules, either for or among themselves. as compared with men, in conduct they are generally characterized by superior force and intellect, but by inferior morality. \" in its peculiar application to the dead, there is indicated the despair of earthly happiness underlying the thought of even the cheerful and mercurial greek. hence the word was used as synonymous with dead. only the dead could be called truly blessed. thus sophocles ( \" oedipus tyrannus \" ) : \" from hence the lesson learn ye to reckon no man happy till ye witness the closing day ; until he pass the border which severs life from death, unscathed by sorrow. \" and again ( \" oedipus at colonus \" ) : \" happiest beyond compare, never to taste of life : happiest in order next, being born, with quickest speed thither again to turn from whence we came. \" nevertheless, even in its pagan use, the word was not altogether without a moral background. the greeks recognized a prosperity which waited on the observance of the laws of natural morality, and an avenging fate which pursued and punished their violation. this conception appears often in the works of the tragedians ; for instance, in the \" oedipus tyrannus \" of sophocles, where the main motive is the judgment which waits upon even unwitting violations of natural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47931729360455627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.468099"} {"text": "this conception appears often in the works of the tragedians ; for instance, in the \" oedipus tyrannus \" of sophocles, where the main motive is the judgment which waits upon even unwitting violations of natural ties. still, this prosperity is external, consisting either in wealth, or power, or exemption from calamity. with the philosophers a moral element comes definitely into the word. the conception rises from outward propriety to inward correctness as the essence of happiness. but in all of them, from socrates onward, virtue depends primarily upon knowledge ; so that to be happy is, first of all, to know. it is thus apparent that the greek philosophy had no conception of sin in the bible sense. as virtue depended on knowledge, sin was the outcome of ignorance, and virtue and its consequent happiness were therefore the prerogative of the few and the learned. the biblical use of the word lifted it into the region of the spiritual, as distinguished from the merely intellectual, and besides, intrusted to it alone the task of representing this higher conception. the pagan word for happiness ( eujdaimonia, under the protection of a good genius or daemon ) nowhere occurs in the new testament nor in the scriptures, having fallen into disrepute because the word daemon, which originally meant a deity, good or evil, had acquired among the jews the bad sense which we attach to demon. happiness, or better, blessedness, was therefore represented both in the old and in the new testament by this word makariov. in the old testament the idea involves more of outward prosperity than in the new testament, yet it almost universally occurs in connections which emphasize, as its principal element, a sense of god ' s approval founded in righteousness which rests ultimately on love to god. thus the word passed up into the higher region of christian thought, and was stamped with the gospel signet, and laden with all the rich significance of gospel blessedness. it now takes on a group of ideas strange to the best pagan morality, and contradictory of its fundamental positions. shaking itself loose from all thoughts of outward good, it becomes the express symbol of a happiness identified with pure character. behind it lies the clear cognition of sin as the fountain - head of all misery, and of holiness as the final and effectual cure for every woe. for knowledge as the basis of virtue, and therefore of happiness, it substitutes faith and love. for the aristocracy of the learned virtuous, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5352154150497086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.469543"} {"text": "head of all misery, and of holiness as the final and effectual cure for every woe. for knowledge as the basis of virtue, and therefore of happiness, it substitutes faith and love. for the aristocracy of the learned virtuous, it introduces the truth of the fatherhood of god and the corollary of the family of believers. while the pagan word carries the isolation of the virtuous and the contraction of human sympathy, the gospel pushes these out with an ideal of a world - wide sympathy and of a happiness realized in ministry. the vague outlines of an abstract good vanish from it, and give place to the pure heart ' s vision of god, and its personal communion with the father in heaven. where it told of the stoic ' s self - sufficiency, it now tells of the christian ' s poverty of spirit and meekness. where it hinted at the stoic ' s self - repression and strangling of emotion, it now throbs with a holy sensitiveness, and with a monition to rejoice with them that rejoice, and to weep with them that weep. from the pagan word the flavor of immortality is absent. no vision of abiding rest imparts patience and courage amid the bitterness and struggle of life ; no menace of the destiny of evil imposes a check on human lusts. the christian word blessed is full of the light of heaven. it sternly throws away from itself every hint of the stoic ' s asserted right of suicide as a refuge from human ills, and emphasizes something which thrives on trial and persecution, which glories in tribulation, which not only endures but conquers to world, and expects its crown in heaven. the poor ( oi ptwcoi ). three words expression poverty are found in the new testament. two of them, penhv and penicrov, are kindred terms, the latter being merely a poetic form of the other, and neither of these occurs more than once ( luke xxi. 2 ; 2 cor. ix. 9 ). the word used in this verse is therefore the current word for poor, occurring thirty - four times, and covering every gradation of want ; so that it is evident that the new testament writers did not recognize any nice distinctions of meaning which called for the use of other terms. luke, for instance ( xxi. 2, 3 ), calls the widow who bestowed her two mites both penicran and ptwch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48926394907552334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.471385"} {"text": "new testament writers did not recognize any nice distinctions of meaning which called for the use of other terms. luke, for instance ( xxi. 2, 3 ), calls the widow who bestowed her two mites both penicran and ptwch. nevertheless, there is a distinction, recognized by both classical and eccleciastical writers. while oj penhv is one of narrow means, one who \" earns a scanty pittance, \" ptwcov is allied to the verb ptwssein, to crouch or cringe, and therefore conveys the idea of utter destitution, which abjectly solicits and lives by alms. hence it is applied to lazarus ( luke xvi. 20, 22 ), and rendered beggar. thus distinguished, it is very graphic and appropriate here, as denoting the utter spiritual destitution, the consciousness of which precedes the entrance into the kingdom of god, and which cannot be relieved by one ' s own efforts, but only by the free mercy of god. ( see on 2 cor. vi. 10 ; viii. 9. ) shall be comforted. see on john xiv. 16. as a human attribute, aristotle defines it as the mean between stubborn anger and that negativeness of character which is incapable of even righteous indignation : according to which it is tantamount to equanimity. plato opposes it to fierceness or cruelty, and uses it of humanity to the condemned ; but also of the conciliatory demeanor of a demagogue seeking popularity and power. pindar applies it to a king, mild or kind to the citizens, and herodotus uses it as opposed to anger. these pre - christian meanings of the word exhibit two general characteristics. the equanimity, mildness, kindness, represented by the classical word, are founded in self - control or in natural disposition. the christian meekness is based on humility, which is not a natural quality but an outgrowth of a renewed nature. to the pagan the word often implied condescension, to the christian it implies submission. the christian quality, in its manifestation, reveals all that was best in the heathen virtue - mildness, gentleness, equanimity - but these manifestations toward men are emphasized as outgrowths of a spiritual relation to god. the mildness or kindness of plato or pindar imply no sense of inferiority in those who exhibit them ; sometimes the contrary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5350367563675631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.473107"} {"text": "equanimity - but these manifestations toward men are emphasized as outgrowths of a spiritual relation to god. the mildness or kindness of plato or pindar imply no sense of inferiority in those who exhibit them ; sometimes the contrary. plato ' s demagogue is kindly from self - interest and as a means to tyranny. pindar ' s king is condescendingly kind. the meekness of the christian springs from a sense of the inferiority of the creature to the creator, and especially of the sinful creature to the holy god. while, therefore, the pagan quality is redolent of self - assertion, the christian quality carries the flavor of self - abasement. as toward god, therefore, meekness accepts his dealings without murmur or resistance as absolutely good and wise. as toward man, it accepts opposition, insult, and provocation, as god ' s permitted ministers of a chastening demanded by the infirmity and corruption of sin ; while, under this sense of his own sinfulness, the meek bears patiently \" the contradiction of sinners against himself, \" forgiving and restoring the erring in a spirit of meekness, considering himself, lest he also be tempted ( see gal. vi. 1 - 5 ). the ideas of forgiveness and restoration nowhere attach to the classical word. they belong exclusively to christian meekness, which thus shows itself allied to love. as ascribed by our lord to himself, see on matt. xi. 29. wyc. renders \" blessed be mild men. \" a candlestick ( thn lucnian ). rev., the stand. also a part of the furniture of every house, and commonly but one in the house : hence the article. the word, which occurs four times in the gospels and eight times elsewhere, means, in every case, not a candlestick, but a lamp - stand. in heb. ix. 2, the golden \" candlestick \" of the tabernacle is called lucnia ; but in the description of this article ( exod. xxv. 31, 39 ), we read, \" thou shalt make the seven lamps thereof ; \" and in zech. iv. 2, where the imagery is drawn from the sanctuary, we have a \" candlestick \" with a bowl on the top of it, \" and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes ( for the oil ) to the lamps which are upon the top thereof. \" \" the pleasant valley of hi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5343051506227806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.474512"} {"text": ", we have a \" candlestick \" with a bowl on the top of it, \" and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes ( for the oil ) to the lamps which are upon the top thereof. \" \" the pleasant valley of hinnom, tophet thence and black gehenna called, the type of hell. \" as fire was the characteristic of the place, it was called the gehenna of fire. it should be carefully distinguished from hades ( adhv ), which is never used for the place of punishment, but for the place of departed spirits, without reference to their moral condition. this distinction, ignored by the a. v., is made in the rev. officer ( uphreth ). denoting a subordinate official, as a herald or an orderly, and in this sense applied to mark as the \" minister \" or attendant of paul and barnabas ( acts xiii. 5 ). it furnishes an interesting instance of the expansion of a word from a limited and special meaning into a more general one ; and also of the influence of the gospel in lifting words into higher and purer associations. formed with the verb ejressw, to row, it originally signified a rower, as distinguished from a soldier, in a war - galley. this word for a galley - slave comes at last, in the hands of luke and paul, to stand for the noblest of all offices, that of a minister of the lord jesus ( luke i. 2 ; acts xxvi. 16 ; 1 cor. iv. 1 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48072556732523103, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.475304"} {"text": "by gary north the economist rarely uses the words \" glut \" and \" shortage \" without adding : at some price. other scholars are not equally wise. a free market theory of pricing rests on the supposition that gluts and shortages are temporary phenomena. prices adjust so as to clear a market. if this does not take place, the free market economist goes looking for evidence of state intervention. consider the problem of excess inventory. it is better to get something for unused and unwanted inventory than to pay for storage. so, selling prices adjust downward. this eventually eliminates the glut. the unpleasant experience also warns the producer not to do this again. why does a glut exist? because of an error in prior forecasting. suppliers believed that there would be buyers at a specific price. it turned out that there was an insufficient number of buyers at that expected price. then why does a glut persist? one answer : ignorance on the part of suppliers. but why should this ignorance persist? why don ' t suppliers get the picture? experienced sellers do get the picture. the problem is a continuing supply of new sellers who are unfamiliar with the market and ignorant of the past supply - demand conditions. or, as has been said so often, there ' s a sucker born every minute. there is no evidence that p. t. barnum ever said this, but it is nonetheless true. in the worldwide suckers ' market, gamblers are the only people who are slower to learn than young adults with masters ' degrees. bright graduate students possess a pair of non - marketable skills : the ability to write term papers and the ability to take academic exams. they are also economic illiterates and incurably naive. so, they become the trusting victims of the professorial class. the economics of the professorate no one ever sits down and tells a newly minted college graduate about the economics of the professorate. no one tells the student about the crucial and neglected work of the person who first blew the whistle on the economics of the ph. d., david w. breneman. he is the dean of the curry school of education at the university of virginia. he wrote his ph. d. dissertation on the economics of the ph. d. it was accepted in 1970 by the university of california, berkeley. it was based on research completed in 1968, the year prior to the beginning of the ph. d. glut. its title : \" the ph. d. production process :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5207139777129757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.492560"} {"text": "it was accepted in 1970 by the university of california, berkeley. it was based on research completed in 1968, the year prior to the beginning of the ph. d. glut. its title : \" the ph. d. production process : a study of departmental behavior. \" of all ph. d. dissertations ever written, this is the only one that one that should be read by every college student who is contemplating graduate school. of course, no one tells him. few people have ever heard of it. i read it in 1970. i do not recall how i came across it. i was completing my ph. d., so i was facing the ph. d. glut personally, which had begun in the fall of 1969. it had been predicted for the sciences by allan cartter of new york university in 1964. sometime around 1966, clark kerr, president of the university of california, had mentioned this looming problem to a group of us in an elite student organization called the california club. but i was naive. i figured, \" it won ' t happen to me. \" ha! as they say in those late - night ronco ads, \" here ' s how it works! \" academic departments grow in terms of the number of students enrolled. we know from parkinson ' s law that growth is an institutional imperative. administrators advance their careers by expanding the number of subordinates in their department. so, every academic department wants more students \u2014 students of a special kind. students are not of equal value to a department. the lower - division student ( freshman or sophomore ) does not rate highly in the currency of academic resource allocation : the full - time enrollment, or fte. the fte figure is what justifies the hiring of a full - time faculty member. the lower the ratio, the better. it may take 15 lower - division students to generate one fte. it may take only eight ph. d. - level graduate students to generate an fte. the more ph. d. students a department can attract, the faster the growth of that department. this is the iron law of academia. all other economic laws are sacrificed for it, as the economist says, other things being equal. this fact of academic economic life creates an incentive for departments to enroll lots of graduate students. it also rewards those departments that persuade m. a. students to go into the ph. d. program. also, the brightest graduate students may be asked to do unpaid or grant - paid research for senior professors. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.530105997070454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.494081"} {"text": "enroll lots of graduate students. it also rewards those departments that persuade m. a. students to go into the ph. d. program. also, the brightest graduate students may be asked to do unpaid or grant - paid research for senior professors. the professors then publish the results of this research under their own names, thereby advancing their careers. it ' s the division of labor at work. \" glut? what glut? \" the ph. d. glut has existed ever since the fall of 1969. the number of entry - level full - time professorial positions has remained stagnant. few new universities have been constructed. legislatures have resisted additional funding. this has led to a reduction of the number of tenure - level positions. universities and community colleges have been able to staff their entry - level positions with inexpensive instructors. those few ph. d. s who receive a full - time position at a university find that they are paid much less than tenured members of the department. they are assigned the lower - division classes, which are large \u2014 sometimes 200 to 1, 000 students. these mega - classes require lecturing skills that most professors do not possess. those untenured faculty members who perform well in mega - classes are kept on until the day of reckoning : the decision to grant them tenure, usually eight years after they go on the payroll. they are usually not re - hired unless they have published narrowly focused articles in professional journals. but mega - class professors do not have much time to do the required research. the assistant professor is now 35 years old or older. he has not made the cut. he is now relegated to the academic underworld : the community colleges. but here there is fierce competition. community colleges hire part - time instructors at $ 10 to $ 15 an hour. these people seek a full - time position at the community college. they need that initial foot in the door : night school courses for worn - out adults who are trying to earn an a. a. degree. their natural enemies are the newly dismissed assistant professors from universities. who gets an entry - level position at boonsdocksville state university, which in 1960 was a public schools teacher training college? new graduates with ph. d. s from the two - dozen major universities. then what happens to graduates with ph. d. s issued by boonsdocksville state? they go straight into the community college circuit. this has been going on ever since the fall of 1969. it is great for community college administrators, who have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47592986474241167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.497293"} {"text": "then what happens to graduates with ph. d. s issued by boonsdocksville state? they go straight into the community college circuit. this has been going on ever since the fall of 1969. it is great for community college administrators, who have a never - ending supply of optimistic ph. d. - holding graduates of all but the top two - dozen universities, plus a never - ending supply of burned - out, terrified assistant professors from top universities who did not receive tenure. if you want to understand this process, watch ghostbusters : the scene after the parapsychology team has been dismissed from the university. dan ackroyd speaks for tens of thousands of ph. d. - holding rejects who did not make the cut. for over three decades, all it has taken to generate 1, 000 applicants was this ad in a professional journal in the humanities : the salary has been almost irrelevant : not more than the average salary of the average american worker with a high school diploma. if the ad said \" ph. d. or abd required, \" it would generate 2, 000 applicants. abd stands for \" all but dissertation. \" graduate students do not learn about supply and demand, and it does not pay senior professors to teach them. here is evidence. in response to the ever - growing glut of ph. d. ' s, the american university system turned out about 30, 000 ph. d. graduates per year, 1969 to about 1975. since then, it has increased the output. in 1980, it was 33, 615. in 1990, it was 38, 371. in 2000, it was 44, 808. in 2003, it was 46, 024. ( statistical abstract of the united states, 2006, table 290. ) despite this, we read on a website devoted to selling \" how to get higher learning degrees \" materials, the bureau of labor statistics currently predicts that the job outlook for postsecondary teachers ( a job commonly sought by ph. d. graduates ) should be much brighter than it has been in recent years. employment in that area is expected to grow by almost 40 percent by 2012, whereas overall employment is expected to grow by only 15 percent! so, if you ' re just starting down the track to a ph. d. and hope to take root in the world of academia, your timing may be just right! there ' s one born every minute... and two who will relieve him of his funds. most degree - granting universities are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4465344884605276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.498444"} {"text": "to a ph. d. and hope to take root in the world of academia, your timing may be just right! there ' s one born every minute... and two who will relieve him of his funds. most degree - granting universities are funded by taxpayers. a university used to be an institution of higher learning that was authorized by a college - accrediting agency to grant the ph. d. employees of all but the most prestigious four - year colleges want to be called a university. so, title inflation has matched degree inflation and grade inflation over the last 35 years. the supply of college graduates with ever - lower academic abilities is funded by money coerced from taxpayers. the american higher education system is structured by the professorate to reward those professors who teach small classes of graduate students. so, year after year, decade after decade, the supply of ph. d. - holding students increases, despite an academic market that does not hire most of them, and hires a minority at wages that do not compensate them for the money and time invested in earning their degrees. they cannot teach at the high school level because their advanced degrees force the school districts to pay them too much. a teacher with a b. a. is paid a fraction of what a ph. d. or ed. d. is paid. the teacher unions have negotiated payment so that existing employees who attend night school and summer school at boonsdocksville state can work their way up within the system. being tenured, they cannot be fired. earning a graduate degree is a guaranteed way to earn a larger salary. but no district goes looking for ph. d. s to hire. that financial affliction is entirely generated from inside the union - dominated, tax - funded public schools. hope springs eternal ph. d. students are a lot like gamblers. they expect to beat the odds. the gambler personifies odds - beating as lady luck. the ph. d. student instead looks within. \" i am really smart. these other people in the program aren ' t as smart as i am. i will get that tenure - track job. i will make the cut. i will be a beneficiary of the system. \" if wishes were horses, beggars would ride. also, if ego were marketable, all ph. d. graduates would get tenure. why does any ph. d. student at any but the top graduate schools believe that he will get tenure at any university? the odds are so far against him, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4946813316958602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.499593"} {"text": "if ego were marketable, all ph. d. graduates would get tenure. why does any ph. d. student at any but the top graduate schools believe that he will get tenure at any university? the odds are so far against him, and have been for a generation, than he ought to realize that he is about to waste his most precious resource \u2014 time \u2014 on a long - shot. investing five or more years beyond the b. a. degree, except in a field where industry hires people with advanced degrees, is economic stupidity that boggles the imagination. yet at least 200, 000 graduate students are doing this at any time. of the 46, 000 who earned a ph. d. in 2003, an equal number ( or more ) got to abd status and quit. probably more than half of the others quit before they got to abd status. at $ 20, 000 or more per year in tuition and living expenses, plus the $ 35, 000 + not earned in the job market, trying to earn a ph. d. is a losing proposition. in some departments, the years invested are horrendous. breneman ' s dissertation went into the grim details, department by department. anyone seeking a degree in philosophy was almost doomed to failure, yet the ph. d. degree took on average over a decade beyond the b. a. to earn. there were almost no college teaching jobs when they finished. that was before the glut. earning a ph. d. may pay off if your goal is status, although i don ' t understand why anyone regards a ph. d. as a status symbol that is worth giving up five to ten years of your earning power in your youth, when every dime saved can multiply because of compounding. if the public understood the economics of earning a ph. d., people would think \" naive economic loser \" whenever they hear \" ph. d. \" a word to the wise is sufficient. january 24, 2006 copyright \u00a9 2006 lewrockwell. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4651392988868339, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.500463"} {"text": "the mississippiana collection is a comprehensive collection of books about mississippi, by and about mississippians, and / or published in mississippi. as such, it constitutes a vital resource for the study of mississippi history and culture. these books can be accessed through the library catalog. in addition to the mississippiana book collection, the library subscribes to several serials ( magazines, journals, newsletters, and numerous other professional and organizational publications ) relating to mississippi. mccain library serves as a depository for mississippi state documents. these items provide information on virtually every facet of state government and the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of the state. many of these can be accessed via the library catalog or by asking the reference librarian. a map collection includes city, country, and state highway maps and various types of soil, mineral, drainage, topographic, nautical, historical, and specialty maps. they document mississippi and the region from 1699 to the present. vertical files consisting primarily of newspaper clippings and pamphlets contain up - to - date information about the people, events, social issues, institutions, cities, and towns of mississippi. also included is historical information on a variety of subjects. the mississippiana collection maintains copies of telephone books for the entire state, and city directories for the state ' s major cities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.407345984821045, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.502168"} {"text": "what is anesthesia? anesthesia is the administration of drugs or gases to create insensitivity to pain before surgical operations. the word comes from the greek \u201c an \u201d meaning \u201c without, \u201d and \u201c aesthesis \u201d or \u201c sensation. \u201d the word anesthesia was coined by the famous 19th century physician and poet oliver wendell holmes, sr., in 1846. who are anesthesiologists and what do they do? during surgery, anesthesia is administered for pain relief or \u201c depression of consciousness. \u201d before a major surgery, anesthesiologists administer general anesthesia, which causes full loss of consciousness in the patient. the responsibility of the anesthesiologist is to manage the patient \u2019 s pain while monitoring vital life functions, such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate and homeostasis, as well as blood transfusions, if required. as the patient recovers from surgery, anesthesia in the form of dissociative drugs \u2013 either oral or injectable \u2013 may be administered. these drugs partially sedate the patient to ease pain and distress. anesthesiologists are extensively trained doctors specializing in human physiology, diseases and pre - operative medical evaluations, life support and pain control while a patient undergoes surgery, post - op recovery, intensive - care training and chronic and acute pain management. what are the various types of anesthesia? the different types of anesthesia include : what are the most common surgeries that use general anesthesia? - local \u2013 anesthesia in a single part of the body, such as a tooth or area of skin. local anesthesia is commonly used during dental procedures to reduce pain. it is the preferable and safer type of anesthesia for many situations, including cesarean section, since the patient still has consciousness and is not fully sedated. - regional \u2013 anesthesia in a larger part of the body than local anesthesia, such as a limb. the patient is not fully sedated. - general \u2013 anesthesia that \u201c puts the patient under \u201d into a state of unconsciousness or sedation. during general anesthesia, a patient will lose normal response to pain, memory, motor reflexes and consciousness, and will experience muscle relaxation. - dissociative \u2013 anesthesia brought on by dissociative drugs causing marked sensory loss and loss of pain and memory but not accompanied by actual loss of consciousness. a common effect of dissociative anesthesia is hallucinations. heart, lung and abdominal surgery are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.541118267520192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.506837"} {"text": "the rocks that were used to build the walls were probably throw - aways, unearthed during excavation for homes built more than a century ago. each is different. each was put into place by hand. the rock walls have seep holes for drainage, preventing pressure from bringing the wall, and the garden, down. \" somebody had a plan, \" patricia levine said. levine is the manager of 66 center street, a bed and breakfast built in 1886 by the perkins family, who owned of the lumber mill across the street. levine also keeps the garden that climbs the slope next to the house. she doesn ' t know who built the rock walls that hold the garden to the hillside, but she can read the signs - - the walls were the work of masons who knew what they were doing. \" any wall you can stand on is a good wall, \" she says. the retaining wall at the back of the slope is limestone, probably built at the time of the house, levine said. the walls that hold the raised beds are made of what she calls rubble rock - - the kind she finds under the ground when working in her own garden. some are geodes - - when you break them open, there are crystals inside. some look like pieces of petrified wood. \" none are stackable, \" she said. levine has worked at the house for six years, and was the planner and planter, along with a former co - worker, of the garden as it is today. five yeas ago, it was covered with vinca vines. \" we removed the vinca, put in the bushes and started planting, \" she said. the wall builders incorporated metal garden art into the walls - - old wagon wheels, a motor part, a bed frame. the branching petunias are also recycles : being single, not hybrids, they resow themselves from seed. levine, who has greenhouses, started all the flowers from seed, including the carpet zinnias, the dwarf dahlias, the coxcomb and the salvia. \" it ' s the cheapest way, if you have the time, \" she said. \" and it ' s second nature. i ' ve been doing it for 30 years. \" to keep the garden in shape through the summer, levine arrived at the house at 6 a. m. and worked a couple of hours, pulling weeds, mulching and watering. she doesn ' t use chemical fertilizers, putting down mulch to keep the weeds in check.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.386358674939121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.516138"} {"text": "desert rats test robotic rover moffett field ca ( spx ) sep 30, 2005 until earlier this year, when president bush announced an ambitious blueprint for space exploration, nasa had no plans to send humans back to the moon, or to mars. but that didn ' t stop an intrepid group of scientists, based at nasa ' s johnson space center in houston, texas, from investigating technologies that would be needed for such a mission. every year for nearly a decade, they have trekked out to remote desert locations to conduct research on equipment and procedures that might some day be used by off - world explorers. the skunkworks project, known as desert rats ( research and technology studies ), has just completed its eighth field season, on a barren cattle ranch near the rim of meteor crater, some 40 miles outside flagstaff, arizona. it ' s hard to find places on earth that simulate martian conditions. but the arizona high desert comes close enough for the experiments the desert rats team conducted during the first two weeks of september. according to joe kosmo of johnson space center, who has led the desert rats effort since its inception, meteor crater is an ideal test site because if you \" strip away the vegetation, put the atmospheric pressure at 100, 000 feet, and put the sun a little farther away, essentially you ' re encountering the kind of terrain you ' d see on mars, \" rough, slightly hilly desert hard pack, with an assortment of rocks and boulders strewn about. and dust ( red, of course ). dust everywhere, blowing around in heavy gusts, making dust devils and coating everything in site. this year ' s two - week field test focused on the interaction between a pair of \" astronauts \" ( actually, space - suited scientists ) and a rover named scout ( science crew and operations utility testbed ). when astronauts travel to the moon or mars, they will be going to do pretty much the same things a geologist does when exploring a field site on earth : walking around, observing land formations, taking pictures and collecting rock and soil samples. but unlike on earth, where even at the most remote locations, help is usually not far away, off - world explorers will have severely limited resources. moreover, they will want to investigate as much terrain as possible, so conserving energy to focus on scientific tasks will be important. \" we ' re trying to augment the human - machine cooperative working relationship so that the machines can do a lot of the tedious tasks, \" says frank delgado, project lead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48054347712298495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.528746"} {"text": "so conserving energy to focus on scientific tasks will be important. \" we ' re trying to augment the human - machine cooperative working relationship so that the machines can do a lot of the tedious tasks, \" says frank delgado, project lead for scout. for example, by using scout to drive explorers \" to the location where they need to do their science, when they get there, they ' re a lot fresher. \" scout looks like an oversized dune buggy. its design is loosely based on the moon buggy used by astronauts on the apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions back in the 1970s. its seats are built to accommodate two passengers wearing bulky spacesuits. its joystick and computer touch screen are optimized for easy use by heavily gloved hands. and it is tricked out with an eclectic array of cameras, speakers and a host of communications gear. its maximum ground speed : 6 miles per hour. scout had its first real - world test during the 2004 desert rats field season, but in that initial shakedown it was driven under manual control. \" we basically focused on having somebody drive it from onboard, \" says delgado. \" so if you needed to get to a crater or somewhere to collect some rocks, they would jump onboard, and they ' d drive it. \" this year the rats team tried out several automated modes of operation, including tele - operation, voice commands and gesture recognition. the field tests, which were highly successful, were the first ever that involved such complex interaction between humans and a semi - autonomous robotic assistant. one type of tele - operation involved operating the rover in real - or near - real - time from a remote location. the operators used a joystick and a set of switches, knobs and buttons to control the rover as though they were onboard. delgado ' s team was able to tele - operate scout in this way both from a desert rats command center located about a half - mile from the test site and from a control center about 1200 miles away at the johnson space center in houston. this is a feasible approach for operating a robotic rover on the moon from a lunar base or even from earth. it could also be used by humans operating a rover from a local command base on mars. it wouldn ' t be possible to tele - operate a mars rover from earth in real - time, however, because it takes too long for radio - command signals to get from one planet to the other. earth - based scientists could tele - operate a rover on mars using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5305785913250438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.529955"} {"text": "to tele - operate a mars rover from earth in real - time, however, because it takes too long for radio - command signals to get from one planet to the other. earth - based scientists could tele - operate a rover on mars using batch commands, however. for example, \" you can say, go to waypoint 1, take a picture ; go to waypoint 2, take a panorama ; go to waypoint 3 ; and then come back home. ' and it will do that automatically, \" says delgado. this is similar to the way in which mission controllers operate the spirit and opportunity rovers currently exploring mars. but sending commands to spirit and opportunity requires first going through a laborious process of translating science - team requests into a sequence of arcane commands in a specialized language that the rovers can understand. scout can understand direct voice commands. perhaps the most intriguing mode of operation that delgado ' s team successfully tested was a procedure known as \" human following, \" in which the rover followed one of the scientists as he explored on foot. to initiate human following, the scientist stood in front of the rover and said, \" scout, follow me. \" onboard the rover, delgado explains, is a pair of stereo cameras and a computerized shape - recognition system that knows \" what a person should look like. it locks onto them and as they walk around in front of the vehicle, the cameras will swivel to that direction. if they walk away from the vehicle, the vehicle actually follows them, like a pack mule. so if they ' re doing some sort of geological expedition and they ' re going to go out a half mile or a mile, the vehicle will be right there for them to get back on, instead of them having to walk all the way back. \" delgado ' s engineers also got scout to respond to commands issued in the form of gestures. one of the scientists stood in front of the rover and put out his arm, as though signaling for a left turn. scout recognized the gesture and turned on its lights. when the scientist bent his arm at a 90 - degree angle, scout turned the lights back off. this was only a proof of concept, but it holds great promise. for example, says delgado, an astronaut could point to an interesting rock and say, \" take a picture of that. ' [ the rover ] will see where their finger ' s pointing and it ' ll turn the cameras in that direction and take a picture. \" although future missions to the moon and mars will utilize vehicles with scout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45618132845568005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.531100"} {"text": ", \" take a picture of that. ' [ the rover ] will see where their finger ' s pointing and it ' ll turn the cameras in that direction and take a picture. \" although future missions to the moon and mars will utilize vehicles with scout - like capabilities, scout was built as a testbed, and not as a prototype of a rover for a future mission. \" there ' s a lot of basic functionality in the vehicle, \" delgado explains, \" that ' s there to support some of the concepts that we ' re trying to develop - the autonomous operations, tele - operations, obstacle avoidance, human following. \" but features like rubber tires with air in them, or the rover ' s aluminum frame \" would never be flown to the moon or to mars. \" moreover, the computer systems on scout are built from off - the - shelf components. hardware used on vehicles intended for spaceflight have to be specially designed for protection against dust, intense radiation and other severe conditions. still, the lessons learned in testing scout will no doubt be applied to designing whatever rovers do get built to accompany humans on their return to the moon, and eventually to mars. email this article comment on this article subscribe to spacedaily express mars news and information at marsdaily. com lunar dreams and more pasadena ca ( jpl ) jan 09, 2006 last week spirit completed robotic - arm work on \" el dorado. \" the rover used all three of its spectrometers plus the microscopic imager for readings over the new year ' s weekend. | the content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are copyright 1995 - 2006 - spacedaily. afp and upi wire stories are copyright agence france - presse and united press international. esa portalreports are copyright european space agency. all nasa sourced material is public domain. additionalcopyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by spacedaily on any web page published or hosted by spacedaily. privacy statement |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4667311811198914, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.532119"} {"text": "a heart attack doesn ' t just damage heart muscle tissue by cutting off its blood supply, it also sets off an inflammatory cascade that worsens underlying atherosclerosis, actively increasing the risk for a future heart attack, a new study finds. immune response to heart attack worsens atherosclerosis, increases future risk study finds mechanism behind recognized risk, suggests new treatment strategy a heart attack doesn ' t just damage heart muscle tissue by cutting off its blood supply, it also sets off an inflammatory cascade that worsens underlying atherosclerosis, actively increasing the risk for a future heart attack. these findings from a study receiving advance online publication in nature suggest an important new therapeutic strategy for preventing heart attacks and strokes, both of which are caused when atherosclerotic plaques rupture and block important blood vessels. \" we have known for a long time that heart attack patients are at increased risk for a second heart attack or a stroke, and now we know why, \" says matthias nahrendorf, md, phd, of the mgh center for systems biology, senior author of the report from a team of researchers from the usa, canada, germany and the netherlands. \" the immune response to the infarct \u2013 tissue damaged by lack of oxygen \u2013 can accelerate the underlying disease by actually increasing the size and inflammation of the atherosclerotic plaque. \" the study was designed to test the hypothesis that systemic inflammation caused by heart muscle damage would worsen pre - existing atherosclerosis. using a mouse model genetically programmed to develop atherosclerosis, the researchers conducted a series of experiments showing that experimentally induced heart attacks led to the following : \u2022 increased activity, in atherosclerotic plaques at a distance from the induced heart attack, of enzymes that break down the fibrous plaque cap, possibly leading to future rupture, \u2022 accumulation of monocytes and other inflammatory immune cells in those atherosclerotic plaques, \u2022 increased generation in the spleen of monocyte progenitors, along with changes in the function of those immune cells, \u2022 increased release from the bone marrow of blood stem cells, which traveled to the spleen, triggered by increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system. \" the ancient fight - or - flight responses to injury stimulate immune cell activities that are involved in wound healing. but when the ' wound ' is in the heart and caused by atherosclerosis, that increased activity actually accelerates the underlying disease, \" nahrendorf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48353287583032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.536625"} {"text": "or - flight responses to injury stimulate immune cell activities that are involved in wound healing. but when the ' wound ' is in the heart and caused by atherosclerosis, that increased activity actually accelerates the underlying disease, \" nahrendorf explains. \" while most of this work was done in mice, we have hints that something similar may happen in human patients \u2013 for example, we found increased numbers of blood stem cells in the spleens of patients who had died shortly after a heart attack. \" ralph weissleder, md, phd, a corresponding author of this study and director of the mgh center for systems biology where the work was performed, adds that these findings set the stage for a totally novel approach to cardiovascular disease. therapies directed to the sites of white blood cell production, including the bone marrow or the spleen, may be able to prevent immune - system exacerbation of atherosclerosis. \" this gives us potential new therapeutic targets that we had not thought about before. clinically, we focus on reducing risk factors such as elevated cholesterol and blood pressure, but not inflammation. we hope our work can help change that, \" he says. weissleder is a professor of radiology, and nahrendorf an assistant professor of radiology at harvard medical school. co - lead authors of the nature paper are partha dutta, phd, and gabriel courties, phd, of the mgh center for systems biology. collaborators include filip swirski, phd, mgh center for systems biology, and peter libby, md, chief of cardiology at brigham and women \u2019 s hospital, where the clinical data were analyzed. the study was primarily supported by grants from the national institutes of health. massachusetts general hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of harvard medical school. the mgh conducts the largest hospital - based research program in the united states, with an annual research budget of more than $ 750 million and major research centers in aids, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine. media contacts : sue mcgreevey, email @ example. com, 617 724 - 2764 u. s. news & world report ranks mass general the # 1 hospital in america based on our quality of care, patient safety and reputation in 16 different special", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154121293632694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.537741"} {"text": "adoptionism, or adoptianism, was a theological doctrine propounded in the 8th century by a spanish bishop, elipandus of toledo. concerned to distinguish between the divine and human natures of christ, elipandus held that in his divinity christ was the son of god by nature, but in his humanity by adoption only. the doctrine was opposed by the english scholar alcuin and condemned as heresy by the council of frankfurt ( 794 ). similar views were held by paul of samosata and the followers of monarchianism. put most simply, adoptionism is the theory that jesus was in nature a man who became god by adoption. the earliest extant work which expresses this position is the shepherd of hermas, thought to be written by the brother of the bishop of rome about a d 150. it taught that the redeemer was a virtuous man chosen by god, and with him the spirit of god was united. he did the work to which god had called him ; in fact, he did more than was commanded. therefore he was by divine decree adopted as a son and exalted to great power and lordship. adherents of this christology who were declared heretics in the third century asserted it had at one time been the dominant view in rome and that it had been handed down by the apostles. | believe religious information source - by alphabet our list of 2, 300 religious subjects | elipandus, bishop of toledo from c. 780, in his writings on the trinity expressed the view that christ was an adopted son ; felix, bishop of urgel in the pyrenees, taught a similar position soon thereafter. numerous local churchmen opposed them ; and their teachings were condemned by three synods under charlemagne, who assumed the position of ruler of the church in his realm and who was concerned with its unity. pope adrian i also became involved, and the recantation of both men was obtained. they had a numerous following, however, and extensive efforts were required to bring these people back into the fold. the effects of the controversy lasted for decades in toledo. possibly remnants of the old arian heresy contributed to the popularity of adoptionism at this time. a sound refutation of adoptionism was never made, and leanings in that direction appeared in some scholastic writings during the late middle ages. h f vos ( elwell evangelical dictionary ) a harnack, history of dogma ; a hauck, s h e r k, i. adoptionism, in a broad sense, a christological theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521374289904725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.549476"} {"text": "during the late middle ages. h f vos ( elwell evangelical dictionary ) a harnack, history of dogma ; a hauck, s h e r k, i. adoptionism, in a broad sense, a christological theory according to which christ, as man, is the adoptive son of god ; the precise import of the word varies with the successive stages and exponents of the theory. roughly, we have ( 1 ) the adoptionism of elipandus and felix in the eighth century ; ( 2 ) the neo - adoptionism of abelard in the twelfth century ; ( 3 ) the qualified adoptionism of some theologians from the fourteenth century on. ( 1 ) adoptionism of elipandus and felix in the eighth century this, the original form of adoptionism, asserts a double sonship in christ : one by generation and nature, and the other by adoption and grace. christ as god is indeed the son of god by generation and nature, but christ as man is son of god only by adoption and grace. hence \" the man christ \" is the adoptive and not the natural son of god. such is the theory held towards the end of the eighth century by elipandus, archbishop of toledo, then under the mohammedan rule, and by felix, bishop of urgel, then under the frankish dominion. the origin of this hispanicus error, as it was called, is obscure. nestorianism had been a decidedly eastern heresy and we are surprised to find an offshoot of it in the most western part of the western church, and this so long after the parent heresy had found a grave in its native land. it is, however, noteworthy that adoptionism began in that part of spain where islamism dominated, and where a nestorian colony had for years found refuge. the combined influence of islamism and nestorianism had, no doubt, blunted the aged elipandus ' s catholic sense. then came a certain migetius, preaching a loose doctrine, and holding, among other errors, that the second person of the blessed trinity did not exist before the incarnation. the better to confute this error, elipandus drew a hard and fast line between jesus as god and jesus as man, the former being the natural, and the latter merely the adoptive son of god. the reassertion of nestorianism raised a storm of protest from catholics, headed by beatus, abbot of libana, and etherius, bishop of osma. it was to maintain his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5181464169515947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.550408"} {"text": "the latter merely the adoptive son of god. the reassertion of nestorianism raised a storm of protest from catholics, headed by beatus, abbot of libana, and etherius, bishop of osma. it was to maintain his position that elipandus deftly enlisted the co - operation of felix of urgel, known for his learning and versatile mind. felix entered the contest thoughtlessly. once in the heat of it, he proved a strong ally for elipandus, and even became the leader of the new movement called by contemporaries the haeresis feliciana. while elipandus put an indomitable will at the service of adoptionism, felix gave it the support of his science and also punic faith. from scripture he quoted innumerable texts. in the patristic literature and mozarabic liturgy he found such expressions as adoptio, homo adoptivus, ouios thetos, supposedly applied to the incarnation and jesus christ. nor did he neglect the aid of dialectics, remarking with subtilty that the epithet \" natural son of god \" could not be predicated of \" the man jesus \", who was begotten by temporal generation ; who was inferior to the father ; who was related not to the father especially, but to the whole trinity, the relation in questions remaining unaltered if the father or the holy ghost had been incarnate instead of the son. elipandus ' s obstinacy and felix ' s versatility were but the partial cause of the temporary success of adoptionism. if that offspring of nestorianism held sway in spain for wellnigh two decades and even made an inroad into southern france, the true cause is to be found in islamitic rule, which practically brought to naught the control of rome over the greater part of spain ; and in the over - conciliatory attitude of charlemagne, who, in spite of his whole - souled loyalty to the roman faith, could ill afford to alienate politically provinces so dearly bought. of the two heresiarchs, elipandus died in his error. felix, after many insincere recantations, was placed under the surveillance of leidrad of lyons and gave all the signs of a genuine conversion. his death would even have passed for a repentant ' s death if agobar, leidrad ' s successor, had not found among his papers a definite retraction of all former retractions. adoptionism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41396487777791274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.551308"} {"text": "of a genuine conversion. his death would even have passed for a repentant ' s death if agobar, leidrad ' s successor, had not found among his papers a definite retraction of all former retractions. adoptionism did not long outlive its authors. what charlemagne could not do by diplomacy and synods ( narbonne, 788 ; ratisbon, 792 ; frankfort, 794 ; aix - la - chapelle, 799 ) he accomplished by enlisting the services of missionaries like st. benedict of aniane, who reported as early as 800 the conversion of 20, 000 clerics and laymen ; and savants like alcuin, whose treatises \" adv. elipandum toletanum \" and \" contra felicem urgellensem \" will ever be a credit to christian learning. the official condemnation of adoptionism is to be found ( 1 ) in pope hadrian ' s two letters, one to the bishops of spain, 785, and the other to charlemagne, 794 ; ( 2 ) in the decrees of the council of frankfort ( 794 ), summoned by charlemagne, it is true, but \" in full apostolic power \" and presided over by the legate of rome, therefore a synodus universalis, according to an expression of contemporary chroniclers. in these documents the natural divine filiation of jesus even as man is strongly asserted, and his adoptive filiation, at least in so far as it excludes the natural, is rejected as heretical. some writers, mainly protestant, have tried to erase from adoptionism all stain of the nestorian heresy. these writers do not seem to have caught the meaning of the church ' s definition. since sonship is an attribute of the person and not of the nature, to posit two sons is to posit two persons in christ, the very error of nestorianism. alcuin exactly renders the mind of the church when he says, \" as the nestorian impiety divided christ into two persons because of the two natures, so your unlearned temerity divided him into two sons, one natural and one adoptive \" ( contra felicem, i, p. l. ci, col. 136 ). with regard to the arguments adduced by felix in support of his theory, it may be briefly remarked that ( 1 ) such scriptural texts as john, xiv, 28, had already been explained at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4826981709480393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.552433"} {"text": ". ci, col. 136 ). with regard to the arguments adduced by felix in support of his theory, it may be briefly remarked that ( 1 ) such scriptural texts as john, xiv, 28, had already been explained at the time of the arian controversy, and such others as rom., viii, 29, refer to our adoption, not to that of jesus, christ is nowhere in the bible called the adopted son of god ; nay more, holy scripture attributes to \" the man christ \" all the predicates which belong to the eternal son ( cf. john 1 : 18 ; 3 : 16 ; romans 8 : 32 ). ( 2 ) the expression adoptare, adoptio, used by some fathers, has for its object the sacred humanity, not the person of christ ; the human nature, not christ, is said to be adopted or assumed by the word. the concrete expression of the mozarabic missal, homo adoptatus, or of some greek fathers, ouios thetos, either does not apply to christ or is an instance of the not infrequent use in early days of the concrete for the abstract. ( 3 ) the dialectical arguments of felix cease to have a meaning the moment it is clearly understood that, as st. thomas says, \" filiation properly belongs to the person \". christ, son of god, by his eternal generation, remains son of god, even after the word has assumed and substantially united to himself the sacred humanity ; incarnation detracts no more from the eternal sonship than it does from the eternal personality of the word. ( see nestorianism. ) ( 2 ) new - adoptionism of abelard in the twelfth century the spanish heresy left few traces in the middle ages. it is doubtful whether the christological errors of abelard can be traced to it. they rather seem to be the logical consequence of a wrong construction put upon the hypostatical union. abelard began to question the truth of such expressions as \" christ is god \" ; \" christ is man \". back of what might seem a mere logomachy there is really, in abelard ' s mind, a fundamental error. he understood the hypostatical union as a fusion of two natures, the divine and the human. and lest that fusion become a confusion, he made the sacred humanity the external habit and adventitious instrument of the word only, and thus denied the substantial reality of \" the man christ \" - - \" christus ut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4810421607770433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.553553"} {"text": "the divine and the human. and lest that fusion become a confusion, he made the sacred humanity the external habit and adventitious instrument of the word only, and thus denied the substantial reality of \" the man christ \" - - \" christus ut homo non est aliquid sed dici potest alicuius modi. \" it is self - evident that in such a theory the man christ could not be called the true son of god. was he the adoptive son of god? personally, abelard repudiated all kinship with the adoptionists, just as they deprecated the very idea of their affiliation to the nestorian heresy. but after abelard ' s theory spread beyond france, into italy, germany and even the orient, the disciples were less cautious than the master. luitolph defended at rome the following proposition - - \" christ, as man, is the natural son of man and the adoptive son of god \" ; and folmar, in germany, carried this erroneous tenet to its extreme consequences, denying to christ as man the right to adoration. abelard ' s new - adoptionism was condemned, at least in its fundamental principles, by alexander iii, in a rescript dated 1177 : \" we forbid under pain of anathema that anyone in the future dare assert that christ as man is not a substantial reality ( non esse aliquid ) because as he is truly god, so he is verily man. \" the refutation of this new form of adoptionism, as it rests altogether on the interpretation of the hypostatical union, will be found in the treatment of that word. ( see hypostatic union. ) ( 3 ) qualified adoptionism of later theologians the formulas \" natural son of god \", \" adopted son of god \" were again subjected to a close analysis by such theologians as duns scotus ( 1300 ) ; durandus a s. portiano ( 1320 ) ; vasquez ( 1604 ) ; francisco suarez ( 1617 ). they all admitted the doctrine of frankfort, and confessed that jesus as man was the natural and not merely the adoptive son of god. but besides that natural sonship resting upon the hypostatical union, they thought there was room for a second filiation, resting on grace, the grace of union ( gratia unionis ). they did not agree, however, in qualifying that second filiation. some called it adoptive, because of its analogy with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.496066024239296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.555027"} {"text": "was room for a second filiation, resting on grace, the grace of union ( gratia unionis ). they did not agree, however, in qualifying that second filiation. some called it adoptive, because of its analogy with our supernatural adoption. others, fearing lest the implication of the word adoption might make jesus a stranger to, and alien from god, preferred to call it natural. none of these theories runs counter to a defined dogma ; yet, since sonship is an attribute of the person, there is danger of multiplying the persons by multiplying the filiations in christ. a second natural filiation is not intelligible. a second adoptive filiation does not sufficiently eschew the connotation of adoption as defined by the council of frankfort. \" we call adoptive him who is stranger to the adopter. \" the common mistake of these novel theories, a mistake already made by the old adoptionists and by abelard, lies in the supposition that the grace of union in christ, not being less fruitful than habitual grace in man, should have a similar effect, viz., filiation. less fruitful it is not, and yet it cannot have the same effect in him as in us, because to him it was said : \" thou art my son, today have i begotten thee \" ( hebrews 1 : 5 ) ; and to us, \" you were afar off \" ( ephesians 2 : 13 ). publication information written by j. f. sollier. transcribed by bob knippenberg. the catholic encyclopedia, volume i. published 1907. new york : robert appleton company. nihil obstat, march 1, 1907. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york this page - - - - is at this subject presentation was last updated on - - send an e - mail question or comment to us : e - mail the main believe web - page ( and the index to subjects ) is at : believe religious information source - by alphabet http : / / mb - soft. com / believe / indexaz. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.536054509265691, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.556454"} {"text": "rye bread consumption in early life and reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer cancer causes and control, 05 / 04 / 2012 torfadottir je et al. \u2013 the results suggest that rye bread consumption in adolescence may be associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer ( pca ), particularly advanced disease. methods - from 2002 to 2006, 2, 268 men, aged 67 \u2013 96years, reported their dietary habits in the ages - reykjavik cohort study. - dietary habits were assessed for early life, midlife, and current life using a validated food frequency questionnaire. - through linkage to cancer and mortality registers, the authors retrieved information on pca diagnosis and mortality through 2009. - they used regression models to estimate odds ratios ( ors ) and hazard ratios ( hrs ) for pca according to whole - grain consumption, adjusted for possible confounding factors including fish, fish liver oil, meat, and milk intake. - of the 2, 268 men, 347 had or were diagnosed with pca during follow - up, 63 with advanced disease ( stage 3 + or died of pca ). - daily rye bread consumption in adolescence ( vs. less than daily ) was associated with a decreased risk of pca diagnosis ( or = 0. 76, 95 % confidence interval ( ci ) : 0. 59 \u2013 0. 98 ) and of advanced pca ( or = 0. 47, 95 % ci : 0. 27 \u2013 0. 84 ). - high intake of oatmeal in adolescence ( \u22655 vs. \u22654 times / week ) was not significantly associated with risk of pca diagnosis ( or = 0. 99, 95 % ci : 0. 77 \u2013 1. 27 ) nor advanced pca ( or = 0. 67, 95 % ci : 0. 37 \u2013 1. 20 ). - midlife and late life consumption of rye bread, oatmeal, or whole - wheat bread was not associated with pca risk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4934438101068235, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.559760"} {"text": "jake is a 15 - year - old high school student who has been participating in the model demonstration project since 2003. since the beginning, jake ' s mother and home care providers have played a critical role in helping him realize success. when the project began in 2003, jake had no formal means of communication, and his school program focused largely on developing functional skills. our efforts began with identifying a means of communication and a tool for writing. late spring 2004 we began exploring light - tech communication systems. our first efforts involved a 4 - location flip chart. in this video, you see jake using a combination of partner assisted scanning and eye - pointing to make choices. this is the first time jake and his mom have tried this system. success on day 1! watching jake use the 4 - location flip chart with eye - pointing helped us evaluate his vision and his understanding of symbols. it became clear to us that he was able to visually distinguish between symbols in the mayer johnson boardmaker sign language symbol library. while we continued to explore light - tech solutions, we started exploring switch access. jake had years of trials with single switches without much success. efforts with 2 - switch step scanning proved much more successful for him. he uses his arm to move the highlighter from one item to the next and his knee to select desired options. in this video, jake is having fun interacting with the members of his family... including the dogs. by the fall of 2004, it was quite evident that 2 - switch step scanning was going to provide jake with an important way to interact with technology and to control partner - assisted scanning interactions. based upon our understanding of jake ' s vision and his use of 2 - switch scanning we tried a number of computer - based options for accessing the alphabet and writing. in the end, a light - tech solution provided the best supports for jake in his early efforts to write. late winter 2005 the best way for jake to access the alphabet turned out to be a light - tech flip chart. using this alternative pencil, jake could indicate which letters his partner should write for him. jake used his arm to access the mover switch which lit a green light indicating that his partner should move to the next letter. when his partner pointed to a desired letter, jake used his knee to access the picker switch which lit a red light indicated that his partner should write that letter for him. throughout the year, jake engaged in self - selected writing using the alphabet flip chart at home. he selected the topics for his writing and wrote in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5584164631429657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.568977"} {"text": "the picker switch which lit a red light indicated that his partner should write that letter for him. throughout the year, jake engaged in self - selected writing using the alphabet flip chart at home. he selected the topics for his writing and wrote in a journal or wrote notes to family and friends. the flip chart displays the letters of the alphabet in groups of 4 or 6 and offers simple editing commands such as, space, new word, and delete. in all of the following writing samples, facilitators always began the writing activity by supporting jake in selecting a writing topic. choices were presented to jake via photographs, signs, and his remnant book. the remnant book was frequently his favorite as it documented the events of his life, big and small. remnant books are typically used to set a topic for communication ( beukelman & miranda, 2005 ), and are developed by collecting items from the activities and events jake experiences each day. for example, jake \u2019 s remnant book includes ticket stubs from a movie he saw with his brother, a plastic bag with a dead bug he found, a picture cut from the box of a game, and so on. jake selected a topic from the book by directing the facilitator to \u201c go to the next page \u201d using the switch by his arm and stop on the desired topic using the switch by his leg to say, \u201c that \u2019 s the one i want. \u201d home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : going to the movies home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : the bug that ruled mom ' s kitchen working with jake to help him select a topic is an important part of the writing process for him. beyond making it clear that we write for a purpose, setting a topic provides us with important information that supports our efforts to interpret his writing efforts. since jake cannot tell us what he has written, knowledge of the topic helps us carefully consider the letters jake selects and the words he attempts to spell. when we know the topic, we are able to attribute meaning to his writing attempts much more successfully. jake \u2019 s early writing samples reflect his exploration of working with the full alphabet and using the alternative pencil, the alphabet flip chart. while his initial attempts appear random, consistent and meaningful opportunities to write, lead to change over time. over time, jake \u2019 s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5349457082264416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.570310"} {"text": "over time, jake \u2019 s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g, for gretchen. since gretchen \u2019 s name sign is the finger spelling version of a g moved from left to right across the forehead, it isn \u2019 t surprising the jake would know this initial letter. in other samples, we see more evidence of first letter knowledge. while we can \u2019 t know with certainty that jake intended to write the words we believe he was writing, he does eagerly confirm our inquiries one some occasions and tell us no on others. for example, in this entry jake wrote about a new friend named molly. when asked, he confirmed that he was attempting to write his own name, jk, and molly \u2019 s name, m. home journal entry : august, 2005 topic : going to greensboro on another occasion, he wrote about working with a psychologist, dr. m. when asked, he confirmed that he was writing about himself, j, the doctor, m, and working very hard, www. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : going to the doctor ' s with time, jake continued to show evidence of more deliberate efforts to select particular letters in his writing. in this sample, he chose to write about his mother who was away for two weeks. this was a very important topic for jake as he has never been separated from his mom long periods of time. again, he confirmed his attempts to write his name more than once \u201c jkkk, \u201d and \u201c jjjjk. \u201d he also confirmed that he was writing about his mom, mmmmuuuu. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : mom being gone for 2 weeks within a few months of beginning to represent multiple words using initial letters, jake begins to insert spaces in his writing. he also begins to include words that are spelled correctly, dad. over time, jake \u2019 s writing offers useful, concrete evidence of his developing understandings of print. for students who are unable to use gestures ( pointing to individual words on the page ), words ( labeling letters and words ), and other behaviors to communicate their understandings of print, writing is essential. the alphabet flip chart provided jake with an alternative pencil that made writing every day a possibility. home journal entry : december, 2005 topic : my new remote control dinosaur ac dad jk kk m m r r rs u u uwz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5166177654602316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.571702"} {"text": "monday, march 18 ( healthday news ) - - drinking low - fat or skim milk does not prevent toddlers from gaining excess weight and is actually associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children, a new study finds. the findings challenge a recommendation from the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) and the american heart association ( aha ) that all children drink low - fat or skimmed milk after age 2 to reduce their saturated fat intake and avoid excess weight gain. one expert not connected to the study said it brings up interesting questions. \" for many years the message to parents has been simple : after about 2 years of age it is recommended to change your child ' s milk consumption to low - fat or skim milk, \" said marlo mittler, a registered dietitian at cohen children ' s medical center of new york in new hyde park. \" this latest study says we need to think this through. \" in the study, researchers gathered data about the milk consumption of 11, 000 american children when they were 2 and 4 years old. they were also weighed at both ages. the number of children who were overweight / obese was 30 percent at age 2 and 32 percent at age 4. overweight / obese children were more likely to drink skimmed / semi - skimmed milk at age 2 ( 14 percent ) and age 4 ( 16 percent ) than normal weight children ( 9 percent at age 2 and 13 percent at age 4 ). the average weight of children who drank 2 percent / full - fat milk was also lower than that of children who drank skimmed / semi - skimmed milk, even after the researchers accounted for other factors, according to the study published online march 18 in the journal archives of disease in childhood. when they analyzed weight gain trends over time, the researchers found no overall differences between children who drank skimmed / semi - skimmed milk and those who drank 2 percent / full - fat milk. however, children who regularly drank skimmed / semi - skimmed milk and were not overweight / obese at age 2 were 57 percent more likely to become so by age 4, the investigators noted. logic would suggest that giving children low - fat milk would help protect them from putting on excess pounds, but the reality is more complex, explained the research team led by mark daniel deboer, an associate professor in the pediatric endocrinology division at the university of virginia school of medicine. they suggested that milk fat may increase the feeling of fullness and reduce a child ' s appetite for other fatty or calorie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42094897416481014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.577060"} {"text": "deboer, an associate professor in the pediatric endocrinology division at the university of virginia school of medicine. they suggested that milk fat may increase the feeling of fullness and reduce a child ' s appetite for other fatty or calorie - dense foods. mittler agreed that the theory might have merit. \" many questions come up about how much [ the children ] drink as well as the amount of consumption in general, \" she said. \" so while the aap and aha can stand behind their recommendation, more needs to be considered when thinking of your child ' s overall diet, \" mittler said. \" changing to skimmed or low - fat milk may not be the only answer to avoiding obesity. \" according to the study authors, rather than giving children low - fat milk, parents might be better off using proven weight control measures, such as increasing children ' s physical activity levels and consumption of fruits and vegetables, restricting their intake of sugary drinks, and limiting the amount of time they spend in front of the television and computer, the researchers suggested in a journal news release. but one other expert stands by the aap / aha recommendations to give kids low - fat or skimmed milk after age 2. \" the children in the study would have had a greater percentage of obesity if they had been on whole milk, \" said dr. peter richel, chief of pediatrics at northern westchester hospital in mt. kisco, n. y. \" the degree of obesity cited in the study is probably due to our western cultural habits of unnecessarily larger portions and sugar consumption, \" he believes. \" the children of america have far too much juice and soda, which are loaded with excess calories. \" although the study found an association between consumption of skimmed / semi - skimmed milk and extra weight in preschool children, it could not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. the nemours foundation has more about your child ' s weight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3969807362074506, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.578707"} {"text": "maintaining weight loss benefits of maintaining weight loss : while losing weight is difficult for many people, it is even more challenging to keep weight off. most individuals who lose a large amount of weight regain it two to three years later. one theory about regaining lost weight is that people who decrease their caloric intake to lose weight experience a drop in their metabolic rate, making it increasingly difficult to lose weight over a period of months. a lower metabolic rate may also make it easier to regain weight after a more normal diet is resumed. for these reasons, extremely low calorie diets and rapid weight loss are discouraged. losing no more than one to two pounds per week is recommended. incorporating long - term lifestyle changes will increase the chance of successful long - term weight loss. weight loss to a healthy weight for a person ' s height can promote health benefits such as lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels, lower blood pressure, less stress on bones and joints, and less work for the heart. thus, it is vital to maintain weight loss to obtain health benefits over a lifetime. keeping extra weight off requires effort and commitment, just as losing weight does. weight loss goals are reached by changes in diet, eating habits, exercise, and, in extreme circumstances, surgery. weight loss maintenance strategies : the strategies that encourage weight loss also play an important role in maintenance : support systems used effectively during weight loss can contribute to weight maintenance. a study conducted by the national weight control registry found people who lost weight and continued bi - monthly support group meetings for one year maintained their full weight loss. study participants who did not attend support group meetings regained almost half of the weight. physical activity plays a vital role in maintaining weight loss. studies show that even exercise that is not rigorous, such as walking and using stairs, has a positive effect. activity that uses 1, 500 to 2, 000 calories per week is recommended for maintaining weight loss. diet and exercise are vital strategies for losing and maintaining weight. a study by the national weight control registry found that nearly all of 784 study participants who had lost at least 30 pounds, and had maintained that loss for one year or longer, used diet and exercise to not only lose the weight, but also to maintain the weight loss. once the desired weight has been reached, the gradual addition of about 200 calories of healthy, low - fat food to daily intake may be attempted for one week to see if weight loss continues. if weight loss does continue, additional calories of healthy foods may be added to the daily diet until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47995661750447366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.586019"} {"text": "gradual addition of about 200 calories of healthy, low - fat food to daily intake may be attempted for one week to see if weight loss continues. if weight loss does continue, additional calories of healthy foods may be added to the daily diet until the right balance of calories to maintain the desired weight has been determined. it may take some time and record keeping to determine how adjusting food intake and exercise levels affect weight. continuing to use behavioral strategies can help maintain weight. be aware of eating as a response to stress and use exercise, activity, or meditation to cope instead of eating. a return to old habits does not mean failure. paying renewed attention to dietary choices and exercise can help sustain behaviors that maintain weight loss. identifying situations such as negative moods and interpersonal difficulties and incorporating alternative methods of coping with such situations rather than eating can prevent relapses to old habits. weight cycling is losing and regaining weight multiple times. some studies suggest that weight cycling, also called \" yo - yo dieting, \" may result in some health risks such as high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, and high cholesterol. however, these studies are not conclusive. the best strategy is to avoid weight cycling and to maintain healthy weight through activity and healthy eating. one myth about weight cycling is that a person who loses and regains weight will have more difficulty losing weight again and maintaining it compared to a person who has not gone through a weight - loss cycle. most studies show that weight cycling does not affect the rate at which the body burns fuel and a previous weight cycle does not influence the ability to lose weight again. in addition, weight cycling does not increase the amount of fat tissue or increase fat distribution around the stomach. always consult your physician for more information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4730086364725851, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.586869"} {"text": "in 1980, congress began passing provisions that made medicare a secondary payer to certain primary plans in particular situations. for example, medicare is the secondary payer to coverage provided by group health plans ( ghps ) if a beneficiary is employed at a company with 20 or more employees, or if a beneficiary \u2019 s spouse ( of any age ) is enrolled in a ghp through an employer. employees may reject coverage through a ghp, so medicare will become the primary payer, but employers will not be able to offer secondary coverage for services covered by medicare. there are exceptions, however. for example, medicare is the secondary payer for up to 30 months for people with end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) who are covered by a ghp. the period begins when the employee becomes eligible for medicare. medicare is also secondary insurance for people under 65 years old who are living with a disability and covered by a large group health plan ( lghp ) ( 100 employees or more ), or who have a family member covered by such a plan. medicare is secondary to workers \u2019 compensation ( wc ) plans, liability insurance and all forms of no - fault insurance, although it will make a conditional payment if one of the aforementioned plans will not pay or will not pay promptly. medicare will also make conditional payments for claims denied by an employee \u2019 s ghp or lghp, or if a beneficiary fails to file a proper claim due to mental or physical incapacity. medicare will not make conditional payments if a claim is denied for one of the following reasons : \u2022 ghp is alleged to be secondary to medicare ; \u2022 ghp limits payment because a beneficiary is entitled to medicare ; \u2022 ghp covers services for younger employees and spouses but not those over 65 ; \u2022 or the beneficiary fails to files a claim for any reason other than mental or physical incapacity. in general, if a beneficiary has more than one primary private insurer, the costs are coordinated between the insurers. for example, if one plan is based on retirement, then medicare is the primary payer ; if the other plan is based on employment, then medicare is the secondary payer. in this the case, the order of payment would be : ghp, medicare, retirement plan. what is the single - payer system? what are bundled payments? what is the premium support option, and how is it different from current medicare?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4487311694867469, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.591638"} {"text": "dr. nabili received his undergraduate degree from the university of california, san diego ( ucsd ), majoring in chemistry and biochemistry. he then completed his graduate degree at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ). his graduate training included a specialized fellowship in public health where his research focused on environmental health and health - care delivery and management. jay w. marks, md, is a board - certified internist and gastroenterologist. he graduated from yale university school of medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at ucla / cedars - sinai medical center in los angeles. sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a reduction or pause of breathing ( airflow ) it is common among adults but rare among children. although a diagnosis of sleep apnea often will be suspected on the basis of a person ' s medical history, there are several tests that can be used to confirm the diagnosis. the treatment of sleep apnea can be either surgical or nonsurgical. an apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops or is markedly reduced. in simplified terms, an apnea occurs when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more. if a person stops breathing completely or take less than 25 % of a normal breath for a period that lasts 10 seconds or more, this is an apnea. this definition includes complete stoppage of airflow. other definitions of apnea that may be used include at least a 4 % drop in oxygen in the blood, a direct result of the reduction in the transfer of oxygen into the blood when breathing stops. apneas usually occur during sleep. when an apnea occurs, sleep usually is disrupted due to inadequate breathing and poor oxygen levels in the blood. sometimes this means the person wakes up completely, but sometimes this can mean the person comes out of a deep level of sleep and into a more shallow level of sleep. apneas are usually measured during sleep ( preferably in all stages of sleep ) over a 2 - hour period. an estimate of the severity of apnea is calculated by dividing the number of apneas by the number of hours of sleep, giving an apnea index ( ai in apneas per hour ) ; the greater the ai, the more severe the apnea. a hypopnea is a decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5733448768930648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.597253"} {"text": "decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a 4 % or greater drop in oxygen in the blood. like apneas, hypopneas usually disrupt the level of sleep. a hypopnea index ( hi ) can be calculated by dividing the number of hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. the apnea - hypopnea index ( ahi ) is an index of severity that combines apneas and hypopneas. combining them gives an overall severity of sleep apnea including sleep disruptions and desaturations ( a low level of oxygen in the blood ). the apnea - hypopnea index, like the apnea index and hypopnea index, is calculated by dividing the number of apneas and hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. another index that is used to measure sleep apnea is the respiratory disturbance index ( rdi ). the respiratory disturbance index is similar to the apnea - hypopnea index ; however, it also includes respiratory events that do not technically meet the definitions of apneas or hypopneas, but do disrupt sleep. sleep apnea is formally defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least 15 episodes / hour in a patient if he or she does not have medical problems that are believed to be caused by the sleep apnea. this is the equivalent of approximately one episode of apnea or hypopnea every 4 minutes. high blood pressure, stroke, daytime sleepiness, congestive heart failure ( low flow of blood to the heart ), insomnia, and mood disorders can be caused or worsened by sleep apnea. in the presence of these conditions, sleep apnea is defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least five episodes / hour. this definition is stricter because these individuals may be already experiencing the negative medical effects of sleep apnea, and it may be important to begin treatment at a lower apnea - hypopnea index.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5195956233349279, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.598116"} {"text": "primary idiopathic seborrhea is a skin disease seen in dogs and rarely in cats. it is characterized by a defect in keratinization or cornification that results in increased scale formation, occasionally excessive greasiness of the skin and hair coat, and often secondary inflammation and infection. secondary seborrhea, in which a primary underlying disease causes similar clinical signs, is more common than primary seborrhea. seborrhea in horses is usually secondary to either pemphigus foliaceus or equine sarcoidosis ( chronic granulomatous disease ). etiology, clinical findings, and diagnosis primary seborrhea is an inherited skin disorder characterized by faulty keratinization or cornification of the epidermis, hair follicle epithelium, or claws. it is seen more frequently in american cocker spaniels, english springer spaniels, basset hounds, west highland white terriers, dachshunds, labrador and golden retrievers, and german shepherds. there is usually a familial history of seborrhea, suggesting genetic factors. the disease begins at a young age ( usually < 18 \u2013 24 mo ) and typically progresses throughout the animal ' s life. a diagnosis of generalized primary idiopathic seborrhea should be reserved for cases in which all possible underlying causes have been excluded. most seborrheic animals have secondary seborrhea, in which a primary underlying disease predisposes to excessive scaling, crusting, or oiliness, often accompanied by superficial pyoderma, malassezia ( yeast ) infection, and alopecia. the most common underlying causes are endocrinopathies and allergies. the goal is to identify and treat any underlying cause of the seborrhea. palliative therapies that do not compromise the diagnostic evaluation should be instituted concurrently to provide as much immediate relief as possible. underlying diseases may present with seborrhea as the primary clinical problem. the signalment ( age, breed, sex ) and history may provide clues in diagnosing the underlying cause. environmental allergies ( atopic dermatitis ) are more likely to be the underlying cause if age at onset is < 5 yr, whereas an endocrinopathy or neoplasia ( especially cutaneous lymphoma ) is more likely if the seborrhea begins in middle - aged or older animals. the degree of pruritus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4407809208195953, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.614901"} {"text": "onset is < 5 yr, whereas an endocrinopathy or neoplasia ( especially cutaneous lymphoma ) is more likely if the seborrhea begins in middle - aged or older animals. the degree of pruritus should also be noted. if pruritus is minimal, endocrinopathies, other internal diseases, or certain diseases limited to the skin ( eg, demodicosis or sebaceous adenitis ) should be excluded. if pruritus is significant, allergies and pruritic ectoparasitic diseases ( eg, scabies, fleas ) should be considered. the presence of pruritus does not exclude nonpruritic disease as the underlying cause, because the presence of a pyoderma, malassezia infection, or inflammation from the excess scale can cause significant pruritus. however, a lack of pruritus helps to exclude allergies, scabies, and other pruritic diseases as the underlying cause. other important considerations include the presence of polyuria, polydipsia, or polyphagia ; heat - seeking behavior ; abnormal estrous cycles ; occurrence of pyoderma ; the influence of seasonality ; diet ; response to previous medications ( including corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines, or topical treatments ) ; zoonosis or contagion ; and the environment. the duration and severity of disease as well as level of owner frustration are important factors in determining the aggressiveness of the diagnostic plan. a thorough physical examination, including internal organ systems and a comprehensive dermatologic examination, is the first step in identifying the underlying cause. the dermatologic examination should document the type and distribution of the lesions ; the presence of alopecia ; and the degree of odor, scale, oiliness, and texture of the skin and hair coat. the presence of follicular papules, pustules, crusts, and epidermal collarettes usually indicates the existence of a superficial pyoderma. hyperpigmentation indicates a chronic skin irritation ( such as pruritus, infection, or inflammation ), and lichenification indicates chronic pruritus. yeast ( malassezia spp ) infection should always be considered when evaluating a seborrheic animal. secondary infection plays a significant role in most cases of seborrhea. the sebum and keratinization abnormalities that are common in sebor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44283928423608765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.615925"} {"text": "be appropriate. examples of such antibiotics are amoxicillin - clavulanate 13. 75 mg / kg bid, cephalexin 20 \u2013 30 mg / kg bid - tid, cefpodoxime 5 - 10 mg / kg / day, lincomycin 20 mg / kg bid, ciprofloxacin 30 mg / kg / day, enrofloxacin 5 - 10 mg / kg / day, marbofloxacin 3 - 6 mg / kg / day, azithromycin 10 mg / kg / day, 4 days / wk, doxycycline 5 mg / kg bid, trimethoprim - sulfa 30 mg / kg bid, clindamycin 11 mg / kg bid, chloramphenicol 50 mg / kg tid ( dogs ) ; 12. 5 - 20 mg / kg bid ( cats ). because most staphylococcal infections in seborrhea cases are superficial pyodermas, they should be treated for a minimum of 4 wk. with the increase in methicillin - resistant s pseudintermedius, s aureus, and s schleiferi, it is now strongly recommended to perform a bacterial culture of any animal with pyoderma that does not begin to respond to an antibiotic after 3 \u2013 4 wk. epidermal collarettes may be cultured using a dry sterile culturette rolled across the collarettes. while methicillin - resistant s pseudintermedius infections are more difficult to treat, they are not more virulent or visually striking than those due to methicillin - susceptible s pseudintermedius. previous ( ie, within the past year ) hospitalization, surgery, or previous antibiotic treatment are all possible risk factors for development of methicillin - resistant s pseudintermedius infections. malassezia may be treated systemically with an azole such as ketoconazole or fluconazole ( 5 mg / kg / day, for 4 wk ). in addition to addressing any secondary infections, antipruritic therapy and shampoo therapy are usually needed to help control the seborrhea and speed the return of the skin to a normal state. shampoo therapy can decrease the number of bacteria and yeast on the skin surface, the amount of scale and sebum present, and the level of pruritus ; it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42531023112137556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.617953"} {"text": "##s ), normalize keratinization, solubilize fats, and decrease sebaceous secretions. these actions also result in potent antibacterial activity. in the past, dogs with moderate to severe scaling and moderate oiliness were often treated with tar - containing shampoos. however, because tar shampoos usually have an unpleasant odor and can be irritating, along with poor owner compliance, they usually are no longer recommended. in animals with severe oiliness and minimal scaling, profound odor, erythema, inflammation, and a secondary generalized pyoderma or malassezia dermatitis are often present. shampoos that contain benzoyl peroxide provide strong degreasing actions along with potent antibacterial and follicular flushing activities. because benzoyl peroxide shampoos are such strong degreasing agents, they can be irritating and drying. other antibacterial shampoos are better suited in animals that have superficial pyoderma without significant oiliness. these shampoos usually contain 2 % \u2013 4 % chlorhexidine ( often in assoication with tris - edta ) or ethyl lactate. the follicular flushing action of benzoyl peroxide makes it helpful for animals with numerous comedones or with demodicosis. benzoyl peroxide gels ( 5 % ) are good choices when antibacterial, degreasing, or follicular flushing actions are desired for focal areas, such as in localized demodicosis, canine acne, or schnauzer comedone syndrome. however, these gels also may be irritating. last full review / revision may 2013 by stephen d. white, dvm, dacvd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.443633993410691, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.620704"} {"text": "eye redness is due to swollen or dilated blood vessels, which cause the surface of the eye to look red, or bloodshot. bloodshot eyes ; red eyes ; scleral infection ; conjunctival infection there are many possible causes of a red eye or eyes. some are cause for concern ; some are medical emergencies. others are nothing to worry about. how red the eye appears is often less of a concern than whether you also have eye pain or difficulty seeing. bloodshot eyes appear red because the vessels in the surface of the white portion of the eye ( sclera ) become swollen. this may result from dry air, too much sun, dust, something in the eye, allergies, infection, or injury. one common cause of a red eye is straining or coughing. this can lead to a bright red, dense bloody area on the white part of the eye. this is called a subconjunctival hemorrhage. although this bloody area may appear alarming, it is a fairly common occurrence and of little significance. if you notice a bloody spot in one eye that doesn ' t hurt, but just looks bad, don ' t worry. it should clear up on its own within a week or two. eye infections or inflammation can occur, causinge redness as well as possible itching, discharge, pain, or vision problems : blepharitis - - swelling of the eyelash along the edge of the eyelid. conjunctivitis - - swelling or infection of the tissue that lines the eyelids and coats the surface of the eye ( the conjunctiva ). this is often referred to as \" pink eye. \" corneal ulcers - - ulcers on the outer covering of the eye, usually because of a bacterial or viral infection. uveitis - - swelling of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. this is often related to an autoimmune disorder, infection, or exposure to toxins. often, only the iris is inflamed, which is called iritis. other potential causes include : cold or allergies. acute glaucoma - - a sudden increase in eye pressure that is extremely painful and causes serious visual disturbances. this is a medical emergency. most times, glaucoma is chronic and gradual. corneal scratches caused by sand, dust, or overuse of contacts. for fatigue or eyestrain, try to rest your eyes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4698904126570569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.625618"} {"text": "causes serious visual disturbances. this is a medical emergency. most times, glaucoma is chronic and gradual. corneal scratches caused by sand, dust, or overuse of contacts. for fatigue or eyestrain, try to rest your eyes. no treatment is necessary. if you have eye pain or a vision problem, call your doctor or nurse. call your health care provider if go to the hospital or call your local emergency number ( such as 911 ) if : your eye is red after a penetrating injury. you have a headache along with blurred vision or confusion. you take blood thinning medication, like warfarin. you may have an object in your eye. you are very sensitive to light. you have a yellow or greenish discharge from one or both eyes. what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your doctor will perform a physical exam, including an eye exam, and ask questions about your medical history. questions may include : are both of your eyes affected? if only one eye, which one? what part of the eye is affected - - the white part, or elsewhere? did the redness come on suddenly? have you ever had eye redness before? do you have eye pain? does it get worse after movement of the eyes? do you have other symptoms like eye discharge, burning, or itching? nausea or vomiting? a headache? the eyes may need to be washed out with normal saline solution, and any foreign bodies will need to be removed. eye drops may be prescribed. wright jl, wightman jm. red and painful eye. in : marx ja, ed. rosen \u2019 s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 32. rubenstein jb, virasch v. conjunctivitis : infectious and noninfectious. in : yanoff m, duker js, eds. ophthalmology. 3rd ed. st. louis, mo : mosby elsevier ; 2008 : chap 4. 6. yanoff m, cameron d. diseases of the visual system. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 431. linda j. vorvick, md, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, medex northwest division of physician assistant studies, department of family medicine, uw medicine, school of medicine, university of washington. also reviewed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4891104479387871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.626544"} {"text": "by using ultraminimalist electrical configurations, you can lighten your housing arrangements and make them more portable too. ultraminimalist lighting is straightforward. the most efficient way of lighting a house is to use lamps with compact fluorescent bulbs inside. for example, a 27w compact fluorescent is equivalent to a 100w incandescent bulb. use led lights for task lighting and spot lighting. these would ideally running on 12v dc if you are generating your own power, otherwise 120v ac works of course. run stereos, televisions, dvd players on dc if possible. charge phones, batteries from dc. run laptops instead of desktops. irons, vacuums and power tools are fine because, although they are energy intensive, they are only used for a short time. hence a sufficiently large inverter will run them ( for example 3000w ). use cordless, rechargeable tools where possible. using electricity for heating is not efficient. the most efficient ways to heat a house : arrange your house so that the sun heats something solid : for example walls or floors, that will later radiate the heat, or store the heat from the sun in water \u2014 lots of water if possible. for example, you could use evacuated glass tubes and radiant flooring, or something in that vein. supplement solar heating with a renewable heating source : wood or vegetable oil for example.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5628836135510615, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.629115"} {"text": "any device ( whether in written, mechanical, electronic, or other form ) that can be used by a worker to facilitate the performance of a job or task. a guide for performers, which eliminates the need to recall the steps of a task by memory alone a guide used to eliminate or minimize requirements to memorize information when performing critical tasks a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that is external to the individual and that supports work and activity by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance a tool to guide job performance in real time a procedural guide that helps a person perform a task. a repository for information, processes, or perspectives that support work and activities by directing, guiding, and enlightening performance. job aids are often printed or visual summaries of key points or steps essential to the performance of a task. a device designed for use on the job and providing guidance on the performance of a specific task or skill. may be printed or on - line. used in situations where it is not feasible or worthwhile to commit the procedure to memory before on - the - job - activity. often these are paper - based and posted on the wall in plain sight or in a small reference notebook. they can also be, decals, manuals, cards, etc. a tool which can exist in paper form or on the computer which provides on - the - job instruction for a specific task.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5328204043959155, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.631366"} {"text": "watch a video to find out. stay logged in go to navigation go to content go to search search the collections please enable flash to view this media. download the flash player. abraham and david roentgen were renowned german cabinetmakers whose workshop was famed throughout europe for its exquisite marquetry work and complex mechanical devices. proportioned for a stately public room or library, this musical clock is likely to have been the first roentgen object to reach the united states, belonging to gouverneur morris, one of the nation \u2019 s founding fathers. not only does it tell time, but it also displays the interior works, which are hidden in most clocks. this clock, from the nemours foundation, is featured in the exhibition extravagant inventions : the princely furniture of the roentgens ( on view october 30, 2012 \u2013 january 27, 2013 ). david roentgen : long - case clock the roentgens ' berlin secretary cabinet ( 00 : 02 : 20 ) 11524 views rolltop desk by david roentgen : demonstration ( 00 : 02 : 17 ) 18103 views rolltop desk by david roentgen : animation ( 00 : 01 : 00 ) 3147 views dinner fork ( one of twelve ) browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events. this artwork is not on display marking : it monogram in shaped punch ( maker ' s mark ) ; x in square ( date letter for 1727 - 28 ) ; e p in shaped punch ( mark of assay master edward penman ) ; another ; partial strike ( three - towered castle edinburgh town mark ) location of marks : - on underside of body inside foot ring. major ian shaw of tordarroch, m. b. a. ( until 1983 ; sale, christie ' s and edminston ' s, glasgow, march 29, 1983, no. 83 ) \u00a9 2000 \u2013 2013 the metropolitan museum of art. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4779745649367746, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.633194"} {"text": "the simplest things sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. and the smallest changes can have the greatest impact. i believe it is possible to dramatically improve our approach to training and education with just a few simple changes. changes simple enough that teachers can begin applying them the day they learn them. to understand the solution, we must first recognize the problem. the problem is that we leak. that ' s right, leak. we leak information. we very rapidly forget new facts to which we are exposed. if you want to revolutionize training and education, you must fully understand this inherent human weakness. we need to be exposed to information again and again, perhaps even hundreds of times, before we can successfully retain and recall it. this is reality folks. don ' t ignore it. deal with it. so how do we deal with this without genetically altering humans? here are the simple steps : 1. clearly identify the facts you want a student to learn. 2. provide a method to reinforce those facts over time ( over multiple sleep cycles ). folks, that is it. it is so amazingly simple that it boggles the mind. have you seen how we actually teach and train our students? we do not do these two things well at all! clearly identify the facts most classes do not clearly identify the specific set of facts to learn. instead, they take the \u201c guess what i think is important \u201d approach. in this approach, a professor or lecturer stands at the front of the room and drones on and on for hours and hours, over days and days. eventually, a test is presented to the students. the students are not told exactly what is going to be on the test. instead, the students get to guess what the instructor thinks is important. if you guessed right, you get an a. as a result, the computer can ensure every single student masters every single fact, and it does this so quickly that to most students, it does not even feel like studying. if you guessed wrong, you fail. in either case, it is highly unlikely that you will remember more than one or two of the facts within thirty days of the exam. this failure is clearly demonstrated in the game show are you smarter than a 5th grader. we don ' t remember what we learned in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5363751622228765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.660635"} {"text": "in elementary school. why? because we leak! it is really simple folks, if the facts are not systematically reinforced, they are most assuredly forgotten. to fix the problem, clearly identify every fact the student should remember for the long - term. next, give the students all of these facts in advance. yes, all of them. if they should know 1000 things give them all 1000. help them master all 1000. test them on all 1000. i know, this is extra work for the educators. they actually need to clearly identify what the students should master. we don ' t do this today because we think it would take too much time and energy for students to remember all of these facts. the truth is, with the proper reinforcement system in place, it will take less than five minutes a day. reinforce the facts to retain and successfully recall facts, they need to be reinforced over multiple sleep cycles. some facts are learned quickly. they may only need to be reinforced a few times. other facts, for whatever reason, are learned slowly. they may need to be reinforced several hundred times. the problem is, these facts are never the same for two different people. everyone needs to be reinforcing different facts on entirely different schedules. admittedly, this is almost impossible to do in a lecture. however, for a computerized tutor, it is remarkably simple. a computer can be used to build a mind map for each individual student, learning exactly what facts the student knows and doesn ' t know. the computer can remember every time a student was exposed to a fact, on what date and at what time. the computer can remember each individual student ' s success in recalling and retaining each and every fact. finally, the computer can provide a customized reinforcement plan individualized for every single student. this is not a theory folks, it is a fact. for the last two years at procuit we have been doing applied research on precisely this method of training. others have been doing it even longer. it really works. however, don ' t take our word for it, test it on yourself. pick something you would like to learn and implement a system of spaced repetition and reinforcement over extended periods of time. you learn more. faster. with less effort. sometimes the simplest things are, in fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5260284269536447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.662926"} {"text": "fact, the most profound. identify the facts you want your students to learn, all of them, and provide a customized method to reinforce them. you ' ll be amazed at how smart they become. let the knowledge revolution begin. tip of the day : my research system is available to use free of charge at studytag. com. try learning all of the u. s. states and capitals, or author your own course, you can learn almost anything in five minutes a day. my company is procuit inc. visit us, if you are interested in learning more. training budgets waste or total waste? if michigan is interested in learning how to truly compete on a global scale, then we have to get dramatically smarter, about getting smarter. why is it that whenever the auto industry has a down - turn the first budget slashed is training? one week we want everyone to attend all of these important training seminars and the next week almost all of it is canceled. why? i have my own theory as to why training budgets are cut in this way. i propose this theory in the manner of a confession. you see, for most of the past 20 years i ' ve been involved in some form of professional training. i have seen first hand what companies intuitively know, which is that a great deal of the money, time, and energy spent in professional training total is a total waste. there, i said it, i feel better already. unfortunately, this also applies to most on - line training courses. the big difference between on - line training and live training in terms of results is simply that you waste less money with on - line training because you spend less for the course. not a big win. here is a simple test to see how effective your training has been. list, from memory, five facts you learned at your last all - day training course. thirty days after you take that on - line computer training lesson, do you remember even two things you learned? i doubt it. research dating back to ebbinghaus in 1885 shows us why. the reality is, we are great at forgetting. perhaps it is time we start applying this research? or, here ' s an idea, perhaps we can apply some of the additional research done in human cognition and memory that has been performed since 1885. we do have an additional 122 years of research we could be using. have you ever read any of it? when i look at most professional training it is certainly clear that your trainers haven ' t! remarkably, whether teaching in schools or training", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5199492880579256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.664141"} {"text": "1885. we do have an additional 122 years of research we could be using. have you ever read any of it? when i look at most professional training it is certainly clear that your trainers haven ' t! remarkably, whether teaching in schools or training in business, for the the most part, we ignore 122 years of research. we use old and wasteful training methods. hey detroit! interested in learning how to slash your training budgets while achieving dramatically better training results? want to ensure your employees actually gain and retain the skills and knowledge required to compete in the 21st century? here is a hint. stop putting your stupid powerpoint presentations on - line into stupid computer based training systems. please stop doing that, it just makes me sick. in case you didn ' t notice, most people are bored to death by powerpoint presentations. why do you think putting them on the internet will suddenly make them more interesting? there is a dramatically better way to provide training and education. information worth learning should be properly reinforced so that it is retained and recalled long - term. here is a thought, if you do training right, you should actually remember what you have learned. oh, and an additional benefit of doing training right - if you change your tools and approach, most training sessions should not cost more than $ 10. think charles shaw training : if you are paying more than $ 10 a bottle of training, you are paying too much. if your vendors are charging you more than that, get new vendors, or demand that they implement a better system, a system based on 122 years of research. if michigan is going to be competitive in the 21st century we are going to have to have some of the most effective training and education programs on the planet. we can do this. first we have to be willing to admit that what we are currently doing is not good enough. next, we have to change. the tools are ready. the time is right. the secrets are ready to be revealed. tomorrow, i ' ll tell you the secrets to dramatically reforming our education and training systems, including exactly what needs to change, how to change it, and where you can begin. i wish we were so stupid from time to time i hears folks criticizing one of our wonderful michigan businesses. i know, this is hard to believe, but it is true. to be specific, people sometimes call our businesses and their great leaders stupid. \u201c ford was stupid doing this, \u201d \u201c gm was stupid for doing that, \u201d and \u201c all of them are stupid for ignoring w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4609815770503866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.665312"} {"text": "to believe, but it is true. to be specific, people sometimes call our businesses and their great leaders stupid. \u201c ford was stupid doing this, \u201d \u201c gm was stupid for doing that, \u201d and \u201c all of them are stupid for ignoring w. edwards deming, \u201d and on and on. ( o. k., i admit, i ' m usually the one making the deming comment. ) usually the criticism is followed with, \u201c and you will not believe what the morons running my company just did. \u201d in the past, whenever i heard people complaining about how stupid michigan companies were, i would tell them, \u201c if you want to really experience stupid, you have work for a california company. \u201d over the years, while still living in michigan, i ' ve somehow managed to end up working for california companies. i am not exaggerating when i say that these are the absolutely most amazingly stupid companies i have ever had the pleasure of working with. in fact, in the case of commerce one, they turned stupidity into a mind numbingly glorious singularity \u2013 burning in stupid brightness, losing literally hundreds of millions of investment dollars, shutting down profitable businesses, and driving themselves to financial ruin. if you really want to meet stupid people, i am convinced that there is no better place than silicon valley. at one point i mistakenly took solace in the idea that the michigan companies i knew were significantly smarter than the california ones. yes, the california companies were continually doing bold, innovative, and dramatic moves, but most these moves were also colossally unforgiving and, to me anyway, quite frequently stupid. silicon valley companies seem to enjoy betting their entire future on some crazy innovation, a single roll of the dice. imagine how stupid the california vcs and angels must be to invest in these companies. to add insult to injury. californians seem to celebrate their stupidity. they wear it as a badge of honor to have tried a startup and failed. their vcs actually give money to inventors and managers who failed the last time they tried a startup : they let them try again! they even fund teenagers and college students ten to fifty thousand dollars for a stupid startup idea, with no real business plan, not even a single financial projection. some even expect them to launch a new business in only 10 weeks. oh the insanity, the insanity, and yes, i ' m talking about you, y combinator. in michigan we have a better way \u2013 slow, deliberate, cautious,..., smart. by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45916319783793247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.666390"} {"text": "a new business in only 10 weeks. oh the insanity, the insanity, and yes, i ' m talking about you, y combinator. in michigan we have a better way \u2013 slow, deliberate, cautious,..., smart. by golly, i remember the response i received when i presented an idea for an internet company to a michigan vc firm in 1996. the michigan vc said, \u201c the internet, well, i don ' t really know if that internet is going to go anywhere. \u201d after all, we wouldn ' t want to invest if we didn ' t really know the result ahead of time, like a treasury bill. that ' s the smart way to invest. i was happy with my opinion on how smart we all are in michigan. even my experience with our local vc community didn ' t really change that opinion, although it did begin to shake the ground a little. it wasn ' t until i read, on the origin of species by means of natural selection by charles darwin, that i fundamentally began to question my faith in michigan ' s approach to intelligent investing. that darwin, always challenging our faith. i couldn ' t help but apply his theory to business, and i was surprised at the perspective it gave. the beauty of the theory of natural selection is that doesn ' t require intelligent design. that is why it is so offensive to so many people. the key concept that so intrigues me is this : natural selection doesn ' t require intelligent design. it is not intelligent selection, it is natural selection. it is not survival of the smartest, but survival of the fittest. and sometimes, being the fittest, is simply a function of luck. when i think of darwin in the realm of innovative startup businesses, i am inclined to believe that intelligence is overrated. what is required for natural selection to perform its wonders for startup businesses? a large population, selection, and time. here is where we may be in trouble in michigan. we are just too darn smart. we are trying to do intelligent design on a process better suited to natural selection. intelligent design simply isn ' t as good as natural selection in creating strong, new, innovative businesses and jobs. the world is changing so fast, and technology is moving fast, if you want to ride the edge of innovation you cannot wait to make intelligent investments, for by the time it is clear what investments will survive and thrive, the opportunity has passed you by, and someone else will have the thriving new business life created by the process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001329807912777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.667469"} {"text": "to ride the edge of innovation you cannot wait to make intelligent investments, for by the time it is clear what investments will survive and thrive, the opportunity has passed you by, and someone else will have the thriving new business life created by the process. say, for a purely hypothetical example, a new piece of technology appears called xmlhttprequest. let ' s call the technology, and how it is applied, web 2. 0. california, being stupid, blindly starts up and finances hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of web 2. 0 companies, all in less than three years. mostly stupid companies, with stupid ideas, and no hint as to how they will ever even make any money. stupid. stupid. stupid. michigan, however, is much more clever. we only startup a few, and we don ' t provide them with any capital. certainly no michigan vc gives them any money, and for goodness sake, don ' t even approach the angel groups or the mgcs with this sort of lame idea. include these types of businesses in the 21st century jobs fund? that would be stupid. michigan is smart. california, clearly stupid. end of the story? unfortunately, no. the galling thing is that, in the end, california wins. how? the power of natural selection over a large population outperforms intelligent design. out of these thousands of new startup companies created in california many will, through the process of natural selection, survive, adapt, and even grow. most die. some absolutely thrive, creating whole new industries and thousands of new jobs. at the end of a few years, california successfully employs thousands and thousands of engineers and managers in the thriving companies. thousands more work in those that are merely surviving. these companies being to develop synergy, create new ideas ( mostly stupid ), and launch yet still more new businesses creating new jobs. michigan. michigan in the same time frame likely creates ten to twenty web 2. 0 companies. most get no funding and die on the drawing board. others move to california. and the few remaining ones who are successful, well, if they have an exit strategy it likely involves selling the company and moving it to california. after all, the only people stupid enough to buy it, are in california. final score : california, tens of thousands of new jobs in new industries, without a single tax credit to create them. michigan, 0. i wish we were so stupid. there was a time when michigan was a lot dumber. henry ford stupidly wanted to sell affordable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4879981196443238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.668513"} {"text": "tens of thousands of new jobs in new industries, without a single tax credit to create them. michigan, 0. i wish we were so stupid. there was a time when michigan was a lot dumber. henry ford stupidly wanted to sell affordable cars to everyone. the smart money kept telling him to focus on selling cars only to the rich. \" silly henry, don ' t you know the farmers can ' t afford cars, and we don ' t even have any roads for people to drive on. \" i can hear the capital speaking even now. oh, if only we had a few thousand people as stupid as henry around, and a few others stupid enough to back them. the next time you hear somebody say how stupid a michigan company is, tell them what i say, \" yeah, and not nearly stupid enough. \" i mean, we wouldn ' t want to have created a good alternative fuel car when gas was only $ 1. 00 a gallon \u2013 that would ' ve been stupid. tip of the day : a slightly different take on my thesis can be found in the most excellent book, fooled by randomness : the hidden role of chance in life and in the markets by nassim nicholas taleb. would you like to better understand web 2. 0? read tim o ' reilly ' s original article. it is a bit technical, and a bit old, but still quite good. my personal web 2. 0 project? studytag. check it out, and maybe even learn something about the great lakes. best of all, studytag is free. i know, i know, it is stupid to give stuff away for free. chrysler, want to make an extra 50 billion? or why detroit needs open source. did you know that there is an it breakthrough hidden inside of chrysler that in the right hands could be worth 50 billion dollars or more? i \u2019 m not talking research, i \u2019 m talking developed, deployed, and operational software. the funny thing is, chrysler almost assuredly doesn \u2019 t even know what it has! in fact, it is likely they have already turned off and abandoned this bit of amazing it innovation. don \u2019 t get me wrong. at least two chrysler employees knew exactly what they had, but they were just lowly software engineers in an auto company. they didn ' t have the temperament to spin - off, raise capital, and start a new industry. here is what happened. an internal software initiative had already failed two or three times, and yet another team had taken seven person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4295174078414207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.669614"} {"text": "an auto company. they didn ' t have the temperament to spin - off, raise capital, and start a new industry. here is what happened. an internal software initiative had already failed two or three times, and yet another team had taken seven person - years to try to do it right. unfortunately, the resulting system was slow, buggy, and behind schedule. the project involved data collection for manufacturing plants. not just a little data, but a great pile of data for nearly every part for almost every machine ( several hundred to several thousand machines per facility. ) to make it more interesting, the data being collected would be different for different machines and the data may change over time. chrysler needed to know how many machine cycles a particular piece of tooling has made on one machine, and on another machine, how long the cycle time was, and on and on. and this was just the data collection. once the system had the data, they needed to provide alerts on certain conditions, warnings on others, and reports and real - time views on it all. and these needed to be able to be changed in real - time. to make a long story short, a miracle occurred, and a completely new version of the system was written by one individual in two months \u2013 put another way, 84 months worth of work was reduced to 2 months, and the results were error free. this is what an employee told me later : \" a little less than two months later, this guy tossed me the product release, i had to laugh, he emailed me the release! how could something that will fit in my email possibly accomplish even a fraction of the requirements! i chuckled under my breath, and performed the install. then it hit me! this was working, just like he said it would. and, i didn \u2019 t have to code the changes for each machine ; it would create what was needed from the machine specifications! i am always the skeptic, so i presented my first challenge : o. k., smart guy, each minute on this line costs $ 1000. 00, sure you are collecting the down time, but i want to split the cost between every \u201c downed \u201d machine on the line, on a per minute basis, and at the end of the day, i want to know which machine cost me the most dollars in productivity. the next morning, i opened my e - mail to find a configuration file. i had him now \u2026. he forgot to send me the new release! a quick trip by his desk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.497748309534937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.670803"} {"text": "want to know which machine cost me the most dollars in productivity. the next morning, i opened my e - mail to find a configuration file. i had him now \u2026. he forgot to send me the new release! a quick trip by his desk left me shaking my head, i didn \u2019 t need a new release, all i needed to do was apply my new business rules to the existing system! my friend, this is agile. this is what development was supposed to do for us. i threw seven man - years of code in the trash that day, and launch a great system at a fraction of the cost. using traditional methods, i could have spent years trying to design a system just to tell me the high cost machine on my lines, i got it from this system in a single day. \" basically, chrysler was shown by a lone consultant on a small project a totally new way to develop industrial software, a way that dramatically reduced cost and improved quality. this approach was so innovative that it could have been spun - out into an entire new software industry. of course, that would require time, energy, and capital, and automotive companies are not software companies. so what happened? the innovation was never developed further. all of our big automotive companies treat it as proprietary and confidential. and, near as i can tell, all of them are continually redoing the same projects over and over and over again. the result of this secrecy policy? well, i am sure even sue unger never knew this particular innovation existed. you see innovation is a delicate thing that needs to be carefully tended, most of the time it isn ' t even recognized as innovation by experts in the field. make every line of software internal and highly confidential, and even you will not know about your own innovations when they happens. innovation born. innovation dies. sadly, i know of many of these stories in michigan. michigan has incredible talent in software engineering. we have tremendous innovation. however, because all of the software is treated as an internal secret, it dies internally and is a secret even to the company that created, financed, and uses it. the solution? in my opinion, detroit automotive companies should seek to open source almost all of their software initiatives. everyone needs to control a factory floor, everyone needs to meet payroll, everyone needs to manage suppliers, and frankly none of you are that good at developing software. so, when you do spend a fortune developing and deploying it, don ' t hide it, open source it! let others unabas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4843422858345148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.672232"} {"text": "to meet payroll, everyone needs to manage suppliers, and frankly none of you are that good at developing software. so, when you do spend a fortune developing and deploying it, don ' t hide it, open source it! let others unabashedly benefit from your investment and nurture your innovation. had this innovation at chrysler been properly nurtured in an open source community, the it costs at all of our michigan automotive companies would have been slashed, and it would still be dropping! not by moving to cheap offshore labor, but by eliminating most of the labor entirely. think about it, 80 months of labor reduced to 2 months of labor. i won ' t even calculate the percent savings because it is too embarrassing to the industry! detroit, do you want to dramatically reduce your software costs? then open source your software projects! it is probably the only way you will actually be able to benefit and leverage the innovation that is incurring inside your walls. it you are clever, or perhaps i should say if you are stupid, you might even get a piece of the 50 billion dollar non - competing industry that arises from the innovation. we ' ll talk more about being that stupid tomorrow. tip of the day : two open source packages i use continually are open office and firefox. check them out. enough hoopla around google? not nearly enough! on more than one occasion i ' ve heard someone poo poo ( poo poo is that the formal term for it? ) the announcement that google opened a large office in michigan. typically, their statements go something like this \" we ' ve lost 19, 000 manufacturing jobs last year. sure it is great that google opened an office here, but what is google going to be, a thousand jobs? what difference will that make? \" it is a good question. what difference will it make? what difference could having one of the most innovative and interesting search, advertising, and marketings companies on the planet open a large office in michigan make? here is an answer for you... it could save michigan. let me repeat the answer, just to make it clear. it could save michigan. google has the potential to be that important to the long - term future of michigan. not because of revenue generated from the thousand jobs, the pay at those jobs is not nearly high enough. nor will google setting up shop in michigan convince many other companies to follow. it may convince a few, but with our shallow vc and angel market we are certainly not positioned to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4345004985258901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.673497"} {"text": "the thousand jobs, the pay at those jobs is not nearly high enough. nor will google setting up shop in michigan convince many other companies to follow. it may convince a few, but with our shallow vc and angel market we are certainly not positioned to be the next silicon valley. no. the benefit of having one of the world ' s most innovative search, advertising, and marketing companies setup shop in michigan is that finally michigan businesses may finally begin to realize just how important google ' s tools are to growing business worldwide. michigan businesses may begin to recognize that it is absolutely essential that they start using google products and services to grow their business! michigan businesses must dramatically improve their game in internet marketing and selling, their future, and ours, depends on it. i attended an event in ann arbor this year where a google guest speaker was flown in from california to demonstrate google analytics. it was well attended. the room where it was held was packed. the only problem is if everyone in michigan who needed to learn the information had attended it would have required ford field to hold the audience. google analytics and google adwords are that important! don ' t you know this yet? where were you? every single business in michigan can benefit greatly from a well executed adwords strategy. these tools may be the single most important way you can grow your company, improve sales, reach new customers, and have a global impact. it is time you learned more about it. google is training up to 1, 000 google employees in michigan on google adwords. even better, it is the job of these people to pass that knowledge on to you! the google office in michigan is specifically designed to help you do a better job using adwords. if i was governor i would do everything in my power to ensure that every michigan business understands how to create and execute an adwords campaign, and how to build a landing page for that campaign that actually converts to sales. these are the skills that will allow new businesses to grow. these are the skills that allow michigan businesses to sell and test market anywhere in the world at very low cost, and i mean anywhere, including your own backyard. do you want to give michigan businesses a head start? teach michigan workers how to use adwords. in case you ' re wondering, no, i do not work for google and i do not own their stock ( my bad ). i have, however, used their tools for years. i know that they work. i know that they can turn a business around. i know that they can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44104088392457486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.674544"} {"text": "i do not work for google and i do not own their stock ( my bad ). i have, however, used their tools for years. i know that they work. i know that they can turn a business around. i know that they can make the process of marketing, lead generation, and sales actually fun again. my knowledge is real and personal, and i continue to use these tools every day. google ' s tools are not the end of the journey, they are just the beginning, and there are other excellent internet tools you should be using to grow your business. however, google is probably one of the best places to start. i suggest you start today. yes. losing 19, 000 manufacturing jobs hurts, a lot. but there is also hope. google opened a large office in michigan. google, the company that has been changing how businesses advertise, market, and sell for years. it is still rare to find a michigan company that is using these tools well. if google having an office here in michigan can begin to change that, then yes, it is really, really important. it could just save michigan. tip of the day : where would i start learning this stuff if i were you? get the ultimate guide to google adwords by perry marshall and bryan todd. currently selling for less than $ 20 on amazon. don ' t just buy it, actually read it! then, actually do it. the best $ 20 you will spend this year, and don ' t be fooled, the book isn ' t really about adwords, it is about how to implement a comprehensive internet marketing and sales strategy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4276001659602523, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.675192"} {"text": "created in 2002, minkebe national park ( mnp ) is situated in the extreme northeast of gabon, and covers an area of about 7560km\u00b2. the park is set within a huge forest block of 32260km\u00b2 and is among the more intact and isolated forests in central africa. today the forest is largely uninhabited, though in pre - colonial times, settlements were scattered through the forest. during the colonial era, resettlement planners moved villages toward roads and navigable rivers. today, temporary hunting camps occur on the peripheries of the forest and gold mining communities live in the interior near the park borders. baka pygmies from gabon and southern cameroon live throughout the northern sector of the minkebe forest, where they are involved in large - scale elephant poaching for village - based gun owners and ivory traffickers. minkebe is well known for its wildlife which includes a high density of elephants and other large mammals. however, the elephants of minkebe are known to be threatened by poaching, notably in the north of the park near the border with cameroon. the park is managed by the government of gabon with the assistance of wwf. elephant dung density inside the park was considerably higher than in the zone outside the park. mean dung density outside the park in the high human impact stratum was of 4807 / km2, in contrast to the density in the two strata within the park of 4981 dung / km2 ( moderate human impact ) and 6498 dung / km2 ( low human impact ). unfortunately, an estimate of elephant abundance based on dung density is highly error - prone because dung degradation rates and defecation rates required for the conversion are not known for this site. however, using estimates of 90 days for degradation time and 19 defecations per day, an average elephant density of 3. 1 / km2, or a total of 29146 elephants in the total area of the survey zone, or 22678 in the minkebe np can be calculated. among all mike sites that surveyed, minkebe contained the highest dung density and due to its large area, probably holds the highest elephant population in the protected areas network of central africa. the mike elephant inventory zone ( above ) included both the national park, and an area outside the park to the northwest known to be heavily hunted, in order to sample elephant abundance across a gradient of human impact. the survey zone with a total area of 9319km\u00b2, was divided a priori into 3 strata", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46731408035554256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.680896"} {"text": "1929 : eli lilly & co. registers thimerosal under the trade name merthiolate. it begins to appear in over - the - counter products and as an anti - bacterial preservative in multi - dose vaccines. 1974 : eli lilly ceases production of vaccines. several other pharmaceutical companies continue using thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines. 1980 : the fda begins a review of over - the - counter ( otc ) products containing thimerosal. 1982 : the fda proposes a ban on thimerosal in otc ointments, citing its possible toxicity and ineffectiveness. january, 1991 : the cdc ' s advisory committee on immunization practices adds haemophilus influenzae b ( hib ) to its recommendations for childhood immunization. ten months later, they recommend hepatitis b vaccinations for children. thimerosal is used as a preservative in multidose vials of both vaccines. november, 1997 : congress passes the food and drug administration modernization act, requiring the study of mercury content in fda - approved products. the review discloses the hitherto - unrecognized levels of ethylmercury in vaccines. april, 1998 : the fda ' s proposed ban on thimerosal in otc products goes into effect. 1999 : some public - health experts publicly advocate the removal of thimerosal from vaccines. their recommendation is partly based on a study that found neurological problems in babies whose mothers had ingested mercury while eating whale blubber during pregnancy. this study becomes the source for the epa ' s recommended limit for exposure to mercury. july, 1999 : public - health officials announce that thimerosal will be phased out of vaccines. the cdc, american academy of pediatrics, and fda insist the measure is purely precautionary. they ask manufacturers to eliminate or reduce mercury in vaccines as quickly as possible. august, 1999 : congressman dan burton ( r - ind. ), then - chairman of the house committee on government reform, begins hearings for what will become a three - year investigation into autism and its possible causal link to vaccines. at this time, federal agencies estimate that autism affects 1 in 500 children in the united states. february, 2000 : cdc researcher thomas verstraeten ' s analysis of cdc vaccine safety datalink records finds a relative risk of 2. 48 for autism in children who receive thimerosal - containing vaccines ( tcvs ). june, 2000 : ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4542585960581059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.687974"} {"text": "2000 : cdc researcher thomas verstraeten ' s analysis of cdc vaccine safety datalink records finds a relative risk of 2. 48 for autism in children who receive thimerosal - containing vaccines ( tcvs ). june, 2000 : verstraeten discloses his analysis to vaccine advisory committee members at a meeting outside atlanta. the relative - risk figure has dropped from 2. 48 to 1. 69. later that month, the advisory committee decides against stating a preference against tcvs. july, 2000 : safe minds forms to \" investigate and raise awareness of the risk to infants and children of exposure to mercury through medical products, including thimerosal in vaccines. \" april, 2001 : sallie bernard and lyn redwood publish \" autism : a novel form of mercury poisoning \" in the journal medical hypotheses, publicizing the case for a causal link between mercury and autistic spectrum disorders. the same month, the institute of medicine ( iom ) releases a report finding no association between the measles - mumps - rubella ( mmr ) vaccine and autism. july, 2001 : the cdc ' s vaccine advisory committee again decides not to state a preference for thimerosal - free vaccines. by this date, diptheria - tetanus - pertusis ( dtap ), hepatitis b, and hib vaccines manufactured for the u. s. market no longer contain thimerosal. tcvs that have not yet expired may remain on doctors ' shelves. october, 2001 : a second iom report finds insufficient evidence to either accept or reject a causal relationship between tcvs and neurological disorders, but says the \" hypothesis is biologically plausible. \" july, 2002 : proceedings looking into the causal link between thimerosal and autism begin in the federal vaccine court. this is the first step in the legal process for parents seeking compensation for alleged adverse effects of vaccines on their children. november, 2002 : the fda has estimated this as the final expiration date for thimerosal - containing hepb, hib, and dtap vaccines. a california study finds that a three - fold increase in classic autism diagnoses in the state between 1987 and 1998 is real, and cannot be explained as a result of improved diagnostic techniques and case - finding. november, 2002 : congressional republicans insert language into the 475 - page homeland security bill that would prevent parents from suing vaccine makers. after public outcry, the proposal is scrapped in january 2003. january, 2003 : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47722906376446844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.688912"} {"text": "and case - finding. november, 2002 : congressional republicans insert language into the 475 - page homeland security bill that would prevent parents from suing vaccine makers. after public outcry, the proposal is scrapped in january 2003. january, 2003 : a cdc study finds a ten - fold increase in autism rates in atlanta between the 1980s and 1996. some researchers now estimate 1 in 150 children have autistic spectrum disorders. june, 2003 : an analysis of cdc vaccination data finds that children who received tcvs had a higher risk. october, 2003 : one of the largest, most comprehensive studies discounting a link between tcvs and neurological disorders is published by danish researchers. november, 2003 : the house committee on government reform ' s report on its investigation assails public - health officials and pharmaceutical companies for failing to remove ethylmercury, \" a potent neurotoxin \" from medical products. the report concludes : \" our public health agencies ' failure to act is indicative of institutional malfeasance for self - protection and misplaced protectionism of the pharmaceutical industry. \" november, 2003 : verstraeten ' s analysis is published in a peer - reviewed journal, pediatrics, setting off a new wave of controversy and accusations of statistical manipulation. congressman dave weldon ( r - fla. ) writes to cdc director julie gerberding to open up the agency ' s vaccination database to independent researchers. november, 2003 : a national autism summit is held in washington d. c. to discuss an interagency effort to researching the causes and possible treatments for autism. january, 2004 : a joint statement by the aap, american academy of family physicians, the cdc vaccination advisory committee, and the public health service maintains that \" there remains no convincing evidence of harm caused by low levels of thimerosal in vaccines. \" february, 2004 : a panel sponsored by the institute of medicine convenes to examine the possible thimerosal - autism link. its report is expected this spring. - rina palta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5118270939900021, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.689795"} {"text": "trembowla historic site & museum / the cross of freedom inc. region touristique : parkland the first ukrainian settlement from europe was established in 1896, in the trembowla area along the drifting river, in the rural municipality of dauphin. the following spring, reverend nestor dmytriw arrived from pennsylvania to celebrate the first ukrainian catholic liturgy on canadian soil for the pioneers. to commemorate the occasion, the settlers erected a large cross of freedom representing freedom in a new land. later that year on september 12, 1897, the settlers of volkiwtsi, known as mink river, were also visited by rev. dmytriw, who consecrated their cemetery and advised them to build a church. the following year, the settlers erected a small chapel of logs and later built an addition to the permanent church. it was consecrated in 1902 as st. michael ' s ukrainian catholic church and served the parish of mink river until 1960. the church was relocated to the cross of freedom historic site in 1967 where it is preserved to this day as the first and oldest ukrainian catholic church in canada. renseignements sur les collections the collection consists of : road - side historic site, monuments, the first ukrainian catholic church in canada which is preserved on site. historic buildings include : st. michael ' s church, trembowla school, wasyl ksionzyk home, and replica of a pioneer home. clay bake oven. in addition, a grotto has been built to celebrate the centennial of st. michael ' s church ( 1998 ). the grotto, built to the blessed virgin mary, has appropriate plaques relating the history and first parishioners of st. michael ' s church. as well, a statue of the blessed mother of the universe was donated by st. elizabeth parish of polonia. collection of old school books, attendance records of trembowla school dating back to 1919. church records from st. michael ' s church, dating 1920 to 1960. architectural records \u2022 prints and drawings \u2022 autre : ukrainian church books and bibles furniture or furnishings autre : church banners, chandelier, tabernacle canadian \u2022 european autre periode : 1896 - 1966 media : painting \u2022 photography \u2022 prints and drawings \u2022 sketchbooks or albums cross of freedom commemorates the site of the first ukrainian divine liturgy. costumes and accessories furniture or furnishings household objects or domestic technology religious or liturgical objects autre : clay bake oven. small collection of fossils and rocks. sciences de la terre et collections geologiques", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41699913546116885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.693788"} {"text": "diego ramon, son of the former capt. domingo ramon, was appointed commanding officer in the aftermath of his father \u2019 s death. the success of the presidio depended in large part on the ability of the spanish to establish a permanent military presence and create a community free of concern of continual attacks from local tribes. given that the copane, a sub - tribe of the karankawa, occupied the coastal region extending from garcitas creek to corpus christi, it was determined that the presidio should be relocated further inland. for the newly appointed capt. diego ramon, however, his command would not last that long. ramon \u2019 s competence as a leader was lacking and he was soon replaced by captain don juan antonio de bustillo y ceballos before the relocation took place. desperate to move, the franciscans did not wait for permission. instead, they staked out an area along the guadalupe river approximately 10 leagues west of the garcitas creek settlement. in april 1726, spanish governor perez de alamazan inspected the site and was very pleased with what he saw, thus recommending a stronger and more permanent presidio be built in the same location, across the river from the mission. among the qualities that made the new location desirable were the climate, topography, a river for fresh water and irrigation, plentiful timber and an accessible stone quarry for building strong fortifications. also of great importance was the fact that area tribes proved a more peaceful neighbor than the karankawa had at garcitas creek. it did not take long for the presidio to flourish at its new location. by 1730, tremendous progress had been made. permanent dwellings and sturdy fortifications were built, livestock and agriculture were flourishing, relations between the soldiers and natives were more stable and the franciscans had been successful in spreading christianity to numerous tribes in the region. during a 1730 presidial inspection ordered by the viceroy of mexico, it was noted that the presidio had a garrison of ninety men of remarkable discipline and military knowledge, from their impeccable appearance to their knowledge of the manual of arms. their commander, capt. bustillo y ceballos, also received high praise. despite all of the improvements and the years of hard work and effort put forward and the many lives that were lost along the way, this was not to be the final location of presidio la bahia. spanish texas was growing at a steady and rapid pace. in order to better protect texas from foreign invaders, it was important to situate the presidio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38836561463654257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.699478"} {"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 91 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering reengineering the paralyzed nervous system p. hunter peckham department of biomedical engineering case western reserve university cleveland, ohio introduction damage to the central nervous system is the major cause of disability in the united states. in some cases, such as in spinal cord injuries or strokes, connectivity has been lost because the pathway has been severed. in other cases, such as in parkinson \u2019 s disease, the neural circuits behave in a disordered fashion. whether the origin of the damage is congenital, traumatic, or age - related, improving neural connectivity and restoring function has a major impact on the lives of people with these injuries. many approaches to restoring the connectivity of neural elements are being explored ( e. g., gene therapies, stem cell transplants, tissue engineering ). one of the most promising is engineering, which can provide an interface with the nervous system to restore functions. through the delivery of low levels of electrical current in precise ways, control of the nervous system can be regained and function restored. understanding how such an interface works requires a fundamental appreciation of the structure of nerves and how they work. first, consider a single nerve fiber. from the cell body, or soma, at one end, hundreds of dendrites emerge, through which input is provided to the cell. only one axon leaves the cell. the axon delivers information to another structure, such as another nerve cell or a muscle cell. electrical stimulation is usually delivered to the axon somewhere along its length. the electrical current causes the permeability of the membrane to change causing an efflux / influx of sodium, potassium, calcium, and other ions. when the difference across the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called \u201c gating \u201d the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.597419933631272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.716582"} {"text": "the membrane reaches a sufficient level, an action potential is generated that propagates along the axon in both directions from its point of origin. this fundamental principle, called \u201c gating \u201d the membrane potential, is the basis for restoring function to the nervous system by electrical activation. ocr for page 92 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering the action potential generated by an electrical current causes events analogous to the events that occur in the normal generation of nerve impulses. using electrical current to restore neural function has many advantages. first, most events involving the nervous system are communicated naturally by electrical means. second, electrical stimulation has the capacity ( 1 ) to activate a single nerve fiber or multiple nerve fibers to generate movement and sensation, ( 2 ) to inhibit the firing of nerve fibers to reduce spasticity and pain, and ( 3 ) to activate or inhibit complex neural circuits, called neuromodulation, to change the firing of entire circuits of cells so it could be used to restore a wide range of different functions. third, the effect of electrical stimulation can be localized, and turning off the current can eliminate the effect. currents could also be delivered in such a way as to prolong the effect by taking advantage of the inherent plasticity of the nervous system. fourth, electrical stimulation is incredibly efficient. a very small amount of current can generate enough muscle activation to lift the body. electrical stimulation also acts very rapidly ; the effect can be observed in seconds. finally, electrical stimulation can be applied safely. methods of delivering electrical current to biological tissue have already been developed through careful research and testing. safe, stimulating waveforms that use bidirectional pulses with charge densities below established limits are well tolerated by biological tissues. thus, electrical stimulation is an extraordinarily versatile, effective, and safe tool for manipulating the activity of the nervous system. electrical activation of the nervous system is applicable to virtually every disorder involving the central nervous system ( i. e., the brain and spinal cord ). some devices have already been granted regulatory approval and are commercially available in the united states. these include devices for restoring hand function, controlling bladder and bowel function, controlling respiration in spinal cord injuries, suppressing seizures in epilepsy, suppressing tremors in parkinson \u2019 s disease, and restoring audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.545593051856218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.717686"} {"text": "audition for people with hearing loss. clinical research is being done on human subjects to enable patients to stand and walk, swallow, control the anal sphincter, and see. basic research is also continuing on all of these applications to improve function and extend their applicability. for example, electrical stimulation has had limited success in restoring function in individuals with stroke, brain injuries, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy, although theoretically their neurological disabilities can be overcome. for patients with spinal cord injuries, for example, the technique must be operable for extended periods of time, perhaps for 50 years or more. in addition, these injuries affect more than one organ system, the limbs and bladder, for instance. ideally, therefore, the technology will be applicable to multiple systems. ocr for page 93 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering implementation of neuroprostheses several factors must be considered in the clinical implementation of neuroprostheses. the use of a neuroprosthesis always involves trade - offs between physiological, technological, and clinical factors. physiological considerations physiological factors are associated with the creation of a safe, effective interface between the prosthesis and the nervous system. first and foremost, the delivery of the electrical stimulus must be safe. a sufficient charge must be directed across the nerve membrane to depolarize it and generate action potentials, without generating toxic species in sufficient quantities to cause damage. destruction ( necrosis ) or damage to the nerve tissue would exacerbate the problem. to understand the complexity of the problem, consider a device that could restore respiration. biphasic ( bidirectional or ac ) current regulated pulses with charge reversal has been found to be effective. eliciting an action potential in a compound nerve may require 10 \u2013 20 ma at 30 v at a frequency of 20hz 24 hours per day for up to 50 years. another physiological consideration is the control and coordination of activation of the muscle. the physiologic control of muscles is graded, and this must be duplicated in the reengineered system. there are only two fundamental mechanisms for controlling muscle force, ( 1 ) activating more muscle fibers ( recruitment ) or ( 2 ) activating muscle fibers faster. the latter leads to fatigue. therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5427973055445607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.718800"} {"text": "therefore, the preferable rate of stimulation is 20hz or less. controlling force by recruitment requires that the number of nerve fibers activated be increased as the controlling current is increased. the resulting activation is a nonlinear function, generally sigmoidally shaped. high - gain regions of the relationship may cause difficulties in control because small changes in current can cause large changes in the number of activated nerve fibers, as can small movements between the electrode and the nerve. in addition, a fundamental characteristic of muscle is that its force is dependent on its length ; therefore, muscle length must also be considered in artificial control. generally, an action is not caused by the \u201c simple \u201d generation of force from a single muscle but is the result of many muscles working together to produce the desired movement. even for a simple movement, this means that one muscle ( an agonist ) increases in strength as a second muscle ( an antagonist ) works in opposition and decreases in strength. when one considers a complex action, such as walking or moving an arm, one can begin to appreciate the complexity of restoring movement through electrical activation. the stability of the electrically activated response must also be considered. muscles become fatigued with sustained contraction, whether naturally or electrically induced. with electrical stimulation, however, muscles become fatigued faster for two reasons. first, in an electrically stimulated contraction, there is ocr for page 94 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering less rotation of activated fibers than in a natural, voluntary contraction. second, paralyzed muscles are generally less able to sustain force because their metabolic properties have been compromised since the injury. electrical activation can effectively reverse this \u201c disuse atrophy \u201d to increase the fatigue resistance of paralyzed muscles. technological considerations the fundamental technology in systems for neuroprosthetic devices includes stimulators, electrodes, sensors, and the lead wires or communication channels that connect them. the form of the technology depends on the application. in the examples given above, which must be used for a substantial portion of a person \u2019 s life, the most effective devices would be implanted. the specificity and reliability afforded by implantation results in vastly improved function and convenience for the user. therefore, the device must be thoroughly reliable, designed to accommodate enhancements, and be repairable without compromising the remaining components. the requirements for an electronic device that can operate in the body for 50 years are stringent. for example, the current technology used to control the motor system consists of a multichannel, implantable stimulator with multiple leads that extend from the implant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.543626734023787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.719900"} {"text": "the requirements for an electronic device that can operate in the body for 50 years are stringent. for example, the current technology used to control the motor system consists of a multichannel, implantable stimulator with multiple leads that extend from the implanted electronics to the terminal electrodes placed adjacent to the nerve - muscle connection in the distal limb. the implantable stimulator contains hybrid microelectronics to provide the stimulation and control functions. the battery is not implanted because power consumption is too high for this to be practical. ( to get an idea of power consumption, consider a device with eight channels of stimulation activated at 10 \u2013 20 ma at 30 v at a frequency of 20 hz 24 hours per day. ) currently, the electronics are powered and controlled by a radio - frequency signal transmitted through the skin with tuned coils ( transmission frequency approximately 6. 7mhz ). the implanted electronics are protected from moisture by a titanium package with glass - metal feedthroughs for the leads. the configuration of the package depends on the application ; generally 8 to 16 feedthrough pins are used for the stimulation and control functions. the leads present a difficult mechanical challenge because they are subject to repeated cycles of both bending and stretching. in addition, each lead must have a midline connector so repairs can be made in the event of failure. stress concentrations are created both at these connectors and at the junction where the leads exit the feedthroughs. in addition, the passage of current through the electrodes causes electrochemical reactions at the interface to the tissue, which can cause degradation of the electrode, as well as the tissue. the biological compatibility of the materials with the surrounding tissue is essential in all types of implanted devices because any weakness in the design will be exploited by the environment. the problem is even more difficult for ocr for page 95 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering neuroprosthetic applications in terms of protecting the implanted electronics and ensuring the long - term continuity of the lead electrode. clinical considerations in developing a neuroprosthetic device, it is particularly important to understand the function that is to be restored and how this aspect of the disability is treated medically. the technology must be not only functional, but must also be deployable by clinical practitioners ( physicians, therapists, and nurses ) whose appreciation of the complexity of the technology may be limited. the design must also meet the requirements of the user, such as an acceptable level of risk, time commitment, and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4969436599237136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.720995"} {"text": "deployable by clinical practitioners ( physicians, therapists, and nurses ) whose appreciation of the complexity of the technology may be limited. the design must also meet the requirements of the user, such as an acceptable level of risk, time commitment, and the effort required for implementation and training. the neuroprosthesis must not only function acceptably, but it must also be easy and natural to use and easy to put on. acceptable function may be less than full, normal function. restoring upper limb function the focus of our work has been on a neuroprosthesis to restore hand and arm function ( figure 1 ) for people with cervical - level spinal cord injuries. these individuals have lost control of their hands and lower extremities but retain figure 1 sample implementation of neuroprosthesis for restoration of hand - arm control. source : reprinted with permission from the journal of rehabilitation research and development ( bhadra et al., 2002 ). ocr for page 96 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering control of their upper arms. the neuroprosthesis we have developed incorporates an implantable sensor that transduces joint angle ( ijat ), a multichannel stimulator - telemeter, and an external control unit. movements of the wrist are transduced by the ijat and used to control the stimulation applied to the paralyzed finger and thumb muscles. two grasp patterns are provided : ( 1 ) lateral pinch - release, in which the thumb contacts the side of the index finger ; and ( 2 ) palmar prehension - release, in which the index and long fingers oppose the thumb. the former grip is typically used for picking up or holding small objects and the latter for grasping larger objects. grasp is proportional ; flexion of the wrist corresponds to full hand opening, and wrist extension corresponds to maximum grasping strength. intermediate positions of the wrist correspond to intermediate grasp positions between these two extremes. the system operates in the following manner. contacting an external switch turns the system on, which transmits the radio frequency to the implant from the external controller, thus powering the transducer. this also establishes the \u201c zero \u201d command position of the wrist, corresponding to full hand extension, which is achieved by stimulating each of the target muscles at the appropriate level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5112907045980114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.722320"} {"text": "level. for example, for hand extension, the finger and thumb muscles are maximally stimulated, and the finger and thumb flexors are inactive. these values are stored in a look - up table, in which any given wrist position corresponds to stimulus levels for each muscle. from the position of wrist extension, the user maneuvers the hand around the object and extends the wrist, causing the flexor muscles to be stimulated to a higher level and the extensor stimulation to decrease. activating the external switch again sets a hold command, which maintains the stimulus level even if the wrist position changes. other switch commands allow the user to regain control, reset zero, reset hold, or turn the system off. this system also enables users to regain control of elbow extension, which has been lost because of paralysis of the triceps. the switch enables the user to select alternative modes in which the triceps is either on or off. this system is a second - generation neuroprosthesis, five of which have been implemented in human subjects. the first - generation neuroprosthesis, which has an external sensor on the opposite shoulder for control and eight channels of stimulation, has completed clinical trials ( peckham et al., 2001 ), has been approved by the food and drug administration, and is commercially available ( neurocontrol corporation, vallee view, ohio ). approximately 200 first - generation devices have been implanted worldwide. both systems enable people with spinal cord injuries to grasp and release common objects and thus perform many everyday activities, such as eating, writing, and grooming, these functions, which are essential for independence and self - sufficiency, often lead to dramatic changes in patients \u2019 lives. ocr for page 97 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering future development many new tools, such as sensors, electrodes, stimulators, and detailed \u201c instruction sets \u201d of how to use them, are expected to become available in the future. by describing how these tools interact with the underlying neural tissue and modeling this performance, the instruction set allows us to predict how the tools will perform in various situations. sensors that detect physical movement, pressure, or electrical activity may be used for control or feedback. advances in microsensors and biomems are likely to yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5207470417236261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.723460"} {"text": "yield great dividends. current triaxial accelerometers and micropressure transducers are small enough and low - power enough to be implanted in the body. with advances in electrode technology, we will be able to stimulate selected fascicles of a whole nerve and create unidirectional impulses on the nerve. this will make complete and selective activation of nerves possible, as well as the inhibition of neural activity, such as the blocking of spastic activity or pain. these electrodes will also make it possible to record the natural activity of afferent nerve fibers for feedback and control. the development of a microelectrode will make possible the stimulation of spinal circuitry and cortical centers and selective recording from these regions. complex high - density circuitry could be incorporated into the electrodes themselves, which could lead to direct access to the central nervous system and direct interfaces with the neural circuitry that controls complex coordinated functions at the spinal or cortical level. it could also enable us to extract control information from cortical neurons and, eventually, to translate the intention to move into signals that could be used to control movement. finally, high - density stimulation and transmitting devices are under development that will enable the activation of more channels of stimulation in a smaller volume ; this would greatly facilitate the development of complex visual prostheses. new technology will provide tools for the development of more precise interfaces with the damaged nervous system leading to even more significant clinical results. we have already made progress in this direction by showing that afferent signals recorded from the nerves innervating the bladder during filling could be used to help control bladder activity. the neuroprosthesis for hand control described above, which uses both implantable sensors and stimulators, is undergoing clinical evaluation. this device could eliminate much of the external hardware and provide natural control of the hand that is easy for the user to learn. systems that provide more than one function are not far away. in the future, neuroprostheses may be used independently or in conjunction with other approaches, which may ultimately provide the best effect. for example, the plasticity of the nervous system is being revealed in clinical trials for body - weight supported walking and constraint - induced arm therapy. function probably improves because residual spinal and cortical circuits have the capacity to alter their functions in an activity - dependent way. these adaptations are driven ocr for page 98 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering by the individual \u2019 s remaining voluntary function but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5221961402192089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.724510"} {"text": "function probably improves because residual spinal and cortical circuits have the capacity to alter their functions in an activity - dependent way. these adaptations are driven ocr for page 98 seventh annual symposium on frontiers of engineering by the individual \u2019 s remaining voluntary function but could also be triggered or reinforced by an electrical stimulus. using these tools effectively and developing new tools will require continued progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of neural injury and how to interact with disordered control. as these technologies mature and become more available, advances can be expected to accelerate. new devices will almost certainly address a wider range of problems and benefit a growing number of individuals. electrical stimulation is a powerful tool that will continue to be an essential aspect of new devices to mitigate the effects of disabling central nervous system conditions. acknowledgments the research described in this article was supported in large part by the national institutes of health, the national institute of neurological disease and stroke neural prosthesis program, and the department of veterans affairs rehabilitation research and development service. support was also received from the food and drug administration orphan products division, the paralyzed veterans of america spinal cord research foundation, the movement disorder foundation, and the shapiro foundation. references bhadra, n., p. h. peckham, m. w. keith, k. l. kilgore, and f. montague. 2002. implementation of an implantable joint angle transducer. journal of rehabilitation research and development 39 ( 3 ) : 411 \u2013 422. brindley, g. s., and d. n. rushton. 1995. the sacral anterior root stimulator as a means of managing the bladder in patients with spinal cord lesions. bailliere \u2019 s clinical neurology 4 ( 1 ) : 1 \u2013 13. chapin, j. k., and k. a. moxin, eds. 2000. neural prostheses for restoration of sensory and motor function. boca raton, fla. : crc press. creasey, g. h., and p. h. peckham, eds. 1999. functional electrical stimulation. topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, vol. 5, no. 1. peckham, p. h., m. w. keith, k. l. kilgore, j. h. grill, k. s. wuolle, g. b. thorpe, p. gorman, j. hobby, m. j. mulcahey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49102751937651046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.725522"} {"text": "september 18, 2011 \u201c the legacy of complaint \u201d rev. dr. david a. davis it is difficult to avoid all the complaining in the 16th chapter of the book of exodus. the complaining actually starts at the end of the last chapter, right as moses orders the people to set out from the red sea. after three days in the wilderness with no water to drink \u201c the people complained against moses \u201d ( 15 : 24 ). the complaining starts in the 15th chapter and it finds its way into the 17th chapter as the people camped at rephidim, again with no water to be found. \u201c the people thirsted there for water and the people complained against moses \u201d ( 17 : 3 ). so there \u2019 s a bit of complaining around the edges, but as for exodus chapter 16, in an of itself, it is chock - full of complaint. actually, it \u2019 s not even the whole chapter, all the complaint, only the first dozen verses. it was a month and half in, on the wilderness wanderings. which means there was about 478 months to go. as it is recorded in the scripture, the people had arrived at the oasis of elim, \u201c where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees and they camped by the water \u201d ( 15 : 27 ). it doesn \u2019 t mention how long moses let them stay at the resort but right out of the gate in chapter 16, they \u2019 re back in the wilderness. that \u2019 s when the complaining starts. some form of the word \u201c complain \u201d occurs 7 times in 12 verse, and that doesn \u2019 t count the verse that actually includes the complaining : \u201c if only we had died by the hand of the lord in the land of egypt, when we sat by the fleshpots and ate our fill of bread ; for you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill this whole assembly with hunger \u201d ( 3 ). the israelites complained. your complaining. you complain. the complaining. your complaining. your complaining. the complaining. it \u2019 s not just the complaining ; it \u2019 s all the talk about the complaining. this story of the people in the wilderness is told again in the book of numbers. there \u2019 s a fair amount of complaint there, but nothing like the rapid fire appearance of complaint in exodus 16. job complains a good bit. the pharisees and sadducees complain about jesus once or twice in the gospels. the disciples themselves complained on occasion. the psalmist is known to voice a complaint in the prayers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4113911697567121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.736444"} {"text": "complaint in exodus 16. job complains a good bit. the pharisees and sadducees complain about jesus once or twice in the gospels. the disciples themselves complained on occasion. the psalmist is known to voice a complaint in the prayers, the songs, the poetry of the psalter. but the vortex of complaint in all of scripture is here in the first part of exodus 16. for those who are able to drill down on the hebrew language, the uniqueness of that abundance of complaint only becomes more clear. the prayerful, meditative complaint of the psalmist is not the same as the murmuring complaint of the people in the wilderness. all the complaining. all that complaint. \u201c your complaining is not against us \u201d, moses said, \u201c but against the lord \u201d ( 8 ). you can \u2019 t ignore the complaining but there is little consensus about what to do with it. this text from exodus, it is the old testament lesson in the lectionary assignment for today, the 25th sunday of ordinary time. that means that in congregations all around this morning ; presbyterian, methodist, episcopalian, roman catholic, in congregations all around, if the preacher is preaching from the lectionary, and if the preacher chose to preach the old testament lesson, then the sermon text is exodus 16 : 1 - 12. so we if took a \u201c christmas carol \u201d flyover with the ghost of sermons present, we would inevitably hear varying opinions on what to do with all the complaining. one preacher is going to make it very simple : the complaining is evidence of doubt and a lack of faith in the lord \u2019 s provision. just as the israelites nostalgically glorified their days in slavery and turned their backs on the god who heard their cry, so too, the people of god so easily blame god and find the easiest of life \u2019 s excuses to turn and run the other way. stop your complaining, suck it up and return to the lord who made heaven and earth. a second preacher will rise enthusiastically in defense of the wandering, complaining people. the suffering in the wilderness, even for six weeks, would have been beyond the imagination. life in egypt would have been better, and life back at that oasis better still. of course they complained. an honest encounter with the god of their forebearers would have required nothing less. offer the breadth of your life, the joys and the concerns, the thanksgivings and the petitions, to the god who hears your cry and your complaint. come,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4250685624934992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.737436"} {"text": "encounter with the god of their forebearers would have required nothing less. offer the breadth of your life, the joys and the concerns, the thanksgivings and the petitions, to the god who hears your cry and your complaint. come, bring it on, to the living and loving god! somewhere a preacher avoids the whole complaint thing by focusing on the bread from heaven and offers a call to reclaim the sabbath. somewhere a preacher \u2019 s had a bad couple of weeks in the congregation and uncomfortably but very adeptly crafts the sermon into a response to a small group in the congregation who complain about everything and anything related to his ministry, including his wardrobe, the cookies at coffee hour, and the way he lifts the cup at the lord \u2019 s supper. somewhere a preacher offers the theological corrective that the text is not about the people \u2019 s complaint. it is about god \u2019 s response and how god \u2019 s glory appeared in the cloud smack in the middle of all that whining. and somewhere a preacher rises to offer a word on behalf of all those who cry out and complain and bear their soul to god, and the sea never parts, the manna never comes, the suffering never ends, and the grief never goes away. \u201c are you hearing every complaint, lord? \u201d is her refrain in the sermon. so much complaint and so many explanations. the legacy of complaint handed on to us as a people of faith. exodus 16 rests at the heart of the scriptural witness on complaint. a take away, a key to understanding all this complaint, it is tucked in surrounded by all the complaint. moses said to aaron, \u201c say to the whole congregation of the israelites, \u2018 draw near to the lord for the lord has heard your complaining. \u201d draw near to the lord. here in exodus 16, surrounded on both sides by complaint, a simple command ; not just an invitation, but an expectation. from aaron, who got it from moses, who heard it from the lord, \u201c draw near. \u201d some expressions require local knowledge to understand them. if a freshman here on princeton \u2019 s campus is invited by a group of friends to go out to \u201c the street \u201d, they \u2019 re not intending to go on nassau street. if an international student at harvard facebooks a friend and tells her she \u201c lives in the yard, \u201d it \u2019 s not supposed to spark visions of a tent and outdoor living. in pittsburgh, if you tell someone \u201c kennywood \u2019 s open \u201d, it has nothing to do with amusement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43533705646298276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.738519"} {"text": "a friend and tells her she \u201c lives in the yard, \u201d it \u2019 s not supposed to spark visions of a tent and outdoor living. in pittsburgh, if you tell someone \u201c kennywood \u2019 s open \u201d, it has nothing to do with amusement park named kennywood. and if you are in london and you here the expression \u201c mind the gap \u201d it has nothing to do with growing concerns about the economy ; the rich and the poor. a proper understanding of some phrases requires local knowledge. it seems the same is true for the old testament expression, \u201c draw near to the lord. \u201d scholars suggest that \u201c draw near to the lord \u201d is a technical term in scripture, referring to ancient worship ; the sanctuary, the altar, the ritual. in the wisdom of ecclesiastes, \u201c guard your steps when you go to the house of god ; to draw near to listen is better than the sacrifice offered by fools \u201d ( 5 : 1 ). in the book of leviticus, moses said to aaron, \" draw near to the altar and sacrifice your sin offering and your burnt offering, and make atonement for yourself and for the people ; and sacrifice the offering of the people, and make atonement for them ; as the lord has commanded. \" ( 9 : 7 ). that part of the law in leviticus also has specific instructions for who cannot draw near to the lord. in the liturgical expressions of the prophet isaiah, \u201c draw near, o nations, to hear ; o peoples, give heed! let the earth hear, and all that fills it ; the world, and all that comes from it \u201d ( 34 : 1 ). draw near to the lord. it \u2019 s a loaded, old testament term. to the locals, it conjures up images of worship, and the sanctuary, and the tabernacle, and the ark, and priestly actions and sacrifices offered and a community \u2019 s way of life. draw near to the lord. when the expression falls on faith filled ears, it is more than a casual invitation to think on god, or to take a few holy steps, or to offer a few cleansing breaths. draw near to the lord. it is not simply a broad stroke reference to spirituality that carries with it an individualistic notion of \u201c whatever works for you. \u201d the term came complete with instructions, priestly tasks on behalf of the people, and a ritualized understanding of the collective daily life of the people of god. draw near to the lord \u2026 come, people of god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4938795965573147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.739553"} {"text": "\u201c whatever works for you. \u201d the term came complete with instructions, priestly tasks on behalf of the people, and a ritualized understanding of the collective daily life of the people of god. draw near to the lord \u2026 come, people of god, let us worship god. sisters and brothers in christ, let us offer praise to the living god. come, to this feast that has been prepared in the kingdom of heaven. come, let us sing a new song to the lord. come, let us praise the name of the lord. praise the lord. draw near to the lord. here in exodus 16, if the call of the people is complaint. the response of god is worship. if exodus 16 is the vortex of complaint in scripture, at the very center of all that complaint is a call for the people of god to be in a relationship of praise and worship with the one who hears their cry and their complaint. it is almost as if the opposite of all that complaint is the community \u2019 s worship way of life. and when the people bring the fullness of their lives to god in worship ; when they cry out to god baring their souls, their suffering, their questions, their frustrations, their anger, when all the brokenness is lifted to god as part of a faith community \u2019 s way of life, well that \u2019 s not complaint that \u2019 s lament. as professor luke powery says in his book spirit speech : lament and celebration in preaching, when balanced and knit together, \u201c lament and celebration may be conceived as doxology, two postures united in giving praise and honor to god. \u201d it \u2019 s not stop your whining and come to worship. rather, take the breadth of your life before the lord here in the context of the worship life of the people of god. draw near to the lord. the legacy of complaint is the legacy of god \u2019 s expectation of the people \u2019 s life in worship and praise and adoration and lament. that our life here in this room, that we do here as a people, that how god \u2019 s spirit meets us here and shapes us here, that it is so much more than how you liked the sermon, or what you thought of the music, or what you got out of church today. that part of being in this community and present here in worship, is how you are contributing to the someone else \u2019 s deepening relationship with god. you can \u2019 t sing today, but we \u2019 re going sing for you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47447918245141424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.740727"} {"text": "of church today. that part of being in this community and present here in worship, is how you are contributing to the someone else \u2019 s deepening relationship with god. you can \u2019 t sing today, but we \u2019 re going sing for you. someone can \u2019 t bring themselves to pray this morning, so you \u2019 re going to pray for them. the one who rejoices here is lifting the one who weeps here. your presence here in this place, in a community at worship, is helping to transform someone \u2019 s distant complaint into an intimate lament before the living god. at the end of the day, would any preacher like a good crowd in here? sure. do i worry about revenues when we have to cancel worship due to weather. yes, i do. am i suggesting perfect attendance, or even keeping roll, or looking to use guilt as a motivator for worship attendance? no. but at deeper level, theologically, beyond what sociologists can tell us about religious participation and attendance and the rise of the non - religious, non - participant \u2026 what robert putnam calls \u201c the nones \u201d \u2026 at some point after all of what the sociologists have to tell us, we have to talk about what is lost for each one of us, in terms of a relationship with god, our collective relationship with god, when you or someone else is not here. every lord \u2019 s day, when we draw near to the lord, someone hear, needs you. and many of sundays, you need them. \u00a9 2011, property of nassau presbyterian church contact the church to obtain reprint permission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.492851225130964, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.741364"} {"text": "the principal purpose of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of instrumenting heavily icecovered fjords to obtain real - time data of the upper ocean. greenland ' s ice - covered fjords are the connections between the greenland ice sheet and the open ocean. these dynamic environments enable access of warm ocean water to outlet glaciers, causing large amounts of melting under floating tongues ( e. g. rignot and steffen, 2008 ; motyka et al., in press ). on the other hand, deep fjords also enable ice to break up mechanically through the process of calving. these icebergs are then transported away from the glaciers, where they eventually melt. the interactions between the ocean, its ice cover ( the melange ), the glacier ice, and the atmosphere remain poorly understood, mostly due to the extremely difficult conditions for direct observations ( e. g. amundson et al., 2010 ). yet, it is increasingly clear that the dynamic behavior of the ice sheet is dominated by its interaction with the surrounding oceans ( e. g. rignot and kanagaratnam, 2006 ; joughin et al., 2008 ; holland et al., 2008 ). it is therefore imperative to gain a better understanding of the physical processes that determine the heat and mass exchange between ocean and ice. this is an issue not only for greenland, but at all the larger glaciated areas of the planet. the current inability of predicting changes at marine - terminating glaciers is responsible for the lack of a reliable estimate of the future cryospheric contribution to sea level rise ( ipcc, 2007 ; truffer and fahnestock, 2008 ). to make progress in the task of predicting the behavior of outlet glaciers, a better understanding of physical processes in glacier - fed fjords is necessary. this will require direct observations. the physical environment for this type of work is extremely challenging. the inner fjords are often covered in brash ice and large ice bergs, sometimes mixed with sea ice. large ice bergs can roll, creating hazards to boats. the area very close to glaciers can have turbulent upwelling with fast currents, the proximity of the glacier is too dangerous to work in due to calving activity, and calving events can send meter - scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5457526365391527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.747582"} {"text": "- scale waves through the fjord. moorings are difficult to deploy, and have to be deeply submerged to avoid interaction with the keels of the bigger ice bergs, making it impossible to measure processes and exchanges at the critical atmosphere - ice - ocean boundary. here we propose to measure the properties of the upper water column using drifting buoys. the proposed experiment carries a certain risk, as the equipment could get destroyed. we will attempt to minimize this risk by letting the buoys drift, and by constructing them more solidly, so they are better able to absorb impacts. also, they will be equipped with iridium satellite modems, so that data can be uploaded on a regular basis and will not be lost should the buoys fail. we expect to obtain a record of up to one year length of temperature, salinity and currents in the upper water column ( down to ~ 30m ) of the inner godthabsfjord, near the main outlet glacier kangiata nunata sermia ( kns ). we propose to deploy four lagrangian drifters ; two on the glacier side and two on the outer side of a sill that was created by a previous glacier advance ( mortensen et al., subm. to jgr ). the deployments in the heavily ice - covered inner fjord are considered higher risk. the deployments on either side of the sill balance the risk of deploying in heavy ice with the desire to obtain data at those locations. the other expected result is to gain experience with instrumenting these difficult areas, where many details of physical processes have remained elusive. for example, if drifting buoys prove to be successful, one could develop these further into profiling instruments that are capable of sampling the entire water column. another possible application is to develop drifting depth sounders to obtain geometric observations where boats cannot penetrate. before such plans are implemented, it is imperative to gain some experience with lower cost instruments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5378288086737794, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.749403"} {"text": "defend against dry skin this winter according to the national health interview survey ( nhis ), 81 million americans are impacted by dry, itchy skin in the winter with the worst conditions occurring between the months of november and march. this year, representatives from the o ' keeffe ' s company are offering simple tips to help people prevent their hands and feet from developing these painful symptoms. 1. hydrate to achieve relief. use a moisturizer made with a water base instead of oil. oil - based products form a barrier on the skin that makes it difficult for the skin to draw in moisture. they also leave skin feeling greasy which can make it difficult for people to use their hands while performing daily activities. o ' keeffe ' s offers two water - based products \u2013 o ' keeffe ' s working hands and o ' keeffe ' s for healthy feet \u2013 that are specifically designed to protect skin from further water loss and hydrate skin cells. water works in combination with glycerin to draw moisture into the skin, which speeds up the moisturizing process and allows the skin to heal itself. 2. humidify to replenish lost moisture. as the temperature decreases during the winter months, so does the humidity. this cold, dry air is a common cause of winter skin problems. heating the house also removes moisture from the air causing the skin to dry out. to replenish the moisture, use a humidifier. the humidity will help soothe dry skin irritation and eliminate bacteria that thrive in dry air environments. make sure to keep the doors closed in rooms where a humidifier is in use. 3. lower the thermostat. when it ' s cold outside, our natural instinct is to turn up the heat, but central heat can make the house even drier. set the thermostat to a cool, comfortable setting \u2013 68 degrees to 72 degrees. 4. regulate water temperature. extremely hot water deprives the skin of its natural oils, leaving skin dry, chapped and even withered. take lukewarm showers or cut hot showers down to five minutes or less. make sure to use a post - bath moisturizer as well. o ' keeffe ' s working hands and o ' keeffe ' s for healthy feet work best if used directly after a shower, as skin temperature rises, which optimizes absorption. 5. protect skin from the elements. wind, freezing rain and snow can have damaging effects on exposed skin. make sure to wear water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4360037780844064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.752938"} {"text": "a bundle of recent genetic studies have suggested modern humans had sex with neanderthals thousands of years ago when the two populations roamed the planet alongside each other. however, the bones left behind by the two species don ' t bear any obvious traces of interbreeding, and a new study of monkeys in mexico shows why we shouldn ' t expect them to. researchers examined blood samples, hair samples and measurements collected from mantled howler monkeys and black howler monkeys that were live - captured and released in mexico and guatemala between 1998 and 2008. the two monkey species splintered off from a common ancestor about 3 million years ago ; today they live in mostly separate habitats, except for a \" hybrid zone \" in the state of tabasco in southeastern mexico, where they coexist and interbreed. through an analysis of genetic markers, from both mitochondrial dna ( the dna in the cells ' energy - making structures that gets passed down by mothers ) and nuclear dna, the researchers identified 128 hybrid individuals that were likely the product of several generations of interbreeding. even so, these hybrids shared most of their genome with either one of the two species and were physically indistinguishable from the pure individuals of that species, the team found. \" the implications of these results are that physical features are not always reliable for identifying individuals of hybrid ancestry, \" liliana cortes - ortiz, an evolutionary biologist and primatologist at the university of michigan, said in a statement. \" therefore, it is possible that hybridization has been underestimated in the human fossil record. \" science news from nbcnews. com the work on howler monkeys was part of the doctoral dissertation of mary kelaita, now a postdoctoral fellow at the university of texas at san antonio. kelaita added that the study \" suggests that the lack of strong evidence for hybridization in the fossil record does not negate the role it could have played in shaping early human lineage diversity. \" when scientists finally finished sequencing the neanderthal genome in 2010, they revealed that between 1 percent and 4 percent of some modern humans ' dna came from the stocky hominids. this suggested humans had sex with neanderthals, picking up some genes, and possibly even an immunity boost, from neanderthals before the population disappeared about 30, 000 years ago. but not all scientists are convinced the genetic evidence alone proves ancient interbreeding and a study last year found that even if humans and neanderthals did have sex, those encounters would have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45410606806925713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.755900"} {"text": "research at nceas relies on access to existing data on a broad variety of topics, and these data usually are very difficult to locate, access, interpret, and analyze. our approach to informatics uses extensive documentation about data ( i. e., metadata ) to overcome many of these data management challenges. thus, most of our tools utilize metadata to effectively handle the complexity of ecological data sources. our emphasis on metadata - driven systems comes from an ongoing analysis of the capabilities of existing metadata standards that are relevant to ecology. some of the standards we have examined include the content standard for digital geospatial metadata ( fgdc ), the nbii biological data profile ( key sections of which we helped to author ), the dublin core metadata element set, and the directory interchange format ( dif ). while several of these standards are relevant, none comprehensively addressed the needs of ecology, particularly in terms of allowing automated data processing on heterogeneous ecological data sources. thus, we believed there was a need for a new metadata specification with the following properties : - extensible at run - time - highly structured for machine parsing - supports automated data processing - supports non - geospatial data - incorporates important biological metadata ( e. g., taxonomy ) - practical adoption by the ecological community we designed and developed ecological metadata language ( eml ) to satisfy these design requirements and to be compatible with metadata recommendations originally developed by the ecological society of america ' s future of long - term ecological data ( fled ) committee and associated efforts ( michener et al., 1997, ecological applications ). eml is a flexible, highly structured metadata markup language that allows scientists to fully describe their data, while maintaining a light footprint for those scientists not yet ready to invest the time needed to more comprehensively preserve their data. an eml description provides all of the information found in other roughly comparable standards ( e. g., biological data profile ) but also provides details about both the logical and physical structure of data to allow them to be machine processed by automated systems. building these automated systems has been the focus of many of our informatics research projects. our projects span the whole scientific process, including automating data collection in the field using metadata - driven form generation ( jalama ), desktop data and metadata editing ( morpho ), data discovery on the network ( morpho ), schema - independent data and metadata storage, search, and preservation ( metacat ), and metadata - enabled analytical tools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5359939118827859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.759050"} {"text": "cherry county divided a map published by the cody cow boy on november 3, 1911, depicted a proposed division of the present cherry county into five sections : a new, smaller cherry county to the east ; two new counties, lake and green, in the north ; and the remaining territory on the south to be added to grant and hooker counties. the cow boy said : \" on next tuesday the voters of cherry county will say by their votes whether or not they wish to have the county remain the same unwieldy shape as at present or have it divided in a way that will place its citizens within easy reach of a county seat and will have a tendency to decrease the taxes. \" the cow boy maintained that a smaller county could be administered more cheaply than a larger one. \" the most tangible proof of this can be found in comparing the county levies which shows that the taxes for county purposes are almost invariably less in the smaller counties than in the large ones. cherry county is now and for a number of years has been paying the largest county levy that the law will allow, and how could it be any larger in a smaller county? \" the cow boy also maintained that property values in the western two - thirds of the present cherry county would be enhanced if county division was approved. \" one man with whom we have talked estimates that it will about double the price of the land near the two [ new ] county seats [ in the proposed green and lake counties ]. \" residents would save travel time and money in visiting closer county seat towns. the paper asked, \" how much is it worth to the average voter and property owner to have a county seat from forty to sixty - five miles closer to him than it is at present? \" election results on the county division question were not what the cody cow boy had desired. on november 10, the paper said : \" county division lost out by a large majority, and cherry county will, for the present, remain as before, the largest county east of the rocky mountains with the county seat [ valentine ] at one corner. \" the valentine democrat several weeks later, on november 23, 1911, ascribed the cow boy ' s support of the failed county division plan to self interest : \" the cow boy had everything its own way this fall and unchallenged went about its great and noble work of moulding [ sic ] public opinion in order that it might get all the countv printing in and for ' lake county. ' we believe that in such matters it is the people and the tax pay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38661523960562616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.764355"} {"text": "what are dentures? dentures replace missing teeth and their adjacent tissues with a removable dental appliance made of acrylic resin and, in some cases, a combination of metals. what are the different types of dentures? there are two primary types of dentures : complete. this type of denture replaces all of the teeth and their adjacent tissues. partial. partial dentures act as dental bridges as they \" bridge \" the gap between a missing tooth or teeth. the complete or partial dentures can be placed either after the teeth are removed and gums have healed ( conventional ) or immediately after the teeth are removed : conventional. conventional dentures allow a recovery time ( usually four to eight weeks ) after all of the teeth are extracted before the dentures are placed in the mouth. immediate. this type of denture does not allow a healing period after all of the teeth are removed. the denture is immediately fit into the mouth after all teeth are removed. additional adjustments in the fitting of this type of denture procedure may be necessary as healing occurs. occasionally, select roots are retained and the complete or partial denture is made to fit over these roots. the appliance is called an overdenture. saving some key roots can help retain the bone in the jaw that supports the denture. oral health care and dentures daily remove and brush the denture carefully with a brush and toothpaste, both specifically designed for denture cleaning. avoid the use of harsh abrasive cleaners on your denture. avoid cleaning and / or sterilizing your denture in hot or boiling water. this can damage the denture. if a partial denture is in place, remove it before brushing your natural teeth. once removed, keep the denture in a safe place, out of the reach of children and pets. once removed, soak the denture in a proper cleansing solution or water. do not use bleach solutions. they will attack the metal and bleach the color out of the resin. do not wear your dentures at night while you are sleeping. this will irritate the tissues and promote growth of fungus. have your teeth cleaned every six months by an oral health professional.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45330877903770556, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.768912"} {"text": "sleep appears necessary for our nervous systems to work properly. too little sleep leaves us drowsy and unable to concentrate the next day. it also leads to impaired memory and physical performance and reduced ability to carry out maths calculations. if sleep deprivation continues, hallucinations and mood swings may develop. some experts believe sleep gives neurons used while we are awake a chance to shut down and repair themselves. without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted with by - products of normal cellular activities that they begin to malfunction. sleep also may give the brain a chance to exercise important neuronal connections that might otherwise deteriorate from lack of activity. deep sleep coincides with the release of growth hormone in children and young adults. many of the body \u2019 s cells also show increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins during deep sleep. since proteins are the building blocks needed for cell growth and for repair of damage from factors like stress and ultraviolet rays, deep sleep may truly be \" beauty sleep. \" activity in parts of the brain that control emotions, decision - making processes and social interactions is drastically reduced during deep sleep, suggesting that this type of sleep may help people maintain optimal emotional and social functioning while they are awake. a study in rats also showed that certain nerve - signalling patterns which the rats generated during the day were repeated during deep sleep. this pattern repetition may help encode memories and improve learning. dreaming and rem sleep we typically spend more than 2 hours each night dreaming. scientists do not know much about how or why we dream. sigmund freud, who greatly influenced the field of psychology, believed dreaming was a \" safety valve \" for unconscious desires. only after 1953, when researchers first described rem in sleeping infants, did scientists begin to methodically study sleep and dreaming. they soon realized that the strange, illogical experiences we call dreams almost always occur during rem sleep. while most mammals and birds show signs of rem sleep, reptiles and other cold - blooded animals do not. rem sleep begins with signals from an area at the base of the brain called the pons. these signals travel to a brain region called the thalamus which relays them to the cerebral cortex \u2014 the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for learning, thinking, and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically \" act out \" their dreams \u2014 a rare,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5654682990579163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.787519"} {"text": "and organising information. the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles. if something interferes with this paralysis, people will begin to physically \" act out \" their dreams \u2014 a rare, dangerous problem called rem sleep behaviour disorder. a person dreaming about a ball game, for example, may run headlong into furniture or blindly strike someone sleeping nearby while trying to catch a ball in the dream. rem sleep stimulates the brain regions used in learning. this may be important for normal brain development during infancy, which would explain why infants spend much more time in rem sleep than adults. like deep sleep, rem sleep is associated with increased production of proteins. one study found that rem sleep affects learning of certain mental skills. people taught a skill and then deprived of non - rem sleep could recall what they had learned after sleeping, while people deprived of rem sleep could not. some scientists believe dreams are the cortex \u2019 s attempt to find meaning in the random signals that it receives during rem sleep. the cortex is the part of the brain that interprets and organises information from the environment during consciousness. it may be that, given random signals from the pons during rem sleep, the cortex tries to interpret these signals as well, creating a \" story \" out of fragmented brain activity. this material is based on information supplied by the us government \u2019 s national institute of neurological disorders & stroke. practice good sleep hygiene using these simple rules : consume less or no caffeine and avoid alcohol drink fewer fluids before going to sleep avoid heavy meals close to bedtime exercise regularly, but do so in the daytime and not too close to bedtime try a relaxing routine, like soaking in hot water ( a hot tub or bath ) before bedtime establish a regular bedtime and wake - time schedule.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5649394205202656, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.788668"} {"text": "diabetes self - management education is an integral component of medical care. among adults with diagnosed diabetes, 12 % take both insulin and oral medications, 19 % take insulin only, 53 % take oral medications only, and 15 % do not take either insulin or oral medications. traditionally, information regarding diabetes would be obtained from a family physician. however, with access to the internet so widely available now, people are able to educate themselves through websites. this information can be beneficial, but care must be taken to ensure the information is medically sound. several of the external links below provide information about diabetes and its management, including self - management. in september 2007, a joint randomized controlled trial by the university of calgary and the university of ottawa found that \" either aerobic or resistance training alone improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, but the improvements are greatest with combined aerobic and resistance training than either alone. \" the combined program reduced the hba1c by 0. 5 percentage point. other studies have established that the amount of exercise needed is not large or extreme, but must be consistent and continuing. examples might include a brisk 45 minute walk every other day. theoretically, exercise does have benefits in that exercise would stimulate the release of certain ligands that cause glut4 to be released from internal endosomes to the cell membrane. insulin though, which no longer works effectively in those afflicted with type 2 diabetes, causes glut1 to be placed into the membrane. though they have different structures, they both perform the same function of increasing intake of glucose into the cell from the blood serum. exercise also allows for the uptake of glucose independently of insulin, ie by adrenaline. there are several drugs available for type 2 diabetics \u2014 most are unsuitable or even dangerous for use by type 1 diabetics. they fall into several classes and are not equivalent, nor can they be simply substituted one for another. all are prescription drugs. one of the most widely used drugs now used for type 2 diabetes is the biguanide metformin ; it works primarily by reducing liver release of blood glucose from glycogen stores and secondarily by provoking some increase in cellular uptake of glucose in body tissues. both historically, and currently, the most commonly used drugs are in the sulfonylurea group, of which several members ( including glibenclamide and gliclazide ) are widely used ; these increase glucose stimulated insulin secretion by the pancreas and so lower blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46387800410285446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.825497"} {"text": "drugs are in the sulfonylurea group, of which several members ( including glibenclamide and gliclazide ) are widely used ; these increase glucose stimulated insulin secretion by the pancreas and so lower blood glucose even in the face of insulin resistance. newer drug classes include : - testosterone treatment is very efficient to reduce insulin resistance without digestive problems ( a very common side effect of other anti - diabetes drugs ) - thiazolidinediones ( tzds ) ( rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and troglitazone - - the last, as rezulin, was withdrawn from the us market because of an increased risk of systemic acidosis ). these increase tissue insulin sensitivity by affecting gene expression - \u03b1 - glucosidase inhibitors ( acarbose and miglitol ) which interfere with absorption of some glucose containing nutrients, reducing ( or at least slowing ) the amount of glucose absorbed - meglitinides which stimulate insulin release ( nateglinide, repaglinide, and their analogs ) quickly ; they can be taken with food, unlike the sulfonylureas which must be taken prior to food ( sometimes some hours before, depending on the drug ) - peptide analogs which work in a variety of ways : - incretin mimetics which increase insulin output from the beta cells among other effects. these includes the glucagon - like peptide ( glp ) analog exenatide, sometimes referred to as ' ' lizard spit ' ' as it was first identified in gila monster saliva - dipeptidyl peptidase - 4 ( dpp - 4 ) inhibitors increase incretin levels ( sitagliptin ) by decreasing their deactivation rates - amylin agonist analog, which slows gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon ( pramlintide ) diabetes mellitus type 2 is tightly associated with hypogonadism. a systematic review of randomized controlled trials found that metformin and second - generation sulfonylureas are the preferred choices for most with type 2 diabetes, especially those early in the course of the disease. failure of response after a time is not unknown with most of these agents : the initial choice of anti - diabetic drug has been compared in a randomized controlled trial which found \" cumulative incidence of monotherapy failure at 5 years to be 15 % with rosiglitazone, 21 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42758089994337023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.830226"} {"text": "with most of these agents : the initial choice of anti - diabetic drug has been compared in a randomized controlled trial which found \" cumulative incidence of monotherapy failure at 5 years to be 15 % with rosiglitazone, 21 % with metformin, and 34 % with glyburide \". of these, rosiglitazone users showed more weight gain and edema than did non - users. pioglitazone and rosiglitazone may also increase the risk of fractures. for patients who also have heart failure, metformin may be the best tolerated drug. the variety of available agents can be confusing, and the clinical differences among type 2 diabetics compounds the problem. at present, choice of drugs for type 2 diabetics is rarely straightforward and in most instances has elements of repeated trial and adjustment. injectable peptide analogs dpp - 4 inhibitors lowered a1c by 0. 74 %, comparable to other antidiabetic drugs. glp - 1 analogs resulted in weight loss and had more gastrointestinal side effects, while dpp - 4 inhibitors were weight neutral and increased risk for infection and headache, but both classes appear to present an alternative to other antidiabetic drugs. if antidiabetic drugs fail ( ie, the clinical benefit stops ), insulin therapy may be necessary \u2013 usually in addition to oral medication therapy \u2013 to maintain normal or near normal glucose levels. typical total daily dosage of insulin is 0. 6 u / kg. - for men, plasma glucose [ mmol / liter \u2013 5 ) x2 ] x ( weight [ m ) \u2013 height for women, [ ( fasting plasma glucose [ mmol / liter \u2013 5 ) x2 ] x ( weight [ m ) \u2013 height initial insulin regimen are often chosen based on the patient ' s blood glucose profile. initially, adding nightly insulin to patients failing oral medications may be best. nightly insulin combines better with metformin than with sulfonylureas. the initial dose of nightly insulin ( measured in iu / d ) should be equal to the fasting blood glucose level ( measured in mmol / l ). if the fasting glucose is reported in mg / dl, multiply by 0. 05551 to convert to mmol / l. when nightly insulin is insufficient, choices include : - premixed insulin with a fixed ratio of short and intermediate acting insulin ; this tends to be more effective than long acting insulin, but is associated with increased", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4197192443381281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.832815"} {"text": "found that 80 % of those with type 2 diabetes before surgery no longer required insulin or oral agents to maintain normal glucose levels. weight loss occurred rapidly in many people in the study who had had the surgery. the 20 % who did not respond to bypass surgery were, typically, those who were older and had had diabetes for over 20 years. in january 2008, the journal of the american medical association ( jama ) published the first randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding against conventional medical therapy in the obese patient with type 2 diabetes. laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding results in remission of type 2 diabetes among affected patients diagnosed within the previous two years according to a randomized controlled trial. the relative risk reduction was 69. 0 %. for patients at similar risk to those in this study ( 87. 0 % had type 2 ), this leads to an absolute risk reduction of 60 %. 1. 7 patients must be treated for one to benefit ( number needed to treat = 1. 7 ). [ http : / / medinformatics. uthscsa. edu / calculator / calc. shtml? calc _ rx _ rates. shtml? eer = 27. 0 & cer = 87. 0 click here to adjust these results for patients at higher or lower risk of type 2 diabetics. these results have not yet produced a clinical standard for surgical treatment of diabetic patients, as the mechanism, if any, is currently obscure. surgical cure of type 2 diabetes must be, as a result, considered currently experimental. this article is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license. it uses material from the wikipedia article on \" diabetes mellitus type 2 \" all material adapted used from wikipedia is available under the terms of the creative commons attribution - sharealike license. wikipedia\u00ae itself is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45105861622156695, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.866511"} {"text": "an expedition is gathering new, crisp images of the titanic, which lays about 2. 5 miles below the ocean surface. the team of scientists used a pair of robots to take thousand of photographs as well as video of the wreckage. the high - resolution images show shots of the ship ' s bow. researchers can even make out the railings and anchors. the project is a partnership between the rms titanic, inc. and woods hole oceanographic institute. rms titanic, inc. has exclusive rights salvage the wreck. no artifacts are being salvaged during this project. instead, scientists are using new technology including imaging and sonar devices as they try to take a full inventory of the ship ' s artifacts. the mission is being delayed a couple of days because of high seas caused by the remnants of hurricane danielle. the group will return after the ocean calms down. more than 1500 passengers and crew perished when the ship hit and iceberg and sank during its maiden voyage in april 1912. copyright 2010 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. latest news headlines a confirmed tornado touched down near denver international airport tuesday afternoon, sending travelers on the concourse, on planes and in the terminal scrambling to get into tornado shelters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45422665904118736, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.965855"} {"text": "nature bulletin no. 106 march 8, 1947 forest preserve district of cook county william n. erickson, president roberts mann, supt. of conservation the sea lamprey is another marine animal which, like the smelt, has invaded the great lakes and threatens irreparable damage to native fish. the atlantic sea lampreys do not breed until about 8 years old. then they stop feeding and, in spring travel up streams, lay eggs, linger a few weeks, then die. centuries ago, certain of these penetrated the lake ontario and some of the finger lakes in new york, notably cayuga lake. their progeny did not return to the sea but became adapted to total existence in fresh water. niagara falls stopped them until about 1921, when they appeared in lake erie, presumably by way of the welland canal. by 1936 they were established in lake michigan. these large blood - sucking parasites have now become a serious menace to lake trout, whitefish and other commercial fishes in the great lakes. the federal and state governments are being urged to spend millions of dollars in constructing traps to prevent the lampreys from reaching their spawning grounds in any of the tributary streams. there are several native lampreys, some of them parasitic, but these are only from 4 to 13 inches long and do little damage to fish. the sea lampreys range from 15 inches to 2 feet in length and are killers. this strange fish - like slimy creature has no scales, no paired fins, and is not a fish - - as is the true eel. it is one of the most primitive of the backboned animals. it has only one nostril, two beady eyes, and 7 pulsating portholes down each side that pump water over its internal gills. it has a round funnel - shaped sucking mouth equipped with row after row of sharp horny teeth. clamping onto a big lake trout, a sea lamprey rasps a hole through the skin, injects a chemical which keeps the blood from clotting, and gorges itself until full or until the fish dies. although esteemed as food since ancient times, alexander the great, and henry i of england, are said to have died from eating too much of the rich meat of the lamprey. since they will attach themselves to any moving object in the water, sea lampreys are accused of breaking up swimming races in lake ontario at toronto, and handicapping the racing shell of a cornell crew in cayuga lake. to return to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4335773863972663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:40.973567"} {"text": "south america is a continent of the americas, situated entirely in the western hemisphere and mostly in the southern hemisphere. it is bordered on the west by the pacific ocean and on the north and east by the atlantic ocean. north america and the caribbean sea lie to the northwest. the continent was named in 1507 by cartographs martin waldseemuller and matthias ringmann after amerigo vespucci, who was the first european to suggest that the americas were not the east indies, but a new world unknown to europeans. south america has a land area of 17, 840, 000 square kilometers ( 6, 890, 000 sq mi ), or almost 3. 5 percent of the earth ' s surface. as of 2005, its population was estimated at more than 371, 000, 000. south america ranks fourth in area ( after asia, africa, and north america ) and fifth in population ( after asia, africa, europe, and north america ). it is a continent of incredible biodiversity, home to the great amazon river and rainforest as well as to the pantanal wetland system. it also has the world ' s highest waterfall ( angel falls ), longest mountain range ( the andes ), and driest desert ( the atacama ). south america comprises the major southern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the western hemisphere or the americas. it is south and east of the panama canal, which transects the isthmus of panama. geologically, almost all of mainland south america sits on the south american plate. geopolitically, all of panama \u2014 including the segment east of the panama canal in the isthmus \u2014 is often considered a part of north america alone and among the countries of central america, not south america. geologically, the continent became attached to north america only recently with the formation of the isthmus of panama approximately 3 million years ago, which resulted in the great american interchange. the andes, likewise a comparatively young and seismically restless mountain range, run down the western edge of the continent ; the land to the east of the andes is largely tropical rainforest, the vast amazon river basin. the continent also contains drier regions such as east patagonia and the extremely arid atacama desert. the south american continent also includes various islands, many of which belong to countries on the continent. many of the islands of the caribbean ( or west indies ) \u2014 for example the lesser antilles \u2014 sit atop the caribbean plate, a tectonic plate with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44896255725356465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.001386"} {"text": "south american continent also includes various islands, many of which belong to countries on the continent. many of the islands of the caribbean ( or west indies ) \u2014 for example the lesser antilles \u2014 sit atop the caribbean plate, a tectonic plate with a diffuse topography. the islands of aruba, barbados, trinidad and tobago sit on the northerly south american continental shelf. the netherlands antilles and the federal dependencies of venezuela lie along the northerly south american. geopolitically, the island states and overseas territories of the caribbean are generally grouped as a part or subregion of north america. the south american nations that border the caribbean sea \u2014 including colombia, venezuela, guyana, suriname, and french guiana \u2014 are also known as caribbean south america. other islands are the galapagos, easter island ( in oceania but belongs to chile ), robinson crusoe island, chiloe island, tierra del fuego and the falkland islands. south america is a continent of extremes, home to : - the world ' s highest waterfall, angel falls in venezuela, - the largest river ( by volume ), the amazon river, - the longest mountain range, the andes, - the driest desert, atacama desert, - the largest rainforest, the amazon rainforest, - the highest railroad, ticlio peru, - the highest capital city, la paz, bolivia, - the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, lake titicaca, - and the world ' s southernmost town, puerto toro, chile. south america ' s major natural resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and oil. the many resources of south america have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid economic growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. however, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies. the inevitable fluctuation in the price of commodities in the international markets has led historically to major highs and lows in the economies of south american states, often also causing extreme political instability. this is leading to efforts to diversify their production to drive them away from remaining as economies dedicated to one major export. south america is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuna, and tapir. the amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a major proportion of the earth ' s species. the largest country in south america by far, in both area and population, is brazil, followed by argentina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43052635588006355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.002645"} {"text": ", jaguar, vicuna, and tapir. the amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a major proportion of the earth ' s species. the largest country in south america by far, in both area and population, is brazil, followed by argentina. regions in south america include the andean states, the guianas, the southern cone, and brazil. among people in some english - speaking countries, there is a tendency to confuse the linguistic and geographic divisions of the americas : thus, mexico, some central american and caribbean territories, despite their location in north america, are mistakenly included in south america. the term latin america is used when referring to those territories whose official or national languages come from latin ( namely portuguese, spanish, and french ). conversely, anglo - america is used to refer to areas whose major languages are germanic ( namely english ) such as guyana, suriname, belize, jamaica, and much of the west indies. similarly, areas where english is prominent are considered part of the anglosphere. south america is thought to have been first inhabited by people crossing the bering land bridge, which is now the bering strait. some archaeological finds do not fit this theory, and have led to an alternative theory, pre - siberian american aborigines. the first evidence for the existence of agricultural practices in south america date back to circa 6500 b. c. e., when potatoes, chillies and beans began to be cultivated for food in the highlands of the amazon basin. pottery evidence further suggests that manioc, which remains a staple foodstuff today, was being cultivated as early as 2000 b. c. e.. by 2000 b. c. e. many agrarian village communities had been settled throughout the andes and the surrounding regions. fishing became a widespread practice along the coast which helped to establish fish as a primary source of food. irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society. south american cultures began domesticating llamass, vicunas, guanacoss, and alpacas in the highlands of the andes circa 3500 b. c. e. besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.. the rise of agriculture and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in south america. the earliest known south american civilization was at norte chico, on the central peruvian coast. though a pre - ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of norte chico is contemporaneous with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4400748430109636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.005350"} {"text": "allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in south america. the earliest known south american civilization was at norte chico, on the central peruvian coast. though a pre - ceramic culture, the monumental architecture of norte chico is contemporaneous with the pyramids of ancient egypt. the chavin established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 b. c. e., according to some estimates and archaeological finds. artifacts were found at a site called chavin de huantar in modern peru at an elevation of 3, 177 meters. chavin civilization spanned 900 b. c. e. to 300 b. c. e.. from their capital city of cusco, the inca civilization dominated the andes region from 1438 to 1533. known as tawantinsuyu, or \" the land of the four regions, \" in quechua, the inca culture was highly distinct and developed. cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. there is evidence of excellent metalwork in inca civilization. nevertheless, the inca never discovered the wheel, and there is no evidence that they utilized written language, although they did use the quipu for record - keeping and communication. the muisca were the main indigenous civilization in what is now modern colombia. they established a confederation of many clans, or cacicazgos, that had a free trade network among themselves. they were goldsmiths and farmers. other important pre - columbian cultures include : valdivia ( ecuador ), moche ( 100 b. c. e. - 700 c. e., at the northern coast of peru ) ; tiuahuanaco or tiwanaku ( 100 b. c. e. - 1200 b. c. e., bolivia ) ; paracas - nazca ( 400 b. c. e. - 800 c. e., peru ) ; wari or huari empire ( 600 c. e. - 1200 c. e., central and northern peru ) ; chimu empire ( 1300 c. e. - 1470 c. e., peruvian northern coast ) ; chachapoyas ; and the aymaran kingdoms ( 1000 c. e. - 1450 c. e., bolivia and southern peru ). in 1494, portugal and spain, the two great maritime powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the treaty of tordesillas, by which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4536440621444993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.007549"} {"text": ". e., bolivia and southern peru ). in 1494, portugal and spain, the two great maritime powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the treaty of tordesillas, by which they agreed that all the land outside europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries. the treaty established an imaginary line along a north - south meridian 370 leagues west of cape verde islands, roughly 46\u00b0 37 ' w. in terms of the treaty, all land to the west of the line ( which is now known to comprehend most of the south american soil ), would belong to spain, and all land to the east, to portugal. as accurate measurements of longitude were impossible at that time, the line was not strictly enforced, resulting in a portuguese expansion of brazil across the meridian. beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of south america were repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistadors, first from spain and later from portugal. these competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies. european infectious diseases ( smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus ) to which the native populations had no immune resistance, and systems of forced labor, such as the haciendas and mining industry ' s mita, decimated the native population under spanish control. after this, african slaves, who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them. the spaniards were committed to converting their native subjects to christianity, and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end. however, most initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as native groups simply blended catholicism with traditional idolatry and their polytheistic beliefs. furthermore, the spaniards did impose their language to the degree they did their religion, although the roman catholic church ' s evangelizing in quechua, aymara and guarani actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form. eventually the natives and the spaniards interbred, forming a mestizo class. essentially all of the mestizos of the andean region were offspring of an amerindian mothers and spanish fathers. mestizos and the indian natives were often forced to pay extraordinary taxes to the spanish government and were punished harshly for disobeying their laws. many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by spanish explorers. this included the many gold and silver sculptures and artifacts found in south america, which were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44496532778905074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.009871"} {"text": "to pay extraordinary taxes to the spanish government and were punished harshly for disobeying their laws. many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by spanish explorers. this included the many gold and silver sculptures and artifacts found in south america, which were melted down before their transport to spain or portugal. the spanish colonies won their independence between 1804 and 1824 in the south american wars of independence. simon bolivar of venezuela and jose de san martin of argentina led the independence struggle. bolivar led a great army southward while san martin led an army across the andes mountains, meeting up with general bernardo o ' higgins in chile, and marched northward. the two armies finally met in guayaquil, ecuador, where they cornered the royal army of spain and forced its surrender. in brazil, a portuguese colony, dom pedro i ( also pedro iv of portugal ), son of the portuguese king dom joao vi, proclaimed the country ' s independence in 1822 and became brazil ' s first emperor. this was peacefully accepted by the crown in portugal. although bolivar attempted to keep the spanish - speaking parts of the continent politically unified, they rapidly became independent of one another as well, and several further wars were fought, such as the war of the triple alliance and the war of the pacific. a few countries did not gain independence until the twentieth century. guyana, from the united kingdom in 1966 and suriname, from dutch control in 1975. french guiana remains part of france as of 2007, and hosts the european space agency ' s principal spaceport, the guiana space center. the continent, like many others, became a battlefield of the cold war in the late twentieth century. some governments of argentina, brazil, chile, and uruguay were overthrown or displaced by united states - aligned military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. to curtail opposition, their governments detained tens of thousands of political prisoners, many of whom were tortured and / or killed ( on inter - state collaboration ). economically, they began a transition to neoliberal economic policies. they placed their own actions within the u. s. cold war doctrine of \" national security \" against internal subversion. throughout the 1980s and 1990s, peru suffered from an internal conflict ( tupac amaru revolutionary movement and shining path ). revolutionary movements and right - wing military dictatorships have been common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is now widespread. nonetheless, allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have developed crises which forced the resignation of their presidents, although in general,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44520531874837954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.012759"} {"text": "common, but starting in the 1980s a wave of democratization came through the continent, and democratic rule is now widespread. nonetheless, allegations of corruption remain common, and several nations have developed crises which forced the resignation of their presidents, although in general, normal civilian succession has continued. international indebtedness became a notable problem, as most recently illustrated by argentina ' s default in the early twenty - first century. in the first decade of the twenty - first century, south american governments have drifted to the political left, with socialist leaders being elected in chile, bolivia, brazil, venezuela, and leftist presidents in argentina, ecuador, peru, and uruguay. despite the tendency to move to the left of the political spectrum, most of south america ' s governments are in practical terms societies embracing free - market capitalism. with the founding of the union of south american nations, south america will intend to start down the road of economic, social and political integration, with plans for european union - style integration in the non - distant future. the countries in this table are categorized according to the scheme for geographic regions and subregions used by the united nations, and data included are per sources in cross - referenced articles. where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated. | name of territory, ( 1 july 2005 est. ) per km\u00b2 ( per sq mi ) | argentina | | 2, 766, 890 km\u00b2 ( 1, 068, 302 sq mi ) | | 39, 537, 943 | | 14. 3 / km\u00b2 ( 37 / sq mi ) | | buenos aires | | bolivia | | 1, 098, 580 km\u00b2 ( 424, 164 sq mi ) | | 8, 857, 870 | | 8. 1 / km\u00b2 ( 21 / sq mi ) | | la paz, sucre | | brazil | | 8, 514, 877 km\u00b2 ( 3, 287, 612 sq mi ) | | 187, 550, 726 | | 22. 0 / km\u00b2 ( 57 / sq mi ) | | brasilia | | chile | | 756, 950 km\u00b2 ( 292, 260 sq mi ) | | 15, 980, 912 | | 21. 1 / km\u00b2 ( 54. 6 / sq mi ) | | santiago | | colombia | | 1, 138, 910 km\u00b2 ( 439, 736 sq mi ) | | 42, 954, 279 | | 37. 7 / km\u00b2 ( 97. 6 / sq mi ) | | bogota | | ecuador | | 283, 560", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45818043149237947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.013828"} {"text": "| 1, 138, 910 km\u00b2 ( 439, 736 sq mi ) | | 42, 954, 279 | | 37. 7 / km\u00b2 ( 97. 6 / sq mi ) | | bogota | | ecuador | | 283, 560 km\u00b2 ( 109, 483 sq mi ) | | 13, 363, 593 | | 47. 1 / km\u00b2 ( 122 / sq mi ) | | quito | | falkland islands ( uk ) | | 12, 173 km\u00b2 ( 4, 700 sq mi ) | | 2, 967 | | 0. 24 / km\u00b2 ( 0. 6 / sq mi ) | | stanley | | french guiana ( france ) | | 91, 000 km\u00b2 ( 35, 135 sq mi ) | | 195, 506 | | 2. 1 / km\u00b2 ( 5. 4 / sq mi ) | | cayenne | | guyana | | 214, 970 km\u00b2 ( 83, 000 sq mi ) | | 765, 283 | | 3. 6 / km\u00b2 ( 9. 3 / sq mi ) | | georgetown | | paraguay | | 406, 750 km\u00b2 ( 157, 047 sq mi ) | | 6, 347, 884 | | 15. 6 / km\u00b2 ( 40. 4 / sq mi ) | | asuncion | | peru | | 1, 285, 220 km\u00b2 ( 496, 226 sq mi ) | | 27, 925, 628 | | 21. 7 / km\u00b2 ( 56. 2 / sq mi ) | | lima | | south georgia and south sandwich islands ( uk ) | | 3, 093 km\u00b2 ( 1, 194 sq mi ) | | 0 | | 0 / km\u00b2 ( 0 / sq mi ) | | grytviken | | suriname | | 163, 270 km\u00b2 ( 63, 039 sq mi ) | | 438, 144 | | 2. 7 / km\u00b2 ( 7 / sq mi ) | | paramaribo | | uruguay | | 176, 220 km\u00b2 ( 68, 039 sq mi ) | | 3, 415, 920 | | 19. 4 / km\u00b2 ( 50. 2 / sq mi ) | | montevideo | | venezuela | | 912, 050 km\u00b2 ( 352, 144 sq mi ) | | 25, 375, 281 | | 27. 8 / km\u00b2 ( 72 / sq mi ) | | caracas | due to histories of high inflation in nearly all south american countries interest - rates remain high, and thus investment remains low. interest rates are usually twice that of the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4443888397845701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.014721"} {"text": "| | 27. 8 / km\u00b2 ( 72 / sq mi ) | | caracas | due to histories of high inflation in nearly all south american countries interest - rates remain high, and thus investment remains low. interest rates are usually twice that of the united states. the exception is chile, which has been successfully implementing free market economic policies since the 1980s and increased its social spending since the return of democratic rule in the early 1990s. this has led to economic stability and interest rates in the low single digits. the union of south american nations is a planned continent - wide free trade zone to unite two existing free - trade organizations \u2014 mercosur and the andean community. the economic gap between the rich and poor in most south american nations is considered to be larger than in most other continents. in venezuela, paraguay, bolivia and many other south american countries, the richest 20 percent may own over 60 percent of the nation ' s wealth, while the poorest 20 percent may own less than 5 percent. this wide gap can be seen in many large south american cities where makeshift shacks and slums lie next to skyscrapers and upper - class luxury apartments. | country | | gdp ( nominal ) of 2006 | | gdp ( ppp ) of 2005 | | gdp ( ppp ) per capita of 2005 | | hdi of 2004 | spanish is the most widespread language of the continent, as spanish is the official language of most south american nations. however, the majority of south americans ( 51 percent ) speak portuguese, the official language of brazil. dutch is the official language of suriname ; english the official language of guyana ; and french the official language of french guiana. just a few of the many indigenous languages of south america include : quechua ( in bolivia, peru, and ecuador ) ; aymara ( bolivia, chile and peru ) ; guarani ( in paraguay and bolivia ) ; and mapudungun ( chile and certain pockets of argentina ). other languages to be found in south america include : hindi and indonesian in suriname ; italian in argentina, brazil, uruguay, venezuela and colombia ; german in certain pockets in brazil, argentina, chile, venezuela, colombia and paraguay ; welsh remains spoken and written in the historic towns of trelew and rawson in patagonia, argentina ; small cluster groups of japanese speakers in brazil, bolivia, colombia, peru and ecuador ; arabic speakers, often of lebanese and syrian descent, in arab communities of chile, brazil and argentina. in some countries the continent ' s upper classes and well - educated people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4585545097888824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.016016"} {"text": "cluster groups of japanese speakers in brazil, bolivia, colombia, peru and ecuador ; arabic speakers, often of lebanese and syrian descent, in arab communities of chile, brazil and argentina. in some countries the continent ' s upper classes and well - educated people study english and french, and in areas with much tourist commerce english is readily spoken. there are also small spanish speaking areas of southernmost brazil, due to the proximity to uruguay. music and literature south american nations have a rich variety of music. some of the most famous genres include cumbia from colombia, samba and bossa nova from brazil, and tango from argentina and uruguay. also well known is the non - commercial folk genre nueva cancion movement which was founded in argentina and chile and quickly spread to the rest of the latin america. people on the peruvian coast created the fine guitar and cajon duos or trios in the most mestizo ( mixed ) of south american rhythms such as the zamacueca ( from lima ), the tondero ( from piura ), the nineteenth century popular creole valse or peruvian valse and the soulful arequipan yaravi. in the late twentieth century, rock en espanol emerged by young hipsters influenced by british pop and american rock in argentina, chile and uruguay. brazil has a portuguese - language pop rock industry as well a great variety of other music genres. the literature of south america has attracted considerable critical and popular acclaim, especially with the latin american boom of the 1960s and 1970s, and the rise of authors such as gabriel garcia marquez and mario vargas llosa. because of south america ' s broad ethnic mix, south american cuisine takes on african, american indian, asian and european influences. the cuisine of argentina for example is distinctive in south america because of its strong resemblance to italian, spanish, french and other european cuisines rather than the other latin american cuisines. the cuisine of brazil, like brazil itself, varies greatly by region. this diversity reflects the country ' s mix of native amerindians, portuguese, africans, italians, spaniards, germans, syrians, lebanese, and japanese among others. this has created a national cooking style marked by the preservation of regional differences. many of the other south american nations have similar varied cuisines influenced by region. rice and beans is an extremely popular dish, considered a basic staple in many south american countries. argentineans, chileans, and uruguayans regularly consume wine, while argentina along with paraguay, uruguay and people in southern chile and brazil enjoy a sip of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4483163360994963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.017210"} {"text": "rice and beans is an extremely popular dish, considered a basic staple in many south american countries. argentineans, chileans, and uruguayans regularly consume wine, while argentina along with paraguay, uruguay and people in southern chile and brazil enjoy a sip of mate, a regional brewed herb cultivated for its drink. pisco is a liquor distilled from grapevine produced in peru and chile, however, there is a recurring dispute between those countries regarding its origins. peruvian cuisine mixes elements from both chinese, japanese, spanish, inca, and amazonic food. roman catholicism is the dominant religion of the region as a whole ; however protestantism is growing steadily. guyana and suriname have significant hindu, and muslim communities. jewish communities are found across south america ; the largest are in sao paulo, brazil and buenos aires, argentina. there is also a significant community in montevideo, uruguay. there are significant numbers of eastern orthodox churches founded by immigrants from the middle east. descendants of indigenous peoples, such as the quechua and aymara, make up the majority of the population in peru and bolivia, and are a significant element in most other former spanish colonies. exceptions to this include argentina and uruguay. at least three south american indigenous languages ( quechua in peru and bolivia, aymara also in bolivia, and guarani in paraguay ) are recognized along with spanish as national languages. - \u2191 patrick karl o ' brien, 2002, atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - \u2191 patrick karl o ' brien, 2002. atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - \u2191 patrick karl o ' brien, 2002. atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - \u2191 la paz is the administrative capital of bolivia ; sucre is the judicial seat. - \u2191 includes easter island in the pacific ocean, a chilean territory frequently reckoned in oceania. santiago is the administrative capital of chile ; valparaiso is the site of legislative meetings. - \u2191 claimed by argentina. - \u2191 also claimed by argentina, the south georgia and the south sandwich islands in the south atlantic ocean are commonly associated with antarctica ( due to proximity ) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors. - bakewell, p. j. 1997. a history of latin america : empires and sequels,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.453362034314843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.018500"} {"text": "ocean are commonly associated with antarctica ( due to proximity ) and have no permanent population, only hosting a periodic contingent of about 100 researchers and visitors. - bakewell, p. j. 1997. a history of latin america : empires and sequels, 1450 - 1930. the blackwell history of the world. malden, ma : blackwell publishers. isbn 0631167919 - chasteen, john charles. 2006. born in blood and fire : a concise history of latin america. new york : w. w. norton & co. isbn 0393927695 - fernandez - armesto, felipe. 2003. the americas : a hemispheric history. new york : modern library. isbn 0375504761 - o ' brien, patrick karl. 2002. atlas of world history. new york, n. y. : oxford university press. isbn 0195215672 - skidmore, thomas e., and peter h. smith. 2005. modern latin america. new york : oxford university press. isbn 019517013x - the population of continents, regions and countries. geohive retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( spanish ) infolatam. information and analysis of latin america retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( english ) the council on hemispheric affairs \u2013 an independent source of latin american news and opinion retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( spanish ) / ( portuguese ) conmebol \u2014 confederacion sudamericana de futbol \u2013 the south american football confederation retrieved august 11, 2007. - ( french ) information about south american music. retrieved august 11, 2007. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here : note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45159620909246684, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.021152"} {"text": "because accumulation exceeds ablation in a location. this accumulation zone after it thickens to more than 30 m begins to for a glacier to survive it must have a consistent and persistent accumulation zone. to diagnose a glacier that is disappearing look for 1 ) emergence of rock outcrops in upper region of the glacier. 2 ) recession of the margin of the glacier in upper reaches of the glacier. 3 ) lack of consistent snowcover at the end of the summer in the accumulation zone of published paper in the cyrosphere 2010 quaternary international paper 2011 why these criteria? glaciers respond to climate in an attempt to achieve equilibrium. a glacier advances due to a climate cooling / snowfall increase that causes positive mass balance. a climate warming / snowfall decrease leads to negative mass balances and glacier retreat. to reestablish equilibrium a retreating glacier must lose enough of its highest ablating sections, usually at the lowest elevations, so that accumulating snows in the near the head of the glacier once again are equivalent to overall ablation, and an equilibrium balance is approached. if a glacier cannot retreat to a point where equilibrium is established, it is in disequilibrium with the climate system. a glacier that is in disequilibrium with present climate will melt away with a continuation of this climate. we often focus on terminus change of a glacier which tells us how the glacier is currently responding to recent climate. a glacier can retreat rapidly and still survive if it has an accumulation zone. thus, to forecast survival we need to focus on the accumulation zone, not just the terminus. if the accumulation zone no longer retains accumulation consistently it will begin to thin. a glacier needs 50 - 70 % of its surface area to be snowcovered event at the end of the summer to be healthy. a thinning accumulation zone is evident when the margins of the glacier in this accumulation zone - upper potion of the glacier recede. also new outcrops of rock maybe exposed in the accumulation zone due to thinning. this has been observed both in the north cascades and on swiss glaciers. below are examples of glaciers that have disappeared, will disappear and that can retreat to a new position of equilibrium with current climate. this is not to say that further warming will not eliminate many of the the glaciers that have an accumulation zone today. sometimes adjacent glaciers can have differing forecasts based on their varied response to recent climate. it is unusual for an entire mountain range to be inhospitable to glaciers today. of the rapid loss of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44479401954729975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.032134"} {"text": "goolwa / toowoomba basin bytes goolwa / toowoomba basin bytes is a community - based project using digital photography and text to encourage members of the community to explore issues that relate to cultural heritage and natural resource management in their location. goolwa has a population of 7500 people and is located 83 km and one hours drive southeast from adelaide, south australia. goolwa is a historic port with a rich history of local industries connected with the river and the sea. toowoomba has a population of around 90, 000 and is 128 km west of brisbane. it is also known as the ' garden city of queensland ' and is the main commercial centre for the fertile darling downs region. these two locations are at extreme ends of the murray - darling basin catchment system. this system extends from queensland to south australia and includes three quarters of new south wales and half of victoria. it is the heartland and the economic centre of rural australia, covering one - seventh of the australian continent with a population of nearly two million people. the basin is a system that faces considerable environmental challenges which have a direct impact upon the lives and lifestyles of many rural communities. the two groups decided to organise their images and text into six thematic areas : industry, environment, water, living, people, recreation and indigenous to illustrate the perspectives of two distinct but connected communities. disclaimer : the goolwa - toowoomba basin bytes gallery is a community generated website. the stories and opinions expressed here are those of the individual participants and do not necessarily represent the position of the national museum of australia nor the murray - darling basin commission. they are presented to inform discussion about the basin ' s natural resources.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45799323632959954, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.035607"} {"text": "there is increasing recognition that the reductionist mindset that is currently dominating society, rooted in unlimited economic growth unperceptive to its social and environmental impact, cannot resolve the converging environmental, social and economic crises we now face. the primary aim of this unit is to encourage the shift away from reductionist and human centred thinking towards a holistic and ecological worldview. exercise in register and style exercise for students concerning the idea of writing in a specific register and style for a specific readership. honeybee venom detected by enzyme immunoassay the venom of the honeybee, apis mellifera, contains numerous enzymes, volatiles, and other components. allergic individuals develop anti - venom antibodies which may cause hives, anaphylactic shock, and death. in this exercise students detect concentrations of bee venom on nitrocellulose membranes following incubation of membranes with anti - venom antibodies, enzyme - conjugated secondary antibodies, and a colorimetric substrate. the intensity of the colored substrate deposited on the membrane is pro the long neck and beak allow the chicken to peck at food to eat it. the large breastbone of birds is indicative a large, volumous chest that fills with air while flying. thin legs makes the animal lighter in weight, which also aids in flight. cactus wren in the sonora desert the beak of the cactus wren looks like a miniature version of the roadrunner beak. the beak is suited for eating insects. the narrow beak allows the cactus wren to get a tight grasp of insects. global cloud cover with fly away this animated sequence is a one month sample of composited images from cloud cover data collected from a suite of u. s., european, and japanese geostationary satellites and u. s. polar orbiting meteorological satellites. this data was composited under the auspices of isccp, the international satellite cloud climatology program clouds over north america from goes - 11 : august 3, 2000 this animation is one of a series showing the first data from goes - 11. the data shown was taken at one - minute intervals. the visual datasets text module discusses the concept of visual learning and presents some suggestions for ways to design learning environments that support students in developing visual literacy skills. three visual datasets that can be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.552381757720216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.050374"} {"text": "be used for problem solving activities in evolution, classification, development, and botany are included : caminacules : a dataset of imaginary animals that can be used as the basis for a variety of problem - posing and problem - solving activities in evolution, classi module 5 : selecting payment methods select appropriate methods, terms, and currency of payment to agents, sales representatives, distributors, suppliers, and international joint ventures. msu global has teamed with experts in the international finance field to create resources to help increase international skills in the business community. these materials address the need of the international trade practitioner for knowledge and information that is specific to trade finance by providing a means for educators and business practit the purpose of this course is to introduce you to entrepreneurship as a process of creating something new that has economic value to others. we will examine entrepreneurship from the vantage point of history, society, and the individual. most importantly, i hope to expand your awareness of entrepreneurship as a career option. this course has a substantial communications component. entrepreneurial ideas are useless without the ability to communicate them clearly and concisely. our focus will be o robin hood and sherwood forest this online exhibition highlights resources for the study of robin hood in the collections held by manuscripts and special collections at the university of nottingham. it includes examples from printed versions of the robin hood story in collections of traditional ballad literature, in popular chap books and in stories for children. it also features documents which can be used for the study of the historical sherwood forest and its laws. individualized reading instruction in the elementary grades, winter 2008 explores techniques for assessment of reading and writing skills and for development of individualized instruction in classroom settings ; develops strategies for meeting the needs of individual students through the evaluation, utilization, and adaptation of commercial reading materials and through the formation of principles and techniques for producing effective teacher - prepared materials. greco - roman origin myths mythology is a powerful vehicle for teaching students about symbols and the ways people have sought to explain their relationships to nature and to each other. teachers can use this lesson to introduce or examine the role of myths in explaining human customs, mysteries about nature, or the reasons why things exist in the world. students will discuss works of art that illustrate ancient greco - roman myths and various symbols used in them. so students do not judge the \" truthfulness \" of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5349548529650432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.053430"} {"text": "do not judge the \" truthfulness \" of another cult northeastern research expo 2011 the nu smarts reporter talks to the students behind the cutting - edge research presented at this year ' s research expo. gonu. tv game recap - baseball vs. uri - april 6, 2011 the northeastern university baseball team fell to the rhode island rams by a score of 7 - 6 on a cloudy wednesday afternoon at friedman diamond in brookline, mass. what is a recession? this two minute video explains what a recession is, the basic economic terms, and the psychological factor that often fuels a recession. it moves very rapidly so the teacher should be prepared to stop the video at times to review terms. a list of terms would also be helpful. the three ways to handle a recession are mentioned as well. break the science barrier - richard dawkins - part 1 of 3 break the science barrier follows the oxford biologist richard dawkins as he meets with people who have experienced the wonders of science first - hand. we meet the astronomer who first discovered pulsars, the geneticist who invented dna fingerprinting, a scientist who discovered a protein that causes cancer, and others. dawkins interviews famous admirers of science such as douglas adams and david attenborough, and asks them why science means so much to them. we also see how dangerous ignorance of essential tremor - station and gait exam - gait sub - exam - patient 12 the patient is a 70 - year - old caucasian female who first noticed voice and head tremor about 15 years ago. she has had a gradual progression of this tremor that now causes her head to shake, her voice to tremor and her bilateral arm to tremor. the tremor is most noticed when the limbs maintain a posture or are in motion. her writing is affected especially when she attempts to write small. fine motor tasks have become more effortful as the years have passed. the tremor is worsened by fatigue. she the week ahead : april 7th 2011 france enforces a burqa ban, europe frets over immigration, britain ' s banks await regulation proposals and peru holds an election 270 gg commas with participial phrases when do you put a comma before a phrase such as \" making me cry \"?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5644335552587856, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.056315"} {"text": "rising river waters can kill! watch for rapidly rising river levels on the chattahoochee river and its tributaries. water released from dams and heavy rain can turn a day on the river into a tragedy! more \u00bb call for water release schedule with colder temperatures you can expect longer and more frequent water releases. for water release schedule info, call 1 - 855 - dam - flow ( 1 - 855 - 326 - 3569 ) for buford dam and 404 - 329 - 1455 for morgan falls dam. save numbers to your cell! more \u00bb the asian clam, corbicula fluminea, native to asia and parts of africa, was first discovered in the united states in 1924 and has been spreading rapidly since then. it is now found in 38 states and washington, dc, and is known mostly for being a biofouler of complex pipe structures in power plants and industrial water systems. high concentrations of the asian clam can lead to green algae blooms as a result of their waste. this mollusk is capable of self - fertilizing. when they mature they begin producing eggs and then immediately being producing sperm. later in life they produce eggs and sperm simultaneously, releasing up to 2, 000 juveniles per day. because they can reproduce at such a prolific rate, they contribute to the decline of native mollusks. in the aquarium and koi pond trade, these are sometimes known as the golden clam or golden freshwater clam. it is important to never dump aquariums into bodies of water to prevent the introduction of nonindigenous species, both plants and animals. did you know? jones bridge spanned the chattahoochee river from 1904 - 1922, falling into disrepair in the 1930 ' s. half of the bridge was \" stolen \" in 1940, neighbors didn ' t know the workers cutting the bridge were not authorized to do so until it was too late.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4548163982559035, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.058336"} {"text": "get the lead out children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning. follow these guidelines to help keep kids safe. - avoid direct contact with soil if you live near a lead polluter, in an urban area or near a highway. touching soil with bare hands and getting it into the mouth can be hazardous. - keep kids on grassy areas or pavement when they play outside, and avoid playing in the dirt. wash hands as soon as you get home. - save food and snacks for indoors, after you ' ve washed up. lead lingers in soil and dust, and can get ingested when kids put their hands in their mouths. - take shoes off at the door to avoid tracking contaminated dust or soil into the house. - vacuum carpets frequently - - a hepa vacuum cleaner is best. also use a damp rag to clean windowsills, surfaces and moldings. a damp mop is the best way to clean up lead dust particles from hard floors. - use gloves when you ' re gardening, and if you want to grow food, have the soil tested for heavy metals first. alternatively, dig out the area of the garden bed, down to a depth of six inches or more, and replace the soil with clean topsoil. root and vegetable crops, such as carrots and lettuce, tend to pick up more lead. choose fruit crops such as corn, beans, squash, tomatoes or strawberries to minimize the risk of lead contamination. - check for peeling or flaking paint, especially around windows, doorframes and molding, if your house was built before 1978. get the paint tested. the do - it yourself kits available at most hardware stores aren ' t always completely reliable, but they ' re a reasonable first step. before having any renovations done, have the paint professionally tested. if there is lead in the paint, make sure a certified lead remediation contractor does the renovation work. - test imported dishware or pottery with a lead swab, available at most hardware stores, before cooking or serving food in it. lead paints and glazes are still used outside the united states and europe, and contaminated dishware and pottery - - particularly from mexico and china - - has been found on store shelves in the united states. - watch out for toys imported from china, cheap kids ' costume jewelry and candy made in mexico - - these products could be contaminated with lead and pose a risk to children. - let tap water run a couple of minutes in the morning before you drink it, to make sure any", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.436534808376442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.064132"} {"text": "from china, cheap kids ' costume jewelry and candy made in mexico - - these products could be contaminated with lead and pose a risk to children. - let tap water run a couple of minutes in the morning before you drink it, to make sure any water that has been standing in the pipes has run through - - you can collect it for watering your plants. or use an nsf - certified water filter, available at most stores, for your drinking water. charcoal filters ( including filter pitchers ) are effective at removing lead. - avoid drinking regularly from leaded crystal if you ' re pregnant. last revised 10 / 16 / 2008 sign up for nrdc ' s online newsletter nrdc gets top ratings from the charity watchdogs - charity navigator awards nrdc its 4 - star top rating. - worth magazine named nrdc one of america ' s 100 best charities. - nrdc meets the highest standards of the wise giving alliance of the better business bureau. - nrdc sues fda for failing ( again ) to disclose information about antibiotic resistance - posted by avinash kar, 6 / 6 / 13 - there be monsters here : so why the delay on clean water protections? - posted by peter lehner, 5 / 24 / 13 - bipartisan bill would improve reporting of information about antibiotic use in animal feed - posted by avinash kar, 5 / 8 / 13", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4510594994327103, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.064917"} {"text": "science objects are two hour on - line interactive inquiry - based content modules that help teachers better understand the science content they teach. this science object is the first of three science objects in the heredity and variation scipack. it explores the historical perspective and experiments of mendel. sexual reproduction results in the continuity of species accompanied with a great deal of variation in physical traits. one familiar observation is that offspring are very much like their parents but still show some variation \u2014 differing somewhat from their parents and from one another. people have long been curious about heredity, using even the most primitive understanding of inheritance to cultivate desirable traits in domesticated species. in the 1800s, gregor mendel took his observations of heredity and variation to new heights through carefully designed and executed breeding experiments that generated repeatable inheritance patterns. mendel developed a model for explaining the patterns he observed, describing discrete units or \u201c particles, \u201d which both segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance. this model offered a foundational explanation for how variation is generated through sexual reproduction. although mendel \u2019 s model over - simplified how traits are inherited and expressed, it set the stage for the discoveries of chromosomes and genes from which contemporary genetics grew. [ hide full abstract ] - explain how domestication of plants and animals produced an early understanding of inheritance. - use mendel \u2019 s model to explain patterns of inheritance represented in graphic form ( for example, data tables, histograms, etc. ). - identify the conditions required for an inheritance pattern to be explained correctly by mendel \u2019 s model. - use data representing patterns of inheritance to support the idea that some observable traits are defined by discrete units of inheritance that segregate and assort independently of one another during inheritance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6001836465572521, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.068379"} {"text": "nutriwatch home page the digestive tract - - also called the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal - - provides the pathway through which foods move through the body. during this process, foods are broken down into their component nutrients to be available for absorption. digestion actually begins in the mouth, as the enzymes in saliva begin to break down carbohydrate ( starch ). as food is chewed, it becomes lubricated, warmer, and easier to swallow and digest. the teeth and mouth work together to convert each bite of food into a bolus that can readily move into the esophagus ( \" the food pipe \" ). in the meantime, taste buds located in the mouth help you to enjoy each mouthful - - or to find the food distasteful, as is sometimes the case. after the bolus is swallowed, it enters the esophagus where it continues to be warmed and lubricated as it moves toward the stomach. the acidic environment of the stomach and the action of gastric enzymes convert the bolus into chyme, a liquefied mass that is squirted from the stomach into the small intestine. carbohydrates tend to leave the stomach rapidly and enter the small intestine ; proteins leave the stomach less rapidly ; and fats linger there the longest. the small intestine is the principal site of digestion and absorption. there, enzymes and secretions from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself combine to break down nutrients so that they can be absorbed. the pancreas is a veritable enzyme factory, supplying enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. intestinal cells also supply some enzymes. the liver produces the bile required for the emulsification of fat, and the gallbladder stores the bile until it is needed. the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine is facilitated by tiny projections called villi, which provide more surface area for absorption. the nutrients pass through the intestinal membranes into the circulatory system, which transports them to body tissues. nutrients are then absorbed into the cells, where they are used for growth, repair, and the release or storage of energy. the overall process - - called metabolism - - is highly complex. undigested chyme proceeds from the small intestine into the large intestine ( colon ), where it becomes concentrated, as liquid is absorbed in preparation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4938417568455541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.073937"} {"text": "every weekday of the school year, karen bryner ' s students wake up before dawn. as the sun rises, they leave their homes for a walk to the mormon church in harlem for religious classes. they sing hymns, study verses, and share their spiritual journeys together. bryner, a volunteer who leads the harlem educational program, is a fifth generation mormon from utah with the church \u2019 s scriptures in her blood. her ancestors are intertwined with the development of mormon doctrine and education from almost the beginning. she is a soft spoken woman with salt and pepper brown hair and thick rimmed glasses. while she is not married, she experiences her classroom of youngsters as a large mormon family under her wing. year after year, bryner and thousands of other volunteer teachers across the world lead the way for over a million mormon youths. historically, faith - based education has been the vanguard of cultural development and scholarship in the united states. in 19th century towns the local learned person was usually the pastor. physicians, who are now most often the mostly highly educated persons in local communities, were then likely to be local barbers who had added surgery to their offerings. in the 21stcentury theologically conservative religious groups like the mormons, evangelical christians and orthodox jews place a high emphasis on education. one researcher, rebecca kim, referred to the asian american christians on ucla \u2019 s campus as \u201c god \u2019 s whiz kids. \u201d in new york city students at orthodox yeshivas hardly skipped a beat during hurricane sandy, missing only one day of class. mormon churches organize four - year programs called \u201c seminaries \" to supplement the secular education of their teenage youth ( ages 14 - 18 ). forty - five minute classes are usually taught by an adult teachers who volunteer their time. over four years, the students review the bible, book of mormon, and the mormon doctrine and covenants ( which has scriptural like status ). they memorize at least 100 verses for quizzes that cover basic doctrine and injunctions to learn such as : cease to be idle ; cease to sleep longer than is needful ; retire to thy bed early, that ye may not be weary ; arise early, that your bodies and your minds may be invigorated. ( doctrine and covenants 88 : 124 ) ; and all saints who remember to keep and do these sayings, and shall find wisdom and great treasures of knowledge, even hidden treasures ; and shall run and not be weary, and shall walk and not faint. ( doctrine and covenants 89 : 18 - 20", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4708928074527079, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.087393"} {"text": "saints who remember to keep and do these sayings, and shall find wisdom and great treasures of knowledge, even hidden treasures ; and shall run and not be weary, and shall walk and not faint. ( doctrine and covenants 89 : 18 - 20 ) ; and whatever principle of intelligence we attain unto in this life, it will rise with us in the resurrection. and if a person gains more knowledge and intelligence in this life through his diligence and obedience than another, he will have so much the advantage in the world to come. ( doctrince and covenants 130 : 18 - 19 ). for a high schooler already balancing the demands of adolescence, the additional classes in the seminary and sunday school adds a heap on a full plate of after - school sports, extracurriculars, and regular homework. none of the youths ' seminary studies get high school credit. one must be self - disciplined and sacrificial at a time when their peers are busy prepping to be \" cool \" and college - bound. however, the benefits of the mormon seminaries are like a educational cram school. young mormons develop a disciplined life that is used to working as a community. in august 2011, lds general president thomas s. monson wrote to the seminary students about this mormon tradition : \u201c seminary for me was held at an early hour in a little house across the street from my high school. i thought, if my teacher can get up that early, i can get up that early. \u201d the mormons educational network is worldwide and encompasses three universities, one college, seventeen elementary and secondary schools, and 8, 039 seminary and institute programs serving approximately 1. 2 million students. the figures are smaller than those of other religious denominations, though the mormon church is a much smaller, younger denomination. for example, roman catholicism dates back 2100 years and has 78 million members in the united states, over a billion in the world. its elementary and junior high schools in america alone enrolled 2 million students for the 2010 - 2011 school years, according to the national catholic educational association. mormon founder joseph smith, jr. recounted that the revelations given to him by god emphasized the importance of education. these revelations are part of the codebook of the mormons, the doctrine and covenant. the book ( section 93, verse 36 ) recounts that on may 6, 1833 smith had an epiphany in kirkland, ohio that \u201c the glory of god is intelligence, or in other words, light and truth. \u201d in more recent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45125290114102345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.089271"} {"text": "the book ( section 93, verse 36 ) recounts that on may 6, 1833 smith had an epiphany in kirkland, ohio that \u201c the glory of god is intelligence, or in other words, light and truth. \u201d in more recent times, while serving as commissioner of church education in 1971, neal a. maxwell explained in a yearly summation that \u201c literacy and basic education are gospel needs. \u201d mormons believe education is necessary to maintain good spiritual standing with the lord. a mormon seminarian turns into a mormon leader bryner, 40, grew up in provo, utah in a close - knit mormon family. she attended the church ' s seminary program in high school and stayed closed to home for college, eventually obtaining a bachelor ' s degree from brigham young university in early childhood education. she could have stopped her academic career there, but she didn ' t. bryner kept going and moved to boston. in 2000, she enrolled in the masters program in international education at harvard university. five years later, she came to new york city to enroll in a doctoral program at columbia university to study comparative international education. her interest in islamic education in indonesia complements the mormon focus on missions. more than 60 % of the byu student body speak a language other than their native tongue. furthermore, approximately half have served in church missions around the world, acquiring fluency in a second language. while studying at columbia, she goes to the mormon church in harlem, which is a short walk from her home. she finds that teaching students at the early morning classes give her a high satisfaction. she admires the efforts that the students put into their classes. she speaks fondly of one dedicated student in particular named bachir. he hasn \u2019 t missed a single lesson at dawn \u2019 s early hour. he seems to do his classes with ease without without any prodding from his parents. bryner has twice been president of the local church relief society. this distaff group focuses on charity with teaching. one of its programs is visiting teaching. members of the relief society are paired to \u201c visit teach \u201d ailing and needy church members. they give moral support, material aid and instruction on how to overcome life \u2019 s problems. \u201c teaching \u201d is more like a exemplary \u201c buddy system \u201d than a strict educational enterprise. last march, a journey attended a relief society meeting. there, people gave testimonies on how the \u201c visiting teachers \u201d had helped them. one woman who had recently moved into the city talked about her love for the program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4720572158744039, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.091473"} {"text": "strict educational enterprise. last march, a journey attended a relief society meeting. there, people gave testimonies on how the \u201c visiting teachers \u201d had helped them. one woman who had recently moved into the city talked about her love for the program. she was very lonely in this large city, but the visiting teachers provided friendship and crucial support. bryner nodded her head in agreement. like her, over half of the women in the harlem congregation are single with lingering feelings that come from isolation. the \" visiting teaching \" program also has the unannounced effect of tying mormons together in deep empathy with other people. during hurricane sandy, lorianne updike toler, a mormon in manhattan, recounted indeseret news, \" what has added to my level of comfort is knowing lds visiting and home teachers are at the ready. in sacrament meeting yesterday, all were encouraged to reach out to their home and visiting teachers to find out if they were prepared for the storm and if they needed anything. i received no fewer than four contacts from home and visiting teachers and from my relief society president. \" mormon education controversies some academics clash mormon theology. several professors have recounted how their questioning the veracity of mormon scriptures, the supreme authority of the church or mormon morality faced censure. english teacher cecilia konchar farr opposed the church \u2019 s position on abortion and lost her job in 1994. in 2006, jeffrey nielsen, a visiting lecturer of philosophy, did not receive a contract renewal after submitting an editorial to the salt lake tribune opposing the church ' s opposition to same - sex marriage. the university denies that they fired the professors for their moral ideas but for other unrelated issues. the northwest association of schools of colleges and universities continues to warrant accreditation to byu. nor have the controversies hurt byu \u2019 s reputation. according to the u. s. news & world report 2012, byu ranks 71st in the best colleges category. what the public can learn from the mormons the general feeling within the mormon church is that education never stops. the main lesson for the general public is to keep improving yourself, keep reaching out for knowledge, and keep committing yourself to a higher cause. it ' s not just the efforts put in, but also the consistency of the efforts. some harlem residents say that the mormon messages of self - reliance and improvement strike a cord with their values. they are concerned that harlem young people need to be taught those values to do better in school and work. a survey by the u. s. census found that of those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47870651190244273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.092970"} {"text": "- aquatic plants - terrestrial plants - aquatic animals - terrestrial animals - pathogens & parasites - agricultural invaders searchresources materials related sites hydrilla ( hydrilla verticillata ( l. f. ) royle ) [ profile revised october 3, 2012 ] hydrilla ( hydrilla verticillata ), also commonly called water thyme, is a submersed perennial herb. the plant is rooted in the bed of the waterbody and has long stems ( up to 25 feet in length ) that branch at the surface where growth becomes horizontal and forms dense mats. small ( 2 - 4 mm wide, 6 - 20 mm long ), pointed, often serrated leaves are arranged around the stem in whorls of 3 to 10. southern populations are predominantly dioecious female ( plants having only female flowers ) that overwinter as perennials. populations north of south carolina, including populations in new york, are essentially monoecious ( having both male and female flowers on the same plant ) that set some fertile seed, and depend on tubers for overwintering. these monoecious plants produce female flowers with three translucent petals 10 - 50 mm long by 4 - 8 mm wide, and male flowers with three white to red narrow petals about 2 mm long. close - up of hydrilla. photo : chris evans, river to river cwma, bugwood. org the dioecious form of hydrilla is believed to originate from the indian subcontinent, specifically the island of sri lanka, although random dna analysis also indicates india ' s southern mainland as a possible source location. the monoecious form is believed to have arrived on our shores from korea. hydrilla can be found infesting freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, impoundments and canals. hydrilla infestation of small lake. photo : tim murphy, university of georgia, bugwood. org the dioecious strain of h. verticillata was imported as an aquarium plant in the early 1950s. discarded ( or intentionally planted ) colonies were found in canals in miami and tampa shortly after. the monoecious strain was introduced separately decades later in the potomac basin. both dioecious and monoecious hydrilla propagate primarily by stem fragments, although turions ( buds ) and subterranean tubers also play an important role. the main means of introduction of hydrilla is as castaway fragments on recreational boats and trailers and in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46979164964224773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.104813"} {"text": "j. moorhead, university of georgia, bugwood. org hydrilla has pointed, bright green leaves about 5 / 8 inches long. the leaves grow in whorls of 3 - 10 along the stem, 5 being most common. the margins of the leaves are serrated ( toothed ). thin stalks from the stem end in a single, small, floating white flower at the water ' s surface. a key identifying feature is the presence of small ( up to half inch long ), dull - white to yellowish, potato - like tubers which grow 2 to 12 inches below the surface of the sediment at the ends of underground stems. these tubers form at the end of the growing season and serve to store food to allow hydrilla to overwinter. illustration : cayuga lake watershed network ( rev. october 3, 2012, cce isp ) close - up of h. verticillata stem and leaves. photo : robert videki, doronicum kft., bugwood. org | hydrilla is often confused with the common native water weed, elodea canadensis, which has whorls of 3 smooth - edged leaves as opposed to whorls of 4 to 10 serrated and spined leaves. | line art : university of florida center for aquatic plants the best way to help prevent the spread of hydrilla is to follow basic clean boating techniques : for all types of watercraft : - be aware of and, if possible, avoid passing through dense beds of aquatic vegetation - inspect your watercraft, all equipment, and trailers after each use for any plant material - remove and dispose of all plant matter, dirt, mud and other material in a trash can or above the waterline on dry land well away from where it might get washed back into the lake - clean and dry all equipment thoroughly before visiting other water bodies ( including anything that got wet, such as fishing gear and the family dog ) for non - motorized craft such as rowing shells, canoes, kayaks, and sailboards : open airlocks on shells or air bladders on kayaks after use and allow to dry thoroughly, as plant fragments can survive moist conditions for many days around docks, launch sites, and other areas : if plant fragments are piling up around dock areas, use a rake to remove plant material and dispose in the trash mechanical harvesting and herbicide spraying are common control methods of controlling hydrilla. both are expensive and only moderately effective. - power weed cutters", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3970100945596091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.107189"} {"text": "are piling up around dock areas, use a rake to remove plant material and dispose in the trash mechanical harvesting and herbicide spraying are common control methods of controlling hydrilla. both are expensive and only moderately effective. - power weed cutters mow underwater weeds below the water surface and gather them onto a conveyor. the harvesting process is expensive, costing over $ 1, 000 per acre. because of hydrilla \u2019 s rapid growth, mechanical harvesting needs to be performed several times per growing season. since the mowing and removal process cannot capture every single fragment of hydrilla stem and leaf, water and wind currents moving away from the harvest area can easily carry these fragments to uninfested areas of a waterbody and result in new populations taking root. - chemicals are easier to apply, but also costly. herbicide spraying works best in small, enclosed bodies of water, and does not work at all in larger bodies the size of a finger lake, or in moving water such as a stream, river or canal. herbicides can also have unintended impacts on native flora, as well. for those reasons, permits for chemical control of hydrilla are difficult to obtain in new york. - biological control insects as part of efforts to control hydrilla have been attempted in florida with mixed results. leaf - mining flies from australia and india and a tuber - feeding weevil from india have been used overseas. the insects released are not native to ny, nor are they currently permitted for release in the state. the use of non - native species to attempt to control another non - native species can be risky if the newly released species out - competes native insects, causing a new invasive species problem. the use of sterile grass carp has been used with some success in small lakes in the southern us but would be impractical in lakes the size of the finger lakes. - another method of dealing with hydrilla infestations is the control of water levels. temporary control of hydrilla has been shown to result from large - scale, long - term water drawdowns. however, since new plants can grow from the buried tubers, regrowth can take place when water levels are allowed to return to normal. drawdowns also can have negative environmental impacts on native plant species and on fish populations. - suction harvesting of hydrilla growth by divers using very strong vacuum hoses can be used to remove hydrilla from confined areas. however, as with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42386474312933997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.108172"} {"text": "also can have negative environmental impacts on native plant species and on fish populations. - suction harvesting of hydrilla growth by divers using very strong vacuum hoses can be used to remove hydrilla from confined areas. however, as with drawdowns, if the underground tubers are not removed by dredging following the suction harvesting, regrowth can take place from the tubers during the next growing season. further, any fragments that might escape during vacuum activities can float away to root and start new infestations. the \u201c best \u201d, most effective way to control hydrilla is the prevention of new hydrilla infestations. waterbodies infested with hydrilla can be found in 70 % of florida ' s freshwater drainage basins, making it the most abundant aquatic plant in that state \u2019 s waters. hydrilla is also widespread throughout alabama ; impoundments on the tennessee river ; eastern mississippi ; southeastern tennessee ; southwestern georgia ; south carolina ; eastern north carolina ; in virginia \u2019 s potomac, rappahannock, and appomattox rivers and into the piedmont, in the tidal freshwater reaches of the potomac river on the virginia / maryland border ; along the western and northeastern shores of the chesapeake bay, including the pautuxent river, where it is the most abundant plant species ; pennsylvania ( in the schuylkill river near downtown philadelphia ) ; eastern kentucky ; in ponds in delaware ; southeastern connecticut ; in a cape cod pond in massachusetts ; in southwestern maine ; in new jersey \u2019 s lower delaware drainage ; indiana ' s lake manitou ; wisconsin ; and since 2008, in three new york lakes in suffolk and orange counties, and in cayuga lake in ny ' s finger lakes. hydrilla can also be found at numerous sites west of the mississippi river. h. verticillata was detected in the cayuga lake inlet in ithaca, new york in mid - august 2011 by staff of the cayuga lake floating classroom. a follow - up survey by robert l. johnson, a former researcher with the cornell university department of ecology & evolutionary biology, now with racine - johnson aquatic ecologists, located extensive hydrilla populations in several areas of the inlet. as of early - september 2011, the hydrilla appears to be localized to the inlet, with no evidence of the plant in cayuga lake proper. this is the first detection of hydrilla in upstate new york. the risk of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4477546642357659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.109103"} {"text": "of early - september 2011, the hydrilla appears to be localized to the inlet, with no evidence of the plant in cayuga lake proper. this is the first detection of hydrilla in upstate new york. the risk of the plant spreading to the rest of cayuga lake and other regional waterbodies in the finger lakes region is considered to be substantial. state, regional, and local officials and organizations, along with biologists from cornell university are developing plans to control, manage, and prevent the spread of the invader, as well as outreach efforts to enlist the public ' s help in preventing the plant ' s spread. menninger, h. 2011. hydrilla verticillata in the cayuga inlet : a science \u2010 based review to guide management actions. ny invasive species research institute, cornell university, ithaca, ny. 11 pp. northeast aquatic nuisance species panel. 2013. monoecious hydrilla \u2013 a review of the literature northeast aquatic nuisance species panel. 2013. cited articles and abstracts not wanted! hydrilla verticillata, rev. 3. ny invasive species clearinghouse and cornell cooperative extension invasive species program. rev. october 5, 2012. 6 - panel, tri - fold brochure for statewide distribution. general information brochure for boaters statewide hydrilla verticillata : what marinas need to know. ny invasive species clearinghouse / cornell cooperative extension invasive species program / new york sea grant. april 4, 2012. 2 - page factsheet. specific information for marinas not wanted in the erie canal! ny invasive species clearinghouse and cornell cooperative extension invasive species program. rev. 2, october 17, 2012. 4 - page, bi - fold brochure. erie canal / tonawanda creek specific. not wanted! hydrilla verticillata in the cayuga inlet. ny invasive species clearinghouse and cornell cooperative extension invasive species program. august 30, 2011. 4 - page, bi - fold brochure. cayuga lake inlet specific. lake george invasive species fact sheet 34 : hydrilla. lake george waterkeeper. january 2010. two - page general information publication. stop the invasion : hydrilla. august 2010. state of washington invasive species council. two - page general information publication. heading off hydrilla : another invasive species is heading towards the great lakes : hydrilla verticilla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40300115273612647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.109969"} {"text": "the invasion : hydrilla. august 2010. state of washington invasive species council. two - page general information publication. heading off hydrilla : another invasive species is heading towards the great lakes : hydrilla verticillata. 2006. michigan department of environmental quality. two - page general information publication. invasive weed identification guide : weeds watch out!. a guide to identifying aquatic invasive weeds in the central new york region and how to recognize the difference between the invaders and their native look - alikes. cayuga lake watershed network and seneca lake pure waters association. 2005 vermont invasive exotic plant fact sheet : hydrilla. spring 1998. departments of environmental conservation and fish & wildlife, of the vermont agency of natural resources, and the nature conservancy of vermont. two - page general information publication. c. c. jacono, m. m. richerson ), and v. howard morgan. 2011. hydrilla verticillata. usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl. us geological survey, us department of the interior. http : / / nas. er. usgs. gov / queries / factsheet. aspx? speciesid = 6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4068361964815719, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.110416"} {"text": "| idndr - informs - number 13, 1998 ( idndr - dirdn, 1998 ) | disaster prevention begins with timely and accurate information. when there is clarity in the perception of risk, we tend to minimize the possible consequences event. by means of sounds, images, and the printed word, the mass media report on what is going on in the world, but they can do much more. they can explain the significance of events ; they can serve as guides through an uncertain terrain, an teachers in a world where a high penalty must be paid for ignorance. if providing information means conveying the most complete available knowledge of an event, in this case natural phenomena, reporters and media outlets should not give in to sensationalism, which essentially means communicating only the most alarming information, not the most illuminating. they should explain what is going on in the clearest and simplest manner, and provide the data and background the public needs to respond effectively to an emergency. when disasters strike, information diversifies and increases in volume. in journalistic terms, there are many more stories, and many more \" angles to each story. therefore, communicators have the right to receive training about the sensitive handling of natural phenomena, and should strive to get such training. the information in question is delicate, and requires specialized skills that cannot be learned in the middle of a crisis. the media may give in to tabloid - inspired pictures of devastation and chaos, or they may cooperate responsibly to reduce the impact of the tragedy and promote the most effective public response. scientific and technological advances now enable us to predict many natural phenomena. the media can play a key role in prevention and early warning by educating large numbers of people through radio, television, newspapers, magazines and even leaflets, clarifying the issues, and providing guidance. new technologies such as e - mail, usenet, and the world - wide web ( www ) provide additional feedback, optimizing human resources and helping reporters do a better job. social communication for prevention is a process that requires the coordinated efforts of many disciplines. the mass media must play their part, by informing the public of existing hazards, and by educating the population on practical measures they can take to reduce their vulnerability. at the same time, public information departments can launch campaigns to raise public awareness and contribute to a culture of disaster prevention, a culture that has not yet taken hold in our region. another key component is the existence of efficient, comprehensive information systems that can support policy - and decision - makers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5034920150464406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.116577"} {"text": "can launch campaigns to raise public awareness and contribute to a culture of disaster prevention, a culture that has not yet taken hold in our region. another key component is the existence of efficient, comprehensive information systems that can support policy - and decision - makers. the media have a social responsibility to provide accurate and useful information about disasters, not only while they are taking place, or when the tragic consequences of such events come to light but also before they occur. a culture of prevention must first take hold among reporters and commentators. they will then act as amplifiers to make sure the message reaches the audience that ultimately matters most : those who are directly threatened by natural hazards, but who can also do the most to prevent and mitigate emergencies. its geography has made latin america and the caribbean vulnerable to natural disasters both climatological ( such as floods, drought and hurricanes ) and geological ( earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis ). as if that were not enough, people ' s behaviour is modifying the environment, altering ecological cycles through excessive deforestation, overgrazing, and farming, as well as through the establishment of settlements in high - risk areas. however, if human beings can change their environment for ill, their values and actions can also play a key role in the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. the relevance of this issue explains why the 1998 idndr campaign slogan is \" natural disaster prevention begins with information \". the goal is to recruit communicators and media outlets as partners in promoting preventive measures to protect the public from the consequences of natural disasters. in this issue of idndr informs, we include a series of papers, expert opinions and experiences on the subject of social communication and disaster prevention and response throughout the region.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4748263449177872, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.117405"} {"text": "wednesday, november 7, 2012 students explore dynamics of local, organic food productionby katie land, news editor | students in ou ' s food quest course learn about the dynamics of local and organic food production at earthworks urban farm in detroit. in all its capacities, food has long played a role in human social and cultural systems. the consumption and preparation of food defines nations, unites traditions, builds families. and as the world has continued to develop and change, so too does the food industry and various food - philosophy movements. the food quest, an anthropology course at oakland university explores the ways in which humans produce, consume and relate to food in a global, cross - cultural perspective. \u201c understanding the human relationship to food illuminates the relationship we have with our larger environment, \u201d said tara deubel, ph. d., assistant professor of anthropology. \u201c from a global perspective, we need to address why people continue to die of hunger and malnutrition in 2012 when adequate food resources exist. \u201d \u201c locally, we need to ask similar questions about why many residents of detroit are unable to access healthy food on a daily basis in an area now considered to be a \" food desert \" due to its lack of food resources, \u201d dr. deubel continued. \u201c it is critical to re - examine the local and global systems we have put in place and advocate more sustainable alternatives that encourage smaller - scale, local food production and more healthy eating habits. \u201d the course covers a wide range of topics including changes in human eating patterns, the globalization of the food industry, transnational food politics, debates concerning genetically modified organisms ( gmos ), the organic and local food movements, malnutrition and hunger in developing countries, food rituals and eating disorders. housed in the department of sociology, anthropology, social work, and criminal justice, dr. deubel \u2019 s food quest course forces students to examine their own eating habits, and to learn about local food production and the factors that determine the food they eat. | ou ' s student organic farm grows organic produce each year. this semester, the course \u2019 s emphasis is on food sustainability in the metro detroit area. student research includes community food banks, urban gardens, \" farm to table \" business models, local farmers ' markets, and problems of food availability and access in detroit. these topics hit home for several students after a recent trip to the earthworks urban farm in detroit. students were able to see global issues enacted on the local level. \" the earthworks visit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5021160582742673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.121227"} {"text": "markets, and problems of food availability and access in detroit. these topics hit home for several students after a recent trip to the earthworks urban farm in detroit. students were able to see global issues enacted on the local level. \" the earthworks visit was a real eye opener for me, \u201d said junior kristopher kildow, environmental sciences major. \u201c before this visit, i never realized how much politics plays a part in what we eat and i ended up learning quite a bit. i was very interested in the cost associated with becoming a certified organic grower and was shocked to learn that someone wanting to sell their organic crops would have to pay so much money and wait so long in order to label their produce for what it is. \u201d as they learn about the local and global impact of the food industry, several students have developed passions for the local and organic food movements. \" i would like to see the concept of urban gardening spread throughout detroit and for more people to get involved and to start eating real food, not processed food from the gas stations and little grocers, \u201d said katherine vanbelle, a senior student majoring in environmental sciences. \u201c i found it sad to hear that some city kids think food comes from a gas station. i feel that it ' s reasons like this that make us one of the unhealthiest cities in america. \u201d the food quest course is cross - listed in anthropology and the environmental science program. it will be available online in the summer 2013 semester and as a full course next fall. for more information about courses and programs in the department of sociology, anthropology, social work, and criminal justice, view the website", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4821720516804442, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.121963"} {"text": "in the gambia, free computer courses lead to jobs and self - respect banjul, the gambia \u2014 a graduation ceremony last month has boosted the number of computer graduates from classes offered free by the local baha ' i community to more than 900. since 1998, the baha ' is have arranged the classes to help people who cannot otherwise obtain computer skills to get a job. students have ranged from teenagers to the middle - aged, and include both men and women, said local baha ' i spokesman faramarz shams. many graduates use their newly - gained skills in jobs that they have obtained after completing the courses, mr. shams said. \u201c the students come from the islamic, christian, and baha ' i communities and include teachers, students, and business people, \u201d he said. the courses, offered at basic and advanced levels, usually involve two sessions of two hours per week for three months. the teachers are gambian baha ' is and baha ' i youth volunteers from the united kingdom, the united states, and canada. the country ' s only television station and both its major newspapers regularly cover the graduation ceremonies. on 18 december 2005, 56 students received their graduation certificates. in a speech at the ceremony, one of the graduates, fatou cham, 24, expressed her gratitude for the courses. \u201c i would like to thank the entire baha ' i community for their tireless efforts to disseminate knowledge in the gambia at no cost, \u201d said ms. cham, a muslim. \u201c i can remember back in 2000 when i attended the basic baha ' i computer training i could not even move a mouse, but after the course i built up a lot of interest in computing, \u201d she said. \u201c i hope that other institutions will emulate ( the baha ' i ) efforts and empower people with more \u2018 it ' knowledge. \u201d the computers used in the training were donated by baha ' is of the gambia, the united states, and the united kingdom. classes were initially held in a rental property but they have moved to a specially designed room in the new national baha ' i centre, which opened last year. \u2014 baha ' i world news service", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4450903787334418, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.124128"} {"text": "riparian and wetland management riparian areas are lands adjacent to creeks, streams, lakes, and rivers that support vegetation dependent upon free water in the soil. they are sometimes called \" ribbon - of - green \" because the vegetation on waterway banks forms a ribbon - like pattern when seen from the air. these areas, containing water and vegetation in the otherwise arid western united states, are important to fish and wildlife species, as well as to livestock. since they dissipate water energy and filter the water flowing through them, riparian - wetland areas can affect the health of entire watersheds. wetlands are generally defined as areas inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation this is typically adapted for life in saturated soil. wetlands include bogs, marshes, shallows, muskegs, wet meadows, estuaries, and riparian areas. a riparian - wetland area is healthy and functioning when adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to dissipate energy associated with high water flow. a healthy riparian - wetland area exhibits certain characteristics, such as : - purifying water by filtering sediments as water moves through ; - reducing the risk of flood damage ; - reducing streambank erosion ; - increasing water holding water in streambanks ; - maintaining instream flows and streambanks ; - increasing ground water supplies ; - supporting a diversity of wildlife and plant species ; - maintaining habitat for healthy fish populations ; - providing water, forage, and shade for livestock ; - and creating opportunities for recreationists to fish, camp, picnic, and relax. the blm ' s national science and technology center in denver has a the technical reference library with a listing of available publications for integrated resource management, inventory and monitoring classification, riparian area management, stream channel surveys, and rangeland inventory monitoring and evaluation. the reference guides section of this website has documents concerning wetlands identification, activities, and financial and technical assistance for conservation and management.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46813014445952955, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.126283"} {"text": "alexander ross ( 1782 - 1856 ) born in the scottish highlands, schoolteacher alexander ross immigrated to canada \u2019 s st. lawrence river valley in 1804. befriended by fellow scot alexander mckay, a veteran montreal - based fur trader, both men found work in american john jacob astor \u2019 s boldly conceived pacific fur company enterprise in 1810. the two voyaged around the horn on the tonquin, arriving at the mouth of the columbia in march 1811. ross, engaged as a clerk, remained to help build fort astoria, while mckay sailed on the doomed ship to commence trade with the natives of vancouver island, a trip that ended with the death of all aboard. as a result, astor \u2019 s plans for a transcontinental, trans - pacific fur - trade empire were crippled. ross was sent more than 400 miles up the columbia to establish a trading post at the mouth of the okanogan river. there he married a local indian woman named sarah, or sally. they had a large family and remained devoted partners for the rest of ross \u2019 s life. in addition to writing copious official correspondence, ross kept personal journals ( now lost ). his journals later became the basis for his very popular memoirs, adventures of the first settlers on the oregon or columbia river ( 1849 ) and the fur hunters of the far west ( 1855 ). staying on after the forced sale of fort astoria to the british - owned north west company during the war of 1812, ross served as that firm \u2019 s second - in - command at fort george ( astoria ). later promoted to chief trader at fort kamloops on the thompson river ( in present - day british columbia ), in 1818 ross was placed in command of the north west company ' s new fort nez perce, strategically situated on the east bank of the columbia about one - half mile above the mouth of the walla walla river. following the amalgamation of the company with the hudson ' s bay company in 1821, hbc governor george simpson persuaded ross to remain on the scene for a few more years. ross led the 1824 snake country brigade out of flathead post to explore and trap the streams of western montana. anxious about his health and concerned for the education of his sons, he left the pacific northwest for the hbc \u2019 s red river settlement ( present - day winnipeg ). there he helped found the colony \u2019 s presbyterian church and began philanthropies to aid the growing number of displaced indian and metis inhabitants. although criticized by some colleagues for writing official reports \" full of marvelous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37467181217158163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.131415"} {"text": "| | this page describes a concept which is part of our glossary are known for their robustness and reliability. the way peers connect with other instances to form the network creates a peer - to - peer infrastructure. it enables users to connect directly with each other as desired to exchange products and services without having to employ middlemen as in the current centralised ' client - server ' approach. in general, peer - to - peer networks can be formed directly between people or organisations or can be formed from many different computers and devices communicating together through the same peer - to - peer networking software. at organicdesign we ' re developing the platform specification which allows people and organisations to operate as part of a unified ontology which contains both the platform network of people and organisations aligned with the specification, and also the network of informational devices. transcending centralisation is a necessity it ' s a commonly known meme nowadays that our survival as a species depends on us figuring out how to live and work together as a single organism. another well known concept is the fractal nature of life that allows us to equate the biological cell with a person, and a single person with the planetary organism. in his book spontaneous evolution, bruce lipton shows us that we can learn from our cells how to live together in peace and harmony as a single organism since they ' re a living example of it, and have been doing it for millions of years. many people who are strong believers in this idea of humans living fully in accord with nature think that technology has no place in this vision. but by looking at how the cells in the human body are able to live together as a community with a population of over fifty trillion reveals that technology is essential. the cells manufacture and maintain huge infrastructures including the equivalent of buildings that are tens of thousands of stories high, sophisticated networking systems and even an energy based financial and banking system. we know that somehow the internet must be used to achieve this goal since it allows people all over the world to connect and share knowledge directly. but for us to use the internet to organise into a community together, we need to change the way we use it. the currently dominant method of viewing and collaborating on the internet, the world wide web, is not structured in a way that promotes the formation of people into a community from the bottom up, it doesn ' t match the way that cells organise themselves. the web is a centralised top - down structure, but it ' s the peer - to - peer networks that offer a foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5901423973556341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.134892"} {"text": "these rings ( 20 \u00b5m across ) have color created by the width of the slits ( see black and white inset ). for example, yellow is produced with slits that are each 90 nm wide. the technique uses light funneling to catch and trap particular wavelengths. researchers at the university of michigan ( u. s. a. ) have found a way to lock in structural color using sub - wavelength structures ( scientific reports 3, 1194 ). if the technique can be developed further, it could be used with e - readers and other reflective displays, as well as for sensors and hyperspectral imagers. diffraction gratings provide structural color, but the predominant color changes with viewing angle. instead of using gratings on the order of the wavelengths, and on the surface of the material, the researchers went vertical. group leader jay guo explains, \" light is funneled into the nanocavity, whose width is much, much smaller than the wavelength of the light. \" surprisingly the longer wavelengths of light get trapped in narrower grooves. to demonstrate their device, the researchers etched nanoscale grooves in glass and coated the grooved glass plate with a thin layer of silver. when light hits the grooved surface, the transverse electric component creates a polarization charge at the metal slit surface, boosting the local electric field near the slit, which preferentially pulls in the transverse magnetic component of a particular wavelength of light. the demonstrated optical device has high absorption, as large as 96 percent in the visible spectrum, with colors that don \u2019 t change over a + / - 80 degree viewing angle. the device also demonstrated wide color tunability throughout the entire visible spectrum and pixel sizes smaller than the diffraction limit. right now, the new device can make static pictures. even static displays, however, can be attractive with bright sunlight - visible color in low - energy - consumption reflective displays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.604092998210761, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.137027"} {"text": "therapy : new breakthrough for back treatment by gaetano morello, nd ozone, the gas that protects us from the sun ' s damaging rays but becomes toxic when inhaled, is experiencing a resurgence on the north american medical community. we are all familiar with the ozone layer and how it ' s thinning due to chloroflourocarbons. but the reality is that ozone production in the upper atmosphere depends on the amount energy coming from the sun. during peaks of solar activity, ozone is created at a greater rate. during low periods in the sunspot cycle, the ozone layer is thinner. at night, on the dark side of the planet, the ozone layer disappears over a period of a few hours. the layer is reformed as the sun rises in the morning. there is no ozone over the poles in the winter, because there is no sunlight. ozone is continuously being produced in the upper atmosphere as long as sunlight is present, and since ozone is heavier than air, it begins to fall towards the earth. as it falls, it combines with any pollutant it contacts, cleaning the air. when ozone contacts water vapor as it falls, it forms hydrogen peroxide, a component of rain water, and that is the reason why rainwater causes plants to grow better then irrigation. ozone is also created by lightning ; it is the ozone that gives air that fresh smell after a rainfall. therapeutic action of ozone in medicine, ozone has a number of well - established properties : it is antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal. the largest commercial use of ozone is in the purification of water. when you buy your next gallon jug of water at the grocery store, the label will say \" ozone treated. \" both the fda and epa certify that ozone destroys 99. 9992 percent of all pathogenic germs, while oxidizing ( destroying ) 99. 9992 percent of all pollutants in the water at the same time. a new discovery for the treatment of herniated disc : the discosan in germany, over 7, 000 doctors utilize ozone in the treatment of various diseases. in italy, orthopedic surgeons who used to perform surgery on herniated discs are now using a special mixture of ozone to treat the pathology of this condition. dr. cesare verga ( orthopedic surgeon ) developed the system in 1984 and has treated over 6, 000 patients. dr. verga claims that surgery really doesn ' t address the underlying cause. as a matter of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5344547579995672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.151939"} {"text": "of this condition. dr. cesare verga ( orthopedic surgeon ) developed the system in 1984 and has treated over 6, 000 patients. dr. verga claims that surgery really doesn ' t address the underlying cause. as a matter of fact, it offsets the biomechanics of the spine. ozone, or the \" discosan method \" ( as it is known in italy ), represents a new approach in the treatment of herniated discs which resolves both the biological and biomedical aspect of the pathology. dr. verga states that this approach has a success rate of over 95 percent. some of the principal characteristics that make this method so unique are the following : 1. no contraindications. 2. over 95 percent success rate. 3. virtually zero recovery time. 4. no side effects. the treatment consists of injections of a special mixture of ozone and oxygen applied around the herniated zone. at the beginning, the therapy requires two treatments per week for a period of one to two months. on average, a total of 14 treatments are required, depending on the patient. the discosan method has even been shown efficacious in cases where surgery couldn ' t even alleviate the discomfort. an interesting analogy used in the italian medical circles is that ozone will mean for herniated discs is what \" ranitidine ' meant one of the main questions often asked about the discosan method is : \" how does this method work? \" when we look at the anatomy of an intervertebral disc, we see an outer fibrous covering and an inner soft ( pulposis ) nucleus, much like a ripe cantaloupe with a hard outer shell and soft fruit inside. a herniation occurs when trauma ruptures a part of this outer fibrous covering, most commonly in the lumbosacral and cervical regions. this then causes the inner soft region to protrude and compress a nerve root, causing the pain associated with a herniated disc. the discosan method addresses this pathology by three different modes of action : 1. the ozone - oxygen mixture has specific action on the protruding pulposus, by acting on a molecular level on the bonds holding this herniation together. this in turn causes a reduction in the herniation. 2. the method brings about a microvascularization to this area, therefore bringing more blood supply and oxygen to the region, all essential for healing. dr. verga also claims that ozone brings more fi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4850420408673315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.155323"} {"text": "a reduction in the herniation. 2. the method brings about a microvascularization to this area, therefore bringing more blood supply and oxygen to the region, all essential for healing. dr. verga also claims that ozone brings more fibroblasts to the area, which will help heal the pathology around the annulus fibrosus. 3. reduces the edema in the area which can also contribute to the compression the whole concept of treating a herniated disc without surgery is an exciting one. the fact that the discosan method has some sound scientific principals gives real hope to people suffering from this debilitating condition. 2011 : : privacy information posted on this website has not been reviewed or approved by the fda. oxygen healing therapies. com makes no claims regarding the equipment, instruments, books, or courses advertisers on this website may advertise. the supreme court has also confirmed that websites posting advertising or links to other websites are not responsible for the information posted on the other websites. this area and these pages are for information only, and should not be considered as medical advice. we are an information source only, and are making claims regarding any medical benefit or outcome to any disease state. ozone therapy, ewot therapy, and uv therapy are not approved for human or animal use in usa, canada, nor in many countries around the world ( which is rather unfortunate because they are approved in many other countries such as germany and italy.. but we digress ). this information is supplied so that you can make an informed decision regarding altervatives. consult with your any therapy or therapy protocols.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4791025936160892, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.158080"} {"text": "birth defects testing - reference triple or quadruple ( quad ) blood tests. these tests check the amounts of three or four substances in a pregnant woman ' s blood. the triple screen checks the levels of reference alpha - fetoprotein protein ( afp ), reference beta human chorionic gonadotropin ( beta - hcg ), and a type of reference estrogen ( estriol, or ue3 ). the quad screen checks those three substances, plus the level of the reference hormone inhibin a. the doctor looks at these test results \u2014 along with your age and other factors \u2014 to find out the chance that your baby may have certain problems. second - trimester tests can be done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. the triple and quad blood tests may be called the expanded afp test, the afp plus test, or the multiple marker screening test. either of these tests may be done as the second part of the reference integrated screening test opens new window. - reference ultrasound. this test allows your doctor to see an image of your developing baby. it is often done at 18 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. doctors can use ultrasound to look for certain features that are related to some problems, such as down syndrome. the test also can be used to find problems of the heart, spine, belly, or other areas. - reference amniocentesis. doctors use this test to look for chromosomal problems in the baby ' s cells. a doctor puts a needle through the belly and into the uterus to collect some of the reference amniotic fluid opens new window that surrounds the baby. this fluid contains some of the baby ' s cells. the test is done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy, usually around week 16. this test also can help find neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference april 4, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference sarah marshall, md - family medicine reference siobhan m. dolan, md, mph - reproductive genetics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49263281615713717, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.164862"} {"text": "panna : op \u2019 s in children, failed court order on pesticides, community monitoring of pesticides and more see panups updates service, for complete information. hazardous language barrier : over two thousand farmworkers in hawaii cannot read warning labels on harmful pesticides, according to a study conducted by the national agriculture statistics service field office. over 40 % of them speak ilocano from their native phillipines, not english. other workers speak only tagalog, chinese, or spanish. since the labels are printed only in english, the workers can ' t follow safety precautions when using dangerous pesticide chemicals - - a common situation around the world. pacific business news reported the story. irresponsible businesses : although a federal judge in seattle ruled over two years ago that washington retailers must post warnings to their customers regarding the risks to salmon and other aquatic life posed by pesticides, the retail business community has not been complying with the order, and the u. s. environmental protection agency claims it has no authority to enforce the rule. due to pressure from the northwest coalition for alternatives to pesticides, washington toxics coalition and other concerned groups, epa is now handing out signs to some home and garden stores that sell pesticides so they can post warnings. all pesticides with the ingredients malathion, carbaryl, 2, 4 - d, diazinon, diuron, triclopyr, or trifluralin must carry the warning. read more in the seattle post intelligencer. poisonous pyrethroids : a uc berkeley study reveals that an entire class of pesticides - - pyrethroids - - has contaminated northern california streams and waterways, wiping out \" crustaceans and insects vital to ecosystems, \" according to the los angeles times. the state department of pesticide regulations will be notifying pyrethroid manufacturers that their products will be re - evaluated, and that some bans may be imposed. \" this is a shot across the bow to the manufacturers that we found a reason for concern and you need to provide us with data to either eliminate the concern, reformulate your products or consider taking them off the market, \" said mary - ann warmerdam, department director. community empowered : residents of lindsey, california, presented evidence of dangerous pesticide drift in the air around their homes in a press conference on july 17. lindsey is one of several rural san joaquin valley communities that have suffered multiple pesticide exposure incidents in recent years. californians for pesticide reform ( cpr ), a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44321537037886494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.175248"} {"text": "issue | canada engages in a new approach to resolve specific claims made by first nations. synopsis | the specific claims tribunal act established an administrative tribunal with the authority to make binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to $ 150 million per claim. claims over $ 150 million will be dealt with through a specially mandated cabinet process. timing | under the specific claims tribunal act, certain claims will be eligible for filing with the specific claims tribunal as of 16 october 2011. federal policy divides aboriginal land claims into two broad categories : specific claims and comprehensive claims. specific claims arise from the alleged non - fulfillment of historic treaties between first nations and the crown, or improper administration of first nations lands and other assets by the crown. comprehensive claims are based on the assertion of continuing aboriginal rights and title that have not been dealt with by treaty or other legal means. this overview focuses on the specific claims process. between april 2010 and april 2011, 18 specific claims were settled at a total value of approximately $ 666 million. the monetary value of the claims settled in this period ranged from $ 134, 283 to $ 231. 4 million. as of 5 april 2011, 503 specific claims remain in the federal inventory of claims under assessment or in negotiations. 1 over the past several years, the federal specific claims process has been the subject of legal and policy reform initiatives intended to reduce the backlog of outstanding claims. in response to a 2006 report of the standing senate committee on aboriginal peoples, which highlighted the need for reforms to the specific claims process in several areas, the federal government launched specific claims : justice at last \u2013 canada \u2019 s specific claims action plan in june 2007. the reforms proposed in the action plan included an independent tribunal to make binding decisions on claims that cannot be resolved by negotiations, dedicated funding for specific claims settlements, and practical measures to improve the processing of both small and large claims. 2 | location of specific claims under assessment or in negotiations ( as of 5 april 2011 ) | | source : figure prepared by the library of parliament using data obtained from indian and northern affairs canada. | the specific claims tribunal act was introduced in the house of commons on 27 november 2007 and came into force on 16 october 2008. the act creates the specific claims tribunal, an administrative tribunal composed of superior court judges with authority to make binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to a maximum of $ 150 million per claim. the act stipulates that a first nation may file a claim with the tribunal if the claim has been previously filed with the minister of indian affairs and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4077975339303172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.199155"} {"text": "binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to a maximum of $ 150 million per claim. the act stipulates that a first nation may file a claim with the tribunal if the claim has been previously filed with the minister of indian affairs and northern development, and if : in effect, the specific claims tribunal act introduces three - year timelines for the assessment and negotiation of specific claims. as a result of these timelines, certain cases will become eligible for filing with the tribunal as of 16 october 2011. with this deadline in view, the specific claims tribunal is currently preparing for the commencement of operations. between november 2009 and november 2010, several superior court judges were appointed to the tribunal, and justice harry slade was appointed as its chairperson. draft rules of practice and procedure were made public in june 2010 and are currently under review by the department of justice. the tribunal \u2019 s first annual report, dated 30 september 2010, provides a synopsis of work undertaken to that date and of anticipated activities through the current and following fiscal years. 3 the introduction of the specific claims tribunal act in november 2007 was accompanied by the signing of a political agreement between the minister of indian affairs and northern development and the national chief of the assembly of first nations. the political agreement provides for additional discussion on improvements in the resolution of specific claims not directly addressed in the legislation, including matters related to claims that exceed the monetary cap of $ 150 million. the development of a cabinet process to address claims over $ 150 million is ongoing. \u00a9 library of parliament 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3839180175913053, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.199886"} {"text": "software engineer / developer / programmers may work in one major industry or in a vast array of different industries. some may work for companies that produce and sell exactly what they work with. many others work in other types of industries that do not sell these products but make use of their own. so, one could work for microsoft designing computer programs to sell, while another may work for a large business and be responsible for designing the private computer programs that employees use within their office. software engineer / developer / programmers may work alone or with a team. it depends on the size of a company and the computer programs and networks they use. if it is an office with just 15 employees, there will probably only be one person working in this field. if it is an office building with hundreds of employees, there will likely be a team of people working in this position. people who work in this field must be trained to read different computer languages that are made up of mathematical symbols and different letter sequences or algorithms. it is completely different from any language people speak. software engineer / developer / programmers must be very intelligent and are required to specialize in a field about which outsiders usually do not have any knowledge. the working environment for a software engineer / developer / programmer is in an office setting. most software engineer / developer / programmers work monday through friday from 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. they use computers, software, telephones, pens and paper, and other typical office supplies. some serve a dual role as an information technology specialist and are also required to fix any computer or network problems within an office. workers of this position report to an information technology manager when in a team, or to a general manager when working the lone position of its type in a company. a bachelor ' s degree in computer science, computer programming, or information technology is required for this position. several years of experience in this field are also required by many companies. software engineer / developer / programmers work to develop technical tools to make everyone else ' s job easier. without their expertise, people would be much more reliant on more difficult manual methods to complete a job. computers are everywhere these days, and these are the people who develop the tools that computers use. software engineer / developer / programmer tasks - write code to create single - threaded or user interface event driven applications, either stand - alone and those which access servers or services. - use source debuggers and visual development environments. - test and document software for client applications. - write, modify, and de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4565927580616568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.202586"} {"text": "more than three decades after the clean water act, iconic american waterways like the chesapeake bay and puget sound are in perilous condition and facing new sources of contamination. with polluted runoff still flowing in from industry, agriculture and massive suburban development, scientists note that many new pollutants and toxins from modern everyday life are already being found in the drinking water of millions of people across the country and pose a threat to fish, wildlife and, potentially, human health. ( more \u00bb ) in poisoned waters, pulitzer prize - winning journalist hedrick smith examines the growing hazards to human health and the ecosystem. \" the ' 70s were a lot about, ' we ' re the good guys ; we ' re the environmentalists ; we ' re going to go after the polluters, ' and it ' s not really about that anymore, \" jay manning, director of ecology for washington state, tells frontline. \" it ' s about the way we all live. and unfortunately, we are all polluters. i am ; you are ; all of us are. \" through interviews with scientists, environmental activists, corporate executives and average citizens impacted by the burgeoning pollution problem, smith reveals startling new evidence that today ' s growing environmental threat comes not from the giant industrial polluters of old, but from chemicals in consumers ' face creams, deodorants, prescription medicines and household cleaners that find their way into sewers, storm drains, and eventually into america ' s waterways and drinking water. \" the environment has slipped off our radar screen because it ' s not a hot crisis like the financial meltdown, war or terrorism, \" smith says. \" but pollution is a ticking time bomb. it ' s a chronic cancer that is slowly eating away the natural resources that are vital to our very lives. \" in poisoned waters, smith speaks with researchers from the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ), who report finding genetically mutated marine life in the potomac river. in addition to finding frogs with six legs and other mutations, the researchers have found male amphibians with ovaries and female frogs with male genitalia. scientists tell frontline that the mutations are likely caused by exposure to \" endocrine disruptors, \" chemical compounds that mimic the body ' s natural hormones. the usgs research on the potomac river poses some troubling questions for the 2 million people who rely on the washington aqueduct for their drinking water. \" the endocrine system of fish is very similar to the endoc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45018025030076625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.211361"} {"text": "' s natural hormones. the usgs research on the potomac river poses some troubling questions for the 2 million people who rely on the washington aqueduct for their drinking water. \" the endocrine system of fish is very similar to the endocrine system of humans, \" usgs fish pathologist vicki blazer says. \" they pretty much have all the same hormone systems as humans, which is why we use them as sort of indicator species.... we can ' t help but make that jump to ask the question, ' how are these things influencing people? ' \" \" the long - term, slow - motion risk is already being spelled out in epidemiologic data, studies - - large population studies, \" says dr. robert lawrence of the johns hopkins school of public health. \" there are 5 million people being exposed to endocrine disruptors just in the mid - atlantic region, and yet we don ' t know precisely how many of them are going to develop premature breast cancer, going to have problems with reproduction, going to have all kinds of congenital anomalies of the male genitalia, things that are happening at a broad low level so that they don ' t raise the alarm in the general public. \" smith also investigates the state of puget sound ' s environment, where decades of pollution have endangered such species as orca whales, whose carcasses have shown high levels of cancer - causing pcbs. \" we thought all the way along that [ puget sound ] was like a toilet : what you put in, you flush out, \" says washington gov. chris gregoire, who notes that about 150, 000 pounds of untreated toxins find their way into puget sound each day. \" we [ now ] know that ' s not true. it ' s like a bathtub : what you put in stays there. \" smith reveals that some of today ' s greatest pollution threats stem from urban sprawl and overdevelopment, as new housing and commercial developments send contaminated stormwater into rivers and bays, polluting local drinking - water supplies. smith speaks with scuba diver mike racine, who describes runoff into the depths of seattle ' s elliott bay as a \" brown, noxious soup of nastiness that is unbelievable. \" \" the irony is that everybody looks at that [ picturesque ] scene and thinks that it ' s great ; everything is right with the world in elliott bay, \" racine says. \" but in point of fact, not 100 feet away from where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47911983178575157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.213996"} {"text": "\" \" the irony is that everybody looks at that [ picturesque ] scene and thinks that it ' s great ; everything is right with the world in elliott bay, \" racine says. \" but in point of fact, not 100 feet away from where they are drinking a nice glass of wine off their white linen, there is this unbelievable gunk coming out of the end of this pipe. \" in addition to assessing the scope of america ' s polluted - water problem, poisoned waters highlights several cases in which grassroots citizens ' groups succeeded in effecting environmental change : in south park, wash., incensed residents pushed for better cleanup of pcb contamination that remained from an old asphalt plant. in loudon county, va., residents prevented a large - scale housing development that would have overwhelmed already - strained stormwater systems believed to contribute to the contamination in chesapeake bay. reversing decades of pollution and preventing the irreversible annihilation of the nation ' s waterways, however, will require a seismic shift in the way americans live their lives and use natural resources, experts say. \" you have to change the way you live in the ecosystem and the place that you share with other living things, \" says william ruckelshaus, founding director of the environmental protection agency. \" you ' ve got to learn to live in such a way that it doesn ' t destroy other living things. it ' s got to become part of our culture. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4301882088366022, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.215154"} {"text": "clouds and cosmos j ' ai decouvert par hazard les travaux de henrik svensmark sur le processus de formation des nuages. ces derniers remettaient en cause les theses defendues par les tenants du rechauffement climatique du aux activites humaines. en effectuant quelques recherches sur internet j ' ai pu mesurer l ' incroyable fourvoiement de ceux qui conseillent les gouvernements sur les decisions a prendre. et pas uniquement fourvoiement mais aussi manipulation des informations, intoxication et enfumage des foules. les derniers travaux du cern sur le sujet confirment les conclusions de svensmark. affaire a suivre, car une remise au pas del ' ipcc / giec s ' avere necessaire. i discovered by chance the research conducted by henrik svensmark on the process of cloud formation. the results called into question the policies advocated by the proponents of global warming due to human activities. in doing some research online i could measure the incredible misdirection of those who advise governments on decisions. and not just misdirection but also manipulation of information, intoxication and smoking crowd. the latest work on the subject of cern confirm the findings of svensmark. stay tuned, because in depth analysis of ipcc / giec turpitudes is necessary. aug 30 \" if it is an unusually warm winter in new york, it is probably also warm in washington, d. c., for example, \" hansen explained. \" at high - and mid - latitudes rossby waves are the dominant cause of short - term temperature variations. and since those are fairly long waves we didn ' t think we needed a station at every one degree of separation. \" 5 october 2012 eso celebrates its 50th anniversary the cosmics leaving outdoor droplets ( cloud ) experiment uses a special cloud chamber to study the possible link between galactic cosmic rays and cloud formation. based at the proton synchrotron ( ps ) at cern, this is the first time a high - energy physics accelerator has been used to study atmospheric and climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5754391277053444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.220828"} {"text": "climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of new aerosols ( tiny particles suspended in the air that seed cloud droplets ). this is supported by satellite measurements, which show a possible correlation between cosmic - ray intensity and the amount of low cloud cover. cern finds \u201c significant \u201d cosmic ray cloud effect best known for its studies of the fundamental constituents of matter, the cern particle - physics laboratory in geneva is now also being used to study the climate. researchers in the cloud collaboration have released the first results from their experiment designed to mimic conditions in the earth \u2019 s atmosphere. by firing beams of particles from the lab \u2019 s proton synchrotron accelerator into a gas - filled chamber, they have discovered that cosmic rays could have a role to play in climate by enhancing the production of potentially cloud - seeding aerosols. \u2013 physics world, 24 august 2011 if henrik svensmark is right, then we are going down the wrong path of taking all these expensive measures to cut carbon emissions ; if he is right, we could carry on with carbon emissions as normal. jasper kirkby is a superb scientist, but he has been a lousy politician. in 1998, anticipating he ' d be leading a path - breaking experiment into the sun ' s role in global warming, he made the mistake of stating that the sun and cosmic rays \" will probably be able to account for somewhere between a half and the whole of the increase in the earth ' s temperature that we have seen in the last century. \" global warming, he theorized, may be part of a natural cycle in the earth ' s temperature. churchville, va \u2014 get ready for the next big bombshell in the man - made warming debate. climate change : news and comments e physicien danois henrik swensmark ne se doutait probablement pas, en fournissant ses donnees et en faisant part de ses remarques aux realisateurs de l ' experience \" cloud \" au cern a geneve, que les resultats de cette experience souleveraient des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder \u2019 s blog, cern \u2019 s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks \u2019 s cosmic - ray theory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5753361529632268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.222116"} {"text": "##ent des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder \u2019 s blog, cern \u2019 s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks \u2019 s cosmic - ray theory ) shows a large enhancement of aerosol production and the results are due for release in 2 or 3 months \u2019 time. there is a short physics world interview with jasper kirkby which is worthwhile viewing and was published a couple of days ago \u2026 j. a. performed the nucleation rate analysis. s. s. conducted the api - tof analysis. results paper published in gigs ( january 2013 ) - article poste le 07 avril 2010 - \u201c la pluralite des voix n \u2019 est pas une preuve qui vaille. car lorsqu \u2019 une verite est quelque peu difficile a decouvrir, il serait etonnant que tout un peuple l \u2019 ait rencontree plutot qu \u2019 un homme seul \u201d. the climatic research unit email controversy ( also known as \" climategate \" ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] began in november 2009 with the hacking of a server at the climatic research unit ( cru ) at the university of east anglia ( uea ) by an external attacker. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] several weeks before the copenhagen summit on climate change, an unknown individual or group breached cru ' s server and copied thousands of emails and computer files to various locations on the internet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5588366970128928, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.222719"} {"text": "1. basic drawing equipment - 1 2. pencil drawing : how to draw with pencils lesson learn the basics of learning to draw with pencils... techniques and what you need. learn techniques for drawing with pencils with the following lesson for how to draw and shade with pencils. how to hold your pencil correctly in many positions when drawing pictures lesson learn the correct positions for holding pencils while drawing. the second bit of advice a beginning artist usually gets is \u201c draw from life \u201d. and it is excellent advice! after all, if you can ' t draw what is right in front of you, you certainly won ' t be able to draw what you see in your imagination either. but the advice is a bit short, and will usually leave the artist behind unsure of what to do next. painters do not have the apparatus problems of a photographer, but they do face a similar value design problem : anchoring the middle value of a painting in a way that communicates the intended feeling of light or dark without sacrificing a complete representation of the tonal range. our visual system naturally adjusts to the average luminance in our environment to produce the best visual representation. because this adaptation also affects the appearance of any physical gray scale, the key to the value design of a painting lies in the distribution of gray values across the luminance range. pen and ink drawing lessons art books online how to draw watercolors oil painting lessons when i first got serious about cartooning for a career, one of the things i was most concerned about was inking. that seemed to me like a skill and art that would take a really long time to master, and worse yet there seemed to be no good sources of learning the art of inking out there. i found one book i still heartily recommend, called the art of comic book inking by gary martin, which is to date the best book on the subject. there used to be a great website on inking with input from many great inkers but i think it \u2019 s defunct. the rules of perspective christopher w. tyler our pencil portrait lesson offers an illustrated step by step tutorial that guides you through drawing a pencil portrait from start to finish. our other lessons in this section focus on the proportions of the head, the difficulties you encounter in drawing the eyes, nose, mouth and ear, and the pencil shading exercises that you should practice to develop your drawing technique. our lesson on ' painting portraits with acrylics ' illustrates the step by step skills and techniques", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44675464388697905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.227127"} {"text": "the difficulties you encounter in drawing the eyes, nose, mouth and ear, and the pencil shading exercises that you should practice to develop your drawing technique. our lesson on ' painting portraits with acrylics ' illustrates the step by step skills and techniques of acrylic painting. as an example we use our painting of robert burns to guide you through the entire process of portraiture exploring such stages as : the preparatory drawing, starting the painting, painting the eyes, painting the skin, painting the hair, painting the clothes, materials for acrylic painting and framing the portrait. work in progress title : \" inner beauty \" size : 18 \" x 14 \" medium : charcoal, graphite, carbon on white paper step one : i am using charcoal for the background and graphite for the subject. i ' m using arches 140 lbs hot press watercolor paper for this drawing. this is one of my favorite papers. it has enough tooth to create dark values yet is smooth enough for very delicate textures. boy, i didn ' t know what i was getting myself into when i started this. i ' ve had requests for some sort of expressions tutorial dating back a while now, so i figured, \" sure! i can explain expression drawing... and it ' ll be way better than all those tutorials out there that are nothing but charts of generic expressions. yeah! just give me a day or two to whip something up... \" um. learn how to draw what you see, with these step by step beginner drawing lessons. discover essential drawing skills from how to hold a pencil through to perspective, pencil shading, and sketching. progress into portraiture and figure drawing. sight - size or right - size drawing is a traditional method of observing the subject, still taught in classical ateliers. mainly used for portraiture but applicable to other subjects, sight - sizing will help you attain great accuracy when drawing from life. ben rathbone, a graduate of the school of representational art in chicago, wrote this explanation of the sight - size method. i ' m forced to agree with you, patti. bear in mind that the editors at publishing companies are not experts in art. in my books, i could have spoken of the benefits of mixing peanut butter with paint ( or something equally stupid, like soaking brushes in cooking oil to clean them in a fantasy belief in environmental purity ). by maery drawing hair is hard work. it ' s complicated, time consuming, and often the results are terrible, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4709749068199426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.229244"} {"text": "poor oral hygiene being under extreme stress may affect your mood and cause you to skip oral hygiene habits such as flossing and brushing. if you don \u2019 t take care of your mouth, your teeth and overall oral health can suffer. if you already have gum disease, skipping daily hygiene may worsen the problem. if your mouth is in relatively good health, falling down on brushing, flossing, and rinsing can lead to gum disease or increase your risk of cavities. when under stress, you may also develop unhealthy eating habits, such as snacking on large amounts of sugary foods or drinks. these habits increase the risk for tooth decay and other problems. just reminding yourself of the importance of hygiene and healthy eating may help. boosting or resuming your exercise routine can help you relieve stress and feel energized enough to tend to your oral hygiene and cook healthier meals. exercise will also boost your immune system \u2014 and that, too, is good for your oral health. stress can cause an increase in dental plaque, even when the high stress levels are short term. that \u2019 s according to a study that evaluated people who cared for loved ones with dementia and who experienced stress. long - term, the stress these caregivers felt boosted their risk of bleeding gums, or gingivitis, which can progress to serious gum disease. stress can lead to depression. and depressed patients, according to recent research, have twice the risk of an unfavorable outcome from gum disease treatment compared to those who aren \u2019 t depressed. you can \u2019 t make depression or the stress disappear, of course. but experts say that learning healthy coping strategies can help reduce the risk of gum problems getting worse. healthy coping is \u201c problem - focused \u201d with active and practical strategies to deal with the stress and depression, experts say. remember, eating a balanced diet, seeing your dentist regularly, and good oral hygiene help reduce your risks of periodontal disease. make sure you brush twice a day and floss daily. antibacterial mouth rinses also help reduce plaque - causing bacteria. excess stress may give you a headache, a stomachache, or just a feeling of being \u201c on edge. \u201d but too much stress could also be doing a number on your mouth, teeth, gums, and overall health. the potential fallout from stress and anxiety that can affect your oral health includes : - mouth sores, including canker sores and cold sores - clenching of teeth and teeth grinding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42338472966627316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.240570"} {"text": "number on your mouth, teeth, gums, and overall health. the potential fallout from stress and anxiety that can affect your oral health includes : - mouth sores, including canker sores and cold sores - clenching of teeth and teeth grinding ( bruxism ) - poor oral hygiene and unhealthy eating routines - periodontal ( gum ) disease or worsening of existing periodontal disease so how can you prevent these oral health problems? canker sores \u2014 small ulcers with a white or grayish base and bordered in red \u2014 appear inside the mouth, sometimes in pairs or even greater numbers. although experts aren \u2019 t sure what causes them \u2014 it could be immune system problems, bacteria, or viruses \u2014 they do think that stress, as well as fatigue and allergies, can increase the risk of getting them. canker sores are not contagious. most canker sores disappear in a week to 10 days. for relief from the irritation, try over - the - counter topical anesthetics. to reduce irritation, don \u2019 t eat spicy, hot foods or foods with a high acid content, such as tomatoes or citrus fruits. cold sores, also called fever blisters, are caused by the herpes simplex virus and are contagious. cold sores are fluid - filled blisters that often appear on or around the lips, but can also crop up under the nose or around the chin area. emotional upset can trigger an outbreak. so can a fever, a sunburn, or skin abrasion. like canker sores, fever blisters often heal on their own in a week or so. treatment is available, including over - the - counter remedies and prescription antiviral drugs. ask your doctor or dentist if you could benefit from either. it \u2019 s important to start treatment as soon as you notice the cold sore forming. stress may make you clench and grind your teeth \u2014 during the day or at night, and often unconsciously. teeth grinding is also known as bruxism. if you already clench and grind your teeth, stress could make the habit worse. and, grinding your teeth can lead to problems with the temporomandibular joint ( tmj ), located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet. see your doctor and ask what can be done for the clenching and grinding. your dentist may recommend a night guard, worn as you sleep, or another appliance to help you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44970743664449575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.241484"} {"text": "located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet. see your doctor and ask what can be done for the clenching and grinding. your dentist may recommend a night guard, worn as you sleep, or another appliance to help you stop or minimize the actions. an abscessed tooth is a painful infection at the root of a tooth or between the gum and a tooth. it \u2019 s most commonly caused by severe tooth decay. other causes of tooth abscess are trauma to the tooth, such as when it is broken or chipped, and gingivitis or gum disease. these problems can cause openings in the tooth enamel, which allows bacteria to infect the center of the tooth ( called the pulp ). the infection may also spread from the root of the tooth to the bones supporting the tooth. what are the symptoms of an abscessed tooth? a toothache that is severe and continuous and results in gnawing or throbbing pain or sharp or shooting pain are common symptoms of an abscessed tooth. other symptoms may include : - pain when chewing - sensitivity of the teeth to hot or cold - bitter taste in the mouth - foul smell to the breath - swollen neck glands - general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling - redness and swelling of the gums - swollen area of the upper or lower jaw - an open, draining sore on the side of the gum if the root of the tooth dies as a result of infection, the toothache may stop. however, this doesn \u2019 t mean the infection has healed ; the infection remains active and continues to spread and destroy tissue. therefore, if you experience any of the above listed symptoms, it is important to see a dentist even if the pain subsides. how is an abscessed tooth diagnosed? your dentist will probe your teeth with a dental instrument. if you have an abscessed tooth, you will feel pain when the tooth is tapped by your dentist \u2019 s probe. your dentist will also ask you if your pain increases when you bite down or when you close your mouth tightly. in addition, your dentist may suspect an abscessed tooth because your gums may be swollen and red. your dentist may also take x - rays to look for erosion of the bone around the abscess. regardless of how long you have used tobacco products, quitting now can greatly reduce serious risks to your health. eleven years after quitting, former smokers \u2019 likelihood of having periodontal ( gum ) disease was not significantly different from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45033609201281094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.242425"} {"text": "your mouth is a big part of taking care of your whole body. what to expect a typical checkup and dental cleaning appointment involves a careful inspection of your mouth, teeth and gums, looking for any signs of gum disease, loose or broken teeth, a damaged tooth filling or tooth decay. dental x - rays will likely be taken. some exams may include an examination of your head and neck, your bite and the movement of your jaw. your teeth will also be thoroughly cleaned, polished and flossed, leaving them fresh and gleaming. thinking outside the mouth the benefits of maintaining that wholesome smile are plain to see, boosting confidence and improving your overall sense of well - being. but a healthy mouth is good for you in other ways, too. bacteria from untreated gum disease can actually spread infection to other parts of your body. pregnant women may be at particular risk. if necessary, your dentist may ask you to return more frequently for gum disease treatment. also, some non - dental conditions have symptoms that appear in the mouth. a dental examination can reveal signs of vitamin deficiencies, osteoporosis or more serious conditions such as diabetes or oral cancer. finally, a regular checkup can even be good for your pocketbook. identifying and treating minor problems like cavities early on can spare you the time and expense of more complicated dentistry procedures such as a tooth extraction or root canal. women who are menopausal or post - menopausal may experience changes in their mouths. recent studies suggest that estrogen deficiency could place post - menopausal women at higher risk for severe periodontal disease and tooth loss. in addition, hormonal changes in older women may result in discomfort in the mouth, including dry mouth, pain and burning sensations in the gum tissue and altered taste, especially salty, peppery or sour. in addition, menopausal gingivostomatitis affects a small percentage of women. gums that look dry or shiny, bleed easily and range from abnormally pale to deep red mark this condition. most women find that estrogen supplements help to relieve these symptoms. bone loss is associated with both periodontal disease and osteoporosis. osteoporosis could lead to tooth loss because the density of the bone that supports the teeth may be decreased. more research is being done to determine if and how a relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease exists. women considering hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) to help fight os", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46448391481714374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.244610"} {"text": "density of the bone that supports the teeth may be decreased. more research is being done to determine if and how a relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease exists. women considering hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) to help fight osteoporosis should note that this may help protect their teeth as well as other parts of the body. to prevent cavities, you need to remove plaque, the transparent layer of bacteria that coats the teeth. the best way to do this is by brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing at least once a day. brushing also stimulates the gums, which helps to keep them healthy and prevent gum disease. brushing and flossing are the most important things that you can do to keep your teeth and gums healthy. toothpastes contain abrasives, detergents, and foaming agents. fluoride, the most common active ingredient in toothpaste, is what prevents cavities. so you should always be sure your toothpaste contains fluoride. about 1 person in 10 has a tendency to accumulate tartar quickly. tartar is plaque in a hardened form that is more damaging and difficult to remove. using anti - tartar toothpastes and mouthwashes, as well as spending extra time brushing the teeth near the salivary glands ( the inside of the lower front teeth and the outside of the upper back teeth ) may slow the development of new tartar. if you have teeth that are sensitive to heat, cold, and pressure, you may want to try a special toothpaste for sensitive teeth. but you \u2019 ll still need to talk to your dentist about your sensitivity because it may indicate a more serious problem, such as a cavity or nerve inflammation ( irritation ). sometimes when you lose one or more teeth, you can get an indention in your gums and jawbone where the tooth used to be. this happens because the jawbone recedes when it no longer is holding a tooth in place. not only is this indentation unnatural looking, it also causes the replacement tooth to look too long compared to the adjacent teeth. a periodontist can fill in this \u201c defect \u201d with a procedure called ridge augmentation, recapturing the natural contour of your gums and jaw. a new tooth can then be created that is natural looking, easy - to - clean and beautiful. periodontal ( gum ) diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious infections that, left", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4485621218582541, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.246447"} {"text": "your gums and jaw. a new tooth can then be created that is natural looking, easy - to - clean and beautiful. periodontal ( gum ) diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious infections that, left untreated, can lead to tooth loss. the word periodontal literally means \u201c around the tooth. \u201d periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone supporting the teeth. periodontal disease can affect one tooth or many teeth. it begins when the bacteria in plaque ( the sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on your teeth ) causes the gums to become inflamed. gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. it causes the gums to become red, swollen, and bleed easily. there is usually little or no discomfort at this stage. gingivitis is often caused by inadequate oral hygiene. gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and good oral home care. untreated gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. with time, plaque can spread and grow below the gum line. toxins produced by the bacteria in plaque irritate the gums. the toxins stimulate a chronic inflammatory response in which the body in essence turns on itself, and the tissues and bone that support the teeth are broken down and destroyed. gums separate from the teeth, forming pockets ( spaces between the teeth and gums ) that become infected. as the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. often, this destructive process has very mild symptoms. eventually, teeth can become loose and may have to be removed. there are many forms of periodontitis. the most common ones include the following. - aggressive periodontitis occurs in patients who are otherwise clinically healthy. common features include rapid attachment loss and bone destruction and familial aggregation. - chronic periodontitis results in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment and bone loss. this is the most frequently occurring form of periodontitis and is characterized by pocket formation and / or recession of the gingiva. it is prevalent in adults, but can occur at any age. progression of attachment loss usually occurs slowly, but periods of rapid progression can occur. - periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases often begins at a young age. systemic conditions such as heart disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes are associated with this form of periodontitis. - nec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48024652020359393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.247432"} {"text": "recognizing septicemia in goldfish is difficult because more often than not, little or no symptoms occur to indicate infection. it is one of the fish diseases that causes harm from within. what is hemorrhagic septicemia in goldfish? - most common indication of septicemia in koi and goldfish are blood streaks - while it is not a communicable fish disease, the chances of it spreading is high if an infected fish shares the same tank with healthy fishes. - the most probable cause for such disease is the buildup of nitrite in the tank due to the remaining excrement of fishes in the water. overfeeding and overstocking have also been included as reasons. causes, symptoms and treatment of septicemia - it is difficult to recognize septicemia symptoms. there are only few significant signs that can guide the aquarist. to be sure about the diagnosis, it is best to consult a veterinarian. - some of the most widely reported symptoms include skin ulcers, deteriorating fins, bulging eyes, lethargy, staying on the surface or corners of the tank and anemia. - the cause of septicemia has been traced to many factors such as : - stressful conditions - poor water quality - improper handling of the fish - the remedy for septicemia is treating the infection as quickly as possible. the pet owner should feed the fish with triple - strength antibiotic food and nothing else. - the infected fish undergoing treatment must be kept within a warm environment above 68 degrees fahrenheit. - salt solution added to the treatment tank can help heal the scales back to their natural texture. - water quality should be kept in excellent conditions to prevent further complications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4322543462013621, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.249106"} {"text": "if young cats can avoid injury or infectious disease ( the chances of which are much greater if they are indoor - only ), they usually only see the veterinarian for preventive care. one condition that bucks this trend is called the nasopharyngeal polyp. polyps are benign masses of tissue that can form in many places throughout the body. in this case, the descriptor \" nasopharyngeal \" is a bit confusing because these masses generally do not originate in the nasopharynx ( the area within the throat that lies behind the nasal cavities and above the soft palate * ) but from the tubes connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx ( eustachian or auditory tubes ) or from within the tympanic bulla, a part of the middle ear. that said, when they grow large enough, nasopharyngeal polyps can extend into the nasopharynx or even into the external ear canal. though technically benign ( not having the tendency to spread or worsen appreciably * ), nasopharyngeal polyps can cause big problems for cats. they are usually diagnosed in animals under the age of two and cause symptoms that include some combination of the following : - nasal discharge - a change in voice - difficulty breathing or eating - head shaking - ear scratching - discharge from the ear - head tilt - unsteadiness when walking - changes in the shape of the pupils or movement of the eyes of course, these clinical signs are seen with other conditions that affect young cats ( e. g., upper respiratory infections and ear infections / mites ), but when these more common problems have been ruled - out, the presence of a nasopharyngeal polyp must be considered. many nasopharyngeal polyps can be diagnosed by sedating the cat and pulling the soft palate forward within the mouth using an instrument called a spay hook. there really shouldn \u2019 t be anything in the space above the soft palate, so when a lump of tissue appears, you have your diagnosis. if the polyp has invaded the middle ear, it may be visible through the tympanic membrane ( ear drum ) when examining the ears with an otoscope. x - rays or a ct - scan are sometimes necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis. in the best case scenario, a nasopharyngeal polyp can essentially just be pulled off the tissue from which it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47051866204478443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.253508"} {"text": "with an otoscope. x - rays or a ct - scan are sometimes necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis. in the best case scenario, a nasopharyngeal polyp can essentially just be pulled off the tissue from which it is growing, either via the mouth or through the ear if the tympanic membrane is ruptured. the veterinarian applies steady traction on the polyp until it releases, hopefully at its base. post - op treatment with pain relievers, antibiotics, and corticosteroids is necessary. polyps can recur after traction removal and medical treatment. this is more likely if the mass had to be removed via the ear rather than through the mouth. if the polyp does come back, a more invasive surgery called a ventral bulla osteotomy is usually necessary. i \u2019 ve never done one of these procedures myself because there are a lot of important veins and nerves that run through the surgical site, and i \u2019 m a pretty wimpy surgeon. i \u2019 ve referred these patients out to board - certified veterinary surgeons and they \u2019 ve all done really well after the procedure. so, if your cat is ever diagnosed with a nasopharyngeal polyp, take heart in knowing that with appropriate treatment, he or she should go on to live a long and hopefully uneventful ( medically - speaking, at least ) life. dr. jennifer coates * dictionary of veterinary terms : vet - speak deciphered for the non - veterinarian. coates j. alpine publications. 2007.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4097455462043256, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.254229"} {"text": "home > phrasal verb dictionary : letter f a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t w z music, sound, light, hope ) when something fades away, it gradually becomes weaker until it disappears ; it fades. die away a moment the noise faded away, and only the sound of a light breeze, and ringing, filled my ears. ( insep ) ( family, life, marriage, relationship, house, car, business, deal ) when something falls apart, it desintegrates or falls to pieces. - the building is falling apart. - his marriage fell apart when he cheated on his wife. on [ fall back on somebody, fall back on something ]. - ( insep ) when you fall back on somebody or something, you turn to them or use it when in difficulty or because no other choice is available ; - it ' s great to have a friend to fall - people fall back on alternative medicine when modern drugs don ' t work. had no money to fall back on. ( insep ) when you fall behind or something falls behind, it remains at the same level or standard. - your schoolwork has fallen - he fell behind with the rent and was asked to leave the flat. ( insep ) when you fall down, you fall accidentallly or because something is in a poor state of repair. fell down and hurt her knees. - she tripped and fell down fall for [ fall for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fall for somebody, you fall in love with them. fell for him in a big way. - why does he always fall for the wrong women. fall for [ fall for something ]. - when you fall for something, you are tricked or deceived. could you fall for such an old trick? fell for his talk and bought the encyclopedia. fall off. - 1 ( insep ) ( bike, horse, button ) when you fall off something, you separate from it and - he fell off his bike and hurt himself. 2 ( insep ) ( attendance, interest, quality, profits ) when something falls off, it decreases or becomes less or fewer. drop off - attendance has fallen off this term. ( insep ) ( a situation, somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5518864146938378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.260518"} {"text": "somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn ' t work. fall over. - ( insep ) when you fall over, you fall to the ground. - she slipped on the ice and fell over. - he fell over and broke his leg. - my daughter is learning to walk so she falls over quite a lot. ( insep ) ( idea, plan, project, arrangement, scheme, proposal ) when something falls through, it fails and it ' s abandoned. - the deal fell through for reasons that are not clear. - the sale fell through at the last minute. - the employees decided not to work for him and his plan fell through. with something [ be fed up with something / somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you are fed up with something or somebody, you are tired, depressed, bored or no longer interested in them. - are you as fed up with what ' s going on in washington as i am? i ' ve become increasingly concerned about the current direction of our country. ferret out [ ferret something out ]. - ( secret, the truth, details, error, facts, information ) when you ferret something out, you succeed in finding some difficult or secret information. dig out managed to ferret out the secret. fight off [ fight something off ]. - ( infection, cold, illness, attack, enemy, competition ) when you fight something off, you try to avoid or get rid of it. - i ' m taking lots of vitamin c to help me fight off this cold. weakens your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight figure out [ figure something out ]. - when you figure something out, you manage to understand. - have you figured out what the problem is? - i just can ' t figure her out. for [ fill in for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fill in for somebody, you do their job temporarily because they can ' t. cover for, sit in for, stand - colleen was pleased that gwen swick was able to fill in for her, as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.550756160396999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.263086"} {"text": "as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information. - my assistant will fill you in on the details. - for those who haven ' t see it, let me fill you in on some of the highlights. fill in [ fill something in ]. - ( form, cheque, name, coupon, space, questionnaire, hole ) when you fill something in, you complete it with the correct information. gave me a form and told me to fill it in. - you will be asked to fill in a questionnaire designed to measure your quality of life. fill up [ fill up, fill something up ]. - ( glass, car, tank, bottle, container, theater ) when you fill something up or something fills up, it - you should always switch off the engine before you fill up with petrol. filled up the kettle with water and made everyone a cup of tea. find out [ find out, find something out ]. - when you find something out, you discover or get - what will she say when she finds - when you lose everything you find out who your real friends are. ( insep ) when you fit in, you get on with a group of people or you feel as if belonging to a group. difficult for them to fit in with the way of life here. flake out. - ( insep, informal ) when you flake out, you fall asleep. - he flaked out on the sofa. flare up. - ( insep ) when you flare up, you become angry. - he was an alcoholic and would flare up at anything. flick through [ flick through something ]. - ( insep ) ( magazine, book, album, article, channels, cards ) when you flick through something, you read or look quickly at the pages of a magazine or book. it also means to change repeatedly from one station or channel to another. flip through, glance over, leaf through flicked through the channels on the tv, hoping for some news. - i was flicking through the channels when i saw her on the telly. i couldn ' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5434103530223641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.264128"} {"text": "' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out, you force them to leave a place. - the angolan armed forces have recently flushed out the rebels from the area. - in the port of umm qasr, to the south, royal marines have been flashing out the last pockets of resistance. fob off [ fob somebody off ]. - ( patient, creditor ) when you fob somebody off, you stop somebody complaining by giving them silly answers. keep ringing them and complaining but they just fob me off! they couldnt fob off [ fob something off ]. - ( responsibility ) when you fob something off, you manage to make somebody accept something faulty, worthless or difficult to deal with. try to fob off your responsibility on others! - i don ' t want to be fobbed off with excuses, i want to know who is responsible for this problem! out [ freak out, freak somebody out ]. - when you freak out, you react in an anxious, excited and wild manner to something. - my parents would freak out if i talked to them about this. freak out and do something stupid every time something bad happens. frighten away [ frighten something away ]. - when you frighten somebody or an animal away, you make them leave using fear. scare away, scare off - they feel a refinery would frighten away tourists and potential tourism investors. frighten off. - the same as frighten away. fuck about. - ( taboo, slang ) when you fuck around, you behave in a stupid way which annoys people. - after a ridiculous amount of fucking about and watching crap on tv, i eventually persuaded them to leave. fuck around. - the same as fuck about. fuck off. - ( taboo ) ( insep ) when you tell somebody to fuck off, you tell them in a very offensive way to leave you alone. bugger off, sod off, piss off started yelling at me again and then told me to fuck off. fuck up [ fuck something up ]. - when you fuck something up, you make of mess of it. balls up, cock up, mess up - every time we win, we go and fuck up the next match with a stupid result.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5807037213516627, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.265115"} {"text": "famous tree - lined french canal du midi in danger of losing all its trees the 42, 000 plane trees lining france ' s historic canal du midi are being felled because of a fungus brought to europe by us soldiers in world war ii. will the planes that decorate the streets of cities such as paris and london share the same fate? story from pri ' s the world. listen to the above audio for a full report. it ' s noon in the farmlands outside toulouse, but the light on the canal du midi is dim, almost like twilight. the deep shade is created by the leafy branches of huge plane trees that tower above both banks, and arch across the water creating a dense canopy. it ' s an exquisitely beautiful scene. and one that runs the length of the canal on its 150 mile course from toulouse to the port of sete on the mediterranean. it was five years ago that jacques noisette realized something was wrong. \" in the spring of 2006, i began to notice that some of the plane trees were dying, \" says mr noisette, who works for the french government agency that manages the canal. \" their new leaves should have been opening up, but they weren ' t. we asked ourselves why. \" specialists soon identified the deadly fungus, ceratocystis platani, for which there is no apparent cure. \" even a small scratch or cut on a plane tree is enough for the fungus to get inside and attack. it thrives deep in the tree trunk, \" says mr noisette. \" within three to five years the tree is fully infected. there ' s nothing we can do except cut the trees down, and burn them on the spot. \" researchers say the trees must be felled before they die. otherwise they could fall on boaters, who travel along the canal - spreading the fungus as they go. \" we know the fungus travels through the canal water, \" says mr noisette. \" the trees can get infected when boats scrape up against the roots. or when uninformed boaters tie - off their boats to the plane trees themselves. \" french agronomist andre vigouroux, who has been studying the fungus for years, says it ' s been traced to the munition boxes american soldiers brought over to europe in world war ii, which were made from north american plane trees. it ' s been spreading through europe, from italy, and steve woodward from the university of aberdeen, says it is likely eventually to kill the planted planes that line the streets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.387691698133948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.271888"} {"text": "to europe in world war ii, which were made from north american plane trees. it ' s been spreading through europe, from italy, and steve woodward from the university of aberdeen, says it is likely eventually to kill the planted planes that line the streets of cities such as london, paris and berlin. \" there really are millions of these trees planted in non - native areas. \" we are talking about a massive disaster if the disease continues to spread, \" he says. along the canal tree - felling has begun - 1, 000 trees were cut down last winter, 2, 000 more will be felled in the coming months. it will take years to clear all 42, 000 of them, but once the trees have gone, so may the two million tourists who visit the canal every year. \" it is so hot in the midi that it would just change it totally without the trees, \" says retired british tourist graham barley, who has been travelling up the canal from the mediterranean in a wooden houseboat. his wife linda agrees. \" in practical terms, it would make cruising between noon and 4pm unbearable, \" she says, even in september. the canal du midi wasn ' t originally designed for pleasure boats. completed in 1681, it was designed to link up with another waterway further west - now known as the canal de garonne - to allow merchants to move between the atlantic and the mediterranean, without having to sail around spain and portugal. the sea route was long and arduous, and ships could fall victim to storms and pirates. the plane trees were a later addition, planted in the 1830s in part to provide shade to those using the waterway. unesco declared the canal a world heritage site in 1996, saying it had \" provided the model for the flowering of technology that led directly to the industrial revolution and the modern technological age \". to retain this status, however, france will have to replant the trees it chops down. so that ' s the plan. to replant a variety of trees where the plane trees now stand. trees with strong root systems to maintain the canal banks, and with thick leaves to create shade. and ironically, given that american gis brought the fungus to europe in the first place, among the new trees to replace the old are 7, 000 disease - resistant plane trees - all the way from mississippi. whether colder parts of europe will be able to use the mississippi strain to replant any planes they lose in the future, is as yet unknown. pri ' s \" the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.46329745256636423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.273835"} {"text": "in a video highlighting her research in plastic electronics, princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo describes some of the potentially life - changing uses for these malleable materials. play the \" plastic electronics \" video video stills courtesy of volker steger video feature : ' plastic electronics ' posted october 14, 2010 ; 12 : 00 p. m. new developments in plastic electronics potentially could change the quality of human life in a wide range of ways, according to princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo. \" imagine tinted windows that can also generate power during the day, \" loo says in this video highlighting her research in plastic electronics. \" imagine disposable sensors that would change color if the water source is contaminated, or yet think of smart plastic patches that can monitor your health and deliver medication when you ' re sick. the possibilities are endless. \" loo was one of five young scientists who spoke in september at the world economic forum ' s \" annual meeting of the new champions \" in tianjin, china. she is an associate professor in the department of chemical and biological engineering. loo ' s research is funded by the national science foundation, the office of naval research and the sloan foundation. this video was funded by a grant from the high meadows foundation. loo and her laboratory group investigate how the unique attributes of plastics, including their light weight, mechanical flexibility and low cost, can be incorporated into electronics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5487523724048232, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.275710"} {"text": "history of the jigsaw puzzle its generally agreed that london print shop owner and map maker, john spilsbury created the first jigsaw puzzle, about 1760. he mounted a map onto mahogany, and cut along the borders of the countries, as a way to teach children about geography. early puzzles were called dissections. the introduction of the treadle saw in 1880, saw the name change to the now familiar jigsaw puzzle. jigsaw puzzles remained primarily a teaching tool until they moved into the adult market, about 1907. by 1908 a full blown craze had developed starting in the eastern united states. the golden age of jigsaw puzzles started in the 1920 ' s peaking in 1933. the onset of the great depression in 1929 caused people to spend more time at home, and completing a jigsaw puzzle gave a feeling of accomplishment. something that was hard to come by at that time. this was also the first time that puzzles were used for advertising purposes - a tooth brush company was the first to supply free puzzles for druggists to give to toothbrush buyers. other commercial enterprises soon jumped on the band wagon - what better way to advertise, than have someone spend hours assembling a picture of the product. in the early days puzzles made of wood or plywood were expensive - costing as much as a weeks wages for the average worker. each piece was cut individually. early puzzles did not interlock and a careless bump or sneeze could undo an entire evenings work. the 1930 ' s saw the development of mass produced die - cut cardboard puzzles, cut on giant industrial presses by companies such as parker brothers and milton bradley. libraries and drugstores then started offering puzzle rentals at 25 cents for 3 days. small run cardboard puzzles were still not economically feasible, primarily due to equipment costs. a flourishing business still exists for hand cut personal and custom puzzles, as is evidenced by the numerous web sites that offer this service. these mainly use photographs glued to plywood and are cut with either scroll saws or water jets. colour photocopiers and recent developments in ink jet printer technology, have reduced printing costs, thereby replacing the necessity for photographic enlargements. the huge industrial press problem was solved with the advent of our roller press. pressures required are enormous. the 308 piece puzzle requires 150 tons of pressure to cut 60 point chipboard. this pressure is achieved over the entire die surface by applying pressure one small area at a time. \u00a9 2005 graffiti graphics ltd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4413870795765374, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.283583"} {"text": "in the alley - center infiltration approach, permeable material ( asphalt, concrete, or pavers ) is placed in the center of the alley and high - albedo concrete is placed along the outer edges. this way, water soaks through the center of the alley, but truck tires roll on top of the stronger pavement. each of chicago ' s four pervious - pavement designs can be tweaked to fit just about any alley in the city. this is an example of full - alley infiltration using permeable pavement. source : chicago dot here ' s a little - known fact about chicago : the midwest city has more miles of alleys \u2014 1900 in all \u2014 than any other city in the world. that ' s the equivalent surface area of five mid - sized airports. that ' s also 3500 acres of impermeable surface in a city that ' s committed to going green. but going green isn ' t the sole reason for the city ' s $ 900, 000 alley - renovation pilot program, funded by general funds. \u201c one of residents ' biggest complaints is flooding, \u201d says janet attarian, project director of the city ' s streetscape and urban design program. heavy rainfalls, or rain events that last for days, flood alleys. the water spills off into \u2014 and overwhelms \u2014 the city ' s combined sewer / stormwater system, causing basements to flood and the system to overflow into the chicago river. \u201c basements become short - term retaining ponds until the system clears enough for them to be emptied out, \u201d says attarian. \u201c plus, we ' re discharging contaminated water into the river because our system can ' t handle it. \u201d according to attarian, the city ' s in - place solutions weren ' t good enough. for example, repaving a puddle - prone alley with asphalt worsens the ponding, causing excess water to run off into back yards instead of into the street where it ' s properly drained into the combined sewer system. and connecting sewer mains from the alleys to the city ' s sewer system is cost - prohibitive. other options were needed. the answer : reconstruct alleys with permeable surfaces that allow water to pass through and infiltrate the soil below. made of either porous asphalt and / or concrete or paving stones shaped to leave gaps at the corners, these pavements would reduce flooding, recharge groundwater, and save taxpayer dollars that would otherwise be spent treating stormwater or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42347839450889546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.287974"} {"text": "in this video from the excel 2010 tutorial series, school of technology program coordinator, justin denton, teaches us about vlookup in microsoft excel 2010. this tutorial video is a great beginning step to your courses in technology at rasmussen college. the next formula, per se, is what ' s called a value look up. if you want to look up a given value based on a code - - we know that we ' ve got product codes. we know that we have an item name. but i want to know what those details are about each given item. we have our product codes in a different tab which lists the product name, the product code, and the actual product details. so we know it ' s a spoon, but what kind of spoon it is. it ' s a six inch dinner spoon with a gold tone. well, i want to return those on the fly back to my inventory list. and if this spoon changes, maybe the code changes, i want it to automatically update. to do that, there ' s a vlookup function. so equals vlookup, which basically stands for value look up. you ' ll do your open bracket. and then you ' ll see this really long screen tip up here, value look up, or look up value, your table array, your column index, your range look up, all this stuff that you actually have to input in to make it work. but it is not horribly hard to do. so when we look up our look up value, which - - all it is is the value we want to look up right now. well, all i want to look up is find out what ' s the product code. so i just select d4, or the product code next to the formula i ' m creating. so now i have v equals vlookup, open bracket, d4. i ' ll put a comma in after d4 because that ' s the value i ' m looking up. there ' s nothing else i ' m looking up in this specific scenario. now i need to select the table array that i ' m going to look that value up from. well, the table array happens to be on a totally different sheet. so at this point, the easiest way is to stay right here, click on the product code sheet. i ' ll see at the top of the screen here where it has the formula that i ' m building up on the top of the screen. i will now notice that it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48307129051956765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.292222"} {"text": "easiest way is to stay right here, click on the product code sheet. i ' ll see at the top of the screen here where it has the formula that i ' m building up on the top of the screen. i will now notice that it ' s automatically changed product codes. and now i ' m going to select the cell range of b2 through c7, which has the product code as well as the product details next to each code. so that gives my look up table. i ' m going to now look up from that table. once i ' ve done that, i can go ahead and hit comma. and then i ' ll notice the next highlighted field is column index number. and the column index number is - - after i ' ve looked up that value - - so i ' m looking up spn right now - - what do i want to return? what column out of that table do i want to return? well, i want to return the product details column, which we would typically associate with the c column. but in this instance, in the small table we ' ve defined, it ' s actually column two. so we want to return column two, whatever the value is in column two. and then we put the next comma in, which is asking for a range look up. and do we want an approximate match? so if spn ' s not found, do we want to give the next closest value? or do we want an exact match? so if spn ' s not found, we ' ll give some sort of error. the best thing to do is doing a exact match, because approximate match isn ' t always the most reliable in the world. so we ' ll select false, or double click on exact match. i ' ll close my formula. and i ' ve basically created the entire formula the way i need it. so then when i hit enter, i get an error. what did i do? product codes - - oh, i know what i did. i clicked too many times when i was in there. good troubleshooting. so i had clicked too many times when i was in there. i got click happy. and it inserted product codes table twice. so basically, after i ' ve done this, it ' s smart enough now to look up spn, verify that table in that other worksheet, and then return the details of what an spn product code is, which happens to be a six inch dinner spoon, gold tone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.454692458379649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.293594"} {"text": "readwritethink couldn ' t publish all of this great content without literacy experts to write and review for us. if you ' ve got lessons plans, activities, or other ideas you ' d like to contribute, we ' d love to hear from you. find the latest in professional publications, learn new techniques and strategies, and find out how you can connect with other literacy professionals. teacher resources by grade | 1st - 2nd | | 3rd - 4th | | 5th - 6th | | 7th - 8th | | 9th - 10th | | 11th - 12th | characters in because of winn - dixie : making lists of ten | grades | | 3 \u2013 5 | | lesson plan type | | standard lesson | | estimated time | | five 50 - minute sessions plus independent reading time | in kate dicamillo \u2019 s book because of winn - dixie, the protagonist, opal, learns about her absent mother when her father shares ten things about her. working as a class, students match items from the list of ten things describing opal ' s mother in the novel with the basic elements of characterization. next, they work in small groups to go through the same process with the list of ten things describing winn - dixie. students then create an individual list describing another character in the book. finally, students extend this process to another book they are reading by recording ten characteristics on a printable bookmark, ranking those characteristics in terms of importance, and then publishing them in a flip book format. three elements of characterization : this resource introduces students to the three elements of characterization, as well as some basic vocabulary terms related to characters. flip book interactive : this online tool allows students to type and illustrate tabbed flip books up to ten pages long. in her \" teaching ideas \" column, diana mitchell states, \" students tire of responding to novels in the same ways. they want new ways to think about a piece of literature and new ways to dig into it \" ( 92 ). mitchell provides fifty suggestions on exploring new directions and responding with greater depth to the books read by students. this lesson plan provides a similar alternative by asking students to identify key details from the book in a way that goes beyond the ordinary while still focusing on comprehension. mitchell, diana. \" fifty alternatives to the book report. \" english journal 87. 1 ( january 1998 ) : 92 - 95.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.508667426963052, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.298128"} {"text": "pliers common types a selection of articles related to pliers common types. original articles from our library related to the pliers common types. see table of contents for further available material ( downloadable resources ) on pliers common types. - astral beings and wildlife - the astral dimension contains a wide variety of what could be called non - physical subtle energy life - forms ; or as carlos castenada so aptly calls them : inorganic beings. some of these have a positive nature ( nice ) and some seem have a negative nature ( not so... parapsychology > > astral projection - what are the different types of magick? - these is high and low, black and white, tantric, and chaos magick, there are candle, herb, sympathetic, representational, symbolic, color, crystal, knot, moon, and elemental magick. now this is not a complete list, there are many more such as fairy, tree,... mystic sciences > > magick - the religious experience : a wiccan viewpoint - what is religion? religion is a set of beliefs which allow us to understand and categorize our world and our place in it. a set of beliefs which define our culture, our expectations, our views of people and behaviors we expect. i have found several different... religion & philosophy > > religions - an overview of different types of scrying - scrying is a method of divination. it consists of gazing into a crystal, a mirror or some water for example, anything shiny really, in order to enter altered mind states... a good cliche that best describes scrying is the gypsy fortune - teller and her large... divination > > scrying - story of the celts : the ancient celts - the ancient celts [ 8 ] what is surprising to most modern readers is just how widespread across europe the celts once were. the celts have been called the \" fathers of europe, \" that is north of the greco - roman mediterranean. long before the germanic... history & anthropology > > celtic & irish - what is hypnotic trance? does it provide unusual physical or mental capacities? - 2. 1 ' trance ; ' descriptive or misleading? most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction ( preparatory process considered by some to be... parapsychology > > h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249370958949866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.302209"} {"text": "most of the classical notions of hypnosis have long held that hypnosis was special in some way from other types of interpersonal communication and that an induction ( preparatory process considered by some to be... parapsychology > > hypnosis pliers common types is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors ' articles, see section below for printable documents, pliers common types books and related discussion. suggested pdf resources - clover safe # 90 using pliers safely - most types of have jaws located at the tips. pliers are primarily used for gripping, twisting, turning, and cutting objects. - using pliers safely - anr environmental health & safety - most types of pliers have serrated jaws located at the tips. - assembling means putting the parts of something together. for - square jaws are useful for bending corners on thin metal. fig. 24 - 6 using an offset screwdriver. - the toolbox - the most common type of pliers are slip - joint pliers ( 8 \u201d ) which have jaws that can be adjusted to grip large or small things. suggested web resources - pliers - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, for bending, or physical there are many kinds of pliers made for various general and specific purposes. - types of pliers - describes the types and features of various pliers. types of pliers. there are several types of pliers, each suited to a different task. - types of pliers - pliers are two - handled, two - jawed hand tools used mainly for gripping, twisting, here are some of the main types of pliers. insulated handles are common. - what are the most and less common types of pliers | trend - jul 27, 2011 one of the most common tools that are widely used by several people when fixing appliances or engines is called pliers. - osh answers : pliers and wire cutters - aug 17, 2010 what are common types of pliers and wire cutters? what are some safety tips to know when using pliers and wire cutters? great care has been taken to prepare the information on this page. elements of the content come from factual and lexical knowledge databases, realmagick. com library and third - party sources. we appreciate your suggestions and comments on further improvements of the site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5321686014770882, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.303183"} {"text": "synthetic biology : tum researchers develop novel kind of fluorescent protein proteins are the most important functional biomolecules in nature with numerous applications in life science research, biotechnology and medicine. so how can they be modified in the most effective way to attain certain desired properties? in the past, the modifications were usually carried out either chemically or via genetic engineering. the team of professor arne skerra from the tum chair of biological chemistry has now developed a more elegant combined solution : by extending the otherwise universal genetic code, the scientists are able to coerce bacterial cells to produce tailored proteins with synthetic functional groups. to put their idea to the test, they set out to crack a particularly hard nut : the scientists wanted to incorporate a non - natural amino acid at a specific site into a widely used natural protein. in bioresearch this protein is commonly known as \" gfp \" ( = green fluorescent protein ). it emits a bright green glow and stems originally from a jellyfish that uses the protein to make itself visible in the darkness of the deep sea. the team chose a pale lavender coumarin pigment, serving as side chain of a non - natural amino acid, as the synthetic group. the scientists \" fed \" this artificial amino acid to a laboratory culture of escherichia coli bacteria \u201c \u201c the microorganism workhorses of genetic engineering, whose natural siblings are also found in the human intestine. since the team had transferred the modified genetic blueprints for the gfp to the bacteria \u201c \u201c including the necessary biosynthesis machinery \u201c \u201c it incorporated the coumarin amino acid at a very specific site into the fluorescent protein. this spot in the gfp was carefully chosen, explains professor skerra : \" we positioned the synthetic amino acid at a very close distance from the fluorescence center of the natural protein. \" the scientists employed the principle of the so - called foerster resonance energy transfer, or fret for short. under favorable conditions, this process of physical energy transfer, named after the german physical chemist theodor foerster, allows energy to be conveyed from one stimulated pigment to another in a radiation - less manner. it was precisely this fret effect that the scientists implemented very elegantly in the new fluorescent protein. they defined the distance between the imported chemical pigment and the biological blue - green ( cyan, to be more precise ) pigment of the jellyfish protein in such a way that the interplay between the two dyes resulted in a completely novel kind of fluorescent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5872612941116154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.306572"} {"text": "defined the distance between the imported chemical pigment and the biological blue - green ( cyan, to be more precise ) pigment of the jellyfish protein in such a way that the interplay between the two dyes resulted in a completely novel kind of fluorescent chimeric biomolecule. because of the extreme proximity of the two luminescent groups the pale lavender of the synthetic amino acid can no longer be detected ; instead, the typical blue - green color of the fluorescent protein dominates. \" what is special here, and different from the natural gfp, is that, thanks to the synthetically incorporated amino acid, the fluorescence can be excited with a commercially available black - light lamp in place of an expensive dedicated laser apparatus, \" explains sebastian kuhn, who conducted these groundbreaking experiments as part of his doctoral thesis. according to skerra, the design principle of the novel bio - molecule, which is characterized by a particularly large and hard to achieve wavelength difference between excitation and emitted light, should open numerous interesting applications : \" we have now demonstrated that the technology works. our strategy will enable the preparation of customized fluorescent proteins in various colors for manifold future purposes. \" this research project was financially supported by the german research foundation ( dfg ) as part of the excellence cluster \" munich center for integrated protein science \" ( cips - m ). on the net :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6178319498601659, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.307153"} {"text": "grafton - - there is a mountain ' s worth of historical and cultural significance in the presidential re - inauguration slated for today. president barack obama, the first black commander - in - chief in american history, is set to take the oath of his office to begin his second term on a day designated to honor a man who made obama ' s journey possible. martin luther king jr. day, named after the late civil rights pioneer, was signed into law by president ronald reagan in 1983 and though some states were reluctant to recognize it at first, the holiday is now federally celebrated. though controversial in his time, king has become a hero to many americans of all races and backgrounds and different regions of the country find their own unique way to preserve his message and memory. last week the vermont department of tourism and marketing opened an african - american heritage trail with several sites ( including grafton ) of importance to black history in the state. curtiss reed jr., the executive director of the vermont partnership for fairness and diversity, said the trail is intended to boost cultural tourism in the green mountain state and increase awareness of its track record of racial tolerance. \" the trail is the result of a conversation we ' ve had over the last several years with the state government about how do we grow the economic pie in the state given the demographics, \" he told the reformer, adding that there are also several the department did not reply to a request seeking comment by presstime. reed said vermont is one of the whitest states in the nation in terms of population but has a rich history of acceptance, opportunity and social justice. it is home to the first state constitution banning slavery within its borders, a strong abolitionist movement and the first african - american to earn a degree from an american university and get elected to a state legislature. one of the stops on the heritage trail is the grafton historical society. the town was once home to daisy turner, who reed \" called probably the most enthusiastic and insightful storyteller that vermont has ever seen. \" the daughter of former slaves, turner ' s family settled in grafton many years ago and her father alexander - - a civil war veteran - - slowly bought land bit by bit. \" her father was a larger - than - life figure in grafton, \" reed said. \" they were a part of the fabric of grafton life. \" daisy, reed said, was famous for her gripping stories about her family origins in africa, enslavement and eventual emancipation. reed said there are a lot of audio recordings and videos of her stories. he also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.35536894918076933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.314160"} {"text": "the fabric of grafton life. \" daisy, reed said, was famous for her gripping stories about her family origins in africa, enslavement and eventual emancipation. reed said there are a lot of audio recordings and videos of her stories. he also said daisy was the oldest living person in vermont ( roughly 105 years old ) when she died in the 1980s. society president patsy ellis said one of the group ' s central themes has been the families whose history define the character of the town. \" over the years we have focused attention on daisy turner and the turner family, whose story in so many ways represents our heritage in their struggle to carve out a life on a vermont hill farm, \" she said in an e - mail to the reformer. \" we are now proud to be able to share their story as part of the african american heritage trail. \" the turner family ' s homestead is still in grafton, as is the daisy turner loop - - a 8. 5 - mile bicycle trail near the grafton pond. there is also an exhibit in her honor at the town ' s historical society and at the vermont folklife center in middlebury, a town which also is on the heritage trail. alexander twilight received a bachelor ' s degree from middlebury college in 1823 and eventually served in the vermont general assembly. the other towns on the trail are woodstock, manchester, brandon, windsor, strafford, browington, ferrisburgh and strafford. \" these are all sites that have particular interest to history buffs. they say, \u2018 come to vermont. there ' s a reason to come to vermont, ' \" reed said. \" these sites have existed for a long time but there was no sort of brand identity for them. \" ferrisburgh includes the rokeby museum, a site of the underground railroad that led escaped slaves to freedom, and strafford was the home of sen. justin smith morrill, who sponsored the morrill land - grant colleges act. that legislation paved the path for black ( now historically - black ) colleges and universities, which educated former slaves and their descendants. \" out of the black colleges and universities came the intellectual powerhouses for the civil rights movement, \" reed said. \" if a vermont senator had not had the foresight to seek the education of former slaves, there ' d no black colleges and the civil rights movement would have taken on a totally different shape. \" reed grew up in st. louis, mo., but has called vermont his home since 1978. he thought the state is not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4490392005686208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.315346"} {"text": "former slaves, there ' d no black colleges and the civil rights movement would have taken on a totally different shape. \" reed grew up in st. louis, mo., but has called vermont his home since 1978. he thought the state is not a racial utopia ( citing an incident in bellows falls a few years ago when a white barber allegedly lied to a visiting black physician to avoid having to cut his hair, later saying it ' s difficult to cut a black person ' s hair ) but said an incredible amount of historically significant events have taken place in the state. he said many of ethan allen ' s green mountain boys were black. reed said appealing to the multi - cultural marketplace is vital to the sustainability of vermont ' s hospitality and tourism industry. he cited the census bureau as reporting there were more babies of color born last year than white babies and said demographers believe the united states will become a minority - majority nation within 29 years. reed said americans of color know about vermont ' s white demographics and might shy away from vacationing here because they fear how they would be treated. he said that mindset needs to change if vermont is going to prosper in a changing world. \" ( the trail ) will increase the number of tourists coming to the state. the profile of those tourists are likely to be black or african - american or latino or whites who have ( an appreciation ) for history. \" he said vermont is a beautiful destination for professional and amateur black associations to hold their annual conferences. he mentioned specifically the national brotherhood of skiers, a non - profit organization made up of over 45 active african - american ski clubs that could hold their events here, adding that the nbs has not come to the northeast since visiting lake placid, n. y., in 1984. \" if your vision of who could enjoy vermont is limited to just white people, then you ' re losing out on the fastest growing market in the united states, \" he said. domenic poli can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org, or 802 - 254 - 2311, ext. 277.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3797246524903861, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.316249"} {"text": "2003 findings on the worst forms of child labor - antigua and barbuda | publisher | | united states department of labor | | author | | bureau of international labor affairs | | publication date | | 29 april 2004 | | cite as | | united states department of labor, 2003 findings on the worst forms of child labor - antigua and barbuda, 29 april 2004, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 48c8ca0120. html [ accessed 19 june 2013 ] | | disclaimer | | this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. | government policies and programs to eliminate the worst forms of child labor the government of antigua and barbuda created a committee to implement the un convention on the rights of the child in 2000. the government has also expressed its commitment to conducting research on child labor. based upon a unicef supported study on the needs of children and families, the government is developing a national plan of action on child survival, development, and protection while simultaneously implementing a public education campaign on child labor through the print and electronic media. in 1994, the government of antigua and barbuda revised its educational policy to improve the effectiveness of schooling. key achievements in terms of education in recent years include ensuring broad - based access to primary education for most children and providing a growing number of pre - primary education facilities for children. the government has employed officers to monitor school attendance and report their findings biweekly to the chief education officer and education officers. children who are repeatedly absent from school may be placed in foster care, and the parents or guardians of these children may be prosecuted in court. the government plans to improve data collection, monitoring, and assessment systems for education ; upgrade school facilities ; provide support to improve education efficiency ; and make education available to children with special needs, like the growing number of bilingual children in antigua and barbuda, children with disabilities, and children in conflict with the law. incidence and nature of child labor statistics on the number of working children under the age of 15 years in antigua and barbuda are unavailable, and there is limited information on the incidence and nature of child labor in the country. in 2001, children as young as 13 years old were reportedly involved in an organized prostitution and pornography ring. education is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.417987777824976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.323424"} {"text": "years in antigua and barbuda are unavailable, and there is limited information on the incidence and nature of child labor in the country. in 2001, children as young as 13 years old were reportedly involved in an organized prostitution and pornography ring. education is compulsory and free for children between the ages of 5 and 16 years. according to unicef, most children enjoy access to primary education, however there are no nationally available enrollment statistics for antigua and barbuda. spanish - speaking children, children with disabilities, young mothers, and other children with special educational needs, face barriers to accessing primary education. child labor laws and enforcement the labor code, division e of 1975, sets the minimum age for employment at 16 years. the provisions also establish that children less than 16 years of age cannot work more than 8 hours in a 24 - hour time period or during school hours. children between the ages of 14 and 18 years must obtain a medical examination prior to employment. the constitution prohibits slavery and forced labor. the sexual offences act of 1995 raised the age of consent in antigua and barbuda from 14 to 16 years of age. the sexual offences act also prohibits prostitution, including child prostitution and makes the offense punishable with a sentence of up to 15 years imprisonement. there is no comprehensive law prohibiting trafficking in persons ; however, existing laws on prostitution and labor provide a legal framework to prosecute individuals for trafficking offenses. in addition, the offences against the person act, cap. 58 offers some protection to children who are sold, trafficked, or abducted against their own will and wishes of their parents. the ministry of labor is required to conduct periodic inspections of workplaces. the police and social welfare departments investigate the criminal and social aspects of child labor. in august 2001, a case implicating high - ranking members of society in a child pornography and prostitution ring was prosecuted in court. antigua and barbuda ratified ilo convention 138 on march 17, 1983 and ilo convention 182 on september 16, 2002. u. s. department of state, country reports on human rights practices \u2013 2002 : antigua and barbuda, washington, d. c., march 31, 2003, section 5 ; available from http : / / www. state. gov / g / drl / rls / hrrpt / 2002 / 18316. htm. representatives from antigua and barbuda attended the ilo caribbean tripartite meeting on the worst forms of child labor in december 1999, and based on what was learned at the meeting, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39614335736952816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.324445"} {"text": "hrrpt / 2002 / 18316. htm. representatives from antigua and barbuda attended the ilo caribbean tripartite meeting on the worst forms of child labor in december 1999, and based on what was learned at the meeting, they expressed a need to reassess the country ' s situation with regard to child labor sectors in prostitution and drug trafficking. see u. s. embassy - bridgetown, unclassified telegram 1773, september 11, 2001. see also labour commissioner of the government of antigua and barbuda, letter to usdol official, october 18, 2001. u. s. department of state, country reports \u2013 2002 : antigua and barbuda, section 5. see also lionel hurst, letter to usdol official, october 18, 2001. in 1990 ministers of education from the eight member countries that make up the organization of eastern caribbean states ( oecs ) met and established a regional educational reform agenda. according to the oecs reform strategy, areas for reform included education management, teacher and administrator training, and inadequate educational facilities including textbooks and learning materials. ministry of education, youth, sport, and community development official, education for all 2000 assessment : country reports \u2013 antigua and barbuda, unesco, 2000 [ cited june 28, 2003 ], analytic section 2. 2. 4 ; available from http : / / www2. unesco. org / wef / countryreports / antigua _ barbuda / rapport _ 1. html. unicef, antigua and barbuda, caribbean area office, [ online ] 2001 [ cited august 14, 2002 ] ; available from http : / / www. unicef - cao. org / publications / reports / promisetocaribbeanchildren / antiguabarbuda. html. ministry of education, youth, sport, and official, efa 2000 report : antigua and barbuda, analytic section 2. 2. 1. unicef, antigua and barbuda. see also ministry of education, youth, sport, and official, efa 2000 report : antigua and barbuda, sections 18. 104. 22. 168, 2. 2. 3. world bank, world development indicators 2003 [ cd - rom ], washington, d. c., 2003. from general observation, children over twelve years old do engage in part time employment particularly during summer holidays, generally with parental consent and with the right to utilize their earnings independently. see government of antigua and barbuda, antigua and barbuda national report on follow up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42242030416698395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.325342"} {"text": ", children over twelve years old do engage in part time employment particularly during summer holidays, generally with parental consent and with the right to utilize their earnings independently. see government of antigua and barbuda, antigua and barbuda national report on follow up to the world summit for children and lima accord, st. johns, 2000, 7. given the economy ' s heavy reliance on tourism, government officials could not rule out the possibility of child prostitution or the involvement of children in drug trafficking. see hurst, letter dated october 18, 2001. see also u. s. department of state, country reports \u2013 2002 : antigua and barbuda, section 5. according to the 1973 education act, it is mandatory for government to provide education to children between the ages of five and sixteen years. thirty of the 55 primary schools in antigua and barbuda are public schools where schooling is free. the government also provides free textbooks and schooling supplies to private schools through the board of education. see ministry of education, youth, sport, and official, efa 2000 report : antigua and barbuda, descriptive section 1. 0, 1. 3. government of antigua and barbuda, antigua and barbuda national report, 13. unicef, antigua and barbuda. hurst, letter dated october 18, 2001, u. n. committee on the rights of the child, initial report 2001 : antigua and barbuda, government of antigua and barbuda, west indies, 2001, 54 - 55 ; available from http : / / www. unhchr. ch / html / menu2 / 6 / crc / doc / report / srf - a & b - 1. pdf. u. n. committee on the rights of the child, initial report 2001 : antigua and barbuda, 55. constitution of antigua and barbuda, chapter ii, article 6, ( 1981 ) ; available from http : / / www. georgetown. edu / pdba / constitutions / antigua / ab81. html. sexual offenses act, part ii, 1995 1995 ; available from http : / / www. protectionproject. org / vt / 2. htm. u. n. committee on the rights of the child, initial report 2001 : antigua and barbuda, 12. u. s. department of state, country reports \u2013 2002 : antigua and barbuda, section 6f. u. n. committee on the rights of the child, initial report 2001 : antigua and barbuda, 57", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42506521630001504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.326339"} {"text": "bill scanlon, nrel january 02, 2013 | 3 comments it takes outside - the - box thinking to outsmart the solar spectrum and set a world record for solar cell efficiency. the solar spectrum has boundaries and immutable rules. no matter how much solar cell manufacturers want to bend those rules, they can ' t. so how can we make a solar cell that has a higher efficiency than the rules allow? that ' s the question scientists in the iii - v multijunction photovoltaics group at the u. s. department of energy ' s ( doe ) national renewable energy laboratory ( nrel ) faced 15 years ago as they searched for materials they could grow easily that also have the ideal combinations of band gaps for converting photons from the sun into electricity with unprecedented efficiency. a band gap is an energy that characterizes how a semiconductor material absorbs photons, and how efficiently a solar cell made from that material can extract the useful energy from those photons. \" the ideal band gaps for a solar cell are determined by the solar spectrum, \" said daniel friedman, manager of the nrel iii - v multijunction photovoltaics group. \" there ' s no way around that. \" but this year, friedman ' s team succeeded so spectacularly in bending the rules of the solar spectrum that nrel and its industry partner, solar junction, won a coveted r & d 100 award from r & d magazine for a world - record multijunction solar cell. the three - layered cell, sj3, converted 43. 5 % of the energy in sunlight into electrical energy \u2014 a rate that has stimulated demand for the cell to be used in concentrator photovoltaic ( cpv ) arrays for utility - scale energy production. last month, that record of 43. 5 % efficiency at 415 suns was eclipsed with a 44 % efficiency at 947 suns. both records were verified by nrel. this is nrel ' s third r & d 100 award for advances in ultra - high - efficiency multijunction cells. cpv technology gains efficiency by using low - cost lenses to multiply the sun ' s intensity, which scientists refer to as numbers of suns. friedman says earlier success with multijunction cells \u2014 layered semiconductors each optimized to capture different wavelengths of light at their junctions \u2014 gave nrel a head start. the sj3 cells fit into the market for utility - scale cpv projects. they ' re designed for application under sunlight concentrated to 1, 000 times its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.572548808861169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.332524"} {"text": "matched the lattice of the layer above it \u2014 and that also had the ideal band gap. \" we knew from the shape of the solar spectrum and modeling solar cells that what we wanted was a third junction that has a band gap of about 1. 0 electron volt, lattice - matched to gallium arsenide, \" friedman said. \" the lattice match makes materials easier to grow. \" they concentrated on materials from the third and fifth columns of the periodic table because these so - called iii - v semiconductors have similar crystal structures and ideal diffusion, absorption, and mobility properties for solar cells. but there was seemingly no way to capture the benefits of the gallium arsenide material while matching the lattice of the layer below, because no known iii - v material compatible with gallium arsenide growth had both the desired 1 - ev band gap and the lattice - constant match to gallium arsenide. that changed in the early 1990s, when a research group at ntt laboratories in tokyo working on an unrelated problem made an unexpected discovery. even though gallium nitride has a higher band gap than gallium arsenide, when you add a bit of nitrogen to gallium arsenide, the band gap shrinks \u2014 exactly the opposite of what was expected to happen. \" that was very surprising, and it stimulated a great deal of work all over the world, including here at nrel, \" friedman said. \" it helped push us to start making solar cells with this new dilute nitride material. \" good band gaps, but not so good solar material the new solar cells nrel developed had two things going for them \u2014 and one big issue. \" the good things were that we could make the material very easily, and we did get the band gap and the lattice match that we wanted, \" friedman said. \" the bad thing was that it wasn ' t a good solar cell material. it wasn ' t very good at converting absorbed photons into electrical energy. materials quality is critical for high - performance solar cells, so this was a big problem. \" still, nrel continued to search for a solution. \" we worked on it for quite a while, and we got to a point where we realized we had to choose between two ways of collecting current from a solar cell, \" friedman said. \" one way is to let the electrical carriers just diffuse along without the aid of an electric field. that ' s what you do if you have good material. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5070811905079294, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.334706"} {"text": "see what questions a doctor would ask. tremors in children : tremors in children is a condition in which a child has small spasms or involuntary rapid contractions and relaxations of muscles. see detailed information below for a list of 39 causes of tremors in children, symptom checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes. home medical tests possibly related to tremors in children : listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with tremors in children, as listed in our database. visit the symptom checker, to add and remove symptoms and research your condition. review further information on tremors in children treatments. some of the comorbid or associated medical symptoms for tremors in children may include these symptoms : research the causes of these more general types of symptom : research the causes of this symptom in broader categories : research the causes of related medical symptoms such as : research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom tremors in children : read more about causes and tremors in children deaths. mild worm infections undiagnosed in children : human worm infestations, esp. threadworm, can be overlooked in some cases, because it may cause only mild or even absent symptoms. although the most common... read more \u00bb undiagnosed stroke leads to misdiagnosed aphasia : bbc news uk reported on a man who had been institutionalized and treated for mental illness because he suffered from... read more \u00bb alzheimer ' s disease over - diagnosed : the well - known disease of alzheimer ' s disease is often over - diagnosed. patients tend to assume that any memory loss or forgetulness symptom might be alzheimer ' s, whereas there are many other less... read more \u00bb mesenteric adenitis misdiagnosed as appendicitis in children : because appendicitis is one of the more feared conditions for a child with abdominal pain, it can be over - diagnosed ( it can, of... read more \u00bb blood pressure cuffs misdiagnose hypertension in children : one known misdiagnosis issue with hyperension, arises in relation to the simple equipment used to test blood pressure. the \" cuff \" around the arm to measure blood pressure can simply be too small to accurately... read more \u00bb mild traumatic brain injury often remains undiagnosed : although the symptoms of severe brain injury are hard to miss, it is less clear for milder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4971319914974598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.342684"} {"text": "around the arm to measure blood pressure can simply be too small to accurately... read more \u00bb mild traumatic brain injury often remains undiagnosed : although the symptoms of severe brain injury are hard to miss, it is less clear for milder injuries, or even those causing a mild concussion diagnosis. the condition goes by the name of \" mild... read more \u00bb mtbi misdiagnosed as balance problem : when a person has symptoms such as vertigo or dizziness, a diagnosis of brain injury may go overlooked. this is particularly true of mild traumatic brain injury ( mtbi ), for which the symptoms are typically mild. the... read more \u00bb rare diseases misdiagnosed as parkinson ' s disease : a rare genetic disorder is often misdiagnosed as parkinson ' s disease for men in their 50 ' s. the disease fragile x disorder can show only mild symptoms in the early years, and parkinsons... read more \u00bb brain pressure condition often misdiagnosed as dementia : a condition that results from an excessive pressure of csf within the brain is often misdiagnosed. it may be misdiagnosed as parkinson ' s disease or dementia ( such as alzheimer ' s disease... read more \u00bb post - concussive brain injury often misdiagnosed : a study found that soldiers who had suffered a concussive injury in battle often were misdiagnosed on their return. a... read more \u00bb children with migraine often misdiagnosed : a migraine often fails to be correctly diagnosed in pediatric patients. these patients are not the... read more \u00bb vitamin b12 deficiency under - diagnosed : the condition of vitamin b12 deficiency is a possible misdiagnosis of various conditions, such as multiple sclerosis ( see symptoms of multiple sclerosis ). see symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency... read more \u00bb other ways to find a doctor, or use doctor, physician and specialist online research services : research extensive quality ratings and patient safety measures for hospitals, clinics and medical facilities in health specialties related to tremors in children : rare types of medical conditions and diseases in related medical categories : conditions that are commonly undiagnosed in related areas may include : the list below shows some of the causes of tremors in children mentioned in various sources : this information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of tremors in children. of the 39 causes of tremor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5178085164156947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.343671"} {"text": "some of the causes of tremors in children mentioned in various sources : this information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of tremors in children. of the 39 causes of tremors in children that we have listed, we have the following prevalence / incidence information : the following list of conditions have ' tremors in children ' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. this computer - generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of tremors in children or choose view all. ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums. medical story forums : if you have a medical story then we want to hear it. this information shows analysis of the list of causes of tremors in children based on whether certain risk factors apply to the patient : medical conditions associated with tremors in children : children ' s health symptoms ( 230 causes ), nerve symptoms ( 9132 causes ), neurological symptoms ( 9575 causes ), movement symptoms ( 6001 causes ), muscle symptoms ( 7251 causes ), brain symptoms ( 2787 causes ), musculoskeletal symptoms ( 6264 causes ), head symptoms ( 10192 causes ) symptoms related to tremors in children : doctor - patient articles related to symptoms and diagnosis : these general medical articles may be of interest : medical research papers related to tremors in children include : search specialists by state and city", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45391010268579174, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.344301"} {"text": "1815 \u2013 she was born this year. 1840 \u2013 she married henry staton this year. 1848 \u2013 she is believed to be the driving force behind this year \u2019 s convention, and for the next fifty years played a leadership role in the women ' s rights movement. soon after their marriage they traveled to london, where henry stanton was a delegate to the world anti - slavery convention. there she met lucretia mott, the quaker teacher who served in many of the associated temperance, anti - slavery, and women ' s rights organizations with which stanton is associated. 1876 - almost thirty years after the seneca falls convention, stanton and gage authored the declaration of rights of the women of the united states, which anthony presented, uninvited, at the centennial celebration in washington in this year. 1902 \u2013 this year elizabeth cady standon died and like anthony and gage, did not live to see women ' s suffrage in the united states. she is nonetheless regarded as one of the true major forces in the drive toward equal rights for women in the united states and throughout the world. 1995 - the statue of stanton, mott and anthony housed in the us capitol was used as the symbol of the american delegation to the 1995 peking conference. this page is copyright \u00a9 s9. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43693325800294014, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.346724"} {"text": "sun lore of all ages, by william tyler olcott,, at sacred - texts. com p. 52 p. 53 some one has said : \" if no other knowledge deserves to be called useful but that which helps to enlarge our possessions or to raise our station in society, then mythology has no claim to usefulness. but if that which tends to make us happier and better can be called useful, a knowledge of mythology is useful, for it is the handmaid of literature, and literature is one of the best allies of virtue and promoters of happiness. \" the solar myth, above all others, commands the attention and interest of the student of mythology, for it is the very basis of the science ; it permeates the early history of all people, its influence has made itself felt in every age, and many of the customs that govern our lives to - day are of solar origin. the sun, above all that human eyes behold, is the chief element in life, the very essence of our existence, and to its beneficent influences we owe all that we possess to - day, that is of worth. how few realise this fact. \" ' differentiated sun - shine, ' is the striking and suggestive phrase used by john fiske in his cosmic philosophy to stand for all things whatsoever to be found in this great world of ours ; from the tiny sun - dew, hid in the secret abiding places of spreading swamp lands, and the inconsequent midget it opens its sticky little fist to grasp, to the great forest tree, and all - consequent man armed with his conquering broadaxe. it is merely a terse symbolic way of describing the processes of cosmic evolution from the sun as the original source and continuous guiding power of our own special universe. \" \" back of the present sun figures in primitive and culture lore are the animistic conceptions of the sun such as that of manabozho, or the great white hare, of algonquin legend, or indra the bull sun of india. in course of time the zoomorphic sun gives place to the anthropomorphic sun, and finally we arrive at such personifications of the sun as osiris in egypt, apollo in greece, and balder in norse mythology. indeed it might almost be said that all the great steps in the onward march of the human race could be found recorded in the various and multiple personifications of the sun. \" 1 our ideas concerning natural phenomena are but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5225612715967477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.377999"} {"text": "balder in norse mythology. indeed it might almost be said that all the great steps in the onward march of the human race could be found recorded in the various and multiple personifications of the sun. \" 1 our ideas concerning natural phenomena are but the result of past ages of research in the fields of science ; but when we come to a consideration of the phenomena that day and night present, in their ever - changing phases, we find it extremely difficult to clearly understand the mental viewpoint of primitive man regarding this continual change, for the uninterrupted sequence and constant repetition of this phenomena has dulled our faculties and it escapes our attention. in ancient times, however, this continual daily process was closely observed and seriously considered, and the sun in all its aspects became at an early date in certain countries a personified godhead. the expression \" swallowed up by night \" is now a mere metaphor, but the idea it conveys, that of the setting sun, was a matter of great importance to the ancients. however, the daily aspects of the sun were not alone matters of concern, the seasonable changes were closely observed, and the spring - tide sun, returning with youthful vigour after the long sleep in the night of winter, had a different name from the summer and autumnal sun. there are consequently, a multiplicity of names for the sun to be found in a study of primitive history and mythology, and an enormous mass of sun myths depicting the adventures of a primitive sun hero in terms of the varying aspects which the sun assumes during the day and year. there was simply no limit to the images suggested by these aspects, as sir george cox puts it 1 : \" in the thought of these early ages the sun was the child of night or darkness, the dawn came before he was born, and died as he rose in the heavens. he strangled the serpents of the night, he went forth like a bridegroom out of his chamber, and like a giant to run his course. he had to do battle with clouds and storms, sometimes his light grew dim under their gloomy veil, and the children of men shuddered at the wrath of the hidden sun. his course might be brilliant and beneficent, or gloomy, sullen, and capricious. he might be a warrior, a friend, or a destroyer. the rays of the sun were changed into golden hair, into spears and lances, and robes of light. \" from this play of the imagination the great fundamental solar myths sprang", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5199491759042572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.379982"} {"text": "the veda the sun is frequently called \" the runner, \" \" the quick racer, \" or simply \" the horse. \" this idea of the swift flight of the sun is further carried out by attributing wings to the sun, or dawn, and on the egyptian and assyrian monuments we find the winged solar disk inscribed. from this it was but a step of the imagination to regard the sun as a bird, and when the sun set the ancients said : \" the bird of day is weary, and has fallen into the sea. \" it is even thought that the hare is symbolic of eastertide, for the very reason that fleetness of foot was its chief attribute. it is also a significant fact that the solar personification of the north american indians was called \" the great white hare. \" \" the more the babylonian mythology is examined, \" says sayce, \" the more solar is its origin found to be, thus confirming the results arrived at in the aryan and semitic fields of research. with two exceptions only the great deities seem all to go back to the sun. \" of the mythology of egypt, the eminent authority renouf makes the statement : \" whatever may be the case in other mythologies, i look upon the sunrise and sunset, on the daily return of day and night, on the battle between light and darkness, on the whole solar drama in all its details that is acted every day, every month, every year, in heaven and in earth as the principal subject of egyptian mythology. \" the predominant mythological figures of egypt were so much involved in the sun worship of that country, and to such an extent sun - gods, that a discussion of their personality and deeds pertains more properly to the chapter on sun worship, and is omitted therefore in this place. there is one feature of solar mythology that is striking because of its universality, and that is the connection which the figures personifying the sun in various lands have with navigation. the jewish midrash compares the course of the sun to that of a ship, and curiously enough to a ship coming from britain, which is rigged with 365 ropes ( the number of days in the solar year ), and to a ship coming from alexandria which has 354 ropes ( the number of days of the lunar year ). in egypt we see on the monuments the figure of ra, the sun - god, in his boat sailing over the ocean of heaven. \" the sun king apollo is with the greeks, \" says goldhizer, 1 \" the founder of navigation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5086792838743834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.382269"} {"text": ". in egypt we see on the monuments the figure of ra, the sun - god, in his boat sailing over the ocean of heaven. \" the sun king apollo is with the greeks, \" says goldhizer, 1 \" the founder of navigation, \" and even the legendary charon, the ferry - man of the underworld, is a development of the solar myth. the roman sun - god, janus, is also brought into connection with navigation, and the peruvian sun deity came to them from the sea, and took his leave of them in a ship which floated down a river to the sea where it vanished. the ancient egyptians called the sun \" the cat, \" for, \" like the sun, \" says horapollo, \" the pupil of the cat ' s eye grows larger with the advance of day. \" the egyptians imagined that a great cat stood behind the sun which was the pupil of the cat ' s eye. the following sun myth found in india is quoted from anthropology by edward b. tylor. it relates that : ' ' vamana, the tiny brahman, to humble the pride of king bali, begs of him as much land as he can measure in three steps, but when the boon is granted, the little dwarf expands into the gigantic form of vishnu, and striding with one step across the earth, another across the air, and a third across the sky, drives bali into the infernal regions, where he still reigns. this most remarkable of all tom thumb stories seems really a myth of the sun, rising tiny above the horizon, then swelling into majestic power, and crossing the universe. for vamana the dwarf is one of the incarnations of vishnu, and vishnu was originally the sun. in the hymns of the veda the idea of his three steps is to be found before it had become a story, when it was as yet only a poetic metaphor of the sun crossing the airy regions in his three strides. \" the ancient hindus enthroned the sun - god in a burning chariot, and saw in his flashing rays spirited and fiery steeds arrayed in resplendent and gleaming trappings. where we would say, \" the sun is rising, \" or, \" he is high in the heavens, \" they remarked, \" the sun has yoked his steeds for his journey. \" one of the common appellations for the sun in mythology is \" the cow, \" and the sun ' s rays are described as the cow ' s milk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5053166429434934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.383375"} {"text": "they remarked, \" the sun has yoked his steeds for his journey. \" one of the common appellations for the sun in mythology is \" the cow, \" and the sun ' s rays are described as the cow ' s milk. in the veda this is one of the most familiar conceptions. these are good examples of the part imagination has played in the development of solar mythology. given the notion that the sun is a chariot, the rays are seen immediately to resemble steeds, and, likewise, if the sun be likened to a cow, the rays must peradventure represent milk. the sun ' s rays are compared more consistently with locks of hair or hair on the face or head of the sun. the sun - god helios is called by the greeks \" the yellow - haired, \" and long locks of hair and a flowing beard are mythological attributes of the sun in many lands. in an american indian myth the sun - god is described as an old man with a full beard, and the long beards of the peruvian and toltec sun - gods are often referred to in the mythological references concerning them. if mythology is regarded as a wondrous piece of tapestry, wrought by imagination and fancy, displaying in many hues the noble deeds of gods and heroes of the ancient world, then, the part woven by the greeks may well be considered the most conspicuous for brilliancy of conception and beauty of design of all that enters into this marvellous and priceless fabric. it has been said that greek mythology, in its dynastic series of ruling gods, shows an evolution from a worship of the forces of nature to a worship of the powers of the mind. it is beyond question the most complete in its details, the most perfect viewed from an artistic standpoint, the most beautiful and enduring of all the world ' s store of legendary lore that has come down to us, and in this wealth of mythology, the solar myth stands out supreme, as the central figure, clothed in the matchless imagery of a naturally poetical and highly artistic people. in the following discussion of the greek sun myths, there is much that seems so grotesque and fanciful as to border on absurdity, but the seriousness of the subject cannot be doubted, and, in order to understand it fully, with a true sense of appreciation, we must ever regard the legends as interpreting the natural phenomena of day and night. bearing this fact in mind will enable us to grasp the significance of much that would otherwise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5392689352817769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.384376"} {"text": ", and, in order to understand it fully, with a true sense of appreciation, we must ever regard the legends as interpreting the natural phenomena of day and night. bearing this fact in mind will enable us to grasp the significance of much that would otherwise be meaningless. the daily motions and varying aspects of the living and energetic sun hero may be said to comprise the motif of almost every legend and myth bequeathed to us by the ancients. as in the study of sun worship, the sun - god helios first occupies the scene as the central figure in a widely spread and popular cultus, we will first consider the legends that cluster about this mythical personage whom the greek nation once revered and worshipped with all the fire of religious ardour. the most interesting myth concerning helios is that told of him in the odyssey. it relates that when the hero odysseus was returning to his home in ithaca, the goddess told him of the verdant island of trinacria, where the sun - god helios pastured his sacred herds, consisting of seven herds of cows and seven herds of lambs, fifty in each herd, a number which ever remained constant. odysseus, desirous of visiting this fair isle, set out forthwith, having been warned by circe to leave the herds of the sun unmolested lest he suffer evil consequences. having landed on the island, his companions enjoyed to the full the delightful climate, but as food was short, they ignored the warning of the goddess, slaughtered the sun ' s best cattle, and feasted on them for six days, when they took their departure. helios, deeply incensed by their conduct, and grieving for his lost herds, in which he had taken great pride and pleasure, besought jove ' s aid to punish them : the cloud - compelling jupiter replied : \" still shine, o sun : among the deathless gods and mortal men, upon the nourishing earth, soon will i cleave, with a white thunderbolt their galley in the midst of the black sea. \" [ paragraph continues ] and so it came about that through the might of jove a frightful storm arose, which well - nigh wrecked the vessel of the wanton adventurers ; but odysseus, resorting to heroic measures, prevented the loss of the ship, and his companions thus escaped with their lives. \" nothing is so common in aryan mythology, \" says paley, \" as the mention of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4910779377560527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.385415"} {"text": "adventurers ; but odysseus, resorting to heroic measures, prevented the loss of the ship, and his companions thus escaped with their lives. \" nothing is so common in aryan mythology, \" says paley, \" as the mention of cows or oxen in connection with the sun. they seem to represent bright forms that appear to go forth in the form of luminous fleeting clouds from the home of the sun in the east. the stealing, and recovering, or killing of these oxen is the subject of many tales in the early greek legends. \" we come now to the most conspicuous figure in grecian mythology, the redoubtable hero, whose life - deeds furnish the theme for innumerable legends, songs, poems, epics, and many of the noblest and most beautiful conceptions in the world of art. the fact that this distinguished and exalted personage personifies the sun, stamps ph\u0153bus apollo as the greatest and most widely known sun - god that mythology and history have produced. the story of his glorious birth at delos, and his successful combat with the great serpent that hera set in his path in the vale of crissa, and the establishment of his oracle at delphi, is related in the chapter on sun worship as pertaining more particularly to his deification. in the mythological biography of such a distinguished character as ph\u0153bus apollo we should expect, of course, to find allusions to his love affairs, and one of these is described in the myth of daphne which follows : daphne, the personified dawn, springs from the waters at the first flush of morning light, and as the beautiful tints of early day fade gradually in the light of the rising orb, daphne flees from apollo as he seeks to win her. in her flight she prays the gods to assist her, and it is related that, in answer to her prayer, she was transformed into a laurel tree, which was ever thereafter sacred to apollo. another myth refers to a hunting trip in which apollo was accompanied by his friend hyacinthus. they engaged in a game of quoits, and apollo cast a quoit which rebounded and struck hyacinthus a fatal blow. filled with remorse at the untimely death of his friend by his hand, he transformed hyacinthus into a beautiful flower which ever after bore his name. according to murray 1 \" the object of this myth was to point to the alternating decay and return of life in nature, which in this instance is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48996820509420125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.386432"} {"text": "by his hand, he transformed hyacinthus into a beautiful flower which ever after bore his name. according to murray 1 \" the object of this myth was to point to the alternating decay and return of life in nature, which in this instance is conceived under the form of a youth, the disc which was thrown by apollo being clearly a symbol of the sun which scorches vegetation. \" it is further related of apollo that incensed at zeus for causing the death of his son \u00e6sculapius by a thunderbolt, he shot some of the cyclopes, the forgers of thunderbolts. this brought down upon him the wrath of the supreme being, and apollo was banished from olympus. during his period of exile he served admetus as a herdsman. keary 1 claims that admetus is really one of the names for hades, and this reference to his service under him indicates his descent into the underworld for the sake of purification. here again we find the belief current that the sun at nightfall descends into the realms beneath the earth and waters. during his term of banishment apollo served laomedon, the prince of troy. as this master did not pay him the agreed amount apollo brought down upon the city a dreadful pestilence which depopulated the entire neighbourhood. vexed at his exile, apollo joined with poseidon in an effort to dethrone zeus. the plot failed, and both gods were sentenced to assist in building the walls of troy. apollo was far famed as a musician, and once had a quarrel with pan who claimed that the flute was a sweeter instrument than the lyre, which was apollo ' s favourite instrument. they agreed to refer the matter to midas, king of lydia, who favoured pan, and apollo, in his displeasure at the verdict, punished midas by causing his ears to lengthen till they resembled those of an ass. apollo apparently brooked no rivalry in his musical accomplishments, for when marsyas boasted that he excelled apollo in flute playing, the latter had him flayed alive. as a mighty warrior apollo distinguished himself in the trojan war when he took part against the greeks. his fury was irresistible, and it is said whole ranks of fighting men fell as he charged into their midst. being possessed of eternal youth, and the most accomplished of athletes, apollo came to be regarded as the patron of youthful athletic contests, and the pythian games he instituted to commemorate his victory over the python were celebrated in all lands. space does not permit of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43470904712780845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.388587"} {"text": "of eternal youth, and the most accomplished of athletes, apollo came to be regarded as the patron of youthful athletic contests, and the pythian games he instituted to commemorate his victory over the python were celebrated in all lands. space does not permit of a complete recital of the many deeds of this famous sun hero. his favourite animals were the hawk and the swan ; his tree, the bay. he was represented in the perfection of united manly strength and beauty. his long hair hangs loose, his brows are wreathed with bay, and in his hands he bears his bow and lyre. the wonderful and famous apollo belvedere shows at the same time the conception which the ancients had of this benign deity, and the high degree of perfection to which they had attained in sculpture. few deities had more appellations than ph\u0153bus apollo. he was called delian, delphian, clarian, etc., from the places of his worship. he was also referred to as \" the loxian god, \" from the ambiguity of many of his oracular predictions. another appellation which the god bore was \" lycius \" which means either the wolf - god, or the golden god of light. he is also called \" the mouse - god, \" because he was regarded either as the protector or as the destroyer of mice. other names for apollo were \" silver - bowed, \" \" far shooter, \" \" light producer, \" \" well haired, \" \" gold - haired, \" \" gold - sworded. \" \" the likeness between apollo and achilles scarcely needs to be pointed out, \" says keary. 1 \" each is the ideal youth, the representative of young greece, that which was to become in after years hellas. \" in contrasting the character of the sun - gods, helios and apollo, we note a striking similarity. [ paragraph continues ] both are conspicuous for their brilliant appearance, both possess powers of producing and destroying life, and weapons that are invulnerable. they are endowed alike with inexhaustible powers of creating happiness or sorrow, pleasure or torment, health or sickness. the exercise of these versatile faculties furnishes the theme for the major portion of that great mass of legends which constitute the essential elements of aryan mythology. in the figure of herakles we have a sun - god and hero whose fame has gone afar into all lands, and every age since his time has likened its greatest deeds to the power and might he displayed in the accomplishment of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5030914794250014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.389700"} {"text": "of aryan mythology. in the figure of herakles we have a sun - god and hero whose fame has gone afar into all lands, and every age since his time has likened its greatest deeds to the power and might he displayed in the accomplishment of his superhuman deeds. even to - day, the construction of the panama canal is often alluded to as a deed worthy of hercules, and the adjective herculean has a firm place in the literature and phraseology of modern times. the key to the sun myths that relate to the life and deeds of hercules is found in the idea of the sun ' s subservience to nature ' s immutable laws. the sun has a daily task which it must perform. it has a path to travel from which it must not deviate. it has ever before it a life of toil from which it cannot swerve. \" nowhere, \" says cox, 1 \" is the unutterable toil and scanty reward of the sun brought out so prominently as in the whole legend, or rather in the mass of unconnected legends which is gathered round the person of herakles. \" herakles was a son of zeus and alcmene. through the malignant hate of hera he was doomed from his birth to serve eurystheus, and, not content by thus consigning him to a life of servitude, the goddess sent serpents to strangle him while he was but an infant. the hero, however, possessed godlike strength even in his tender years, and easily destroyed the serpents, much to the amazement of those in charge of him. this struggle and triumph of the god over the serpents, is very like the successful combat apollo waged against python. it represents the great battle that the mythology of all lands presents, the subduing of the powers of darkness by the might of the omnipotent sun, the regent of light. this irresistible power, which is the chief attribute of the sun, is the predominant element in the character of the sun hero herakles, and enables him to perform at the bidding of his master the twelve stupendous tasks that brought him endless and imperishable fame. it is unnecessary to recite in detail these various labours. every mythology does justice to the subject, and allusions to them appear in the arts and letters of every subsequent age. it remains, however, to point out the solar significance of these mighty deeds, and how, even in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4900083909764778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.390599"} {"text": "these various labours. every mythology does justice to the subject, and allusions to them appear in the arts and letters of every subsequent age. it remains, however, to point out the solar significance of these mighty deeds, and how, even in many details, they represent the sun ' s triumph over the obstacles that nature ever imposes. the first labour was that of the conquest of the nemean lion. the myth relates that, after slaying the ferocious beast, herakles tore its skin off with his fingers, and thereafter it figured as his shield in many a fierce contest. the lion ' s skin has been likened to the \" raiment of tawny cloud which the sun seems to trail behind him as he fights his way through the vapours whom he is said to overcome. \" herakles is next called upon to subdue the hideous lernean hydra. this creature was possessed of many heads, one of which was immortal. the hero succeeded in this task by burning off the heads whenever they were raised to attack him. the immortal head he buried beneath a stone. as the beast was possessed of many heads, so the stogy nu - wind must continually supply new clouds to vanquish the sun ; but the lighter vapour and mist, the immortal head, is only conquered for a time. the sun easily burns up the heavy clouds, the mortal heads, but only hides temporarily the immortal head which rises again and again to daunt him. in this fight herakles was attended by his friend iolaus, \u2014 this name recalls that of [ paragraph continues ] iole, signifying the violet - tinted clouds, the attendants of the sun in its serene moments. \" in the third month the sun enters the sign libra, when the constellation of the centaur rises, and in his third labour herakles encountered and slew the centaur. these comparisons are traceable throughout the year. \" for a detailed treatment of these myths the reader is referred to anthon ' s classical dictionary. in the madness of herakles we see a further proof that he personifies the sun, for, as the sun rises, it increases in power until its heat destroys the fruits of the earth it loves. herakles in his insanity kills his own children. the marriage of herakles with hebe, the goddess of youth, which took place after the performance of his twelve labours, denotes the renewal of the year at the end of each solar revolution. it is in the last act", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4860013826991004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.391495"} {"text": "own children. the marriage of herakles with hebe, the goddess of youth, which took place after the performance of his twelve labours, denotes the renewal of the year at the end of each solar revolution. it is in the last act of his life that herakles best portrays his solar character. the poisoned coat presented by his wife dejaneira is donned. it represents the clouds which rise from the waters and surround the sun like a dark raiment. soon the poison infects the hero ' s system, inflicting pangs of anguish. herakles tries in vain to cast it off, but the \" fiery mists embrace him, and are mingled with the parting rays of the sun, and the dying hero is seen through the scattered clouds of the sky, tearing his own body to pieces till at last his bright form is consumed in a general conflagration. \" in this death scene of the solar hero, and in the glories of his funeral pyre, we have the most famous sunset scene that has ever been presented for our contemplation. all the wondrous colouring that adorns the western sky at set of sun illuminates the canvas, and the reflection of the scene streams afar, lighting the waves of the \u00e6gean with its clustering isles, and painting in enduring hues a scene that all nations proclaim the sublimest that nature offers to man ' s vision. anthon thus writes of the sun hero : \" if herakles be regarded as having actually existed, nothing can be more monstrous, nothing more at variance with every principle of chronology, nothing more replete with contradictions than the adventures of such an individual as poetry makes him to have been. but considered as the luminary that gives light to the world, as the god who impregnates all nature with his fertilising rays, every part of the legend teems with animation and beauty, and is marked by a pleasing and perfect harmony. \" the latin hercules is indubitably identified with the greek herakles, and the legend of his life is identical with that of the hellenic hero. it sets forth the same great struggle between the powers of light and darkness that we find in the primitive hindu myth of indra and ahi, the source from which it sprang. one of the solar legends which has come down to us in the simplest form is that of sisyphus, who, so the myth relates, was condemned to spend his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47312787678385126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.392366"} {"text": "hindu myth of indra and ahi, the source from which it sprang. one of the solar legends which has come down to us in the simplest form is that of sisyphus, who, so the myth relates, was condemned to spend his days in laboriously rolling a great stone to the summit of a hill. no sooner was the task accomplished than the stone rolled of its own volition to the base of the hill and his task began anew. if we regard this as a sun myth, we see how closely the details of the legend apply to the daily course of the sun. it appears as a great sphere or ball which gradually mounts to the zenith each day as if laboriously propelled upward, on reaching the meridian it immediately begins its descent to the horizon. again, the sun by reason of its penetrating rays and its commanding position, suggests a power and a light from which nothing can be hid. the personification of this all - seeing eye would therefore be an all - wise being. \" the greek name sisyphus, \" says cox, \" is simply a reduplicated form of sophos, the wise, and so we have the image of a wise being compelled to ascend the heaven or mountain, and obliged in spite of his wisdom, his strength, and his power to come down as he had gone up. the idea of compulsion may soon pass into that of toil, and the latter into the thought of punishment, and thus the sun becomes a criminal under sentence. \" in the myth of ixion we have another solar legend. ixion was condemned to a life of torture, being bound to a four - spoked and ever - revolving wheel. the name ixion probably means \" visitor, \" an appropriate name for the sun deity. the wheel revolves ceaselessly as the sun, and the condemned one is alternately raised into the high heavens, and lowered into the depths of the underworld. cox 1 points out a curious but well - known characteristic of solar myths. \" it is the identification of the sun both with the agent or patient, and with the thing or object by which the act is exercised. ixion is the sun, and so is ixion ' s wheel. hercules is the sun who expires in the flames on the summit of mount \u0153ta, but the fiery robe which scorches him to death is the sun cloud. \" the legend of tantalus again reveals the fact that at one stage in the history of man, anthropomorphic ideas concerning the sun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510729714347821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.393264"} {"text": "of mount \u0153ta, but the fiery robe which scorches him to death is the sun cloud. \" the legend of tantalus again reveals the fact that at one stage in the history of man, anthropomorphic ideas concerning the sun were prevalent. tantalus was another victim of his misdeeds and consigned to eternal torture. it is related that he stood immersed in water to his chin, and yet dying of thirst, for as he lowered his head to drink, the water withdrew from him, and the earth appeared under his feet. to add to his torment luscious fruits hung alluringly from branches almost within his grasp, but no sooner did he stretch out his hands to pluck them than the wind blew them out of his reach, and their sight and that of the water only served to tantalise him. the figure of the tortured tantalus standing with his head alone exposed above the surface of the water clearly represents the sun setting in the western sea. \" the ancients speculated, \" says paley, \" on the hissing and steaming caused by the red hot orb being cooled down and extinguished in the sea. fire and water could not co - exist, but in this myth the sun has the mastery, and it is the water that retires before the fire. hence homer says it was dried up by the god to punish tantalus. \" the word \" tantalus \" means \" the poiser, \" the suspender in air of the huge disk of the sun, and one myth concerning tantalus relates that, as a punishment for his evil deeds, he was suspended in mid air with a huge stone hanging over his head ever ready to fall and crush him, like a sword of damocles. the ancients believed that the sun and earth were connected by a chain, and this fact reveals clearly the solar significance of the myth. it is further related that tantalus had had the honour of dining with zeus. this signifies that the sun ascended from the mundane sphere to the upper regions. primitive man believed as the bible teaches that all that exists will come to an end in a mighty conflagration, and that some day tantalus himself would be hurled from his throne in the heavens and consume the earth. paley says : \" if sisyphus and tantalus do not represent the sun - gods, the deeds and sufferings attributed to them have no intellectual point or meaning, the origin of such wild fables is quite incapable of explanation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039927441205494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.394134"} {"text": ". paley says : \" if sisyphus and tantalus do not represent the sun - gods, the deeds and sufferings attributed to them have no intellectual point or meaning, the origin of such wild fables is quite incapable of explanation. on the other hand, if they do, every detail in the narrative becomes simple and significant. and if it can be shown even by a single example that the sun must be meant, then the doctrine of the solar myth is established. \" another beautiful myth of solar significance is that of kephalos and prokris of which the following is a brief version : \" kephalos, a phocian chief, coming to athens won the love of prokris, and plighted his faith to her. but kephalos was loved also by eos, who sought to weaken his love for prokris with a purpose so persistent that at last she induced him to make trial of her affection. he therefore deserts prokris to whom after a time he returns in disguise. when in this shape he has won her love, he reveals himself, and prokris in an agony of grief and shame flies to crete where she obtains from artemis the gift of a spear which shall never miss its mark, and of a hound which can never fail to seize its prey. with these gifts she returns to kephalos, who after seeing her success in the chase longs to possess them. but they can be yielded only in return for his love, and thus prokris brings home to him the wrong done to herself, and eos is for a time discomfited. \" but prokris still fears the jealousy of eos, and watches kephalos as he goes forth to hunt, until one day while she lurked among the thick bushes, she was fatally wounded accidentally by the unerring dart hurled by kephalos. \" this myth explains itself. kephalos is the head of the sun, and kephalos loved prokris, in other words the sun loves the dew, but eos also loves kephalos, i. e., the dawn loves the sun, and thus at once we have the groundwork for her envy of prokris. so again when we are told that though prokris breaks her faith, yet her love is still given to the same kephalos different though he may appear. we have here only a myth formed from phrases, which told how the dew seems to reflect many suns which are yet the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4753324488165148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.396451"} {"text": "prokris breaks her faith, yet her love is still given to the same kephalos different though he may appear. we have here only a myth formed from phrases, which told how the dew seems to reflect many suns which are yet the same sun. the gifts of artemis are the rays which flash from each dewdrop, and which prokris is described as being obliged to yield up to kephalos, who slays her as unwittingly as phoibos causes the death of daphne. the spot where she dies is a thicket in which the last dewdrops would linger before the approach of the mid - day heats. \" 1 in the legend of phaeton we have a more familiar sun myth. phaeton, the son of apollo, obtains his father ' s reluctant consent to drive for one day the chariot of the sun. hardly does he start upon his course, however, when the fiery steeds, realising that the reins are in inexperienced hands, run away, and the destruction of the world was threatened. zeus hurled a thunderbolt at the unfortunate youth, and precipitated him into the river eridanus. \" this myth reveals, \" says cox, \" the plague of drought, which made men say : ' surely another, who cannot guide the horses, is driving the chariot of the sun. ' \" the legend of orpheus is akin to that of daphne in its solar significance, as in this case eurydice, although loved by the sun, falls a victim to his radiancy, as he seeks to embrace her. the myth of meleagros reveals the capricious nature of the sun, its variations of light and shade being expressed by the alternate succession of swift deeds and moody fits of the hero when he retires sullenly from the sight of men. in the legend of niobe the consuming power of the sun is manifested as aimed at those who have the temerity to face his dazzling brightness. the tale of althaia, regarded as a solar myth, relates to the destiny of the sun. in spite of its power and glory, it must die when the twilight hours usher in the night, but in the legend of perseus we see once more in the slaying of the medusa the victory of the sun over the powers of darkness. perseus, the sun hero, is another sun - god like apollo, and herakles. he has laborious tasks to perform for a tyrant master, invincible weapons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4768669384902717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.397473"} {"text": "of the medusa the victory of the sun over the powers of darkness. perseus, the sun hero, is another sun - god like apollo, and herakles. he has laborious tasks to perform for a tyrant master, invincible weapons, and a victorious career. in the figure of \u0153dipus, the national hero of the thebans, we have another sun - god whose life and deeds were identical in many respects with those of the great sun heroes already referred to. orion, the mighty hunter, immortalised with perseus and herakles in the constellations, is also a personification of the sun, and in the splendour of his deeds exhibits the characteristics that made his predecessors famous. the ancients attributed sudden deaths by sunstroke to the shafts of the angered sun - gods, and the sun was thought to seek the sea each night for the purpose of bathing, so that thus purified it would rise to shine the next day with renewed lustre. paley tells us that there is a well - known legend, the subject of the homeric hymn to hermes, which is considered to have a solar significance. \" that cunning god, the patron of rogues and thieves of every description, the mercurius of the romans, is said to have stolen and driven off a herd of cows while yet an infant. to prevent the theft being discovered by the traces of the animals, he fixed bundles of brushwood to their feet so that none could tell the direction they had taken. now these cows are the clouds, the ' oxen of the sun ' which figure so conspicuously in the odyssey. it is a question of interest whether the roman legend of the fire - breathing monster and robber cacus, who stole the oxen of hercules ( the sun - god ), on his return from the west, is not in its origin identical. the story is told by virgil, propertius, and ovid. it is said that one of the cows confined in the cave suddenly lowed, and led hercules to the spot where he killed the robber and released the herd. the return of the lost sun after a thunder - storm explains the whole story very simply. the fire - breathing cacus is the lightning, and the voice of the cow is the muttering of the thunder. \" space does not permit us to examine and discuss in detail the argument for the solar origin of the two great homeric epics, the iliad and the odyssey. the prayer of thetis to zeus to do", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43424850151843236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.398690"} {"text": "is the muttering of the thunder. \" space does not permit us to examine and discuss in detail the argument for the solar origin of the two great homeric epics, the iliad and the odyssey. the prayer of thetis to zeus to do honour to her son, on which much of the action of the iliad turns, is clearly the ascent of the sun - god to heaven. \" the might, the invincible prowess, the unwearied strength of the hero, and his powers of destruction and devastation, nay, even his divinely made shield, are merely attributes of the sun in his midday splendour. \" the very fact that the sun myths have been so prolific is significant, and this is probably due to the fact that, as fiske 1 points out, \" the dramatic types to which they have given rise are of surpassing human interest. \" thus they have endured through the ages, and in these myths and legends which adorn the rich pages of grecian mythology we see man ' s effort to explain natural phenomena in human terms, to endow deity with man ' s heroic attributes, and to translate physical laws in the light of man ' s comprehension. as for proofs that most of the greek legends about the gods and heroes are of solar origin, it is pointed out that the same actions are attributed to them all. as paley puts it : \" they are all slayers of monsters or powerful foes ; all court, or carry off, or return a bride ; all grow up brave, all perform some wonderful feat, all go in quest of some lost treasure ; generally they are exposed in infancy but survive to cause the death of their own parents. they perform set tasks or labours. [ paragraph continues ] they are faithless to their first loves, they are reunited to them in the end. the simple fact, as it appears to the sense, that the sun leaves the east, and yet is found there again on the very next day, was spoken of under the figure of a bridegroom torn from his bride, soon to be reunited. in the childhood of mankind the daily death of the sun was regarded as a reality. if he was born again it was not from any astronomical necessity so to say, but from the sufferance of nature or of varuna, the sky god, or from his own benevolence to men, either of which might fail, and the casual eclipses and obscurations might become perpetual. \" the birth and death of the sun, his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4920156075878982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.399749"} {"text": "nature or of varuna, the sky god, or from his own benevolence to men, either of which might fail, and the casual eclipses and obscurations might become perpetual. \" the birth and death of the sun, his connection with the dawn, and his tremendous and victorious efforts to regain it were the one theme and topic of regard. he was talked about ( though in a different sort of language ) just as we are always talking and are never tired of talking of the weather. hence it is that solar myths seem all in all. \" grecian mythology in its solar aspects is reflected in the legends and traditions of the latins. perhaps the most typical instance of this, and certainly the most familiar roman myth that has come down to us of this nature, is portrayed in guido reni ' s beautiful fresco of aurora. properly it should have been designated \" apollo, \" for the central figure is that of the noble sun - god, and he dominates the scene. \" surrounded by all the light tripping hours, each a very queen of loveliness, aurora the goddess of the dawn leads the throng. \" the romans actually believed that the sun was the wheel of apollo ' s chariot. each morning the god rose from the eastern sea, and drove his four spirited steeds across the sky, and in the evening he descended into the western sea. at night, he reposed in a golden boat which was borne along the northern edge of the earth to the rising point in the east. \" antiquity, \" says the abbe banier, 1 \" has transmitted to us the names of the four horses that drew the chariot of the sun. they were erythous or the red, acteon, the luminous, lampos the resplendent, and philog\u0153us, the earth loving. the first denotes the sun rising, whose rays are then reddish. acteon represents the time when the same rays shot through the atmosphere are more clear, that is about the ninth or tenth hour of the morning. lampos figures noonday when this luminary is in all his strength and glory, and philog\u0153us represents the setting sun that seems to kiss the earth. \" in the sun myths of all nations we find allusions to the capricious nature of the sun. now it smiles and gladdens the earth with its golden light, and, presently, displeased at man, shuns his presence, and hides sullenly for a time in gloomy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4927039672956821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.400690"} {"text": "the capricious nature of the sun. now it smiles and gladdens the earth with its golden light, and, presently, displeased at man, shuns his presence, and hides sullenly for a time in gloomy solitude. in a famous japanese legend we have a description of the efforts of man to appease the sun - goddess when for a time she had absented herself from the sky. the sun - goddess had taken refuge in a cave, and the earth knew not her light, and was dark and gloomy. the eight hundred of lesser deities took counsel as to the best means to propitiate the goddess, and win once more her favour and her light. a great round copper mirror was procured to represent the sun ' s disk, and this was surrounded by a circle of saplings that indicated the rays of the radiant sun. in the upper branches of the trees were hung balls representing the sacred jewel, and in the lower branches, blue and white pendants. a prayer was then recited by the chief priest who acted for the emperor, and the service ended with a dance and the lighting of many fires. after a time, the sun - goddess yielded to the entreaties of man and left her gloomy cave for her heavenly throne, where her presence ever brings joy to the hearts of all mankind. in another version of this myth the sun - goddess is said to have waxed inquisitive at the noise of the singing and dancing at the entrance of her retreat, and ventured forth to see what was taking place. beholding her beautiful self in the mirror, she stepped forth into the world once more, and \" her glory filled the air with rosy radiance. \" the propitiatory service is akin in many respects to the ceremonial, common among many primitive tribes, of producing sunshine. the first requisite of this rite was a mock sun, and the idea seems to have been that, by instituting an unusual ceremony, the curiosity of the hidden sun would be aroused and she would come forth to see what was taking place. 54 : 1 ancient myths in modern poets, helen a. clarke. 56 : 1 the mythology of the aryan nations, sir george cox. 57 : 1 mythology among the hebrews, ignaz goldhizer. 59 : 1 mythology among the hebrews, ignaz goldhizer. 66 : 1 manual of mythology, alexander s. murray. 67 : 1 outlines of primitive belief, charles f. keary. 69 : 1 outlines", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46664101639214906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.401751"} {"text": "what is breathalyzer false positive? before we discuss some possible reasons for a false positive test, one must first consider the breathalyzer percentage of accuracy. with most breathalyzers having accuracy range of \u00b110 % which is \u00b1. 01 % bac ( on the scale of zero to. 10 % bac ), some false positive readings may fall within the manufacturer ' s specification. having said that, beside alcohol, the sensor inside the breathalyzer deals with gases such as acetone, ketones and etc. these gases are normally radiated from our lungs and have very close and some overlap the alcohol detection curve. these side gases are much higher in people with higher level of fatty acids. folks on hi protein diet tends to produce higher level of acetone in their breath while a higher level of ketones may indicate a possible diabetic condition. in case of a diabetics situation breathalyzers can falsely read as high as. 03 % bac. although most breathalyzers are designed to be very selective to alcohol, but unfortunately in some users these side gases are significant enough to interfere with the test. we have also learned that subjects with false positive do not always blow positive but only in certain times of the day when their metabolism is most active. to confirm a false positive, always try your device with friends or family members to see if the majority of them produce false positive. in that case, contact the device manufacturer for possible calibration or repair.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.44171785765201615, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.403407"} {"text": "philadelphia - - more than 200, 000 people are treated for cardiac arrest in united states hospitals each year, a rate that may be on the rise. the findings are reported online this week in critical care medicine in a university of pennsylvania perelman school of medicine - led study. though cardiac arrest is known to be a chief contributor to in - hospital deaths, no uniform reporting requirements exist across the nation, leaving experts previously unable to calculate its true incidence and study trends in cardiac arrest mortality and best practices in resuscitation care. the authors, led by raina m. merchant, md, ms, an assistant professor of emergency medicine, used three different approaches \u2013 involving the american heart association ' s get with the guidelines data, a voluntary registry of hospital resuscitation events \u2013 to estimate the total number of treated cardiac arrests that take place in united states hospitals each year. while some of these events occur among terminally ill patients, the authors suggest that many of the cardiac arrests they catalogued may be preventable through better monitoring of patients, quicker response time to administer cpr and defibrillation, and improved adherence to best practices in resuscitation guidelines. patients who suffer in - hospital cardiac arrests are more than twice as likely to survive than those who arrest in public settings - - 21 percent survive to go home, compared to less than 10 percent of out - of - hospital cardiac arrest patients \u2013 but both areas suggest opportunities to improve and standardize care. \" our study proves that cardiac arrest represents a tremendous problem for hospitals in the united states, \" merchant says. \" until now, we could only guess about how many patients were suffering these events. it ' s impossible to make improvements in something we can ' t measure. these numbers finally provide us with a roadmap for improving allocation of resources to care for these critically ill patients and further our study of ways to identify patients who are at risk of cardiac arrest in the hospital and improve survival. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4440119664044379, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.405436"} {"text": "| product # : lgls0434i _ tq | in the year of the boar and jackie robinson : a novel - ties study guide ( enhanced ebookgrade 4 | grade 5 | grade 6 | grade 7 please note : this ebook is a digital download, not a physical product. after purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. orders paid by paypal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. for immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required. this novel - ties study guide accompanies in the year of the boar and jackie robinson, the story of shirley temple wong who in 1947 encounters a strange, new society as she arrives in america and falls in love with the brooklyn dodgers. this novel - ties guide is a teacher / student literature unit organized in chapter - by - chapter format. there are pre - reading activities, vocabulary activities, comprehension questions, writing activities, literary devices, graphic organizers, cross - curricular connections, and post - reading activities. a summary and answer key are provided for the teacher. the novel - ties study guide for in the year of the boar and jackie robinson is great for guided reading, differentiated reading, and literature circles. this enhanced ebook gives you the freedom to copy and paste the content of each page into the format that fits your needs. you can post lessons on your class website, make student copies, extract or rotate pages, and edit the contents of the file. for more information on enhanced ebooks, click here. submit a review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47567190946325066, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.408049"} {"text": "law would clamp down on bullying over the internethartford, conn. \u2014 victims of cyberbullying publicly discussed their pain friday in an effort to strengthen the state \u2019 s anti - bullying laws. alexa berman could not tell her story friday. the brookfield teenage took her own life because of cyberbullying in 2008, her mother said. \u201c they \u2019 d go on and on in the e - mails trying to tell her how her behavior was horrible, \u201d said deborah berman. lawmakers have introduced a bill that would expand the definition of school bullying to include cyberbulling, which includes texting, facebook, and other social media sites. \u201c if a child is feeling threatened in school, if their ability to learn is affected, then it \u2019 s bullying, \u201d said state rep. andrew fleischman, d - west hartford. \u201c as hard as it \u2019 s been rehashing the story, its helps us because we know that other children will not have to go through what my daughter went through, \u201d berman said. the bill also includes a mandate requiring school districts to have their schools adopt a safe environment plan aimed at preventing any type of bullying. e - mail news tips to eyewitness news, or dial : 866 - 289 - 0333. connecticut \u2019 s latest breaking news is on wfsb. com and channel 3 eyewitness news. be the first to know : breaking news, weather, sports e - mail from wfsb. com weekdays \u00a9 2011 by wfsb. com. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46976998776816253, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.409892"} {"text": "deforestation monitoring needs better capacity and access to technologies most tropical developing countries are struggling to monitor and report their greenhouse gas emissions from forest loss, and will need international support to implement the un redd + scheme, according to a study. the reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation ( redd ) scheme aims to reverse forest cover loss and curb related carbon emissions by putting a financial value on stored carbon. countries voluntarily report back on their implementation of redd +, but many lack the capacity to monitor forest loss and carbon emissions using key technologies such as satellite remote sensing, according to a paper in the may \u2013 june issue of environmental science and policy. the study ranked tropical developing countries according to their ability to implement redd +, and found that few such countries had improved their monitoring capacity between 2005 and 2010, with some even losing capacity, such as burkina faso and mozambique. african countries were of most concern, as poor internet connections and satellite coverage limit access to data. meanwhile, mountainous countries such as ecuador and peru face technical challenges in analysing satellite images in areas with significant variations in altitude. just four of the 99 analysed countries \u2014 argentina, china, india and mexico \u2014 had very small capacity gaps. these countries had also managed to increase their total forest cover between 2005 and 2010, unlike countries with larger gaps, where there was a net loss of forests in the same period. the paper recommends that the former group of countries could serve as advisors in south - south capacity building activities and regional collaboration efforts that could reduce the cost of accessing, processing and analysing remote sensing data. the international community should invest in better access to satellite data, especially for central african and american countries, the study further recommended. monitoring of forest fires and vulnerable high - carbon areas, such as tropical peatland systems in south - east asia which are being lost to oil palm and pulpwood plantations, was also identified as a priority. louis verchot, a co - author of the study from the center for international forestry research in bogor, indonesia, called for swift efforts to close capacity gaps. he told scidev. net that investment in countries suffering such gaps could yield high returns. \" we laid out the study on a country by country basis, so this should help investors to lay out priorities and help target different types of intervention, \" verchot added. the study provides useful insights on developing a steady emission reduction scheme for redd +, said nirarta samadhi from indonesia ' s redd + task force. he said it highlighted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.437731050925091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.416153"} {"text": "target different types of intervention, \" verchot added. the study provides useful insights on developing a steady emission reduction scheme for redd +, said nirarta samadhi from indonesia ' s redd + task force. he said it highlighted important details about capability gaps that would be valuable to global supporters. environmental science and policy doi : 10. 1016 / j. envsci. 2012. 01. 005 ( 2012 ) pdjmoo ( the natural eye project | united states of america ) 6 may 2012 there is no time left to be fooling about with more reports on greenhouse gas relative to forest loss and the redd + programs. we all know enough now to demand that we cease and desist from any further deforestation for many reasons, the least of which is climate change, not to mention all the life and ecosystems being devastated that ultimately impact we humans and indigenous peoples. further deforestation is a no - win for life and the planet. the only win is for profits and we just have to find a biodegradable alternative to timber for consumer needs. the palm oil and agriculture can be addressed without destruction of forests. a better use of our time and money. we can continue to kick the bucket down the road with dates like 2020 or find a way to have a global moratorium on forest destruction now... and that will require courage and cooperation from all levels. the matter is urgent. then you can do all the reports, analysis and studies you want, once the destruction has ceased. a lot of food for thought here and willingness to move beyond our vested interests and old positions for the betterment and good of all life on this planet. jorge laine ( venezuela ) 8 may 2012 tropical deforestation does not necessarily mean eventual greenhouse gas increment. scientists must look for land use changes promoting atmospheric carbon capture and storage : for example greening of deserts constituting almost 1 / 3 of earth nonpermafrost land. all scidev. net material is free to reproduce providing that the source and author are appropriately credited. for further details see creative commons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46061559059996293, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.417026"} {"text": "oct. 22, 1998 oct. 21, 1998 - - a vibrant celestial photo album of some of nasa hubble space telescope ' s most stunning views of the universe is being unveiled today on the internet. called the hubble heritage program, this technicolor gallery is being assembled by a team of astronomers at hubble ' s science operations center, the space telescope science institute ( stsci ) in baltimore, md. the hubble heritage program is intended to provide the public with some of the very best celestial views the space telescope has to offer. a \" newly processed \" hubble \" picture of the month \" will be shared with the public on an ongoing basis at a dedicated web site : http : / / heritage. stsci. edu. a new image will be posted on the first thursday of every month. the stsci team is sifting through hubble telescope ' s treasure trove of space images to uncover some of the most striking pictures ever taken by the orbiting observatory. the hubble images were originally taken for astronomical research. the images are digitally stored on optical disks in the hubble archives for other scientists to retrieve for further research. aside from scientific value, the images offer compelling views of the universe ' s infinite wonders. they include all types of astronomical phenomena, from nearby planets, to colorful nebulae, to remote galaxies. the first batch of pictures released today includes a view into the star - studded hub of our galaxy ; saturn in \" natural color \" ; a stellar - wind sculpted bubble carved by a massive hot star ; and an overhead view of a magnificent spiral galaxy, dubbed \" sunny side up. \" since its launch in 1990 the hubble space telescope has taken pictures of over 10, 000 celestial objects. the most scientifically interesting observations have been released to news organizations routinely. a large number of pictures have not previously been presented to the public. the task of selecting images for the hubble heritage project involves more than just flipping through hubble ' s 5. 4 - terabyte scrapbook of over 130, 000 space pictures. beautiful color pictures have been meticulously assembled by skilled image processing specialists at stsci. the images selected from the archive are originally black and white and must be combined with other pictures of the same object, taken through different filters. photographic film, home video cameras, and even the human eye reconstruct color views in a similar manner. the institute ' s image processing specialists carefully selected colors to bring out the most detail in the pictures. these aesthetic pictures can also yield new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5611410124229539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.421558"} {"text": ". photographic film, home video cameras, and even the human eye reconstruct color views in a similar manner. the institute ' s image processing specialists carefully selected colors to bring out the most detail in the pictures. these aesthetic pictures can also yield new insights into the nature of a celestial object. the team continues working away on hubble images, and assembling enticing new views of celestial wonders for the public. \" these images communicate, at a visceral level, the awe and excitement that we experience when exploring the universe with hubble. it is our chance to repay the public that supports us, \" says heritage program scientist keith noll. - - end - - the space telescope science institute is operated by the association of universities for research in astronomy, inc. ( aura ) for nasa, under contract with the goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md. the hubble space telescope is a project of international cooperation between nasa and the european space agency ( esa ). editor ' s note : images and photo captions associated with this release are available on the internet at : http : / / heritage. stsci. edu and http : / / oposite. stsci. edu / pubinfo / 1998 / 28 or via links in http : / / oposite. stsci. edu / pubinfo / latest. html or http : / / oposite. stsci. edu / pubinfo / pictures. html. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by space telescope science institute. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5696348554970494, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.422211"} {"text": "sep. 3, 2001 for all the promise of crops genetically modified to resist pests, the miracles of the laboratory are only good until the bugs outsmart them. mark whalon, a michigan state university entomology professor, says that farmers and those marketing genetically modified seeds shouldn \u2019 t become complacent because so far there has been no documented evidence that insects have developed resistance to crops engineered to repel them. instead, in a presentation at the 222nd national conference of the american chemical society ( acs ) on wednesday, aug. 29, he said precautions should be taken to explore ways to combat resistance to genetically modified organism ( gmo ) crops before the bugs develop it. \u201c we \u2019 d like to think that science could manage resistance, but in truth, historically we \u2019 ve been pretty ineffective, \u201d whalon said. \u201c i think what \u2019 s going on in the big gmo crops \u2013 corn and cotton \u2013 is that growers haven \u2019 t yet gotten a high enough percentage of gmo plants in the field such that sufficient selection pressure has been mounted against the pests for resistance to develop. \u201d whalon \u2019 s acs presentation \u2013 \u201c insect resistance to gmos : what have we learned? \u201d \u2013 explores speculation on whether pests will evolve to defend themselves from crops that produce defenses against them. insects and mites already have proven deft at developing resistance to applied insecticides, with 540 arthropods resistant to more than 310 insecticides and miticides. these speculations and deductive arguments have resulted in the first - ever requirement by u. s. environmental protection agency for resistance management plans as a part of the gmo registration process whalon is a proponent of working now to head off resistance in the field by learning to live with some of the insects. he argues that a certain number of crop - eating pests need to be treasured \u2013 protected for the susceptibility genes they pass on to the next generation. \u201c it has never been good just to kill everything you can, \u201d whalon said. \u201c we should be trying to preserve a sufficient number of insects that are susceptible to the gmo crops. these bugs that normally would be killed need to be allowed to survive so they can provide susceptible genes to the population pool. otherwise, we will select a strain of resistant bugs to destroy or mitigate the value of a promising new technology. \u201d the process of letting a few otherwise doomed bugs survive and pass their vulnerability or \u201c susceptibility \u201d on to future", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4882808732370576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.426471"} {"text": "pool. otherwise, we will select a strain of resistant bugs to destroy or mitigate the value of a promising new technology. \u201d the process of letting a few otherwise doomed bugs survive and pass their vulnerability or \u201c susceptibility \u201d on to future generations is called the \u201c refugia strategy \u201d \u2013 the practice of providing a gmo - free refuge for the bugs to happily grow, develop and breed. give the more fragile, yet genetically valuable pests a place to call their own \u2013 even if they munch away at the crops in a minor way \u2013 and they will pay farmers and society back for many, many years to come. the practice of refugia is still experimental \u2013 and can be a tough sell to farmers skeptical of showing mercy to any crop - eating pests. \u201c susceptibility is a natural resource, \u201d whalon said. \u201c just like there \u2019 s only so much water and air, there \u2019 s only so much susceptibility to be grabbed up and exploited. it \u2019 s a natural resource that could be critical to the future of feeding generation of people to come. \u201d other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by michigan state university. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5104006001434787, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.427057"} {"text": "may 1, 2009 researchers at harvard university have found that humans aren \u2019 t the only ones who can groove to a beat \u2014 some other species can dance, too. the capability was previously believed to be specific to humans. the research team found that only species that can mimic sound seem to be able to keep a beat, implying an evolutionary link between the two capacities. the study was led by adena schachner, a doctoral candidate in psychology at harvard, and is published in the current issue of current biology. schachner \u2019 s co - authors are marc hauser, professor of psychology at harvard ; irene pepperberg, lecturer at harvard and adjunct associate professor of psychology at brandeis university ; and timothy brady, a doctoral candidate at the massachusetts institute of technology. schachner and her colleagues closely studied alex, a well - known african grey parrot who passed away shortly after the study, and snowball, a sulphur - crested cockatoo whose humanlike dancing behavior has led to online fame. \u201c our analyses showed that these birds \u2019 movements were more lined up with the musical beat than we \u2019 d expect by chance, \u201d says schachner. \u201c we found strong evidence that they were synchronizing with the beat, something that has not been seen before in other species. \u201d the researchers noted that these two birds had something in common : an excellent ability to mimic sound. \u201c it had recently been theorized that vocal mimicry might be related to the ability to move to a beat, \u201d says schachner. \u201c the particular theory was that natural selection for vocal mimicry resulted in a brain mechanism that was also needed for moving to a beat. this theory made a really specific prediction : only animals that can mimic sound should be able to keep a beat. \u201d to test this prediction, schachner needed data from a large variety of animals \u2014 so she turned to a novel source of data, the youtube video database. schachner systematically searched the database for videos of animals moving with the beat of the music, including vocal mimics such as parrots and vocal nonmimics such as dogs and cats. schachner analyzed the videos frame - by - frame, using the same analyses applied to the case - study birds. criteria included the animal \u2019 s speed compared with the speed of the music and alignment with individual beats. potentially \u201c fake \u201d videos, where music was added to the video after the fact, or the animal was following visual cues, were omitted. \u201c the really important point is that many animals showed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48672117822580385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.432932"} {"text": "with the speed of the music and alignment with individual beats. potentially \u201c fake \u201d videos, where music was added to the video after the fact, or the animal was following visual cues, were omitted. \u201c the really important point is that many animals showed really strong evidence of synchronizing with the music, but they were all vocal mimics, \u201d says schachner. \u201c most of them were parrots \u2014 we found 14 different species of parrot on youtube that showed convincing evidence that they could keep a beat. \u201d because only animals capable of vocal mimicry \u2014 such as parrots \u2014 appear to be able to keep a beat, the study implies an evolutionary link between vocal mimicry and this crucial part of dance. \u201c our data suggests that some of the brain mechanisms needed for human dance originally evolved to allow us to imitate sound, \u201d says schachner. it is important to note that vocal mimicry alone is not enough for a bird to keep a beat, although the researchers aren \u2019 t yet certain why some parrots can dance and not others. it may be that all parrots have a latent capacity, but need certain experiences or social motivation, according to schachner. schachner says that these birds do not seem to move in synchrony with sounds in the wild, and so the behavior could not have evolved as a result of direct natural selection. for this reason, in bird species this capacity must be an evolutionary byproduct of something else, says schachner, seemingly vocal mimicry. it may be, says schachner, that the human ability to keep time with music has also evolved as a byproduct of vocal mimicry. she points out that the cognitive processes needed for both actions are related. \u201c in both vocal mimicry and entrainment, \u201d says schachner, \u201c you \u2019 re taking in auditory input, and constantly monitoring not only your output but also the sound input. this allows you to fix your output in real time, to better resemble or line up with what you hear. for example, if you are tapping to a beat, you constantly monitor the sound and your taps, so that if you become misaligned with the beat, you immediately change your timing. if you are imitating a sound, you constantly monitor your memory of the sound you are trying to imitate, as well as the sound you are producing, so if you notice a difference, you can change your vocalization. so it seems plausible that vocal mimicry and keeping a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5136645103056906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.433877"} {"text": "july 20, 2012 a team led by harvard computer scientists, including two undergraduate students, has developed a new tool that could lead to increased security and enhanced performance for commonly used web and mobile applications. called rocksalt, the clever bit of code can verify that native computer programming languages comply with a particular security policy. presented at the acm conference on programming language design and implementation ( pldi ) in beijing, in june, rocksalt was created by greg morrisett, allen b. cutting professor of computer science at the harvard school of engineering and applied sciences ( seas ), two of his undergraduate students edward gan ' 13 and joseph tassarotti ' 13, former postdoctoral fellow jean - baptiste tristan ( now at oracle ), and gang tan of lehigh university. the use of native code, especially in an online environment, however, opens up the door to hackers who can exploit vulnerabilities and readily gain access to other parts of a computer or device. an initial solution to this problem was offered over a decade ago by computer scientists at the university of california, berkeley, who developed software fault isolation ( sfi ). sfi forces native code to \" behave \" by rewriting machine code to limit itself to functions that fall within particular parameters. this \" sandbox process \" sets up a contained environment for running native code. a separate \" checker \" program can then ensure that the executable code adheres to regulations before running the program. while considered a major breakthrough, the solution was limited to devices using risc chips, a processor more common in research than in consumer computing. in 2006, morrisett developed a way to implement sfi on the more popular cisc - based chips, like the intel x86 processor. the technique was adopted widely. google modified the routine for google chrome, eventually developing it into google native client ( or \" nacl \" ). when bugs and vulnerabilities were found in the checker for nacl, google sent out a call to arms. morrissett once again took on the challenge, turning the problem into an opportunity for his students. the result was rocksalt, an improvement over nacl, built using coq, a proof development system. \" we built a simple but incredibly powerful system for proving a hypothesis - - so powerful that it ' s likely to be overlooked. we want to prove that if the checker says ' yes, ' the code will indeed respect the sandbox security policy, \" says joseph tassarotti ' 13, who built and tested a model", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5774793618332074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.437896"} {"text": "powerful that it ' s likely to be overlooked. we want to prove that if the checker says ' yes, ' the code will indeed respect the sandbox security policy, \" says joseph tassarotti ' 13, who built and tested a model of the execution of x86 instructions. \" we wanted to get a guarantee that there are no bugs in the checker, so we set out to construct a rigorous, machine - checked proof that the checker is correct. \" \" our proofs about the correctness of our own tool say that if you run the tool on a program, and it says it ' s safe to run, then according to the model, this program can only do certain things, \" tassarotti adds. \" our proof, however, was only as good as this model. if the model was wrong, then the tool could potentially have an error. \" in other words, he explains, think of an analogy in physics. while you might mathematically prove that according to newton ' s laws, a moving object will follow a certain trajectory, the proof is only meaningful to the degree that newton ' s laws accurately model the world. \" since the x86 architecture is very complicated, it was essential to test the model by running programs on a real chip, then simulating them with the model, and seeing whether the results matched. i specified the meanings of many of these instructions and developed the testing infrastructure to check for errors in the model, \" tassarotti says. \" the biggest benefit may be that users can have more peace of mind that a piece of software works as they want it to, \" says morrisett. \" for users, the impact of such a tool is slightly more tangible ; it allows users to safely run, for example, games, in a web browser without the painfully slow speeds that translated code traditionally provides. \" previous efforts to develop a robust, error - free checker have resulted in some success, but rocksalt has the potential to be scaled to software widely used by the general public. the researchers expect that their tool might end up being adopted and integrated into future versions of common web browsers. morrisett and his team also have plans to adapt the tool for use in a broader variety of processors. reflecting on how the class project has been transformative, tassarotti says, \" i plan to pursue a ph. d. in computer science, and i hope to work on projects like this that can improve the correctness of software. as computers are so prevalent now in fields", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5970946163159663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.438824"} {"text": "web edition : june 28, 2012 print edition : july 28, 2012 ; vol. 182 # 2 ( p. 15 ) pottery making got off to an ancient, icy start in east asia. pieces of ceramic containers found in a chinese cave date to between 19, 000 and 20, 000 years ago, making these finds from the peak of the last ice age the oldest known examples of pottery. this new discovery suggests that hunter - gatherers in east asia used pottery for cooking at least 10, 000 years before farming appeared in that part of the world, say archaeologist xiaohong wu of peking university in beijing, china, and her colleagues. cooking would have increased energy obtained from starchy foods and meat, a big plus in frigid areas with limited food opportunities, the researchers report in the june 29 science. \u201c the early onset of pottery making meant that food preparation intensified during the last glacial maximum, \u201d says harvard university archaeologist and study coauthor ofer bar - yosef. wu, bar - yosef and colleagues gathered 45 samples of bone and charcoal from previously excavated soil layers at xianrendong cave. radiocarbon measurements of bone and charcoal generated by three labs \u2014 one in china and two in the united states \u2014 point to initial human use of the cave from about 29, 000 to 17, 500 years ago. xianrendong cave pottery contains burn marks from being placed over fires and is 2, 000 to 3, 000 years older than pottery from another chinese cave, which had previously held the age record. until about a decade ago, scientists assumed that heating clay to make ceramic containers began about 10, 000 years ago with the rise of farming ( sn : 2 / 5 / 05, p. 88 ). \u201c chinese pottery appeared long before animal domestication and has no obvious connection to the origins of agriculture or sedentary living, \u201d remarks archaeologist t. douglas price of the university of wisconsin \u2013 madison. east asian hunter - gatherers may have set up seasonal camps 20, 000 years ago, where they made pottery, proposes archaeologist zhijun zhao of the chinese academy of social sciences in beijing. \u201c xianrendong pottery probably had many purposes, including boiling clams and snails, \u201d says zhao, who participated in a 1993 excavation of the cave. numerous clam and snail shells were unearthed in pottery - bearing soil at xianrendong cave and at other ancient chinese sites, zhao says. ice age people could also have used pottery to boil bones for grease and marrow and to brew alcoholic drinks, the chinese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4996420220707698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.441603"} {"text": "in the fall of 2005, the dalai lama gave the inaugural dialogues between neuroscience and society lecture at the annual meeting of the society for neuroscience in washington, dc. there were over 30, 000 neuroscientists registered for the meeting, and it seemed as if most of them attended the talk. the dalai lama \u2019 s address was designed to highlight the areas of convergence between neuroscience and buddhist thought about the mind, and to many in the audience he clearly achieved his objective. there was some controversy over his being invited to deliver this lecture insofar as he is both a head of state and a religious leader, and for that reason he largely stuck to his prepared text. but he strayed from the text at least once, reminding the audience that not only was he a buddhist monk but also an enthusiastic proponent of modern technology. elaborating, he shared a confidence with the audience, telling the audience of scientists that meditating was hard work for him ( even though he meditates for 4 hours every morning ), and that if neuroscientists were able to find a way to put electrodes in his brain and provide him with the same outcome as he gets from meditating, he would be an enthusiastic volunteer. it turns out that a recent set of experiments, from researchers at mit and stanford, moves us a step closer to making his wish a reality. the dalai lama \u2019 s interest in neuroscience has been reciprocated by at least some members of the neuroscience community. reasoning that studying the brains of people who meditate might lead to novel insights about the human brain, investigations of long - term meditators has been fertile ground for scientific investigation, with some of the more rigorous work emerging from richard davidson \u2019 s laboratory at the university of wisconsin. from the perspective of neuroscience, meditation can be characterized as a series of mental exercises by which one strengthens one \u2019 s control over the workings of their own brain. the simplest of these meditation practices is \u2018 focused attention \u2019 where one concentrates on a single object, for example one \u2019 s breath. when expert meditators practiced focused attention meditation, demonstrable changes were seen using fmri in the networks of the brain that are known to modulate attention. a second set of experiments studied long - term meditators practicing \u2018 open monitoring meditation \u2019, a more advanced meditation practice which in many ways is a form of metacognition : the objective is not to focus one \u2019 s attention but rather to use one \u2019 s brain to monitor the universe of mental experience", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5806120121352175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.446290"} {"text": "practicing \u2018 open monitoring meditation \u2019, a more advanced meditation practice which in many ways is a form of metacognition : the objective is not to focus one \u2019 s attention but rather to use one \u2019 s brain to monitor the universe of mental experience without directing attention to any one task. the unexpected result of this experiment was that the eeg of long - term meditators exhibited much more gamma - synchrony than that of naive meditators. moreover, normally human brains produce only short bursts of gamma - synchrony. what was most remarkable about this study was that long - term meditators were able to produce sustained gamma - activity in a manner that had never previously been observed in any other human. as such, sustained gamma activity has emerged as a proxy for at least some aspects of the meditative state. but what causes gamma rhythm? and are there any potential benefits of sustained gamma - activity? the strongest hypothesis for the cellular mechanisms underlying generation of the gamma rhythm is that it is due to the activation of fast - spiking interneurons in the cerebral cortex. in two new papers to be published in nature, the laboratories of christopher moore and li - huei tsai at mit and karl deisseroth at stanford tested this hypothesis directly. the experimenters utilized optogenetics, developing custom - designed viruses to infect only the fast - spiking interneurons of either the prefrontal or barrel cortex in mice with genetically engineered, light - sensitive cation channels. then, they inserted fine optical fibers into the relevant region of the cortex, allowing light to be delivered to the infected neurons and thereby activating only the fast - spiking interneurons. ( in essence, this allowed them to switch particular brain cells on and off. ) in both experiments, selectively stimulating the fast - spiking interneurons evoked gamma oscillations, thereby confirming the hypothesis that these neurons drive the gamma rhythm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.594645868042713, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.447148"} {"text": "our hematology program treats a wide range of blood disorders as well as cancer for children of all ages. one disease that we treat fits into both groups : leukemia, cancer of the blood \u2013 the most common childhood cancer. children with any type of cancer may develop problems with their blood because of the treatments they need to receive. but many blood disorders have nothing to do with cancer. they arise from other types of problems in the body. they include problems with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, clotting factors and bone marrow, where the body makes blood cells. what conditions do you treat? here are the main types of blood disorders that we diagnose and treat. red blood cell problems these include many types of anemia, such as iron - deficiency anemia, thalassemia syndromes, hereditary spherocytosis and sickle cell anemia. white blood cell problems the most common white blood cell problem we treat is neutropenia, or low levels of white blood cells. it can range from mild to severe. platelet problems include a disease known as itp, or immune thrombocytopenic purpura. these are problems in which the blood does not clot well to stop bleeding. they include hemophilia, von willebrand disease and other rare clotting problems. these are problems in which blood clots form when or where they are not needed. there are many causes for thrombosis. some people are born with a risk for excess clotting, called thrombophilia, because of genes passed down from their parents. bone marrow failure sometimes bone marrow stops working. in aplastic anemia, the bone marrow stops making stem cells, which develop into red and white blood cells and platelets. there are other forms of bone marrow failure, too. learn about our bone marrow failure program. our hematology doctors, nurses and other team members can help children and their families in many ways, including diagnosis, testing, treatment and counseling. we can diagnose a blood problem if your child has signs or symptoms that something may be wrong. sometimes a blood problem is a symptom of some other illness. we work with doctors in other departments to help identify and treat these illnesses. we can test your child for a blood problem that you know runs in the family. if your child has a blood problem that is inherited, we can test others in your family. we can also talk with you about the risk of having another", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4834398806835186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.451902"} {"text": "illnesses. we can test your child for a blood problem that you know runs in the family. if your child has a blood problem that is inherited, we can test others in your family. we can also talk with you about the risk of having another child with the same condition. we have a full range of current options to treat blood problems. the right treatments depend on your child, the condition, the severity and other factors. for example : we can counsel you about the best ways to help your child recover from a blood problem. in the case of blood problems that cannot be cured, we can counsel you about the best ways to help your child live the healthiest, fullest life possible. what ' s special about the hematology program at children \u2019 s? our hematology program brings together healthcare professionals from many fields. we can address all aspects of your child ' s health. our goals are to achieve the best possible outcome for your child and to decrease the impact of the illness on your child ' s life. we work with you, your child, your family and your child ' s primary doctor to get your child the right care and services, even if you don ' t live nearby. all of our attending physicians who work in the hematology / oncology division \u2014 the division that handles blood disorders and cancer \u2014 are board - certified. this means they ' re approved to give the specialized care needed for these diseases. for some of them, hematology is an area of special interest. these doctors work closely with other team members, such as physical therapists, orthopedic doctors, social workers, pain medicine specialists and doctors and staff in our specialized dental clinic to help meet your child ' s needs. we are a hemophilia treatment center, one of only three in washington. we also work closely with the puget sound blood center for transfusion services and for patients who need specialized treatment with clotting factors. our sickle cell program is based at our odessa brown children \u2019 s clinic in seattle ' s central district. in the rare case when a child needs a hematopoietic cell transplant, we work closely with the hematopoietic cell transplant program at fred hutchinson cancer research center and the seattle cancer care alliance to provide this. young patients who have a transplant spend their hospital stay in children \u2019 s cancer care unit. who needs the hematology program? children with blood problems and their families visit us for many reasons. some of them come for only one or two visits to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48265674960199545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.452860"} {"text": "gallery : images of mars from the curiosity rover curiosity has stopped in its tracks on mars as scientists investigate a shiny object on the planet surface that probably came from the rover itself. images from a sandy area called rocknest, where curiosity began scooping soil samples last weekend, show a small, oblong object. \" the rover team ' s assessment is that the bright object is something from the rover, not martian material, \" jpl ' s mars science laboratory team wrote in a status report on tuesday. \" it appears to be a shred of plastic material, likely benign, but it has not been definitively identified. \" scientists are now taking more photos in hopes of identifying the object. in the meantime, the rover has stopped mid - action, with a soil sample still sitting in its scoop. the team suspended scientific activities on the 62nd martian day of the mission ( or sol 62 ), including use of the rover ' s robotic arm. \" to proceed cautiously, the team is continuing the investigation for another day before deciding whether to resume processing of the sample in the scoop. plans include imaging of surroundings with the mastcam, \" the jpl team wrote. a press conference is planned thursday. speculation about the object was rampant on twitter and message boards, a twitter account dedicated to the object, @ benignplastic, also popped up tuesday : \" i ' m a little insulted @ nasa seems to think i am so benign... that ' s how all the scifi movies start you know... \" curiosity ' s soil sampling will likely resume once scientists are confident the object won ' t contaminate testing. the rover had stopped at rocknest to begin its first major analysis, determining the chemical and mineralogical composition of the sand. but curiosity never got to the first stage, depositing the sand into its internal mechanism and shaking it out in a cleaning process. once the soil sampling is completed, curiosity will drive about 100 yards further to glenelg, an area where three different types of terrain converge. 626 - 578 - 6300, ext. 4475", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4788544507232568, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.455331"} {"text": "anthocyanin : the pigment that gives red wine its color, which is found in the skin of the grape. the thicker the grape \u2019 s skin, the more color and opacity it delivers to the wine. aromatics : the floral term for the scents you perceive in a wine. berry : winemaker and grower \u2019 s term for an individual grape. botrytis cinerea : a fungus that affects fruits, including grapes. often referred to as \u201c noble rot \u201d when particularly wet conditions are followed by dry. botrytis cinerea doesn \u2019 t destroy the grapes but rather produces higher sugar content that can lend a honey flavor to wines. in solely wet conditions, it can destroy the bunches. blending trials : process used by vintners whereby they blend wines with different characteristics to produce a single, balanced wine with a strong beginning, middle and end on the palette. blind test : a format for wine tasting where the tasters have no information about the wines other than what they can determine with their senses. brix : the unit of measure for the amount of sugar within a grape. it is measured with a refractometer and used to determine ripeness and harvest date. bud break : the point when new shoots emerge, or break out, from the buds on a grapevine. this takes place in early spring and begins the grapevines ' growth cycle for the year. estate wines / estate winery : by u. s. government standards, for a wine to be labeled \u201c estate \u201d 100 percent of it must be made from grapes grown on land owned by the winery ( or controlled by the winery ). loire : referring to the loire valley wine region in france that stretches east from the atlantic coast at nantes to within 90 miles of chinon, bourgeuil and samur - champigny most especially. like the finger lakes region, cabernet franc is grown in abundance here and is renowned and respected by wine aficionados. meritage ( rhymes with \u201c heritage \u201d ) : created by a group of vintners and registered with the u. s. department of trademarks and patents, the term refers to a category of american blended wines made from bordeaux grape varieties. wines termed meritage must meet a specific set of standards. nose : aromas perceived in a particular wine ; also called bouquet. sorting : removing the diseased grapes from those of the quality you want to keep. at sheldrake, sorting is done first in the vineyard when pickers are told", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5170349076763661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.459324"} {"text": "technically, yeats died in a hospital. we know this because, well, the first section spends a good bit of time talking about the mundane details of dying in a hospital. but that ' s really the boring part of this poem \u2013 and intentionally so. auden ' s language makes it clear to us that death is often mundane and boring and, well, full of hospitals and other not - so - fun stuff. but that ' s only the beginning. see, the imaginative scope of the poem takes in a whole lot more than just the setting of yeats ' s actual death. it pans out to rove over the whole landscape of his life, including his deep love for his home country, ireland. remember the bit where the speaker announces that \" mad ireland hurt \" yeats into poetry? ok, so the poem is not \" set \" in ireland in the traditional sense. we don ' t get descriptions of rolling hills and leprechauns. but it is the emotional heart of the poem, which, in our book, is every bit as interesting. panning out even further, the setting expands to include the events that were going on in the world in 1939. auden manages to paint a vivid picture of a world built of isolationists. ( hmm... sounds like the foreign - policy agenda of the us at the time. ) oh, and don ' t forget the nightmarish oncoming of world war ii. combine all three settings and you ' ve got a poem that can talk about the nitty - gritty, mundane details of life at the same time as it philosophizes on the state of world affairs. pretty impressive, huh?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.458581748288187, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.461071"} {"text": "almost everyone today must have paid a visit to a doctor or to a hospital. \u2018 health is wealth \u2019 says one old wise saying. and \u2018 an apple a day, keeps the doctor away \u2019 says another saying. these sayings are great in themselves, but a fact that cannot be altered is that we all need doctors. from the time we are born, in the modern world today, we are delivered with help from doctors. if we fall ill we go to a doctor to be treated. like it or not a doctor is the one who checks us and pronounces us as dead. the entire circle of life from birth to death sees a doctor playing a very important role. doctors perform their duties with the help of a plethora of medical equipments. we have seen them often and dislike some of them like the injection that is painful but essential to get well soon. an injection is generally made up of a syringe and a needle. injections are administered to ones muscles, veins, etc as per the need and are used in immunizations, blood transfusions and to administer medicinal fluids. the stethoscope is another instrument that one has often seen with the doctor. the stethoscope is an instrument that one often associates with the medical profession. the stethoscope was first used in the early greek period. the name is an amalgamation of two greek words stetho meaning chest and scope meaning examination. the instrument is acoustic and is used to hear the internal sounds in the body. doctors have been using it for many years to listen to the sound of blood flowing in the arteries and veins, the sound of the intestines, the heart, lungs and other internal organs and process that go on in the body. sometimes doctors use stethoscopes with sphygmomanometer or the blood pressure machine to measure ones blood pressure. the machine has a pump and a mercury manometer or pressure meter which it uses to measure ones blood pressure in terms of mercury millimeters. the thermometer is another common medical instrument that one finds at the doctor. today, with coughs, colds and fevers becoming a daily affair this instrument is not only restricted to a doctor \u2019 s dispensary or a hospital but is even seen in many homes. this instrument like the stethoscope has greek origins and gets its name from thermos that means hot and metros that means to measure. the thermometer has mercury in its bulb and shows readings as per the hot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48674153514365015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.466581"} {"text": "in many homes. this instrument like the stethoscope has greek origins and gets its name from thermos that means hot and metros that means to measure. the thermometer has mercury in its bulb and shows readings as per the hotness of one \u2019 s body. a temperature reading of 100 and above on the thermometer indicates that one has developed a fever. the weighing scale is yet another medical equipment that is used by doctors. with health becoming a very important facet in the world today and people keeping a check on their weight often, many homes have weighing scales. based on the simple principle of the spring balance the weighing scale is used by doctors to check patients bmi or body mass index. this is very important for a patient to be healthy, since today a number of diseases are lifestyle based. these five are basic medical equipment that one sees on a visit to the doctor, our doctor may use one more than the other but on a routine checkup these are basic equipment that doctors from physicians to specialists to surgeons all use to detect diseases and treat patients. jerry kurtz, an enthusiast blogger and a specialist in medical silicone design and molding provides news and discussion on medical silicone design, prototyping, manufacturing, and quality control through his site silicone pro.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5076299776172944, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.467123"} {"text": "the mediterranean - style diet has fewer meats and carbohydrates and more plant - based foods and monounsaturated ( good ) fat than a typical american diet. many people who live in italy, spain, and other countries in the mediterranean region have eaten this way for centuries. following the mediterranean diet may lead to more stable blood sugars, lower cholesterol and triglycerides, and a lower risk of heart disease and other health problems. how to follow the diet the mediterranean diet is based on : plant - based meals, with just small amounts of meat and chicken, when they are used more servings of grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, and legumes foods that naturally contain high amounts of fiber plenty of fish and other seafood rather than red meat olive oil, a healthy, monounsaturated fat, as the main source of fat used to flavor and prepare foods food that is prepared and seasoned simply, without sauces and gravies foods not in the diet foods that are eaten in small amounts or not at all in the mediterranean diet include : sweets and other desserts possible health concerns possible health concerns with the mediterranean include : weight gain, from the fats in olive oil and nuts reduced iron levels. if you choose to follow the mediterranean diet, be sure to eat some foods rich in iron or in vitamin c, which helps your body absorb iron. calcium loss from eating fewer dairy products. ask your doctor if you should take a calcium supplement. it is common to drink wine with meals, though it is not an essential part of the mediterranean diet. avoid wine if you are prone to alcohol abuse, pregnant, at risk for breast cancer, or have other conditions that alcohol could make worse. david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3933032091930967, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.469386"} {"text": "fall is rapidly approaching and will be official on the 22nd of september. the leaves are already changing in the high country and the typically dry and mild fall weather creates a great opportunity to get outside and enjoy some of the beauty colorado has to offer. my favorite place to go in the state in near the twin lakes area just south of leadville and of course the san juan mountains in sw colorado and areas in and surrounding estes park. typically the second or third week of september is prime for maximum color in the mountainous regions of the state. the great colors do not last long as wind and rain / snow will strip the trees of their leaves. the nws in grand junction has a news of the day subject covering why leaves change their color in the fall. lets leave it to the nws to best describe how leaves change their color : in the autumn, the decrease in the intensity and duration of sunlight, as well as cooler temperatures, causes the leaves to stop their food - making process ( photosynthesis ). the chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down, causing the green color to disappear, and the yellowish pigments, known as carotenoids, become visible. the autumn foliage of some trees, including aspen, birch and ash, are mostly yellowish colors. also, the reddish pigments, the anthocyanins, become more visible in the leaf veins and cells in some leaves, such as maples. the whole web page with additional information can be found by clicking here. if you have fall foliage pictures you would like to share with others please send them to us so we can add them to our gallery or even post on our website. thanks!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43640866488030405, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.497699"} {"text": "7. a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment if and only if it lies the same distance from the two endpoints. there are two things that need to be proved here. the first is that if a point is on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment, then it is equidistant from the two endpoints of the segment. if we only use two column proofs, the student might get the idea that all proofs have to be two column proofs. this is not so. it is just that two column proofs work very well for congruent triangle proofs. in a congruent triangle proof, we first need to get the three parts of one triangle congruent to the corresponding three parts in the other triangle, note that we have congruent triangles, then conclude that the things we are trying to prove to be congruent will then be corresponding parts of the congruent triangles. that is a minimum of five steps, each step having a reason, which is a previously established statement. the two column format helps the student to keep all of these ideas straight and organized. however, the fact of the matter is, that when we get away from congruent triangle proofs, the two column format does not always work as well. this result is an example. while it is possible to devise a two column proof, a prose proof using the isosceles triangle theorems might prove to be simpler. if the point is on the perpendicular bisector of the line segment between the two points, then in the triangle formed by the base being the line segment, and the point being the vertex, the line from the vertex of the triangle to the midpoint of the base is perpendicular to the base, so the triangle is isosceles, and the point is equidistant from the endpoints of the line segment. for the converse - if the point is equidistant from the endpoints of the line segment, then we again have an isosceles triangle, and the line from the vertex to the midpoint of the base will be perpendicular to the base, and thus be the perpendicular bisector of the base.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.518373658610198, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.520646"} {"text": "introduction to integrals the definite integral the definite integral is a convenient notation used the represent the left - hand and right - hand approximations discussed in the previous section. f ( x ) dx means the area of the region bounded by f, the y - axis and the lines x = a and x = b. writing f ( x ) dx is equivalent to writing on the interval [ a, b ], but it is a much more compact way of doing so. note also the similarity between the two expressions. this should serve as a clear reminder that the definite integral is just the limit of right - hand and left - hand approximations. unlike the indefinite integral, which represents a function, the definite integral represents a number, and is simply the signed area under the curve of f. the area is considered \" signed \" because according to the method of calculating the areas by subdivisions, the regions located below the x - axis will be counted as negative, and the regions above will be counted as positive. negative regions cancel out positive regions, and the definite integral represents the total balance between the two over the given interval. for example, find based on the picture of the region being considered, it should be clear that the answer is zero. here, the negative region is exactly the same size as the positive region : properties of the definite integral the definite integral has certain properties that should be intuitive, given its definition as the signed area under the curve : - cf ( x ) dx = c f ( x ) dx - f ( x ) + g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx is on the interval f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx this means that we can break up a graph into convenient units and find the definite integral of each section and then add the results to find the total signed area for the whole region. the fundamental theorem of calculusthe fundamental theorem of calculus, or \" ftc \", offers a quick and powerful method of evaluating definite integrals. it states : if f is an antiderivative of f, then f ( x ) dx = f ( b ) - f ( a ) x 2 dx = ( 1 ) 3 - ( 0 ) 3 = often, a shorthand is used that means the same as what is written above : x 2 dx = x 3 = one interpretation of the ftc is that the area under the graph of the derivative is equal to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6074209844558418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.534674"} {"text": "emmeline pethick, the daughter of henry pethick, a businessman in bristol, was born in clifton on 21st october 1867. she later recalled : \" my mother bore thirteen children, of whom five died in infancy. my youngest brother was born seventeen years after me. those were the days of large families. i never heard my mother make any complaint about this excessive childbearing. she accepted it with complete surrender and even with satisfaction. \" henry pethick was a devout methodist. \" as children we were all taken to church as soon as we could walk and we had to sit very still indeed, because if not, we would be slapped afterwards. when we were older we had to remember and repeat the text at dinner - time, and if we failed to do this we were set to learn pieces of scripture by heart. \" emmeline was sent away to boarding school in devizes at the age of eight. a rebellious child, she was constantly in trouble with her teachers. after being transferred to a quaker school she was accused of being \" a corrupting influence on other children \". her biographer, brian harrison has argued : \" her lifelong instinctive sympathy with children was striking... she portrayed herself later as a truthful and rational child, but to adults she must have seemed wilful and stubborn. \" in 1891 emmeline became a voluntary social worker at the west london methodist mission. emmeline helped organise a club for young working - class girls. emmeline was shocked by the poverty she encountered and it was during this time she was converted to socialism. emmeline believed it was important to give these girls a practical example of socialism in action. in 1895 emmeline joined with mary neal to form the esperance club that was influenced by the ideas of william morris, edward carpenter, and walt whitman. this involved helping a group of young women establish a co - operative dressmaking business. in 1899 emmeline met the wealthy lawyer, frederick lawrence. the couple fell in love but emmeline refused to marry frederick because he did not share her socialist beliefs. in 1900 she developed a hostel at littlehampton for working girls ' holidays. it was not until 1901, when frederick had been converted to socialism, that emmeline agreed to marry him. frederick agreed to adopt pethick - lawrence as their joint name. brian harrison has pointed out : \" it was the start of an unusual lifelong partnership in which each annexed the surname of the other, while each retained separate bank accounts and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38848338626098516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.581538"} {"text": "marry him. frederick agreed to adopt pethick - lawrence as their joint name. brian harrison has pointed out : \" it was the start of an unusual lifelong partnership in which each annexed the surname of the other, while each retained separate bank accounts and considerable autonomy within a marriage whose harmony was much advertised and celebrated. \" soon after her marriage emmeline thought she was pregnant. frederick wrote that the birth \" will make us both extra happy \". he added : \" isn ' t it splendid dear. my heart just singing and singing and won ' t keep quiet. \" however, emmeline suffered a miscarriage and received news that she could not have children. frederick wrote to her : \" i am to you a splendid husband and you to me a splendid wife and it is enough! \" in 1901 frederick pethick - lawrence became the owner of the echo, a left - wing evening newspaper. he recruited friends from the socialist movement such as ramsay macdonald and h. n. brailsford to write for the newspaper. frederick also published and edited the monthly, labour record and review ( 1905 - 07 ). emmeline later argued : \" his outstanding qualities of intellect, balanced judgment and practical administration in business and finance became the rock upon which i have built, since then, the structure of my life. \" for the next four years emmeline spent her time helping the independent labour party and developing her ideas with the esperance club. however, when emmeline read about the arrest and imprisonment of christabel pankhurst and annie kenney in october 1905, she decided to take an interest in the suffrage movement. the following year she met kenney and after a long discussion with her she decided to join the women ' s social and political union ( wspu ). a few months after joining the wspu emmeline was arrested while trying to make a speech in the lobby of the house of commons. emmeline was sent to prison, the first of six terms of imprisonment that she served for her political activities. she later recalled in her autobiography, my part in a changing world ( 1938 ) : \" when the morning newspaper brought the unexpected news of my first arrest in the suffrage movement, my father reacted to it in precisely the same way as i should have reacted had our positions been reversed. he was proud that a child of his hand not hesitated to make a stand for the extension of democratic liberty. \" frederick pethick - lawrence also became involved in the struggle for the franchise. in 1907", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3908332982959419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.582808"} {"text": "should have reacted had our positions been reversed. he was proud that a child of his hand not hesitated to make a stand for the extension of democratic liberty. \" frederick pethick - lawrence also became involved in the struggle for the franchise. in 1907 frederick and emmeline started the journal votes for women. the pethick - lawrence ' s large home in london also became the office of the wspu. it was also used as a kind of hospital where women made ill by their prison experiences could recover their strength before embarking on further militant acts. the couple also contributed more than \u00a36000 to the funds of wspu. in 1912 the wspu organised a new campaign that involved the large - scale smashing of shop - windows. emmeline pethick - lawrence had disagreed with this strategy but christabel pankhurst ignored her objections. as soon as this wholesale smashing of shop windows began, the government ordered the arrest of the leaders of the wspu. christabel escaped to france but frederick and emmeline pethick - lawrence were arrested, tried and sentenced to nine months imprisonment. they were also successfully sued for the cost of the damage caused by the wspu. both emmeline and frederick pethick - lawrence went on hunger strike and had to face the full rigours of forcible feeding twice a day for several days. he later recalled the experience in his memoirs, fate has been kind ( 1943 ) : \" the head doctor, a most sensitive man, was visibly distressed by what he had to do. it certainly was an unpleasant and painful process and a sufficient number of warders had to be called in to prevent my moving while a rubber tube was pushed up my nostril and down into my throat and liquid was poured through it into my stomach. twice a day thereafter one of the doctors fed me in this way. i was not allowed to leave my cell in the hospital and for the most part i had to stay in bed. there was nothing to do but to read ; and the days were very long and went very slowly. \" christabel pankhurst later recorded : \" mother and mr. and mrs. pethick lawrence went on hunger - strike. the government retaliated by forcible feeding. this was actually carried out in the case of mr. and mrs. pethick - lawrence. the doctors and wardresses came to mother ' s cell armed with forcible - feeding apparatus. forewarned by the cries of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4289017953327806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.584509"} {"text": "). other members included teresa billington - greig, elizabeth how - martyn, dora marsden, helena normanton, margaret nevinson and charlotte despard. during the first world war emmeline was a prominent member of the women ' s international league for peace. after the passing of the qualification of women act in 1918 emmeline pethick - lawrence stood as labour candidate for rusholme. as brian harrison pointed out : \" she championing nationalization, a capital levy, equal pay, and an equal moral standard, but she came bottom of the poll with only a sixth of the votes cast. \" in the 1920s and 1930s emmeline worked for the women ' s international league, an organisation committed to world peace. emmeline also became involved in the campaign led by marie stopes to provide birth - control information to working class women. from 1926 to 1935 was president of the women ' s freedom league. emmeline pethick - lawrence published her autobiography, my part in a changing world, in 1938. the book is dedicated to her husband, \" my unchanging comrade and my best friend \". one critic argued : \" though impressively fair - minded and at times perceptive, her account of the suffragettes is essentially an uncritical and largely impersonal chronology. nowhere did she convincingly justify the contradiction between her humanitarian and democratic instincts on the one hand, and her promotion of violent tactics and authoritarian suffrage structures on the other. \" emmeline pethick - lawrence remained active in politics until 1950 when she had a serious accident that left her immobilized. frederick pethick - lawrence looked after emmeline until she died of a heart attack at her home at gomshall, surrey, on 11th march 1954. he wrote to a friend : \" i feel a bit dazed. it is as though i was at a violin concerto with the violinist absent. \" my mother bore thirteen children, of whom five died in infancy. my youngest brother was born seventeen years after me. those were the days of large families. i never heard my mother make any complaint about this excessive childbearing. she accepted it with complete surrender and even with satisfaction. as children we were all taken to church as soon as we could walk and we had to sit very still indeed, because if not, we would be slapped afterwards. when we were older we had to remember and repeat the text at dinner - time, and if we failed to do this we were set to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38617292752155635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.586791"} {"text": "we could walk and we had to sit very still indeed, because if not, we would be slapped afterwards. when we were older we had to remember and repeat the text at dinner - time, and if we failed to do this we were set to learn pieces of scripture by heart my father is still part of me still. he imparted to me so much of his own nature that as long as his blood is still flowing in my veins, i feel he is still alive. he was a born rebel the closest bond between my father and me was his passionate love of justice, which i inherited from him. so long as there existed within the realm of his personal knowledge any wronged individual my father could not rest inactive. my mother thought he went too far ; and perhaps he did he was often in the bad books of people in authority who believed in the status quo, and wanted peace at any price. when the morning newspaper brought the unexpected news of my first arrest in the suffrage movement, my father reacted to it in precisely the same way as i should have reacted had our positions been reversed. he was proud that a child of his hand not hesitated to make a stand for the extension of democratic liberty. later that morning he was met by one of his colleagues on the bench with expressions of sympathy. \" sympathy, my dear fellow, \" he replied, \" i don ' t need sympathy. give me your congratulations! i ' m the proudest man in england! ' the idea of the higher education had not, when i was young, reached as far as our small seaside town. i never knew of any girl in weston - super - mare who aspired to go to college or university it was my mother ' s wish that i should be sent, when fifteen years of age, for a year or two to what in those days was called a \" finishing school \". she thought that my manners and my deportment needed polishing up, as no doubt they did. drunkenness was extremely common it seemed for many the only refuge from depression and misery. the effect of drunkenness upon the ordinary relationship of husband and wife, parents and children, was disastrous. there was a woman whose husband used to knock her about badly when in drink. but he went to the mission hall in the district, was converted and signed the pledge. all went well for some time until she again turned up with several bruises. \" oh, mrs. smith, has your husband taken to drink again? \" she replied : \" oh, no, that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44360691857265705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.587800"} {"text": "district, was converted and signed the pledge. all went well for some time until she again turned up with several bruises. \" oh, mrs. smith, has your husband taken to drink again? \" she replied : \" oh, no, that was another lady what done that! since my husband went to the misson hall, he ain ' t like a husband at all - he is more like a friend! \" there was a particular point of view with regard to wife - beating. a friend of mine was once walking along the street and she passed a woman with a black eye. at the same time two other women passed, and one of them remarked : \" well, all i can say is, she is a lucky woman to have a husband to take that trouble with her. \" another woman who had gone through a similar experience remarked : \" well, it ain ' t pleasant to be knocked about, but the making - up is lovely. \" that autumn ( 1906 ) saw, the beginning of the monday afternoon ' at homes ', which went on continuously year in year out during the militant campaign. they were intended principally for women, but men were not excluded. strategy was explained, militant demonstrations were announced, a collection was taken and members were enrolled. i generally came and sold literature - books, pamphlets and, later, the votes for women newspaper. when the attendance grew too big to be accounted in the office in clement ' s inn the venue was changed to the portman rooms in baker street, and later to the queen ' s hall. at the end of october 1906 events occured which brought me into far closer association with the movement. my wife was arrested. she had gone, with other members of the women ' s social and political union to the house of commons on the day that parliament opened ; and in accordance with a preconcerted plan she had jumped up on to one of the seats in the central lobby and started to address the m. p. s and others who were present. pulled down and bundled out into the street, along with a number of other women who had made a similar protest, she had tried to re - enter the house and had been taken into custody. i went with her to the court next morning, and she surrendered to her bail, together with nine other women, including mrs. cobden sanderson, daughter of richard cobden. the magistrate bound them all over to enter into their own recognizances to keep the peace for six months. this they unanimously refused", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48501273176986265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.589255"} {"text": "together with nine other women, including mrs. cobden sanderson, daughter of richard cobden. the magistrate bound them all over to enter into their own recognizances to keep the peace for six months. this they unanimously refused to do. in default, they were committed to prison for two months. they were accordingly packed off the holloway. i determined at once that during my wife ' s absence her side of the work should not suffer. i agreed to look after the finances, and at a public meeting that very afternoon i made an appeal for funds. by way of setting the ball rolling i promised to contribute \u00a310 for every day of her imprisonment. may i respectfully ask if it is not possible to break up the suffragette movement by taking action against mr and mrs pethick lawrence for conspiring and inciting to serious breaches of the peace. it can very easily be proved that mr pethick lawrence went to east ham on one occasion and hired a number of women at two shillings per day plus their expenses. these women were drilled into their work by mr lawrence and his assistants and took part in very disorderly scenes... these women ( and many of the women agitators who are paid \u00a32 - \u00a35 per week ) know nothing of politics or votes for women questions and are paid for creating disturbance at command of the leaders. police had been drafted in from the east end of london. they knew nothing about the suffrage agitation and were accustomed to dealing with drunks and roughs. also large and well - nourished bullies had been imported into the district. they may have been police in plain clothes. an order had evidently been given that the police were not to arrest ; the alternative was a six - hours ' battle between unarmed women who attempted to stand their ground, and police who fought with methods of torture. women were lifted and thrown to the ground and kicked - they were deliberately beaten on the breasts and were subjected to such terrible violence that a short time afterwards two of them, mrs. mary clarke and miss henria williams, died suddenly from heart attacks. fifty women were laid up with the injuries they had received dr. jessie murray collected evidence regarding the methods of violence used this evidence was classified under : ( 1 ) unnecessary violence. ( 2 ) methods of torture, i. e. bending thumbs backwards, twisting arms, pinching, gripping the throat and forcing back the head with violence, forcing fingers up nostrils, and so on. ( 3 ) acts of indecency. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4401805610927467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.590417"} {"text": "2 ) methods of torture, i. e. bending thumbs backwards, twisting arms, pinching, gripping the throat and forcing back the head with violence, forcing fingers up nostrils, and so on. ( 3 ) acts of indecency. it was mainly from young men, and often entirely from students, that opposition came we had one meeting in the town hall in birmingham. university students came en masse in order to prevent the audience from hearing the speakers. they kept up a stampede for over an hour, stamping, yelling and singing. christabel stood on the platform apparently amused at their antics, and every now and then addressed the youths as if they were children, while she turned her main attention to the reporters, who thronged the press table, and was able to get her whole speech over to them. a box of mice was emptied on the table beside her. she took them gently into her hand and let them run up and down her bare arms and spoke to the thoughtless boys of the cruelty of frightening small and helpless creatures for the sake of fun. i went to the suffragette office to see mrs. lawrence and to congratulate her on the meeting of the day before, inquire the latest news, and finally say : \" you know my reservations as to some of your methods, but my sympathies are much more with you than with any of your opponents i want to be of use if i can. is there anything i can possibly do to help you? \" a good deal of talk ensued. she said, \" yes, \" i could help them. could i see to it that herbert gladstone was asked to treat the suffragettes as political offenders, which they are, and not as common criminals, which they are not? eighty - one women were still in prison, some for terms of six months mother and mr. and mrs. pethick lawrence went on hunger - strike. the government retaliated by forcible feeding. this was actually carried out in the case of mr. and mrs. pethick - lawrence. the doctors and wardresses came to mother ' s cell armed with forcible - feeding apparatus. forewarned by the cries of mrs. pethick - lawrence mother received them with all her majestic indignation. they fell back and left her. neither then nor at any time in her log and dreadful conflict with the government was she forcibly fed. on the return from canada of mr. and mrs. pethick - lawrence there was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4718071918160984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.592318"} {"text": "majestic indignation. they fell back and left her. neither then nor at any time in her log and dreadful conflict with the government was she forcibly fed. on the return from canada of mr. and mrs. pethick - lawrence there was a consultation in france. the outcome of this and a further meeting was the serious announcement that they and we had parted company owing to a difference of opinion as to the policy of the wspu. this separation on a matter of policy was a cause of deep regret to all concerned. christabel pankhurst was in paris as soon as emmeline could travel she joined her in paris. they asked us ( emmeline and frederick pethick - lawrence ) to come to boulogne to confer with them. mrs. pankhurst met us with the announcement that she and christabel had determined upon a new kind of campaign. henceforward she said there was to be a widespread attack upon public and private property this project came as a shock to us both. we considered it sheer madness to throw away the immense publicity and propaganda value of our present policy they were wrong in supposing that a more revolutionary form of militancy, which attacks directed more and more on the property of individuals, would strengthen the movement and bring it to more speedy victory. emmeline pankhurst agreed with christabel excitement, drama and danger were the conditions in which her temperament found full scope. she had the qualities of a leader on the battlefield the idea of a ' civil war ' which mrs. pankhurst outlined in boulogne and declared a few months later was repellent to me. when we arrived back in london we were met by a friend. instead of the smiles that we expected, sadness was written upon her face \" is anything the matter? what is it? \" i demanded. \" they are going to turn you out of the women ' s social and political union. \" my husband and i were not prepared to accept this decision as final. we felt that christabel, who had lived for so many years with us in closest intimacy, could not be party to it. but when we met again to go further into the question christabel made it quite clear that she had no further use for us. mrs. pankhurst and miss christabel pankhurst outlined a new militant policy which mr. and mrs. pethick - lawrence found themselves altogether unable to approve. mrs. pankhurst and miss christabel recommended", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521424322740736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.593785"} {"text": "for us. mrs. pankhurst and miss christabel pankhurst outlined a new militant policy which mr. and mrs. pethick - lawrence found themselves altogether unable to approve. mrs. pankhurst and miss christabel recommended that mr. and mrs. pethick - lawrence should leave the women ' s social and political union. even the split with the wspu did not end of this agony - the pethick - lawrences were still facing bankruptcy proceedings. an auction of their belongings was held at the mascot, but raised only \u00a3300 towards their \u00a31, 100 court costs even though many friends arrived to buy personal possessions and give them back to the couple. even the auctioneer returned to them a trinket he had bought as a keepsake. the rest of the costs were later taken from fred ' s estate, plus a further \u00a35, 000 for repairs to shop windows damaged in the raids. fortunately he had deep pockets and did not have to sell his home. mrs. pankhurst invited us to her room. she then told us that she had decided to sever our connection with the wspu. we saw, then, that the breach between ourselves and the pankhursts was complete and irrevocable. there was, further, no appeal against our exclusion from the wspu. mrs. pankhurst was the acknowledged autocrat of the union. we had ourselves supported her in acquiring this position several years previously ; we could not dispute it now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4167619704746992, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.596709"} {"text": "importance of the resource database sql server 2005 introduced a new read - only, hidden system database named resource ( rdb ). the resource database contains copies of all system objects that are shipped with sql server 2005 and sql server 2008. resource database overview the resource database is a read only, hidden system database that contains all the sql server system objects such as sys. objects which are physically available only in the resource database, even though they logically appear in the sys schema of every database. the resource database does not contain any user data or any user metadata. by design, the resource database is not visible under sql server management studio \u2019 s object explorer | databases | system databases node. the physical file names of the resource database is mssqlsystemresource. mdf and mssqlsystemresource. ldf. the important thing to be noted is that each instance of sql server has one and only one associated mssqlsystemresource. mdf & mssqlsystemresource. ldf file and that instances do not share this file. in a clustered environment, the resource database exists in the data folder on a shared disk drive. the id for the resource database will be always 32767. the dba shouldn \u2019 t rename or move the resource database file. if the files are renamed or moved from their respective locations then sql server will not start. the other important thing to be considered is not to put the resource database files in a compressed or encrypted ntfs file system folders as it will hinder the performance and will also possibly prevent upgrades. resource database file location in sql server 2005 in sql server 2005 the resource database related mdf and ldf files will be available in < drive > : program filesmicrosoft sql servermssql. 1mssqldata directory. the important thing to be noted is that the resource database related mdf & ldf file need to be available in the same directory where the master databases mdf & ldf files are located. by default during the installation of sql server 2005 both the resource and the master database files will be available in the same data directory. resource database file location in sql server 2008 in sql server 2008 the resource database related mdf and ldf files will be available in < drive > : program filesmicrosoft sql servermssql10. < instance _ name > mssqlbinn. the important thing to be noted is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4494735550620398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.602865"} {"text": "2008 the resource database related mdf and ldf files will be available in < drive > : program filesmicrosoft sql servermssql10. < instance _ name > mssqlbinn. the important thing to be noted is that the resource database related mdf & ldf file are in the binn directory and the master databases mdf & ldf files will be located in the < drive > : program filesmicrosoft sql servermssql10. < instance _ name > mssqldata directory. in sql server 2008 it is not mandatory to keep both the resource and master database files in the same directory. advantages of resource database in previous versions of sql server whenever service packs are applied all the system objects that are residing within the system and user databases gets updated which makes it very difficult to rollback the changes. - the only way to rollback the changes is to uninstall the instance of sql server and reinstall sql server followed by applying any service packs or hotfixes to revert it to the previous version of the sql server instance - in sql server 2005 onwards the changes will be made to the resource database, which will indeed reflect the changes in all the system and user database of the particular instance - if the dba needs to apply a service pack to multiple instances, then the mssqlsystemresource. mdf and mssqlsystemresource. ldf needs to be copied by the dba to the target instance - if the dba needs to rollback the changes performed by the service packs then they need to replace the resource database related mdf and ldf files with that of the previous backed up version tsql query to determine the version of resource database tsql query to determine when the resource database was last backed up pages : 1 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.39864639754433756, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.603799"} {"text": "ever wonder how you would \u2013 or should \u2013 respond to someone suffering cardiac arrest? well, now you can go online and participate in the \u201c save - a - life simulator, \u201d an interactive tool to \u201c promote proper and timely bystander response to sudden cardiac arrest ( sca ). \u201d according to the medtronic foundation, point - of - view videos put the viewer in the shoes of an everyday mallgoer who witnesses a person suffering sudden cardiac arrest. the simulator allows viewers to decide the fate of the victim by making critical choices \u2013 beginning with deciding on whether to help the victim. the basic response medtronic \u2019 s heartrescue project is hoping for : call 911, start chest compressions immediately and use an aed if available. according to the american heart association, sudden cardiac arrest strikes nearly 400, 000 americans each year. research shows that communities with higher bystander cpr participation show higher survival rates for sudden cardiac arrest. however, overall survival rates in the united states have not improved in more than 30 years \u2013 hovering around 8 percent. \" when it comes to responding to sca, the worst thing you can do is nothing, \" says dr. michael sayre, an associate professor and emergency physician with the ohio state university and medical director of the heartrescue project. \" this experience was designed to provide a new way of engaging people, encouraging them to learn about sca and how to respond by immersing them in a virtual, yet life - like experience. \" to test your response skills and learn what you can do to save a life, go to heartrescuenow. com. you can also find the heartrescue project on twitter and youtube.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4431958454855948, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.605994"} {"text": "documented proof of darwin ' s natural selection westminster abbey is a gothic and cavernous place of cloisters, chambers, nooks, and crannies that has served as britain ' s royal crowning place and national ossuary since the time of william the conqueror, a thousand years ago. adjacent to the house of commons in london, the abbey, now a unesco world heritage site, is filled with statues of generals, monuments to statesmen, poets, and martyrs, and the chest tombs of dead kings and queens. there is also a humble white marble slab, on the floor of the north side of the nave, near the quire. it ' s easy to miss because it ' s in a kind of corner, where it ' s dark, and it ' s also almost in the shadow of a garishly splendid monument to sir isaac newton, which tends to hold the visitor ' s attention. but if you look for it, you ' ll find it easily enough. charles robert darwin. born 12 february 1809. died 19 april 1882. no stirring elegy. no moving psalm. i ' d gone to see that marble slab recently, partly because i just never had, and partly because it had been occurring to me for some while that of all the great thinkers among the enlightenment ' s first - born, from john stuart mill to karl marx, there was no one whose star still shines as bright in the firmament as darwin ' s. of them all, darwin remains indispensable. but not, oddly enough, for his work as a scientist. darwin was a great scientist, of course. he made important contributions to natural history, and even geology, but his most important contribution was not, strictly speaking, a scientific achievement. it was a way of explaining the \" mystery of mysteries \", the origin and diversity of the world ' s living things. but darwin ' s on the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life presents not a single case of evolution by natural selection. instead, it was, in darwin ' s words, \" one long argument \". it was a theory with no hard science, no firsthand observation, to back it up. it was a work of exposition and logic. what darwin had going for him, though, was a fine command of plain language and a body of evidence developed over more than two decades of investigation, observation, and reflection. darwin ' s quarry was the deeply entrenched conviction that each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49389258566383776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.618224"} {"text": "logic. what darwin had going for him, though, was a fine command of plain language and a body of evidence developed over more than two decades of investigation, observation, and reflection. darwin ' s quarry was the deeply entrenched conviction that each of the earth ' s myriad life forms was created by divine intervention only a few thousand years ago. darwin argued that the living things of the world had evolved from, at most, a handful of ancestors of almost unimaginable antiquity. darwin wasn ' t alone in this heresy, but what distinguished his argument was the contention that evolution occurred by a process of minute variation in type and form, caused by natural factors that constantly \" selected \" those heritable traits in animals and plants that favour advantage and survival. evolution occurred at a glacial pace but it occurred nonetheless, and it was still going on, \" daily and hourly \", in life all around us, darwin insisted. that was his resolution of the great mystery. god, maybe, but not necessarily. and, ultimately, it meant there was no reason to imagine that humanity was at the centre of any divine plan after all. for the time, this was a very dangerous idea. darwin had gathered all manner of evidence from fossils, from pigeon breeders, and from his discoveries during his five - year tour as the naturalist aboard the survey ship hms beagle. but because evolution occurred so slowly, his thinking went, it wasn ' t possible to demonstrate its workings in case studies. darwin had his defenders and champions, and he also had in his corner the naturalist alfred russel wallace, sometimes referred to as the \" codiscoverer \" of what came to be called darwin ' s theory. but wallace, too, despite years of fieldwork, relied on inference and logic to make his case, in the form of a table of \" proved facts \" and \" necessary consequences \". although darwin could show that evolution by natural selection must be the answer, he couldn ' t present evidence for that answer in even a single case of evolution by natural selection, observed and documented in the \" natural \" world. no one, least of all darwin, had ever seen it actually happen. as a consequence, long after darwin ' s theory had come to form the theoretical basis for the biological sciences, there was still an embarrassing dearth of experimental research into evolution. it was still, outside of science, just an \" opinion \". while darwin explained how the \" natural \" world worked in theory, no one, even into the 1970s, had been able", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5421933577623812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.619307"} {"text": "was still an embarrassing dearth of experimental research into evolution. it was still, outside of science, just an \" opinion \". while darwin explained how the \" natural \" world worked in theory, no one, even into the 1970s, had been able to fully and methodically document and describe having actually seen it work that way in practice. this is where peter and rosemary grant come in. peter and rosemary, both from england, met at the university of british columbia in 1960. they soon married, and both went on to work as professors of evolutionary biology at princeton university. now both 71, the grants are among the most successful and important collaborations in the history of science. in 2005 they won the coveted balzan prize, which is equal in prestige to the nobel prize and brings almost three times the cash : the equivalent of about $ 3 million in swiss francs. the grants have produced a body of research that is so exhaustive, so exacting and thorough, that many ornithologists fear it will never be replicated. the object of the grants ' obsessions is galapagos finches. these are the birds so closely associated with darwin that they ' re commonly called darwin ' s finches. it was darwin ' s encounter with the archipelago ' s 13 finch species in 1835, during his five - week galapagos sojourn as the naturalist aboard the beagle, that caused his epiphany and produced evolution ' s great eureka moment. that ' s the legend, anyway. the truth is it was long after his return to england, and after the specimens he ' d collected had been properly classified by british taxonomists, that the significance of the birds, and of all those other peculiar endemic species he ' d found on the galapagos islands, began to dawn on darwin. it wasn ' t until peter and rosemary grant began making their annual pilgrimages to the galapagos island of daphne major, a forbidding place of black lava and hellish summers, that the finches began to fully reveal themselves to science. the grants began their fieldwork on daphne major in 1973. they ' ve put in 35 field seasons, and they ' re still at it. ( the grants will be presenting an overview of their most recent findings in a free lecture at the university of british columbia on november 20. ) the grants have documented the phenomenon that darwin could only surmise by deduction and conjecture. it turns out that the mechanism of evolution can be observed moving through nature, not just in a laboratory or in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122030890107824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.620316"} {"text": "university of british columbia on november 20. ) the grants have documented the phenomenon that darwin could only surmise by deduction and conjecture. it turns out that the mechanism of evolution can be observed moving through nature, not just in a laboratory or in a human - altered environment, and it doesn ' t always move at a glacial pace. the grants have watched it happen, up close. biologists rosemary and peter grant have spent 35 field seasons observing how natural selection has resulted in the evolution of galapagos finches. specifically, what peter and rosemary have done is present the world with a rare and dramatic glimpse of variation caused by natural selection from one generation of animals to the next. and down through several generations of galapagos finches, from different species, they ' ve shown how heritable traits are \" selected \" so as to result in evolution. as evolution occurs, even when it occurs quickly, it ' s usually barely detectable. the tiniest change can mean survival or extinction. in the case of the galapagos finches, what matters is often barely measurable changes in the size and shape of the finches ' beaks. \" that ' s the really difficult thing to do, \" peter told me the other day. \" you don ' t want to try it with earthworms. \" it isn ' t that darwin ' s theory had not been shown to work in practice before the grants. it ' s just that no one had documented it in nature so completely and methodically. before the grants, the case of the english peppered moth was one of the best - known studies of natural selection driving evolution. but the story of the peppered moth unfolds in a completely human - altered environment. its observed evolution was in response to the rise and decline of the industrial revolution. prior to the advent of the \" dark satanic mills \" and the clouds of coal smoke and ash that settled over the english countryside, peppered moths were light - coloured, with specks and streaks of black, a colour scheme suited perfectly to camouflage because of the moths ' habit of alighting and resting on tree trunks, on similarly coloured lichens. in the poisoned air of the industrial revolution, the lichens diminished in abundance and trees were commonly blackened with soot. this trend favoured a black - coloured mutation in peppered moths and caused the light - coloured moths to nearly disappear. in recent years, however, with the decline of both factories and coal power, the light - coloured moths have become dominant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5140562851339874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.621450"} {"text": "soot. this trend favoured a black - coloured mutation in peppered moths and caused the light - coloured moths to nearly disappear. in recent years, however, with the decline of both factories and coal power, the light - coloured moths have become dominant again. nowadays, evolution by natural selection is being observed in \" the wild \" among sticklebacks in british columbia coastal lakes, among fruit flies in south america, and also in laboratories, on an hourly basis, around the world. in his pulitzer prize \u2013 winning the beak of the finch : a story of evolution in our time, a 1994 book about the grants and the significance of their work, author jonathan weiner sets out the paradox of the persistent hostility to darwin ' s \" theory \". evolution denial is a common habit of some of darwin ' s most privileged beneficiaries in the united states, almost always evangelical protestants, whose wealth often depends solely upon darwin being right. the paradox occurs in an especially bizarre way in the american south, in the \" cotton belt \", where the health of the cotton crop and the wealth that derives from it depend completely upon the application of darwinian principles in the laboratory. it is only by the close observation of evolution by natural selection occurring in various cotton blights and pests that science has managed to devise at least temporarily effective pesticides and herbicides. the paradox deepens in the recurring failure of those blight and pest remedies. there are now moths in louisiana that can ruin cotton crops, and they ' re now 200 times more resistant to pesticides than they were before they first encountered them. reject darwin and you ' ll never understand why that happens. you ' ll continue to employ pesticides, and you ' ll find yourself in a losing battle, precisely because evolution happens. it happens by natural selection. resistant strains emerge by natural selection for certain heritable traits. life is not static. species are not fixed and unchanging. they evolve, and if darwin were wrong, the branches of science known as immunology, bacteriology, and virology would never produce any results. it would all be quack science. \" there is no new theoretical structure that has come along since darwin, \" grant told me. \" his ideas have been extended through genetics and have been modified and elaborated upon, but his ideas and observations and explanations have withstood the test of time. \" and so darwin prevails. evolution is driven by hybridization and by sex selection, but the main engine is natural selection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5497808241715432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.622608"} {"text": "and have been modified and elaborated upon, but his ideas and observations and explanations have withstood the test of time. \" and so darwin prevails. evolution is driven by hybridization and by sex selection, but the main engine is natural selection. it is how the earth ended up so rich in the diversity and abundance of life. it is evidence against the founding texts of all the world ' s great religions. it is evidence for life as a phenomenon that is constantly changing, constantly innovating, all on its own. it is a rational explanation, subject to testable hypotheses. it is free for the asking and available to everyone, regardless of culture or class. it can account for everything from the virulence of diseases to the complexity of the human eye to the origin of humankind itself. no stirring elegy. no moving psalm. darwin prevails, more than anyone else. charles robert darwin. born 12 february 1809. died 19 april 1882. ubc ' s beaty biodiversity museum will host peter and rosemary grant, who will present their lecture evolution of darwin ' s finches at 7 : 30 p. m. on tuesday ( november 20 ) in room 100 of the wesbrook building ( 6174 university boulevard ). admission is free.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945621089481355, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.623182"} {"text": "from the time of aristotle ( 384 - 322 bc ) until the late 1500 \u2019 s, gravity was believed to act differently on different objects. - drop a metal bar and a feather at the same time \u2026 which one hits the ground first? - obviously, common sense will tell you that the bar will hit first, while the feather slowly flutters to the ground. - in aristotle \u2019 s view, this was because the bar was being pulled harder ( and faster ) by gravity because of its physical properties. - because everyone sees this when they drop different objects, it wasn \u2019 t questioned for almost 2000 years. galileo galilei was the first major scientist to refute ( prove wrong ) aristotle \u2019 s theories. - in his famous ( at least to physicists! ) experiment, galileo went to the top of the leaning tower of pisa and dropped a wooden ball and a lead ball, both the same size, but different masses. - they both hit the ground at the same time, even though aristotle would say that the heavier metal ball should hit first. - galileo had shown that the different rates at which some objects fall is due to air resistance, a type of friction. - get rid of friction ( air resistance ) and all objects will fall at the same rate. - galileo said that the acceleration of any object ( in the absence of air resistance ) is the same. - to this day we follow the model that galileo created. ag = g = 9. 81m / s2 ag = g = acceleration due to gravity since gravity is just an acceleration like any other, it can be used in any of the formulas that we have used so far. - just be careful about using the correct sign ( positive or negative ) depending on the problem. examples of calculations with gravity example 1 : a ball is thrown up into the air at an initial velocity of 56. 3m / s. determine its velocity after 4. 52s have passed. in the question the velocity upwards is positive, and i \u2019 ll keep it that way. that just means that i have to make sure that i use gravity as a negative number, since gravity always acts down. vf = vi + at = 56. 3m / s + ( - 9. 81m / s2 ) ( 4. 52s ) vf = 12. 0 m / s this value is still positive, but smaller. the ball is slowing down as it rises into the air. example 2 : i throw a ball down off the top of a cliff so that it leaves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5383550575251932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.628096"} {"text": ") determine how much time does it take to reach its maximum height. - it reaches its maximum height when its velocity is zero. we \u2019 ll use that as the final velocity. - also, if we define up as positive, we need to remember to define down ( like gravity ) as negative. a = ( vf - vi ) / t t = ( vf - vi ) / a = ( 0 - 56. 3m / s ) / - 9. 81m / s2 t = 5. 74s b ) determine how high it goes. - it \u2019 s best to try to avoid using the number you calculated in part ( a ), since if you made a mistake, this answer will be wrong also. - if you can \u2019 t avoid it, then go ahead and use it. vf2 = vi2 + 2ad d = ( vf2 = vi2 ) / 2a = ( 0 - 56. 32 ) / 2 ( - 9. 81m / s2 ) d = 1. 62e2 m c ) determine how fast is it going when it reaches my hand again. - ignoring air resistance, it will be going as fast coming down as it was going up. you might have heard people in movies say how many \" gee \u2019 s \" they were feeling. - all this means is that they are comparing the acceleration they are feeling to regular gravity. - so, right now, you are experiencing 1g \u2026 regular gravity. - during lift - off the astronauts in the space shuttle experience about 4g \u2019 s. - that works out to about 39m / s2. - gravity on the moon is about 1. 7m / s2 = 0. 17g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5407722973992364, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.631180"} {"text": "host ( in amharic ) : the queen of sheba was a legendary monarch of ancient ethiopia who is referred to in just four sources : the history of the ancient habeshan people of ethiopia \uff0c the hebrew bible ( old testament of the christian bible ) \uff0c the new testament of the christian bible \uff0c and the holy qur \u2019 an. who is she \uff0c the famous yet mysterious queen of sheba of ethiopia? today \u2019 s program will explore the story of an individual whose life is not known in full detail. what we do see clearly is that makeda \uff0c as she is known in ethiopia \uff0c was single - minded in her life. that is \uff0c she was in single - minded pursuit of one goal : wisdom. the following words are attributed to the queen of sheba \uff0c or makeda \uff0c in the kebra nagast. the kebra nagast is a historical account of the ancient rulers of ethiopia and is also called \u201c the book of the glory of kings. \u201d makeda \uff0c whose name means \u201c greatness \uff0c \u201d is said to have explained to her subjects why she was departing the land in order to seek out the wise king solomon of jerusalem. she said \uff0c \u201c i desire wisdom and my heart seeks to find understanding. i am smitten with the love of wisdom.... for wisdom is far better than treasure of gold and silver... it is a source of joy for the heart \uff0c and a bright and shining light for the eyes \uff0c and a giver of speed to the feet \uff0c and a shield for the chest \uff0c and a helmet for the head... it makes the ears to hear and hearts to understand. \u201d \u201c... and as for a kingdom \uff0c it cannot stand without wisdom \uff0c and riches cannot be preserved without wisdom.... he who heapeth up gold and silver doeth so to no profit without wisdom \uff0c but he who heapeth up wisdom \u2013 no man can steal it from his heart... i will follow the footprints of wisdom and she shall protect me forever. i will seek asylum with her \uff0c and she shall be unto me power and strength. \u201d according to the kebra nagast \uff0c the queen \u2019 s loyal subjects understood and valued her pursuit of the intangible and answered her in this way : \u201c o our lady \uff0c as for wisdom \uff0c it is not lacking in thee \uff0c and it is because of thy wisdom that thou loved wisdom. and as for us \uff0c if thou goest we will go with thee \uff0c and if thou sittest down we will sit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46293038133879794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.633717"} {"text": "clinial trials are medical research studies carried out under very strict guidelines and they are the building blocks of scientific progress. researchers, physicians and other healthcare professionals rely on these studies for scientifically sound information on whether or not treatments are safe and effective. to start, the research team must first determine the objective of the study - for example, whether an experimental treatment is safe or whether a treatment known to work for hyperhidrosis on one part of the body will work for hyperhidrosis on another part of the body. the research team then designs the study to answer that question, including developing a protocol for the trial. clinical trials with human subjects follow only after the completion of tests using laboratory animals. these trials fall into four categories called phases. in phase i a trial tests a potential new treatment with a small number of volunteers ( 20 - 80 individuals ) to determine the treatment \u2019 s safety and potential side effects. phase ii studies test a treatment with known dose and side effects with a larger number of volunteers to learn more about side effects, how the body responds to the treatment, and whether the treatment is effective in treating the condition. the new treatment is compared with commonly used treatments and monitored for long - term side effects in phase iii and iv trials. phase iv trials are done after the treatment is marketed. clinical researchers call the standard scientific approach for trying out treatments a \u201c double - blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. \u201d such trials are \" grade a \" research because the researcher has taken precautions to get the most unbiased results possible. ideally, such research can also be replicated ; that is, another researcher using the same protocol would get similar results. the \" control \" aspect refers to the fact that researchers are usually looking at how one treatment stacks up against another or even against no treatment at all. to make the comparison useful, the investigator must try both methods on similar groups of subjects. researchers call the treatment with the predictable, or known effect, the control. the control may be a standard, commonly used treatment, or it may be a placebo. a placebo is an inactive pill, liquid, powder, or other modality with no treatment value ( commonly referred to as a \" sugar pill \" ). some studies use both a standard treatment and a placebo as controls. the control helps an investigator find out if any changes in the experimental group are, in fact, due to the new treatment. trials are randomized because researchers assign patients by chance either to the group getting the new treatment ( called the treatment group )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5552849081721022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.646646"} {"text": ". the control helps an investigator find out if any changes in the experimental group are, in fact, due to the new treatment. trials are randomized because researchers assign patients by chance either to the group getting the new treatment ( called the treatment group ) or to the group receiving a standard treatment or placebo ( called the control group ). this randomization keeps the study ' s results from being affected by human choices or other factors not related to the treatments being tested. in some studies, the patient does not know whether he or she is in the treatment or control group ( a single - blind study ) ; in others, neither the patient nor the researcher know ( a double - blind study ). this, again, is a way of avoiding bias in the results. sometimes when people know what treatment they are getting, it changes the way they react ; similarly, the researchers ' own expectations about the treatment could influence how they perceive patients ' reactions, side effects, and progress during the study. participants in clinical trials are randomly assigned once they ' ve been accepted into the study and have agreed to participate by signing an informed consent. all clinical trials have guidelines about who can participate. these guidelines are an important part of medical research that helps to produce reliable results. the factors that allow someone to participate in a clinical trial are called \" inclusion criteria \" and those that disallow someone from participating are called \" exclusion criteria \". the criteria are based on such factors as age, gender, the type and stage of a disease or condition, previous treatment history, and other medical conditions. before joining a clinical trial, a participant must qualify for the study. some research studies seek participants with illnesses or conditions to be studied in the clinical trial, while others need healthy participants. it is important to note that inclusion and exclusion criteria are not used to reject people personally. instead, the criteria are used to identify appropriate participants and keep them safe. the criteria help ensure that researchers will be able to answer the questions they plan to study. the exact clinical trial process depends on the kind of trial being conducted. in general, the clinical trial team includes doctors and nurses as well as social workers and other healthcare professionals. they check the health of the participant at the beginning of the trial, give specific instructions for participating in the trial, monitor the participant carefully during the trial, and stay in touch after the trial is completed. some clinical trials involve more tests and doctor visits than the participant would normally have for an illness or condition. for all types of trials, the participant works with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5149968324793106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.648248"} {"text": "monitor the participant carefully during the trial, and stay in touch after the trial is completed. some clinical trials involve more tests and doctor visits than the participant would normally have for an illness or condition. for all types of trials, the participant works with a research team. clinical trial participation is most successful when the trial \u2019 s specific instructions ( or protocol ) are carefully followed and there is frequent contact with the research staff. informed consent is the process of learning the key facts about a clinical trial before deciding whether or not to participate. it is also a continuing process throughout the study to provide information for participants. to help someone decide whether or not to participate, the doctors and nurses involved in the trial explain the details of the study. if the participant ' s native language is not english, translation assistance can be provided. then the research team provides an \u201c informed consent document \u201d that includes details about the study, such as its purpose, duration, required procedures, and key contacts. risks and potential benefits are explained in the informed consent document. the participant then decides whether or not to sign the document. informed consent is not a contract, and the participant may withdraw from the trial at any time. clinical trials that are well - designed and well - executed can help eligible participants to : there are risks to clinical trials. the ethical and legal codes that govern medical practice also apply to clinical trials. in addition, most clinical research is federally regulated with built in safeguards to protect the participants. the trial follows a carefully controlled protocol which is a set of instructions or a study plan which details what researchers will do in the study. as a clinical trial progresses, researchers report the results of the trial at scientific meetings, to medical journals, and to various government agencies. individual participants ' names will remain secret and will not be mentioned in these reports. every clinical trial in the u. s. must be approved and monitored by an institutional review board ( irb ) to make sure the risks are as low as possible and are worth any potential benefits. an irb is an independent committee of physicians, statisticians, community advocates, and others that ensures that a clinical trial is ethical and the rights of study participants are protected. all institutions that conduct or support biomedical research involving people must, by federal regulation, have an irb that initially approves and periodically reviews the research. if you are considering participating in a clinical trial, talk to a physician who knows your medical history and is familiar with hyperhidrosis ( preferably a dermatologist ). for help finding a physician,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49584555632291843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.649470"} {"text": "initially approves and periodically reviews the research. if you are considering participating in a clinical trial, talk to a physician who knows your medical history and is familiar with hyperhidrosis ( preferably a dermatologist ). for help finding a physician, visit our physician finder. also discuss clinical trial options with your loved ones. before making any decisions, you should know as much as possible about the clinical trial and feel comfortable asking the members of the healthcare team questions about it - such as the care you may expect while in a trial, and the cost of the trial. the following additional questions might be helpful to you if you decide to discuss participation in a trial with its healthcare team. some of the answers to these questions will also be found on the trial ' s informed consent document. yes. most clinical trials provide short - term treatments related to a designated illness or condition, but do not provide extended or complete primary health care. in addition, by including your healthcare provider in your clinical trial experience and getting him / her involved with the research team can help to ensure that any other medications or treatments you may be using will not conflict with the study or pose any additional risks. yes. a participant can leave a clinical trial at any time. when withdrawing from the trial, the participant should let the research team know about it, and the reasons for leaving the study. clinical trials are sponsored or funded by a variety of organizations or individuals such as physicians, medical institutions, foundations, voluntary groups, and pharmaceutical companies, in addition to federal agencies such as the national institutes of health ( nih ), the department of defense ( dod ), and the department of veteran ' s affairs ( va ). trials can take place in a variety of locations, such as hospitals, universities, doctors ' offices, or community clinics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43667053285576607, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.650251"} {"text": "- scientists & leadership - isb research - education & outreach seattle - relocating is stressful, even for a microbe. knowing how a microorganism can quickly adapt to challenges of a new habitat helps researchers better understand how commensals ( good microbes ) and pathogens colonize diverse environments including soil, plant roots, and the human gut. institute for systems biology ( isb ) researchers are the first to discover that a protein once thought to have no regulatory function in microbes actually helps them to rapidly adapt to new environments. isb scientists had previously discovered that the gene encoding this protein, called transcription factor b ( tfb ), is present in multiple copies in many microorganisms called archaea \u2013 especially those that are known to live in environments that are constantly changing. to understand why, the researchers used an interdisciplinary systems approach that systematically analyzed across many environments the consequences of deleting each copy of the gene or introducing a mutated copy on the health of one such organism, halobacterium salinarum, that lives in saturate brine. simultaneously, they observed how all of the other genes and the complex molecular networks in h. salinarum responded to these genetic manipulations. they integrated millions of data points generated from thousands of such experiments and analyzed patterns in these data across evolutionary timescales by analyzing genome sequences of diverse organisms. they made the remarkable discovery that the microbe gained capability for acclimating to new environments by simply transferring genetic information from one copy of the tfb gene to another, akin to cutting and replacing text in one copy of a document from an edited version. because it has seven variant copies of tfbs, h. salinarum could perform a large array of such mix - and - match experiments to explore new solutions for adaptation. how does this work? nitin baliga, professor and director of isb and senior author on the paper, explained that \" tfbs bind to different locations in the genome and function like wires inside the cell to execute programs that determine which genes in the genome need to be turned on or off and when. \" in other words, by transferring information across tfbs, an organism can rapidly rewire its networks to generate new programs that enable new capabilities with the same set of genes. \" it\u00b4s astounding, \" remarked dr. baliga. this discovery helps us to understand how archaea colonize diverse environments to give structure and function to microbial communities. this is important for two reasons : first, arch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234828734919215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.654251"} {"text": "of genes. \" it\u00b4s astounding, \" remarked dr. baliga. this discovery helps us to understand how archaea colonize diverse environments to give structure and function to microbial communities. this is important for two reasons : first, archaea make up 20 percent of biomass on earth and serve important roles in biogeochemical cycles, which are similar to our circulatory systems and necessary to maintain a health planet. second, understanding the mechanics of adaptation will help us better understand and predict how microbes and communities might respond to pollution or climate change due to anthropogenic activities. furthermore, because they have similar functions in eukaryotic organisms we can also begin to understand how duplicated copies of tfiib proteins reorganize networks for development of body plans in animals. understanding that this family of proteins in archaea have regulatory consequences for adaptation into new environments is \" knowledge that can be applied to understanding how the tfiib proteins might have come to mediate the encoding and execution of regulatory programs in humans, \" said serdar turkarslan, the lead author of the paper, which was published on nov. 22 in \" molecular systems biology. \" this study was supported by the u. s. department of energy\u00b4s genomic science funding, the national institutes of health, and the national science foundation. about the institute for systems biology the institute for systems biology ( isb ) is an internationally renowned, non - profit research institute headquartered in seattle and dedicated to the study and application of systems biology. founded by leroy hood, alan aderem and ruedi aebersold, isb seeks to unravel the mysteries of human biology and identify strategies for predicting and preventing diseases such as cancer, diabetes and aids. isb ' s systems approach integrates biology, computation and technological development, enabling scientists to analyze all elements in a biological system rather than one gene or protein at a time. founded in 2000, the institute has grown to 13 faculty and more than 300 staff members ; an annual budget of more than $ 50 million ; and an extensive network of academic and industrial partners. for more information about isb, visit www. systemsbiology. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5459289765481841, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.655199"} {"text": "recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in knowledge. leading organisations now recognise the importance of identifying what they know, sharing what they know and using what they know for maximum benefit. many organisations employ knowledge engineers to capture knowledge from experts using the principles and techniques of knowledge engineering. the emphasis is on a structured approach built on a sound understanding of the psychology of expertise and making use of knowledge modelling methods and the latest web technologies. knowledge acquisition in practice is the first book to provide a detailed step - by - step guide to the methods and practical aspects of acquiring, modelling, storing and sharing knowledge. the reader is led through 47 steps from the inception of a project to its successful conclusion. each step is described in terms of the reasons for the step, the required resources, the activities to be undertaken, and the solutions to common problems. in addition, each step has a checklist which lists the key items that should be achieved during the step. knowledge acquisition in practice will be of value to knowledge engineers, knowledge workers, knowledge officers and ontological engineers. the book will also be of interest to students and researchers of ai, computer science and business studies. several technologies are emerging that provide new ways to capture, store, present and use knowledge. this book is the first to provide a comprehensive introduction to five of the most important of these technologies : knowledge engineering, knowledge based engineering, knowledge webs, ontologies and semantic webs. for each of these, answers are given to a number of key questions ( what is it? how does it operate? how is a system developed? what can it be used for? what tools are available? what are the main issues? ). the book is aimed at students, researchers and practitioners interested in knowledge management, artificial intelligence, design engineering and web technologies. \" they [ the two books ] are both very readable and very informative. \" engineering manager, usa \" they are excellent as you manage to explain a complex subject with great clarity. \" editor of it magazine, uk \" i believe that it will be very useful for the students. \" paperback : 138 pages publisher : polimetrica, international scientific publisher ( march 3, 2008 ) hard copies are available from polimetrica and most good bookshops. a free softcopy of the book is available at the e - lis and arxiv repositories. knowledge practitioners ' reference books for those who want to find out more about knowledge technologies or the steps involved in capturing, structuring and publishing knowledge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.544562117740802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.658131"} {"text": "what to expect from 802. 11ac source : aruba networks the new technologies that will make up the final ieee 802. 11ac wi - fi standard are extensions of the physical - layer wireless techniques pioneered in 802. 11n. these extensions include the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver to exploit multiple input / multiple output ( mimo ) for parallel delivery of multiple spatial streams. although consumer and residential wi - fi applications are a primary focus for these 802. 11ac technologies, they will also have a considerable impact on enterprise wireless lans ( wlans ). 802. 11ac increases the amount of wireless bandwidth in a cell, allowing a single access point ( ap ) to serve the same number of wi - fi clients with greater per - client throughput. alternatively, a single ap will serve more wi - fi clients with the same throughput. this is a crucial capability in environments that serve high densities of wi - fi clients, such as lecture halls, conference centers, stadiums and other large public venues. the trend toward more antennas - from small devices like tablets and smartphones to larger aps packed with more than four antennas - will make mimo and beamforming more prevalent than ever and vastly improve the reliability of wi - fi connections. consequently, it will be easier to provide wi - fi coverage around physical obstructions like elevator shafts and stair wells. these features also deliver signal range improvements and signifcantly increase the reliability of wireless connections.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4617017314030723, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.660481"} {"text": "roux - en - y gastric bypass is the most commonly performed operation for weight loss in the united states, according to the american society for bariatric surgery. in this procedure, the surgeon creates a small pouch at the top of the stomach to restrict food intake. then, a y - shaped section of the small intestine is attached to the pouch to allow food to bypass the lower stomach and the first part of the small intestine. this reduces the amount of calories and nutrients the body absorbs. physicians on the medical staff at texas health presbyterian hospital plano often perform roux - en - y gastric bypass laparoscopically. with laparoscopy, the surgeon makes one or more small incisions through which slender surgical instruments are passed. this technique eliminates the need for a large incision and allows for a faster recovery. patients who have undergone roux - en - y gastric bypass surgery must modify their food choices because of a \" dumping syndrome \" often caused by the surgery. when patients eat a meal high in simple carbohydrates, which contain sugars that are rapidly absorbed by the body, they may experience an unpleasant reaction. stomach contents move too quickly through the small intestine causing symptoms such as nausea, bloating, abdominal pain, weakness, sweating, faintness and sometimes diarrhea. lifelong mineral supplementation is also required for gastric bypass patients as the bypassed portion of the intestine is where the majority of calcium and iron absorption takes place. the roux - en - y gastric bypass has been proven in numerous studies to result in durable weight loss and an improvement in weight - related medical illnesses, according to the american society for bariatric surgery. half of the weight loss often occurs during the first six months after surgery ; weight loss usually peaks at 18 to 24 months. the obesity - related conditions that may be improved or cured with this gastric bypass procedure include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, arthritis, venous statis disease, bladder incontinence, liver disease, certain types of headaches, heartburn, sleep apnea and many other disorders. the negatives associated with roux - en - y gastric bypass include a higher initial complication rate, the need to supplement vitamins and minerals for the rest of the patient ' s life ; and the potential for malnutrition if the patient doesn ' t comply with their doctor ' s recommendations. discuss these and other potential complications with your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4480831951549166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.664117"} {"text": "conservatives blame poor government policy for causing the housing bubble, while progressives blame the financial industry. while most arguments on the right focus on the government - sponsored enterprises fannie mae and freddie mac, its stance actually might not need to rely on them. data indicates that the government ' s broader efforts to make housing an attractive investment has funneled money away from business and into the housing sector. this analysis comes from university of chicago economist casey mulligan, via the new york times economix blog. he analyzed the value of housing capital, as a measure of profitability, in the u. s. from 1950 to 2000. he calculates it to be average out to 5. 7 % over the period. here ' s his chart : it was 6. 4 % in 2000. he then did a separate calculation to determine the value of business capital. at 15. 3 % over the 50 - year period, excluding taxes, it was much higher. this implies overinvestment in housing. mulligan explains : business capital has been so profitable to the economy because it is more scarce. it ' s the law of demand : the less business capital there is, the higher the rate of return that remaining business capital earns because each unit of capital serves more customers. a low profit rate for housing is a symptom of its abundance. this would seem to imply that prudent investors would be better off investing in business than housing, since business capital is more productive than housing capital. so what happened? the government made housing look like a more attractive investment. mulligan also calculated profitability with taxes taken into account : the business - residential profitability gap is almost 10 percent, but our attempts to adjust both profit rates for applicable taxes show that the after - tax profitability gap is zero to five percentage points. in other words, tax differences sweeten residential real estate investment. they result in it looking nearly as profitable as business investment. there are a few things to note about this finding. first, it ' s important to bear in mind that this was all before the housing bubble ; mulligan ' s analysis ends in the year 2000. in other words, the overinvestment in housing obviously got much, much, worse in the seven years that followed. this begins to show one reason why so much money flowed to real estate instead of to other investment options. the second implication is arguably even more important. business growth in the u. s. during that decade was weaker than it could have been because", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44641208246293107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.669261"} {"text": ". this begins to show one reason why so much money flowed to real estate instead of to other investment options. the second implication is arguably even more important. business growth in the u. s. during that decade was weaker than it could have been because so much investment was coaxed towards real estate by the government instead of towards other more technology - driven industries. if the u. s. wonders why it ' s having so much trouble with economic growth now, it can look to the overinvestment in real estate over the past decade, which ultimately resulted in a tragic amount of capital destruction. third, this analysis shows the extent to which residential real estate benefits from favorable tax treatment and business suffers from relatively unfavorable tax treatment. if the government wants to figure out how to create jobs, there ' s its answer. it should reduce the tax benefits provided to real estate and provide them to businesses instead. up to now the government has had a dual - rationale for its preference for housing investment. one end it appreciates is promoting homeownership, because it has long ( wrongly ) viewed owning a home as a part of the american dream. second, the housing industry lobby is very powerful, as is evidenced by the ridiculously expensive but politically untouchable mortgage interest deduction. it ' s time for washington to challenge this status quo and begin to encourage americans to put their money in more productive investments that will facilitate stronger long - term economic growth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4470350484621321, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.669889"} {"text": "body composition tests december 19, 2011 the tests and measurements described in this fact sheet provide detailed measurements of fat and lean body mass. repeated measurements can be helpful in monitoring body shape changes associated with lipodystrophy ( see fact sheet 553 ) or with wasting syndrome ( see fact sheet 519 ). some of these measurements are used to determine if someone is overweight. excess weight is associated with a higher risk of heart disease. low weight, including an unintended weight loss of 5 % or more, may also be a sign of health problems ( see fact sheet 519 ). there are pluses and minuses for each method. some have to do with cost. also, a trained technician can often make a big difference in measurements. try to use the same technique and technician if you are tracking changes over time. this word just means measuring the body. anthropometry is the simplest technology. it involves using a tape measure to take key readings, such as biceps, thigh, waist, and hips. a trained technician is very important for this method. calipers ( a metal tool ) are used to \" pinch \" body tissue in several places. the measurements are compared to standards. people doing the measurement should be trained so that the measurements are standardized. divide your waist measurement ( at the narrowest point ) by your hip measurement ( at the widest point. ) in general, a healthy waist to hip ratio is below 0. 9 for men and below 0. 8 for women. these may not hold true for people with hiv who have fat accumulation around the waist. in general, a waist size over 40 \" for men or over 35 \" for women is associated with greater health risk. in bia, a person is weighed. age, height, gender and weight or other physical characteristics such as body type, physical activity level, ethnicity, etc. are entered in a computer. while the person is lying down, electrodes are attached to various parts of the body and a small electric signal is circulated. this signal cannot be felt. bia measures the resistance ( impedance ) to the signal as it travels through the body muscle and fat. the more muscle a person has, the more water their body can hold. the greater the amount of water in a person ' s body, the easier it is for the current to pass through it. higher fat levels result in more resistance to the current. fat tissue is about 10 % - 20 % water, while fat - free mass ( which includes muscle, bone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5164351065659996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.674364"} {"text": "person ' s body, the easier it is for the current to pass through it. higher fat levels result in more resistance to the current. fat tissue is about 10 % - 20 % water, while fat - free mass ( which includes muscle, bone, and water outside muscles ) averages 70 % - 75 % water. bia values depend on a person ' s age. normally you can get an analysis of your results when the test is done. this is a calculation based on your weight and height. the formula is : ( weight in kilograms ) divided by ( height in meters squared ; or multiplied by itself ). to convert pounds to kilograms, divide by 2. 2. to convert height to meters, first convert height to inches ( 12 x feet, plus extra inches ). then divide by 39. 4. for example, let ' s say that someone weighing 165 pounds is 5 ' 8 \" tall. bmi result categories are : for more information and a convenient bmi calculator that uses pounds and inches, see the web site \" calculate your bmi \" at http : / / nhlbisupport. com / bmi / tomography means looking at slices of the body. cat scanning uses x - rays to do this. it is helpful in calculating the ratio of fat within the abdomen compared to fat under the skin. the equipment is expensive. this x - ray technique divides the body into fat - free ( lean ) mass, bone mineral content, and fat. different amounts of the x - ray energy are absorbed by different types of tissue. dexa scans are very accurate but can be expensive due to the cost of the machine. dexa scans are also used to measure bone density ( see fact sheet 557. ) this technique uses a magnetic field to create an image of the body. the image shows the location and amount of fat. this is very expensive due to the cost of the machine and reading the scans. this method determines body volume. first the person is weighed dry. then they are immersed in water in a tank and weighed again. bone and muscle are more dense than water, and fat is less dense than water. a person with more bone and muscle will weigh more in water than a person with less bone and muscle. the volume of the body is calculated and body density and body fat percentage are calculated. this technique may underestimate the body fat percentage of athletes, and overestimate body fat in elderly people. body composition measurements can be helpful, over time, in tracking changes due to hiv or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5038421444155394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.675340"} {"text": "january 13, 2012 raltegravir ( isentress ) is a drug used for antiviral therapy against hiv. it was formerly known as mk - 0518. it is manufactured by merck. raltegravir is the first \" integrase inhibitor \" drug. when hiv infects a cell, it combines its genetic code into the cell ' s own code. this is shown in fact sheet 106, step 5. raltegravir blocks this process. when raltegravir blocks integration, hiv infects a cell but cannot make more copies of itself. raltegravir was approved in 2007 as an antiretroviral drug against hiv as part of an antiretroviral regimen. it was studied first in adults who had used antiretroviral therapy for some time whose virus had already developed resistance ( see fact sheet 126 ) to existing antiretroviral drugs. late in 2008 it was approved for use in patients just starting antiretroviral therapy. raltegravir has not been studied in children, pregnant women or older adults. there are no absolute rules about when to start antiretroviral drugs. you and your health care provider should consider your cd4 cell count, your viral load, any symptoms you are having, and your attitude about taking hiv medications. fact sheet 404 has more information about guidelines for the use of antiretroviral medications. raltegravir is taken twice a day. it will most likely be used by people who have very few choices of antiretroviral medications in pill form. if you take raltegravir with other antiretroviral drugs, you can reduce your viral load and increase your cd4 cells. this should mean staying healthier longer. the hiv virus is sloppy when it makes copies of its genetic code ( rna ). many new copies of hiv are mutations : they are slightly different from the original virus. some mutations can continue to multiply even when you are taking an antiretroviral drug. when this happens, the drug will stop working. this is called \" developing resistance \" to the drug. see fact sheet 126 for more information on resistance. raltegravir has shown activity against hiv that already has resistance to several other hiv medications. resistance to raltegravir is not well understood. with combination therapy ( taking more than one antiretroviral drug at the same time ), hiv mutates much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.456204944319024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.680104"} {"text": "activity against hiv that already has resistance to several other hiv medications. resistance to raltegravir is not well understood. with combination therapy ( taking more than one antiretroviral drug at the same time ), hiv mutates much more slowly. resistance takes longer to develop. it is very important to take antiretroviral medications according to instructions, on schedule, and not to skip or reduce doses. sometimes, if you develop resistance to one drug, you will also have resistance to other antiretroviral drugs. this is called \" cross - resistance \". because raltegravir is in a new class of antiretroviral drugs, it seems to have almost no cross resistance with antiretroviral drugs in older classes. raltegravir may be taken with or without food. it is provided as 400 mg tablets. the adult dosage of raltegravir is 400 mg twice daily. there is also a 300 mg chewable tablet that is taken twice daily. raltegravir may also be used by children. dosage for children less than 12 years old is based on their weight. merck studied a once - daily dose of 800 mg. this dose was less effective at controlling hiv than the approved twice a day dosage. the difference in effectiveness was greater in patients who started with viral loads over 100, 000. in human studies, the most common side effects in people taking raltegravir were diarrhea, nausea, and headache. reports from people using raltegravir also include rash and depression. in rare cases, skin rash can be severe and life - threatening. contact your health care provider immediately if you develop a serious rash while taking raltegravir. raltegravir has been studied to see if it interacts with other drugs. rifampin, used to treat tuberculosis ( see fact sheet 518 ) decreases blood levels of raltegravir. a higher dose of raltegravir must be used. raltegravir has not been studied with all medicines, over - the - counter drugs or vitamin or herbal supplements. be sure your doctor knows about all medications and supplements that you are taking. raltegravir is the first drug in a new class, integrase inhibitors. it stops hiv from inserting its genetic code into an infected cell. this prevents the virus from making new copies of hiv. raltegravir helps control hiv, even when it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4074436317037767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.681016"} {"text": "article reproduced courtesy of the guardian environment network ' sustainable ' palm oil campaign banned by asa 9th september, 2009 advertorial claimed that controversial oil business was ' green answer ' and was important to alleviating poverty a press campaign making environmental claims about the controversial product malaysian palm oil, including that it is \" sustainable \", has been banned as misleading by the advertising regulator. palm oil, which is used in a third of all groceries, has been at the centre of an environmental debate over its role in the destruction of rainforest in areas such as south - east asia. the press campaign, run by the malaysian palm oil council ( mpoc ), made a number of claims, including that the product was the \" green answer \" and that palm oil is the \" only product able to sustainably and efficiently meet a larger portion of the world ' s increasing demand for oil crop - based consumer goods, foodstuffs and biofuels \". mpoc also argued that the palm oil business had played an important role in the \" alleviation of poverty, especially among rural populations \". the advertorial went on to claim that criticism of malaysia ' s palm oil industry \u2013 including \" rampant deforestation and unsound environmental practices \" \u2013 amounted to \" protectionist agendas \" not based on scientific fact or evidence. environmental group friends of the earth, and two members of the public, complained to the advertising standards authority ( asa ) that a number of the claims made by mpoc were misleading and could not be proven. the asa said that a palm oil company sustainability certification scheme, through a body called the roundtable on sustainable palm oil ( rspo ), and the certification of biofuels in general, was \" still the subject of debate \". therefore making a claim that palm oil could be wholly sustainable, which cannot be substantiated, was deemed to be misleading. the asa also said that mpoc ' s attack on its detractors was likely to mislead. this was because mpoc could not prove that the production of palm oil did not, in fact, lead to deforestation or environmental damage. mpoc ' s assertion about helping to alleviate poverty was also misleading according to the asa, as there was \" not a consensus on the economic impact of palm oil on local communities \". the asa said that some research had shown that biofuel production causes adverse social impacts including rising food prices and has a major short - term impact on the poor. the asa ruled that the ad should not be shown again.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4258084188486243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.683588"} {"text": "researchers in kerala to use modern techniques for dna analysis alison is not aware of her white cousin housed in a rescue centre at puducherry. she, however, is on chattering terms with the grey striped version of her species scurrying about in a cage near hers in the laboratory of the department of zoology, university of kerala, here. ever since she was captured from the outskirts of the city in 2008, the black squirrel, named after a united kingdom - based scientist who helped identify the animal, has been the subject of intense scientific curiosity. following up on preliminary investigations that have confirmed the black and white animals to be variants of the indian striped palm squirrel, researchers here have launched a mission to decipher the genetic causes of the colour change. the multi - institutional project will use modern techniques for dna analysis. efforts are focussed on identifying the chromosome responsible for the genetic mutation in the grey squirrel, and the resultant colour change. \u201c apparently, one of the genes in the animal acted as a switch to activate the change in pigmentation, \u201d explains oommen v. oommen, council of scientific and industrial research emeritus scientist, who heads the project. while the research team has black and grey squirrels in its possession, the scientists have collected blood and hair samples of the white variant from puducherry where the animal is kept in a rescue centre operated by the forest department. unlike the united kingdom, the united states and canada where the black squirrel has attained sizeable populations, there have been no reports of the mutant versions being sighted anywhere else in india. \u201c we had earlier carried out gene sequencing to establish that the black squirrel is a variant of funambulus palmarum [ indian three - striped palm squirrel ]. that work will have to be repeated to ascertain the mutation responsible for melanisation [ black pigmentation ], \u201d says dr. oommen. \u201c our attempt is to understand the basic science behind the colour change, what it is that throws the switch. the project could have far reaching implications for mankind. it would perhaps obviate the need to use bleaching creams for a fair skin or have a sunbath for a tan. \u201d the sequencing programmes are expected to generate meaningful data in the next two months. the team includes dr. sanal george, rajiv gandhi centre for biotechnology ; dr. dileep kumar, anaswara krishnan and dr. achuth sankar s. nair ; department of computational biology and bioinformatics ; k.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46899768937212577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.686769"} {"text": "includes dr. sanal george, rajiv gandhi centre for biotechnology ; dr. dileep kumar, anaswara krishnan and dr. achuth sankar s. nair ; department of computational biology and bioinformatics ; k. ramachandran and a. s. vijayasree, department of zoology, university of kerala ; dr. divya, central university, kasaragode ; dr. helen mcrobie, east anglia university, cambridge ; dr. m. a. akbarsha, bharatidasan university ; dr. anil kumar, deputy conservator of forests, puducherry ; and dr. jacob alexander, veterinary surgeon, thiruvananthapuram zoo. this is not the first time dr. oommen and his team have been on the trail of animals exhibiting abnormal colour characteristics. the scientists have already lined up their next project, to carry out gene sequencing of a hen that changes colour. belonging to a small - time farmer near here, the bird has acquired a celebrity status for its ability to change from black to white and back without shedding feathers. \u201c unlike the squirrel, the switch seems to be active throughout the life of the bird, \u201d says dr. oommen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4984273132909448, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.687243"} {"text": "physicians, demographers, and epidemiologists often approach family planning as an issue of comparative risk and effectiveness of various contraceptive methods. but as the statistician christopher tietze ( 1908 \u2014 84 ) wrote in the 1950s, any contraceptive approach succeeds only if it is \u201c use - effective \u201d \u2014 one which individual women ( and men ) find appropriate for use within their own lives. this idea, of course, has very different connotations in the developed countries of the world, where contraceptives are marketed products, and in developing countries, where they are often made available through government population control programmes. let us consider a few historical instances from the usa in the mid - 20th century that cast some light on the way women responded to using contraceptives. in the late 1950s, tietze, then at the national committee for maternal health ( ncmh ) in new york, was working to improve the scientific legitimacy of contraception, both within us medical practice and for implementation in global population control programmes. with his ally mary calderone at the planned parenthood federation of america, he embarked on a research study to compare diaphragms, planned parenthood ' s medically endorsed method of choice, with what they called \u201c simple methods \u201d \u2014 spermicidal creams, jellies, and foam products. tietze and calderone suspected that many women found these products, which were widely marketed not only through physicians but also available at pharmacies and even five - and - dime stores, easier to use than the diaphragm, and therefore more \u201c use - effective \u201d. calderone lamented at one point that they could not gather data on condoms, also a simple, widely available method, but one that at the time was inaccessible to clinic - based research, since virtually all condoms were purchased by men in retail outlets. planned parenthood ' s 3 - year simple - method study and a concurrent project at the cleveland clinic had similar results. although spermicides seemed to be effective when used consistently, tietze found it impossible to draw significant conclusions, since more than 60 % of the women who took part dropped out of the study within 18 months. although each woman was allowed to choose her own method when enrolled, many would not use it regularly or even adhere to a single method or product for more than a few months ; all failed the use - effectiveness test. tietze noted ruefully that \u201c consistent use of one method was often not compatible with their pattern of life as evidenced by the frequent comment that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4892421397331935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.695207"} {"text": "to a single method or product for more than a few months ; all failed the use - effectiveness test. tietze noted ruefully that \u201c consistent use of one method was often not compatible with their pattern of life as evidenced by the frequent comment that they liked variety \u201d. tietze had meanwhile begun working with frederick osborn and the population council on what promised to be a method less subject to user whim : the intrauterine device ( iud ). this inexpensive and apparently effective device, inserted and removed only by physicians, seemed to be an ideal solution for global population control. the cooperative statistical program ( csp ) designed by tietze evaluated five different iuds between 1963 and 1968. the final reports presented data on 31 767 women submitted by 33 researchers at 26 clinical sites. some 45 % of the participants dropped out before the study concluded, some because of personal choice, most for \u201c medical reasons \u201d ( other than expulsion ). tietze noted, however, that \u201c the distinction between medical and personal reasons was not always unequivocal ; doubtful cases were classified as medical. \u201d in order therefore to assess the contraceptive effectiveness of the iud, tietze developed a formula that assessed the experience of those who persisted, \u201c the more determined contraceptors \u201d, while excluding those who had not found the device as use - effective. in 1960, of course, the iud and all earlier methods of contraception were overtaken by the astonishing impact of the pill. tietze, calderone, osborn, and their colleagues had known that enovid ( conovid ), the first oral contraceptive ( a progestin - oestrogen compound ), was in development, but at an ncmh conference in 1958, had agreed that most women would probably not find a medication that altered their physiological cycles acceptable. this was clearly a misconception. the freedom and personal control that the pill put into the hands of women was life - altering for many. as loretta lynn sang in 1975, \u201c i ' m making up for all those years since i ' ve got the pill. \u201d oral contraceptives proved not to be an unmixed blessing. in november, 1961, the lancet reported the death from thrombosis of a young woman who was taking the pill ; in less than a year, the us food and drug administration ( fda ) had received reports of six such deaths and 20 other non - fatal cases. popular articles in newspapers and magazines began to ask, \u201c how safe is the birth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4901712690593818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.696273"} {"text": "taking the pill ; in less than a year, the us food and drug administration ( fda ) had received reports of six such deaths and 20 other non - fatal cases. popular articles in newspapers and magazines began to ask, \u201c how safe is the birth control pill? \u201d several years of uncertainty and controversy followed, culminating in 1967, when martin vessey, richard doll, and their colleagues published their epidemiological findings in the british medical journal. they estimated the pill ' s mortality risk at one in 67 000 for women aged 34 years and younger and one in 25 000 for those aged 35 and older. the american journalist morton mintz, who had broken the thalidomide story in the usa, charged enovid ' s developers, gregory pincus and g d searle and company, with risking the lives of thousands of women, claiming erroneously that the pill had been tested on only 132 experimental subjects before fda approval. the feminist writer barbara seaman ' s better - evidenced, but impassioned, book, the doctors ' case against the pill, fuelled consumer and congressional concern, resulting in a series of hearings chaired by senator gaylord nelson in 1969, and the strengthening of the consumer warnings inserted in each packet of oral contraceptives sold. as elizabeth watkins has described, the debate over the pill and the nelson hearings galvanised feminist health activism in the usa and elsewhere. on the one hand, women still wanted an easy - to - use contraceptive that allowed them to control their own sexuality and reproductive choices ; on the other, some no longer fully trusted the medical profession to make decisions for them and they trusted the pharmaceutical industry even less. features in the popular magazines now shifted emphasis from discussing the risks of the pill to comparing and contrasting various contraceptive methods available and describing the \u201c lifestyle \u201d that each would best fit \u2014 in other words, assessing their use - effectiveness. as concerns focused on oral contraceptives in this period, the iud seemed to be a safer alternative to many women and physicians. in 1971, however, a h robins company introduced the dalkon shield, a tiny triangle - shaped iud with \u201c fins \u201d to prevent its expulsion ; the company claimed that the shield was 98 \u00b7 5 % effective in preventing pregnancy. over the next 3 years, some 3 \u00b7 7 million women chose to have this device inserted, including many young, single women, whom a h robins specifically targeted in its marketing. but within a year physicians reported cases of severe pelvic inflammatory disease, leading to miscarriage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44765470679899216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.697230"} {"text": "some 3 \u00b7 7 million women chose to have this device inserted, including many young, single women, whom a h robins specifically targeted in its marketing. but within a year physicians reported cases of severe pelvic inflammatory disease, leading to miscarriage, birth defects, infertility, and even death. a h robins suspended sales in 1974 and stopped manufacture in 1976, with about 400 000 lawsuits in progress ; the company was forced into bankruptcy in 1986. the subsequent histories of oral contraceptives and the iud are telling. manufacturers of both types of product have undertaken extensive research and redesign efforts to address the identified risks and improve the safety profiles ; the current formulations on the market are relatively low - risk and well - publicised so that both physicians and consumers are able to make informed choices. many medical experts consider the newer iuds safer for long - term use than oral contraceptives. but while women have continued to find oral contraceptives use effective, in the usa at least iuds never seem to have fully regained the confidence of women after the 1970s. indeed, iuds became less available in the usa during the 1980s and 1990s, as manufacturers found the market too limited to invest their time and effort ; only two devices, the copper - t paragard and hormonal mirena, are currently available. in most parts of europe iuds are used by a higher proportion of women than in the usa, although they are still less popular than oral contraceptives. by contrast, in many asian and african countries, where it has often been endorsed by government programmes, iud use predominates. in 1990, the population council tried again with norplant, an implantable device that slowly released progesterone over 5 years, a method designed to combine the best features of the pill and the iud ; but women in developed countries disliked the erratic menstrual cycles they experienced with it. norplant disappeared from the us and uk markets by around 2000 and other new implant and injectable products have so far had only limited impact on patterns of use. watkins has explored the remarketing of the oral contraceptive as a \u201c lifestyle \u201d drug, one that may also relieve premenstrual mood changes, treat acne, and regulate menstruation. but popular writers have discussed the appropriate contraceptive for a given lifestyle since at least the 1970s. the ultimate message of much of this popular literature in western countries is that women who take the pill are characterised as young,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4241296406646705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.698158"} {"text": "high - fructose corn syrup linked to type 2 diabetes high - fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ) in national food supplies around the world might help explain the rising rates of type 2 diabetes around the world, researchers at the university of southern california and the university of oxford report in the journal global public health. after studying 42 countries, researchers found that those that use hfcs in their food supply had a 20 percent higher prevalence of diabetes than those that did not use hfcs, suggesting an association with diabetes independent of total sugar intake and obesity levels. \u201c hfcs appears to pose a serious public health problem on a global scale, \u201d said principal study author michael i. goran, md, professor of preventive medicine, director of the childhood obesity research center, and co - director of the diabetes and obesity research institute at the keck school of medicine at usc in a release. \u201c the study adds to a growing body of scientific literature that indicates hfcs consumption may result in negative health consequences distinct from and more deleterious than natural sugar. \u201d not surprisingly, the united states topped the list with the most per - capita consumption of hfcs - 55 pounds per person, per year. the second highest was hungary, with an annual rate of 46 pounds per person per year. canada, slovakia bulgaria, belgium, argentina, korea, japan, and mexico also had high rates while germany, poland, greece, portugal, egypt, finland, and serbia were found to be among the lowest hfcs consumers. countries on the high end of the hfcs scale had an average type 2 diabetes rate of 8 percent, compared to 6. 7 percent in countries not using hfcs. researchers believe this link is driven by higher amounts of fructose in foods made with hfcs than in foods made with regular table sugar or glucose. some evidence suggests that the body metabolizes fructose differently from glucose, researchers say in the article, though this runs contrary to the positions of the american medical association and the academy of nutrition and dietetics, among other groups. the ama says hfcs is no worse for the body than glucose - containing table sugar - a claim that \u2019 s hard for some consumers to believe, as hfcs has been vilified for decades because of its suspected role in weight gain and metabolic syndrome. regardless, the take - home message is that consumers need to reduce the amount of all forms of sugar and sweeteners in their diets, says joan salge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40235469152814063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.702031"} {"text": "vilified for decades because of its suspected role in weight gain and metabolic syndrome. regardless, the take - home message is that consumers need to reduce the amount of all forms of sugar and sweeteners in their diets, says joan salge blake, ms, rd, ldn, a spokesperson for the academy of nutrition and dietetics. \u201c honey, high - fructose corn syrup, corn syrup, sucrose, molasses - these are all sources of added sugars that we need to reduce in our diet, \u201d she says. \u201c sixty - five percent of americans are overweight, and getting rid of foods like these that are just empty calories can potentially help manage weight. \u201d for more diabetes news and information, follow @ diabetesfacts on twitter from the editors of @ everydayhealth. reprinted with permission from everydayhealth. com see wrong or incorrect information in a story. tell us here location, st | website. com national life videos - mob underboss says jimmy hoffa was \" buried alive \" at dig site in oakland township ( 2807 ) - attorney believes fbi shifting media location a good sign in search for jimmy hoffa ( 1839 ) - police blotter june 18 : apparent suicide committed at home ; woman dies of drug overdose ( 1414 ) - tucker cipriano pleads no contest to first - degree murder, will spend life in prison ( 1232 ) - car rams into pontiac building to avoid accident with video ( 1170 ) - residents concerned about independence township crosswalk they believe is dangerous ; road commission defends system ( 1032 ) - hoffa mystery wrapped up in detroit mafia lore ( 1025 ) - new backcourt leads lathrup over dragons ( 19 ) - mob underboss says jimmy hoffa was \" buried alive \" at dig site in oakland township ( 10 ) - \u2018 anyone can be a father, but few are truly dads \u2019 ; oakland press readers honor their dads this father \u2019 s day ( 6 ) - macomb coroner accused of running \u2018 tyrannical \u2019 regime at morgue ( 5 ) - appeal filed to split up former pistons owner bill davidson ' s charitable foundation ( 5 ) - oxford school district sends letter, names parent accused of spreading rumors about elementary school principal with letter ( 3 ) recent activity on facebook caren gittleman likes talking cats. she ' ll discuss everything about them, from acquiring a cat, differences in breeds, behaviors, health concerns, inside versus outside lifestyles, toys, food,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44313311571048974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.702909"} {"text": "boffins simulate plasma - eating dusty ' life - forms ' dust to dust, etc physicists have discovered that charged particles of dust can form themselves into life - like structures that appear to be capable of reproducing and passing information along, behaviour reminiscent of life on earth. the researchers, ( led by v n tsytovich of the general physics institute, russian academy of science, in moscow, along with boffins from the max - planck institute for extraterrestrial physics in germany, and the university of sydney ) have developed a computer model to help them understand \" the behaviour of complex mixtures of inorganic materials in a plasma \". although convention dictates that there would be very little organisation in a system of such particles, the researchers demonstrated that under the right conditions, order could emerge. as the plasma becomes polarised, the model shows microscopic strands of particles twisting into helical, or corkscrew structures. the simulation suggests that the dusty corkscrews have two stable configurations - a large spiral and a small spiral. each helix could contain various sequences of these two states, the researchers say, which raises the possibility that they could store information. the team reports that the structures can divide, form copies ( transmit their stored information information ), interact with neighbouring spirals, and even induce changes in other spirals. more speculatively, they suggest these changes could evolve as less stable structures break down. so, are there corkscrew - shaped dust - aliens floating about in interstellar space? gregor morfill of the max planck institute for extraterrestrial physics in germany is not prepared to go quite that far. he told new scientist : \" it has a lot of the hallmarks for how we define life at present, but we have not simulated life. to us, they ' re just a special form of plasma crystal. \" however, tsytovich is prepared to be a bit more flexible on his definition of what might constitute life, saying that the spirals \" exhibit all the necessary properties to qualify them as candidates for inorganic living matter. they are autonomous, they reproduce, and they evolve \". the next step is to go hunting for a real environment where such structures could have emerged. morfill suggests that planetary rings would be the best place to start the search. the research is reported in the 14 august edition of the new journal of physics, and new scientist has a more extensive write up here. \u00ae 2 : 7 and the lord god formed man of the dust of the ground,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5701960897051814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.705620"} {"text": "is there a safe level of lead in children \u2019 s toys? perhaps not. recent studies suggest that the current standard for blood lead levels of 10 micrograms per deciliter of blood is too high. the cdc and the epa have both issue statements that no level of lead in the blood is safe, although the standard has not yet been lowered. dr. bruce lanphear, professor of pediatrics at cincinnati children \u2019 s hospital medical center said in an interview reported in the baltimore sun that a study he published last year showed that children older than 4 with lead levels as low as 2 micrograms per deciliter had a four fold risk of having attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder as compared to children older than 4 with lead levels less than 1 microgram per deciliter. other studies have shown similar results. for example, one study reported in the new england journal of medicine showed a significant drop in iq at levels below 10 ug / dl. blood lead levels correspond with the levels of lead in the individual \u2019 s environment. if no blood lead level is safe, then lead should be eliminated as much as possible from all sources. lead in children \u2019 s toys isn \u2019 t the only source of lead. lead in our houses is probably the biggest source of exposure. the u. s. department of housing and urban development estimates that 25 % of our nation \u2019 s housing contains significant lead based paint hazards. what is alarming is that the us didn \u2019 t regulate lead in paint until 1978 but the hazards of lead in paint were known much earlier. in 1904, j. lockhart gibson was one of the first english - speaking authors to link directly lead based paint to childhood lead poisoning. in 1905, he wrote, \u201c the use of lead paint within the reach of children should be prohibited by law. \u201d others made similar links in published literature, including 2 americans in 1914. kenneth blackfan and henry thomas reported a boy who died of lead poisoning after ingesting leaded paint on his crib railing. with this information, other countries banned or restricted lead in residential paints beginning in 1909 with france, belgium and austria to great britain, sweden and belgium in 1926, among many others. the us didn \u2019 t act, even in the face of mounting evidence, because of the strength of lobbying by the lead paint industry. in fact, the lead paint industry \u2019 s advertising in the first half of the 20th century aggressively promoted lead paint for interior use, and focused on children. some of the advertising pictures are just frightening \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4209180733522141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.708323"} {"text": "| [ excerpt from the science of yoga, page 280 ] in yoga, the spinal column is referred to as brahma danda, which literally means \" the walking stick of god. \" this should give us an indication of the importance that the ancients attributed to this region of the body. spinal health is of paramount importance in yoga. the spine is seen as a vehicle through which the power of the universe may manifest in the human form. as well, it is through sushumna nadi, the central channel within the spinal column that the mysterious and powerful kundalini force raises from its dormant state at the base of the spine to the brahmarandhra, or psychic aperture at the crown of the head. it is the vertical nature of the human spine which aligns the mechanism of our central nervous system with the vertical energy flows of the universe and gives superior intelligence to the human beings. thus, in meditation it is of the utmost importance that one ' s spine be vertical and straight. as we have touched upon in an earlier lesson, it was precisely to enable the yogi to sit comfortably with a tall and straight spine that the asanas were primarily concerned with. even so today, the recurring theme throughout much of our hatha yoga practice revolves around the health, strength and flexibility of the spine. one cannot have good health without a healthy spine. note : this yoga article is an excerpt from the science of yoga, an online yoga training program with streaming yoga videos and 600 pages of step - by - step yoga instruction. \" the science of yoga is a course worthy of leather binding and an honored place in the finest libraries in the world... it is indeed a masterful work. \" dr. john michael christian learn more about the science of yoga course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5284372855716677, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.710042"} {"text": "moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on sunday, november 18, 2012 at 05 : 20 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 25 % position of the moon on sunday, november 18, 2012 at 05 : 20 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 16\u00b0 26 ' | | south | | longitude : | | 159\u00b0 08 ' | | east | the ground speed of the movement is currently 428. 40 meters / second, 1542. 3 km / hour, 958. 3 miles / hour or 832. 7 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0\u00b0 14 ' 26. 3 \" | | 15. 97 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 00 ' 08. 0 \" | | 0. 15 mi | | north | | 15. 97 mi | | 1 hour | | 14\u00b0 26 ' 27. 2 \" | | 958. 18 mi | | west | | 0\u00b0 08 ' 06. 3 \" | | 9. 29 mi | | north | | 958. 56 mi | | 24 hours | | 12\u00b0 58 ' 45. 2 \" | | 861. 23 mi | | east | | 3\u00b0 36 ' 39. 6 \" | | 248. 28 mi | | north | | 903. 41 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | honiara | | sun 4 : 20 pm | | 780 km | | 485 miles | | 421 nm | | n | | luganville | | sun 4 : 20 pm | | 867 km | | 539 miles | | 468 nm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49251892111813406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.713534"} {"text": "| | sun 4 : 20 pm | | 780 km | | 485 miles | | 421 nm | | n | | luganville | | sun 4 : 20 pm | | 867 km | | 539 miles | | 468 nm | | e | | port vila | | sun 4 : 20 pm | | 988 km | | 614 miles | | 534 nm | | e | | noumea | | sun 4 : 20 pm | | 1004 km | | 624 miles | | 542 nm | | se | | brisbane | | sun 3 : 20 pm | | 1374 km | | 854 miles | | 742 nm | | ssw | | cairns | | sun 3 : 20 pm | | 1425 km | | 885 miles | | 769 nm | | w | | port moresby | | sun 3 : 20 pm | | 1508 km | | 937 miles | | 814 nm | | wnw | | yaren | | sun 5 : 20 pm | | 1956 km | | 1215 miles | | 1056 nm | | nne | | suva * | | sun 6 : 20 pm | | 2059 km | | 1280 miles | | 1112 nm | | e | | sydney * | | sun 4 : 20 pm | | 2087 km | | 1297 miles | | 1127 nm | | ssw | related time zone tools", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4147437141436717, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.713999"} {"text": "chlorine manufacturers that still use a 19th - century technology have been largely overlooked in the national debate over whether the bush administration has become aggressive enough in combating mercury emissions, an international group said yesterday. oceana, a group formed three years ago to track worldwide efforts to protect the seas, said chlorine plants that don ' t use a more modern mercury - free technology spew twice the mercury of some coal - fired power plants and should share some blame for fish consumption advisories in the great lakes as well as advisories against eating too much tuna from oceans. there are far more power plants, though. the u. s. environmental protection agency estimates that power plants are responsible for about two - thirds of america ' s airborne mercury, a dangerous toxin that can cause problems with brain and nervous - system development among children. while oceana agrees the primary focus should be on power plants, it said chlorine makers should not be given a free pass if they have not converted to a mercury - free technology. ninety percent of the chlorine made in the united states is manufactured with the cleaner process. the other 10 percent is made by nine manufacturers that haven ' t embraced it, including ashta chemicals inc. of ashtabula, ohio, the group said. ashta is ohio ' s single - largest source of mercury emissions and the nation ' s fifth - largest mercury emitter. ohio, which has more coal - fired power plants than most states, is second only to texas in mercury emissions, u. s. epa records show. an ashta spokesman was not available yesterday. but zoe lipman of the national wildlife federation, a group often critical of state and federal regulators, praised the ohio environmental protection agency for negotiating improvements at ashta. in september, the agency announced a $ 1. 54 million settlement that will prevent the release of 1, 320 pounds of mercury annually from ashta. although not mercury - free technology, the improvements will be \" an important step forward, \" ms. lipman said. also yesterday, several groups claimed 12 of ohio ' s 21 largest power plants increased annual emissions of sulfur dioxide between 1995 and 2004 and eight of them increased their annual emissions of smog - forming nitrogen oxide during that period. but jack shaner, an ohio environmental council spokesman, noted that firstenergy corp. ' s coal - fired bay shore power plant in oregon posted reductions. contact tom henry at :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4448177860383829, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.716671"} {"text": "before... the parasitic infection toxoplasmosis is perhaps a pregnant catkeeper ' s greatest fear. it can result in miscarriage, stillbirth or such birth defects as blindness, deafness, hydrocephalus or epilepsy. since cats can become infected with the parasite by eating small mammals or birds, it is best to keep your cat indoors. now is not a good time to befriend strays, as they may already be infected. toxoplasmosis cysts are shed in the feces of infected animals. since cats often use gardens as litter boxes, wear gloves when gardening and when you are washing raw vegetables and fruits, handling raw meat or scrubbing food prep surfaces. you should also avoid rubbing your eyes until your hands have been washed. and do not eat or feed your cat raw or undercooked meat. to prevent any cysts that are passed in the feces from becoming infectious, scoop fecal matter at least twice a day. better yet, use your \" delicate condition \" to get your mate to handle the dirt detail. some cats resemble little old maids who cannot tolerate change. these are the cats most likely to be affected by a new baby, so use the entire pregnancy to slowly prepare them. play tapes of baby noises to acclimate your cat to the new sounds he ' s about to hear, or rub baby lotion on your hands before engaging in a pleasant activity with him to create positive associations with baby odors. set up nursery furniture as soon as possible, and allow him several weeks to investigate before you select surfaces to declare off limits \u2014 such as the changing table and crib \u2014 so that he can see there ' s nothing scary here. however, don ' t make it so comfortable that he ' ll want to nap on them. then, at least one month before the baby arrives, make the surfaces unwelcoming. cut sheets of cardboard to the size of the furniture surfaces and cover one side with double - sided adhesive / masking tape. cats tend to avoid sticky surfaces, and by the end of the month, he should steer clear of these sites. if the litter box has been kept in the soon - to - be nursery, begin several months ahead of time to move it a few inches a day to its new location. if the transition is made too quickly, your cat may return to soil in his old spot. covering that area with a solid object like a diaper pail or dresser may deter him. finally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.413352766870564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.720656"} {"text": "it a few inches a day to its new location. if the transition is made too quickly, your cat may return to soil in his old spot. covering that area with a solid object like a diaper pail or dresser may deter him. finally, any cat care routines that will be shifted from new mother to mate after the baby arrives should actually be switched one to two months before the birth. these might include feedings, grooming, play sessions and sleep partners / locations. if these were always shared activities, the change will make little difference to the cat. if not, the cat will need time to adjust to the style and skills of the new caregiver.... and after birth when you first arrive home from the hospital, peacefully greet your cat in a quiet room without interruption. once you ' ve had a few minutes to reconnect, let in everyone else \u2014 mate, baby, grandparents, baby nurse and assorted well - wishers. unless your cat is extremely social, he will flee the hoopla and go into hiding. once things settle down, he will come tiptoeing back. place a used receiving blanket or piece of infantwear in a quiet area where the cat can investigate it. when nursing, allow the cat to approach and check things out. if he follows you into the nursery at naptime, make sure he doesn ' t jump into the crib. while there ' s certainly no truth to the myth that cats suck the air out of babies ' lungs, a newborn does not have the capacity to turn over or even move her head at first. a heat - seeking cat who chooses to cuddle up close to the baby ' s face could make it difficult for the child to breathe. close the door to the nursery when the baby is napping. if there is no door to close, either install a temporary screen door or hang mosquito netting over the crib to keep the cat out. these precautions also prevent the cat from urinating in the crib, something he may try if extremely stressed. with the baby safely at rest, now ' s the perfect time to grab a catnap with your favorite feline. jacque lynn schultz, cpdt aspca companion animal programs advisor national shelter outreach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40156345154536566, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.721544"} {"text": "babatunde osotimehin is united nations under - secretary - general and executive director of the united nations population fund. co - author sharon camp, is president and ceo of the guttmacher institute. the opinions expressed are their own. on july 11, at the london summit on family planning, leaders from 18 african countries made unprecedented commitments \u2014 financially and politically \u2014 to strengthen their family planning programs. the summit, sponsored by the british government and the bill and melinda gates foundation, with support from the united nations population fund ( unfpa ), focused attention on the ongoing lack of family planning services for millions of women in the developing world and garnered extraordinary global support and resources to enable 120 million more women to use contraceptives by 2020. the summit exceeded its target, raising pledges of $ 4. 6 billion over eight years. the call to action came not a moment too soon. in sub - saharan africa alone, approximately 53 million women have an unmet need for modern contraceptives, meaning they want to avoid pregnancy but are not using a modern method. a new study by the guttmacher institute and unfpa shows there has been minimal progress in addressing the contraceptive needs of african women during the past four years. what \u2019 s worse, in the 39 poorest countries in the region, the number of women with an unmet need has actually increased since 2008. among all sexually active women of reproductive age in sub - saharan africa, 42 percent want to avoid pregnancy but only 17 percent are using a modern contraceptive. across the continent, progress in meeting the demand for contraceptive services has been uneven. the situation of married women \u2014 who represent the bulk of women with contraceptive needs \u2014 is telling. between 2008 and 2012, the proportion of married women using modern contraceptives increased from 20 percent to 27 percent in east africa and from 54 percent to 58 percent in southern africa. however, in west africa and central africa, there was no progress during that time, and contraceptive use among married women remains low at 9 percent and 7 percent, respectively. not being able to plan their pregnancies can have devastating consequences for women. in 2012, more than 160, 000 are expected to die in sub - saharan africa from pregnancy - related causes \u2014 62, 000 of them did not want to be pregnant in the first place, a sobering statistic. the benefits of improving and expanding family planning programs in sub - saharan africa would be dramatic : there would be 14 million fewer unintended pregnancies ; maternal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40959379395656653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.725574"} {"text": "them did not want to be pregnant in the first place, a sobering statistic. the benefits of improving and expanding family planning programs in sub - saharan africa would be dramatic : there would be 14 million fewer unintended pregnancies ; maternal deaths would decline by 29 percent, saving the lives of 48, 000 women ; and infant deaths would drop by 555, 000 annually. plus, if women spaced their births by three years, which many would like to do, deaths among children aged five and under would drop significantly. so, what will it take to make these dramatic gains a reality? currently, approximately $ 381 million is spent each year on contraceptive care in sub - saharan africa. expanding coverage to all women who want to use family planning but lack access to contraceptive services would require an increase of $ 2. 3 billion. this sounds like a lot, but this investment is modest in relation to the remarkable returns it would achieve. what \u2019 s more, it would actually lower total health - related costs. every dollar invested in family planning services in sub - saharan africa saves $ 1. 30 on maternal and newborn health care \u2014 money that could be invested in other critical areas. in addition to improving public health, satisfying unmet need for modern contraceptives would bring a host of other benefits. enabling women to control their fertility and time their births means better chances for higher educational attainment, increased employment opportunities, and enhanced social and economic status. family savings and investment would rise, spurring economic growth and reducing poverty. these advances at the family level would in turn make social and economic development goals easier to achieve, benefiting society as a whole. evidence from ethiopia, malawi and rwanda shows that, with strong government commitment, significant gains can quickly be made in meeting women \u2019 s contraceptive needs. in rwanda, contraceptive use among married women increased from 9 percent in 2005 to 44 percent in 2010, a truly impressive achievement. if the commitments made at the london summit are realized, and similar ones follow, this kind of progress could potentially become the norm, not the exception. now it is up to all of africa \u2019 s leaders and the international community to do their part through a sustained commitment to improving the provision of contraceptive services. not only do women want to time and space their pregnancies to achieve healthier outcomes and better lives for themselves and their families, it is their human right to do so.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4131019219020109, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.726460"} {"text": "toadsuck, texas. toadsuck, originally called toadsuck saloon, later became part of collinsville in western grayson county. settlers arrived in the area in the late 1850s, and in 1869 a townsite was surveyed near toadsuck saloon, then located a half mile southeast of what is now the site of collinsville. the town of toadsuck took the name of the saloon. it may have been named by john jones, an early settler and mill owner, after the city of toadsuck, arkansas. according to legend, the name was originally a reference to men consuming liquor until they swelled up like toads. however, the word \" suck \" was also commonly used in the region as a term for a whirlpool in a river. hence, the town name may have simply meant \" toad whirlpool. \" in 1869 william ( alfalfa bill ) henry david murrayqv, who later became a notable oklahoma governor, was born in toadsuck. the texas and pacific line was built within three quarters of a mile of toadsuck in 1880, and by 1887 most of its businesses and residents had moved to the tracks. the railroad town was named collinsville when it was incorporated in the 1890s. ancestors and descendants : grayson county, texas ( sherman, texas : grayson county genealogical society, 1980 ). frank x. tolbert, \" tolbert ' s texas \" scrapbook, dolph briscoe center for american history, university of texas at austin. the following, adapted from the chicago manual of style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. lisa c. maxwell, \" toadsuck, tx, \" handbook of texas online ( http : / / www. tshaonline. org / handbook / online / articles / hvt74 ), accessed june 16, 2013. published by the texas state historical association.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3823710119224919, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.728909"} {"text": "united nations \u2014 funding for and attention to family planning has been declining for the past decade. at the same time, 200 million women still lack access to contraception, the largest youth generation ever is coming into its prime reproductive years and the women in poorest and least developed countries have the highest unmet need for family planning. that was the background for a meeting of technical experts convened this week by unfpa to discuss continuing inequities in family planning. it was one of three consultations organized to mark the 15th anniversary of the international conference on population and development and to identify remaining challenges and new directions for implementing its bold vision. while the opening session, \u201c the unfinished agenda, \u201d addressed ongoing hurdles to wider access to contraception, several of the key participants affirmed that in spite of the current financial crisis, this can be a time to re - energize the role of voluntary family planning in development. exercising the right to plan their pregnancies, a cornerstone of the icpd agenda, can be especially crucial to women who are young, impoverished or living far from health services that could ensure a safe delivery. yet these are the very people who disproportionately lack access to contraception, according to nuriye ortayli, a unfpa technical adviser. presenting data collected from demographic and health surveys, dr. ortayli demonstrated that while there has been a gradual leveling off of inequities in many middle - income countries, disparities remains high in much of sub - saharan africa, where more than 60 per cent of women who would like to avoid pregnancy lack access to appropriate means of contraception. \u201c unmet need for contraception is increasing fast in least developed countries, \u201d she said. stan bernstein, also of unfpa, described some of the reasons that family planning has fallen behind on the international agenda. in part, he said, family planning has been a victim of its early success in the 1990s. \u201c with so much early progress, it was thought that nothing new was needed, that the problem had been solved, \u201d he said. moreover, family planning was considered within the broader issue of reproductive health, and both, were downplayed in the initial framework for the millennium development goals, he noted. further, placing family planning solely in the context of health meant that it received \u201c a portion of a portion that is too small, \u201d he said. recent un estimates show that meeting icpd commitments for family planning will require $ 2 billion annually from donor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3974513101819944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.732249"} {"text": "gonococcal infections, including urethritis, cervicitis, epididymitis, and proctitis, are a significant cause of morbidity among sexually active men and women. the treatment of these sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) has evolved over the years, mainly due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. urogenital, anogenital, pharyngeal, and ocular gonococcal infections that are not associated with bacteremic or ascending spread of the pathogen to other organs are considered uncomplicated. this topic will address the treatment of these gonococcal infections, with a focus on urogenital infections. in 2012, the united states centers for disease control and prevention updated their guidelines on the treatment of neisseria gonorrhoeae. the information in this topic is largely consistent with those guidelines, as well as the 2010 sexually transmitted disease ( std ) treatment guidelines. the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of gonorrhea are discussed elsewhere. the treatment of complicated infections, such as disseminated gonococcal infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, is found elsewhere. ( see \" epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of neisseria gonorrhoeae infection \" and \" cutaneous manifestations of gonorrhea \" and \" diagnosis of gonococcal infections \" and \" disseminated gonococcal infection \" and \" treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease \", section on ' recommended regimens '. ) therapeutic principles \u2014 it is desirable for a therapeutic gonococcal regimen to : - be highly effective at all anatomic sites of infection - be well tolerated ( particularly in patients with recurrent infections ) - offer the feasibility of single - dose therapy at the point of care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4801736869624342, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.733942"} {"text": "the man without a face the unlikely rise of vladimir putin a chilling and unflinching portrait of one of the most fearsome figures in world politics. his early life has the ring of legend about it \u2014 the legend of a postwar thug. it starts in leningrad in 1952, just eight years after the end of the siege of leningrad. his parents, maria and vladimir putin, had survived the siege in the city. the elder vladimir putin had joined the army in the early days of the soviet - german war and had been wounded seriously in battle. these were the future president \u2019 s parents : a disabled man and a woman who had come very close to dying from starvation and who had lost her children ( a second son died in infancy several years before the war ). but by the measure of the postwar soviet union, the putins were lucky : they had each other. to have lived not only through the war but through the siege, and to still have your spouse \u2014 and your home \u2014 was, essentially, a miracle. because vladimir putin was catapulted to power from obscurity, and because he spent his entire adult life within the confines of a secret and secretive institution, he has been able to exercise greater control over what is known about him than almost any other modern politician \u2014 certainly more than any modern western politician. he has created his own - mythology of a child of post - siege leningrad, a mean, hungry, impoverished place that bred mean, hungry, ferocious children. one enters the building in which putin grew up through the courtyard. chunks of the handrail were missing, and the rest of the construction wobbled wildly. the putins lived on the top floor of the five - story building, and the journey up the dark stairs could be risky. three families shared a single gas stove and a sink stationed in the narrow hallway. the putins had the largest room in the shared apartment : around 20 square meters, or roughly 12 feet by 15 feet. by the standards of the time, this was an almost palatial abode. more incredibly, the putins also had a television set, a telephone, and a dacha ( a small house outside the city ). the elder vladimir putin worked as a skilled laborer at a train - car factory ; maria took backbreaking unskilled jobs ( night watchman, cleaning woman, loader ) that allowed her to spend time with her son. against the fine shades of postwar soviet poverty, the putins emerge as practically rich. education was not part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4510447403171529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.747923"} {"text": "backbreaking unskilled jobs ( night watchman, cleaning woman, loader ) that allowed her to spend time with her son. against the fine shades of postwar soviet poverty, the putins emerge as practically rich. education was not part of the younger putin \u2019 s idea of success ; he has placed a great emphasis on portraying himself as a thug, and in this he has had the cooperation of his childhood friends. by far the largest amount of authorized biographical information available about him concerns the many fistfights of his childhood and youth. putin, younger than the thugs he encountered and slight of build, apparently tried to hold his own with them. \u201c if anyone ever insulted him in any way, \u201d a friend recalled, \u201c volodya would immediately jump on the guy, scratch him, bite him, rip his hair out by the clump \u2014 do anything at all never to allow anyone to humiliate him in any way. \u201d putin \u2019 s friends recount a series of fighting stories, the same plot repeating itself year after year. \u201c we were in eighth grade when we were standing at a tram stop, waiting, \u201d recounted another friend. \u201c a tram pulled up, but it was not going where we needed to go. two huge drunken men got off and started trying to pick a fight with somebody. they were cursing and pushing people around. vovka calmly handed his bag over to me, and then i saw that he had just sent one of the men flying into a snowbank, face first. the second one turned around and started at volodya, screaming, \u2018 what was that? \u2019 a couple of seconds later he knew exactly what it was, because he was lying there next to his buddy. that was just when our tram pulled up. if there is anything i can say about vovka, it \u2019 s that he never let bastards and rascals who insult people and bug them get away with it. \u201d at the age of 10 or 11, putin went looking for a place where he could learn skills to supplement his sheer will to fight. boxing proved too painful : he had his nose broken during one of his first training sessions. then he found sambo. sambo, an acronym for a russian phrase that translates as \u201c self - defense without weapons, \u201d is a soviet martial art, a hodgepodge of judo, karate, and folk wrestling moves. with its discipline, sambo became part of putin \u2019 s transformation from a grade - school thug into a goal - directed and hardworking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4555492640006387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.748900"} {"text": "weapons, \u201d is a soviet martial art, a hodgepodge of judo, karate, and folk wrestling moves. with its discipline, sambo became part of putin \u2019 s transformation from a grade - school thug into a goal - directed and hardworking adolescent. it was also linked to what had become an overriding ambition : putin had apparently heard that the kgb expected new recruits to be skilled in hand - to - hand combat. \u201c imagine a boy who dreams of being a kgb officer when everyone else wants to be a cosmonaut, \u201d the journalist natalia gevorkyan said to me, trying to explain how odd putin \u2019 s passion seemed to her. i did not find it quite so farfetched : in the 1960s, soviet cultural authorities invested heavily in creating a romantic, even glamorous image of the secret police. when putin was 12, a novel called the shield and the sword became a bestseller. its protagonist was a soviet intelligence officer working in germany. when putin was 15, the novel was made into a wildly popular miniseries. forty - three years later, as prime minister, he would meet with 11 russian spies deported from the united states \u2014 and together, in a show of camaraderie and nostalgia, they would sing the theme song from the miniseries. \u201c when i was in ninth grade, i was influenced by films and books, and i developed a desire to work for the kgb, \u201d putin told a biographer. \u201c there is nothing special about that. \u201d the protestation raises the question : is there another explanation for putin \u2019 s single - minded passion? it seems there is, and putin has hidden it in plain sight, as the best spies do. we all want our children to grow up to be more successful versions of ourselves. vladimir putin was born to be a soviet spy. during world war ii, the elder putin had been assigned to troops who worked with the nkvd, as the soviet secret police was then called. the legend of his father \u2019 s daring escape from behind german lines with which the younger putin grew up is as likely to have been true as any other tale of miraculous survival and spontaneous heroism. it is not clear whether the elder putin had worked for the secret police before the war or continued to work for the nkvd afterward. it seems likely that he remained part of the so - called active reserve, a giant group of secret - police officers who held regular jobs while also informing for \u2014 and drawing a salary from \u2014 the kgb. this may explain why the putins lived so comparatively well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5009889763253423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.749858"} {"text": "likely that he remained part of the so - called active reserve, a giant group of secret - police officers who held regular jobs while also informing for \u2014 and drawing a salary from \u2014 the kgb. this may explain why the putins lived so comparatively well : the dacha, the television set, and the telephone \u2014 especially the telephone. at the suggestion of a kgb recruiter, putin went to university, where he seems to have chiefly kept to himself. he kept his grades up and spent his free time training in judo ( his coach and teammates had traded in sambo for an olympic martial art ) and driving around in his car. putin was, more than likely, the only student at leningrad university who owned his own car. in the early 1970s a car in the soviet union was a rarity : it cost roughly as much as a dacha. the putins won the car, a late - model two - door with a motorcycle engine, in a lottery, and rather than take the money \u2014 which would have been enough to get them out of the communal apartment and into a separate flat in a newly constructed building \u2014 gave the car to their son. that they gave the younger putin this lavish gift, and that he accepted it, are further examples of the putins \u2019 extraordinarily doting relationship with their son, and perhaps of their incongruous riches. whatever the reason, putin \u2019 s relationship to money \u2014 extravagant and strikingly selfish for his social - context \u2014 - appears to have taken shape during his university years. soon after university putin achieved his dream of entering the kgb, and he seems to have made no secret of his work for it. he told the cellist sergei roldugin, who would become his best friend, almost as soon as the two met. roldugin, who had traveled abroad with his orchestra and had seen kgb handlers at work, says he was apprehensive and curious at once. \u201c once, i tried to get him to talk about some operation that had gone down, and i failed, \u201d he told putin \u2019 s official biographers. \u201c another time i said to him, \u2018 i am a cellist, and that means i play the cello. i \u2019 ll never be a surgeon. what \u2019 s your job? i mean, i know you are an intelligence officer. but what does that mean? who are you? what can you do? \u2019 and he said, \u2018 i am an expert in human relations. \u2019 that was the end of the conversation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4891038473592606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.751017"} {"text": "job? i mean, i know you are an intelligence officer. but what does that mean? who are you? what can you do? \u2019 and he said, \u2018 i am an expert in human relations. \u2019 that was the end of the conversation. he really thought he knew something about people... \u201d putin \u2019 s own descriptions of his romances paint him as a strikingly inept communicator. he had one significant relationship with a woman before meeting his future wife ; he left her at the altar. \u201c that \u2019 s how it happened, \u201d he told his biographers, explaining nothing. \u201c it was really hard. \u201d he was no more articulate on the subject of the woman he actually married \u2014 nor, it seems, was he successful at communicating his feelings to her during their courtship. they dated for more than three years \u2014 an extraordinarily long time by soviet or russian standards, and at a very advanced age : putin was almost 31 when they married. mrs. putin has gone on record saying it was by no means love at first sight, for at first sight putin seemed unremarkable and poorly dressed ; he has never said anything publicly about his love for her. her description of the day he finally proposed paints a picture of a profound failure to communicate. \u201c one evening we were sitting in his apartment, and he says, \u2018 little friend, by now you know what i \u2019 m like. i am basically not a very convenient person. \u2019 and then he went on to describe himself : not a talker, can be pretty harsh, can hurt your feelings, and so on. not a good person to spend your life with. and he goes on. \u2018 over the course of three and a half years you \u2019 ve probably made up your mind. \u2019 i realized we were probably breaking up. so i said, \u2018 well, yes, i \u2019 ve made up my mind. \u2019 and he said, with doubt in his voice, \u2018 really? \u2019 that \u2019 s when i knew we were definitely breaking up. \u2018 in that case, \u2019 he said, \u2018 i love you and i propose we get married on such and such a day. \u2019 and that was completely unexpected. \u201d they were married three months later. ludmila moved to leningrad to live with putin in the two rooms he shared with his parents. in the middle to late 1970s, when putin joined the kgb, it, like all soviet institutions, was undergoing a phase of extreme bloating. its growing number of directorate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4634154470083746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.752082"} {"text": "leningrad to live with putin in the two rooms he shared with his parents. in the middle to late 1970s, when putin joined the kgb, it, like all soviet institutions, was undergoing a phase of extreme bloating. its growing number of directorates and departments were producing mountains of information that had no clear purpose, application, or meaning. an entire army of men and a few women spent their lives com - piling newspaper clippings, transcripts of tapped telephone conversations, reports of people followed and trivia learned. the internal ideology of the kgb, as of any police organization, rested on a clear concept of the enemy. but putin entered the service not only in the post - stalin era but also during one of the few brief periods of peace in soviet history. the only active enemies were the dissidents, a handful of brave souls who drew a disproportionate amount of kgb force. putin claims not to have taken part in anti - dissident work but has shown in interviews that he was thoroughly familiar with the way it was organized, probably because he was part of the group fighting the dissidents, as a former comrade \u2019 s memoir claimed. his break came in 1984, when he was sent to spy school in moscow. barring an unexpected disaster, putin knew that afterward he would be assigned to work in germany, but he was disappointed that it was to dresden. at the age of 33, putin, with ludmila \u2014 who was pregnant \u2014 and their 1 - year - old daughter, maria, traveled to his backwater assignment. this was the job for which he had worked and waited for 20 years, and he would not even be undercover. the putins, like five other russian families, were given an apartment in a large apartment block in a little stasi world : secret - police staff lived here, worked in a building a five - minute walk away, and sent their children to nursery school in the same compound. their job was to collect information about \u201c the enemy, \u201d which was the west, meaning west germany and, especially, united states military bases in west germany, which were hardly more accessible from dresden than they would have been from leningrad. putin and his colleagues were reduced mainly to collecting press clippings, thus contributing to the growing mountains of useless information produced by the kgb. the putins had a second daughter and named her ekaterina. putin drank beer and got fat. he stopped training, or exercising at all, and he gained more than 20 pounds \u2014 a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.503929138203164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.753131"} {"text": "the growing mountains of useless information produced by the kgb. the putins had a second daughter and named her ekaterina. putin drank beer and got fat. he stopped training, or exercising at all, and he gained more than 20 pounds \u2014 a disastrous addition to his short and fairly narrow frame. from all appearances, he was seriously depressed. his wife, who has described their early years together as harmonious and joyful, has pointedly refrained from saying anything about their family life after spy school. she has said only that her husband never talked to her about work. not that there was much to tell. the job putin had once coveted, working to draft future undercover agents, turned out to be not only tedious but fruitless. he and his two colleagues from the illegal - intelligence unit tracked down foreign students enrolled at the dresden university of technology and spent months gaining their confidence, often only to find that they did not have enough money to entice the young people to work for them. still, it was in the west \u2014 so close and so unreachable for someone like putin ( some other soviet citizens posted in germany had the right to go to west berlin ) \u2014 that people had the things he really coveted. he made his wishes known to the very few westerners with whom he came in contact \u2014 members of the radical group red army faction, who took some of their orders from the kgb and occasionally came to dresden for training sessions. \u201c he always wanted to have things, \u201d a former raf member told me of putin. \u201c he mentioned to several people wishes that he wanted from the west. \u201d this source claims to have personally presented putin with a grundig satellit, a state - of - the - art shortwave radio, and a blaupunkt stereo for his car ; he bought the former and pilfered the latter from one of the many cars the raf had stolen for its purposes. just as the putins left the soviet union, that country began to change drastically and irrevocably. mikhail gorbachev came to power in march 1985. two years later, he had released all soviet dissidents from prison and was beginning to loosen the reins on soviet - bloc countries. over the next few years, a chasm would open up between the party and the kgb, culminating with the failed coup in august 1991. watching the changes from afar, surrounded by other secret - police officers \u2014 and no one else \u2014 putin must have felt a hopeless, helpless fury. in east germany", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.502001886733134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.754204"} {"text": "open up between the party and the kgb, culminating with the failed coup in august 1991. watching the changes from afar, surrounded by other secret - police officers \u2014 and no one else \u2014 putin must have felt a hopeless, helpless fury. in east germany, as in the soviet union, people were beginning to come out into the streets to protest, and the unthinkable was quickly beginning to look probable : the two germanys might be reunited \u2014 the land putin had been sent here to guard would just be handed over to the enemy. everything he had worked for was now in doubt ; everything he had believed was being mocked. this is the sort of insult that would have prompted the agile young man that putin had been to pound the offender until his fury had subsided. middle - aged, out - of - shape putin sat silent and helpless as his dreams and hopes for the future were destroyed. on oct. 7, 1989, vladimir putin \u2019 s 37th birthday, east germany celebrated its 40th anniversary, and riots broke out in berlin. a month later the berlin wall fell, but demonstrations in east germany continued until the first free - elections in march. even before the protesters had chased the stasi out of its buildings, east germany began the grueling and painful process of purging the stasi from its society. all of the putins \u2019 neighbors not only lost their jobs but also were banned from working in law enforcement, the government, or teaching. the putins returned to leningrad. they carried a 20 - year - old washing machine given to them by their former neighbors and a sum of money in u. s. dollars, sufficient to buy the best soviet - made car available. this was all they had to show for four and a half years of living abroad \u2014 and for vladimir putin \u2019 s unconsummated spy career. the four of them would be returning to the smaller of the two rooms in the elder putins \u2019 apartment. in the years that followed, putin did all he could to bring back the life he had loved : the closed world of the soviet union and, even more important, the kgb. not only did he become head of the russian state a mere dozen years after returning from germany, but he also succeeded in transforming the country, turning back democratic reforms and ultimately establishing a thoroughly corrupt and inefficient authoritarian regime in the image of the u. s. s. r. while his political inspiration has come from the kgb, his personal style goes back to the st. petersburg courtyards, where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4938091753424825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.755187"} {"text": "ultimately establishing a thoroughly corrupt and inefficient authoritarian regime in the image of the u. s. s. r. while his political inspiration has come from the kgb, his personal style goes back to the st. petersburg courtyards, where he picked up the wit and social - graces of a street thug. he scored his first major surge in popularity in 1999, when he vowed to hunt down chechen terrorists. since then he has continued to employ a rhetoric based on homegrown vulgarisms even when many russians seem to have had enough of his ways. what used to look like macho decisiveness and directness now looks unenlightened. putin \u2019 s thug myth may ultimately contribute more to his demise than it did to his rise to power. from the man without a face by masha gessen. reprinted by arrangement with riverhead books, a member of penguin group ( usa ) inc. and granta books ( uk ). \u00a9 2012 by masha gessen. \u201c in a country where journalists critical of the government have a way of meeting untimely deaths, ms. gessen has shown remarkable courage in researching and writing this unflinching indictment of the most powerful man in russia \u2026 although written before the recent protests erupted, the book helps to explain the anger and outrage driving that movement. \u201d \u2013 the wall street journal \u201c part psychological profile, part conspiracy study \u2026 as a moscow native who has written perceptively for both russian and western publications, gessen knows the cultures and pathologies of russia \u2026 [ and has ] a delicious command of the english language \u2026 a fiercely independent journalist \u2026 gessen \u2019 s armchair psychoanalysis of putin is speculative. but it is a clever and sometimes convincing speculation, based on a close reading of putin \u2019 s own inadvertently revealing accounts of his life, and on interviews with people who knew putin before he mattered. \u201d \u2013 the new york times book review \" absorbing \u2026 gessen is most illuminating when she details the historical accidents that allowed an unexceptional bureaucrat to rule russia. \" \u2013 the new yorker \u201c engrossing and insightful. \u201d \u2013 bloomberg the putin era : some casualties a time line by masha gessen october 7, 2006 ( putin \u2019 s birthday ) to keep up - to - date, input your email address, and we will contact you on publication please alert me via email when :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43459080060602007, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.756094"} {"text": "a number of studies have found evidence that too much television is bad for children ' s development, even when it ' s playing in the background and kids are not watching. now a study has tracked just how much background tv kids get and it ' s a lot \u2014 232. 2 minutes or nearly 4 hours worth every day. the average amount is even greater among some, especially children who are younger, african - american or from the poorest families, finds the study in today ' s pediatrics. the nearly four hours of background tv exposure \" easily dwarfs \" the 80 minutes of active tv viewing the average child in this age group absorbs daily, says the study. \" you ' re looking at three times the amount, which is enormous, \" says matthew lapierre, one of the study authors, an assistant professor of communication studies at the university of north carolina - wilmington. \" it ' s really kind of shocking, \" he says. the study was presented in may at a meeting of the international communication association. it was conducted using a nationally representative telephone survey of 1, 454 parents with at least one child between the ages of 8 months and 8 years old. among questions that parents were asked : how often their tv was on when no one was watching ; whether their child had a tv in their bedroom and the number of tvs in the home. it found that in addition to actual tv viewing, children under age 2 and african - american children were exposed to an average of 5. 5 hours a day of a tv playing in the background ; children from the poorest families were exposed to nearly 6 hours per day. the finding among african - americans \" wasn ' t unexpected, \" says lapierre noting that statistically, their households \" are often found to be more tv - centric, \" compared with other groups, with more tvs per household and more of those tvs in bedrooms. he suspects that the high rate of background tv among very young children may have to do with parents and caregivers leaving the television on, even when they ' re not actively watching, to \" break up the monotony \" of being with an infant or toddler for long stretches of the day. the study notes that background television exposure has been \" linked to lower sustained attention during playtime, lower quality parent - child interactions, and reduced performance on cognitive tasks. \" heather kirkorian, an assistant professor of human development and family studies a researcher at the university of wisconsin - madison who has published studies on background television ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44046861975745244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.758755"} {"text": "1. upali thera. - one of the most eminent of the buddha ' s immediate disciples. he belonged to a barber ' s family in kapilavatthu and entered the service of the sakiyan princes. when anuruddha and his cousins left the world and sought ordination from the buddha at anupiya grove, upali accompanied them. they gave him all their valuable ornaments, but, on further consideration, he refused to accept them and wished to become a monk with them. the reason given for his refusal is that he knew the sakyans were hot - headed, and feared that the kinsmen of the princes might suspect him of having murdered the young men for the sake of their belongings. at the request of the sakiyan youths, the buddha ordained upali before them all, so that their pride might be humbled. ( vin. ii. 182 ; dha. i. 116f ; see also bu. i. 61 ; but see bua. 44 ; the tibetan sources give a slightly different version, see rockhill, op. cit., pp. 55 - 6 ; according to the mahavastu iii. 179, upali was the buddha ' s barber, too ). upali ' s upajjhaya was kappitaka ( vin. iv. 308 ). when upali went to the buddha for an exercise for meditation, he asked that he might be allowed to dwell in the forest. but the buddha would not agree, for if upali went into the forest he would learn only meditation, while, if he remained amongst men, he would have knowledge both of meditation and of the word of the dhamma. upali accepted the buddha ' s advice and, practising insight, in due course won arahantship. the buddha himself taught upali the whole of the vinaya pitaka ( thaga. i. 360f, 370 ; aa. i. 172 ). in the assembly of the sangha, the buddha declared him to be the most proficient of those who were learned in the vinaya ( vinayadharanam ) ( a. i. 24 ; see also vin. iv. 142, where the buddha is mentioned as speaking upali ' s praises ). he is often spoken of as having reached the pinnacle of the vinaya, or as being its chief repository ( vinaye agganikkhitto ), ( e. g., dpv. iv. 3, 5 ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43008727795698337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.771568"} {"text": ". he is often spoken of as having reached the pinnacle of the vinaya, or as being its chief repository ( vinaye agganikkhitto ), ( e. g., dpv. iv. 3, 5 ; v. 7, 9 ) and three particular cases - those of ajjuka ( vin. iii. 66f ), the bharukacchaka monk ( vin. iii. 39 ) and kumara - kassapa ( aa. i. 158 ; ma. i. 336 ; j. i. 148 ; dha. iii. 145 ) - are frequently mentioned in this connection as instances where upali ' s decisions on vinaya rules earned the special commendation of the buddha. in the rajagaha council, upali took a leading part, deciding all the questions relative to the vinaya, in the same way as ananda decided questions regarding the dhamma ( vin. ii. 286f ; da. i. 11f ; mhv. iii. 30 ). in accordance with this tradition, ascribing to upali especial authority regarding the rules of the order, various instances are given of upali questioning the buddha about the vinaya regulations. thus we find him consulting the buddha as to the legality or otherwise of a complete congregation performing, in the absence of an accused monk, an act at which his presence is required ( vin. i. 325f ). again, he wishes to know if, in a matter which has caused altercations and schisms among members of the order, the sangha declares re - establishment of concord without thorough investigation, could such a declaration be lawful? ( vin. i. 358f ). when a monk intends to take upon himself the conduct of any matter that has to be decided, under what conditions should he do so? what qualities should a monk possess in himself before he takes upon himself to warn others? ( vin. ii. 248f ). in what case can there be an interruption of the probationary period of a monk who has been placed on probation? ( vin. ii. 33f ). a whole list of questions asked by upali and answers given by the buddha on matters pertaining to the vinaya rules is found in the chapter called upali - pancaka in the parivara ( vin. v. 180 - 206 ; see also the upalivagga of the anguttara nikaya v. 70ff ). it is not possible", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44876846282907124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.772535"} {"text": "is found in the chapter called upali - pancaka in the parivara ( vin. v. 180 - 206 ; see also the upalivagga of the anguttara nikaya v. 70ff ). it is not possible to determine which of these and other questions were actually asked by upali, and which were ascribed to him on account of his traditional reputation. it is said ( e. g., vin. iv. 142 ; sp. iv. 876 ) that even in the buddha ' s lifetime monks considered it a great privilege to learn the vinaya under upali. the monks seem to have regarded upali as their particular friend, to whom they could go in their difficulties. thus, when certain monks had been deprived by thieves of their clothes, it is upali ' s protection that they seek ( vin. iii. 212 ; see also the story of ramaniyavihari, thaga. i. 116 ). the canon contains but few records of any discourses connected with upali, apart from his questions on the vinaya. in the anguttara nikaya ( a. iv. 143f ) he is mentioned as asking the buddha for a brief sermon, the buddha telling him that if there were anything that did not conduce to revulsion and detachment, upali could be sure that such things did not form part of the buddha ' s teaching. there is a record of another sermon ( a. v. 201ff ) which the buddha is stated to have preached when upali expressed the desire to retire into the solitude of the forest. the buddha tells him that forest - life is not for the man who has not mastered his mind or attained to tranquillity. for other sermons see upali sutta and ubbahika sutta. three verses are ascribed to upali in the theragatha ( vv. 249 - 51 ; but see gotama the man, p. 215 ; another verse ascribed to upali, but so far not traced elsewhere, is found in the milinda p. 108 ) where he admonishes the brethren to seek noble friends of unfaltering character, to learn the monks ' code of discipline and to dwell in solitude. in the time of padumuttara, upali was a very rich brahmin named sujata. when the buddha came to his father ' s city in order to preach to him the dhamma, sujata saw him, and in the assembly be noticed an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41381010870769164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.773483"} {"text": "of the vinayadharas was dasaka, whom upali had first met at the valikarama, where upali was staying ( mhv. v. 10 ). upali taught him the whole of the vinaya. upali ' s death was in the sixth year of udayibhadda ' s reign. dpv. v. 7ff. 2. upali. - a lad of rajagaha. his parents, wishing him to live a life of ease, did not have him instructed in any of the usual means of livelihood, lest he should be inconvenienced while learning them. after much consideration, they decided to have him ordained. he joined the order with sixteen other companions equally young, and it is said that they rose at dawn and started shouting for food. this was the reason for the rule that no one under twenty years of age should receive the upasampada ordination. vin. i. 77f. 3. upali thera. - the apadana ( i. 91f ) contains the story of a thera named upali, who is to be distinguished from the eminent disciple of that name, though the apadana verses obviously point to a confusion of the legends of the two. the apadana commentary distinguishes this monk as \" bhagineyya upali, \" and states that he was a nephew of the venerable upali. he was born in kapilavatthu and was ordained by his uncle, who later became an arahant. bhagineyya upali had been a householder in the time of padumuttara. later he left the world and became an ascetic in himava. there he met the buddha and the monks, and uttered their praises in song. as a result he was eighteen times king of the devas and twenty - five times king of men. 4. upali. - distinguished as upali - gahapati. he lived at nalanda and was a follower of nigantha nataputta. he was present when digha - tapassi reported to nataputta an account of his visit to the buddha in the pavarika mango - grove. upali undertook to go himself to the buddha and refute his views, in spite of the protestations of digha - tapassi. at the end of his discussion with the buddha, which is recorded in the upali sutta, upali is converted and invites the buddha to a meal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3631866630007537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.775456"} {"text": "##ute his views, in spite of the protestations of digha - tapassi. at the end of his discussion with the buddha, which is recorded in the upali sutta, upali is converted and invites the buddha to a meal. although the buddha enjoins upon upali that his benefactions to the niganthas should not cease because of his conversion, upali gives instructions that no nigantha be admitted to his presence, but that if they need food it shall be given to them. hearing a rumour of his conversion, first tapassi, and later nataputta himself, go to upali ' s house, where they learn the truth. when nataputta is finally convinced that upali has become a follower of the buddha, hot blood gushes from his mouth ( m. i. 371ff ). according to buddhaghosa ( ma. ii. 621, 830 ), nataputta had to be carried on a litter to pava, where he died shortly after. upali became a sotapanna ( ma. ii. 620 ). he is mentioned, with ananda, citta - gahapati, dhammika - upasaka and khujjuttara, as one who had acquired the four patisambhida while being yet a learner ( sekha ). vsm. ii. 442 ; vibha. 388. 5. upali thera. - head of the chapter of monks sent from siam, at the request of kittisirirajasiha, to re - establish the upasampada ordination in ceylon. he was held in great esteem by the king of ceylon and often preached to him. upali died in ceylon of an incurable disease of the nose, and his funeral obsequies were held with great solemnity. cv. c. 71, 94, 117, 127, 142.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38278756522415724, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.776071"} {"text": "links to government agencies and offices : - american president - fast facts about each of the u. s. presidents. a comprehensive resource from the university of virginia. - ben ' s guide to u. s. government for kids - a comprehensive look at the workings of the u. s. government. includes sections for different age ranges. from the u. s. government printing office. - congress for kids - an interactive look at the workings of the u. s. congress. designed for students from 4th grade to high school. - kids. gov - from the federal citizen information center. this site contains links to kid - focused sites about government and many other subjects provided by numerous government agencies. conveniently grouped by subject. - political resources on the net - listings of political sites available on the internet sorted by country, with links to parties, organizations, governments, media and more from all around the world. - state and local governments - information about each state government, plus maps of states and information about local governments. from the library of congress. - state of illinois website - the official site of the state of illinois. - the declaration of independence - this is a web page from the national archives with outstanding information about the declaration of independence. - thomas from the library of congress - detailed information about the legislative process : how laws are made ; current legislation in congress ; historical documents.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4393755719854756, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.777659"} {"text": "your child \u2019 s pediatrician has diagnosed her with asthma. now what? your next stop will probably be at an allergist ' s office since there \u2019 s a strong connection between asthma and allergies. according to the asthma and allergy foundation of america, about 80 percent of children with asthma also suffer from allergies. your pediatrician will probably also recommend that you take your child to a pulmonologist, a doctor who specializes in the lungs. the pulmonologist will use a machine called a spirometer to measure how well your child \u2019 s lungs are working \u2014 how much air the lungs can hold and how quickly the air moves to the lungs when your child inhales. your child will be asked to breath in deeply, hold her breath momentarily, and then blow out into the machine as hard as she can for a few times. it \u2019 s painless, and kid - friendly spirometers have smiley faces or birthday candles, which keep toddlers and preschoolers engaged and encourage them to work hard. managing your child \u2019 s asthma here \u2019 s what you can do at home to help your asthmatic child : identify and remove the triggers : your little one \u2019 s allergy tests probably identified some of the triggers, but not all. so you \u2019 ll have to uncover a few yourself : does your child have an attack when she \u2019 s stressed or when she \u2019 s been running around the playground at top speed? if the doctor suspects that dust or mold is the culprit, you may have to remove carpeting and stuffed animals from your tot \u2019 s room. you can also get hypoallergenic mattresses and pillows to minimize the effects of dust mites and pet dander. if cigarette smoke is what ' s behind your child \u2019 s flare - ups, now \u2019 s the time to quit ( and make sure no one else smokes around your sweetie ). get the right meds : asthma is essentially treated with two types of medication : quick relief or rescue meds, such as albuterol, are used to stop the symptoms and relax the muscles tightening around the airways ; and long - term or controller drugs, such as advair, are used on a daily basis to help prevent flare - ups. in an emergency ( when albuterol or other type of fast - acting medicine doesn ' t provide relief within 15 to 20 minutes ), corticosteroids ( anti - inflammatory medication that keeps the airways from swelling ) \u2014 in addition to albu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3656824781422691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.785414"} {"text": "an emergency ( when albuterol or other type of fast - acting medicine doesn ' t provide relief within 15 to 20 minutes ), corticosteroids ( anti - inflammatory medication that keeps the airways from swelling ) \u2014 in addition to albuterol \u2014 are administered for three to five days to get your child \u2019 s asthma under control. asthma medications come in many different forms. they can be taken orally in liquid form or pills, inhaled using a metered - dose inhaler ( for example, albuterol ), or given intravenously. babies and toddlers often get their medication through a machine called a nebulizer. the device turns the liquid form of albuterol into a mist that is delivered to the lungs through a mouthpiece and mask. schedule frequent appointments : each patient responds differently to asthma meds, so to minimize side effects and complications, make regular doctor visits a priority. your little one will probably need to see the doctor or specialist every three or four months. teach your older child self - care : if your child is taking daily medication to control her asthma and is already in grade school, she may be given a peak - flow meter to use at home. it \u2019 s easy to handle and helps monitor how well the lungs are working. she \u2019 ll be shown the proper technique for blowing into it and how to record the daily results. sometimes the peak - flow number decreases hours or days before an asthma attack. so the information can help you ( and her ) adjust her treatment to prevent an oncoming flare - up. some kids do outgrow asthma, many before they turn six. but most often these are the kids whose asthma was the result of an infection and who don \u2019 t have allergies or a family history of the disease. other children \u2019 s symptoms diminish as they become tweens or teens, but their asthma may return when they become adults. unfortunately, there are no tests to predict who will outgrow the condition and who won \u2019 t. even if your child has asthma all her life, taking the proper steps now will help her breathe easier. the support your little one gets from you, the doctor, and the right combination of medications will make an enormous difference in her well - being and guarantee that she \u2019 ll lead a rich and active life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3949406733002081, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.786275"} {"text": "image of the sun from soho click on image for full size courtesy of nasa soho catches glimpse of the sun ' s \" far side \" news story originally written on june 23, 1999 the solar and heliospheric observatory ( soho ) caught a rare view of the far side of the sun. scientists can now see if a solar storm is coming before it reaches earth. this may save the satellite industry millions of dollars each year. when the sun releases large amounts of energy, the light makes patches of hydrogen gas glow. this glow is invisible to earth, but not to soho. this new technology can give scientists a few days warning before the storm actually hits. soho also captured the largest shadow ever seen. when comet hale - bopp passed by in 1997, soho took a few photographs. behind the comet, was a shadow over 150 million kilometers long. when the comet came near the sun, it developed a long tail made of hydrogen. this tail and the comet itself were projected onto the sky. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store on science education, ranging from evolution, classroom research, and the need for science and math literacy you might also be interested in : hale - bopp continues to offer new surprises as two astronomers report of their study of the comet. using the hubble space telescope and the international ultraviolet explorer, the astronomers did a year - long... more it was another exciting and frustrating year for the space science program. it seemed that every step forward led to one backwards. either way, nasa led the way to a great century of discovery. unfortunately,... more the space shuttle discovery lifted off from kennedy space center on october 29th at 2 : 19 p. m. est. the weather was great as discovery took 8 1 / 2 minutes to reach orbit. this was the united states ' 123rd... more a moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid, eugenia. this is only the second time in history that a satellite has been seen circling an asteroid. a special mirror allowed scientists to find the moon... more will russia ever put the service module for the international space station in space? nasa officials want an answer from the russian government. the necessary service module is currently waiting to be... more a coronal mass ejection ( cme ) happened on the sun early last month. the material that was thrown out from this explosion passed the ace spacecraft. the swics instrument on ace has produced a new and very... more j. s. maini of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5345681218560152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.792568"} {"text": "this weather balloon is full of helium gas. it is surrounded by earth ' s atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen and oxygen gasses. helium is \" lighter \" ( less dense ) than nitrogen or oxygen, so the balloon will rise when the scientist lets go of it. click on image for full size image courtesy of the university corporation for atmospheric research. gas is one of the four common states of matter. the three others are liquid, solid, and plasma. there are also some other exotic states of matter that have been discovered in recent years. the air in earth ' s atmosphere is mostly a mixture of different types of gases. a gas usually has much lower density than a solid or liquid. a quantity of gas doesn ' t have a specific shape ; in this way it is like a liquid and different from a solid. if a gas is enclosed in a container, it will take on the shape of the container ( a liquid will too ). the volume of a gas changes if the temperature or pressure changes. there are several scientific laws, called the \" gas laws \", that describe how the volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas are related. the molecules or atoms in a gas are much further apart than in a solid or a liquid. gas molecules or atoms are usually flying around at very high speeds, occasionally bouncing off each other or the walls of the container the gas is in. when a gas is cooled or placed under high pressure, it can condense and turn into a liquid. if a liquid boils or evaporates, it will become a gas. under some circumstances, usually very low pressure, a solid can turn directly into a gas ( without first melting and becoming a liquid ). when a solid turns directly into a gas, it is called \" sublimation \". most of the air in earth ' s atmosphere is either nitrogen or oxygen gas. balloons are often filled with helium gas ; since helium is lighter ( less dense ) than air, helium balloons \" float \" or rise up in air. when liquid water boils or evaporates, it turns into a gas called \" water vapor \". most of the gas in the atmospheres of the giant planets jupiter and saturn is hydrogen gas. in recent years, carbon dioxide gas has become quite famous because of its role in the greenhouse effect and global warming. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5804096435690171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.799354"} {"text": "role in the greenhouse effect and global warming. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science! you might also be interested in : solid is one of the four common states of matter. the three others are gas, liquid, and plasma. there are also some other exotic states of matter that have been discovered in recent years. unlike liquids... more plasma is known as the fourth state of matter. the other three states are solid, liquid and gas. almost everything is made up of atoms ( your dog, your science book, this computer... ). the atom has a nucleus... more density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume ( density = mass / volume ). put simply, if mass is a measure of how much \u2018 stuff \u2019 there is in an object, density is a measure of how... more most things around us are made of groups of atoms connected together into packages called molecules. molecules are made from atoms of one or more elements. some molecules are made of only one type of... more a snowman, glass of water and steam might look very different but they are made of the same stuff! just like any substance, water has three different forms, called states : solid, liquid and gas. the state... more have you ever left a glass of water out for a long time? did you notice that the water disappears after a few days? that ' s because it evaporated! evaporation is when water passes from a liquid to a gas.... more there is more nitrogen gas in the air than any other kind of gas. about four out of five of the molecules in earth ' s atmosphere is nitrogen gas! a molecule of nitrogen gas is made up of two nitrogen atoms.... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6075637206528024, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.800682"} {"text": "introducing windows azure windows azure is microsoft ' s application platform for the public cloud. you can use this platform in many different ways. for instance, you can use windows azure to build a web application that runs and stores its data in microsoft datacenters. you can use windows azure just to store data, with the applications that use this data running on - premises ( that is, outside the public cloud ). you can use windows azure to create virtual machines for development and test or to run sharepoint and other applications. you can use windows azure to build massively scalable applications with lots and lots of users. because the platform offers a wide range of services, all of these things - and more - are possible. to do any of them, though, you need to understand the basics. even if you don ' t know anything about cloud computing, this article will walk you through the fundamentals of windows azure. the goal is to give you a foundation for understanding and using this cloud platform. table of contents the components of windows azure to understand what windows azure offers, it ' s useful to group its services into distinct categories. figure 1 shows one way to do this. figure 1 : windows azure provides internet - accessible application services running in microsoft datacenters. to get started with windows azure, you need to know at least the basics about each of its components. you can also use the what is windows azure poster for a quick, visual way to get an overview. the colors of the boxes in figure 1 correspond to their grouping on the poster. the rest of this article walks through the technologies shown in the figure, describing what each one offers and when you might use it. one of the most basic things a cloud platform does is execute applications. windows azure provides three options for doing this, as figure 2 shows. figure 2 : windows azure provides infrastructure as a service ( iaas ), web hosting, and platform as a service ( paas ). each of these three approaches - virtual machines, web sites, and cloud services - can be used separately. you can also combine them to create an application that uses two or more of these options together. the ability to create a virtual machine on demand, whether from a standard image or from one you supply, can be very useful. add the ability to pay for this vm by the hour, and it ' s even more useful. this approach, commonly known as infrastructure as a service ( iaas ), is what windows azure virtual machines provides. to create a vm, you specify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48420261285168376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.833831"} {"text": "ability to pay for this vm by the hour, and it ' s even more useful. this approach, commonly known as infrastructure as a service ( iaas ), is what windows azure virtual machines provides. to create a vm, you specify which vhd to use and the vm ' s size. you then pay for each hour the vm is running. as figure 2 shows, windows azure virtual machines offers a gallery of standard vhds. these include microsoft - provided options, such as windows server 2008 r2, windows server 2012, and windows server 2008 r2 with sql server, along with linux images provided by microsoft partners. you ' re free to upload and create vms from your own vhds as well. wherever the image comes from, you can persistently store any changes made while a vm is running. the next time you create a vm from that vhd, things pick up where you left off. it ' s also possible to copy the changed vhd out of windows azure, then run it locally. windows azure vms can be used in many different ways. you might use them to create an inexpensive development and test platform that you can shut down when you ' ve finished using it. you might also create and run applications that use whatever languages and libraries you like. those applications can use any of the data management options that windows azure provides, and you can also choose to use sql server or another dbms running in one or more virtual machines. another option is to use windows azure vms as an extension of your on - premises datacenter, running sharepoint or other applications. to support this, it ' s possible to create windows domains in the cloud by running active directory in windows azure vms. this quite general approach to cloud computing can be used to address many different problems. what you do is up to you. one of the most common things that people do in the cloud is run web sites and web applications. windows azure virtual machines allows this, but it still leaves you with the responsibility of administering one or more vms. what if you just want a web site where somebody else takes care of the administrative work for you? this is exactly what windows azure web sites provides. this execution model offers a managed web environment using the windows azure management portal. you can move an existing web site into windows azure web sites unchanged, or you can create a new one directly in the cloud. once a web site is running, you can add or remove instances dynamically, relying on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.473868854140128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.834843"} {"text": "the windows azure management portal. you can move an existing web site into windows azure web sites unchanged, or you can create a new one directly in the cloud. once a web site is running, you can add or remove instances dynamically, relying on windows azure web sites to load balance requests across them. windows azure web sites offers both a shared option, where your web site runs in a virtual machine with other sites, and a reserved option that allows a site to run in its own vm. the reserved option also lets you increase the size ( computing power ) of your instances if needed. windows azure web sites is intended to be useful for both developers and web design agencies. for development, it supports. net, php, and node. js, along with sql database and ( from cleardb, a microsoft partner ) mysql for relational storage. it also provides built - in support for several popular applications, including wordpress, joomla, and drupal. the goal is to provide a low - cost, scalable, and broadly useful platform for creating web sites and web applications in the public cloud. suppose you want to build a cloud application that can support lots of simultaneous users, doesn ' t require much administration, and never goes down. you might be an established software vendor, for example, that ' s decided to embrace software as a service ( saas ) by building a version of one of your applications in the cloud. or you might be a start - up creating a consumer application that you expect will grow fast. if you ' re building on windows azure, which execution model should you use? windows azure web sites allows creating this kind of web application, but there are some constraints. you don ' t have administrative access, for example, which means that you can ' t install arbitrary software. windows azure virtual machines gives you lots of flexibility, including administrative access, and you certainly can use it to build a very scalable application, but you ' ll have to handle many aspects of reliability and administration yourself. what you ' d like is an option that gives you the control you need but also handles most of the work required for reliability and administration. this is exactly what ' s provided by windows azure cloud services. this technology is designed expressly to support scalable, reliable, and low - admin applications, and it ' s an example of what ' s commonly called platform as a service ( paas ). to use it, you create an application using the technology you choose, such as c #", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44737832640689806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.835844"} {"text": "these has already been mentioned : the ability to run sql server or another dbms in a vm created with windows azure virtual machines. ( it ' s important to realize that this option isn ' t limited to relational systems ; you ' re also free to run nosql technologies such as mongodb and cassandra. ) running your own database system is straightforward - it replicates what we ' re used to in our own datacenters - but it also requires handling the administration of that dbms. to make life easier, windows azure provides three data management options that are largely managed for you. figure 3 shows the choices. figure 3 : for data management, windows azure provides relational storage, scalable nosql tables, and unstructured binary storage. each of the three options addresses a different need : relational storage, fast access to potentially large amounts of simple typed data, and unstructured binary storage. in all three cases, data is automatically replicated across three different computers in a windows azure datacenter to provide high availability. it ' s also worth pointing out that all three options can be accessed either by windows azure applications or by applications running elsewhere, such as your on - premises datacenter, your laptop, or your phone. and however you apply them, you pay for all windows azure data management services based on usage, including a gigabyte - per - month charge for stored data. for relational storage, windows azure provides sql database. formerly called sql azure, sql database provides all of the key features of a relational database management system, including atomic transactions, concurrent data access by multiple users with data integrity, ansi sql queries, and a familiar programming model. like sql server, sql database can be accessed using entity framework, ado. net, jdbc, and other familiar data access technologies. it also supports most of the t - sql language, along with sql server tools such as sql server management studio. for anybody familiar with sql server ( or another relational database ), using sql database is straightforward. but sql database isn ' t just a dbms in the cloud - it ' s a paas service. you still control your data and who can access it, but sql database takes care of the administrative grunt work, such as managing the hardware infrastructure and automatically keeping the database and operating system software up to date. sql database also provides a federation option that distributes data across multiple servers. this is useful for applications that work with large amounts of data or need to spread data access requests across multiple servers for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4886566255166799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.838193"} {"text": "automatically keeping the database and operating system software up to date. sql database also provides a federation option that distributes data across multiple servers. this is useful for applications that work with large amounts of data or need to spread data access requests across multiple servers for better performance. if you ' re creating a windows azure application ( using any of the three execution models ) that needs relational storage, sql database can be a good option. applications running outside the cloud can also use this service, though, so there are plenty of other scenarios. for instance, data stored in sql database can be accessed from different client systems, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and phones. and because it provides built - in high availability through replication, using sql database can help minimize downtime. suppose you want to create a windows azure application that needs fast access to typed data, maybe lots of it, but doesn ' t need to perform complex sql queries on this data. for example, imagine you ' re creating a consumer application that needs to store customer profile information for each user. your app is going to be very popular, so you need to allow for lots of data, but you won ' t do much with this data beyond storing it, then retrieving it in simple ways. this is exactly the kind of scenario where windows azure tables makes sense. don ' t be confused by the name : this technology doesn ' t provide relational storage. ( in fact, it ' s an example of a nosql approach called a key / value store. ) instead, windows azure tables let an application store properties of various types, such as strings, integers, and dates. an application can then retrieve a group of properties by providing a unique key for that group. while complex operations like joins aren ' t supported, tables offer fast access to typed data. they ' re also very scalable, with a single table able to hold as much as a terabyte of data. and matching their simplicity, tables are usually less expensive to use than sql database ' s relational storage. the third option for data management, windows azure blobs, is designed to store unstructured binary data. like tables, blobs provides inexpensive storage, and a single blob can be as large as one terabyte. an application that stores video, for example, or backup data or other binary information can use blobs for simple, cheap storage. windows azure applications can also use windows azure drives, which let blobs provide persistent storage for a windows file", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5030842560212134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.839177"} {"text": ". an application that stores video, for example, or backup data or other binary information can use blobs for simple, cheap storage. windows azure applications can also use windows azure drives, which let blobs provide persistent storage for a windows file system mounted in a windows azure instance. the application sees ordinary windows files, but the contents are actually stored in a blob. windows azure runs today in several datacenters spread across the united states, europe, and asia. when you run an application or store data, you can select one or more of these datacenters to use. you can also connect to these datacenters in various ways : you can use windows azure virtual network to connect your own on - premises local network to a defined set of windows azure vms. if your windows azure application is running in multiple datacenters, you can use windows azure traffic manager to route requests from users intelligently across instances of the application. figure 4 illustrates these options. figure 4 : windows azure allows creating a cloud vpn, and intelligently distributing user requests across different datacenters. one useful way to use a public cloud is to treat it as an extension of your own datacenter. because you can create vms on demand, then remove them ( and stop paying ) when they ' re no longer needed, you can have computing power only when you want it. and since windows azure virtual machines lets you can create vms running sharepoint, active directory, and other familiar on - premises software, this approach can work with the applications you already have. to make this really useful, though, your users ought to be able to treat these applications as if they were running in your own datacenter. this is exactly what windows azure virtual network allows. using a vpn gateway device, an administrator can set up a virtual private network ( vpn ) between your local network and a defined group of vms running in windows azure. because you assign your own ip v4 addresses to the cloud vms, they appear to be on your own network. users in your organization can access the applications those vms contain as if they were running locally. a windows azure application with users in just a single part of the world might run in only one windows azure datacenter. an application with users scattered around the world, however, is more likely to run in multiple datacenters, maybe even all of them. in this second situation, you face a problem : how do you intelligently assign users to application instances? most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5267122833700915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.840352"} {"text": "an application with users scattered around the world, however, is more likely to run in multiple datacenters, maybe even all of them. in this second situation, you face a problem : how do you intelligently assign users to application instances? most of the time, you probably want each user to access the datacenter closest to her, since it will likely give her the best response time. but what if that copy of the application is overloaded or unavailable? in this case, it would be nice to route her request automatically to another datacenter. this is exactly what ' s done by windows azure traffic manager. the owner of an application defines rules that specify how requests from users should be routed to datacenters, then relies on traffic manager to carry out these rules. for example, users might normally be routed to the closest windows azure datacenter, but get sent to another one when the response time from their default datacenter exceeds a certain threshold. for globally distributed applications with many users, having a built - in service to handle problems like these is useful. analyzing data is a fundamental part of how businesses use information technology. a cloud platform provides a pool of on - demand, pay - per - use resources, which makes it a good foundation for this kind of computing. accordingly, windows azure provides two options for business analytics. figure 5 illustrates the choices. figure 5 : for business analytics, windows azure provides reporting and support for big data. analyzing data can take many forms, and so these two options are quite different. it ' s worth looking at each one separately. one of the most common ways to use stored data is to create reports based on that data. to let you do this with data in sql database, windows azure provides sql reporting. a subset of the reporting services included with sql server, sql reporting lets you build reporting into applications running on windows azure or on premises. the reports you create can be in various formats, including html, xml, pdf, excel, and others, and they can be embedded in applications or viewed via a web browser. another option for doing analytics with sql database data is to use on - premises business intelligence tools. to a client, sql database looks like sql server, and so the same technologies can work with both. for example, you ' re free to use on - premises sql server reporting services to create reports from sql database data. for many years, the bulk of data analysis has been done on relational data stored in a data warehouse built with a relational dbms. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45676234452354014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.841379"} {"text": ", you ' re free to use on - premises sql server reporting services to create reports from sql database data. for many years, the bulk of data analysis has been done on relational data stored in a data warehouse built with a relational dbms. this kind of business analytics is still important, and it will be for a long time to come. but what if the data you want to analyze is so big that relational databases just can ' t handle it? and suppose the data isn ' t relational? it might be server logs in a datacenter, for example, or historical event data from sensors, or something else. in cases like this, you have what ' s known as a big data problem. you need another approach. the dominant technology today for analyzing big data is hadoop. an apache open source project, this technology stores data using the hadoop distributed file system ( hdfs ), then lets developers create mapreduce jobs to analyze that data. hdfs spreads data across multiple servers, then runs chunks of the mapreduce job on each one, letting the big data be processed in parallel. hdinsight is the name of the windows azure ' s apache hadoop - based service. as figure 5 suggests, hdinsight lets hdfs store data on the cluster and distribute it across multiple vms. it also spreads the logic of a mapreduce job across those vms. just as with on - premises hadoop, data is processed locally - the logic and the data it works on are in the same vm - and in parallel for better performance. hdinsight can also store data in windows azure storage vault ( asv ), which uses blobs. using asv allows you to save money because you can delete your hdinsight cluster when not in use, but still keep your data in the cloud. hdinsight supports other components of the hadoop ecosystem as well, including hive and pig. microsoft has also created components that make it easier to work with data produced by hdinsight using traditional bi tools, such as the hiveodbc adapter and data explorer that work with excel. no matter what it ' s doing, code frequently needs to interact with other code. in some situations, all that ' s needed is basic queued messaging. in other cases, more complex interactions are required. windows azure provides a few different ways to solve these problems. figure 6 illustrates the choices. figure 6 : for connecting applications, windows azure provides queues, publish / subscribe, and sync", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46484704507113583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.843933"} {"text": "messaging. in other cases, more complex interactions are required. windows azure provides a few different ways to solve these problems. figure 6 illustrates the choices. figure 6 : for connecting applications, windows azure provides queues, publish / subscribe, and synchronous connections via the cloud. queuing is a simple idea : one application places a message in a queue, and that message is eventually read by another application. if your application needs just this straightforward service, windows azure queues might be the best choice. one common use of queues today is to let a web role instance communicate with a worker role instance within the same cloud services application. for example, suppose you create a windows azure application for video sharing. the application consists of php code running in a web role that lets users upload and watch videos, together with a worker role implemented in c # that translates uploaded video into various formats. when a web role instance gets a new video from a user, it can store the video in a blob, then send a message to a worker role via a queue telling it where to find this new video. a worker role instance - it doesn ' t matter which one - will then read the message from the queue and carry out the required video translations in the background. structuring an application in this way allows asynchronous processing, and it also makes the application easier to scale, since the number of web role instances and worker role instances can be varied independently. whether they run in the cloud, in your data center, on a mobile device, or somewhere else, applications need to interact. the goal of windows azure service bus is to let applications running pretty much anywhere exchange data. as figure 6 shows, service bus provides a queuing service. this service isn ' t identical to the queues just described, however. unlike windows azure queues, for example, service bus provides a both queues ( one - to - one ) and publish - and - subscribe mechanisms. with publish - subscribe, an application can send messages to a topic, while other applications can create subscriptions to this topic. this allows one - to - many communication among a set of applications, letting the same message be read by multiple recipients. and queuing isn ' t the only option : service bus also allows direct communication through its relay service, providing a secure way to interact through firewalls. service bus relays enable applications to communicate by exchanging messages through an endpoint hosted in the cloud, rather than locally. applications that communicate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.507984741669574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.846822"} {"text": ": service bus also allows direct communication through its relay service, providing a secure way to interact through firewalls. service bus relays enable applications to communicate by exchanging messages through an endpoint hosted in the cloud, rather than locally. applications that communicate through service bus might be windows azure applications or software running on some other cloud platform. they can also be applications running outside the cloud, however. for example, think of an airline that implements reservation services in computers inside its own datacenter. the airline needs to expose these services to many clients, including check - in kiosks in airports, reservation agent terminals, and maybe even customers ' phones. it might use service bus to do this, creating loosely coupled interactions among the various applications. applications tend to access the same data over and over. one way to improve performance is to keep a copy of that data closer to the application, minimizing the time needed to retrieve it. windows azure provides two different services for doing this : in - memory caching of data used by windows azure applications and a content delivery network ( cdn ) that caches blob data on disk closer to its users. figure 7 shows both. figure 7 : a windows azure application can cache data in memory, and copies of a blob can be cached at sites around the world. accessing data stored in any of windows azure ' s data management services - sql database, tables, or blobs - is quite fast. yet accessing data stored in memory is even faster. because of this, keeping an in - memory copy of frequently accessed data can improve application performance. you can use windows azure ' s in - memory caching to do this. a cloud services application can store data in this cache, then retrieve it directly without needing to access persistent storage. as figure 7 shows, the cache can be maintained inside your application ' s vms or be provided by vms dedicated solely to caching. in either case, the cache can be distributed, with the data it contains spread across multiple vms in a windows azure datacenter. an application that repeatedly reads a product catalog might benefit from using this kind of caching, for example, since the data it needs will be available more quickly. the technology also supports locking, letting it be used with read / write as well as read - only data. and asp. net applications can use the service to store session data with just a configuration change. suppose you need to store blob data that will be accessed by users around", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5161666241246023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.848384"} {"text": "be used with read / write as well as read - only data. and asp. net applications can use the service to store session data with just a configuration change. suppose you need to store blob data that will be accessed by users around the world. maybe it ' s a video of the latest world cup match, for instance, or driver updates, or a popular e - book. storing a copy of the data in multiple windows azure datacenters will help, but if there are lots of users, it ' s probably not enough. for even better performance, you can use the windows azure cdn. the cdn has dozens of sites around the world, each capable of storing copies of windows azure blobs. the first time a user in some part of the world accesses a particular blob, the information it contains is copied from a windows azure datacenter into local cdn storage in that geography. after this, accesses from that part of the world will use the blob copy cached in the cdn - they won ' t need to go all the way to the nearest windows azure datacenter. the result is faster access to frequently accessed data by users anywhere in the world. working with identity is part of most applications. for example, knowing who a user is lets an application decide how it should interact with that user. to help you do this, microsoft provides windows azure active directory. like most directory services, windows azure active directory stores information about users and the organizations they belong to. it lets users log in, then supplies them with tokens they can present to applications to prove their identity. it also allows synchronizing user information with windows server active directory running on premises in your local network. while the mechanisms and data formats used by windows azure active directory aren \u2019 t identical with those used in windows server active directory, the functions it performs are quite similar. it ' s important to understand that windows azure active directory is designed primarily for use by cloud applications. it can be used by applications running on windows azure, for example, or on other cloud platforms. it ' s also used by microsoft ' s own cloud applications, such as those in office 365. if you want to extend your datacenter into the cloud using windows azure virtual machines and windows azure virtual network, however, windows azure active directory isn ' t the right choice. instead, you ' ll want to run windows server active directory in cloud vms, as described earlier. to let applications access the information it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46579336619533906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.849394"} {"text": "azure virtual machines and windows azure virtual network, however, windows azure active directory isn ' t the right choice. instead, you ' ll want to run windows server active directory in cloud vms, as described earlier. to let applications access the information it contains, windows azure active directory provides a restful api called windows azure active directory graph. this api lets applications running on any platform access directory objects and the relationships among them. for example, an authorized application might use this api to learn about a user, the groups he belongs to, and other information. applications can also see relationships between users - their social graph - letting them work more intelligently with the connections among people. another capability of this service, windows azure active directory access control, makes it easier for an application to accept identity information from facebook, google, windows live id, and other popular identity providers. rather than requiring the application to understand the diverse data formats and protocols used by each of these providers, access control translates all of them into a single common format. it also lets an application accept logins from one or more active directory domains. for example, a vendor providing a saas application might use windows azure active directory access control to give users in each of its customers single sign - on to the application. directory services are a core underpinning of on - premises computing. it shouldn ' t be surprising that they ' re also important in the cloud. one of the most attractive ways to use a cloud platform is for high - performance computing ( hpc ), the essence of hpc is executing code on many machines at the same time. on windows azure, this means running many virtual machines simultaneously, all working in parallel to solve some problem. doing this requires some way to schedule applications, i. e., to distribute their work across these instances. to allow this, windows azure provides the hpc scheduler. this component can work with hpc applications built to use the industry - standard message passing interface ( mpi ). software that does finite element analysis, such as car crash simulations, is one example of this type of application, and there are many others. the hpc scheduler can also be used with so - called embarrassingly parallel applications, such as monte carlo simulations. whatever problem is addressed, the value it provides is the same : the hpc scheduler handles the complex problem of scheduling parallel computing work across many windows azure virtual machines. the goal is to make it easier to build hpc applications running in the cloud. video makes up a large part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48012984194336705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.850502"} {"text": "provides is the same : the hpc scheduler handles the complex problem of scheduling parallel computing work across many windows azure virtual machines. the goal is to make it easier to build hpc applications running in the cloud. video makes up a large part of internet traffic today, and that percentage will be even larger tomorrow. yet providing video on the web isn ' t simple. there are lots of variables, such as the encoding algorithm and the display resolution of the user ' s screen. video also tends to have bursts in demand, like a saturday night spike when lots of people decide they ' d like to watch an online movie. given its popularity, it ' s a safe bet that many new applications will be created that use video. yet all of them will need to solve some of the same problems, and making each one solve those problems on its own makes no sense. a better approach is to create a platform that provides common solutions for many applications to use. and building this platform in the cloud has some clear advantages. it can be broadly available on a pay - as - you - go basis, and it can also handle the variability in demand that video applications often face. windows azure media services addresses this problem. it provides a set of cloud components that make life easier for people creating and running applications using video and other media. figure 8 illustrates the technology. figure 8 : media services is a platform for applications that provide video and other media to clients around the world. as the figure shows, media services provides a set of components for applications that work with video and other media. for example, it includes a media ingest component to upload video into media services ( where it ' s stored in windows azure blobs ), an encoding component that supports various video and audio formats, a content protection component that provides digital rights management, a component for inserting ads into a video stream, components for streaming, and more. microsoft partners can also provide components for the platform, then have microsoft distribute those components and bill on their behalf. applications that use this platform can run on windows azure or elsewhere. for example, a desktop application for a video production house might let its users upload video to media services, then process it in various ways. alternatively, a cloud - based content management service running on windows azure might rely on media services to process and distribute video. wherever it runs and whatever it does, each application chooses which components it needs to use, accessing them through restful interfaces. to distribute what it produces, an application can use the windows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.489761147243431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.851486"} {"text": "azure might rely on media services to process and distribute video. wherever it runs and whatever it does, each application chooses which components it needs to use, accessing them through restful interfaces. to distribute what it produces, an application can use the windows azure cdn, another cdn, or just send bits directly to users. however it gets there, video created using media services can be consumed by various client systems, including windows, macintosh, html 5, ios, android, windows phone, flash, and silverlight. the goal is to make it easier to create modern media applications. the rise of software as a service is transforming how we create applications. it ' s also transforming how we sell applications. since a saas application lives in the cloud, it makes sense that its potential customers should look for solutions online. and this change applies to data as well as to applications. why shouldn ' t people look to the cloud for commercially available datasets? microsoft addresses both of these concerns with windows azure marketplace and windows azure store, illustrated in figure 9. figure 9 : windows azure marketplace and windows azure store let you find and buy windows azure applications and commercial datasets. the difference between the two is that marketplace is outside of the windows azure management portal, but the store can be accessed from the portal. potential customers can search either to find windows azure applications that meet their needs, then sign up to use them either through the application ' s creator or directly through the marketplace or store. customers can search either for commercial datasets as well, including demographic data, financial data, geographic data, and more. when they find something they like, they can access it either from the vendor, directly through the marketplace or store web locations or in some cases from the management portal. applications can also use the bing search api through the marketplace, giving them access to the results of web searches. back in 2008, the very first pre - release version of windows azure supported only. net development. today, however, you can create windows azure applications in pretty much any language. microsoft currently provides language - specific sdks for. net, java, php, node. js, ruby, and python. there ' s also a general windows azure sdk that provides basic support for any language, such as c + +. these sdks help you build, deploy, and manage windows azure applications. they ' re available either from www. windowsazure. com or github, and they can be used with visual studio and eclipse. windows azure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4353579977837815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.852436"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email gross national income ( gni ) and purchasing power parity ( ppp ) can be closely related, as gni may be expressed in terms of ppp for comparison purposes. this gni and ppp adjustment allows viewers to generalize financial declarations on an international scale, so they better understand metrics from different countries. numerous organizations maintain frequently updated references on the gni of various nations around the world, adjusted by ppp for convenience. the gni and ppp connection is important to consider when looking at these documents. to calculate gni, analysts look at the total value of goods and services produced within a given time period, such as a year. it is very similar to the gross domestic product ( gdp ), which measures the same characteristics. with the gni, however, analysts also evaluate things produced overseas that add value to the nation, looking at what residents produce regardless of where it \u2019 s located. thus, products made in africa for a company based in britain would be part of britain \u2019 s gni. for ppp calculations, analysts look at purchasing power by nation, recognizing that simple currency conversions don \u2019 t account for inflation and other factors. they convert to a uniform hypothetical international currency, looking at what a dollar \u2019 s worth of that currency would buy in any nation around the world. a loaf of bread might cost $ 3 in this hypothetical currency in one nation, but $ 6 in another, showing that a dollar goes further in some places than others. looking at gni and ppp, researchers want to be able to accurately depict information about a country \u2019 s financial status and economy. just listing gni doesn \u2019 t provide enough context, because people don \u2019 t know how the country compares to others. listing information with adjustments for ppp allows for cross comparisons ; a country might look like it has a high gni, for example, but when compared with other countries after adjustment for ppp, it might appear less impressive. the connection between gni and ppp is important for analysts, because when numbers are adjusted, it is important to know which metrics were used. information about the gni and ppp conversion can be important in the future when researchers want to evaluate the validity and usability of the data. some charts may provide raw data in addition to ppp adjustments so viewers can check the math themselves. ppp conversions can also be used for discussions of other financial matters, to provide a context and base for comparison to make these topics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48431800772802447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.855474"} {"text": "national museum of african american history and culture groundbreaking wednesday the newest exhibit explores thomas jefferson ' s lifelong ownership of slaves and his conflict and advocacy against slavery, while also looking at the lives of six slave families who lived on his monticello plantation in virginia to humanize the issue of slavery. telling such stories has been taboo at many museums in the past and missing from the national mall. bunch said that by presenting a fuller view of history and dealing directly with difficult issues like race, the smithsonian can present a fuller view of history and what it means to be an american. \" what this museum can do is if we tell the unvarnished truth in a way that ' s engaging and not preachy, what i think will happen is that by illuminating all the dark corners of the american experience, we will help people find reconciliation and healing, \" he said. curators estimate that 15, 000 to 20, 000 artifacts already are in hand. bunch estimates they will need about 35, 000 artifacts to choose from to create the museum ' s permanent galleries. the staff is working to collect more material on popular culture and music, earlier materials from military history from world war i and earlier and artifacts to tell stories from the 19th century, including slavery and reconstruction. in washington, the black history museum will follow major museums devoted to the holocaust and to native american history. legislation has also been introduced in congress to create a smithsonian american latino museum. actress phylicia rashad, famous from tv ' s \" the cosby show, \" is hosting the groundbreaking ceremony wednesday. in an interview, she said african - american history is interconnected with many other groups. \" this is what makes america really great and unique is that there are different peoples living here who come together as one people, she said, adding that she hopes to be surprised by what the new museum can offer. \" i would like to see some stories i ' ve never imagined. i ' d like to see some stories that aren ' t so well talked about but that have documentation to back them up. \" the groundbreaking also marks the start of a public fundraising campaign to build the museum. officials revealed about $ 100 million has been raised to date in private funds. this includes $ 5 million gifts from wal - mart, american express, boeing, target and unitedhealth group. the bill and melinda gates foundation and the lilly endowment each gave $ 10 million in recent years. some celebrities also are supporting the project, including quincy jones and oprah winfrey, whose foundation gave $ 1 million. del", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3901270558688201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.859753"} {"text": "and unitedhealth group. the bill and melinda gates foundation and the lilly endowment each gave $ 10 million in recent years. some celebrities also are supporting the project, including quincy jones and oprah winfrey, whose foundation gave $ 1 million. delphia duckens, the museum ' s associate director for fundraising, said the museum will begin a regional campaign targeting key markets of new york, los angeles, houston, dallas, chicago, atlanta and washington. they are modeling the strategy to seek individual donors on the recent effort to build a martin luther king jr. memorial and on obama ' s 2008 presidential campaign, she said. those campaigns maximized the value of drawing many small gifts online, in addition to major donors, she said. \" this is a museum for everybody, \" she said. \" we to model it such that everybody can say they had a part in making this a reality. \" national museum of african american history and culture : http : / / www. nmaahc. si. edu would you like to contribute to this story? join the discussion. recommendedrecent facebook activity only on 7 for all the breaking stories happening in your neighborhood and developing stories happening around the world, join leon harris and alison starling weeknights on abc7 news at 5 and 11. tbd blogs what you need to read @ tbd on foot best of tbd in case you missed it billed as the biggest food truck assembly to ever happen in d. c., \" curbside cookoff : trucko de mayo \" took place on saturday with at least 40 vendors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39621901646931484, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.860329"} {"text": "cloak of deceit. dear word detective : i was just reading an old column of yours on the phrase \u201c made it up out of whole cloth \u201d to mean \u201c lying \u201d and wondered, given the textile reference, if there is any connection between \u201c fabrication \u201d and \u201c fabric. \u201d \u2014 tim maguire. that sounds like the foundation of a bad pun, but it \u2019 s actually a good question. of course, that presumes that there is such a thing as a \u201c good \u201d pun, an assertion i would contest. for some reason, probably born of a childhood trauma now buried in a cobwebbed corner of my psyche, i loathe puns. feh. don \u2019 t mind me ; i \u2019 m in a bad mood because i have to type this with an index finger badly bitten by an ungrateful cat. long story. where were we? yes, there is a family connection between \u201c fabric \u201d and \u201c fabrication, \u201d but the connection between \u201c fabric \u201d in the \u201c cloth \u201d sense and \u201c fabrication \u201d in the \u201c lie \u201d sense is very indirect, akin to that between two second cousins who only met once, as children. but before we proceed, we \u2019 d better take a moment to explain \u201c to make something up out of whole cloth, \u201d meaning to invent a story that contains not even a smidgen of truth. \u201c whole cloth \u201d has been used since the 15th century to mean a large piece of cloth in its original state, not yet cut up for sewing. as a metaphor in use since the 19th century for a story completely invented out of thin air, \u201c from whole cloth \u201d carries the same sense of \u201c starting from the absolute beginning \u201d as is found in the phrase \u201c starting from scratch, \u201d which originally referred to a scratch or line drawn on the ground as the starting line for a race. in the case of \u201c fabric \u201d and \u201c fabrication, \u201d the connection is a common root, the latin noun \u201c faber, \u201d meaning a craftsman such as a carpenter or blacksmith. the derivative \u201c fabrica \u201d meant \u201c workshop \u201d or \u201c product, \u201d and the verb \u201c fabricare \u201d meant \u201c to make or build. \u201d that verb \u201c fabricare \u201d eventually gave us the english word \u201c fabricate, \u201d which appeared in the late 16th century with the meaning of \u201c to make, construct or manufacture \u201d anything that requires skill, but by the early 20th century \u201c fabricate \u201d had taken on the specific meaning of \u201c to semi - finished materials into a finished product, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5341588138934126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.865734"} {"text": "the late 16th century with the meaning of \u201c to make, construct or manufacture \u201d anything that requires skill, but by the early 20th century \u201c fabricate \u201d had taken on the specific meaning of \u201c to semi - finished materials into a finished product, \u201d as one might \u201c fabricate \u201d bumpers from rolled steel. ( whatever happened to steel bumpers, anyway? ) meanwhile, back in the 18th century, that \u201c make or construct \u201d sense had led to the use of \u201c fabricate \u201d to mean \u201c constructing \u201d a story that was utterly untrue, which gave us \u201c fabrication \u201d meaning just such a lie. the original meaning of \u201c fabric, \u201d when it first appeared in english in the late 15th century ( derived via the french \u201c fabrique \u201d from the latin \u201c fabrica \u201d ) was, literally, \u201c building \u201d ( \u201c a vaulted fabric without wood or iron - work, three stories high, \u201d 1756 ). \u201c fabric \u201d went on to mean pretty much anything that could be built or manufactured, but settled down in the mid - 18th century to being used in our modern sense to mean \u201c textile, cloth. \u201d interestingly, so complete has this narrowing process been that even figurative references to \u201c the fabric of the universe, \u201d etc., are usually based on this \u201c textile \u201d sense of \u201c fabric \u201d ( \u201c faith in the unseen and reverence for the divine \u2026 are inwoven in the very fabric of our nature, \u201d 1877 ). so there is a connection between \u201c fabric \u201d and \u201c fabrication, \u201d but it has nothing to do with \u201c whole cloth \u201d and making stuff up. honest.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5314190406982163, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.866375"} {"text": "want to learning a programming language i found this course starting on the 3rd of october in waterford college of further education. introduction to software development ( java ) this course has been designed to introduce students to the concepts of programming and the techniques involved in constructing small programs. the course would be suited to people interested in learning the fundamentals of java programming or for people considering returning to third level education in the area of information technology and / or computer science. this course may also be of interest to people in the workplace who support software development projects. \u2022 an understanding of the windows based operating systems such as xp, vista and windows 7 \u2022 an interest in learning a programming language ive spent most of my life designing on / using apple machines. i know my way around a pc, as in i use them on a day to day bases for general things, windows 98, 2000, xp and vista. the entry requirements state an understanding of the windows based operating system and and interest in learning a programming language. my question is i ' m very interested in learning a programming language ( currently learning html5 & css3, i know this is just mark - up and not a language ) but do i have enough of the understanding of the pc os? really i suppose i want to know am i just wasting my time and money, comments and advice are greatly appreciated. great to hear you are thinking of learning a programming language. there are plenty of online resources that can help you get started. first i would pick a good ide ( integrated development environment ). we use netbeans here and i can highly recommend it. you can program in java, c + +, php all from the one ide and best of all its free and runs on apple osx. there are also some good online courses which will show you the basics and let you decide if its is for you. ive done a bit of work in java before and it might be a steep learning curve if you have never done any programming before. we use php here and it is a great little language to get you used to things if you are a complete novice. as for your question about using the pc, id say you will be fine if you are used to using osx. either way i highly recommnd playing around with some of the free online resources before you go paying any money to see if its something you are interested in. just out of curiosity how long is the course and what does it cost? i would say that if you are able to understand html and cs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4696351812910795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.871203"} {"text": "some of the free online resources before you go paying any money to see if its something you are interested in. just out of curiosity how long is the course and what does it cost? i would say that if you are able to understand html and css then the next step is something like java, php or. net. the course does say it is an introduction so with your background in html etc i would say that it would be a good course to do! the os will not be a problem, you do not need to get into the nitty gritty of how the os work to be able to program. if you can use a pc for the regular day to day stuff then you will be fine. cheers niall for the quick response, the course is for 10 weeks, on a monday night, at 150 euro, not a huge amount but in these recessionary times if im spending it i want it to be of value, as well as this i dont want to drop myself into something that is way out of my league. ive wanted to learn to program for quite a while. thanks niall, steve my background in recent years is in design for print, im still working within the print industry, ( bored, but its a job, pays the bills etc ) over the last couple of months ive decided that i need to re - educate myself, \" i need a new challenge \" i would have been involved with web design about 7 - 8 years back in the last dot com bubble, mostly dabbling with adobe dreamweaver and leaving the complicated bits to a couple of programmers that i worked with at the time. now ive almost ditched dreamweaver, and work with a text editor and browser and have immersed myself in html5 and css3, exciting stuff, at least for me anyway. also i have start to work with a guy who develops in erlang, and with the zotonic cms. it ' s very early stages but i just feei i need to start looking at learning to program. you may be interested in adobe edge it all works on iphone ipad ( or other non flash devices ) there could be a bright future for this tech as you can display flashy looking ads in mobile devides, this isnt possible at the moment i dont think.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48618973860259307, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.872093"} {"text": "information contained on this page is provided by newsusa, an independent third - party content provider. worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. / parentingtodayskids. com ) - the explosions of technology, mobile and social media use among tweens and teens have left many parents increasingly in the dark about what their children see, say and do every day, and without a clue as to what to do about it. the truth is, most children have a hard enough time navigating the potential threats and pitfalls that come with being a \" tween \" or teen in the physical world, and the digital component only compounds the situation. many parents today have no idea what kind of information their teens are accessing and sharing on a daily basis, while most kids have no idea of the potentially far - reaching consequences of their online behaviors and activities. so the question is : how can parents help teens and tweens navigate their physical and digital worlds in a way that will keep them safe and on the right track? 1. start a dialogue with your teen / tween. talk about sexting, cyberbullying, hazing and other threatening acts. make your teen feel comfortable coming to you or other trusted adults if inappropriate content is shared with them. 2. remember that you own the technology. communicate upfront that you are the owner of the computer or phone and should have access to it, as well as any passwords used on the device. 3. learn from experts. be sure to set controls on your teen ' s computer and smartphone to monitor usage and activity. for parents looking for advice and to learn from first - hand experiences on how to better protect their teens around technology use and other areas of their life, log onto www. parentingtodayskids. com. the site brings together a roundtable of experts from legal, safety and parenting experts to real - world moms and teens who engage in and offer words of wisdom to address today ' s parenting challenges. what parents teach their kids now about safe and appropriate online and mobile behavior will help ensure a happy and healthy passage to adulthood. lisa shaw is the senior director of online teen safety and protection at spectorsoft and editor at parentingtodayskids. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45969703925293887, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.877176"} {"text": "the flute is the instrument often considered to most closely mimic the human voice. playing the flute is a personal experience and a unique extension of communication. typically a young flutist gets their start on a student flute, which is typically a concert c flute. if their fingers are not quite large enough to reach the keys, curved headjoints are available to get them started. also in the flute family are piccolos, eb, alto, and bass flutes. flutes are some of the oldest instruments in history and have been found in numerous cultures. they have gone through a variety of changes over the centuries but a flute created by theobold boehm in 1846 has remained the standard since its creation. boehm was the first flutist in the royal bavarian orchestra and also studied acoustics at the university of munich. his interests and skills uniquely joined when he began developing flutes. after a series of experiments and trials, boehm developed a flute with a cylindrical body, tapered headjoint, and large toneholes covered by keys. he also tested many types of material but introduced his flutes in silver and a copper, zinc, nickel alloy called german silver. at the time of boehm \u2019 s flute, wood was still the primary material being used for flutes. the value and importance of a good teacher is incredibly important in the development of young musicians. great flute teachers like marcel moyse have shaped generations of flutists based on the precedent they set with their own students. marcel moyse was a famous french flutist who performed widely and had many compositions written for him including the famous 1934 \u201c flute concerto \u201d by jacques ibert. moyse studied at the paris conservatory under phillippe gaubert, adolphe hennebains, and paul taffand. beyond his career as a performer, moyse also founded the marlboro music school and festival. he developed numerous studies and exercises that are still utilized by flute teachers today. among his writings are works like \u201c tone development through interpretation. \u201d many flutists went on from moyse \u2019 s tutelage to become quite successful including william bennett and james galway. beyond all of the exercises and techniques that marcel moyse taught, his underlying emphasis was not on teaching students how to play the flute, but teaching them how to make music instead. today flute teachers draw from previous virtuosos and instructors like marcel moyse as they introduce the student flute to numerous young musicians. with the aid of the internet, more flute instruction and exposure to music can be supplemented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5217078489443426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.882632"} {"text": "yes! national student writing competition the yes! national student writing competition is an opportunity for middle school through university students to write for a real audience \u2014 not just you, the teacher \u2014 and the chance to be published by an award - winning magazine. each quarter, students are invited to read and write an essay on a selected yes! magazine article. we divide contestants into four categories : middle school, high school, university, and powerful voice ( for authors whose essays are powerful and passionate ). winning essays in each category are published on the yes! magazine website and in our online education newsletter. spring 2013 national student writing competition : this spring, students will read and respond to the yes! article, \u201c a month without monsanto, \u201d by april davila. april ' s story is about the confidence she developed from knowing what she is eating. after april learned of the possible health effects related to eating genetically modified corn from monsanto, she had an insatiable need to know more. she wondered where exactly monsanto corn existed in her family ' s diet, and where her food came from. genetically modified organisms, commonly referred to as \u201c gmos, \u201d are organisms in which the genetic material or dna has been altered in a way that doesn ' t occur naturally. prompt : your students should write an essay of up to 700 words answering the questions : april davila discovered that around 70 percent of processed foods on american supermarket shelves contain genetically modified organisms ( gmos ). does this concern you? what matters most to you about the food you eat? the deadline for registration is april 27. essays must be submitted no later than may 18, 2013. how does it work? - complete the competition registration form ( see link at bottom of page ) - students read and respond to the yes! article in up to 700 words. - submit up to three essays per class period, along with student release forms. - for each of the following categories, yes! staff ( and possibly the author of the article ) will select one essay that we feel is well - written, compelling, and captures the spirit of the article : - grades 6 - 8 - grades 9 - 12 - powerful voice ( for an author whose essay is uniquely powerful or thought - provoking ) - the selected essays will be featured on the yes! magazine website and in our online education newsletter, reaching thousands of yes! readers, including over 26, 000 teachers. - teachers who submit essays will be entered into a drawing to win a complete set of 23 yes! posters for their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46220165196040636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.886700"} {"text": "on the yes! magazine website and in our online education newsletter, reaching thousands of yes! readers, including over 26, 000 teachers. - teachers who submit essays will be entered into a drawing to win a complete set of 23 yes! posters for their classroom, valued at $ 66. see what you could win here! common core state standards : this writing competition meets several common core state standards for grades 6 - 12, including w. 9 - 10. 3 and w. 9 - 10. 4 for writing, and ri. 9 - 10. 1 and ri. 9 - 10. 2 for reading : informational text * * this standard applies to other grade levels. \u201c 9 - 10 \u201d is used as an example. who is eligible? - you must be a classroom teacher \u2014 homeschool cooperatives and resource centers included \u2014 for your students to participate. - student writers should be in grades 6 - 8, grades 9 - 12, college / university, or adult continuing education, and should reside in the united states. what are the essay requirements? - respond to the article and writing prompt provided by yes! - provide an original essay title - reference the article - no more than 700 words - must be original, unpublished work - teachers must read and submit their students ' essays. remember, the limit is three essays per class period! please take time to read your students ' essays to ensure they have met essay requirements, including correct grammar. unfortunately, we cannot accept essays sent independently by students. in addition, we are evaluating essays for : - strong style and personal voice. we encourage writers to include personal examples and insights. - originality and clarity of content and ideas how do i submit the three best essays from my class? - you must be registered for the competition by april 27, 2013. - e - mail your three best student essays as word - processed document attachments ( preferably word and nor as a pdf or scanned document, please ) to firstname. lastname @ example. org no later than may 18, 2013. - include a scanned, completed student release form with each submitted essay. questions? please email email @ example. com, and thank you for joining us! get started here : that means, we rely on support from our readers. independent. nonprofit. subscriber - supported.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4586047386915644, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.887686"} {"text": "ames research center, calif. oct. 04, 2004 nasa infrared images may provide volcano clues nasa scientists took infrared ( ir ) digital images of mount saint helens ' last week. the images revealed signs of heat below the surface one day before the volcano erupted last friday in southern washington. the images may provide valuable clues as to how the volcano erupted. scientists flew an ir imaging system aboard a small cessna caravan aircraft over the mountain to acquire the data. \" based on the ir signal, the team predicted an imminent eruption, \" said steve hipskind, acting chief of the earth science division at nasa ' s ames research center ( arc ), moffett field, calif. \" we were seeing some thermal artifacts in the floor of the mount saint helens ' crater in southern washington, \" said bruce coffland, a member of the airborne sensor facility at arc. \" we flew thursday and used the 50 - channel modis / aster airborne simulator ( master ) digital imaging system. we are working to create images from the ir data that depict the thermal signatures on the dome, \" coffland added. master is an airborne simulator instrument similar to the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ( aster ) high - resolution infrared imager carried on nasa ' s terra earth observation satellite. scientists plan to fly the master instrument again over the volcano early this week. the arc airborne sensor team was in the area taking data for a united states geological survey ( usgs ) study examining some of the effects of the 1980 mount saint helens ' eruption. \" this had been planned for some time, and we were there totally by coincidence, \" coffland said. the science objectives for the usgs study were to outline the boundaries of the lava flows associated with mt. st. helens ' previous eruptions in 1980. \" we flew four flight lines over the mountain, \" coffland said. \" it ' s a continuous scan image, eight miles long ( 13 kilometers ) and about 2. 3 miles ( 3. 7 kilometers ) wide. \" there were four adjoining flight lines flown for joel robinson, an investigator at usgs, menlo park, calif. after the plane landed, technicians downloaded data from a computer hard drive, and began to process the data to produce an image format for use by scientists. nasa will post the pre and post eruption infrared images on the web. sky research, based in ashland, ore. provided the cessna caravan, a propeller driven, single - engine airplane that carried the ir imager. to access images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46712819565941016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.890524"} {"text": "walk by nancy baxter hastings \u2019 workshop - calculus classroom, and you \u2019 ll never believe that she \u2019 s teaching math. | nancy hastings \u2019 accessible approach to math is meeting with great success among all majors at dickinson. above, hastings ( left ) discusses a concept in the calculus lab. that \u2019 s because hastings, holder of the theodore & catherine mathias chair in mathematics and computer science, cleverly crosses boundaries, replacing traditional lectures with an innovative learning environment where students \u201c read, write and discuss math \u201d \u2014 and even enjoy it. what does reading, writing and discussing math entail? \u201c students learn by doing, \u201d hastings explains. \u201c instead of my going up to the board and telling them how to do a particular problem, students work together on activities that are designed to help them understand new ideas. as a result, they develop a sense of ownership of the material. \u201d this approach to teaching was inspired in the early \u2019 90s by dickinson \u2019 s workshop - physics program, which already fostered activity - and observation - based learning. in 1991, hastings, then associate professor of mathematics allan rossman and physics professor priscilla laws received their first three - year grant from the u. s. department of education \u2019 s fund for improvement of postsecondary education ( fipse ) for development of a similar workshop program for mathematics. \u201c the idea was that, to start, we \u2019 d spend a year designing activities, a year testing them, a year revising them and then we \u2019 d be done, \u201d hastings says. \u201c but the project kept going and, since that initial grant, we \u2019 ve had continuous funding for our project from the national science foundation ( nsf ) and fipse. \u201d along with the workbooks she developed \u2014 including workshop calculus : a guided exploration with review \u2014 hastings creatively uses technology to help students learn calculus concepts. for example, her students use motion detectors \u2014 box - like devices that emit signals to detect movement \u2014 to understand graphic representations. \u201c i watched [ laws \u2019 ] students use a motion detector to think about velocity, \u201d hastings recalls. \u201c i thought, \u2018 hey, our students could use this to think about graphs and functions. \u2019 \u201c if you walk in front of the box, the box measures and graphs how far away you are from it, \u201d hastings explains. \u201c if you increase your distance, it draws a curve that goes uphill. if you decrease your distance, the curve goes downhill. using this, students develop an understanding of the shape of graphs \u2014 they develop a mental image", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5645667676271977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.897508"} {"text": ", \u201d hastings explains. \u201c if you increase your distance, it draws a curve that goes uphill. if you decrease your distance, the curve goes downhill. using this, students develop an understanding of the shape of graphs \u2014 they develop a mental image of what ideas mean. and they even have fun in the process. \u201d and no, hastings isn \u2019 t only talking about mathematics majors. in fact, the workshop curriculum was designed for students who use calculus outside of the discipline \u2014 students pursuing fields in pre - medicine, economics or chemistry. \u201c of course, the primary goal [ of the workshop program ] is to provide students with a firm understanding of calculus concepts, \u201d she says. \u201c but a secondary goal, which to me is equally important, is to help students develop confidence in their ability to do math. if they need to use mathematics outside of the course, i want them to say, \u2018 ok, i can figure this out. \u2019 \u201c my personal goal is to have students leave workshop calculus feeling that they had a positive experience in a math class, \u201d hastings continues. \u201c my hope is that in the future, if they meet a mathematician at a party, they will say, \u2018 yeah, i enjoyed math. \u2019 or if one of their children does poorly on a math test, instead of responding, \u2018 i didn \u2019 t do well in math, either! \u2019, they will say, \u2018 i know you can do this. let \u2019 s think about how to help you understand. \u2019 \u201d so far, hastings \u2019 approach is working. since she started the program, she says, she has received \u201c volumes of positive feedback. \u201d enthusiastically, she recalls a letter from a recent student, a biology major who took workshop calculus as a pre - medicine requirement. the student, who had always struggled with math, \u201c really turned around \u2014 she worked hard, she got an \u2018 a \u2019 and she wrote to me : \u2018 i finally understand calculus. thank you! \u2019 \u201d hastings \u2019 program crosses borders even beyond the limestone walls. over the years, she has regularly spoken at conferences and hosted workshops to teach educators how to implement the approach at their institutions. california state university at hayward, indiana university, knox college, loyola marymount university and gettysburg high school are among those that have adopted her approach, either in calculus, precalculus or both. her reputation as a national innovator earned her yet another honor this summer. on june 21, hastings and two students \u2014 jeff goldsmith \u2019 07 and carley moore \u2019 06 \u2014 presented the project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5238204699574672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.898563"} {"text": ", either in calculus, precalculus or both. her reputation as a national innovator earned her yet another honor this summer. on june 21, hastings and two students \u2014 jeff goldsmith \u2019 07 and carley moore \u2019 06 \u2014 presented the project to members of congress in washington, d. c. \u201c the mathematics association of america has 30, 000 members, and it asked dickinson to be its representative [ at the event ], \u201d hastings comments. \u201c it was a real compliment. \u201d hastings and her students spent the day meeting with congressional leaders like sen. rick santorum ( r - pa. ) and rep. ralph hall ( r - texas ) and discussing their project, along with 30 nsf - funded members of other science organizations, at a reception and poster session. \u201c it was great fun, \u201d hastings recalls of the event. \u201c we talked to congressional representatives about the impact of undergraduate funding on education at four - year, liberal - arts colleges. we talked about how nsf funding has enabled us to do things that we couldn \u2019 t otherwise do. we thanked the representatives for supporting funding for science education. \u201d the project has received more than $ 1 million in federal grants, says workshop mathematics project manager joanne weissman, who has worked with hastings for the last 12 years. \u201c these grants have enabled us to develop our innovative, activity - based curriculum materials, which help students learn, \u201d hastings says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48140350747659255, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.899184"} {"text": "march 30, 2011 by valerie elkins the short answer is keizu. the longer answer is not so easy. there several reasons why it is difficult for those of japanese ancestry living outside of japan to trace their lineage. one of the main reasons is a lack of understanding of the language. i am not going to sugar coat it, learning japanese is hard, but learning how to pronounce it is not. there are 5 basic vowel sounds in japanese. they are always pronounced the same unlike in english! vowel lengths are all uniformly short : | a | | as in \u2018 father \u2019 | | e | | as in \u2018 bet \u2019 | | i | | as in \u2018 beet \u2019 | | u | | as in \u2018 boot \u2019 | | o | | as in \u2018 boat \u2019 | you do not need to know everything in japanese but learning some genealogical terms is helpful. glossary of japanese genealogical terms to begin building your vocabulary. - koseki ~ household register, includes everyone in a household under the head of house ( who usually was male ) - koseki tohon ~ certified copy which recorded everything from the original record. - koseki shohon ~ certified copy which recorded only parts from the original. - joseki ~ expired register in which all persons originally entered have been removed because of death, change of residence, etc. a joseki file is ordinarily available for 80 years after its expiration. - kaisei genkoseki ~ revised koseki - honseki ~ permanent residence or registered address ( i. e. person may move to tokyo but their records remain in hometown city hall ). - genseki ~ another name for honseki - kakocho ~ buddist death register - kaimyo ~ buddist name given to deceased person and recorded in kakocho. - homyo ~ buddist name given to living converts, similar to homyo. - kuni ~ country or nation - ken ~ prefecture - shi ~ city - gun ~ county - to ~ metropolitan prefecture ( tokyo - to ). similar to ken. - do ~ urban prefecture ( hokkaido ). similar to ken. - fu ~ urban prefecture ( kyoto - fu, osaka - fu ) similar to ken. - ku ~ ward in some large cities ( sapparo, sendai, tokyo ) divided in to town ( cho ). - cho ~ town - aza ~ unorganized district - machi ~ town within a city ( cho ) or ward ( ku ), town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4660623564405286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.904083"} {"text": "large cities ( sapparo, sendai, tokyo ) divided in to town ( cho ). - cho ~ town - aza ~ unorganized district - machi ~ town within a city ( cho ) or ward ( ku ), town within a county ( gun ). - chome ~ smaller division of a town ( cho ) in some neighborhoods. - mura or son ~ village within a county ( gun ). - koshu or hittousha or stainushi ~ head of household, the head of the family - zen koshu ~ former head of household - otto ~ husband - tsuma ~ wife - chichi or fu ~ father - haha or bo ~ mother - sofu ~ grandfather - sobo ~ grandmother - otoko or dan or nan ~ male, man, son - onna or jo ~ female, woman, daughter - ani or kei or kyou ~ older brother - otouto or tei ~ younger brother - ane or shi ~ older sister - imouto or mai ~ younger sister - mago or son ~ grandchild - himago or souson ~ great - grandchild - oi ~ nephew - mei ~ niece - youshi ~ adopted child or son - youjo ~ adopted daughter - muko youshi ~ a man without sons may adopt his eldest daughter \u2019 s husband as his own son and the young man will take his wife \u2019 s surname and be listed on her family \u2019 s koseki - seimei or shime ~ full name, family name - shussei or shusshou ~ birth - shibou ~ deceased - nen or toshi ~ year - gatsu, getsu or tsuki ~ month - hi or nichi or ka ~ day - ji or toki ~ hour, time - sai or toshi ~ age - issei ~ person born in japan and later immigrate elsewhere - nisei ~ child / generation of issei and born outside of japan - sansei ~ child / generation of nisei and born outside of japan - yonsei ~ child / generation of sansei and born outside of japan - gosei ~ child / generation of yonsei and born outside of japan there is another japanese term you really need to know. it is ganbatte which means \u2018 hang in there \u2019 or \u2018 do your best \u2019 and either one is will work. category uncategorized | tags :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5071535107944265, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.904928"} {"text": "located along the potomac river on the north side of alexandria, bellevue was home to alexandria merchant william hodgson and his wife, portia lee, beginning in 1801. the 17 - acre property had a house, kitchen, dairy, stables and other outbuildings. they raised their own vegetables and, at times, also grew cherries and collected wild blackberries. but it was under the ownership of john slater that bellevue became well known for its production of fruits, vegetables and flowers. slater, an awarding - winning horticulturist who had worked with william yeates of yeates gardens, acquired bellevue around 1840 and successfully developed greenhouses to grow flowers and other plants there. among the vegetables slater grew and sold were asparagus, lettuce, peas and tomatoes, and his vegetable production continued during the civil war. he also cultivated catawba grapevines, roses, dahlias and strawberries, which received rave reviews. in 1845, a local paper remarked that slaters were the finest strawberries we have seen this year and show his great success as a horticulturist. they are not only very large, but finely flavored, and really almost as good to look at, as they are to be eaten. bellevue remained in the slater family for multiple generations and a descendant described the house, seen to the left of the greenhouses in this photo, as having a wide main hallway and a porch with pillars. the house, which faced the river, suffered significant damage in a storm in the early 1900s. the property was later developed, and today, the eastern side of slaters lane is surrounded by a power plant and high rises. out of the attic is provided by the office of historic alexandria.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3962309872742025, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.908295"} {"text": "can you imagine eating grasshoppers \" more savoury than shrimp? \" it ' s easy if you try. costa rican scientists at the national biodiversity institute are researching insect farming for purposes of food production. it makes sense : insects are high in protein, low in carbs, and produce very high quality fats including omega 3s. and insects can learn to eat a wide range of cheap feed - - even algal carcases left over from the production of algal biofuels! at the institute, costa rican scientists mingle with bhutan mycology expert ugyen yangchen and elisabeth zannou, an entomologist from benin. costa rica and benin share historical ties, as many slaves were taken from the western african country to central america during the colonial era. \u201c benin knows a lot about insect consumption and bhutan about eating mushrooms, while costa rica is bringing its experience in managing biodiversity, \u201d marianella feoli, who manages the foundation coordinating the research program, told afp. in benin, termites, grasshoppers and crickets, as well as butterfly and moth larvae are a common part of people \u2019 s diet, explained zumbado, who traveled with his colleagues to explore the phenomenon in the coastal country. \u201c in other countries, gourmet restaurants serve insects, \u201d he noted. _ impactlab if obama is us president for much longer, humans will have to learn to eat lower on the food chain. elections have consequences. labels : eating bugs, food, food production", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4108064192497741, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.910046"} {"text": "an army mutiny that began in the eastern drc last april has now become extremely serious with the creation of thousands of refugees and much controversy over who is behind the continued violence. a united nations panel of experts has accused the government of rwanda of supporting mutinous congolese army units with arms, money, training and new recruits. the government of rwanda has vehemently denied the charges. the united states government has sent a hostile signal to rwanda by canceling a small military assistance program. us - rwanda relations are cooling. to put the current conflict into perspective, it is important to note that what happens in the eastern congolese provinces of north and south kivu is of vital importance to rwanda ' s economic and political security. the 1994 genocide that resulted in the deaths of as many as 800, 000 rwandan tutsis, the country ' s minority ethnic group, tied the security of the eastern congo and rwanda inexorably together. the 1994 genocide ended when the rwanda patriotic army, a group of exiled tutsi invaders from uganda, defeated the rwandan military. over a million hutu civilians ran away across the border into refugee camps in kivu. the ecaping perpetrators of genocide went into the refugee camps as well, and began plotting to regain power in rwanda through guerrilla warfare. in 1996, the rwandan army crossed the border into kivu and broke up the hutu refugee camps. most of the refugees returned to rwanda. approximately 100, 000 ran westward more deeply into the congo, along with the genocidal perpetrators. the rwandan army pursued them, and captured most of them near the major city of kisangani at the headwaters of the congo river. these civilians, men, women and children, were murdered because their refusal to return to rwanda apparently made them accomplices to genocide. in addition to perpetrating this second genocide in the great lakes region in a matter of two years, the rwandan army also created a surrogate army of congolese dissidents, and supported them in a campaign to capture the capital city of kinshasa, driving the sitting president, mobutu sese seku, into exile, and installing a new head of state, laurent - desiree kabila, a long time congolese dissident in exile. between their first armed entry into kivu in 1996, and their formal departure in 2002, after six years of multinational military conflict, the rwandan army controlled eastern drc under military occupation. it is not hard to imagine that during those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4066539159357843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.916372"} {"text": "in exile. between their first armed entry into kivu in 1996, and their formal departure in 2002, after six years of multinational military conflict, the rwandan army controlled eastern drc under military occupation. it is not hard to imagine that during those six years, the rwandan government developed very strong economic, political and security ties to the two kivu provinces. indeed, even after the formal departure of rwandan forces in 2002, local congolese militias, and some congolese army units, remained under rwandan influence and control. north and south kivu are rich in mineral resources, some of which are vital to telecommunications, and are imported in massive quantities by american and european equipment makers. during their military control of the kivus, the rwandans established strong commercial links with the mineral producers. these links developed to such an extent that a substantial percentage of rwanda ' s gross domestic product comes from the non - legal mineral trade originating in the eastern congo. at present, the government of the democratic republic of the congo, after the completion of its 2011 election, is trying to regain control of its own territory and natural resources. several units of the congolese army, stationed in the kivu provinces, have effectively been under the control and influence of the rwandan government. these units have been protecting rwanda ' s commercial supply lines that deliver the valuable minerals. the congolese government wants to retake control of these units, and either disarm them, or transfer them to other regions of this vast country. the economic stakes are too high for rwanda, and it is virtually impossible for rwanda to acquiesce in this attempted reversal of the military balance in the eastern congo. the current fighting may however be the end of the line for rwanda ' s illegitimate exploitation of the eastern congo ' s mineral resources. the fact that the un peacekeeping mission in the congo ( monusco ) is fighting on the side of the official army is an indication that the international community has had enough. rwanda may consequently be entering a period of difficulty. herman j. \" hank \" cohen served as the united states assistant secretary of state for african affairs from 1989 to 1993.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45117291866392384, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.917549"} {"text": "addis ababa \u2014 every single day, 452 women in sub - saharan africa die from pregnancy - related causes ; that ' s 18 women every hour. against this backdrop, heads of state gathered in ethiopia ' s capital addis ababa for the african union summit met at a side event on sunday, jan. 27 to renew their commitment to reducing the maternal mortality rate on the continent. back in may 2009, the african union and the united nations population fund ( unfpa ) launched carmma, the campaign for accelerated reduction of maternal mortality in africa, with the aim of expanding the availability of reproductive health services and moving africa closer to achieving millennium development goal ( mdg ) 5 : reducing the maternal mortality rate by three - quarters and ensuring universal access to reproductive health care by 2015. ahead of the carmma meeting, united nations secretary - general ban ki - moon urged african heads of state to commit to the mdgs. but although pledges and promises have been made, the continent still has a long way to go before it reaches the 2015 target - so far, sub - saharan africa has seen an average reduction rate of just 41 percent. unfpa executive director dr. babatunde osotimehin believes that, while sub - saharan africa has made significant progress, this high - level meeting with african heads of state is urgently needed. \" africa knows what to do and how to do it, \" he told ips, \" but there are still challenges. \" african union commissioner of social affairs, dr. mustapha kaloko, is not convinced africa will reach the set goal by 2015 but he does believes carmma has the capacity to accelerate the reduction. \" the unique nature of this campaign is that it is not asking for anything new, \" kaloko told ips. \" we are not developing new plans, but improving the instruments we already have. \" he added that most maternal deaths in africa could have been prevented by using already existing practices and interventions. a recent study by the renowned medical journal ' the lancet ' shows that a woman in sub - saharan africa is almost 100 times more likely to die because of pregnancy and childbirth complications than a woman in a wealthy country. the same study also states that eight out of ten countries with the highest numbers of maternal deaths are in africa with nigeria and the democratic republic of congo topping the list. another major challenge, according to osotimehin, is the level of political commitment from nations to reduce the rate of maternal mortality on the continent. he stressed, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3740821046721846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.921760"} {"text": "deaths are in africa with nigeria and the democratic republic of congo topping the list. another major challenge, according to osotimehin, is the level of political commitment from nations to reduce the rate of maternal mortality on the continent. he stressed, \" this event is not about money but about commitment. we are here to ensure that no women dies giving life. \" a vast majority of maternal deaths - roughly 57 percent - occur on the continent of africa, giving it the world ' s highest maternal mortality ratio. and the mortality rate is not the only thing of concern to development experts and local medical practitioners - - for every pregnancy - related death, there are about 20 women who suffer complications before, during and after childbirth, leaving mothers and children alike with lifelong disabilities or medical conditions. severe bleeding after childbirth, infections, high blood pressure during pregnancy and unsafe abortions are the most common causes for pregnancy - related complications and deaths according to the unfpa. according to dorothee kinde gazard, benin ' s health minister, these numbers are exorbitant : \" all levels of society, notably on the communal level, have to be involved and committed to making sure no woman dies or becomes handicapped unnecessarily. \" benin has taken steps towards reducing pregnancy - related deaths by improving data collection services in clinics and hospitals. gazard told ips, \" every death is now registered so we can learn why women die and how we can prevent ( unnecessary deaths ). \" the increased use of family planning services has been successful in several countries such as malawi, tanzania and zambia. another solution is to reduce the maternal mortality rate by preventing child marriages, osotimehin said. \" early child marriages create a situation where children are bearing children, when they are physically and psychologically not ready. \" in niger, over three - quarters of women get married in their teens. pregnant girls between the ages of 10 and 14 are five times as likely to die during pregnancy than women in their twenties, according to a unicef rapport, while pregnant girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are twice as likely to die during pregnancy than women in their twenties. though carmma is primarily focused on women ' s health, men do play an important role in this campaign. osotimehin says everybody needs to realise that the high rates of maternal mortality are not acceptable. \" so we must talk to men because they are the ones who are causing all these problems, \" he stressed. minister gazard agreed that men ' s participation is crucial. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3975044518312844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.922982"} {"text": "q. my daughter is allergic to several tree nuts, and is just starting kindergarten. her school restricts peanuts, but not tree nuts. can you give me any advice on how to keep her safe at school? dr. pistiner : passing the responsibility of caring for children with food allergies to others can be tricky and anxiety - provoking. increasingly, schools have been establishing and implementing well - thought - out policies that take the safety and emotional well - being of the child with food allergies into account. to be effective, each food allergy policy needs to consider the school \u2019 s characteristics ( range of ages and developmental levels ) and resources, which will guide school - wide policy. in your case, your school has decided that universally restricting peanuts, but not tree nuts is what makes the most sense at this time. having a working relationship with your school will be key. alert your school to your daughter \u2019 s specific allergies, past reactions, and emotional and developmental needs. the easiest way for her to avoid tree nuts would be to not allow food containing tree nuts in the classroom. young children frequently put their hands in their mouths and can be messy eaters. if, after discussion with your daughter \u2019 s teacher and principal, this is not possible, then it will be necessary to implement strategies to avoid cross - contact with allergens in classroom. the specifics of where food is allowed to be eaten and where activities are conducted will need to be taken into account. your daughter should always wash her hands prior to eating, and ideally, the other children \u2019 s hands should be washed after eating, especially those eating meals with tree nuts. provide the school with an up - to - date allergy action plan that has been signed by your health - care provider along with an up - to - date epinephrine auto - injector. also be sure to teach your child age - appropriate self - management skills, such as how to properly wash her hands, and how to tell others if she \u2019 s experiencing symptoms. dr. michael pistiner is an allergist in massachusetts and clinical instructor at children \u2019 s hospital boston, harvard medical school. his 7 - year old son is allergic to tree nuts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42100611128745125, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.925316"} {"text": "something for the weekend. give us a flag, the unofficial anthem of the united states colored troops during the civil war, written by a private serving in the 54th massachusetts. today is the 150th anniversary of the issuance of the notice by lincoln of the emancipation proclamation, to take effect on january 1, 1863, lincoln doing so after the union victory at antietam on september 17, 1862. reaction was, to say the least, mixed. in the north the abolitionists were enraptured. most northern opinion was favorable, although there was a substantial minority, embodied almost entirely in the democrat party, that completely opposed this move. opinion in the border states was resoundingly negative. in the confederacy the confederate government denounced the proposed emancipation proclamation as a call for a race war. today, almost all americans view the emancipation proclamation as a long overdue ending of slavery. at the time it was very much a step into the unknown, and the consequences impossible to determine. lincoln had converted the war for the union into a war for the union and against slavery. it remained to be seen as to whether the war, whatever its objectives, could be won. here is the text of lincoln \u2019 s announcement of the emancipation proclamation : by the president of the united states of america. i, abraham lincoln, president of the united states of america, and commander - in - chief of the army and navy thereof, do hereby proclaim and declare that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional relation between the united states, and each of the states, and the people thereof, in which states that relation is, or may be, suspended or disturbed. that it is my purpose, upon the next meeting of congress to again recommend the adoption of a practical measure tendering pecuniary aid to the free acceptance or rejection of all slave states, so called, the people whereof may not then be in rebellion against the united states and which states may then have voluntarily adopted, or thereafter may voluntarily adopt, immediate or gradual abolishment of slavery within their respective limits ; and that the effort to colonize persons of african descent, with their consent, upon this continent, or elsewhere, with the previously obtained consent of the governments existing there, will be continued. that on the first day of january in the year of our lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty - three, all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4395734418755851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.932476"} {"text": "governments existing there, will be continued. that on the first day of january in the year of our lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty - three, all persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the united states shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free ; and the executive government of the united states, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. that the executive will, on the first day of january aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the states, and part of states, if any, in which the people thereof respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the united states ; and the fact that any state, or the people thereof shall, on that day be, in good faith represented in the congress of the united states, by members chosen thereto, at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such state shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such state and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion against the united states. that attention is hereby called to an act of congress entitled \u201c an act to make an additional article of war \u201d approved march 13, 1862, and which act is in the words and figure following : \u201c be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the united states of america in congress assembled, that hereafter the following shall be promulgated as an additional article of war for the government of the army of the united states, and shall be obeyed and observed as such : \u201c article - all officers or persons in the military or naval service of the united states are prohibited from employing any of the forces under their respective commands for the purpose of returning fugitives from service or labor, who may have escaped from any persons to whom such service or labor is claimed to be due, and any officer who shall be found guilty by a court martial of violating this article shall be dismissed from the service. \u201c sec. 2. and be it further enacted, that this act shall take effect from and after its passage. \u201d also to the ninth and tenth sections of an act entitled \u201c an act to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize and confiscate property of rebels, and for other purposes, \u201d approved july 17,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4695446194000827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.933708"} {"text": "after its passage. \u201d also to the ninth and tenth sections of an act entitled \u201c an act to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize and confiscate property of rebels, and for other purposes, \u201d approved july 17, 1862, and which sections are in the words and figures following : \u201c sec. 9. and be it further enacted, that all slaves of persons who shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the government of the united states, or who shall in any way give aid or comfort thereto, escaping from such persons and taking refuge within the lines of the army ; and all slaves captured from such persons or deserted by them and coming under the control of the government of the united states ; and all slaves of such persons found on ( or ) being within any place occupied by rebel forces and afterwards occupied by the forces of the united states, shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude and not again held as slaves. \u201c sec. 10. and be it further enacted, that no slave escaping into any state, territory, or the district of columbia, from any other state, shall be delivered up, or in any way impeded or hindered of his liberty, except for crime, or some offence against the laws, unless the person claiming said fugitive shall first make oath that the person to whom the labor or service of such fugitive is alleged to be due is his lawful owner, and has not borne arms against the united states in the present rebellion, nor in any way given aid and comfort thereto ; and no person engaged in the military or naval service of the united states shall, under any pretence whatever, assume to decide on the validity of the claim of any person to the service or labor of any other person, or surrender up any such person to the claimant, on pain of being dismissed from the service. \u201d and i do hereby enjoin upon and order all persons engaged in the military and naval service of the united states to observe, obey, and enforce, within their respective spheres of service, the act, and sections above recited. and the executive will in due time recommend that all citizens of the united states who shall have remained loyal thereto throughout the rebellion, shall ( upon the restoration of the constitutional relation between the united states, and their respective states, and people, if that relation shall have been suspended or disturbed ) be compensated for all losses by acts of the united states, including the loss of slaves. in witness where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46408676127032705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.934771"} {"text": "some scientists say it ' s an exciting \" start \". we take a boat to see the results. at the moment, we ' re whizzing down a channel about a few miles downstream from caernarvon. denise reed spends a lot of her life in these wetlands : she studies them for louisiana state university. reed would make a great scout leadershe ' s got no - nonsense hair, an infectious smile, and she forges through the grasses on this wetland like she ' s leading an expedition. \" we ' re going to go over to see some marsh over thereby those trees. \" reed says. \" and that ' s where we ' re going to see how the freshwater, the nutrients and the sediments coming out of the diversion structure are revitalizing the marsh. so we ' re gonna go see. it ' s right over on the other side there... look at all this wonderful green, you know, there ' s nice big growth on these plants. \" tracing the effects of the canaervon. photo : william brangham / now with bill moyers reed says if we had walked here before they started the caernarvon project, it would have felt completely different. this wetland was sick back then, and when wetlands are sick, the soil gets all mushy and turns into open water. but now we ' re walking on solid ground. \" you look at those ponds over there in the distance, \" reed explains, \" you see how the grass is gradually moving in and filling in. you can see that just here, you can see that grass growing out into the middle of this area. this would have all been bare. what is land loss? land loss is marsh turning to open water. here we ' ve got open water in ponds filling in and becoming marsh. a lot of people think it ' s hopeless down here in coastal louisiana, but just coming down here and looking at this makes us believe that we can do this. \" but these changes have disrupted some people ' s lives. the problem is, the minute you put your finger on a map and say, ' let ' s tinker with nature here, let ' s mimic the old floods there, ' chances are that you might flood somebody ' s backyard. or you ' ll disrupt the bays and inlets where george barisich does his fishing. next : a plague of killer mussells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4309413590178968, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.937351"} {"text": "the artifacts, called clovis spear points, are only part of a much larger collection of american indian artifacts the museum received from a private donor last week. william a. sims, an orthopedic surgeon in decatur, donated between 700 and 1, 000 items to the museum. sims and his father, the late william finley sims, began collecting the items in the 1930s from farm land and creek banks in southeastern tennessee during the 1930s. by the time he handed the collection over to the museum it included hundreds of arrowheads, several pieces of pottery, ceremonial pendants, rolling pins, grinding stones and several miscellaneous items. \u201c i would like for them to be enjoyed by the public, \u201d sims said. \u201c it \u2019 s just a very interesting collection. \u201d the clovis arrowheads are the earliest spear points found in north america. the clovis points look like flint domes with sharp points at the tip, making them distinctly different from later arrowheads, which are often triangular in shape, said archeologist harry holstein, a professor at jacksonville state university. archeologists believe the clovis points were used by the earliest american indians, a group called paleo - indians. clovis points have been found embedded in the remains of woolly mammoths, mastodons and giant bison. according to holstein, people of the paleo - indian period would have speared the animals in the belly and approached them to pull the spear heads from the animals \u2019 bodies. \u201c talk about brave guys, \u201d holstein said. sims found one of the clovis heads himself, at a cave entrance. he still looks for and finds artifacts today in the northern part of the state. \u201c the arrowheads sometimes almost stick up at you, \u201d sims said. \u201c you quickly learn to see them when otherwise they might just look like an ordinary rock. \u201d museum curator tim moon and about a dozen volunteers went to retrieve the items from sims late last week. using cardboard boxes, bubble wrap and newspaper, they packaged the items and brought them back to ohatchee on two trailers. moon and 12 - year - old kory sparks, a local pre - teen with an interest in museum work, have been unpacking and sorting the items ever since. unpacked boxes, tables full of arrowheads, axe heads and pieces of artifacts litter the museum ' s back room. moon and sparks are in the earliest phase of sorting and cleaning the items, some of which have not been cleaned since they were placed in sims \u2019 father \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3540846706242189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.942697"} {"text": "full of arrowheads, axe heads and pieces of artifacts litter the museum ' s back room. moon and sparks are in the earliest phase of sorting and cleaning the items, some of which have not been cleaned since they were placed in sims \u2019 father \u2019 s collection in the 1930s. once the pair is finished unpacking, sorting and cleaning the items, they \u2019 ll be placed in wood - framed glass cases. the collection makes up about one - third of the museums \u2019 indian artifact collection, moon said. resting in rows on a black folding table in the back room are more than a dozen axe heads. moon said they were likely connected to wood handles by strings of raw hides. their once - sharp edges are now rounded and worn. not far away, hundreds of arrowheads that range in color from charcoal grey to alabama clay red are lined up on the tops of glass cases. in a corner rest more than a dozen cracked clay pots, some of them holding beaded necklaces moon believes to be more than 1, 000 years old. eventually they \u2019 ll be placed behind glass and kept in the back room where the schoolchildren and visitors who frequent the museum are likely to see the items. holstein, who conducts archeological digs in search of american indian artifacts, said he \u2019 s glad to know that the collection is being held in a public museum. \u201c the significance of it is that it will be preserved and the whole public will be able to enjoy the ingenuity of the indians, \u201d holstein said. \u201c now you have thousands of people who will be able to enjoy this. \u201d staff writer laura johnson : 256 - 235 - 3544. on twitter @ ljohnson _ star.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3705027570705365, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.943440"} {"text": "just ask antoine! - a substance which is not normally found in a living thing. - xenon. xe. - element 54, a colorless, inert gas used to fill cathode ray tubes. - a very high energy form of electromagnetic radiation ( though not as high energy as gamma rays ). x - rays typically have wavelengths from a few picometers up to 20 nanometers. x - rays easily penetrate soft tissue, which makes them useful in medical imaging and in radiation therapy. - x - ray crystallography. - determination of three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal by analysis of x - ray diffraction patterns. - x - ray diffraction pattern. - interference patterns created by x - rays as they pass through a solid material. studying x - ray diffraction patterns gives detailed information on the three - dimensional structure of crystals, surfaces, and atoms. - x - ray spectrum. x - ray spectra. - a set of characteristic x - ray frequencies or wavelengths produced by a substance used as a target in an x - ray tube. each element has a characteristic x - ray spectrum, and there is a strong correlation between atomic number and the frequencies of certain lines in the x - ray spectrum. - x - ray tube. - a cathode ray tube that focuses energetic streams of electrons on a metal target, causing the metal to emit x - rays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6739133330662873, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.946050"} {"text": "the pull - out map traces global population trends and the rise of cities and technology focusing on agriculture. it predicts what we all know but seldom see in the mainstream press : that the gap between those who have and those who don ' t will widen. on the other hand, great strides to decrease hunger have been achieved in the past 30 years though politics still gets in the way of feeding everyone in the world : \" about 20 percent of the developing world ' s population is chronically undernourished ; 30 years ago the percentage was twice that high... \" still, 19, 000 children * per day * die of causes related to malnutrition. the article on feeding the planet traces the history of agriculture and is successful in pointing out that increases in production aren ' t what ' s needed to end world hunger, political change is. it also makes the \" bottom of the food chain \" argument for vegetarianism without describing it as such. also, the article on lewis and clark features some of our nebraska ranchers, the masons, who raise buffalo and give tours of their \" living prairie. \" university of nebraska - lincoln alternative crops research technician nebraska sustainable agriculture society western organizer high plains ag lab 3257 rd. 109 sidney, ne 69162 to unsubscribe : email firstname. lastname @ example. org with \" unsubscribe sanet - mg \". to subscribe to digest : email email @ example. com with the command", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4862693586664105, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.951007"} {"text": "ever see a monarch butterfly? they have bright orange and black wings, and every year they fly from canada to mexico and then back again. each individual butterfly doesn \u2019 t make the trip, but females lay eggs along the way and their offspring continue on. what a trip! some people think monarch butterflies are in danger because they eat milkweed plants, and milkweed plants are getting harder to find. the problem is that an insect called the milkweed stem weevil also likes to eat milkweed plants, and it eats a lot of them. but an agricultural research service ( ars ) scientist made a discovery that could help save milkweed plants and monarchs. the scientist, charles suh, was working on a new boll weevil trap when he made his discovery. boll weevils are a problem for farmers because they attack cotton plants, so farmers in texas asked suh to find out why their boll weevil traps weren \u2019 t working. suh asked the trap manufacturer to make a trap with the exact mix of natural compounds that boll weevils use to sniff out each other. suh placed the new traps in cotton fields and found that they didn \u2019 t catch any more boll weevils, but they did catch a lot of the milkweed stem weevils that eat milkweed plants. with a little more work, the discovery could lead to traps that control milkweed stem weevils. that would mean enough milkweed plants for monarch butterflies to keep making those long distance trips. by dennis o ' brien, agricultural research service, information staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38531237554942777, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.954105"} {"text": "a researcher has devised a method that attackers with control over a victim ' s computer can use to clone the secret software token that rsa ' s securid uses to generate one - time passwords. the technique, described on thursday by a senior security analyst at a firm called sensepost, has important implications for the safekeeping of the tokens. an estimated 40 million people use various securid tokens to access confidential data belonging to government agencies, military contractors, and corporations. scrutiny of the widely used two - factor authentication system has grown since last year, when rsa revealed that intruders on its networks stole sensitive securid information that could be used to reduce its security. defense contractor lockheed martin later confirmed that a separate attack on its systems was aided by the theft of the rsa data. last week ' s blog post by sensepost ' s behrang fouladi demonstrated another way determined attackers could in certain cases circumvent protections built into securid. by reverse engineering software used to manage the cryptographic software tokens on computers running microsoft ' s windows operating system, he found that the secret \" seed \" was easy for people with control over the machines to locate and copy. he provided step - by - step instructions for others to follow in order to demonstrate how easy it is to create clones that mimic verbatim the output of a targeted securid token. \" when the above has been performed, you should have successfully cloned the victim ' s software token and if they run the securid software token program on your computer, it will generate the exact same random numbers that are displayed on the victim ' s token, \" fouladi wrote. he arrived at that conclusion by reverse engineering the windows software that allows securid users to make one - time passwords appear on their pcs, rather than on match - case - sized hardware tokens rsa provides. the cryptographic seed values at the heart of the securid system make it mathematically infeasible for others to predict the output that changes every 90 seconds or so, but only if the values remain secret. rsa spokesman kevin kempskie told ars : \" it ' s not uncommon for a large software company like ours to see security researchers demonstrate theoretical attacks on a product. we have a really experienced product security team and we take these things very seriously and we ' re going to have them take a closer look at it. \" fouladi discovered that the rsa seed value is easy to obtain and copy by anyone with access to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5828503850983983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.965290"} {"text": "have a really experienced product security team and we take these things very seriously and we ' re going to have them take a closer look at it. \" fouladi discovered that the rsa seed value is easy to obtain and copy by anyone with access to a computer that ' s lost, stolen, or has been compromised with a backdoor trojan. by reading chunks of data returned by a proprietary microsoft security interface known as the data protection application programming interface ( dpapi ), an attacker can obtain and copy the encrypted value. even when an optional copy protection known as a token binding is in place, it can be bypassed because the required serial number is determined by a combination of the host name and current user ' s windows security identifier stored on the computer. he told ars that smartphones that are lost or stolen might be susceptible to similar attacks, although he stressed he has no reason to believe that the values can be remotely retrieved from smartphones infected with malware, as long as the devices haven ' t been jailbroken or rooted. \" should people stop using the securid software tokens? \" he wrote in an e - mail. \" it depends. it is dependent on the probability of the device being stolen or malicious applications installed from a dubious source. personally, for high - risk situations, for example government agency laptops for staff that travel and frequently have to connect back to secure networks, using the token, i wouldn ' t recommend it. \" fouladi noted that both rsa and its customers have been targeted by highly motivated hackers, so attack scenarios in which pcs are infected or stolen aren ' t unrealistic. he suggested the sensitive rsa data should be managed by a industry - wide specification known as the tpm, or trusted platform module. post updated to clarify securid ' s user base and to make clear the attack doesn ' t deduce seed values.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5527063799435661, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.966122"} {"text": "home arthriving ideasarthritis awareness in the month of may arthritis awareness in the month of may may 22, 2012 may is arthritis awareness month, and while there are over 100 types of arthritis, the most common type is osteoarthritis, also known as oa. it is typically referred to as just \" arthritis. \" so, how can you spread awareness about osteoarthritis during the month of may? first, you should be able to describe the condition. osteoarthritis is a form of a\u20ac\u0153wear - and - teara\u20aca\u20ac \u201d or degenerativea\u20ac \u201d arthritis and describes the wearing down of the protective cartilage on the ends of your bones over time. oa can damage any joint in the body and commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, neck, and back. you should also be aware of some of the arthritis a\u20ac\u0153mythsa\u20ac out there. first, some people think osteoarthritis is inevitable with age. ita\u20ac\u2122s not. and while many arthritis patients swear by their ability to a\u20ac\u0153predict the weather, a\u20ac therea\u20ac\u2122s no scientific evidence to back this up. the ability levels of people with arthritis are varying. whereas one person may be debilitated by arthritis, another may be able to run a marathona\u20ac \u201d but we can all make adaptations to make others more aware of the condition and its effects. what else can you share about arthritis? osteoarthritis is what most folks think of when they hear the word a\u20ac\u0153arthritis. a\u20ac it should not be confused with other kinds of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis. these conditions and their treatments are very different, although sometimes a person can have more than one type of arthritis. osteoarthritis most commonly affects athletes and older people. a very common condition, it affects 1 in 5 americans and 50 % of people over the age of 65. in fact, 1 in 2 people may develop osteoarthritis of the knee by age 85. obesity and other lifestyle factors can increase your risk for arthritis. in the spirit of arthritis awareness month, you should also use this time of year to inform those around you about your condition. you never know when you may need help with something like renovating your kitchen, moving into a new home, planting your garden, or walking your dog. you can also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4152553535498922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.968861"} {"text": "the auto industry last month beat back another attempt to raise fuel - economy standards for light trucks, but environmentalists say the fight is far from over, and time and consumers are on their side. congress has voted down efforts to raise the fuel standard for trucks five years in a row, prohibiting the department of transportation from spending money to even study the issue. federal corporate average fuel economy ( cafe ) standards require that each manufacturer ' s passenger cars average 27. 5 miles per gallon and its trucks ( sport - utility vehicles, pickups and vans ) 20. 7 m. p. g. manufacturers that fall below those levels face fines that can cost millions of dollars. congress created cafe in 1975 during the opec oil embargo, when trucks accounted for less than 25 percent of the market and were mainly work vehicles. now, trucks account for nearly half of sales, and most are used for personal transportation. environmental groups such as the sierra club contend the growing popularity of trucks has dragged overall fuel economy to its lowest level since 1980. they accuse car companies of promoting gas - guzzling suvs and other trucks with v - 8 engines over fuel - efficient cars because they generate higher profits. \" a lot of people want a more efficient truck, but the car companies won ' t give them that choice, \" said daniel becker, director of the sierra club ' s global warming and energy program. the sierra club wants truck cafe raised to the same level as cars and believes it can be done over a five - year period. becker cites a study by the union of concerned scientists that concludes ford, for example, could boost fuel economy on the explorer, the top - selling suv, to 28 m. p. g. from 19 with a smaller v - 6 engine with variable - valve technology, a more efficient automatic transmission, low rolling - resistance tires, improved aerodynamics and a 620 - pound weight reduction. the cost to consumers would be $ 750, but they would save more than $ 2, 300 over the life of the vehicle by using less gas, according to the study, which says a smaller engine and more - advanced transmission would add another $ 220 to the cost but yield 34 m. p. g. and save another $ 800. \" the technology exists now to increase fuel economy through better aerodynamics, more efficient engines and better transmissions. that technology is less expensive than the gas it saves, \" becker said. gloria bergquist, a spokeswoman for the alliance of automobile manufacturers, an industry group that represents major car companies and led the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45190163800048405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.973173"} {"text": "path of the solar eclipse \u2026 click for animation. ( credit : a. t. sinclair / nasa ). this year \u2019 s big ticket astronomical event occurs over a sparsely populated but beautiful track of our planet ; we \u2019 re talking about july 11th \u2019 s total solar eclipse. of course, it isn \u2019 t often that an eclipse doesn \u2019 t occur over the windswept arctic or a war - torn banana republic \u2026 the sun and sand of an island eclipse may just be the perfect combo. if you haven \u2019 t already made plans to catch one of the numerous cruises headed that way you may have to enjoy it vicariously with the rest of us via the internet ; this eclipse graces only a smattering of islands before making a brief landfall in south america across the chilean - argentine border at sunset. the path of solar totality will not grace our planet again until november 2012 in another south pacific eclipse that intersects this month \u2019 s path! its maximum length of 5 minutes and 20 seconds occurs over open ocean. two very interesting sites for viewing include easter island and just off of the coast of french polynesia and tahiti ; the more adventurous may want to head for the cook islands site of mangaia, which lies right along the centerline. weather prospects may favor the northern hump of the path, with a mean cloudiness of less than 50 % \u2026 but for sheer beauty and landscape photo ops, easter island will be your best bet. no doubt most of humanity will experience this one vicariously via the web ; follow @ astroguyz via twitter, as we \u2019 ll post where online to watch this extra - ordinary event in the days leading up to the eclipse! the astro - term for this week is metonic series. a metonic series of eclipses arises from the fact that the period of 19 tropical solar years is very nearly equal to 235 synodic months. this was first recognized by the astronomer meton of athens in the year 432 b. c. the error of difference is 2 hours per 19 years, and this accumulates to a full calendar day every 219 years. a metonic cycle of eclipses will share the same calendar date in groupings of 4 to 5 per series \u2026 for example, the first eclipse related to this month \u2019 s was on july 11th, 1953 and the last will be 19 years from now, on july 11, 2029. do not confuse metonic series with saros cycle, which is independent of the solar calendar and based on a period of 223 synodic months. so what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4560946025112832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.979066"} {"text": "what moral standards should we use? the category of normative ethics is also relatively easy to understand - it involves creating or evaluating moral standards. thus, it is an attempt to figure out what people should do or whether their current moral behavior is reasonable. traditionally, most of the field of moral philosophy has involved normative ethics - there are few philosophers out there who haven ' t tried their hand at explaining what they think people should do and why. this process involves examining the moral standards people currently use in order to determine if they are justifiable, as well as attempting to construct new moral standards which might be better. in either case, the philosopher is critically investigating the nature and grounds of moral standards, moral principles, moral rules, and moral conduct. the category of normative ethics also includes the entire field of applied ethics. this field is the attempt to take insights from the work of philosophers and theologians and apply them to real - world situations. for example, bioethics is an important and growing aspect of applied ethics which involves people working out the most moral decisions regarding issues like organ transplants, genetic engineering, cloning, etc. an issue falls under the category of applied ethics whenever : 1. there is general disagreement about the correct course of action. 2. the choice involved is a specifically moral choice. the first characteristic means that there must be some actual debate in which different groups take opposing positions for what they consider good reasons. thus, abortion is a question of applied ethics in which people can analyze the facts and values involved and arrive at some sort of conclusion backed by arguments. on the other hand, deliberately placing a poison in the water supply is not a question of applied ethics because there is no general debate over whether or not such an action is wrong. the second characteristic requires, obviously, that applied ethics only be involved when we are facing moral choices. not every controversial issue is also a moral issue - for example, traffic laws and zoning codes may be the basis for heated debate, but they rarely turn on questions of fundamental moral values. the ultimate goal of all of this is to show how it might be possible to develop a consistent and reasonable system of moral rules which are valid for all \" moral agents. \" philosophers often speak of \" moral agents \" : a moral agent is any being capable of understanding and acting upon some moral rule. thus, it isn ' t simply enough to answer a moral question, like \" is abortion wrong? \" - instead, normative ethics is involved with demonstrating that this and other questions can be answered with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4690122513741852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.985457"} {"text": "posted : 2 / 15 / 12 | updated : 2 / 16 / 12 the modern lifestyle of super - sized french fries and couch potatoes often takes the blame for the rising rates of obesity and diabetes in the u. s. - - perhaps rightly so. but growing evidence suggests another factor in the dual epidemics : modern chemicals. exposure to even minuscule amounts of synthesized substances - - used in everything from pesticides to water bottles - - can scramble hormone signals, scientists say. this interference can trick fat cells into taking in more fat or mislead the pancreas into secreting excess insulin, a hormone that regulates the breakdown of fat and carbohydrates. among the most ubiquitous and scrutinized of these so - called endocrine disruptors is bisphenol a, better known as bpa. the chemical is a common ingredient in plastics and food - can linings. \" when you eat something with bpa, it ' s like telling your organs that you are eating more than you are really eating, \" says angel nadal, a bpa expert at the miguel hernandez university in spain. nadal ' s latest research, published last week in plos one, finds that the chemical triggers the release of almost double the insulin actually needed to break down food. high insulin levels can desensitize the body to the hormone over time, which in some people may then lead to weight gain and type 2 diabetes. huffington for the rest. 1 instituto bioingenieria and ciber de diabetes y enfermedades metabolicas asociadas ( ciberdem ), universidad miguel hernandez de elche, elche, alicante, spain, 2 institut d ' investigacions biomediques august pi i sunyer ( idibaps ) and ciberdem, barcelona, spain, 3 department of clinical sciences, lund university, malmo, sweden, 4 department of cell biology and biochemistry, center for nuclear receptors and cell signaling, university of houston, houston, texas, united states of america bisphenol - a ( bpa ) is a widespread endocrine - disrupting chemical ( edc ) used as the base compound in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics. it alters pancreatic \u03b2 - cell function and can be considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in rodents. here we used er\u03b2\u2212 / \u2212 mice to study whether er\u03b2 is involved in the rapid regulation of katp channel activity, calcium signals and insulin release elicited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48710903423114343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.988972"} {"text": "cell function and can be considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in rodents. here we used er\u03b2\u2212 / \u2212 mice to study whether er\u03b2 is involved in the rapid regulation of katp channel activity, calcium signals and insulin release elicited by environmentally relevant doses of bpa ( 1 nm ). we also investigated these effects of bpa in \u03b2 - cells and whole islets of langerhans from humans. 1 nm bpa rapidly decreased katp channel activity, increased glucose - induced [ ca2 + ] i signals and insulin release in \u03b2 - cells from wt mice but not in cells from er\u03b2\u2212 / \u2212 mice. the rapid reduction in the katp channel activity and the insulinotropic effect was seen in human cells and islets. bpa actions were stronger in human islets compared to mouse islets when the same bpa concentration was used. our findings suggest that bpa behaves as a strong estrogen via nuclear er\u03b2 and indicate that results obtained with bpa in mouse \u03b2 - cells may be extrapolated to humans. this supports that bpa should be considered as a risk factor for metabolic disorders in humans. damn. i do not understand some of that. = ) glad someone ' s keeping tabs on what i don ' t.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137600060827142, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.989500"} {"text": "i am fortunate to be spending the day in a workshop in canberra with lee crockett, global educational leader and author of \" literacy is not enough \". davey crovckett - no relation his model of 21st century fluencies considers the following 5 fluencies : so, we were considering solution fluency, which lee has divided into 6 steps, or phases, in a cycle : then we were presented with the task - build the tallest tower you can using newspaper and tape. you ' ve probably done this with kids before. immediately, we grabbed for the paper and tape, totally forgot about the 6 d ' s, and built a tower. i did try to suggest to the gathered 30 or so teachers that maybe we could all collaborate, to produce one big tower, rather than several small ones. got a few laughs - and 3 people came and joined their group to ours. our group very cleverly headed up the stairs to get a height advantage, defining \" tallest \" as meaning \" height above sea level \". here ' s out final tower - something went wrong at the top. here ' s another finished product - not a bad effort. in the final \" debrief \", it was interesting to see how quickly a group of educated teachers had abandoned a framework that they had been presented only minutes before. little effort had been made to define, discover or dream, some design had happened but most of the time was spent on the \" deliver \". what does that mean for my classroom?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5723263695882018, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.991159"} {"text": "just because a car says \u201c hybrid \u201d on its side panel, is it really any easier on the environment than its gas - burning counterparts? green technology strives to lessen our impact on the environment, but how can you really be certain how much your car is impacting the planet? \u201c green \u201d vehicles are becoming more accessible and more prevalent, but just how do they compare to other cars \u2014 and to each other? new labels to navigate by one way that the federal government is assisting us in toeing the green line is with new standards and regulations. beginning with model year 2013, vehicles we will see mandatory new epa labels like the one above attached to window stickers. these are designed to give the consumer a clearer picture on just how green his new set of wheels is ( or isn \u2019 t ). while the labels do provide some good insight on usage, they do not consider environmental impact during the production process but on a vehicle - to - vehicle scale the differences would be negligible \u2013 at this point anyway. one could make the argument that vehicles produced in countries with less stringent manufacturing regulations are not as green as those produced here in the states, and i am sure critics can sit here and make a great argument for plants run on electricity provided by cleaner energy sources. but since most a car \u2019 s environmental impact comes from its use \u2014 not it \u2019 s manufacture \u2014 the former is a better indication of eco - impact.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45718361132790225, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:41.992770"} {"text": "roget ' s int ' l thesaurus fowler ' s king ' s english the king james bible brewer ' s phrase & fable frazer ' s golden bough shelf of fiction ulysses s. grant > chapter xviii. ulysses s. grant appointed colonel of the 21st illinoispersonnel of the regimentgeneral loganmarch to missourimovement against harris at florida, mo. general pope in commandstationed at mexico, mo. i was absent from the state capital on this occasion the presidents second call for troops was issued. this time it was for 300, 000 men, for three years or the war. this brought into the united states service all the regiments then in the state service. these had elected their officers from highest to lowest and were accepted with their organizations as they were, except in two instances. a chicago regiment, the 19th infantry, had elected a very young man to the colonelcy. when it came to taking the field the regiment asked to have another appointed colonel and the one they had previously chosen made lieutenant - colonel. the 21st regiment of infantry, mustered in by me at mattoon, refused to go into the service with the colonel of their selection in any position. while i was still absent governor yates appointed me colonel of this latter regiment. a few days after i was in charge of it and in camp on the fair grounds near springfield. my regiment was composed in large part of young men of as good social position as any in their section of the state. it embraced the sons of farmers, lawyers, physicians, politicians, merchants, bankers and ministers, and some men of maturer years who had filled such positions themselves. there were also men in it who could be led astray ; and the colonel, elected by the votes of the regiment, had proved to be fully capable of developing all there was in his men of recklessness. it was said that he even went so far at times as to take the guard from their posts and go with them to the village near by and make a night of it. when there came a prospect of battle the regiment wanted to have some one else to lead them. i found it very hard work for a few days to bring all the men into anything like subordination ; but the great majority favored discipline, and by the application of a little regular army punishment all were reduced to as good discipline as one could ask. the ten regiments which had volunteered in the state service for thirty days, it will be remembered, had done so with a pledge to go into the national service if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45451256747078017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.006489"} {"text": "of a little regular army punishment all were reduced to as good discipline as one could ask. the ten regiments which had volunteered in the state service for thirty days, it will be remembered, had done so with a pledge to go into the national service if called upon within that time. when they volunteered the government had only called for ninety days enlistments. men were called now for three years or the war. they felt that this change of period released them from the obligation of re - volunteering. when i was appointed colonel, the 21st regiment was still in the state service. about the time they were to be mustered into the united states service, such of them as would go, two members of congress from the state, mcclernand and logan, appeared at the capital and i was introduced to them. i had never seen either of them before, but i had read a great deal about them, and particularly about logan, in the newspapers. both were democratic members of congress, and logan had been elected from the southern district of the state, where he had a majority of eighteen thousand over his republican competitor. his district had been settled originally by people from the southern states, and at the breaking out of secession they sympathized with the south. at the first outbreak of war some of them joined the southern army ; many others were preparing to do so ; others rode over the country at night denouncing the union, and made it as necessary to guard railroad bridges over which national troops had to pass in southern illinois, as it was in kentucky or any of the border slave states. logans popularity in this district was unbounded. he knew almost enough of the people in it by their christian names, to form an ordinary congressional district. as he went in politics, so his district was sure to go. the republican papers had been demanding that he should announce where he stood on the questions which at that time engrossed the whole of public thought. some were very bitter in their denunciations of his silence. logan was not a man to be coerced into an utterance by threats. he did, however, come out in a speech before the adjournment of the special session of congress which was convened by the president soon after his inauguration, and announced his undying loyalty and devotion to the union. but i had not happened to see that speech, so that when i first met logan my impressions were those formed from reading denunciations of him. mcclernand, on the other hand, had early", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43384926025670895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.007551"} {"text": "for the troops to march there. we had no transportation for our camp and garrison equipage, so wagons were hired for the occasion and on the 3d of july we started. there was no hurry, but fair marches were made every day until the illinois river was crossed. there i was overtaken by a dispatch saying that the destination of the regiment had been changed to ironton, missouri, and ordering me to halt where i was and await the arrival of a steamer which had been dispatched up the illinois river to take the regiment to st. louis. the boat, when it did come, grounded on a sand - bar a few miles below where we were in camp. we remained there several days waiting to have the boat get off the bar, but before this occurred news came that an illinois regiment was surrounded by rebels at a point on the hannibal and st. joe railroad some miles west of palmyra, in missouri, and i was ordered to proceed with all dispatch to their relief. we took the cars and reached quincy in a few hours. when i left galena for the last time to take command of the 21st regiment i took with me my oldest son, frederick d. grant, then a lad of eleven years of age. on receiving the order to take rail for quincy i wrote to mrs. grant, to relieve what i supposed would be her great anxiety for one so young going into danger, that i would send fred home from quincy by river. i received a prompt letter in reply decidedly disapproving my proposition, and urging that the lad should be allowed to accompany me. it came too late. fred was already on his way up the mississippi bound for dubuque, iowa, from which place there was a railroad to galena. my sensations as we approached what i supposed might be a field of battle were anything but agreeable. i had been in all the engagements in mexico that it was possible for one person to be in ; but not in command. if some one else had been colonel and i had been lieutenant - colonel i do not think i would have felt any trepidation. before we were prepared to cross the mississippi river at quincy my anxiety was relieved ; for the men of the besieged regiment came straggling into town. i am inclined to think both sides got frightened and ran away. i took my regiment to palmyra and remained there for a few days, until relieved by the 19th illinois infantry. from palmyra i proceeded to salt river, the railroad bridge over which had been destroyed by the enemy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3994483643200593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.009757"} {"text": "got frightened and ran away. i took my regiment to palmyra and remained there for a few days, until relieved by the 19th illinois infantry. from palmyra i proceeded to salt river, the railroad bridge over which had been destroyed by the enemy. colonel john m. palmer at that time commanded the 13th illinois, which was acting as a guard to workmen who were engaged in rebuilding this bridge. palmer was my senior and commanded the two regiments as long as we remained together. the bridge was finished in about two weeks, and i received orders to move against colonel thomas harris, who was said to be encamped at the little town of florida, some twenty - five miles south of where we then were. at the time of which i now write we had no transportation and the country about salt river was sparsely settled, so that it took some days to collect teams and drivers enough to move the camp and garrison equipage of a regiment nearly a thousand strong, together with a weeks supply of provision and some ammunition. while preparations for the move were going on i felt quite comfortable ; but when we got on the road and found every house deserted i was anything but easy. in the twenty - five miles we had to march we did not see a person, old or young, male or female, except two horsemen who were on a road that crossed ours. as soon as they saw us they decamped as fast as their horses could carry them. i kept my men in the ranks and forbade their entering any of the deserted houses or taking anything from them. we halted at night on the road and proceeded the next morning at an early hour. harris had been encamped in a creek bottom for the sake of being near water. the hills on either side of the creek extend to a considerable height, possibly more than a hundred feet. as we approached the brow of the hill from which it was expected we could see harris camp, and possibly find his men ready formed to meet us, my heart kept getting higher and higher until it felt to me as though it was in my throat. i would have given anything then to have been back in illinois, but i had not the moral courage to halt and consider what to do ; i kept right on. when we reached a point from which the valley below was in full view i halted. the place where harris had been encamped a few days before was still there and the marks of a recent encampment were plainly visible, but the troops were gone. my heart resumed its place. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41252094571374787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.011023"} {"text": "below was in full view i halted. the place where harris had been encamped a few days before was still there and the marks of a recent encampment were plainly visible, but the troops were gone. my heart resumed its place. it occurred to me at once that harris had been as much afraid of me as i had been of him. this was a view of the question i had never taken before ; but it was one i never forgot afterwards. from that event to the close of the war, i never experienced trepidation upon confronting an enemy, though i always felt more or less anxiety. i never forgot that he had as much reason to fear my forces as i had his. the lesson was valuable. inquiries at the village of florida divulged the fact that colonel harris, learning of my intended movement, while my transportation was being collected took time by the forelock and left florida before i had started from salt river. he had increased the distance between us by forty miles. the next day i started back to my old camp at salt river bridge. the citizens living on the line of our march had returned to their houses after we passed, and finding everything in good order, nothing carried away, they were at their front doors ready to greet us now. they had evidently been led to believe that the national troops carried death and devastation with them wherever they went. in a short time after our return to salt river bridge i was ordered with my regiment to the town of mexico. general pope was then commanding the district embracing all of the state of missouri between the mississippi and missouri rivers, with his headquarters in the village of mexico. i was assigned to the command of a sub - district embracing the troops in the immediate neighborhood, some three regiments of infantry and a section of artillery. there was one regiment encamped by the side of mine. i assumed command of the whole and the first night sent the commander of the other regiment the parole and countersign. not wishing to be outdone in courtesy, he immediately sent me the countersign for his regiment for the night. when he was informed that the countersign sent to him was for use with his regiment as well as mine, it was difficult to make him understand that this was not an unwarranted interference of one colonel over another. no doubt he attributed it for the time to the presumption of a graduate of west point over a volunteer pure and simple. but the question was soon settled and we had no further trouble. my arrival in mexico had been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4590183504074376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.013175"} {"text": "one colonel over another. no doubt he attributed it for the time to the presumption of a graduate of west point over a volunteer pure and simple. but the question was soon settled and we had no further trouble. my arrival in mexico had been preceded by that of two or three regiments in which proper discipline had not been maintained, and the men had been in the habit of visiting houses without invitation and helping themselves to food and drink, or demanding them from the occupants. they carried their muskets while out of camp and made every man they found take the oath of allegiance to the government. i at once published orders prohibiting the soldiers from going into private houses unless invited by the inhabitants, and from appropriating private property to their own or to government uses. the people were no longer molested or made afraid. i received the most marked courtesy from the citizens of mexico as long as i remained there. up to this time my regiment had not been carried in the school of the soldier beyond the company drill, except that it had received some training on the march from springfield to the illinois river. there was now a good opportunity of exercising it in the battalion drill. while i was at west point the tactics used in the army had been scotts and the musket the flint lock. i had never looked at a copy of tactics from the time of my graduation. my standing in that branch of studies had been near the foot of the class. in the mexican war in the summer of 1846, i had been appointed regimental quartermaster and commissary and had not been at a battalion drill since. the arms had been changed since then and hardees tactics had been adopted. i got a copy of tactics and studied one lesson, intending to confine the exercise of the first day to the commands i had thus learned. by pursuing this course from day to day i thought i would soon get through the volume. we were encamped just outside of town on the common, among scattering suburban houses with enclosed gardens, and when i got my regiment in line and rode to the front i soon saw that if i attempted to follow the lesson i had studied i would have to clear away some of the houses and garden fences to make room. i perceived at once, however, that hardees tacticsa mere translation from the french with hardees name attachedwas nothing more than common sense and the progress of the age applied to scotts system. the commands were abbreviated and the movement expedited. under the old tactics almost every change in the order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47704033854344585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.015165"} {"text": "why are barn owls dying on the road? a captive barn owl. creative commons photo by tony tea. q : driving on interstate 5 last fall, i saw at least 10 dead barn owls, apparently killed when they were blinded by headlights. is this amount of roadkill alarming? [ rich, albany ] a : it seems counterintuitive, but i would be more worried about barn owls if you saw no roadkill. the dead birds indicate owl abundance. owls do hunt along roads, but mostly they cruise over fields, and sometimes over highways. with their extraordinary hearing, they fly low, listening for rodents. for millions of years this was beneficial, but the owls are not so well adapted to i - 5! barn owls are the most widespread not only of all owls, but maybe of all birds. they have managed to get to most of the planet, even remote islands like the galapagos, madagascar, and borneo ( and hawaii, where they were introduced by people ). the owls \u2019 success is tied very closely to that of their rodent prey. like most birds of prey, owls begin incubating eggs as soon as they \u2019 re laid, so chicks hatch over a period of days. in times of abundance, there \u2019 s enough food for all young, and the owls often have two broods. but when food is short, older chicks may outcompete smaller siblings. owl lore also abounds \u2013 including, in our culture, that owls are wise. perhaps it \u2019 s their large heads and eyes ( like a certain primate we think wise ). and i think barn owls may be the original ghosts. church belfries are perfect nesting spots, often located next to cemeteries. if you have the good fortune to see barn owls flying low and silently across a cemetery, with white underwing, it \u2019 s easy to imagine mistaking them for ghosts. by the way, it \u2019 s illegal to possess any birds, even roadkill, without a permit. email your questions to email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39449146042229355, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.017330"} {"text": "note : this calculation makes many assumptions, so it ' s only useful in an ' average use case ', not some sort of exact measurement. if you find better information, please post it and i ' ll update the answer. how many pumps you would need to fill up a tire depends on many variables. first, the volume of your inner tube, which can be approximated as a torus ( doughnut - shape ) atop the rim size of a given diameter. you can find yours approximated on this graph. - 26 \" mountain bike, 2. 1 \" tire width = 4. 8l - 29 \" mountain bike, 2. 1 \" tire width = 5. 2l - 700c road bike, 35mm tire width = 2l - 20 \" bmx bike, 1. 85 \" tire width = 3l i ' m finding pump specifications quite difficult to find ( i need piston diameter and stroke length ), but here ' s a comparison of some shock pumps on an empty shock cylinder of a 2007 fox 36 rlc 160mm fork. - average accu - gage pressure reading after 100 strokes : 77. 2 psi - my best guess at rc2 air chamber specifications : 1 \" ( 25. 4mm ) diameter, 160mm length ( max travel ). if someone can find accurate specs or the true volume, i ' d appreciate it. - fox rc2 air volume ( estimated ) : vcylinder = pi * r ^ 2 * h = 81 ml so then, if pumping air into different volumes is linearly proportional ( it ' s not, but somewhere in the ball park ), and you wanted to inflate the tires listed above to ~ 77. 2psi, it ' d take about this number of pumps with the ' average ' shock pump : tire volume ratio of tire to air shock number of pumps to ~ 77. 2 psi 26 \" mountain bike, 2. 1 \" tire width 4. 8l 59 : 1 5, 900 29 \" mountain bike, 2. 1 \" tire width 5. 2l 64 : 1 6, 400 700c road bike, 35mm tire width 2l 25 : 1 2, 500 20 \" bmx bike, 1. 85 \" tire width 3l 37 : 1 3, 700 so, perhaps if it was a life or death situation, you have a lot of time on your hands, or you just can ' t afford that gym membership, you might want to pump a few thousand times to fill your tire. you probably don '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4362791825088219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.020969"} {"text": "matching 1 tags hominids lived millions of years ago, but how can we tell? ( videocast ) this biologos videocast addresses the age of recently discovered hominid fossils and how scientists are able to obtain those dates. dead bones with a living message in this video, paabo covers a lot of ground, noting several lines of genetic evidence for the evolution of modern humans from earlier hominids in africa, as well as for the interbreeding between early humans and neanderthals. what does it mean to be human? for the christian, the answer is complex. in part, it is a reflection of being created in the image of god. but does the science of human evolution pose a threat to that uniqueness? recovering the doctrine of creation : a theological view of science philosopher robert bishop explores the biblical doctrine of creation, which he describes as \" perhaps one of the most helpful pieces of theology for thinking about science \", and describes why the doctrine needs to be recovered from narrower, contemporary interpretations of creation. how does a biologos model need to address the theological issues science and religion scholar denis alexander presents two models for relating adam and eve with the findings of contemporary anthropology. this essay was presented at the november 2010 theology of celebration workshop america \u2019 s culture wars : a different perspective in this video conversation, rev. n. t. wright responds to the controversy in evangelicalism about evolution. is this a \u201c culture war \u201d issue? science, scripture, and the creation narrative in these two brief video conversations, john walton discusses the problem of trying to integrate ancient scripture with our modern worldview. on genesis 2 and 3 in this video conversation, n. t. wright explores how the ancient jewish audience read genesis before and up to the time that jesus arrived. he asserts that readers of genesis today who focus simply on the number of days of creation and whether there is evidence in the text pointing to an old or new earth \u2014 are in effect not reading the complete text. an evangelical geneticist ' s critique of reasons to believe ' s testable creation model biologist and biologos senior fellow denis venema examines the interaction between rtb literature and several lines of genetics - based evidence for common ancestry. in so doing, he also addresses the scientific robustness and reliability of the rtb model.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5490515797159825, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.024307"} {"text": "one of the purest and most fascinating examples of the \u201c wisdom of crowds \u201d in action comes courtesy of a unique online contest called probabilitysports run by mathematician brian galebach. in the contest, each participant states how likely she thinks it is that a team will win a particular sporting event. for example, one contestant may give the steelers a 62 % chance of defeating the seahawks on a given day ; another may say that the steelers have only a 44 % chance of winning. thousands of contestants give probability judgments for hundreds of events : for example, in 2004, 2, 231 probabilityfootball participants each recorded probabilities for 267 us nfl football games ( 15 - 16 games a week for 17 weeks ). an important aspect of the contest is that participants earn points according to the quadratic scoring rule, a scoring method designed to reward accurate probability judgments ( participants maximize their expected score by reporting their best probability judgments ). this makes probabilitysports one of the largest collections of incentivized1 probability judgments, an extremely interesting and valuable dataset from a research perspective. the first striking aspect of this dataset is that most individual participants are very poor predictors. in 2004, the best score was 3747. yet the average score was an abysmal - 944 points, and the median score was - 275. in fact, 1, 298 out of 2, 231 participants scored below zero. to put this in perspective, a hypothetical participant who does no work and always records the default prediction of \u201c 50 % chance \u201d for every team receives a score of 0. almost 60 % of the participants actually did worse than this by trying to be clever. participants are also poorly calibrated. to the right is a histogram dividing participants \u2019 predictions into five regions : 0 - 20 %, 20 - 40 %, 40 - 60 %, 60 - 80 %, and 80 - 100 %. the y - axis shows the actual winning percentages of nfl teams within each region. calibrated predictions would fall roughly along the x = y diagonal line, shown in red. as you can see, participants tended to voice much more extreme predictions than they should have : teams that they said had a less than 20 % chance of winning actually won almost 30 % of the time, and teams that they said had a greater than 80 % chance of winning actually won only about 60 % of the time. yet something astonishing happens when we average together all of these participants \u2019 poor and miscalibrated predictions. the \u201c average predictor \u201d,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5619531303450793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.033897"} {"text": "that they said had a greater than 80 % chance of winning actually won only about 60 % of the time. yet something astonishing happens when we average together all of these participants \u2019 poor and miscalibrated predictions. the \u201c average predictor \u201d, who simply reports the average of everyone else \u2019 s predictions as its own prediction, scores 3371 points, good enough to finish in 7th place out of 2, 231 participants! ( a similar effect can be seen in the 2003 probabilityfootball dataset as reported by chen et al. and servan - schreiber et al. ) even when we average together the very worst participants \u2014 those participants who actually scored below zero in the contest \u2014 the resulting predictions are amazingly good. this \u201c average of bad predictors \u201d scores an incredible 2717 points ( ranking in 62nd place overall ), far outstripping any of the individuals contributing to the average ( the best of whom finished in 934th place ), prompting someone in this audience to call the effect the \u201c wisdom of fools \u201d. the only explanation is that, although all these individuals are clearly prone to error, somehow their errors are roughly independent and so cancel each other out when averaged together. daniel reeves and i follow up with a companion post on robin hanson \u2019 s overcomingbias forum with some advice on how predictors can improve their probability judgments by averaging their own estimates with one or more others \u2019 estimates. in a related paper, dani et al. search for an aggregation algorithm that reliably outperforms the simple average, with modest success. | 1actually the incentives aren \u2019 t quite ideal even in the probabilitysports contest, because only the top few competitors at the end of each week and each season win prizes. participants \u2019 optimal strategy in this all - or - nothing type of contest is not to maximize their expected score, but rather to maximize their expected prize money, a subtle but real difference that tends to induce greater risk taking, as steven levitt describes well. ( it doesn \u2019 t matter whether participants finish in last place or just behind the winners, so anyone within striking distance might as well risk a huge drop in score for a small chance of vaulting into one of the winning positions. ) nonetheless, wolfers and zitzewitz show that, given the probabilitysports contest setup, maximizing expected prize money instead of expected score leads to only about a 1 % difference in participants \u2019 optimal probability reports. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5090193461203039, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.034887"} {"text": "should one want a comprehensive view of the family structure and unit, it would be best to look at both in their historical context. initially, most families were polygamous. typically, there would be one husband with several wives generating a substantial number of children to continue the paternal line. obviously, the male served as a strong authoritarian figure, while his female counterparts tended to be submissive. in certain locales, male children eventually gained authority over their mothers far before the age of what is currently held as legal adulthood. collectivist moral codes, and the ethics derived from them, served as guiding lights for all family members with the happiness of any one individual rendered irrelevant ; though perhaps exceptions would be made for the dominant male. in contemporary america, family matters are unimaginably complicated as they are relative toward the family at hand. statistics, thankfully, are able to draw a fairly sketchy, but serviceable estimation of the facts on the ground. roughly half of children reside in single parent households, while one third are born to parents who are not married. the number of unmarried mothers is headed well north of 10, 000, 000, and a total of 2, 000, 000 children are now being raised by non heterosexuals. over 1, 600, 000 minors live with adopted parents, and the number adopted each year is climbing above 100, 000. one in three lesbian households have children, and one in five male gay households are in the same boat. additionally, one in twenty five children do not even live with their parents. maybe father and mother alike do not know best. here ' s hoping that grandma, or grandpa, does. whether society at large accepts these tough but truthful facts is an immensely interesting question. as the subject of family impacts all segments of society, if it opts against doing so, one of the grandest acts of mass delusion and hypocrisy would take place. unfortunately, any given society is not immune to such foolishness. in the united states, much of the electorate chooses to brush over or ignore and deny what are simple realities. this is reflected in the so - called family values movement, which rams tinseltown \u2019 s aforementioned content across the airwaves, through the mail service, and into voting booths during election season. despite this, there are millions upon millions of others who acknowledge things as they are and continue moving forward. such a great variance of opinion is what keeps the american political pendulum swinging back and forth year after year, with no end visible on the horizon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4969235646890009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.037922"} {"text": "since mercury and venus are the only planets that lie inside the earth \u2019 s orbit they are the only planets that can pass between earth and the sun to produce a transit. the orbital plane of venus is not exactly aligned with that of earth, such that transits occur very rarely, in pairs eight years apart but separated by more than a century. the last was in 2004, but after next week \u2019 s event there won \u2019 t be another until 2117 \u2013 so make the most of this twice - in - a - lifetime event! there are more chances to see transits of mercury, however, with an average of 13 transits of mercury per century. mercury has a highly eccentric orbit, varying in distance from the sun from 46 - 70 million kilometres. in addition, its orbit is inclined by 7 degrees to that of earth. mercury ' s orbit crosses earth ' s orbital plane in early may and early november each year, but only if it passes between earth and the sun will a transit be seen. because of mercury \u2019 s eccentric orbit, for transits occurring in may mercury appears 158 times smaller than the diameter of the sun, while for november transits it appears 194 times smaller. for comparison, venus \u2019 diameter is approximately 32 times smaller than that of the sun, which is right at the limit of good human eyesight. the small size means you need telescopic equipment to see a mercury transit but remember \u2013 never look directly at the sun with unprotected eyes, and never look through a telescope or binoculars at the sun as this will cause permanent blindness. mercury \u2019 s eccentric and inclined orbit also means that transits do not occur every year. so, some dates for your diary for the remainder of this century : 09 may 2016 11 november 2019 13 november 2032 07 november 2039 07 may 2049 09 november 2052 10 may 2062 11 november 2065 14 november 2078 07 november 2085 08 may 2095 10 november 2098 in the meantime, don \u2019 t forget the last transit of venus of the 21st century, occurring next week, on 5 - 6 june.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43842174397901573, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.040315"} {"text": "somewhere off the west coast of british columbia wanders a whale \u2014 at least, his voice can be heard there. he appears to be alone. simply by eavesdropping, scientists have deduced a few details about this whale. he swims the cold waters of the north pacific, probably in pursuit of food and love. in all likelihood, he is a baleen whale : a long, grey tanker with a pointed head and generous lower jaw. for food, he would chase clouds of plankton and tiny shrimp - like creatures called krill, gulping gallons of water into his mouth and pushing it all out through two long furry - looking plates sprouting from the roof of his mouth where one would expect teeth. these plates, called baleen, filter krill and other crustaceans out of the expelled water. miraculously, these tiny creatures are all the sustenance this giant mammal needs to survive. for love, he calls out in long, low moans. each intonation lasts anywhere from five to fifteen seconds, and he waits up to thirty seconds between each cry, taking ten minute breaks between each song. he will sing like this for hours. his voice carries for miles, and any females nearby would surely take note of his voice \u2019 s strength and range, the variety of his repertoire, the duration of his song. in the murky dark where a whale can barely see its own tail, the quality of these musical elements should prove that he is a worthy mate. despite his efforts, he receives no reply. meet 52 hertz : the loneliest whale in the world. it was 1989. at the woods hole oceanographic institute in massachusetts, william \u201c bill \u201d watkins, the man who invented the first underwater recording system, was in charge of categorizing the mysterious moans and groans resonating through the ocean. his team had begun cataloguing whale mating calls, specifically tracking males because they vocalize so frequently. one day, watkins noticed a high, unique voice easy to hear and identify over other background noises : the call of that lonely whale wandering the north pacific alone. there was something strange about this whale. the harmonic intervals \u2014 the rise and fall of his calls \u2014 resembled those of baleen whales, but these patterns were unlike any the team had heard so far. even more notably, certain kinds of vocalizations, typically too low for humans to hear unaided, averaged to about 52 hertz. in acoustics, increasing the number of hertz shifts the sound \u2019 s frequency higher, towards mosquito", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5169160972722178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.046901"} {"text": "so far. even more notably, certain kinds of vocalizations, typically too low for humans to hear unaided, averaged to about 52 hertz. in acoustics, increasing the number of hertz shifts the sound \u2019 s frequency higher, towards mosquitoes and cartoon characters and away from timpani drums and james earl jones. the corresponding vocalizations for a regular blue or fin whale falls somewhere around 15 - 20 hertz, the kind of frequency that you can feel in your bones when a car blasting a deep bass drives by but can barely register hearing ( the human hearing range falls between 20 to 20, 000 hertz ). so transposing a regular whale \u2019 s call from 20 to 52 hertz means that a sound that usually registers as a marrow - deep mumble suddenly takes form as a recognizable note : still low by human standards, 52 hertz is on par with a lowest toot on a tuba. why was this whale \u2019 s call comparatively so high? was he deformed? did he represent a previously undiscovered species? was he a hybrid? did the strange frequency of his voice isolate him from other whales? at the time, watkins had no answers ; marine bioacoustics was still a young field, and watkins and his team were not quite sure just how rare or important this anomaly was in the grand scheme of things. they did not linger on it much before returning to their research. but something strange happened in the coming years. the whale continued swimming up and down the north pacific alone, regularly passing within range of the navy \u2019 s hydrophone system. in 1992, the navy declassified more data that they had gathered, allowing watkins and his colleagues to begin tracking this odd, tuba - sounding whale more closely. and for the next dozen years, they tracked it, assembling remarkably detailed maps of its migratory patterns. then, on september 24, 2004, just as the resulting paper was being prepared for publication in deep sea research, watkins succumbed to cancer. mary ann daher, a marine biologist and colleague of his, became the corresponding author for the woods hole team \u2019 s work, which was published later that year. then, on december 8, reuters published a short article focusing on two key details from the research paper : the whale \u2019 s migratory patterns had seemed \u201c unrelated to the presence or movements of other whale species \u201d and its calls \u201c did not match those from any other species. \u201d news articles multiplied in national and local papers, shifting focus from the whale \u2019 s research significance to its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48599107672990133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.048216"} {"text": "migratory patterns had seemed \u201c unrelated to the presence or movements of other whale species \u201d and its calls \u201c did not match those from any other species. \u201d news articles multiplied in national and local papers, shifting focus from the whale \u2019 s research significance to its status as a lone whale with a unique voice. among the journalists who followed up was andrew revkin at the new york times, who wrote two articles about the case. the first focused on the research itself. the second examined the flood of empathy and sympathy for a creature that nobody had even laid eyes on, a reaction that continues to this day. since the research paper \u2019 s release, 52 hertz, as the mystery mammal came to be called, has become associated with loneliness and isolation, inspiring a number of artistic works. alternative rock band dalmatian rex and the eigentones features \u201c the loneliest whale in the world \u201d on their psychedelic monsters album. comedian kate micucci wrote a humorous song \u201c doreen the whale, \u201d while musician laura ann bates performed a more somber \u201c the loneliest creature on earth. \u201d artist mike ambs runs an audio project called the loneliest mix, designed to share blue whale calls one mix - tape at a time. german author agnieszka jurek put together a book, 52 hertz wal, illustrated by thies schwarz. and, perhaps most ambitiously, director / writer joshua zeman is in the process of filming a full - length documentary on 52 hertz \u2019 s discovery and people \u2019 s desire to connect and communicate with the lonely creature. the the search for the loneliest whale in the world ( pt. 1 ) by plos blogs network, unless otherwise expressly stated, is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 unported license.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4767683106938953, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.049075"} {"text": "portraits have a peculiar fascination for people. as lisa jardine pointed out recently, historical figures come to life so much more vividly when a portrait is available. this is true for historians almost as much as anyone else. therefore the thought that there might be an undiscovered or lost portrait of a famous and controversial figure like robert hooke is extremely tantalising. it also grips the public imagination \u2013 several visitors to the royal society \u2019 s 350th anniversary exhibition over the summer commented, \u2018 they say newton destroyed a portrait of hooke \u2019. indeed, \u2019 they \u2019 do say this. the final scene in the 2009 royal shakespeare company production \u2018 the tragedy of thomas hobbes \u2019 showed newton slashing a portrait, a reference that shows how familiar this story has become. so the question is, did newton do it? he seems to have had both motive and opportunity. his relations with hooke had turned sour in 1686 following controversy over hooke \u2019 s contributions to newton \u2019 s theory of gravity. after hooke \u2019 s death in 1703 newton was elected president of the royal society ( \u2018 they \u2019 also say he waited until hooke had died before becoming more active in the society ). newton oversaw the society \u2019 s move to a new premises in crane court, and it is assumed that the portrait went missing during this move. finally, newton was a ruthless and overbearing character who held grudges \u2013 or so they say. but before we pronounce newton guilty of destroying royal society property, we need to consider the fundamental question of whether a portrait of hooke existed in the first place. none of the evidence on this point is really conclusive. there are two pieces of evidence to suggest there was a portrait. the first comes from hooke \u2019 s diary, or memorandum book, in which he recorded his daily life in some detail for long periods from the 1670s to 1690s. in an entry for 16 october 1674 he wrote \u2018 at garaways. left off taking tobacco \u2014 mr bonust drew picture. \u2019 garaways was a coffee - house much visited by hooke, but \u2018 mr bonust \u2019 is a rather mysterious figure who only appears once in the diary. the first editors of the diary suggested that this was one \u2018 bownest \u2019, whose portrait of ejected minister arthur jacksonis housed in the national portrait gallery in the form of an engraving by david loggan. hooke was interested in art, and visited various painters, including mary beale, who painted his friend and colleague robert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4401458325420198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.054540"} {"text": "\u2019, whose portrait of ejected minister arthur jacksonis housed in the national portrait gallery in the form of an engraving by david loggan. hooke was interested in art, and visited various painters, including mary beale, who painted his friend and colleague robert boyle, and the miniaturist mary moore, mother of hooke \u2019 s friend richard waller ( himself an accomplished artist ). however if mr bownest did draw hooke \u2019 s picture in 1674, this is the only reference hooke made to it. the second piece of evidence is a description of a visit to the royal society \u2019 s premises in 1710 by a german traveller, zacharias conrad von uffenbach. like many other scientifically - minded travellers of the day, von uffenbach was keen to see the famous royal society \u2013 but the reality was a severe disappointment for him. after being shown the repository and meeting rooms at gresham college, he wrote dismissively in his travel - journal, \u201c the finest instruments and other articles [ lie ]... not only in no sort of order or tidiness but covered with dust, filth and coal - smoke, and many of them broken and utterly ruined. if one inquires after anything, the operator who shows strangers round... will usually say : \u2018 a rogue had it stolen away \u2019, or he will show you pieces of it, saying : \u2018 it is corrupted or broken \u2019 ; and such is the care they take of things!... finally we were shown the room where the society usually meets. it is very small and wretched and the best things there are the portraits of its members, of which the most noteworthy are those of boyle and hoock. \u201d von uffenbach, a foreign visitor briefly shown the society \u2019 s meeting room, is the only person to make such a reference to hooke \u2019 s portrait. james yonge, who visited the society in november 1702 and was elected frs at the time, recorded seeing \u2018 divers original pictures \u2019 in the council room. he listed eleven portraits, including those of robert boyle and theodore haak, but hooke \u2019 s was not among them. it seems unlikely that yonge would have overlooked hooke \u2019 s picture if it was there. hooke was yonge \u2019 s first contact at the society : the two men had corresponded for many years and yonge referred to hooke in his journal as \u2018 my old friend \u2019. other sources in which we might expect to find a mention of hooke \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43399349480158456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.055674"} {"text": "##e \u2019 s first contact at the society : the two men had corresponded for many years and yonge referred to hooke in his journal as \u2018 my old friend \u2019. other sources in which we might expect to find a mention of hooke \u2019 s portrait are curiously silent on the subject. the inventory of hooke \u2019 s possessions after his death does not include a portrait. richard waller, who wrote the first biography of hooke in the preface to his edition of hooke \u2019 s papers, printed two years after hooke \u2019 s death, never mentioned a portrait. neither did hooke \u2019 s second posthumous editor, william derham. and if a portrait did exist, there is no evidence that it was given to the royal society. the minutes of the society \u2019 s meetings, in which gifts such as portraits were often ( but not always! ) recorded, say nothing about a portrait of hooke, and neither do any other lists of donations in the period. hooke himself, who was very protective of his scientific reputation and prestige, never spoke of donating his own portrait to the society. the absence of any corroborating evidence must cast some doubt on von uffenbach \u2019 s claim to have seen a portrait of hooke at gresham collegein 1710. was he shown theodore haak \u2019 s portrait and misheard the name? hooke was the more famous fellow and von uffenbach may have assumed the society had his portrait. i think we can say that although hooke may have had his picture taken, it is unlikely to have been hanging in the society \u2019 s meeting room at gresham college. and newton? he \u2019 s definitely off the hook. ps. if you have any evidence to the contrary we \u2019 d love to hear it, otherwise follow this link to see some portraits which allegedly feature robert hooke.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4724612819676254, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.056383"} {"text": "by jonathan adelstein, administrator - usda rural utilities service if you lived in a rural area 75 years ago, you probably didn \u2019 t have electricity. water for livestock, cooking, cleaning and bathing had to be hand pumped from a well. farmers risked milk spoilage in the summer, and people often got sick from lack of refrigeration of their food. on may 11, 1935, president franklin d. roosevelt signed an executive order to create the rural electrification administration ( rea ) to bring power to rural areas. it was a resounding success. nothing before or since has transformed rural america like the rea. today \u2019 s rural utilities service ( rus ), part of the usda rural development mission area, continues the work of rea. just this week, four former rea and rus administrators gathered in usda \u2019 s radio studio, reflecting on their roles from 1993 to the present. their observations will soon be available via podcast. rural development, through rus, is aggressively building a program to finance renewable energy, and rural america is rapidly becoming a greater energy producer for the nation. not only is this part of president obama \u2019 s clean energy economy, but it will also create quality jobs in rural america. working with other federal agencies, rural electric cooperatives and other utilities, we are taking steps to modernize the electric grid and improve energy efficiency. while working to improve electric transmission services we are also meeting a new challenge : delivering broadband to rural communities. without broadband, rural businesses are placed at a disadvantage and our children face diminished educational opportunities. our next great achievement will be to build a system that will connect even the most remote places in america to the web. rural america \u2019 s future is bright, thanks to the thousands of men and women who have worked in or with the rea and now the rus over the past three - quarters of a century. chances are, if you live in rural america, some of those people are your neighbors, as close as your local electric cooperative. they achieved a modern miracle, lighting rural america. this week, take a minute and think about all the good they \u2019 ve done. they \u2019 ve achieved the greatest success in a government technology program of all time. ( left to right ) christopher mclean, administrator, 2000 - 2001 ; wally beyer 1993 - 1999 ; james andrew 2005 - 2009 ; glenn english ( ceo - nreca ) ; hilda gay legg 2001 - 2005 ; jonathan adelstein 2009 \u2013 present ; dallas tonsager ( undersecretary, usda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4822926666764937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.059997"} {"text": "now that we \u2019 ve gone over the reasons why proper food combining is important and the groups of foods, let \u2019 s go over the principles of mixing these items properly. food combining : rules to follow to avoid fermentation in the intestines, indigestion, water retention and toxicity, do apply these simple techniques in eating for health 1. eat sweet fruits with other varieties of sweet fruits only. they may combine with sub - acid fruits 2. eat acid fruits alone or with lettuce and celery. in little quantities they may combine with avocadoes or nuts and non - starchy vegetables. 3. avocadoes and olives are best eaten with non - starchy vegetables. i believe mashed, avocadoes combine great with boiled potatoes. 4. melons, as a rule eat alone or leave alone. food combining : combinations to avoid when practicing proper food combining as rule for eating healthier, these are some combinations you especially want to avoid. 1. starch and acid ( e. g. tomato and potato ) 2. protein and protein ( avocadoes and nuts ) 3. sweets and starch ( maple syrup and rice ) food combining : comments on other food items 1. never, ever eat fresh fruits with cooked meals. save for the avocado and even then with caution. 2. lettuce and celery combine with anything. eat these raw. 3. meat & fish : eat these substances in very, very little quantities, one at a time and with no / low starch vegetables exclusively. 4. bread : well, here is a thought, nature doesn \u2019 t produce bread! if you must eat this item, eat as little of it as possible, toasted and with vegetables and fat only. also to be considered is this fact : you \u2019 re only being rendered as soggy as that bread and if you \u2019 re male, it has the tendency to throw your sexuality out of sync. ever wonder why some guys have breasts? well, bread is piled with a high amount of estrogen ( a female hormone ) so do yourself a favor and eat of it no longer. ( i have read that rye, spelt and un - yeasted breads might be okay in moderation ) 5. grains : eat as little as possible of grains and when consumed, combine them with vegetables only. food combining : final suggestions and closing thoughts 1. never eat until you \u2019 re hungry and guidelines to know when you are in true hunger are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44788247429961614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.075228"} {"text": ") 5. grains : eat as little as possible of grains and when consumed, combine them with vegetables only. food combining : final suggestions and closing thoughts 1. never eat until you \u2019 re hungry and guidelines to know when you are in true hunger are as follows : - the stomach aspires. - the mouth salivates even at the sight of plain lettuce. - the mind is happy and clear - it happens usually after noon when the body is its building stage. 2. do not drink liquids of any kind with your meals. it only dilutes the digestive juices in your stomach leading to indigestion and constipation. 3. as a rule of thumb, don \u2019 t drink anything but water an hour or 2 prior to and / or after eating your meals. 4. one truth regarding the conditions of the human blood found out by medical doctors is that acidity is a sign of disease. this readily happens with the mixed eater when he fills his stomach daily with meat, starch, confectioneries and fruit all at the same time. if you are not fully convinced, next time you sit down to your sunday dinner ; have your usual menu served for an imaginary guest. empty his portion in a pot, using the same quantities that you eat and drink yourself. stir thoroughly, and then bake this in an oven at 500 degrees fahrenheit for no less than 30 minutes. place a cover on the pot and leave it overnight. when you remove the cover the next day, a distinct surprise will await you. that surprise is also in your digestive tract and has and will continue to be there everyday as a result of improper food combining. in nature such as exists in the animal kingdom, there are no mixtures at all. the ideal and most natural method of eating is the mono - diet. truthfully, one kind of fresh organic fruit, when in season, should constitute a meal and you will find yourself better nourished. however going back to that simplicity is very difficult in our complicated world. this is why, as an alternative, you should apply the guidelines above when eating for health. so at all times, follow these food combining principles properly and your body will thank you for years to come that you did. # # # foras aje is an independent researcher and author of fitness : inside and out, a book on improving physical and mental health naturally. for more information on natural health, news and breakthroughs visit his site at http : / / www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4398477626032604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.077804"} {"text": "it ' s an amazing combination of a proto - ripley ' s, a cookbook, etiquette guide, and almanac. wonders of minute workmanship. link in the twentieth year of queen elizabeth, a blacksmith named mark scaliot, made a lock consisting of eleven pieces of iron, steel and brass, all which, together with a key to it, weighed but one grain of gold. he also made a chain of gold, consisting of forty - three links, and, having fastened this to the before - mentioned lock and key, he put the chain about the neck of a flea, which drew them all with ease. all these together, lock and key, chain and flea, weighed only one grain and a half. oswaldus norhingerus, who was more famous even than scaliot for his minute contrivances, is said to have made 1, 600 dishes of turned ivory, all perfect and complete in every part, yet so small, thin and slender, that all of them were included at once in a cup turned out of a pepper - corn of the common size. johannes shad, of mitelbrach, carried this wonderful work with him to rome, and showed it to pope paul v., who saw and counted them all by the help of a pair of spectacles. they were so little as to be almost invisible to the eye. johannes ferrarius, a jesuit, had in his posession cannons of wood, with their carriages, wheels, and all other military furniture, all of which were also contained in a pepper - corn of the ordinary size. mark frauenfelder is the founder of boing boing and the editor - in - chief of make and cool tools. twitter : @ frauenfelder. come and hear mark speak at the ala conference in chicago on july 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5184907274354879, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.093930"} {"text": "child and youth health this page provide links to child health and youth health child healtha good start in life is important to the health and wellbeing of children. this page outlines many of the activities being undertaken to enhance child health and wellbeing. more information on child health is available on this web site. youth healthdespite australia ' s increasing wealth and generally high level of education, many indicators of developmental health and wellbeing are showing adverse trends amongst children and adolescents. more information on youth health is available on this web site. the national framework for universal child and family health services ( the framework ) - the framework outlines the core services that all australian children ( from birth to eight years ) and families should receive at no financial cost to themselves, regardless of where they live, and how and where they access their health care. the framework was developed through a strong partnership between the commonwealth, state and territory governments and the non - government sector. children and young people in out - of - home care - the national framework for protecting australia \u2019 s children 2009 \u2013 2020 was endorsed by the council of australian governments on 30 april 2009. it represents a long - term, national approach to help protect all australian children and was developed through a strong partnership between governments and the non - government sector.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4449546954067753, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.108691"} {"text": "- about cei - support cei rachel ' s folly : the end of chlorine rachel ' s folly : the end of chlorine february 29, 1996 the environmentalists are right about one thing : dirty water kills. millions are people are dying needlessly all over the world because of it. but are the main culprits man - made pollution and chlorinated chemicals? try endemic poverty, bad plumbing and lack of access to basic water chlorination techniques. every year, nearly 1. 5 billion people - - mostly children under five - - suffer from preventable water - borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery, bacterial gastroenteritis, giardiasis, schistosomiasis, and various viral diseases such as hepatitis a. yet now there is a mounting campaign, led by environmental activists in wealthy industrialized nations, to eliminate every last man - made chlorine molecule from the face of the earth. greenpeace, the international environmental advocacy group, launched the first salvo in 1991 with its call to phase out completely \u201c the use, export, and import of all organochlorines, elemental chlorine, and chlorinated oxidizing agents ( e. g. chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite ). \" 1 as greenpeace ' s joe thornton explains, \" there are no uses of chlorine which we regard as safe. \" 2 yet chlorination - - considered one of the greatest advances ever in public health and hygiene - - is almost universally accepted as the method of choice for purifying water supplies. 3 in the united states alone, 98 percent of public water systems are purified by chlorine or chlorine - based products. alternative chemical disinfectants such as ozone and other short - lived free radicals have been used in water treatment, but none has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of chlorination. 4 chlorine is a ubiquitous element, one of the basic building blocks of all matter in the universe. in fact, scientists are only now beginning to discover and identify the great number of natural organohalogens present in our world. by one estimate, mother nature manufactures at least 1, 500 chlorine - containing chemicals. 5 volcanic activity, forest and grass fires, fungi, algae, ferns and the decomposition of seaweed all release chlorinated organics into the environment. 6 our own bodies produce hypochlorite to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46662818931385713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.125697"} {"text": "500 chlorine - containing chemicals. 5 volcanic activity, forest and grass fires, fungi, algae, ferns and the decomposition of seaweed all release chlorinated organics into the environment. 6 our own bodies produce hypochlorite to fight infection and hydrochloric acid for proper digestion. 7 and there is, of course, sodium chloride - - common table salt - - present naturally in mines, lakes and seawater, found in our blood, sweat and tears, and essential to the diets of humans and animals. clearly, a goal of total chlorine removal from the environment would be unattainable. and the potential human toll resulting from its eradication is manifest and staggering. every major scientific investigation of chlorinated water has concluded that the real and proven health risks from microbial contamination of drinking water far exceed the uncertain and hypothetical risks of cancer from chlorination and its byproducts. why, then, are governmental bodies around the world embracing greenpeace ' s caprice - - absolute zero tolerance for man - made chlorine - - when the hazards to humanity are so explicitly large? perhaps the answer can be traced back to the publication of rachel carson ' s silent spring in 1962. the book is a lyrical tract, the bible of the environmental movement. carson was the first to bear witness against chlorinated hydrocarbons and other \" elixirs of death \" created by \" the ingenious laboratory manipulation of molecules. \" she condemned these arrogant manipulations, prophesied a man - made cancer epidemic, and popularized the zero - based approach to regulating synthetic chemicals. a daunting theme runs throughout silent spring - - that man ' s ingenuity would be his own worst enemy. and therein lies the essence of rachel ' s folly. carson and her intellectual heirs in the environmental movement embrace a mistaken vision of technology. it is an impaired vision that considers only the risks of industrial chemical compounds, and not the risks created by their absence. as the late aaron wildavsky observed, there are few unalloyed good things in the world. rarely does one find a substance that has benefits but not costs. 8 \" sunsetting \" all uses of chlorine may reduce the hypothetical risks associated with such compounds as dioxin, ddt and pcbs. at the same time, however, a blanket ban on chlorine would increase the enormous risks of waterborne microbial infection here and in underdeveloped countries that can now barely afford ch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5277341103324876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.130637"} {"text": "as dioxin, ddt and pcbs. at the same time, however, a blanket ban on chlorine would increase the enormous risks of waterborne microbial infection here and in underdeveloped countries that can now barely afford chlorine disinfectants ( let alone costly substitutes such as ozone or ultraviolet light treatment ). even more daunting, a chlorine phase - out would halt the production of most plastics, pesticides and chlorine - containing drugs like chloroquine, a key anti - malarial drug ; halogenated tetracycline - based antibiotics like chlortetracycline ; and the family of halogenated antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine. 9 according to one industry - backed report, almost 85 percent of the pharmaceuticals manufactured worldwide require chlorine at some stage of production ; 96 percent of crop - protection chemicals are chlorine - dependent. 10 from safe drinking water, clean swimming pools and pest - free crops, to flame retardants and food packaging, quality white paper and bright socks, saran wrap, plastic bottles, garden hoses, window frames and sturdy plumbing pipes, the end of chlorine would spell the end of modern civilization itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44360380272976313, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.133040"} {"text": "free blacks in the north and south, the liberator, january 22, 1831 william lloyd garrison, a leading northern abolitionist, began publishing his anti - slavery newspaper, the liberator, in january 1831. in this early article he compares the conditions of free blacks in the north and the south and the differences in the discrimination and prejudice they faced. as garrison noted, freedom did not afford african americans either civil rights or justice. in most of the states in which slavery is tolerated, the laws in relation to free colored persons are severe in the extreme. though their freedom is recognized, yet they have not the rights of other freemen.... few whites will eat with blacks. even where blacks and whites are domestics in the same kitchen, the blacks, as i have been told, are often compelled to eat at a separate table. so it is said that white journeymen and apprentices of mechanics often refuse to work with blacks. the prejudice has taken two different forms in the different parts of our country. at the north, few blacks are mechanics, because the whites will not allow them to work with them. at the south, on the contrary, few of the mechanics are whites, because they will not do the same sort of work as blacks. source : foner, philip s., and lewis, ronald l., the black worker : a documentary history from colonial times to the present, volume 1 the black worker to 1869. philadelphia : temple university press, 1978 p. 157", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4612328735678562, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.159086"} {"text": "nobody in ancient times could have imagined that the earth was billions of years old, so you won ' t see any explicit attempts to reconcile the genesis creation stories with an old earth. however, the early christians did see discrepancies that made them question how literally the creation stories should be understood. second century christian apologist justin martyr wrote in his dialogue with trypho, chapter lxxxi : for as adam was told that in the day he ate of the tree he would die, we know that he did not complete a thousand years. we have perceived, moreover, that the expression, ' the day of the lord is as a thousand years, ' is connected with this subject. you can see already the seed of the notion that the \" days \" of genesis 1 do not refer to 24 - hour periods. third century scholar origen of alexandria went further in de principiis iv. 16 [ emphasis mine ] : for who that has understanding will suppose that the first, and second, and third day, and the evening and the morning, existed without a sun, and moon, and stars? and that the first day was, as it were, also without a sky? and who is so foolish as to suppose that god, after the manner of a husbandman, planted a paradise in eden, towards the east, and placed in it a tree of life, visible and palpable, so that one tasting of the fruit by the bodily teeth obtained life? and again, that one was a partaker of good and evil by masticating what was taken from the tree? and if god is said to walk in the paradise in the evening, and adam to hide himself under a tree, i do not suppose that any one doubts that these things figuratively indicate certain mysteries, the history having taken place in appearance, and not literally. even ancient scientists understood that \" evening \" and \" morning \" were meaningless without reference to the sun, moon, and stars ; origen interpreted genesis in light of the scientific knowledge of his day, paving the way for later generations to reconcile faith and science. the influential 5th century scholar augustine of hippo, in the city of god, 11. 6, refused to speculate about what \" day \" meant in genesis 1 [ emphasis mine ] : for that which is made in time is made both after and before some time, \u2014 after that which is past, before that which is future. but none could then be past, for there was no creature by whose movements its duration could be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4505653257038368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.167727"} {"text": "] : for that which is made in time is made both after and before some time, \u2014 after that which is past, before that which is future. but none could then be past, for there was no creature by whose movements its duration could be measured. but simultaneously with time the world was made, if in the world ' s creation change and motion were created, as seems evident from the order of the first six or seven days. for in these days the morning and evening are counted, until, on the sixth day, all things which god then made were finished, and on the seventh the rest of god was mysteriously and sublimely signalized. what kind of days these were it is extremely difficult, or perhaps impossible for us to conceive, and how much more to say! in the literal meaning of genesis ( pdf ), 1. 19, augustine gave advice for interpreting the scriptures ' statements about the physical world [ emphasis mine ] : usually, even a non - christian knows something about the earth, the heavens, and the other elements of this world, about the motion and orbit of the stars and even their size and relative positions, about the predictable eclipses of the sun and moon, the cycles of the years and the seasons, about the kinds of animals, shrubs, stones, and so forth, and this knowledge he holds to as being certain from reason and experience. now, it is a disgraceful and dangerous thing for an infidel to hear a christian, presumably giving the meaning of holy scripture, talking non - sense on these topics ; and we should take all means to prevent such an embarrassing situation, in which people show up vast ignorance in a christian and laugh it to scorn. lest he be misunderstood, augustine continued [ emphasis mine ] : the shame is not so much that an ignorant individual is derided, but that people outside the household of the faith think our sacred writers held such opinions, and, to the great loss of those for whose salvation we toil, the writers of our scripture are criticized and rejected as unlearned men. if they find a christian mistaken in a field which they themselves know well and hear him maintaining his foolish opinions about our books, how are they going to believe those books in matters concerning the resurrection of the dead, the hope of eternal life, and the kingdom of heaven, when they think their pages are full of falsehoods on facts which they themselves have learnt from experience and the light of reason? later in the same book, augustine laid out his hermeneutic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5421781949438078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.168870"} {"text": "of eternal life, and the kingdom of heaven, when they think their pages are full of falsehoods on facts which they themselves have learnt from experience and the light of reason? later in the same book, augustine laid out his hermeneutic for reading genesis ( the literal meaning of genesis, 2. 9, no online link available, but quoted in wikipedia, allegorical interpretations of genesis [ emphasis mine ] : with the scriptures it is a matter of treating about the faith. for that reason, as i have noted repeatedly, if anyone, not understanding the mode of divine eloquence, should find something about these matters [ about the physical universe ] in our books, or hear of the same from those books, of such a kind that it seems to be at variance with the perceptions of his own rational faculties, let him believe that these other things are in no way necessary to the admonitions or accounts or predictions of the scriptures. in short, it must be said that our authors knew the truth about the nature of the skies, but it was not the intention of the spirit of god, who spoke through them, to teach men anything that would not be of use to them for their salvation. so although old earth creationism is a modern view, it draws ( as does theistic evolution ) on the ancient tradition of understanding genesis in light of our current knowledge about the universe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49992543059922323, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.169584"} {"text": "conditions of use no planet is alike each other. they all have there uniqueness. like saturn has its rings and jupiter has its big storm on it called the red dot. some of the planets are different colors too. like uranus and neptune are blue. planets can be red, blue, and white. also when you look up into the sky, you sometimes see a star in the sky and the next night its not there. that ' s because its a wondering star better known as a planet. the most common one is venus. the planets are close and far away from the sun. the closest one it mercury. the furthest one is neptune. now your probably wondering why it ' s not pluto, well to tell you the truth, pluto is not a planet anymore. i know, it ' s sad. now let me give you a list so you know how close and far away the planets are. pluto - 39. 5au ( not a planet ) the planets are all different sizes. for instance, jupiter is thhe largest planet, and mercury is the smallest. now your probably wondering, why isn ' t pluto the smallest planet. well to tell you the truth, pluto is not a planet anymore. scientists say it drifted to far out of our solar system. so now we just call pluto a dwarf planet. we used lot of mesurements when we were working with the planets. but the most we used were lightyears and aus. we used lightyears for measuring the distance of the stars and how long it takes for the light of the stars to get to us, and we used aus to tell the distance of the planets. an au is how far a planet is form the sun. here are all the planets and their au ' s. article posted september 24, 2009 at 09 : 41 am \u2022 comment \u2022 reads 1297 return to blog list add a comment latest 10 comments :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5078435111781578, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.175029"} {"text": "download the document called \" ap course outline syllabus \" which you will find scrolling down to the very end of this page. print and read the entire document carefully so you will know what this course requires in more detail. with this information, it is a good time to have a discussion at this point with your parents about this class and whether or not you should take it, given the rigors of the course. if you are sure that you belong to this class and should take it, sign the contract and ask your parent or guardian to read and sign it and initial the parent agreement as well. there is also a contract to use spanish exclusively in class. sign that too. now let ' s turn to the subject of the ap examination itself which you will take in may 2013. to know more about it, download the file \" ap spanish course description \" below. make sure you read the information provided by the college board in this document, look at the format of the exam and the sample questions so you have an idea what this challenging exam is like even before we start the course. study skills : you would not have gotten this far in your spanish language studies if you didn ' t already have some good study skills. scan through these sites on study skills and see if there is anything new that might help you with the level of intensity this ap spanish course is going to demand of you. click on these links to access the sites. next, go on the message board ( found on this page, right above \" upcoming events and homework ) and click on the subject \" discussion question 1 \". click on \" add reply \" ( do not start a new topic ) and post a comment answering the discussion question below. your post should be in spanish, have a minimum of 50 words and observe rules of grammar and orthography. ( note : to put the accent marks on the computer, click here : spanish accent marks ). discussion question 1 : after exploring the different components of the ap spanish exam, which areas of the test do you think will be the hardest for you? what study strategies do you plan to incorporate for bettering yourself in these areas? what study strategies would you offer to your classmates as they identify areas of difficulty for themselves? read two other posts and respond to at least one. if there are no posts to respond to yet, wait a day or two. now, based on what you ' ve learned so far about the ap course and the ap spanish language exam and after spending some time discussing it, evaluate your skills at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42431773342804485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.190268"} {"text": ". if there are no posts to respond to yet, wait a day or two. now, based on what you ' ve learned so far about the ap course and the ap spanish language exam and after spending some time discussing it, evaluate your skills at this point going into the course. go to the \" articles \" section on the right side of the home page and click on \" sondeos ( polls ) and answer the survey. now, download and print out the \" encuesta \" document at the end of this section and fill it out in as much detail as you can ( this one you can do in english ). this activity is aimed at improving your spanish vocabulary. 1. ) read the article on \" amplia tu vocabulario \" ( found on the right - hand corner of the homepage under \" articles \" ) thoroughly. with the information from the article, reflect on your vocabulary level going into the this ap class and think about how much vocabulary you have to acquire personally to help you prepare for this class. 2. ) download the document called \" vocabulario \", print it and do the activity to help you further in your vocabulary acquisition skills. 3. ) buy a vocabulary notebook ( decide on what kind but it should have enough pages to hold the long lists of words you will have at the end of this course ). start jotting words down as soon as you start doing these activities as you encounter new words and expressions. use the suggestions outlined in the article you read. this vocabulary notebook will be collected and checked on the first day of school and should have all the new words you ' ve learned during the summer ( these word lists will vary according to each student ' s vocabulary level ) the ap spanish curriculum assumes that the student already has a high level of proficiency in grammar. the ap course will build on this and introduce some more advanced structures so it ' s very important that you review all the grammar you ' ve learned so far before the start of the course. relative to english, they say that the three most challenging grammatical elements in spanish are ser and estar, the preterite and imperfect tenses and the subjunctive and they need to be mastered at the ap level so that ' s a good place to start although you may have others you still struggle with. go to the websites below to work on as many specific grammatical points as you need to review. some of them offer tutorials, clear grammar explanations and self - correcting exercises that you can do ( choose the ones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4317587635362214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.191473"} {"text": "have others you still struggle with. go to the websites below to work on as many specific grammatical points as you need to review. some of them offer tutorials, clear grammar explanations and self - correcting exercises that you can do ( choose the ones that don ' t require you to have an account ) : ejercicios de gramatica bowdoin university spanish language and culture by barbara k. nelson afterwards, download and print out the grammar review log document below and fill it out according to what you have done. now you can proceed to the next activity. this second grammar activity consists of verb conjugations. to do this activity, click here : once on the page, click on the verb \" abrazar \" and you will the see verb conjugated in every possible way. quickly skim the different forms of this verb. this is technically what you are expected to be able to do with any verb in spanish ( except for the preterito anterior form ) on the ap level. this activity affords you a bird ' s eye view of all the verb forms you have learned so far and is very useful for preparing for the course. here is a list of 20 different verbs you will now need to conjugate in all the forms ( skip the futuro perfecto and preterito anterior forms, they are rarely used so don ' t bother with them ) according to the verb charts. some of them are very basic verbs that you are familiar with, others are not : agradecer, anadir, caber, conseguir, comenzar, convertir, cubrir, despedir, destruir, divertirse, dormir, eligir, equivocarse, establecer, incluir, medir, producir, recoger, reir, vencer download the document \" formas verbales \" below and print or photocopy it 20 times to use it for this activity. write the forms by hand. when you ' re done, check the correct conjugation of each verb by clicking that verb in the same site : spanish verb forms to see the right forms. make note of these corrections and patterns that you observe in the conjugation of these specific verbs this next homework combines your listening, reading and summary - writing skills, which is an important feature of the ap spanish language examination. it is especially useful for practicing listening to authentic native speakers, speaking with different accents at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45236240027606445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.192482"} {"text": "conjugation of these specific verbs this next homework combines your listening, reading and summary - writing skills, which is an important feature of the ap spanish language examination. it is especially useful for practicing listening to authentic native speakers, speaking with different accents at a natural pace ( not slowing down for an audience of language learners ) which is another challenge of the ap exam. first, watch some video clips in spanish proficiency exercises from a university of texas at austin site ( http : / / www. laits. utexas. edu / spe / index. html ) and listen to what different native spanish speakers are saying on a variety of topics. as you watch and listen, try not to read the accompanying text yet. the clips are arranged according to level so you may want start with clips from the beginner ' s level and see how much you understand. progress on from there and listen to a couple more clips from the higher levels. as each clip gets harder to understand, you can repeat it, reading the transcript on the right, so you can see the words as they are being said. make sure at this point that you are making note of some new words and trying to guess the meaning of each using contextual clues. only use a dictionary ( spanishdict. com or reverso. com online, for example ) if you can ' t guess the meaning. now, go on to http : / / teresasanchez. biz / podcast / this is a site with podcasts by teresa sanchez. for this activity, choose five ( 5 ) of these podcasts to listen to. these are from spain and are longer than the ones from the other site. do the same thing here, listening without looking at the words at first. then if it gets harder, read along as you listen. as a summary - writing exercise, write a summary of the 5 podcasts you have chosen according to what you know is a good summary. to remind you what a good summary is, download the pdf file called \" summary writing tips \" below and read it to guide you in your writing. for the ap course, it is important to read authentic materials from various sources. for this activity, you will read and write a summary of two ( 2 ) articles from a newspaper or magazine about a subject that interests you. summary writing requires you to understand the text thoroughly and therefore doing it in a foreign language makes it doubly hard so first make sure you have 100 % comprehension of the text before writing. also make sure to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4240064370513168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.193454"} {"text": "magazine about a subject that interests you. summary writing requires you to understand the text thoroughly and therefore doing it in a foreign language makes it doubly hard so first make sure you have 100 % comprehension of the text before writing. also make sure to continue to jot down words you are learning in your vocabulary notebook as you work on these articles. you may use the largest spanish daily, el pais ( http : / / elpais. com / ) or click on the following link to find other periodicals from other countries : again, refer to the document \" summary writing tips \" to guide you as you write your summary. when you hand in this summary on september 6th, you will also need to hand in a printed copy of the article you have chosen. in this ap class, you will also have the opportunity to read literary works, most of them short stories. for this activity we turn to a short story written by argentinian author julio cortazar to practice reading comprehension of literary texts. it ' s a short but challenging text with an interesting plot twist so you will have to stay with it ( read a couple of times ) before you get to an appreciation of what it is about. remember that reading literature is different from reading journalistic texts because of the figurative language used and it can be frustrating for a language learner. but read it for pleasure as well as it ' s a finely crafted short story. so go to this link to read this short story entitled continuidad de los parques : read it once through. now go back to parts that are difficult to understand and use contextual clues to guess the meaning of words and phrases. only use the dictionary as a last resort. make sure you are jotting down words that you have learned from the reading. now you can have the story read to you by clicking here : play it and enjoy the story - telling. you may replay it for more listening comprehension practice. to view 2 dramatizations of the story on youtube to enhance your understanding of the story, copy and paste these in your browser : now post your reaction to this short story on the message board clicking on the subject \" continuidad de los parques \". again, your post must be in spanish with at least 50 words and must observe rules of grammar and orthography. note : to put the accent marks on the computer, click here : spanish accent marks ) read two other posts and respond to at least one. if there are no posts to respond to yet, wait", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4999577924193595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.196435"} {"text": "must observe rules of grammar and orthography. note : to put the accent marks on the computer, click here : spanish accent marks ) read two other posts and respond to at least one. if there are no posts to respond to yet, wait a day or two. now let ' s turn to the importance of cognate words for building vocabulary. your ability to recognize cognates ( words that sound alike in both english and spanish ) depends on your english vocabulary. learning more words in english will help you feel more comfortable in spanish! and many spanish cognates come from words that have almost dropped completely from conversational english, so learning spanish words will expand your english vocabulary too. check out this english site about cognates : ( take notes ) now search the internet using google espanol for another travel / tourist site about peru and read it. you ' re now ready to post another comment on the message board clicking on the subject \" discussion question # 2 \". post a comment answering the discussion question below : discussion question # 2 : briefly discuss the different types of tourists ( world travelers ) there are throughout the world and then explain ( in a paragraph ) which one you think is the best type of tourist and why. read two other posts and respond to at least one. explore the bbc site regarding guernica : 70 years later. ( if you are unfamiliar with guernica, please do some research on your own first. ) be sure to read the written articles and interviews, listen to the audio clips, and view the video clip. now go to the message board one more time and click on the subject \" discussion question # 3 \". post a comment answering the following question : discussion question # 3 : how is the atrocity of guernica similar / different from atrocities committed by a modern day dictator? be sure to include in your comparison perceptions of participants in the events as well as perceptions of the events by the world community. read two other posts and respond to at least one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47335712966843696, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.198519"} {"text": "figure tag is used to provide the structure for inserting a figure into a cnxml document. a figure may contain an image, multimedia object, or caption tag. < title > the world ' s cutest dog < / title > < media id = \" dogpic \" alt = \" a dog sitting on a bed \" > < image mime - type = \" image / jpeg \" src = \" image1. jpg \" / > notice how cute the dog is just sitting there. results in this display : figure 1 : notice how cute the dog is just sitting there. | the world ' s cutest dog | allows you to determine which way subfigure elements are arranged. has no effect if the figure has no subfigure children. - horizontal - subfigures appear side by side ( default ). - vertical - subfigures appear one on top of the other. defines the type of figure in order to give specialized control over numbering. figures of the same type are numbered in series ( i. e., figure 1, figure 2... ). type can be used in conjunction with label so that figures of each user - defined type appear with their own label. type can be any user - defined value that reflects the purpose of the figure. a unique identifier, whose value must begin with a letter and contain only letters, numbers, hyphens, underscores, colons, and / or periods ( no spaces ). may contain an optional tag, followed by an optional title next, it must contain : may contain an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5291036280569541, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.201232"} {"text": "there is a passage in on intelligence about the differences between parallel processing in human versus computers : from the dawn of the industrial revolution, people have viewed the brain as some sort of machine. they knew there weren ' t gears and cogs in the head, but it was the best metaphor they had. somehow information entered the brain and the brain - machine determined how the body should react. during the computer age, the brain has been viewed as a particular type of machine, the programmable computer. and as we saw in chapter 1, ai researchers have stuck with this view, arguing that their lack of progress is only due to how small and slow computers remain compared to the human brain. today ' s computers may be equivalent only to a cockroach brain, they say, but when we make bigger and faster computers they will be as intelligent as humans. there is a largely ignored problem with this brain - as - computer analogy. neurons are quite slow compared to the transistors in a computer. a neuron collects inputs from its synapses, and combines these inputs together to decide when to output a spike to other neurons. a typical neuron can do this and reset itself in about five milliseconds ( 5 ms ), or around two hundred times per second. this may seem fast, but a modern silicon - based computer can do one billion operations in a second. this means a basic computer operation is five million times faster than the basic operation in your brain! that is a very, very big difference. so how is it possible that a brain could be faster and more powerful than our fastest digital computers? \" no problem, \" say the brain - as - computer people. \" the brain is a parallel computer. it has billions of cells all computing at the same time. this parallelism vastly multiplies the processing power of the i always felt this argument was a fallacy, and a simple thought experiment shows why. it is called the \" one hundred \u2013 step rule. \" a human can perform significant tasks in much less time than a second. for example, i could show you a photograph and ask you to determine if there is cat in the image. your job would be to push a button if there is a cat, but not if you see a bear or a warthog or a turnip. this task is difficult or impossible for a computer to perform today, yet a human can do it reliably in half a second or less. but neurons are slow, so in that half a second, the information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5492070244466742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.207910"} {"text": "t make a difference. a computer, no matter how many processors it might have and no matter how fast it runs, cannot \" compute \" the answer to difficult problems in one hundred steps. so how can a brain perform difficult tasks in one hundred steps that the largest parallel computer imaginable can ' t solve in a million or a billion steps? the answer is the brain doesn ' t \" compute \" the answers to problems ; it retrieves the answers from memory. in essence, the answers were stored in memory a long time ago. it only takes a few steps to retrieve something from memory. slow neurons are not only fast enough to do this, but they constitute the memory themselves. the entire cortex is a memory system. it isn ' t a computer at all. the point made here is that the computing paradigm ( that is, the way the whole thing works ) of the brain and the computer are completely different. the computer is a turing machine, and the brain is something else, possibly a memory system if you think that jeff hawking is right. whatever it is, the brain is not a turing machine. to go back to your question : why can ' t human brains be used to do massive parallel processing in the same way computers are doing today? it has to do with the way the human brain works. if you assume that the brain will do any task in a parallel fashion, and the more neurons involved, the better the performance ; then in order to maximize your performance you should use your whole brain. 1 task : 100 % performance, 2 tasks : 50 % performance, 3 tasks : 33 % performance, and so on. but if you add an \" attention switching cost \" to go from one task to another, then you are better off just focusing on one task where the switching cost is zero. so you can multitask, but it won ' t be efficient.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5804283341916878, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.210200"} {"text": "ask a high school or college kid about their ipod or video library and you \u2019 ll soon hear a lot about file sharing. it \u2019 s used as a method for swapping favorite music files, tv shows or movies, often avoiding paying fees for them. and it \u2019 s often illegal. with the recording industry association of america ( riaa ) actively sending \u201c cease and desist \u201d letters to anyone found to be illegally trading copyrighted materials, it \u2019 s in your family \u2019 s best interest to talk about the right and the wrong ways to find and share music and movies. recently, sweden erupted in a furor when a new law went into effect including severe penalties for anyone using illegal file sharing systems. it \u2019 s estimated that 1 in 10 swedes uses these systems. when the new law went into effect last week requiring the isps to turn in those using these systems, the overall effect was shocking. internet traffic in sweden fell by 30 %, immediately! according to a symantec study, an estimated 90 % of avid gamers also engage in file sharing. sweden represents 3 % of the worldwide total for file sharing. the reason security companies like symantec care about file sharing is that it \u2019 s so difficult for people to keep these programs secure. by their nature, they open a door into the family computer and invite internet strangers to come on in, take a few files and leave a few behind. these systems are notorious for spreading viruses and keystroke loggers ( dangerous little programs that spy on your every keyboard click and report your private info out to others on the internet. ) they ' ve been used to distribute pornography and child pornography, hiding these terrible images with innocuously - coded file names to trick the users of the systems. they are also blamed for criminals getting access to people \u2019 s tax records. here ' s a story that recently aired on the today show about how a family ' s computer was hacked for their valuable tax records using a popular music sharing service. if you haven \u2019 t sat with your teen to discuss the right way to acquire music and watch tv shows and videos online, you need to do so. your lack of involvement might be risking the safety of your computer and all your private information. even worse, you may be at risk of legal action if your computer is found to be involved in any of the many illegal activity known to be a part of illegal file sharing systems. here ' s a good guide to disabling peer to peer file sharing systems. and this pamphlet from the riaa for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.501078692378811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.221681"} {"text": "many common horse hoof problems are caused by imbalance, which can affect the entire horse. for instance if a horse has a sore hock, it may be because the medial / lateral balance of the hoof is off balance. if your horse has lost his get up and go, then he may have sore feet. frequently, behaviour problems are brought on due to the discomfort of living with pain, so always consider this when your horse is being especially difficult to manage. horse hoof problems \u2013 abscess an abscess in the hoof is usually characterised by the sudden onset of severe lameness. sometimes, the horse will not put any weight on the affected hoof at all. the area around the abscess will be sensitive. you may notice swelling in the lower leg and an increased digital pulse. a vet or farrier will be able to pare away the hoof to identify and drain the abscess, as well as confirm a diagnosis. if an abscess is left untreated, it can erupt through the sole or at the coronary band. once your vet finds and drains the abscess, it is important to keep the area clean in order to avoid reinfection. soak the hoof in a of epsom salt solution to draw out any remaining infection. keep the hoof bandaged until it heals. in addition, your vet may recommend an anti - inflammatory for pain management. horse hoof problems \u2013 bruises a bruised hoof can cause varying degrees of lameness. some horses will only be affected when walking on uneven or rocky surfaces, while others can be constantly lame. a sole bruise may leave a visible mark, but lameness or sensitivity generally occurs before the bruise appears. to treat your horse for bruising, have him stand with the injured hoof in a bucket of ice water to prevent the rapid blood flow. in severe cases, a vet may recommend an anti - inflammatory medication. horse hoof problems \u2013 cracks a crack in the hoof wall that begins at the coronary band and occurs on the side of the hoof is called a quarter crack. toe cracks also occur, yet they are not as common. such cracks generally start on the inside of the hoof, do not become obvious until reaches the hoof wall surface. cracks are not horse hoof problems that will always cause the horse to be lame. however, if the area becomes infected, the horse may experience severe pain. check for cracking as part of your daily horse care regimen.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42060159011448905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.225524"} {"text": "a fundamental effect of over - consumption is a reduction in the planet ' s carrying capacity. excessive unsustainable consumption will exceed the long term carrying capacity of its environment ( ecological overshoot ) and subsequent resource depletion, environmental degradation and reduced ecological health. the scale of modern life ' s over - consumption has enabled an overclass to exist, displaying affluenza and obesity. however once again both of these claims are controversial with the latter being correlated to other factors more so than over - consumption. in the long term these effects can lead to increased conflict over dwindling resources and in the worst case a malthusian catastrophe. however, the worldwatch institute said the booming economies of china and india are planetary forces that are shaping the global biosphere. the state of the world 2006 report said the two countries ' high economic growth exposed the reality of severe pollution. the report states the world ' s ecological capacity is simply insufficient to satisfy the ambitions of china, india, japan, europe and the united states as well as the aspirations of the rest of the world in a sustainable way movements and ideologies have formed in recent decades to reduce over - consumption. these include anti - consumerism, ecological economics, freeganism and green economics. however laudable, these efforts mathematically cannot mitigate the consumption impacts projected from population projections through the year 2050.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4935427706133587, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.227182"} {"text": "| title | | abc in dixie : a plantation alphabet ( v ) | | author | | bonte, louise quarles ; bonte, george willard, 1873 - | | publisher location | | england - - london | | publication date | | ca. 1900 | | image production process | | relief prints | | notes | | relief illustrations, color printed in bavaria. | an alphabet book with rhymes written in imitation of southern black english of the 19th century and illustrations that depict a variety of stereotyped plantation characters. \" v is fer victor who b ' longed ter mars lee en after de wah went up no ' th en wuz free. \" [ v is for victor who belonged to mars lee and after the war went up north and was free. ] the illustration depicts a man wearing patched clothing and shoes, and carrying a knapsack and walking stick. his clothing and unsmiling demeanor are in stark contrast to the nicer clothes and grins of the other former slaves depicted in the book who decided to remain and work on the plantation after the war and emancipation. | contextual notes | | right after the civil war, books were published that attempted to refute the \" immorality \" of slavery. these books were often illustrated with photographs of former slaves dressed in outlandish costumes looking happy and content. texts purported to document the kind and reasonable treatment of slaves in the south. all of these books relied on racial stereotypes. racial stereotypes persisted in the united states long after the civil war and these children ' s books were also especially popular in england. at about this same time, silent movies were showing white actors in blackface and featuring minstrel shows. | george willard bonte was an artist well - known for his portraits and louise quarles bonte was an artist well - known for her miniatures. | subjects ( lcsh ) | | african americans - - southern states - - caricatures and cartoons | | category | | discrimination and bigotry | | digital collection | | children ' s historical literature collection | | digital id number | | chl1127 | | repository | | university of washington libraries, special collections division | | repository collection | | children ' s historical literature collection. pe1155. b59 1900z | | physical description | | p. : illustrated ; 28. 5 x 24 cm. | | digital reproduction information | | photographed from original book in tiff format using a canon eos digital rebel xti / eos 400d, resized and enhanced using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44414443438793727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.234629"} {"text": "| title | | core and legs of space needle under construction, september 15, 1961 | | photographer | | dudley, roger | | caption | | the howard wright construction company broke ground at the space needle site on april 17, 1961. the result of a design collaboration among businessman edward e. carlson, architect john graham and university of washington architecture professor victor steinbrueck, the space needle was built for the 1962 century 21 exposition ( world ' s fair ) in seattle. with the addition of the final torch tower, the construction of the 600 foot space needle was completed on december 8. 1961. seattle ' s pacific car and foundry company was the subcontractor for the steel fabrication and erection. | this photograph depicts the partially completed core and legs of the space needle. the legs of the space needle consist of three 36 - inch wide flanged beams welded together flange - to - flange and stiffened with diaphragms to form large three - sided tubes. the needle ' s triangular core houses utilities and two stairways, with elevators mounted on its outside. this image also shows the derrick crane, designed by pacific car and foundry co. that climbed up inside the core and reached over the top to hoist the huge fabricated steel sections into position. | notes | | caption information source : space needle usa by harold mansfield and george gulacsik, 1962. | stamped on verso with business stamp of roger dudley, commercial photographer, seattle. handwritten on verso : 42507 printed on lower right border on photo : space needle, john graham & co. architects, howard s. wright construction co. a schematic of the footprint of the space needle is printed in the lower left border of the photograph, with an arrow drawn to indicate the viewpoint. | subjects | | architecture \u2014 washington ( state ) \u2014 seattle ; building sites \u2014 washington ( state ) - - seattle ; building \u2014 washington ( state ) \u2014 seattle ; century 21 exposition ( 1962 : seattle, wash. ) ; construction \u2014 1960 - 1970 ; cranes, derricks, etc. \u2014 washington ( state ) \u2014 seattle ; space needle ( seattle, wash. ) ; towers - - washington ( state ) - - seattle | | places | | queen anne ( seattle, wash. ) ; united states \u2014 washington ( state ) \u2014 seattle | | digital collection | | museum of history & industry photograph collection | | image number | | 2005. 6. 19 | | ordering information | | to order a reproduction or to inquire about permission", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4410658648221174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.241786"} {"text": "let me first invoke the usual hypothesis of cognitive science : the mind is a computer / program / algorithm so let the study of the mind be informed by the study of computers / programs / algorithms. a lot of mike \u2019 s comments have direct analogues in programming languages and software engineering \u2014 lots of people question why monads and continuations are useful and point out that mutation and goto are intuitively easy to understand. so, it \u2019 s not clear to me that time spent writing typical programs on a computer is more beneficial or convincing than the same time spent writing, say, montagovian fragments with paper and pencil. the concern that is more convincing, and that functional programming, monads, and continuations help address, is how to write and maintain large and reliable programs. the claim that a given program or part of a program works, like the claim that a given montagovian fragment or lexical entry works, is basically a theorem. it takes effort to formulate and justify such theorems, especially if we want to do it not only by example but also by rigorous reasoning. as we change and grow our program over time, we want to avoid repeating what is essentially the same effort for parts that have not changed or lexical entries that are analogous. for example, we might want to prove one lemma about all values of a certain type, or all transitive verbs. in sum, we want modular programming, modular testing, and modular reasoning. by \u201c module \u201d, i just mean that you could swap one out and stick another one in without affecting what we care about in the rest of the system. whenever two pieces of code or testing or reasoning are similar, we want to put the similar parts in a module so that we can reuse our work as we repeat and change the pattern. monads are one kind of module that emerged when people got tired of writing similar programs and proofs over and over again. it \u2019 s just like in the rest of math : groups, vector spaces, etc. on 2010 - 12 - 14t12 : 49 : 18 - 0500, mike solomon wrote : i would agree that monads give a potentially unifying perspective. i was challenging the claim that without monads you can \u2019 t \u201c really \u201d understand mutation / dynamic update. or, that functional programming gives the best way to understand mutation. this just seems wrong to me. monads are notoriously difficult to understand, mutation is intuitively easy to understand. that is, i would say : we already understood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5692918537383576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.265648"} {"text": "dynamic update. or, that functional programming gives the best way to understand mutation. this just seems wrong to me. monads are notoriously difficult to understand, mutation is intuitively easy to understand. that is, i would say : we already understood mutation, now we look at it from a different perspective to try better understand how to combine it with other effects. of course what i just wrote may not be what it means to \u2018 \u201c really \u201d understand mutation / dynamic update \u2019. nevertheless, i would suggest that to \u201c really \u201d understand something entails proving theorems about it that go beyond particular usage examples \u2014 at least, not just \u201c this program gives the correct output on this sample input \u201d but \u201c this program part works on all inputs regardless of the rest of the program \u201d. as soon as we humans who get bored easily try to prove such theorems, we want to capture repeated patterns in our reasoning so as to avoid repeating them. ( hoare logic for reasoning about imperative programs is a great and successful example of such capture, even though it treats mutation specifically and not as a special case of a side effect. ) maybe understanding mutation even entails being confident in a program part that uses mutation and no other side effect, regardless of what side effects occur in the rest of the program. one question i asked yesterday ( last night ) is whether the analogy between quantification and shift / reset yielded insight independent of what kind of semantics one gave for shift / reset : shift / reset can be understood operationally, as a reduction calculus. can quantification? but maybe this is just what qr is. in general, is the transformation to lf a kind of operational semantics? i would answer yes, yes, yes. i take at least 3 lessons from programming - language semantics into natural - language semantics : first, there are different kinds of semantics, not only denotational but also operational and axiomatic, each good for different purposes. operational makes it more obvious how much time and space a program will take ; denotational makes it easier to substitute equals for equals in a larger program. second, we should relate the different kinds of semantics. for example, i \u2019 m a big fan of olivier danvy \u2019 s work on mechanically turning denotational semantics ( well, definitional interpreters ) into operational semantics or back. imagine putting towers into a vending machine and getting qr out or vice versa! finally, it is worth applying specific ideas such as monads in denotational semantics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6281723635750696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.268078"} {"text": "semantics ( well, definitional interpreters ) into operational semantics or back. imagine putting towers into a vending machine and getting qr out or vice versa! finally, it is worth applying specific ideas such as monads in denotational semantics and evaluation contexts in operational semantics. is it only from the point of view of continuations that one can understand ( best ) a programming language that contains control and state? continuations are the best denotational account of control. it makes it easy to prove that the following expressions can be substituted for each other : ( shift c ( and ( c ( mother ' john ) ) ( c ( mother ' mary ) ) ) ) ; john and mary ' s mother ( mother ( shift c ( and ( c ' john ) ( c ' mary ) ) ) ) ; john ' s mother and mary ' s mother do continuations help us understand / reason about order of evaluation per se, or do they help us reason about order of evaluation in the context of a compositional semantics? the latter, and thus the former, no? : ) in general, should the monad / continuation approach give us insights into natural language meaning ( empirically relevant insights ), or should it give us insights into how to analyze natural language meaning in a certain way, compositional semantics? the latter, and thus the former, no? : ) : ) it seems to me that the analogy between computational side effects and \u201c apparently noncompositional \u201d linguistic phenomena could be insightful in the first way, and that these insights would be conceptually prior to any implementation in terms of monads / continuations. sure, if i were patenting all this then i would claim an implementation in terms of monads / continuations as \u201c a preferred embodiment \u201d of the analogy. take weak crossover. the insight is that evaluation order matters. you and ken used continuations to capture this compositionally. but now your account of order - sensitivity is order - independent. this is what we need for traditional, bottom - up compositional semantics. but why do we still want this? or, what is the status of such a semantics? it is often said that a compositional semantics is necessary for humans to understand novel utterances. but i think it is apparent that weak crossover arises not because humans learn a compositional semantics which simulates order - sensitivity, but rather because of the actual order - sensitivity of processing ( we hear from left to right ). what kind of semantic system captures this directly? you probably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6122002218504827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.270964"} {"text": "that weak crossover arises not because humans learn a compositional semantics which simulates order - sensitivity, but rather because of the actual order - sensitivity of processing ( we hear from left to right ). what kind of semantic system captures this directly? you probably wouldn \u2019 t find any denotational account of evaluation order \u201c direct \u201d in your sense. the \u201c kind of semantic system \u201d you want is probably operational semantics. indeed, the way i would argue that some denotational semantics accounts for evaluation order is to show that it corresponds to an operational semantics that obviously accounts for evaluation order. here \u2019 s another attempt to put things generally. is natural language a language with side effects ( e. g. c, ocaml ), which really does work impurely / noncompositionally, but such that, at a level of abstraction, its behavior can be described compositionally? or is natural language a pure functional language ( e. g. haskell ) which just happens to contain lexical items whose ( pure functional ) meanings simulate side effects? if it is the former, which seems plausible, how does language \u201c really \u201d do what it does? what \u2019 s the difference? in other words, what does \u201c really \u201d mean? haskell programs can perform io and manipulate mutable state just fine. the \u201c semantics / pragmatics interface \u201d ( aka \u201c run - time system \u201d ) of haskell lets you define a value \u201c main \u201d, of type \u201c io ( ) \u201d, which gets performed when you eventually run the program. it \u2019 s like, how does a hamblin set of alternatives get actually asked?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5862402530267471, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.272864"} {"text": "bsa supply no. 35859 in learning about astronomy, scouts study how activities in space affect our own planet and bear witness to the wonders of the night sky : the nebulae, or giant clouds of gas and dust where new stars are born ; old stars dying and exploding ; meteor showers and shooting stars ; the moon, planets, and a dazzling array of stars. - describe the proper clothing and other precautions for safely making observations at night and in cold weather. tell how to safely observe the sun, objects near the sun, and the moon. explain first aid for injuries or illnesses such as heat and cold reactions, dehydration, bites and stings, and damage to your eyes that could occur during observation. - explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. - with the aid of diagrams ( or real telescopes if available ), do each of the following : do the following : - explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. - describe the similarities and differences of several types of astronomical telescopes. - explain the purposes of at least three instruments used with astronomical telescopes. do the following : - identify in the sky at least 10 constellations, at least four of which are in the zodiac. - identify at least eight conspicuous stars, five of which are of magnitude 1 or brighter. - make two sketches of the big dipper. in one sketch, show the big dipper ' s orientation in the early evening sky. in another sketch, show its position several hours later. in both sketches, show the north star and the horizon. record the date and time each sketch was made. - explain what we see when we look at the milky way. at approximately weekly intervals, sketch the position of venus, mars, or jupiter in relation to the stars. do this for at least four weeks and at the same time of night. on your sketch, record the date and time next to the planet ' s position. use your sketch to explain how planets move. do the following : - list the names of the five most visible planets. explain which ones can appear in phases similar to lunar phases and which ones cannot, and explain why. - find out when each of the five most visible planets that you identified in requirement 5a will be observable in the evening sky during the next 12 months, then compile this information in the form of a chart or table. update your chart monthly to show whether each planet will be visible during the early morning or in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5149705337276016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.288307"} {"text": "5a will be observable in the evening sky during the next 12 months, then compile this information in the form of a chart or table. update your chart monthly to show whether each planet will be visible during the early morning or in the evening sky. do the following : - sketch the face of the moon and indicate at least five seas and five craters. label these landmarks. - sketch the phase and the daily position of the moon, at the same hour and place, for a week. include landmarks on the horizon such as hills, trees, and buildings. explain the changes you observe. - list the factors that keep the moon in orbit around earth. - with the aid of diagrams, explain the relative positions of the sun, earth, and the moon at the times of lunar and solar eclipses, and at the times of new, first - quarter, full, and last - quarter phases of the moon. with your counselor ' s approval and guidance, do one of the following : - describe the composition of the sun, its relationship to other stars, and some effects of its radiation on earth ' s weather. define sunspots and describe some of the effects they may have on solar radiation. - identify at least one red star, one blue star, and one yellow star ( other than the sun ). explain the meaning of these colors. list at least three different career opportunities in astronomy. pick the one in which you are most interested and explain how to prepare for such a career. discuss with your counselor what courses might be useful for such a career. - visit a planetarium or astronomical observatory. submit a written report, a scrapbook, or a video presentation afterward to your counselor that includes the following information : - activities occurring there - exhibits and displays you saw - telescopes and other instruments being used - celestial objects you observed - plan and participate in a three - hour observation session that includes using binoculars or a telescope. list the celestial objects you want to observe, and find each on a star chart or in a guidebook. prepare an observing log or notebook. show your plan, charts, and log or notebook to your counselor before making your observations. review your log or notebook with your counselor afterward. - plan and host a star party for your scout troop or other group such as your class at school. use binoculars or a telescope to show and explain celestial objects to the group. - help an astronomy club in your community hold a star party that is open to the public. - personally take a series of photographs or digital images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4959948440090387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.290039"} {"text": "as your class at school. use binoculars or a telescope to show and explain celestial objects to the group. - help an astronomy club in your community hold a star party that is open to the public. - personally take a series of photographs or digital images of the movement of the moon, a planet, an asteroid or meteoroid, or a comet. in your visual display, label each image and include the date and time it was taken. show all positions on a star chart or map. show your display at school or at a troop meeting. explain the changes you observed. atomic energy, chemistry, computers, geology, photography, radio, space exploration, and weather merit badge pamphlets - bond, peter. dk guide to space. dk publishing, 1999. - brunier, serge, and akira fujii. the great atlas of the stars. firefly books, 2001. - covington, michael a. astrophotography for the amateur, 2nd ed. cambridge university press, 1999. - davis, kenneth c. don ' t know much about space. harpertrophy, 2001. - - - - - - - - -. don ' t know much about the solar system. harpercollins, 2001. - harrington, philip, and edward pascuzzi. astronomy for all ages. globe pequot press, 2000. - henbest, nigel, and heather couper. dk space encyclopedia. dk publishing, 1999. - lambert, david. the kingfisher young people ' s book of the universe. kingfisher books, 2001. - moore, patrick, ed. astronomy encyclopedia. oxford children ' s books, 2002. - price, fred w. the planet observer ' s handbook. cambridge university press, 2000. - schaaf, fred. 40 nights to knowing the sky : a night - by - night skywatching primer. owl books, 1998. - stott, carole. new astronomer. dorling kindersley limited, 1999. - trefil, james. other worlds : images of the cosmos from earth and space. national geographic, 1999. cds, dvds, and videos amazing universe iii. hopkins technology, 1995, cd - rom. imax cosmic voyage. warner home video, 1996, dvd. distant suns : the virtual desktop planetarium. virtual reality laboratories, 1994, cd - rom. savage sun. discovery channel, 1999, videocassette. the solar empire : a star is born. discovery channel and the learning channel, 1997,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49989523829299143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.291567"} {"text": "distant suns : the virtual desktop planetarium. virtual reality laboratories, 1994, cd - rom. savage sun. discovery channel, 1999, videocassette. the solar empire : a star is born. discovery channel and the learning channel, 1997, videocassette. 21027 crossroads circle p. o. box 1612 waukesha, wi 53187 - 1612 web site : http : / / www. astronomy. com sky and telescope 49 bay state road cambridge, ma 02138 - 1200 toll - free telephone : 800 - 253 - 0245 web site : http : / / skyandtelescope. com organizations and web sites 9201 ward parkway, suite 100 kansas city, mo 64114 web site : http : / / www. astroleague. org astronomy watch : tonight ' s sky and astro events web site : http : / / www. astronomy - watch. com national aeronautics and space administration headquarters information center washington, dc 20546 - 0001 web site : http : / / www. nasa. gov national optical astronomy observatory 950 north cherry ave. tucson, az 85719 web site : http : / / www. noao. edu national radio astronomy observatory 520 edgemont road charlottesville, va 22903 - 2475 web site : http : / / www. nrao. edu the planetary society 65 north catalina ave. pasadena, ca 91106 - 2301 web site : http : / / planetary. org web site : http : / / www. skymaps. com solar system exploration : the planets web site : http : / / sse. jpl. nasa. gov / features / planets / planetsfeat. html space telescope science institute 3700 san martin drive baltimore, md 21218 web site : http : / / hubblesite. org web site : http : / / www. spacewander. com web site : http : / / www. spaceweather. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45197553291237014, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.293892"} {"text": "as 2002 began, the communists ' attempt to reinstate obligatory study of the russian language prompted opposition protests in moldova ' s capital, chisinau. several media outlets rallied to defend the romanian language and the cultural identity that the majority of moldovans share with neighboring romania. state media coverage of these protests was censored. in february, in response to severe censorship of the state broadcaster teleradio - moldova ( tvm ), hundreds of tvm journalists went on strike in solidarity with the anti - communist opposition. in retribution, a few journalists and staff members were dismissed or suspended from the station in march. months of intense opposition protests drove the council of europe to issue a resolution on april 24 condemning moldova ' s censorship of state media. the resolution called on moldova to transform teleradio - moldova into a public entity. according to a new law that was drafted in response to the council ' s resolution, a 15 - person supervisory council, appointed by the president, parliament, and the government, will manage the broadcaster. although widely criticized for allowing the state to retain control over the outlet, the law took effect on august 15, ending the standoff between tvm journalists and management. trans - dniester, a breakaway region in eastern moldova, continued to make headlines. in early 2002, a newspaper there was forced to close, allegedly because its founder and chief financier, who is also the son of the region ' s president, pulled out of the operation following the publication of articles that criticized the region ' s authorities. at the same time, proposed amendments to the region ' s press law threatened to make it easier to censor and harass journalists. the proposals would abandon a clause that prohibits censorship and would introduce registration and licensing procedures. civil conflict over trans - dniester erupted in 1991, when moldova declared independence from the soviet union and aligned itself with neighboring romania, adopting romania ' s latin - based alphabet and national anthem and even calling for unification with the country. trans - dniester ' s russian - speaking population has since achieved a large degree of autonomy, with its own money, president, and legislature. moldova, however, still formally claims the territory as its own. while political tension exists between moldova and trans - dniester, correspondents from the chisinau - based weekly timpul and adevarul nistrean newspaper working in trans - dniester ' s capital, tiraspol, have taken steps to bridge the two sides of the conflict by discussing opportunities for professional cooperation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41268484308242187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.301223"} {"text": "to the associated press. all parliamentary reporters moldova ' s parliament approved new regulations enabling legislators to suspend the accreditation of journalists covering the legislative body. the regulations also allow parliament members to reproach reporters publicly for printing incorrect information. a reporter ' s accreditation can be suspended if a demanded retraction is not published in the manner desired by the lawmaker. natalia florea, the associated press, flux news agency education minister gheorghe sima confiscated the audiocassette of florea, a reporter for the associated press and flux news agency, during a speaking engagement. the minister snatched the audio recorder from the journalist and handed it to his security personnel, who took the tape and returned the recorder to florea. the tape was not returned. sergiu afanasiu, accente valeriu manea, accente afanasiu and manea, editor - in - chief and journalist, respectively, at the weekly accente, were detained on charges of receiving a bribe of us $ 1, 500 in return for not publishing compromising materials about a local businessman. according to the moscow - based center for journalism in extreme situations ( cjes ), the businessman offered afanasiu bribes several times, but he never accepted them and instead published materials about the man ' s activities. accente staff believe that the charges are spurious and came in reprisal for the paper ' s critical reporting. the journalists were released on october 23, but both had to sign an agreement not to leave the capital, chisnau, while the case remains ongoing. according to cjes, a court hearing is scheduled for january 30, 2003.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40753117918037124, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.304009"} {"text": "12 september 2012 - as of 7 sept 2012, the national park service ( nps ) has reported eight cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ( hps ) among visitors who stayed at yosemite national park in california since june 2012. of these, three were fatal and five cases are recovering. park authorities have begun to notify and advise park visitors and those who stayed overnight at \" signature tent cabins \u201d at yosemite ' s curry village or \" high sierra camps \" between 10 june and 24 august 2012 to seek immediate medical attention if they exhibit any symptoms of hps. person - to - person transmission of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome has not been reported in the united states. investigations carried out by nps revealed that seven of the eight reported cases of hps have been linked to the \" signature tent cabins \" in curry village in yosemite valley, and one case stayed in multiple \" high sierra camps \" in yosemite ( a different area of the park than curry village ) in july. there is no specific treatment or cure for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome infection. early recognition and treatment of infected individuals can reduce disease progression. early symptoms include fatigue, fever, chills, and muscle aches. fifty percent of the patients can experience headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and abdominal pain. the disease progresses rapidly ( 4 - 10 days after initial symptoms ) to include coughing, shortness of breath and severe difficulty breathing. early medical attention greatly increases the chance of survival in cases of hps. it is recommended that if a recent visitor to yosemite national park has any of the symptoms listed above, that they seek medical attention immediately and advise their health care professional of the potential exposure to hantavirus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4416851203382825, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.317873"} {"text": "ing f1 : carbon fibre explained many race fans don ' t know how or why a modern f1 car is constructed of carbon fibre - - even the steering wheel is made from it. this film looks at the reasons why, and follows the production process, from the carbon fibre sheet being cut with a pair of scissors in a sealed room, right through to fernando alonso driving out of the pit garage cocooned in a carbon fibre safety cell designed to withstand the force of a 200mph crash. interviews with : ian goddard, senior composites engineer, ing renault f1 team guy rowles, clean room head, ing renault f1 team how to repair a broken carbon fibre ( fiber ) fishing pole or rod practical how - to instructional tutorial from showing how you can repair a broken, fractured or damaged carbon fiber fishing pole or rod using carbon fibre and epoxy resin using our fishing pole repair kit. optical fibres check us out at an optical fiber is made up of the core ( carrying the light pulses ), the cladding ( reflecting the light pulses back into the core ) and the buffer coating ( protecting the core and cladding from moisture, damage, etc ). together, all of this creates a fiber optic which can carry up to 10 million messages at any time using light pulses. fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. optical fibers are widely used in fiber - optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths ( data rates ) than other forms of communications. fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference. fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers. light is kept in the core of the optical fiber by total internal reflection. this causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. fibers which support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi - mode fibers ( mmf ), while those which can only support a single mode are called single - mode fibers ( smf ). multi - mode fibers generally have a larger core diameter, and are used for short - distance communication links and for... kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre advert 1990 advert for kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre with ross kemp carbon fibre cello shows the process for manufacturing a cello from carbon fibre. la fibre - water mel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5268325990024829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.341714"} {"text": "distance communication links and for... kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre advert 1990 advert for kelloggs fruit ' n ' fibre with ross kemp carbon fibre cello shows the process for manufacturing a cello from carbon fibre. la fibre - water melon - clip photo made by bbcn : bbcncorporation. blogspace. fr ferrari f430 scuderia 16m ( carbon fibre ) this is a magnificent fully carbon fibre 16m scuderia. it looked fantastic with full carbon fibre body, hood, boot, rims and interior. the whole car literally was carbon fibre. it was form sale in the beverly hills dealer for $ 650000. how to make your own carbon fiber ( fibre ) parts. easy to follow guide on how you can make your own carbon fibre parts without specialist equipment. all materials used available from modes de fibre optique carbon fibre violin stephen mcconnells carbon fibre violin played by rory boardman if your interested in these contact me, thanks also to peter boardman for advice and final setup, not sure how the audio will translate from handycam to compression for internet and played on pc speakers, bear this in mind. knilling pegs where fitted as the peg box sides are thin and they work great. the carbon fibre fiddle a violin made of carbon fibre ( or carbon fiber, if you prefer that spelling ). more at www. test - fiber optic termination - how to terminate fiber optic cable using giganet fibre optic connectors www. giga - terminating fibre optic sc, st and lc connectors using the giganet cold - cure fiber optic cold - cure and polishing method. how to cover parts in carbon fiber ( fibre ) by skinning or wrapping in this video we show you how to take an existing part and cover it it real carbon fibre. in the video we use a carbon fibre skinning kit ( available from ) which includes all of the materials needed to cover a number of parts in carbon fibre. we call this technique skinning but other name are carbon fibre wrapping, coating and covering. lotus exige full carbon fibre body, 550hp audi engine, 750kg weight lotus elise s1 modified with full carbon fibre series 1 exige bodyshell with highly tuned and turboed audi s3 engine transplant. 550hp, 750kg total weight. homemade optical fiber fibre optic lighting cable diy do it yourself fiber optic cable optical fibre this video is an introduction to future videos on how to make your own optical fiber cable for indoor lighting applications. i imagine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.506417541428849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.343517"} {"text": "550hp, 750kg total weight. homemade optical fiber fibre optic lighting cable diy do it yourself fiber optic cable optical fibre this video is an introduction to future videos on how to make your own optical fiber cable for indoor lighting applications. i imagine it could be used for short data transfers but will not say for sure. i am working on getting the perfect filling for this. live chemtrail fibre. wmv i extracted a nano sized organism from a chemtrail fibre that had been collected after heavy spraying in nebraska. i captured its growth with my dark field scope. the living fibre is now on its way to a friend who has better lab access. i have tested 23 out of 35 adults and 3 out of 4 children positive for these same fibres. none of those tested showed any outward signs of morgellons. i now know these fibres respond to frequencies, electromagnetic ones. lets hope none of our friendly governments decide to let loose a frequency that awakes these horrors ilford galerie gold fibre silk fine art inkjet paper ilford galerie gold fibre silk has a baryta ( barium sulphate ) coated layer underneath the ink receiving layer equivalent to the structure of traditional fibre photographic paper base. the media offers enhanced definition, extended tonal range, and excellent archival properties, all of which are important to the demanding professional digital photographer and printer. coated fibre papers have a unique look and feel, which has become a standard among art photographers worldwide over the course of more than a century. ilford managing director dai jones speaks with calumet photo ' s gerry oher about the new generation in fine art inkjet paper. available at. aero - tv : the farnborough kestrel - all carbon - fibre business aircraft conceived as a new chapter in business aircraft, the kestrel represents the application of advanced aerodynamics combined with state - of - the - art carbon - fibre composite construction. developed by the british company, farnborough aircraft, the kestrel made its first flight in july of 2006. finally, at the farnborough air show in 2008, the aircraft made its debut for european aviation enthusiasts. after farnborough aircraft came under new ownership at the beginning of 2009, the company has re - dedicated itself to seeking full certification of the kestrel. designed as a single engine turboprop business jet, the kestrel merges speed, comfort, and operational flexibility unparalleled in the world of business and private jet aircraft. due to its robust construction and heavy - duty undercarriage, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5130506697845232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.346437"} {"text": "designed as a single engine turboprop business jet, the kestrel merges speed, comfort, and operational flexibility unparalleled in the world of business and private jet aircraft. due to its robust construction and heavy - duty undercarriage, the aircraft is capable of landing on the shortest of unprepared strips including sand, gravel, and grass. the 1000hp pt6 engine, however, allows the kestrel to seamlessly integrate with the kind of jet traffic found at commercial airports. the aircraft sustains a climb rate at maximum weight of more than 3100 feet per minute and a maximum cruise speed above 350 knots. able to travel distances up to 1500 nautical miles, the kestrel is optimized to carry up to six passengers in luxury class comfort. customers can choose from multiple cabin configurations including fitted private lavatory and pressurized luggage bay. the aircrafts luxury, however, does not translate to high operating costs... construction of east africa ' s undersea fibre optics cable. seacom, the first majority african - owned, open access, undersea fibre optics cable linking southern and east africa to india and europe, bringing high - speed international broadband connectivity. how it ' s made - carbon fibre bats how to make carbon fibre effect in photoshop cs3 / cs4 in this video i will show you how to create a simple yet stunning and cool carbon fibre effect. download a free trial of adobe photoshop below follow us on twitter skinnovate iphone 4 ultimate 3m carbon fibre skin kit install v2 here is our second version of our iphone 4 ultimate carbon fibre kit installation which is a lot more clearer and as funky, this complete iphone \" ultimate \" kit is offered by skinnovate in australia. forget immitations and bulky hard cases. this is 3m high quality adhesive carbon fibre finish skin is precisley cut to fit. music details : miami horror - five feet of snow enjoy, skinnovate team. au tamiya ferrari f40 \" pt 3 : replicating carbon fibre and kevlar \" a series of videos going through the construction of tamiya ' s ferrari f40. this episode deals with replicating kevlar and carbon fibre in scale. 3m di - noc carbon fibre vinyl achieve the impact, visual appearance and texture of real carbon fibre. 3m di - noc authentically replicates the material once only adnorned by super cars. easily applied onto bodywork in situ. andy gallacher ' s carbon fibre focus cosworth 30. 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43816667422283884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.347430"} {"text": "texture of real carbon fibre. 3m di - noc authentically replicates the material once only adnorned by super cars. easily applied onto bodywork in situ. andy gallacher ' s carbon fibre focus cosworth 30. 3. 2008 race 2 - scottish saloon car championship. ag motorsport wins and sets new lap rcord. 1020kg, 670bhp, 4x4, carbon fibre spaceframed focus. iphone 4 : how to install 3m carbon fibre di - noc vinyl / sticker kit to the iphone 4 this complete iphone kit is offered by skinnovate in australia. forget immitations and bulky hard cases. this is 3m high quality adhesive carbon fibre precisley cut to fit. music by miami horror optical fibre turntable for archives records the most interesting feature of the optical system consists in its ability to play ancient and damaged records, as may be found in the sound archives of national institutes and broadcasting stations. the force applied by the fiber on the record is limited to 50 mg, about 100 time less than that of a modern pick - up. moral fibre - organic cotton part 2 a documentary film about organic cotton production in benin, the health effect of pesticides used in conventional cotton, and the power of consumers. with interviews from beninese farmers, designer katharine hamnett, toxicologists and local doctors nettle for fibre by john - paul flintoff - \" through the eye of a needle \" positive tv and the ecologist explore the world of sustainable fibre and exlores the nettle as an option to egyptian cotton. john - paul takes us through his personal tayloring guide and explains the possibilities of this forgotten fibre alternative natural herbal cleansing supplements, increasing dietary fibre intake 2 part video herbalife for more information visit http international shipping. watch first part video find out how we can improve a healthy digestion, a natural herbal cleansing, detoxing our body. you know that low dietary fibre intake brings a lot of illnesses. we can avoid inflammation, eating the right amount of fibre cellulose fibre machinery fibretec 1500 makron cellulose fibre production technology provides a full package for manufacture of cellulose fibre insulation, from machinery to training of the personnel. the manufacturing plant is very compact, versatile and efficient. technology : how we make carbon fibre bikes a true and real made in italy, paying attention to detail throughout the whole production process. the switch design is the supremacy of aggression. bikes which are able to scratch asphalt or earth uninterrupted. a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.454965623449493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.348973"} {"text": ": how we make carbon fibre bikes a true and real made in italy, paying attention to detail throughout the whole production process. the switch design is the supremacy of aggression. bikes which are able to scratch asphalt or earth uninterrupted. a unique product for bike lovers. how to make a mould for a carbon fiber ( fibre ) part in this tutorial we show you how to use a new mould making putty material to create a high quality mould suitable for use when making your own carbon fibre parts ( covered in our other tutorials ). the materials and techniques shown in this video accompany our carbon mods carbon fibre mould making kit : whilst perfect for making carbon fibre parts, this mould making process would also be suitable for making any composites parts ( grp, frp, carbon / kevlar etc. ). carbon fibre film - 3m di - noc carbon fibre 3m vinyl end result : new 3m\u2122 cubitron\u2122 ii 982c abrasive fibre disc - weld grinding comparison the new 3m\u2122 cubitron\u2122 ii fibre disc, 982c is compared against the best competitive disc on the market by grinding identical welds against the clock. see how the structured abrasive grain slices through metal compared to the conventional mineral used on fibre discs. www. 3 / cubitronii carbon fibre nail tutorial you asked for it, so here you go!! almost every question that has been asked in the comments so far has been answered on my website this whole entire time, & most of them are repeats of the same question!! so please go check it out before asking a question!!!! there is also a list of products i used ( with links ) & a photo of the nails : you can get konad stuff here dont forget to mention ' sayanythingbrooke ', or ' xsparkage ' at checkout for 20 % off your order!!! cisco live 2009 : fibre channel over ethernet demo wayne swick, technical marketing engineer with intel ' s lan access division ( lad ) demonstrates fcoe with intel latest 10gb ethernet adapter. tesla turbine ( carbon fibre disks ) this is a modified tesla turbine from. it has be upgraded with carbon fiber / fibre discs and ceramic bearings. emc & vmware : ip storage - iscsi, nfs, or fibre channel? details, demos, & links below what is the right protocol for vmware infrastructure? iscsi?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4330715831494837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.352064"} {"text": "/ fibre discs and ceramic bearings. emc & vmware : ip storage - iscsi, nfs, or fibre channel? details, demos, & links below what is the right protocol for vmware infrastructure? iscsi? nfs? fibre channel? what if you had the flexibility choose the protocols that you needed... simultaneous support. join emc ' s chad sakac, senior director vmware strategic alliance, as he discusses where each protocol fits and their unique capabilities in the vmware environment. for more information : information infrastructure for vmware - - infrastructure / information - infrastructure - solutions - vmware. htm preparing optical fibre for testing with optronics otdr ( part 1 ) demonstration of preparing optical fibre for testing with optronics otdr. for more information about the optronics otdr visit how to make a carbon fibre part a short ' how to ' video for producing a carbon fibre part. this instructional video has been produced to accompany the john burn composite kit which is available from www. resins -. it gives you an insight into the various stages of producing a carbon laminate with some useful hints and tips. the kit includes the very latest sika biresin cr82 / ch80 - 2laminating system with biresin s5 gelcoat. there is 4 square metres of carbon fibre so you are able to produce a significant size composite part. other kits include carbon fibre vacuum infusion along with glass fibre versions of each kit. infomercial epic fail : fibre logs! hey guys, i guess things didn ' t go over well for this new cereal that was being promoted!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.507668632817702, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.355007"} {"text": "by charles bogle : a timely reminder of america \u2019 s enlightenment origins 31 august 2006 washington \u2019 s crossing, by david hackett fischer, 543 pages, oxford university press, 2004, $ 17. 95 in washington \u2019 s crossing, published by oxford university press as part of its pivotal moments in american history series ( series editors, david hackett fischer and james m. mcpherson ), fischer describes how enlightenment thinking informed the character and decision - making of george washington at a critical point in the american revolution. fisher argues that although this same enlightenment thinking molded the outlook of the british commanding officers and their charges, the exigencies of an imperialist policy resulted in brutal treatment of the colonists and spoliation of their property. the author concludes by calling on his american readers to remember and embrace their enlightenment origins at the present critical point in their history. the painting entitled \u201c washington crossing the delaware, \u201d which hangs in the metropolitan museum of art in new york, provides the inspiration for the title of fischer \u2019 s book. the masterpiece is itself evocative of the enlightenment and the revolutions it engendered. in the introduction to his book, fischer writes that the artist, a german - american named emanuel leutze, undertook the painting to encourage the europeans, who were engaged in the revolutions of 1848, to follow the example of the american revolution. american revolution and slavery : here. myths of the american revolution : here. today \u2019 s enlightenment perceptions and imperialism : here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5055366762069626, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.363944"} {"text": "\u201c digital natives are accustomed to the twitch - speed, multitasking, random - access, graphics - first, active, connected, fun, fantasy, quick - payoff world of their video games, mtv, and the internet \u201d ( prensky, 2001, p. 3 ) place test 51 \u2013 item analysis break down - foundations of instructional technology 20 % - learning environments and experiences 50 % - professional practice and productivity 30 % - technology and your professional practice - understand the role of technology and its social, ethical, legal, and human issues. understand the basic operations and support of technology in an educational setting. - understand principles of planning and designing learning environments and experiences supported by technology. - understand the use of technology to facilitate the development of problem - solving capabilities, - understand how to implement and manage effective learning environments supported by technology. - understand the use of technology for research, collaboration, and communication ( information literacy ). - understand the use of technology to enhance student productivity. - understand the use of technology to enhance professional productivity. - understand applications of technology in assessment and evaluation. - understand strategies and resources for professional development in instructional technology. international society for technology in education - levels of technology implementation ( loti ) framework, jo williamson and traci redish - history of influences in the development of intelligence & theory key issues in using educational technologies learner - centered pedagogies include : - allowing means for learners to build interpersonal connections and relationships - finding strategies that acknowledge differing learner needs, abilities, and interests - providing personal control and choice to learners, and - assessing and addressing the technology self - efficacy of individual learners chickering and gamson ( 1991 ) developed seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education that have been interpreted by several scholars as transferable to the online and hybrid course environments ( phipps, 2005 ; guidera, 2004 ; roby and hampikian, 2002 ) the seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education are anchored to the concept of creating a learning - centered environment for students and include : - encouraging student - faculty contact - encouraging cooperation among students - encouraging active learning - providing prompt feedback - emphasizing time on task - communicating high expectations, and - respecting diverse talent and ways of learning * * * a document that was created from over a century of research by the american psychological association ( apa ) task force on psychology in education ( 1993 ) was revised in 1997 to detail 14 learner - centered principles ( http : / / www. apa. org / ed / lcp. html )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46691732648599327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.369911"} {"text": "google sketchup is a software we newly added this year to the list of trio quest resources. it is a 3d modeling software, which can be used to design small objects, buildings, and even entire cities. 3d modeling softwares tend to be intimidating to learn because they are so extensive, but we have returned from cue with a selection cool tips and tricks to share with you that we hope will encourage you and your students to explore the possibilities of creating with google sketchup. google sketchup : free google sketchup pro : $ 495 or free there are two versions of the software : google sketchup and google sketchup pro. google sketchup is free, but nonetheless powerful and feature - packed enough for students to learn a lot from. google sketchup pro, a version with more advanced options such as exporting models to other softwares, normally cost $ 495. however, through sketchup pro k - 12 statewide grant, educators from most of the states in the us are able to get the pro version for free. be sure to check their website to learn more. google 3d warehouse google 3d warehouse is a library that contains models users have submitted that can be downloaded and used in your own google sketchup project. notable ones include famous architectures like the eiffel tower or the colosseum. you can also find more generic models of buildings, people, and others. how to use it : file > 3d warehouse > get models > select a model you would like to place into your project > click on download model scenes is a function to create and save different views of your google sketchup model. a tab will appear underneath the top tools panel automatically for each scene you create, so you can quickly look at your models from many angles and perspectives by clicking on these tabs. how to use it : window > scenes > set your camera where you want it and click on the plus ( + ) button to create a new scene. augmented reality plugin augmented reality plugin lets you to visualize and present your google sketchup project by displaying your models on a real physical plane. please watch the following video for a demonstration : waybe plugin breaks down each elements of google sketchup models into paper prototypes. you can use this tool to to challenge your students to create paper models out of their google sketchup projects. special thanks to mark hammond for sharing these wonderful tips at cue.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5329204642720644, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.374382"} {"text": "you can view the current or previous issues of diabetes health online, in their entirety, anytime you want. click here to view latest diabetes articles what \u2019 s the most important goal for kids and families dealing with diabetes? learn all you can, and then strive for the best possible blood glucose levels without excessive hypoglycemia. this is a tough goal to attain. our tools, food, insulin, and monitoring, while the best they have ever been, are still imprecise. and although optimal glucose control is critical for immediate and long - term health, one must always be wary of severe and recurring hypoglycemia. i was one of the co - investigators in the dcct many years ago, which \u201c nailed \u201d the importance of getting a1c levels below 7 %. there is no longer any doubt that the short and long term complications associated with diabetes reflect how well blood glucose levels have been controlled. this means working towards pre - meal blood glucose levels of less than 100 and post - meal blood glucose levels of less than 140. our current recommendation is to use multiple meal - time bolus doses of fast - acting analogs ( humalog, novolog, apidra ) coupled with a basal insulin \u2013 either lantus or levemir \u2013 twice a day. this regime attempts to mimic a normally functioning pancreas, while providing maximum flexibility with food and less hypoglycemia. we start with this approach at diagnosis because it is easy to teach and makes sense to us, as well as to patients and family members. insulin goes with food for meal coverage, and then basal insulin is provided in the background. all such insulin decisions must be based upon actual blood glucose readings, taken frequently. we use the fastest acting insulins because then we can administer insulin immediately after knowing blood glucose levels and immediately before eating meals or snacks. insulin pumps are also an excellent way to administer insulin and gain even more flexibility for food and activity changes, as well as further decreasing hypoglycemia. about 30 % of our patients are now using insulin pumps, with good results. i suspect that the use of insulin pumps will continue to increase because they offer improved glucose control coupled with decreased hypoglycemia. frequent testing is paramount the next big goal will be less expensive and more reliable continuous glucose monitoring. when that is achieved, more people will use continuous glucose monitors to \u201c alarm \u201d for trending higher or lower glucose values, rather than waiting until the highest or lowest values have already been reached.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4420740586372671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.387331"} {"text": "will be less expensive and more reliable continuous glucose monitoring. when that is achieved, more people will use continuous glucose monitors to \u201c alarm \u201d for trending higher or lower glucose values, rather than waiting until the highest or lowest values have already been reached. for now, one of the keys to management involves teaching people to use fingerstick testing frequently enough. then we must help them to actually use this information, by analyzing logbooks or downloaded bg information to look for patterns. although the patterns change with growth and with normal changes in kids \u2019 lives, we can continue to respond on a weekly basis \u2013 at a minimum \u2013 to such changes, and adjust either food and / or insulin accordingly. with frequent testing, any immediate increase or decrease in blood glucose levels is known, without guesswork. this is important because many high and low episodes occur without symptoms. some people with diabetes believe that they can tell when their sugar levels are out of control, but unfortunately, this often turns out to be wishful thinking. doing bg testing and using the resulting information remains critical for \u201c tight control. \u201d this is easy to teach but difficult to accomplish because it requires sustained interest and continuous dealing with the frustrations that this illness brings to a family. support groups and chat rooms ( childrenwithdiabetes. com, ada \u2019 s wizdom, jdrf, camelsrfun ) are great places to go for intelligent and honest support. camping programs in the summer, and winter programs for peers, families, and grandparents, are also good for learning about diabetes and about how others are dealing with this chronic illness. good control is important for kids another key concept is the importance of blood glucose control even in very young and school - aged children. several years ago, some misinformation was publicized based upon good research that turned out to be incorrect : researchers wrote that the pre - pubertal years \u201c did not count \u201d towards complications. this turned out to be false, and many subsequent research studies have refuted this \u201c safe \u201d time. the notion that \u201c it isn \u2019 t so bad to have high sugar levels for so many years because it doesn \u2019 t cause eye, kidney or nerve damage \u201d is just incorrect. although the dcct did not include such pre - pubertal children, it makes sense that the same damage that occurs with older teens and adults can occur with younger children. of course, high sugar damage takes many years to show up, so it is reasonable to see delays in clinically apparent problems. when using sophisticated research methods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46157268379896343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.388725"} {"text": "makes sense that the same damage that occurs with older teens and adults can occur with younger children. of course, high sugar damage takes many years to show up, so it is reasonable to see delays in clinically apparent problems. when using sophisticated research methods, however, the forerunners of such damage are seen to exist. so, what is the rationale then for telling children and families that it is okay to keep blood glucose levels high? the only rationale i know of involves avoiding hypoglycemia ( lows ). it \u2019 s important to remember, however, that treatment should include maximum avoidance of hyperglycemia ( high blood glucose ) while minimizing hypoglycemia that is recurrent or severe ( convulsions, unconscious reactions, and hypoglycemic events needing help from others ). scientific research has helped to liberalize food prescriptions and the strict food approaches of years past. dietary consistency from day - to - day is still very important, however, including portion control and timing as well as food choices. carbohydrate counting offers the most flexibility. it \u2019 s also quite easy to teach and to understand because it couples an insulin - to - carb ratio ( how much insulin is needed for how many grams of carbohydrates ) to very specific food and snack choices. with a basal - bolus insulin approach or an insulin pump approach, this can help enormously. adding the glycemic index approach is helpful because it explains how to use simple sugars ( juices, fruits, candy ) for immediate coverage of physical activity, thereby preventing hypoglycemia. it helps explain the differing effects that foods such as potatoes, bread, rice, pasta and beans, as well as high fiber grains, have on blood glucose levels. it \u2019 s also helpful to know that mixing carbohydrates with high protein / high fat foods slows down stomach absorption, which explains the delayed hyperglycemia that occurs when such foods are eaten. diabetes has always been in the forefront of psychosocial research aimed at understanding the behavioral component of dealing with chronic illness. what we now call the empowerment model is very helpful because it allows health care professionals to avoid getting frustrated when patients and family members do not make the same choices as we would. it also shifts the focus to helping people take responsibility for their own decisions, whether for their children or for themselves. as kids grow and mature, they should take on more self - care responsibility and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48120678506272485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.389760"} {"text": "members do not make the same choices as we would. it also shifts the focus to helping people take responsibility for their own decisions, whether for their children or for themselves. as kids grow and mature, they should take on more self - care responsibility and be taught how to go about making such choices. this should not be done too early, since parental supervision is required even for many adolescents. open and honest discussions should involve such topics as how well everyone is doing, what choices are actually being made, and how the a1c values reflect such choices. eating disorders, abusive family situations, depression, and learning disabilities often interfere with diabetes care for children and adolescents and should be considered when things are not going well. families disrupted by poverty, divorce, and other such issues need extra assistance in order to place the stresses and burdens of living with diabetes into proper context. normal adolescent rebellion is a fact of life, yet can destroy diabetes health if taken too far afield. here again, supervision by the diabetes team, coupled with family involvement and honest, empowerment - style discussions, can help not only identify such problems, but also figure out workable solutions. adolescence is not automatically a time for diabetes havoc. the underlying reasons for such problems must be acknowledged and investigated, even if it means adults need to resume more direct responsibility for care - giving. after an adolescent finishes high school, there is a period of transition with more direct self - care, and often a movement away from close diabetes team follow - up. this can occur with health insurance changes and also with going away to college. it involves issues of sexuality and dating, pregnancy prevention, alcohol, smoking, marijuana, and drugs, as well as bg monitoring, timing of food and insulin, sleeping late, and overall erratic lifestyle and schedules. obviously, all this can cause major problems when interacting with diabetes care needs, and frequently this is a time when diabetes control suffers. it \u2019 s often helpful to address these issues up front, discuss them, and strategize about what might be an alternative. whether or not to stay with the pediatric and adolescent diabetes team of health care professionals, to find a new group at school, or to switch to an adult diabetes team should also be reviewed. our patients often opt to stay with us for their diabetes specialty care, although they switch from pediatricians to family physicians or internists for their primary care. the problems facing children with type 1 diabetes around the world are remarkably similar. sound psychosocial support, empowerment, and physiologic intensified", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4771568581108514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.391186"} {"text": "specialty care, although they switch from pediatricians to family physicians or internists for their primary care. the problems facing children with type 1 diabetes around the world are remarkably similar. sound psychosocial support, empowerment, and physiologic intensified glucose control remain the cornerstones to success with kids and adolescents. dr. brink \u2019 s top ten tips 1. aim for as near normal blood glucose levels as possible before meals ( 100 is the magic number to remember ). 2. as a secondary goal, aim for as near normal post - meal blood glucose as possible ( less than 140, if possible ). 3. aim for a1c levels below 7 % ( assuming normal levels are approximately 4 - 6 % ) ; this gives optimal control and minimal hypoglycemia under most circumstances. 4. understand that it is not possible to have such results 100 % of the time. 5. do blood glucose testing frequently. 6. have diabetes appointments at least every three months. in the dcct, we achieved results in the intensive treatment group by seeing people every month, so this schedule should be considered. it has long been our own team \u2019 s philosophy. 7. work with dietitians and nurses as well as physicians. 8. work with psychologists, social workers, and other support staff who can help with behavioral issues as often as needed. 9. identify family genetic risks : heart, blood pressure, weight, smoking, lipid, thyroid, and celiac problems. 10. monitor the above - listed risks at least annually, because they are more common in youngsters and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. apr 13, 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4079658654329089, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.391913"} {"text": "on this page : - what are gallstones? - what causes gallstones? - who is at risk for gallstones? - what are the symptoms of gallstones? - how are gallstones diagnosed? - how are gallstones treated? - do people need their gallbladder? - points to remember - hope through research - for more information what are gallstones? gallstones are small, pebble - like substances that develop in the gallbladder. the gallbladder is a small, pear - shaped sac located below your liver in the right upper abdomen. gallstones form when liquid stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone - like material. the liquid \u2014 called bile \u2014 helps the body digest fats. bile is made in the liver, then stored in the gallbladder until the body needs it. the gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a tube \u2014 called the common bile duct \u2014 that carries it to the small intestine, where it helps with digestion. bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and bilirubin \u2014 a waste product. bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a yellowish - brown color. if the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin, it can harden into gallstones. the two types of gallstones are cholesterol stones and pigment stones. cholesterol stones are usually yellow - green and are made primarily of hardened cholesterol. they account for about 80 percent of gallstones. pigment stones are small, dark stones made of bilirubin. gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. the gallbladder can develop just one large stone, hundreds of tiny stones, or a combination of the two. gallstones can block the normal flow of bile if they move from the gallbladder and lodge in any of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. the ducts include the - hepatic ducts, which carry bile out of the liver - cystic duct, which takes bile to and from the gallbladder - common bile duct, which takes bile from the cystic and hepatic ducts to the small intestine bile trapped in these ducts can cause inflammation in the gallbladder, the ducts, or in rare cases, the liver. other ducts open into the common bile duct, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4847614023409483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.416445"} {"text": "and hepatic ducts to the small intestine bile trapped in these ducts can cause inflammation in the gallbladder, the ducts, or in rare cases, the liver. other ducts open into the common bile duct, including the pancreatic duct, which carries digestive enzymes out of the pancreas. sometimes gallstones passing through the common bile duct provoke inflammation in the pancreas \u2014 called gallstone pancreatitis \u2014 an extremely painful and potentially dangerous condition. if any of the bile ducts remain blocked for a significant period of time, severe damage or infection can occur in the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas. left untreated, the condition can be fatal. warning signs of a serious problem are fever, jaundice, and persistent pain. what causes gallstones? scientists believe cholesterol stones form when bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts, or when the gallbladder does not empty completely or often enough. the reason these imbalances occur is not known. the cause of pigment stones is not fully understood. the stones tend to develop in people who have liver cirrhosis, biliary tract infections, or hereditary blood disorders \u2014 such as sickle cell anemia \u2014 in which the liver makes too much bilirubin. the mere presence of gallstones may cause more gallstones to develop. other factors that contribute to the formation of gallstones, particularly cholesterol stones, include sex. women are twice as likely as men to develop gallstones. excess estrogen from pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, and birth control pills appears to increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder movement, which can lead to gallstones. family history. gallstones often run in families, pointing to a possible genetic link. weight. a large clinical study showed that being even moderately overweight increases the risk for developing gallstones. the most likely reason is that the amount of bile salts in bile is reduced, resulting in more cholesterol. increased cholesterol reduces gallbladder emptying. obesity is a major risk factor for gallstones, especially in women. diet. diets high in fat and cholesterol and low in fiber increase the risk of gallstones due to increased cholesterol in the bile and reduced gallbladder emptying. rapid weight loss. as the body metabolizes fat during prolonged fasting and rapid weight loss \u2014 such as \u201c crash diets \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.433285658889927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.419078"} {"text": "increase the risk of gallstones due to increased cholesterol in the bile and reduced gallbladder emptying. rapid weight loss. as the body metabolizes fat during prolonged fasting and rapid weight loss \u2014 such as \u201c crash diets \u201d \u2014 the liver secretes extra cholesterol into bile, which can cause gallstones. in addition, the gallbladder does not empty properly. age. people older than age 60 are more likely to develop gallstones than younger people. as people age, the body tends to secrete more cholesterol into bile. ethnicity. american indians have a genetic predisposition to secrete high levels of cholesterol in bile. in fact, they have the highest rate of gallstones in the united states. the majority of american indian men have gallstones by age 60. among the pima indians of arizona, 70 percent of women have gallstones by age 30. mexican american men and women of all ages also have high rates of gallstones. cholesterol - lowering drugs. drugs that lower cholesterol levels in the blood actually increase the amount of cholesterol secreted into bile. in turn, the risk of gallstones increases. diabetes. people with diabetes generally have high levels of fatty acids called triglycerides. these fatty acids may increase the risk of gallstones. who is at risk for gallstones? people at risk for gallstones include - women \u2014 especially women who are pregnant, use hormone replacement therapy, or take birth control pills - people over age 60 - american indians - mexican americans - overweight or obese men and women - people who fast or lose a lot of weight quickly - people with a family history of gallstones - people with diabetes - people who take cholesterol - lowering drugs what are the symptoms of gallstones? as gallstones move into the bile ducts and create blockage, pressure increases in the gallbladder and one or more symptoms may occur. symptoms of blocked bile ducts are often called a gallbladder \u201c attack \u201d because they occur suddenly. gallbladder attacks often follow fatty meals, and they may occur during the night. a typical attack can cause - steady pain in the right upper abdomen that increases rapidly and lasts from 30 minutes to several hours - pain in the back between the shoulder blades - pain under the right shoulder notify your doctor if you think you have experienced a gallbladder attack. although these attacks often pass as gallstones move, your gallbladder can become infected and rupture if a block", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42014818770800144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.421110"} {"text": "between the shoulder blades - pain under the right shoulder notify your doctor if you think you have experienced a gallbladder attack. although these attacks often pass as gallstones move, your gallbladder can become infected and rupture if a blockage remains. people with any of the following symptoms should see a doctor immediately : - prolonged pain \u2014 more than 5 hours - nausea and vomiting - fever \u2014 even low - grade \u2014 or chills - yellowish color of the skin or whites of the eyes - clay - colored stools many people with gallstones have no symptoms ; these gallstones are called \u201c silent stones. \u201d they do not interfere with gallbladder, liver, or pancreas function and do not need treatment. how are gallstones diagnosed? frequently, gallstones are discovered during tests for other health conditions. when gallstones are suspected to be the cause of symptoms, the doctor is likely to do an ultrasound exam \u2014 the most sensitive and specific test for gallstones. a handheld device, which a technician glides over the abdomen, sends sound waves toward the gallbladder. the sound waves bounce off the gallbladder, liver, and other organs, and their echoes make electrical impulses that create a picture of the gallbladder on a video monitor. if gallstones are present, the sound waves will bounce off them, too, showing their location. other tests may also be performed. computerized tomography ( ct ) scan. the ct scan is a noninvasive x ray that produces cross - section images of the body. the test may show the gallstones or complications, such as infection and rupture of the gallbladder or bile ducts. cholescintigraphy ( hida scan ). the patient is injected with a small amount of nonharmful radioactive material that is absorbed by the gallbladder, which is then stimulated to contract. the test is used to diagnose abnormal contraction of the gallbladder or obstruction of the bile ducts. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ercp ). ercp is used to locate and remove stones in the bile ducts. after lightly sedating you, the doctor inserts an endoscope \u2014 a long, flexible, lighted tube with a camera \u2014 down the throat and through the stomach and into the small intestine. the endoscope is connected to a computer and video monitor. the doctor guides the endoscope and injects a special dye that helps the bile ducts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46924234560669137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.423425"} {"text": "camera \u2014 down the throat and through the stomach and into the small intestine. the endoscope is connected to a computer and video monitor. the doctor guides the endoscope and injects a special dye that helps the bile ducts appear better on the monitor. the endoscope helps the doctor locate the affected bile duct and the gallstone. the stone is captured in a tiny basket and removed with the endoscope. blood tests. blood tests may be performed to look for signs of infection, obstruction, pancreatitis, or jaundice. because gallstone symptoms may be similar to those of a heart attack, appendicitis, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, hiatal hernia, pancreatitis, and hepatitis, an accurate diagnosis is important. how are gallstones treated? if you have gallstones without symptoms, you do not require treatment. if you are having frequent gallbladder attacks, your doctor will likely recommend you have your gallbladder removed \u2014 an operation called a cholecystectomy. surgery to remove the gallbladder \u2014 a nonessential organ \u2014 is one of the most common surgeries performed on adults in the united states. nearly all cholecystectomies are performed with laparoscopy. after giving you medication to sedate you, the surgeon makes several tiny incisions in the abdomen and inserts a laparoscope and a miniature video camera. the camera sends a magnified image from inside the body to a video monitor, giving the surgeon a close - up view of the organs and tissues. while watching the monitor, the surgeon uses the instruments to carefully separate the gallbladder from the liver, bile ducts, and other structures. then the surgeon cuts the cystic duct and removes the gallbladder through one of the small incisions. recovery after laparoscopic surgery usually involves only one night in the hospital, and normal activity can be resumed after a few days at home. because the abdominal muscles are not cut during laparoscopic surgery, patients have less pain and fewer complications than after \u201c open \u201d surgery, which requires a 5 - to 8 - inch incision across the abdomen. if tests show the gallbladder has severe inflammation, infection, or scarring from other operations, the surgeon may perform open surgery to remove the gallbladder. in some cases, open surgery is planned ; however, sometimes these problems are discovered during the laparoscopy and the surgeon must make a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4710314964273814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.425558"} {"text": "infection, or scarring from other operations, the surgeon may perform open surgery to remove the gallbladder. in some cases, open surgery is planned ; however, sometimes these problems are discovered during the laparoscopy and the surgeon must make a larger incision. recovery from open surgery usually requires 3 to 5 days in the hospital and several weeks at home. open surgery is necessary in about 5 percent of gallbladder operations. the most common complication in gallbladder surgery is injury to the bile ducts. an injured common bile duct can leak bile and cause a painful and potentially dangerous infection. mild injuries can sometimes be treated nonsurgically. major injury, however, is more serious and requires additional surgery. if gallstones are present in the bile ducts, the physician \u2014 usually a gastroenterologist \u2014 may use ercp to locate and remove them before or during gallbladder surgery. occasionally, a person who has had a cholecystectomy is diagnosed with a gallstone in the bile ducts weeks, months, or even years after the surgery. the ercp procedure is usually successful in removing the stone in these cases. nonsurgical approaches are used only in special situations \u2014 such as when a patient has a serious medical condition preventing surgery \u2014 and only for cholesterol stones. stones commonly recur within 5 years in patients treated nonsurgically. oral dissolution therapy. drugs made from bile acid are used to dissolve gallstones. the drugs ursodiol ( actigall ) and chenodiol ( chenix ) work best for small cholesterol stones. months or years of treatment may be necessary before all the stones dissolve. both drugs may cause mild diarrhea, and chenodiol may temporarily raise levels of blood cholesterol and the liver enzyme transaminase. contact dissolution therapy. this experimental procedure involves injecting a drug directly into the gallbladder to dissolve cholesterol stones. the drug \u2014 methyl tert - butyl ether \u2014 can dissolve some stones in 1 to 3 days, but it causes irritation and some complications have been reported. the procedure is being tested in symptomatic patients with small stones. do people need their gallbladder? fortunately, the gallbladder is an organ people can live without. your liver produces enough bile to digest a normal diet. once the gallbladder is removed, bile flows out of the liver through the hepatic ducts into the common bile duct and directly into the small intestine, instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44517658575326996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.427728"} {"text": "live without. your liver produces enough bile to digest a normal diet. once the gallbladder is removed, bile flows out of the liver through the hepatic ducts into the common bile duct and directly into the small intestine, instead of being stored in the gallbladder. because now the bile flows into the small intestine more often, softer and more frequent stools can occur in about 1 percent of people. these changes are usually temporary, but talk with your health care provider if they persist. points to remember - gallstones form when bile hardens in the gallbladder. - gallstones are more common among older adults ; women ; american indians ; mexican americans ; people with diabetes ; those with a family history of gallstones ; people who are overweight, obese, or undergo rapid weight loss ; and those taking cholesterol - lowering drugs. - gallbladder attacks often occur after eating a meal, especially one high in fat. - symptoms can mimic those of other problems, including a heart attack, so an accurate diagnosis is important. - gallstones can cause serious problems if they become trapped in the bile ducts. - laparoscopic surgery to remove the gallbladder is the most common treatment. hope through research animal research has helped identify several genes that may determine which people are more prone to gallstones. in spite of many well - defined risk factors for gallstones, researchers continue to look for genes that may identify susceptibility in humans. researchers also believe that the growing global epidemic of obesity may increase rates of gallbladder disease worldwide. for more information international foundation for functional gastrointestinal disorders p. o. box 170864 milwaukee, wi 53217 \u2013 8076 phone : 1 \u2013 888 \u2013 964 \u2013 2001 or 414 \u2013 964 \u2013 1799 national digestive diseases information clearinghouse the national digestive diseases information clearinghouse ( nddic ) is a service of the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ). the niddk is part of the national institutes of health of the u. s. department of health and human services. established in 1980, the clearinghouse provides information about digestive diseases to people with digestive disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. the nddic answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and government agencies to coordinate resources about digestive diseases. publications produced by the clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both ni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43430955323555026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.429715"} {"text": "beyond list and gist : factors contributing to accurate memory for verse date of completion three experiments examined how rhythmic movements influenced participants ' memories for the surface features of connected text by manipulating the meaning, meter, or rhyme. in all three experiments, participants were asked to either rhythmically move or remain still as they listened to a model recite limericks. in experiments 2 and 3, their movement was also manipulated as they were tested on single - line test items that came from limericks they had not previously heard, came directly from the limericks they had learned or that modified the meaning, meter, rhyme or surface features of the original lines. moving during learning and testing did not affect participant ' s ability to discriminate between original and foil items. however, participants were generally less confident in the answers they gave when the material had been learned while moving than when not moving. in contrast, they were more confident in the answer they gave when they were tested while moving compared to not moving. participants ' ability to discriminate between originals and foils was affected by the type of stimulus to which they were responding. they were best able to detect changes to the meaning of the original, and worst to detect changes that modified the surface features without changing the meaning, meter or rhyme scheme. this result is consistent with a large body of literature showing better memory for gist than for surface features. ^ begosh, kristen t, \" beyond list and gist : factors contributing to accurate memory for verse \" ( 2012 ). doctoral dissertations. paper aai3520406.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5697936645626722, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.433698"} {"text": "the effect of temperature on the root growth of coniferous seedlings the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the root growth of eight principal coniferous tree species prevalent in the western united states - - pseudotsuga menziesii, pinus ponderosa, pinus contorts, picea engelmanni, pinus edulis, picea pungens, abies lasiocarpa, and abies concolor. each year billions of seeds fall from these trees, providing ample opportunity for the establishment of dense young stands of seedlings, yet only a small fraction of the seeds become established as plants. what factors then are involved in the establishment and elimination of tree seedlings? many, perhaps even most, of the seeds never have a chance to germinate. the reasons for failure are numerous and include considerable loss from rodents, insects, and disease. some seeds are not viable to begin with. moisture, in optimum concentration, is a beneficial factor which promotes germination. a prolonged period without water, however, will cause seeds to lose their viability. on the other hand, an excessive amount of water may encourage the growth of fungi, some types of which are capable of destroying seeds. in spite of the above handicaps many seeds manage to germinate, but a number of factors influence the growth of new plants, some causing heavy mortality. a small proportion of the plants originating from germinated seeds survives to become mature trees. first emerging from the seed after germination is the radicle, or root. this embryonic component emerges from an insulated environment within the seedcoat to face various environmental conditions which prevail in the microclimate where the seed has fallen. barring destruction from natural catastrophe or from fungal attack, each seedling ' s further development is dependent upon the effect of several environmental factors. in order for the seedling to survive, the factors must react favorably upon the newly exposed radicle ; for unless the seed has fallen directly on mineral soil the radicle must reach down into the soil. this exposure to the air accounts for considerable mortality, and unless the seed has a cover of some type, it probably will not even geminate. since a comprehensive study of all environmental factors and their effect on growth would have been much too exhaustive for this project, the study of only one factor and its effect on one plant part was undertaken. more specifically, this study attempted to isolate some effects of temperature on root elongation and root", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5002242057119004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.438178"} {"text": "their effect on growth would have been much too exhaustive for this project, the study of only one factor and its effect on one plant part was undertaken. more specifically, this study attempted to isolate some effects of temperature on root elongation and root penetration in the soil. other findings which were useful in the interpretation of the results were included. the basic data received from the experiment were from the scientific than the practical point of view. possibly the greatest value was experience gained in working under controlled conditions and in the development of techniques. in spite of the type of data which was gathered, however, several discoveries were made concerning both plant reaction to temperature and plant growth in general which helped to explain some ecological phenomena. the need for experimentation in this field is evident when one reads the recently published textbook on tree physiology by kramer and koslowski ( 1960 ). nearly all of the 14 pages devoted to temperature and growth discussed the various plant injuries caused by temperature. little information was offered concerning temperature and growth rates, especially with conifers. that, of course, was no fault of the authors but merely served to emphasize the need for research in this area. owen, thomas j. ( 1962 ). the effect of temperature on the root growth of coniferous seedlings. ms. 131p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49483471000648926, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.439305"} {"text": "benedict xvi, however, is one of the rare popes who have departed for any reason other than death. the last was 598 years ago, pope gregory xii, in 1415. pope benedict \u2019 s decision reflects both the torrid pace of official life for a man who leads 1 billion christians worldwide and indirectly, some believe, of reasons to elect popes of a younger age. benedict was 78 when elected in 2005, the oldest pope at election since the 1700s. his predecessor, john paul ii, was younger and reigned for 27 years, during a transformative era in world politics and in the way the catholic church influences culture. as recently as the 19th century the popes wielded significant political authority because they headed the papal states, a part of what later became a united italy. pope benedict had to deal with an international scandal of sexual abuse by priests of children, nowhere more openly than in the united states, where lawsuits against the church as a corporation proliferated and led to huge monetary settlements paid to victims and their families in some cases. the same behavior surfaces in many other religious organizations, but no one else has 25 percent of the u. s. population and roughly half all the 2 billion christians worldwide. already, published lists of possible successors include names of cardinals from outside europe \u2013 including cardinal timothy dolan of new york, to names from brazil and others from africa and asia. an election of a non - european would be unprecedented, but also an acknowledgment that catholic growth, like that of many non - catholic churches, is in the developing world. the surprise of an unexpected resignation is no different from the retirements of beloved ministers and priests in non - catholic congregations, but the magnitude is multiplied because no one living has ever experienced it within catholicism.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39009896536988653, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.441199"} {"text": "starting in python 1. 4, python provides a special make file for building make files for building dynamically - linked extensions and custom interpreters. the make file make file builds a make file that reflects various system variables determined by configure when the python interpreter was built, so people building module ' s don ' t have to resupply these settings. this vastly simplifies the process of building extensions and custom interpreters on unix systems. the make file make file is distributed as the file misc / makefile. pre. in in the python source distribution. the first step in building extensions or custom interpreters is to copy this make file to a development directory containing extension module source. the make file make file, makefile. pre. in uses metadata provided in a file named setup. the format of the setup file is the same as the setup ( or setup. in ) file provided in the modules / directory of the python source distribution. the setup file contains variable definitions : and module description lines. it can also contain blank lines and comment lines that start with \" # \". a module description line includes a module name, source files, options, variable references, and other input files, such as libraries or object files. consider a simple example : : this is the simplest form of a module definition line. it defines a module, extensionclass, which has a single source file, extensionclass. c. this slightly more complex example uses an - i option to specify an include directory : ec = / projects / extensionclass cpersistence cpersistence. c - i $ ( ec ) this example also illustrates the format for variable references. for systems that support dynamic linking, the setup file should begin : to indicate that the modules defined in setup are to be built as dynamically linked modules. a line containing only \" * static * \" can be used to indicate the subsequently listed modules should be statically linked. here is a complete setup file for building a cpersistent module : # set - up file to build the cpersistence module. # note that the text should begin in the first column. * shared * # we need the path to the directory containing the extensionclass # include file. ec = / projects / extensionclass cpersistence cpersistence. c - i $ ( ec ) after the setup file has been created, makefile. pre. in is run with the \" boot \" target to create a make file : make - f makefile.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48962770123658095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.443797"} {"text": "teenager captures stunning photos of earth from space using a homemade spacecraftseptember 9, 2012 16 email article | print article what where you doing at the age of 19? smoking pot? snorting weed? dancing to metallica? while i don \u2019 t know what you were doing at that age, i do know what you weren \u2019 t doing \u2014 snapping awesome photos of our planet from outer - space using something you built buying parts off ebay. adam cudworth, on the other hand, is a different story. adam cudworth, a nineteen year old engineering student at nottingham university, built a homemade spacecraft consisting of a canon a570 digital camera put in an insulated box containing a gps chip, radio transmitter, and a self - programmed microprocessor. cudworth then attached his contraption, dubbed habe ( high altitude balloon experiments ), to an air balloon and launched habe into space where it captured nasa - quality photos of earth from a height of 110, 210 ft ( roughly 20 miles above ground ). once habe landed back on earth ( after the balloon burst in space ), cudworth was able to retrieve the photos by locating habe using the gps chip and radio transmitter he included. the following are the out of this world photos ( literally ) cudworth snapped : stunning. absolutely stunning. habe was also able to capture some photos of earth landscape while it was ascending to space, which you can view on cudworth \u2019 s flickr page. the best part? it cost cudworth roughly $ 600 ( \u00a3200 ) in parts, some of which he bought off ebay such as the camera, to build his habe contraption. of course it isn \u2019 t fair to compare cudworth \u2019 s experiment to the millions upon millions of dollars nasa spends on space research simply because of the vast differences in complexity ; however, if a nineteen year old university student can snap awesome photos of earth on less than $ 1, 000, you may be asking yourself where are your tax dollars going. despite the relatively low cost of cudworth \u2019 s project, don \u2019 t let yourself think it was an easy task that anyone can do over a weekend. cudworth spent roughly 40 hours of his free time building habe and had two failed attempts prior to this successful one. on the other hand, it should be mentioned cudworth claims to be no genius nor does he have any experience in physics outside of a high school physics class so it is possible that you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4661367589017909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.448610"} {"text": "the g. b. pound the u. k. is the first region in the world to see inflation return. \u201c king says u. k. inflation jump \u2013 temporary \u2013 as rate reaches 3. 7 % \u201c may 18 ( bloomberg ) \u2013 bank of england governor mervyn king downplayed the threat of inflation after consumer prices jumped at the fastest annual pace since 2008, saying the surge is \u201d temporary \u201d and masks slack in the british economy. the bank of england will, obviously, not confirm that the u. k. is entering a period of inflation. however, the u. k., like most of the world, has printed tons of paper money in order to stem off the world wide recession. when there is an excess of paper currency floating through an economy, prices are automatically forced up. the mechanism is quite simple : a buyer wants to purchase an item, such as a car or a loaf of bread. he has extra printed currency in his pocket, given to him by his employer who received it from the government. the seller knows this. he raises his price. the buyer buys! ( what is paper money good for, if not to buy things? ) and inflation moves ahead. the u. s. dollar all the countries of the western world have borrowed far beyond their means and have created a recession. to make the recession go away, their politicos have turned on the printing presses and passed trillions of dollars, pounds, euros, yen and yuan to their banks. this process happened in the u. s., europe, japan and china. this will result in a world wide inflation! in the u. s., today, tuesday, may 18, 2010, the core ppi ( purchasing price index ) went up. 2 of a percent. not much, but the beginning. inflation has its advantages and disadvantages. because inflation cheapens the value of money, it erases debt. throughout recent history, weak countries across the world have erased their debts by inflating ( or de - valuing ) their currencies. ( twenty years ago, greece would have ignored its debt simply by printing more drachmas. } now greece and the other debtor countries will have to wait for the euro to become cheap. exporting countries such as germany and china do not like to see their currencies cheapen, since the cheapness reduces their purchasing power when their work is paid for in a cheaper currency. for that reason, the hard working countries of the world want a stable currency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4641072304362764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.454550"} {"text": "the term \u201c refined \u201d may evoke notions of knowledge, wealth, and sophistication. when it comes to food, however, this term is a euphemism at best. once upon a time, \u201c white foods \u201d or refined carbohydrates were considered a delicacy in the west. brown bread and other whole grains were looked down upon as the food of the poor. in actuality, people were paying more money for less nutrition. refinement is a process by which the two outer layers of a grain, know as the bran and germ, are stripped away. most of the nutrients in grains, such as fiber, iron, calcium, vitamin e, and the b vitamins, are stored in these outer layers. in order to make up for this nutrient loss, many refined foods are \u201c enriched, \u201d by the addition of small amounts of nutrients back into the food. an increased shelf life is the primary economic motive for such refinement. the stripped away nutrients also receive a premium in today \u2019 s booming supplement market. according to ayurveda, refined foods disrupt the normal course of metabolism. a diet high in refined foods creates ama in the body. foods such as white flour, white rice, and white sugar are also often bleached, increasing their toxicity. the lack of fiber and roughage in such foods also makes it more difficult to them to pass through the digestive tract, as evidenced by the widespread problem of constipation in the west.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5329643674199982, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.460665"} {"text": "this lesson shows students how broadly the lend - lease act of march 1941 empowered the federal government \u2014 particularly the president \u2014 and asks students to investigate how fdr promoted the program in speeches and then in photographs. this launchpad focuses on the expansion of executive power involved in the lend - lease program. about a century has passed since the events at the center of this lesson - the haymarket affair, the homestead strike, and the triangle shirtwaist factory fire. in this lesson, students use primary historical sources to explore some of the questions raised by these events, questions that continue to be relevant in debates about american society : where do we draw the line between acceptable business practices and unacceptable working conditions? can an industrial - and indeed a post - industrial - economy succeed without taking advantage of those who do the work? this lesson looks at thomas paine and at some of the ideas presented in his pamphlet common sense, such as national unity, natural rights, the illegitimacy of the monarchy and of hereditary aristocracy, and the necessity for independence and the revolutionary struggle. american foreign policy resonates with the same issues as the debate over u. s. entry into the league of nations - collective security versus national sovereignty, idealism versus pragmatism, the responsibilities of powerful nations, the use of force to accomplish idealistic goals, the idea of america. understanding the debate over the league and the consequences of its ultimate failure provides insight into international affairs in the years since the end of the great war and beyond. in this lesson, students read the words and listen to the voices of some central participants in the debate over the league of nations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108914342886071, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.466069"} {"text": "christmas came early to singapore! we had the great honor of having alan november at our school this week, and i sit here now, trying to hash out and piece together coherent thoughts, head still swirling with ideas and discussions from this afternoon \u2019 s workshop. i think the most useful post is one that shares what was learned that will be useful in the classroom the next day. what have i taken away from the workshop that i can turn around and begin using in my teaching that will enhance and improve student learning? below i have outlined the key take - aways and how i plan to implement them. diigo is a fantastic tool. one i \u2019 ve used for quite some time now to keep my bookmarks organized and available no matter where i am. during the workshop, alan said something to the effect of, \u201c in the library, dewey did all the tagging. today, we have to teach kids how to do this. \u201d for those who do not know, diigo, according to wikipedia, is : diigo ( pronounced / \u02c8di\u02d0\u0261o\u028a / ) is a social bookmarkingwebsite which allows signed - up users to bookmark and tag web - pages. additionally, it allows users to highlight any part of a webpage and attach sticky notes to specific highlights or to a whole page. these annotations can be kept private, shared with a group within diigo or a special link forwarded to someone else. the name \u201c diigo \u201d is an abbreviation for \u201c digest of internet information, groups and other stuff. \u201d what i didn \u2019 t know, ( or knew, but forgot ) is that educators can create groups and student accounts for free. it \u2019 s a fairly simple process that does take a bit of initial set up, but once you have it rolling, you and your students will be tagging, collaborating, researching, and learning at a whole new level. here \u2019 s a link to specific directions on setting up your groups and student accounts. ed tech ideas : i teach 3 different grade levels, and my different classes are always researching for one project or another. students are always finding great sites, but at best, they bookmark it to their local computer, never to be seen by others. now with our diigo groups ( i created one for each grade level ), kids learn how to tag, organize, and share their finds with everyone else in the group. everyone benefits from group knowledge, and the students learn an important skill that will stay with them and grow throughout their academic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.501463993608315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.477110"} {"text": "created one for each grade level ), kids learn how to tag, organize, and share their finds with everyone else in the group. everyone benefits from group knowledge, and the students learn an important skill that will stay with them and grow throughout their academic lives. who owns the learning in the classroom : teacher or students? this was a question alan posed an hour or two into the workshop that really got me thinking about how the traditional role of a teacher has changed over the last 20 or so years. gone are the days ( hopefully ) of the sage on the stage teacher at the blackboard spewing out information to struggling students with 30 different learning styles. however, we do still need to recalibrate the balance of learning between teacher and students. who works harder in the classroom? the teacher or the students? ask yourself this question and see what answer you come up with. then ask yourself, what can i do to recalibrate to enable students to own their learning. for inspiration, watch michael wesch \u2019 s ted talk called, \u201c from knowledgeable to knowledge - able. \u201d edtechideas : have students take a photo of something in your life and use it to explain a concept. take a character from a book and have students write dialogue of a topic that is not in the book, that shows their understanding of the character \u2019 s qualities / personality. use a hotseat - type activity and ask students questions. have students go to the cafeteria and video what kids are eating for lunch \u2013 make a production about healthy choices ; graph the results. take photos of simple machines \u2013 use photoshop to diagram the parts of what makes the subject a simple machine. ask google - proof questions. create a google map assignment. have students make book trailers instead of writing book reports. as with most workshops, the overwhelming influx of ideas from alan \u2019 s workshop left teachers with a mix of emotions, feeling somewhere in - between, \u201c i \u2019 m not doing enough \u201d and \u201c there \u2019 s so much out there, i want to try everything now! \u201d a suggestion that mike pelletier aptly calls, \u201c tbc \u201d ( tech baby steps ) is always a good idea. begin with just one thing that grabbed your attention and go with it \u2013 make it work for your classroom, not as an add - on, but as an integration. notes, take - aways, the tweet sheet, and workshop info can be found here, thanks to jay atwood. also a very special thanks to alan november for an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4900021986728351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.481656"} {"text": "perfect school search list of free online interior design courses, classes and learning materials learn interior design with these free online courses and learning materials. see the full list of free interior design courses and find the course that is right for you. free online course and learning materials info although most free online interior design courses aren ' t affiliated with schools, a select few university classes related to design concepts are available. most courses don ' t confer credits and can ' t be applied toward degree programs. interior design classes and learning materials are often offered by commercial concerns in the industry. users interested in these free online interior design resources should have a computer with high - speed internet access to take full advantage of streaming videos and online software tools. autodesk homestyler software allows users to place doors and windows in floor plans, experiment with actual product brands and see their designs in 3d. this web - based software is supported by windows. learners also have access to tip sheets for paint colors and design ideas, in addition to video presentations from an interior designer. this commercial website offers consumers a variety of articles related to interior design and decoration items for sale, in addition to the decorating your home 6 - lesson course developed by a member of the american society of interior designers ( asid ). students learn key concepts about color and ideas for decorating various rooms in a home through text and pictures. practice exercises are included. home and garden television a collection of free online articles and videos, design 101 is available through home and garden television ' s website. the articles provide a general foundation on basic design topics, like choosing the right furniture, selecting a cohesive color scheme and deciding between traditional and contemporary designs. users can also read about the fundamentals of feng shui, color theory and decorative fabrics. additional resources include furniture and design glossaries and an 8 - question design iq quiz. decorating 101 provides a variety of articles with photographs on topics such as color, floors, light, walls and windows. the pages are printable. learners also have access to photographic home tours, kitchen design ideas, principles of design information and martha stewart ' s blog. massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) this school offers most of its classes free through opencourseware. credits are not awarded, and access to faculty members is not included. the entire contents of original courses may not be reflected in the materials that are made available. principles of design is an undergraduate course dealing with advanced theories of design. students complete readings and assignments dealing with historic periods, lighting and color. although this course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.506737706238781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.491406"} {"text": ". the entire contents of original courses may not be reflected in the materials that are made available. principles of design is an undergraduate course dealing with advanced theories of design. students complete readings and assignments dealing with historic periods, lighting and color. although this course is geared toward stage design, concepts learned may be transferred to design in the home, as well. daylighting is an advanced course concerned with the design decisions related to both daylighting and electric lighting. students complete reading and homework assignments, in addition to a final design project. through learningspace, open university offers free courses on a variety of topics. design thinking is a 10 - hour introductory course available through download, content feed or print. learners study principles of composition, such as structure, repetition, symmetry and proportion. assignments include readings, how - to guides and design activities. people - centred designing is a 12 - hour introductory course that focuses on usability. topics include design for users, inclusive design, ergonomics and designing for customers. although product design is the major focus in this course, the concepts could also be related to the design of buildings, rooms, appliances and furniture. sweet home 3d users may download the software for sweet home 3d or use it online. this software allows users to draw house plans and arrange furniture pieces within them, seeing the results in 3d. learners also have access to a users ' guide, video tutorial, picture gallery of home examples and a blog. utah education network utah ' s family & consumer sciences education division offers vocational education plans appropriate for students from high school through adult in these interior design classes. courses include links, activities and lesson plans. interior design i addresses topics such as line, shape, space, elements of design, color, scale and floor plans. interior design ii focuses on the styles and history of architecture, furniture styles, construction techniques, surface treatments, textiles, window treatments and light. students apply the knowledge gained in interior design i and ii through various tasks and activities in advanced interior design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.542793537864451, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.492738"} {"text": "age discrimination law age discrimination occurs when an employee or job applicant receives less favorable treatment because of their age. state law and the federal age discrimination in employment act, also called the adea ( 29 u. s. c. 621 to 634 ), prohibit employers from discriminating against protected workers or applicants because of age. who is covered by the adea the adea protects workers age 40 and older from age - based discrimination that relates to terms, conditions, or privileges of employment. the adea applies to workplaces with 20 or more employees, including labor organizations, employment agencies, state and local governments, and the federal government. age discrimination law and the employment relationship an employer may not discriminate based on age when making employment decisions about hiring, firing, promotions, layoffs, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training. even if a practice or policy appears neutral because it applies to all workers, if it results in a negative impact on workers age 40 or older and it is not based on a reasonable factor other than age, it may be illegal. age discrimination law and harassment employees covered by the act also receive protection from harassment based on age when behavior is frequent and severe enough to create a hostile or offensive work environment or results in an adverse employment decision against the protected worker. exceptions to the adea besides the exception for companies with fewer than 20 employees, other exceptions to the law apply, including : - bona fide occupational qualification ( bfoq ). certain age limitations are allowable if there is a bona fide reason to implement them. the age limitation in question must be necessary in order for the worker to perform the functions of the job adequately. there must be a reasonable belief that workers over a certain age are unable to perform the job safely or it is highly impracticable or even impossible to assess each worker individually. - bona fide seniority system. a seniority system determines benefits and wages. - reasonable factors other than age ( rfoa ). the employees experience, education, or skills justify different treatment. - bona fide executive or high policymaker. executives and people that occupy high policy making positions can be forced to retire at age 65 if they will receive a minimum annual pension benefit of at least $ 44, 000. adea protection from discriminatory practices includes : - apprentice programs : age limitations are only valid if an adea exception applies or if the equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ) grants an exemption. - job notices and advertisements : the adea prohibits age specifications and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4860895888338824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.502806"} {"text": "from discriminatory practices includes : - apprentice programs : age limitations are only valid if an adea exception applies or if the equal employment opportunity commission ( eeoc ) grants an exemption. - job notices and advertisements : the adea prohibits age specifications and limitations unless a bona fide occupational qualification exception applies. - pre - employment inquiries : the adea allows requests for age or date of birth information, but such requests may give rise to scrutiny to ensure that the acquisition of the information was for a lawful purpose permitted by the adea. - benefits : the older workers benefit protection act ( 29 u. s. c. 623, 626, and 630 ) prohibits an employer from using the age of a worker as a basis for denying benefits. in general, the employer must provide equal benefits to both younger and older workers. however, in some circumstances the law allows an employer to provide reduced benefits if the cost is the same as providing benefits to younger workers. in other cases, employers may give older workers less benefits than younger workers if they provide additional benefits that are equal to the difference. waiver of adea rights and claims an employee can waive adea rights or claims in a settlement offer or when participating in an employment termination program or an exit incentive program ( early retirement program ). a valid waiver must meet certain minimum requirements, including : - it is in writing and is understandable ; - it specifically refers to adea claims and rights ; - it does not waive future rights and claims ; - it is given in exchange for something valuable that the worker is not already entitled to receiving ; - it advises the worker to consult with an attorney before signing the waiver ; and - it gives the worker at least 21 days to think about the waiver and at least 7 days to revoke it after signing it. additional requirements apply to waivers involving an employment termination program or an exit incentive program. age discrimination and state laws many states have laws prohibiting age discrimination. while some offer the same protection as federal law, other states provide even greater protection to workers under age 40 or apply to employers with fewer than 20 employees. filing an age discrimination claim a protected person may file an age discrimination claim under both state and federal law or under just one. an employee must file a complaint based on federal law with the eeoc and a state - based claim with the appropriate state agency. if based on a state law prohibiting age discrimination in the workplace and if enforced by a state agency, a worker must file a claim within 300 days of the discrim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4516838553884596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.505909"} {"text": "| look up facebook in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | a face book or facebook is a printed or online directory found at american universities consisting of individuals \u2019 photographs and names. in particular, it denotes publications of this type distributed by university administrations at the start of the academic year with the intention of helping students get to know each other. colleges and universities in the united states often published official or unofficial books listing their students, faculty, or staff, together with pictures and limited biographical data. by the early 2000s some face books were being published online offering a number of new features, including password protection, more detailed information, more advanced indexing and searching, and the ability for people to upload and enter information and photographs. in early 2004, mark zuckerberg, a sophomore at harvard university, created an unofficial online face book at the website \" thefacebook. com \", the forerunner of the facebook service, out of frustration that the university ' s official online face book project was taking too long. the development of a campus - wide face book had previously been stalled by privacy concerns, many of which became prominent in november 2003 when zuckerberg was accused of breaching security and violating copyrights and individual privacy. zuckerberg had created a website, www. facemash. com, that used photos taken without authorization from harvard house - based face books, using the photos in a system to rate the attractiveness of students. - kavita saini ( 2004 - 12 - 07 ). daily princetonian http : / / www. highbeam. com / doc / 1p1 - 103202590. html. missing or empty - alan j. tabak ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ). \" hundreds register for new facebook website \". harvard crimson. - david m. kaden ( december 9, 2003 ). \" college inches toward campus - wide facebook ; time frame for completion of online directory still uncertain \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5142034156562995, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.510153"} {"text": "| this article does not cite any references or sources. ( january 2012 ) | hastings rashdall ( 1858 \u2013 1924 ) was an english philosopher who expounded a theory known as ideal utilitarianism. son of an anglican priest, he was educated at harrow and received a scholarship for new college, oxford. after short tenures at st david ' s university college and university college, durham, rashdall was made a fellow of new college, oxford, and dedicates his main work, the theory of good and evil, to the memory of his teachers thomas hill green and henry sidgwick. the dedication is appropriate, for the particular version of utilitarianism put forward by rashdall owes elements to both green and sidgwick. whereas he holds that the concepts of good and value are logically prior to that of right, he gives right a more than instrumental significance. his idea of good owes more to green than to the hedonistic utilitarians. \" the ideal of human life is not the mere juxtaposition of distinct goods, but a whole in which each good is made different by the presence of others. \" rashdall has been eclipsed as a moral philosopher by g. e. moore, who advocated similar views in his earlier work principia ethica. his historical study, the universities of europe in the middle ages, was described in the introduction to its recent reprinting as \" one of the first comparative works on the subject \" whose \" scope and breadth has assured its place as a key work in intellectual history. \" he was president of the aristotelian society from 1904 to 1907, a member of the christian social union from its inception in 1890, and was an influential anglican modernist theologian of the time, being appointed to a canonry in 1909. rashdall was also a berkeleyan, believing in metaphysical idealism. he was dean of carlisle from 1917 to 1924. \" happiness represents satisfaction with one ' s existence as a whole. \" selected works | wikisource has original works written by or about : - rashdall, hastings ( 2010 ). the universities of europe in the middle ages, 2 vols. in 3 parts. cambridge : cambridge university press [ orig. oxford : clarendon press ]. isbn 978 - 1 - 108 - 01813 - 5. - doctrine and development : university sermons ( 1898 ) - christus in ecclesia : sermons on the church and its institutions ( 1904 ) - the theory of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47796183218515664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.516583"} {"text": "| james ewell brown stuart | | nickname | | jeb, beauty, knight of the golden spurs | february 6, 1833 | patrick county, virginia | died | | may 12, 1864 | place of burial | | hollywood cemetery | | allegiance | | united states of america confederate states of america | service / branch | | confederate states army | | years of service | | 1854 \u2013 61 ( usa ) | rank | | captain ( usa ) major general ( csa ) | commands held | | cavalry corps, army of northern virginia | james ewell brown \" jeb \" stuart ( february 6, 1833 \u2013 may 12, 1864 ) was a u. s. army officer from virginia and a confederate states army general during the american civil war. he was known to his friends as \" jeb \", from the initials of his given names. stuart was a cavalry commander known for his mastery of reconnaissance and the use of cavalry in support of offensive operations. while he cultivated a cavalier image ( red - lined gray cape, yellow sash, hat cocked to the side with an ostrich plume, red flower in his lapel, often sporting cologne ), his serious work made him the trusted eyes and ears of robert e. lee ' s army and inspired southern morale. stuart graduated from west point in 1854 and served in texas and kansas with the u. s. army, a veteran of the frontier conflicts with native americans and the violence of bleeding kansas. he participated in the capture of john brown at harpers ferry. resigning when his home state of virginia seceded, he served first under stonewall jackson in the shenandoah valley, but then in increasingly important cavalry commands of the army of northern virginia, playing a role in all of that army ' s campaigns until his death. he established a reputation as an audacious cavalry commander and on two occasions ( during the peninsula campaign and the maryland campaign ) circumnavigated the union army of the potomac, bringing fame to himself and embarrassment to the north. at the battle of chancellorsville, he distinguished himself as a temporary commander of the wounded stonewall jackson ' s infantry corps. arguably stuart ' s most famous campaign, gettysburg, was marred when he was surprised by a union cavalry attack at the battle of brandy station and by his separation from lee ' s army for an extended period, leaving lee unaware of union troop movements and arguably contributing to the confederate defeat at the battle of gettysburg. stuart received significant criticism from the southern press as well as the postbellum proponents of the lost cause", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3773326850694282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.586710"} {"text": "from lee ' s army for an extended period, leaving lee unaware of union troop movements and arguably contributing to the confederate defeat at the battle of gettysburg. stuart received significant criticism from the southern press as well as the postbellum proponents of the lost cause movement, but historians have failed to agree on whether stuart ' s exploit was entirely the fault of his judgment or simply bad luck and lee ' s less - than - explicit orders. during the 1864 overland campaign, union maj. gen. philip sheridan ' s cavalry launched an offensive to defeat stuart, who was mortally wounded at the battle of yellow tavern. his wife wore black for the rest of her life in rememberence of her perished husband. early life stuart was born at laurel hill farm, a plantation in patrick county, virginia, near the border with north carolina. he was of scottish american / scots - irish descent. he was the eighth of eleven children and the youngest of the five sons to survive past early age. his great grandfather, major alexander stuart, commanded a regiment at the battle of guilford court house during the american revolutionary war. his father, archibald stuart, was a war of 1812 veteran, slaveholder, attorney, and democratic politician who represented patrick county in both houses of the virginia general assembly, and also served one term in the united states house of representatives. archibald was a cousin of alexander hugh holmes stuart. elizabeth letcher pannill stuart, jeb ' s mother, who was known as a strict religious woman with a good sense for business, ran the family farm. stuart was educated at home by his mother and tutors until the age of twelve, when he left laurel hill to be educated by various teachers in wytheville, virginia, and at the home of his aunt anne ( archibald ' s sister ) and her husband judge james ewell brown ( stuart ' s namesake ) at danville. he entered emory and henry college when he was fifteen, and attended from 1848 to 1850. during the summer of 1848, stuart attempted to enlist in the u. s. army, but was rejected as underaged. he obtained an appointment in 1850 to the united states military academy at west point, new york, from representative thomas hamlet averett, the man who had defeated his father in the 1848 election. stuart was a popular student and was happy at the academy. although not handsome in his teen years, his classmates called him by the nickname \" beauty \", which they described as his \" personal comeliness in inverse ratio to the term employed. \" he possessed a chin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3876415606398363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.587793"} {"text": "popular student and was happy at the academy. although not handsome in his teen years, his classmates called him by the nickname \" beauty \", which they described as his \" personal comeliness in inverse ratio to the term employed. \" he possessed a chin \" so short and retiring as positively to disfigure his otherwise fine countenance. \" he quickly grew a beard after graduation and a fellow officer remarked that he was \" the only man he ever saw that [ a ] beard improved. \" robert e. lee was appointed superintendent of the academy in 1852, and stuart became friends with the lee family, seeing them socially on frequent occasions. lee ' s nephew, fitzhugh lee, also arrived at the academy in 1852. in stuart ' s final year, in addition to achieving the cadet rank of second captain of the corps, he was one of eight cadets designated as honorary \" cavalry officers \" for his skills in horsemanship. stuart graduated 13th in his class of 46 in 1854. he ranked tenth in his class in cavalry tactics. although he enjoyed the civil engineering curriculum at the academy and did well in mathematics, his poor drawing skills hampered his engineering studies, and he finished 29th in that discipline. a stuart family tradition says he deliberately degraded his academic performance in his final year to avoid service in the elite, but dull, corps of engineers. united states army stuart was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant and assigned to the u. s. regiment of mounted riflemen in texas. after an arduous journey, he reached fort davis on january 28, 1855, and was a leader for three months on scouting missions over the san antonio to el paso road. he was soon transferred to the newly formed 1st cavalry regiment ( 1855 ) at fort leavenworth, kansas territory, where he became regimental quartermaster and commissary officer under the command of col. edwin v. sumner. he was promoted to first lieutenant in 1855. also in 1855, stuart met flora cooke, the daughter of the commander of the 2nd u. s. dragoon regiment, lieutenant colonel philip st. george cooke. burke davis described flora as \" an accomplished horsewoman, and though not pretty, an effective charmer, \" to whom \" stuart succumbed with hardly a struggle. \" they became engaged in september, less than two months after meeting. stuart humorously wrote of his rapid courtship in latin, \" veni, vidi, victus sum \" ( i came, i saw, i was conquered ). although a gala wedding was planned for fort riley,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4022276767112254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.588951"} {"text": "than two months after meeting. stuart humorously wrote of his rapid courtship in latin, \" veni, vidi, victus sum \" ( i came, i saw, i was conquered ). although a gala wedding was planned for fort riley, kansas, the death of stuart ' s father on september 20 caused a change of plans and the marriage on november 14 was small and limited to family witnesses. the couple owned two slaves until 1859, one inherited from his father ' s estate, the other purchased. stuart ' s leadership capabilities were soon recognized. he was a veteran of the frontier conflicts with native americans and the antebellum violence of bleeding kansas. he was wounded on july 29, 1857, while fighting at solomon river, kansas, against the cheyenne. col. sumner ordered a charge with drawn sabers against a wave of indian arrows. scattering the warriors, stuart and three other lieutenants chased one down, whom stuart wounded in the thigh with his pistol. the cheyenne turned and fired at stuart with an old - fashioned pistol, striking him in the chest with a bullet, which did little more damage than to pierce the skin. stuart returned in september to fort leavenworth and was reunited with his wife. their first child, a girl, had been born in 1856 but died the same day. on november 14, 1857, flora gave birth to another daughter, whom the parents named flora after her mother. the family relocated in early 1858 to fort riley, where they remained for three years. in 1859, stuart developed a new piece of cavalry equipment, for which he received patent number 25, 684 on october 4 \u2014 a saber hook, or an \" improved method of attaching sabers to belts. \" the u. s. government paid stuart $ 5, 000 for a \" right to use \" license and stuart contracted with knorr, nece and co. of philadelphia to manufacture his hook. while in washington, d. c., to discuss government contracts, and in conjunction with his application for an appointment into the quartermaster department, stuart heard about john brown ' s raid on the u. s. arsenal at harpers ferry. stuart volunteered to be aide - de - camp to col. robert e. lee and accompanied lee with a company of u. s. marines from the washington navy yard and four companies of maryland militia. while delivering lee ' s written surrender ultimatum to the leader of the group, who had been calling himself isaac smith, stuart recognized \" old ossawatomie brown \" from his days in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.398493124281073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.590167"} {"text": "from the washington navy yard and four companies of maryland militia. while delivering lee ' s written surrender ultimatum to the leader of the group, who had been calling himself isaac smith, stuart recognized \" old ossawatomie brown \" from his days in kansas. stuart was promoted to captain on april 22, 1861, but resigned from the u. s. army on may 3, 1861, to join the confederate states army, following the secession of virginia. ( his letter of resignation, sent from cairo, illinois, was accepted by the war department on may 14. ) upon learning that his father - in - law, col. cooke, would remain in the u. s. army during the coming war, stuart wrote to his brother - in - law ( future confederate brig. gen. john rogers cooke ), \" he will regret it but once, and that will be continuously. \" on june 26, 1860, flora gave birth to a son, philip st. george cooke stuart, but his father changed the name to james ewell brown stuart, jr. ( \" jimmie \" ), in late 1861 out of disgust with his father - in - law. confederate army early service stuart was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel of virginia infantry in the confederate army on may 10, 1861. maj. gen. robert e. lee, now commanding the armed forces of virginia, ordered him to report to colonel thomas j. jackson at harper ' s ferry. jackson chose to ignore stuart ' s infantry designation and assigned him on july 4 to command all the cavalry companies of the army of the shenandoah, organized as the 1st virginia cavalry regiment. he was promoted to colonel on july 16. after early service in the shenandoah valley, stuart led his regiment in the first battle of bull run, and participated in the pursuit of the retreating federals. he then commanded the army ' s outposts along the upper potomac river until given command of the cavalry brigade for the army then known as the army of the potomac ( later named the army of northern virginia ). he was promoted to brigadier general on september 24, 1861. in 1862, the union army of the potomac began its peninsula campaign against richmond, virginia, and stuart ' s cavalry brigade assisted gen. joseph e. johnston ' s army as it withdrew up the virginia peninsula in the face of superior numbers. stuart fought at the battle of williamsburg, but in general the terrain and weather on the peninsula did not lend themselves to cavalry operations. however, when gen. robert e. lee became commander of the army", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3797736908110587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.591382"} {"text": "the virginia peninsula in the face of superior numbers. stuart fought at the battle of williamsburg, but in general the terrain and weather on the peninsula did not lend themselves to cavalry operations. however, when gen. robert e. lee became commander of the army of northern virginia, he requested that stuart perform reconnaissance to determine whether the right flank of the union army was vulnerable. stuart set out with 1, 200 troopers on the morning of june 12 and, having determined that the flank was indeed vulnerable, took his men on a complete circumnavigation of the union army, returning after 150 miles on july 15 with 165 captured union soldiers, 260 horses and mules, and various quartermaster and ordnance supplies. his men met no serious opposition from the more decentralized union cavalry, coincidentally commanded by his father - in - law, col. cooke. the maneuver was a public relations sensation and stuart was greeted with flower petals thrown in his path at richmond. he had become as famous as stonewall jackson in the eyes of the confederacy. northern virginia early in the northern virginia campaign, stuart was promoted to major general on july 25, 1862, and his command was upgraded to the cavalry division. he was nearly captured and lost his signature plumed hat and cloak to pursuing federals during a raid in august, but in a retaliatory raid at catlett ' s station the following day, managed to overrun union army commander maj. gen. john pope ' s headquarters, and not only captured pope ' s full uniform, but also intercepted orders that provided lee with valuable intelligence concerning reinforcements for pope ' s army. at the second battle of bull run ( second manassas ), stuart ' s cavalry followed the massive assault by longstreet ' s infantry against pope ' s army, protecting its flank with artillery batteries. stuart ordered brig. gen. beverly robertson ' s brigade to pursue the federals and in a sharp fight against brig. gen. john buford ' s brigade, col. thomas t. munford ' s 2nd virginia cavalry was overwhelmed until stuart sent in two more regiments as reinforcements. buford ' s men, many of whom were new to combat, retreated across lewis ' s ford and stuart ' s troopers captured over 300 of them. stuart ' s men harassed the retreating union columns until the campaign ended at the battle of chantilly. during the maryland campaign of september 1862, stuart ' s cavalry screened the army ' s movement north. he bears some responsibility for robert e. lee ' s lack of knowledge of the position", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37820826214244907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.592506"} {"text": "union columns until the campaign ended at the battle of chantilly. during the maryland campaign of september 1862, stuart ' s cavalry screened the army ' s movement north. he bears some responsibility for robert e. lee ' s lack of knowledge of the position and celerity of the pursuing army of the potomac under george b. mcclellan. for a five - day period, stuart rested his men and entertained local civilians at a gala ball at urbana, maryland. his reports make no reference to intelligence gathering by his scouts or patrols. as the union army drew near to lee ' s divided army, stuart ' s men skirmished at various points on the approach to frederick and stuart was not able to keep his brigades concentrated enough to resist the oncoming tide. he misjudged the union routes of advance, ignorant of the union force threatening turner ' s gap, and required assistance from the infantry of maj. gen. d. h. hill to defend the south mountain passes in the battle of south mountain. his horse artillery bombarded the flank of the union army as it opened its attack in the battle of antietam. by mid - afternoon, stonewall jackson ordered stuart to command a turning movement with his cavalry against the union right flank and rear, which if successful would be followed up by an infantry attack from the west woods. stuart began probing the union lines with more artillery barrages, which were answered with \" murderous \" counterbattery fire and the cavalry movement intended by jackson was never launched. three weeks after lee ' s army had withdrawn back to virginia, on october 10 \u2013 12, 1862, stuart performed another of his audacious circumnavigations of the army of the potomac, his chambersburg raid \u2014 126 miles in under 60 hours, from darkesville, west virginia to as far north as mercersburg, pennsylvania and chambersburg and around to the east through emmitsburg, maryland and south through hyattstown, maryland and white ' s ford to leesburg, virginia \u2014 once again embarrassing his union opponents and seizing horses and supplies, but at the expense of exhausted men and animals, without gaining much military advantage. jubal early referred to it as \" the greatest horse stealing expedition \" that only \" annoyed \" the enemy. stuart gave his friend jackson a fine, new officer ' s tunic, trimmed with gold lace, commissioned from a richmond tailor, which he thought would give jackson more of the appearance of a proper general ( something to which jackson was notoriously indifferent ). mcclellan pushed his army", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39466931206865297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.593493"} {"text": "a fine, new officer ' s tunic, trimmed with gold lace, commissioned from a richmond tailor, which he thought would give jackson more of the appearance of a proper general ( something to which jackson was notoriously indifferent ). mcclellan pushed his army slowly south, urged by president lincoln to pursue lee, crossing the potomac starting on october 26. as lee began moving to counter this, stuart screened longstreet ' s corps and skirmished numerous times in early november against union cavalry and infantry around mountville, aldie, and upperville. on november 6, stuart received sad news by telegram that his daughter flora had died just before her fifth birthday of typhoid fever on november 3. fredericksburg and chancellorsville in the december 1862 battle of fredericksburg, stuart and his cavalry \u2014 most notably his horse artillery under major john pelham \u2014 protected stonewall jackson ' s flank at hamilton ' s crossing. general lee commended his cavalry, which \" effectually guarded our right, annoying the enemy and embarrassing his movements by hanging on his flank, and attacking when the opportunity occurred. \" stuart reported to flora the next day that he had been shot through his fur collar but was unhurt. after christmas, lee ordered stuart to conduct a raid north of the rappahannock river to \" penetrate the enemy ' s rear, ascertain if possible his position & movements, & inflict upon him such damage as circumstances will permit. \" assigning 1, 800 troopers and a horse artillery battery to the operation, stuart ' s raid reached as far north as 4 miles south of fairfax court house, seizing 250 prisoners, horses, mules, and supplies. tapping telegraph lines, his signalmen intercepted messages between union commanders and stuart sent a personal telegram to union quartermaster general montgomery c. meigs, \" general meigs will in the future please furnish better mules ; those you have furnished recently are very inferior. \" on march 17, 1863, stuart ' s cavalry clashed with a union raiding party at kelly ' s ford. the minor victory was marred by the death of major pelham, which caused stuart profound grief, as he thought of him as close as a younger brother. he wrote to a confederate congressman, \" the noble, the chivalric, the gallant pelham is no more.... let the tears of agony we have shed, and the gloom of mourning throughout my command bear witness. \" flora was pregnant at the time and stuart told her that if it were a boy, he wanted him to be named john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38061918166843234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.594625"} {"text": "more.... let the tears of agony we have shed, and the gloom of mourning throughout my command bear witness. \" flora was pregnant at the time and stuart told her that if it were a boy, he wanted him to be named john pelham stuart. ( virginia pelham stuart was born october 9. ) at the battle of chancellorsville, stuart accompanied stonewall jackson on his famous flanking march of may 2, 1863, and started to pursue the retreating soldiers of the union xi corps when he received word that both jackson and his senior division commander, maj. gen. a. p. hill, had been wounded. hill, bypassing the next most senior infantry general in the corps, brig. gen. robert e. rodes, sent a message ordering stuart to take command of the second corps. although the delays associated with this change of command effectively ended the flanking attack the night of may 2, stuart performed credibly as an infantry corps commander the following day, launching a strong and well - coordinated attack against the union right flank at chancellorsville. when union troops abandoned hazel grove, stuart had the presence of mind to quickly occupy it and bombard the union positions with artillery. stuart relinquished his infantry command on may 6 when hill returned to duty. stephen w. sears wrote :... it is hard to see how jeb stuart, in a new command, a cavalryman commanding infantry and artillery for the first time, could have done a better job. the astute porter alexander believed all credit was due : \" altogether, i do not think there was a more brilliant thing done in the war than stuart ' s extricating that command from the extremely critical position in which he found it. \" stonewall jackson died on may 10 and stuart was once again devastated by the loss of a close friend, telling his staff that the death was a \" national calamity. \" jackson ' s wife, mary anna, wrote to stuart on august 1, thanking him for a note of sympathy : \" i need not assure you of which you already know, that your friendship & admiration were cordially reciprocated by him. i have frequently heard him speak of gen ' l stuart as one of his warm personal friends, & also express admiration for your soldierly qualities. \" brandy station returning to the cavalry for the gettysburg campaign, stuart endured the two low points in his career, starting with the battle of brandy station, the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war. by june 5, two of lee ' s infantry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38149107747518196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.596446"} {"text": ". \" brandy station returning to the cavalry for the gettysburg campaign, stuart endured the two low points in his career, starting with the battle of brandy station, the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war. by june 5, two of lee ' s infantry corps were camped in and around culpeper. six miles northeast, holding the line of the rappahannock river, stuart bivouacked his cavalry troopers, mostly near brandy station, screening the confederate army against surprise by the enemy. stuart requested a full field review of his troops by gen. lee. this grand review on june 5 included nearly 9, 000 mounted troopers and 4 batteries of horse artillery, charging in simulated battle at inlet station, about two miles ( 3 km ) southwest of brandy station. lee was not able to attend the review, however, so it was repeated in his presence on june 8, although the repeated performance was limited to a simple parade without battle simulations. despite the lower level of activity, some of the cavalrymen and the newspaper reporters at the scene complained that all stuart was doing was feeding his ego and exhausting the horses. lee ordered stuart to cross the rappahannock the next day and raid union forward positions, screening the confederate army from observation or interference as it moved north. anticipating this imminent offensive action, stuart ordered his tired troopers back into bivouac around brandy station. army of the potomac commander maj. gen. joseph hooker interpreted stuart ' s presence around culpeper to be indicative of preparations for a raid on his army ' s supply lines. in reaction to this, he ordered his cavalry commander, maj. gen. alfred pleasonton, to take a combined arms force of 8, 000 cavalrymen and 3, 000 infantry on a \" spoiling raid \" to \" disperse and destroy \" the 9, 500 confederates. pleasonton ' s force crossed the rappahannock in two columns on june 9, 1863, the first crossing at beverly ' s ford ( brig. gen. john buford ' s division ) catching stuart by surprise, waking him and his staff to the sound of gunfire. the second crossing, at kelly ' s ford, surprised stuart again, and the confederates found themselves assaulted from front and rear in a spirited melee of mounted combat. a series of confusing charges and countercharges swept back and forth across fleetwood hill, which had been stuart ' s headquarters the previous night. after 10 hours of fighting, pleasonton ordered his men to withdraw across the rappahannock. although stuart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3798542312187483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.597486"} {"text": "of confusing charges and countercharges swept back and forth across fleetwood hill, which had been stuart ' s headquarters the previous night. after 10 hours of fighting, pleasonton ordered his men to withdraw across the rappahannock. although stuart claimed a victory because the confederates held the field, brandy station is considered a tactical draw, and both sides came up short. pleasonton was not able to disable stuart ' s force at the start of an important campaign and he withdrew before finding the location of lee ' s infantry nearby. however, the fact that the southern cavalry had not detected the movement of two large columns of union cavalry, and that they fell victim to a surprise attack, was an embarrassment that prompted serious criticism from fellow generals and the southern press. the fight also revealed the increased competency of the union cavalry, and foreshadowed the decline of the formerly invincible southern mounted arm. stuart ' s ride in the gettysburg campaign following a series of small cavalry battles in june as lee ' s army began marching north through the shenandoah valley, stuart may have had in mind the glory of circumnavigating the enemy army once again, desiring to erase the stain on his reputation of the surprise at brandy station. general lee gave orders to stuart on june 22 on how he was to participate in the march north, and the exact nature of those orders has been argued by the participants and historians ever since, but the essence was that he was instructed to guard the mountain passes with part of his force while the army of northern virginia was still south of the potomac and that he was to cross the river with the remainder of the army and screen the right flank of ewell ' s second corps. instead of taking a direct route north near the blue ridge mountains, however, stuart chose to reach ewell ' s flank by taking his three best brigades ( those of brig. gen. wade hampton, brig. gen. fitzhugh lee, and col. john r. chambliss, the latter replacing the wounded brig. gen. w. h. f. \" rooney \" lee ) between the union army and washington, moving north through rockville to westminster and on into pennsylvania, hoping to capture supplies along the way and cause havoc near the enemy capital. stuart and his three brigades departed salem depot at 1 a. m. on june 25. unfortunately for stuart ' s plan, the union army ' s movement was underway and his proposed route was blocked by columns of federal infantry, forcing him to veer farther", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4347322220006456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.598529"} {"text": "and his three brigades departed salem depot at 1 a. m. on june 25. unfortunately for stuart ' s plan, the union army ' s movement was underway and his proposed route was blocked by columns of federal infantry, forcing him to veer farther to the east than either he or general lee had anticipated. this prevented stuart from linking up with ewell as ordered and deprived lee of the use of his prime cavalry force, the \" eyes and ears \" of the army, while advancing into unfamiliar enemy territory. stuart ' s command crossed the potomac river at 3 a. m. on june 28. at rockville they captured a wagon train of 140 brand - new, fully loaded wagons and mule teams. this wagon train would prove to be a logistical hindrance to stuart ' s advance, but he interpreted lee ' s orders as placing importance on gathering supplies. the proximity of the confederate raiders provoked some consternation in the national capital and two union cavalry brigades and an artillery battery were sent to pursue the confederates. stuart supposedly said that were it not for his fatigued horses \" he would have marched down the 7th street road [ and ] took abe & cabinet prisoners. \" in westminster on june 29, his men clashed briefly with and overwhelmed two companies of union cavalry, chasing them a long distance on the baltimore road, which stuart claimed caused a \" great panic \" in the city of baltimore. the head of stuart ' s column encountered brig. gen. judson kilpatrick ' s cavalry as it passed through hanover and scattered it on june 30 ; the battle of hanover ended after kilpatrick ' s men regrouped and drove the confederates out of town. stuart ' s brigades had been better positioned to guard their captured wagon train than to take advantage of the encounter with kilpatrick. after a 20 mile trek in the dark, his exhausted men reached dover on the morning of july 1, as the battle of gettysburg was commencing without them. stuart headed next for carlisle, hoping to find ewell. he lobbed a few shells into town during the early evening of july 1 and burned the carlisle barracks before withdrawing to the south towards gettysburg. he and the bulk of his command reached lee at gettysburg the afternoon of july 2. he ordered wade hampton to cover the left rear of the confederate battle lines, and hampton fought with brig. gen. george armstrong custer at the battle of hunterstown before joining stuart at gettysburg. gettysburg and its aftermath when stuart arrived at gettysburg on the afternoon of july 2 \u2014 bringing with him the caravan of captured", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4089440569306426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.599619"} {"text": "confederate battle lines, and hampton fought with brig. gen. george armstrong custer at the battle of hunterstown before joining stuart at gettysburg. gettysburg and its aftermath when stuart arrived at gettysburg on the afternoon of july 2 \u2014 bringing with him the caravan of captured union supply wagons \u2014 he received a rare rebuke from lee. ( no one witnessed the private meeting between lee and stuart, but reports circulated at headquarters that lee ' s greeting was \" abrupt and frosty. \" colonel edward porter alexander wrote, \" although lee said only, ' well, general, you are here at last, ' his manner implied rebuke, and it was so understood by stuart. \" ) on the final day of the battle, stuart was ordered to get into the enemy ' s rear and disrupt its line of communications at the same time pickett ' s charge was sent against the union positions on cemetery ridge, but his attack on east cavalry field was repulsed by union cavalry under brig. gens. david gregg and george custer. during the retreat from gettysburg, stuart devoted his full attention to supporting the army ' s movement, successfully screening against aggressive union cavalry pursuit and escorting thousands of wagons with wounded men and captured supplies over difficult roads and through inclement weather. numerous skirmishes and minor battles occurred during the screening and delaying actions of the retreat. stuart ' s men were the final units to cross the potomac river, returning to virginia in \" wretched condition \u2014 completely worn out and broken down. \" the gettysburg campaign was the most controversial of stuart ' s career. he became one of the scapegoats ( along with james longstreet ) blamed for lee ' s loss at gettysburg by proponents of the postbellum lost cause movement, such as jubal early. this was fueled in part by opinions of less partisan writers, such as stuart ' s subordinate, thomas l. rosser, who stated after the war that stuart did, \" on this campaign, undoubtedly, make the fatal blunder which lost us the battle of gettysburg. \" in general lee ' s report on the campaign, he wrote... the absence of the cavalry rendered it impossible to obtain accurate information.... by the route [ stuart ] pursued, the federal army was interposed between his command and our main body, preventing any communication with him until his arrival at carlisle. the march toward gettysburg was conducted more slowly than it would have been had the movements of the federal army been known. one of the most forceful postbellum defenses of stuart was by col. john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3914505722566569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.600653"} {"text": "preventing any communication with him until his arrival at carlisle. the march toward gettysburg was conducted more slowly than it would have been had the movements of the federal army been known. one of the most forceful postbellum defenses of stuart was by col. john s. mosby, who had served under him during the campaign and was fiercely loyal to the late general, writing, \" he made me all that i was in the war.... but for his friendship i would never have been heard of. \" he wrote numerous articles for popular publications and published a book length treatise in 1908, a work that relied on his skills as a lawyer to refute categorically all of the claims laid against stuart. modern scholarship remains divided on stuart ' s culpability. edward g. longacre argues that lee deliberately gave stuart wide discretion in his orders and had no complaints about stuart ' s tardy arrival at gettysburg because he established no date by which the cavalry was required to link up with ewell. the 3\u00bd brigades of cavalry left with the main army were adequate for lee to negotiate enemy territory safely and that his choice not to use these brigades effectively cannot be blamed on stuart. edwin b. coddington refers to the \" tragedy \" of stuart in the gettysburg campaign and judges that when fitzhugh lee raised the question of \" whether stuart exercised the discretion undoubtedly given to him, judiciously, \" the answer is no. nevertheless, replying to historians who maintain that stuart ' s absence permitted lee to be surprised at gettysburg, coddington points out that the union commander, maj. gen. george meade, was just as surprised, and the initial advantage lay with lee. eric j. wittenberg and j. david petruzzi have concluded that there was \" plenty of blame to go around \" and the fault should be divided between stuart, the lack of specificity in lee ' s orders, and richard s. ewell, who might have tried harder to link up with stuart northeast of gettysburg. jeffry d. wert acknowledges that lee, his officers, and fighting by the army of the potomac bear the responsibility for the confederate loss at gettysburg, but states that \" stuart failed lee and the army in the reckoning at gettysburg.... lee trusted him and gave him discretion, but stuart acted injudiciously. \" although stuart was not reprimanded or disciplined in any official way for his role in the gettysburg campaign, it is noteworthy that his appointment to corps command on september 9, 1863, did not carry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4256285445949539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.601642"} {"text": ", but stuart acted injudiciously. \" although stuart was not reprimanded or disciplined in any official way for his role in the gettysburg campaign, it is noteworthy that his appointment to corps command on september 9, 1863, did not carry with it a promotion to lieutenant general. edward bonekemper wrote that since all other corps commanders in the army of northern virginia carried this rank, lee ' s decision to keep stuart at major general rank, while at the same time promoting stuart ' s subordinates wade hampton and fitzhugh lee to major generals, could be considered an implied rebuke. jeffry d. wert wrote that there is no evidence lee considered stuart ' s performance during the gettysburg campaign and that it is \" more likely that lee thought the responsibilities in command of a cavalry corps did not equal those of an infantry corps. \" fall 1863 and the 1864 overland campaign lee reorganized his cavalry on september 9, creating a cavalry corps for stuart with two divisions of three brigades each. in the bristoe campaign, stuart was assigned to lead a broad turning movement in an attempt to get into the enemy ' s rear, but general meade skillfully withdrew his army without leaving opportunities to take advantage. on october 13, stuart blundered into the rear guard of the union iii corps near warrenton. ewell ' s corps was sent to rescue him, but stuart hid his troopers in a wooded ravine until the unsuspecting iii corps moved on, and the assistance was not necessary. as meade withdrew towards manassas junction, brigades from the union ii corps fought a rearguard action against stuart ' s cavalry and the infantry of brig. gen. harry hays ' s division near auburn on october 14. stuart ' s cavalry boldly bluffed warren ' s infantry and escaped disaster. after the confederate repulse at bristoe station and an aborted advance on centreville, stuart ' s cavalry shielded the withdrawal of lee ' s army from the vicinity of manassas junction. judson kilpatrick ' s union cavalry pursued stuart ' s cavalry along the warrenton turnpike but were lured into an ambush near chestnut hill and routed. the federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles ( 8 km ) in an affair that came to be known as the \" buckland races \". the southern press began to mute its criticism of stuart ' s following his successful performance during the fall campaign. the overland campaign, lt. gen. ulysses s. grant ' s offensive against lee in the spring of 1864, began at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3881134432676075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.602591"} {"text": "venable wrote of stuart, \" he told me he never expected to live through the war, and that if we were conquered, that he did not want to live. \" the battle of yellow tavern occurred may 11, at an abandoned inn located six miles ( 10 km ) north of richmond. the confederate troopers tenaciously resisted from the low ridgeline bordering the road to richmond, fighting for over three hours. a countercharge by the 1st virginia cavalry pushed the advancing union troopers back from the hilltop as stuart, on horseback, shouted encouragement while firing his revolver at the union troopers. as the 5th michigan cavalry streamed in retreat past stuart, a dismounted union private, 48 - year - old john a. huff, turned and shot stuart with his. 44 - caliber revolver from a distance of 10 \u2013 30 yards. huff ' s bullet struck stuart in the left side. it then sliced through his stomach and exited his back, 1 inch to the right of his spine. stuart suffered great pain as an ambulance took him to richmond to await his wife ' s arrival at the home of dr. charles brewer, his brother - in - law. stuart ordered his sword and spurs be given to his son. his last whispered words were : \" i am resigned ; god ' s will be done. \" he died at 7 : 38 p. m. on may 12, the following day, before flora stuart reached his side. he was 31 years old. stuart was buried in richmond ' s hollywood cemetery. upon learning of stuart ' s death, general lee is reported to have said that he could hardly keep from weeping at the mere mention of stuart ' s name and that stuart had never given him a bad piece of information. flora wore the black of mourning for the remainder of her life, and never remarried. she lived in saltville, virginia, for 15 years after the war, where she opened and taught at a school in a log cabin. she worked from 1880 to 1898 as principal of the virginia female institute in staunton, virginia, a position for which robert e. lee had recommended her before his death ten years earlier. in 1907, the institute was renamed stuart hall school in her honor. upon the death of her daughter virginia, from complications in childbirth in 1898, flora resigned from the institute and moved to norfolk, virginia, where she helped virginia ' s widower, robert page waller, in raising her grandchildren. she died in norfolk on may 10, 1923, after striking her head in a fall on a city sidewalk. she is buried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3959702889226754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.604554"} {"text": "and moved to norfolk, virginia, where she helped virginia ' s widower, robert page waller, in raising her grandchildren. she died in norfolk on may 10, 1923, after striking her head in a fall on a city sidewalk. she is buried alongside her husband and their daughter, little flora, in hollywood cemetery in richmond. legacy and memorials like his intimate friend, stonewall jackson, general j. e. b. stuart was a legendary figure and is considered one of the greatest cavalry commanders in american history. his friend from his federal army days, union maj. gen. john sedgwick, said that stuart was \" the greatest cavalry officer ever foaled in america. \" jackson and stuart, both of whom were killed in battle, had colorful public images, although the latter seems to have been more deliberately crafted. jeffry d. wert wrote about stuart : stuart had been the confederacy ' s knight - errant, the bold and dashing cavalier, attired in a resplendent uniform, plumed hat, and cape. amid a slaughterhouse, he had embodied chivalry, clinging to the pageantry of a long - gone warrior. he crafted the image carefully, and the image befitted him. he saw himself as the southern people envisaged him. they needed a knight ; he needed to be that knight. a statue of general j. e. b. stuart by sculptor frederick moynihan was dedicated on richmond ' s famed monument avenue at stuart circle in 1907. like general stonewall jackson, his equestrian statue faces north, indicating that he died in the war. in 1884 the town of taylorsville, virginia, was renamed stuart. the british army named two models of american - made world war ii tanks, the m3 and m5, the stuart tank in general stuart ' s honor. a high school in falls church, virginia and a middle school in jacksonville, florida are named for him. in december 2006, a personal confederate battle flag, sewn by flora stuart, was sold in a heritage auction for a world - record price for any confederate flag, for $ 956, 000 ( including buyer ' s premium ). the 34 - inch by 34 - inch flag was hand - sewn for stuart by flora in 1862 and stuart carried it into some of his most famous battles. however, in december of that year it fell from a tent front into a campfire and was damaged. stuart returned it to his wife with a letter describing the accident and telling of his despon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37477633503635155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.605536"} {"text": "stuart carried it into some of his most famous battles. however, in december of that year it fell from a tent front into a campfire and was damaged. stuart returned it to his wife with a letter describing the accident and telling of his despondency over the banner ' s damage. the flag remained with the stuart family until 1969 when it was given to stuart hall, staunton, virginia, by a granddaughter of the confederate general. the school quietly sold the flag and letter to a private collector in 2000. in 2006, the flag and letter, which had been displayed in a single frame in the stuart hall front parlor, were sold separately at auction. in popular media j. e. b. stuart is a character in the historical adventure novel flashman and the angel of the lord by george macdonald fraser featuring stuart ' s early - career role in the us army at abolitionist john brown ' s raid on harpers ferry. in the long running comic book g. i. combat, featuring \" the haunted tank \", published by dc comics from the 1960s through the late 1980s, the ghost of general stuart guided a tank crew ( the tank being, at first, a stuart, later a sherman ) commanded by his namesake \" lt. jeb stuart. \" errol flynn played stuart in the movie santa fe trail, depicting his antebellum life, confronting john brown in kansas and at harper ' s ferry. the movie has become infamous for its many historical inaccuracies, one of which was that stuart, george armstrong custer, and philip sheridan were firm friends and all attended west point together in 1854. in the 1988 alternate history novel gray victory, author robert skimin depicts stuart surviving his wound from the battle of yellow tavern. after the war, in which the confederacy emerges victorious, he faces a court of inquiry over his actions at the battle of gettysburg. in the alternate - history novel how few remain by harry turtledove, stuart is the commanding confederate general in charge of the occupation and defense of the recently purchased mexican provinces of sonora and chihuahua in 1881, before being mortally wounded by an apache rebel. several short stories in barry hannah ' s collection airships feature stuart as a character. see also - eicher, pp. 517 \u2013 18. - thomas, p. 151 ; davis, p. 237. - life of jeb stuart by mary williamson. christian liberty press, jan 1, 1997 page 1 - wert, pp. 5 \u2013 6, lists the children as nancy anne dabney,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3877385943425618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.606624"} {"text": "p. 151 ; davis, p. 237. - life of jeb stuart by mary williamson. christian liberty press, jan 1, 1997 page 1 - wert, pp. 5 \u2013 6, lists the children as nancy anne dabney, born in 1818, bethenia pannill in 1819, mary tucker in 1821, david pannill in 1823, william alexander in 1826, john dabney in 1828, columbia lafayette in 1830, james in 1833, an unnamed son who died at the age of three months in 1834, virginia josephine in 1836, and victoria augusta in 1838. thomas, p. 7, claims that james was the youngest son of ten [ unnamed ] children. - thomas, p. 5. - wert, p. 5. - thomas, pp. 11 \u2013 12 ; wert, p. 8. - wert, p. 10. - wert, p. 11 ; davis, p. 19. - thomas, p. 18. - davis, p. 33 ; wert, p. 15. - wert, p. 18. - thomas, pp. 18 \u2013 32 ; davis, p. 27. - wert, pp. 22 \u2013 23. - thomas, pp. 40 \u2013 41. - wert, p. 25. - davis, p. 36. - thomas, pp. 41 \u2013 43 ; davis, p. 37 ; wert, pp. 26 \u2013 29. - wert, pp. 30 \u2013 31. - davis, p. 40 ; wert, pp. 33 \u2013 35. - wert, p. 35. - wert, pp. 37 \u2013 39. - wert, pp. 45, 52 ; davis, pp. 47 \u2013 40. - thomas, p. 95. - wert, pp. 42, 76. - wert, p. 49 ; davis, pp. 51 \u2013 52. - wert, p. 62. - wert, pp. 93 \u2013 101 ; davis, pp. 111 \u2013 30. - wert, pp. 125 \u2013 29 ; davis, pp. 167 \u2013 72. - wert, pp. 136 \u2013 37 ; davis, pp. 183 \u2013 84. - wert, p. 144. - wert, pp. 147 \u2013 50. - wert, pp. 156 \u2013 58 ; davis, pp. 205 \u2013 06. - robertson, p. 235. - wert, pp. 167 \u2013 76 ; thomas, pp. 173 \u2013 80", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3991599846162486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.607514"} {"text": "coddington, pp. 199 \u2013 200 ; longacre, pp. 156 \u2013 58 ; wittenberg and petruzzi, pp. 47 \u2013 64. - coddington, pp. 200 \u2013 01 ; wittenberg and petruzzi, pp. 65 \u2013 117 ; longacre, pp. 161, 172 \u2013 79. - wittenberg and petruzzi, pp. 139 \u2013 78 ; longacre, pp. 193 \u2013 202. - sears, gettysburg, pp. 257 \u2013 58. longacre, pp. 215 \u2013 16, argues that a bitter confrontation never took place. - longacre, cavalry at gettysburg, pp. 220 \u2013 31. - longacre, lee ' s cavalrymen, pp. 223 \u2013 37 ; wert, pp. 292 \u2013 98. - wert, p. 300. - coddington, p. 207. - wittenberg and petruzzi, pp. 219 - 28. - longacre, lee ' s cavalrymen, pp. 215 \u2013 16 ; longacre, cavalry at gettysburg, p. 271 ; coddington, pp. 205 \u2013 08 ; wittenberg and petruzzi, pp. 263 \u2013 98 ; wert, pp. 299 \u2013 302. - bonekemper, p. 139. - wert, pp. 308 \u2013 09. - wert, pp. 320 \u2013 21. - wert, pp. 313 \u2013 21 ; davis, pp. 360 \u2013 67. - wert, pp. 338 \u2013 46 ; davis, pp. 378 \u2013 84. - wert, p. 346 ; davis, p. 384. - wert, pp. 346 \u2013 49. - smith, p. 242 ; salmon, p. 283 ; starr, p. 107 ; rhea, pp. 209, 390 ; thomas, p. 292 ; edward g. longacre, writing in a june 2004 civil war times article, claims that huff ' s shot was from 400 yards ( 370 m ) away, an arguably impressive feat with a pistol ; in his book, lincoln ' s cavalrymen ( p. 268 ), longacre states that huff was able to advance \" close enough \" to stuart to shoot him in the abdomen, although he was not aware at the time that his victim was stuart. private huff was killed a month later at the battle of haw ' s shop. wert, pp. 347 \u2013 58, disputes the possibility that huff fired the mortal shot, stating that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4242395486827727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.610164"} {"text": "aware at the time that his victim was stuart. private huff was killed a month later at the battle of haw ' s shop. wert, pp. 347 \u2013 58, disputes the possibility that huff fired the mortal shot, stating that the evidence points to an unnamed trooper in either the 1st or 7th michigan. - smith, p. 357. - smith, p. 244 ; wert, pp. 357 \u2013 62. - lee had been a member of the board of visitors of the school in 1865 \u2013 1870 when he was president of washington college in nearby lexington, virginia. he also had sent two daughters to the school for their educations. wert, p. 368 for recommendation. - wert, pp. 368 \u2013 69. - wert, pp. 371 \u2013 72. - wert, p. 370. - peterson, p. 353. - antique trader, december 27, 2006, p1, p. 15 ( online auction site ) - davis, p. 261. - * ivy press, hsa americana civil war platinum auction catalog # 642, heritage capital corporation, 2006, isbn 1 - 59967 - 090 - 9, pp. 51 \u2013 52. - laurel hill website. - * golden, christopher, bissette, stephen, sniegoski, thomas e., the monster book, simon & schuster, 2000, isbn 0 - 671 - 04259 - 9, p. 278. - adams, richard, traveller : a novel, alfred a. knopf, 1988, isbn 0 - 440 - 20493 - 3. - skimin, robert, gray victory, st. martin ' s press, 1988, isbn 0 - 312 - 01374 - 4. - turtledove, harry, how few remain, volume 1, random house, inc., 1998, isbn 0 - 345 - 40614 - 1, p. 45. - bonekemper, edward h., iii. how robert e. lee lost the civil war. fredericksburg, va : sergeant kirkland ' s press, 1998. isbn 1 - 887901 - 15 - 9. - coddington, edwin b. the gettysburg campaign ; a study in command. new york : scribner ' s, 1968. isbn 0 - 684 - 84569 - 5. - davis, burke. jeb stuart : the last cavalier. new york : random house, 1957. isbn 0 - 517 - 18597", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4109933286012658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.611014"} {"text": ": scribner ' s, 1968. isbn 0 - 684 - 84569 - 5. - davis, burke. jeb stuart : the last cavalier. new york : random house, 1957. isbn 0 - 517 - 18597 - 0. - eicher, john h., and david j. eicher. civil war high commands. stanford, ca : stanford university press, 2001. isbn 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3. - longacre, edward g. the cavalry at gettysburg. lincoln : university of nebraska press, 1986. isbn 0 - 8032 - 7941 - 8. - longacre, edward g. lee ' s cavalrymen : a history of the mounted forces of the army of northern virginia. mechanicsburg, pa : stackpole books, 2002. isbn 0 - 8117 - 0898 - 5. - perry, thomas d. j. e. b. stuart ' s birthplace : the history of the laurel hill farm. ararat, va : laurel hill publishing, 2008. isbn 978 - 1 - 4382 - 3934 - 7. - peterson, alexander duncan campbell. schools across frontiers : the story of the international baccalaureate and the united world colleges. la salle, il : open court publishing, 2003. isbn 0 - 8126 - 9505 - 4. - rhea, gordon c. the battles for spotsylvania court house and the road to yellow tavern may 7 \u2013 12, 1864. baton rouge : louisiana state university press, 1997. isbn 0 - 8071 - 2136 - 3. - robertson, james i., jr. stonewall jackson : the man, the soldier, the legend. new york : macmillan publishing, 1997. isbn 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1. - salmon, john s. the official virginia civil war battlefield guide. mechanicsburg, pa : stackpole books, 2001. isbn 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4. - sears, stephen w. chancellorsville. boston : houghton mifflin, 1996. isbn 0 - 395 - 87744 - x. - sears, stephen w. gettysburg. boston : houghton mifflin, 2003. isbn 0 - 395 - 86761 - 4. - smith, derek. the gallant dead : union & confederate generals killed in the civil war. mechanicsburg, pa : stackpole books, 2005. isbn 0 - 8117 - 0132 - 8. - starr, stephen z. the union cavalry in the civil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4304692965867798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.614173"} {"text": "derek. the gallant dead : union & confederate generals killed in the civil war. mechanicsburg, pa : stackpole books, 2005. isbn 0 - 8117 - 0132 - 8. - starr, stephen z. the union cavalry in the civil war. vol. 2, the war in the east from gettysburg to appomattox 1863 \u2013 1865. baton rouge : louisiana state university press, 1981. isbn 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3292 - 0. - thomas, emory m. bold dragoon : the life of j. e. b. stuart. norman : university of oklahoma press, 1986. isbn 0 - 8061 - 3193 - 4. - wert, jeffry d. cavalryman of the lost cause : a biography of j. e. b. stuart. new york : simon & schuster, 2008. isbn 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7819 - 5. - wittenberg, eric j., and j. david petruzzi. plenty of blame to go around : jeb stuart ' s controversial ride to gettysburg. new york : savas beatie, 2006. isbn 1 - 932714 - 20 - 0. further reading - brown, kent masterson. retreat from gettysburg : lee, logistics, & the pennsylvania campaign. chapel hill : university of north carolina press, 2005. isbn 0 - 8078 - 2921 - 8. - laino, philip, gettysburg campaign atlas. 2nd ed. dayton, oh : gatehouse press 2009. isbn 978 - 1 - 934900 - 45 - 1. - mcclellan, henry b. i rode with jeb stuart : the life and campaigns of maj. gen. jeb stuart. edited by burke davis. new york : da capo press, 1994. isbn 978 - 0 - 306 - 80605 - 6. first published 1958 by indiana university press. - mosby, john singleton. mosby ' s reminiscences and stuart ' s cavalry campaigns. new york : dodd, mead & company, 1887. oclc 26692400. - perry, thomas d. laurel hill teachers ' guide, 2005. - petruzzi, j. david, and steven stanley. the complete gettysburg guide. new york : savas beatie, 2009. isbn 978 - 1 - 932714 - 63 - 0. - wittenberg, eric j., j. david petruzzi, and michael f. nugent. one continuous fight : the retreat from gettysburg and the pursuit of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38145726718427325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.615298"} {"text": "| classification and external resources | | icd - 9 | | 294. 0, 780. 9, 780. 93 | amnesia ( from greek \u03b1\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \" a \" meaning \" without \", \" \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \" memory ) is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma. amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. essentially, amnesia is loss of memory. the memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused. there are two main types of amnesia : retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. in some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short - term store into the long - term store. people with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. these two types are not mutually exclusive. both can occur within a patient at one time. case studies, such as that of patient r. b., show that both types of amnesia can occur simultaneously. case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe. in addition, specific areas of the hippocampus ( the ca1 region ) are involved with memory. research has also shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. in people suffering with amnesia the ability to recall immediate information is still retained, [ full citation needed ] and they may still be able to form new memories. however, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. patients can learn new procedural knowledge. in addition, priming ( both perceptual and conceptual ) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh non - declarative knowledge. amnesic patients also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skill despite profound impairments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes. french psychologist theodule - armand ribot was among the first scientists to study amnesia. he proposed ribot ' s law which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. the law follows a logical progression of memory - loss due to disease. first, a patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. he implied", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5690245440791146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.633643"} {"text": "' s law which states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia. the law follows a logical progression of memory - loss due to disease. first, a patient loses the recent memories, then personal memories, and finally intellectual memories. he implied that the most recent memories were lost first. important case studies case studies played a large role in the discovery of amnesia and the parts of the brain that were affected. the studies gave important insight into how amnesia affects the brain. the studies also gave scientists the resources into improving their knowledge about amnesia and insight into a cure or prevention. there are two extremely important case studies : henry molaison and r. b. henry molaison henry molaison, formerly known as h. m., changed the way people thought of memory. he was a patient who suffered from severe epilepsy. physicians were unable to control his seizures with drugs, so they tried a new approach involving brain surgery. doctors removed his medial temporal lobe bilaterally by doing a temporal lobectomy. his epilepsy did improve, but molaison lost the ability to form new long - term memories ( anterograde amnesia ). he exhibited normal short - term memory ability. if he was given a list of words, he would forget them in about a minute ' s time. in fact, he would forget that he was even given a list in the first place. he was able to learn things through his implicit memory. the psychologists would ask him to draw something on a piece of paper, but to look at the paper using a mirror. though he could never remember ever doing that task, he would improve after doing it over and over again. this showed the psychologists that he was learning and remembering things unconsciously. studies were completed consistently throughout molaison \u2019 s lifetime to discover more about amnesia. researchers did a 14 - year follow - up study on molaison. they studied him for a period of two weeks to learn more about his amnesia. after 14 years, molaison still could not recall things that have happened since his surgery. however, he can still remember things that happened prior to the operation. researchers also found that, when asked, molaison could answer questions about national or international events, but he could not remember his own personal memories. this case study provided important insight to the areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. patient r. b. after an ischemic episode ( reduction of blood to the brain ) that was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5331262321702708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.634657"} {"text": ". this case study provided important insight to the areas of the brain that are affected in anterograde amnesia, as well as how amnesia works. patient r. b. after an ischemic episode ( reduction of blood to the brain ) that was caused from a heart bypass surgery, r. b. lost his memory. unlike molaison, r. b. developed both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. his lesions were restricted to the hippocampus. it wasn \u2019 t until after his death that researchers had the chance to examine his brain. they found that his lesions were restricted to the ca1 portion of the hippocampus. this case study led to important research involving the role of the hippocampus and the function of memory. there are three generalized categories in which amnesia could be acquired by a person. the three categories are head trauma ( example : head injuries ), traumatic events ( example : seeing something devastating to the mind ), or physical deficiencies ( example : atrophy of the hippocampus ). the majority of amnesia and related memory issues derive from the first two categories as these are more common and the third could be considered a sub category of the first. - head trauma is a very broad range as it deals with any kind of injury or active action toward the brain which might cause amnesia. retrograde and anterograde amnesia are more often seen from events like this, an exact example of a cause of the two would be electroshock therapy, which would cause both briefly for the receiving patient. - traumatic events are more subjective. what is traumatic is dependent on what the person finds to be traumatic. regardless, a traumatic event is an event where something so distressing occurs that the mind chooses to forget rather than deal with the stress. a common example of amnesia that is caused by traumatic events is dissociative amnesia, which occurs when the person forgets an event that has deeply disturbed them. an example would be forgetting what happened to your friends after you see them harmed in a gruesome fashion. - physical deficiencies are different from head trauma as physical lean more toward passive physical issues. the difference would be having surgery that removes part of your brain, this would be active and thus head trauma, while the surgery caused the surrounding areas to atrophy, which is passive. henry molaison is a great example of physical deficiencies as parts of his brain began to atrophy after his surgery. amongst specific causes of amnesia are the following : - electroconvu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5077535233121707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.635572"} {"text": "surrounding areas to atrophy, which is passive. henry molaison is a great example of physical deficiencies as parts of his brain began to atrophy after his surgery. amongst specific causes of amnesia are the following : - electroconvulsive therapy in which seizures are electrically induced in patients for therapeutic effect can have acute effects including both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. - alcohol can both cause blackouts and have deleterious effects on memory formation. - anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long - term memories from before the event remain intact. the brain damage can be caused by the effects of long - term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, surgery, wernicke - korsakoff syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia or other trauma. the two brain regions related with this condition are medial temporal lobe and medial diencephalon. anterograde amnesia can ' t be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss. however, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving quality of life for anterograde amnesia sufferers. - retrograde amnesia refers to inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. one may be able to encode new memories after the incident. retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. the hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory. episodic memory is more likely to be affected than semantic memory. the damage is usually caused by head trauma, cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. people suffering from retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. recent memories are less likely to be recovered, but older memories will be easier to recall due to strengthening over time. retrograde amnesia is usually temporary and can be treated by exposing them to memories from the loss. another type of consolidation ( process by which memories become stable in the brain ) occurs over much longer periods of time / days, weeks, months and years and likely involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage site in the cortex. the operation of this longer - term consolidation process is seen in the retrograde amnesia of patients with hippocampal damage who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5180855300857393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.636602"} {"text": ", months and years and likely involves transfer of information from the hippocampus to more permanent storage site in the cortex. the operation of this longer - term consolidation process is seen in the retrograde amnesia of patients with hippocampal damage who can recall memories from childhood relatively normally, but are impaired when recalling experiences that occurred just a few years prior to the time they became amnesic. ( kirwan et al., 2008 ) - post - traumatic amnesia is generally due to a head injury ( example : a fall, a knock on the head ). traumatic amnesia is often transient, but may be permanent or either anterograde, retrograde, or mixed type. the extent of the period covered by the amnesia is related to the degree of injury and may give an indication of the prognosis for recovery of other functions. mild trauma, such as a car accident that results in no more than mild whiplash, might cause the occupant of a car to have no memory of the moments just before the accident due to a brief interruption in the short / long - term memory transfer mechanism. the sufferer may also lose knowledge of who people are. having longer periods of amnesia or consciousness after an injury may be an indication that recovery from remaining concussion symptoms will take much longer. - dissociative amnesia results from a psychological cause as opposed to direct damage to the brain caused by head injury, physical trauma or disease, which is known as organic amnesia. dissociative amnesia can include : - repressed memory refers to the inability to recall information, usually about stressful or traumatic events in persons ' lives, such as a violent attack or disaster. the memory is stored in long - term memory, but access to it is impaired because of psychological defense mechanisms. persons retain the capacity to learn new information and there may be some later partial or complete recovery of memory. formerly known as \" psychogenic amnesia \". - dissociative fugue ( formerly psychogenic fugue ) is also known as fugue state. it is caused by psychological trauma and is usually temporary, unresolved and therefore may return. an individual with dissociative fugue disorder is unaware or confused about his or her identity and will travel in journeys away from familiar surroundings to discover or create new identities. the merck manual defines it as \" one or more episodes of amnesia in which patients cannot recall some or all of their past and either lose their identity or form a new identity. the episodes, called fugues, result from trauma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5463242310054479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.637673"} {"text": "create new identities. the merck manual defines it as \" one or more episodes of amnesia in which patients cannot recall some or all of their past and either lose their identity or form a new identity. the episodes, called fugues, result from trauma or stress. dissociative fugue often manifests as sudden, unexpected, purposeful travel away from home. \" while popular in fiction, it is extremely rare. - post - hypnotic amnesia occurs when events during hypnosis are forgotten, or where past memories are unable to be recalled. the failure to remember those events is induced by suggestions made during the hypnosis. - lacunar amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event. - childhood amnesia ( also known as infantile amnesia ) is the common inability to remember events from one ' s own childhood. sigmund freud notoriously attributed this to sexual repression, while modern scientific approaches generally attribute it to aspects of brain development or developmental psychology, including language development. researchers have found that implicit memories cannot be recalled and are hardily described. remembering how to play the piano is a common example of implicit memory. explicit memories, on the other hand, can be recalled and described in words. remembering the first day that you met your piano teacher is an example of explicit memories. - transient global amnesia is a well - described medical and clinical phenomenon. this form of amnesia is distinct in that abnormalities in the hippocampus can sometimes be visualized using a special form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain known as diffusion - weighted imaging ( dwi ). symptoms typically last for less than a day and there is often no clear precipitating factor or any other neurological deficits. the cause of this syndrome is not clear. the hypothesis of the syndrome includes transient reduced blood flow, possible seizure or an atypical type of migraine. patients are typically amnestic of events more than a few minutes in the past, though immediate recall is usually preserved. - source amnesia is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. source amnesia is both part of ordinary forgetting and can be a memory disorder caused by different factors. people suffering from source amnesia can also get confused about the content of what is remembered. this confusion has been loosely termed memory distrust syndrome. individuals who suffer from this syndrome distrust their memory and may be motivated to rely on external ( non - self ) sources. - korsakoff ' s syndrome can result from long - term alcoholism or malnut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5735497217450497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.638796"} {"text": "confusion has been loosely termed memory distrust syndrome. individuals who suffer from this syndrome distrust their memory and may be motivated to rely on external ( non - self ) sources. - korsakoff ' s syndrome can result from long - term alcoholism or malnutrition. it is caused by brain damage due to a vitamin b1 deficiency and will be progressive if alcohol intake and nutrition pattern are not modified. other neurological problems are likely to be present in combination with this type of amnesia. korsakoff ' s syndrome is also known to be connected with confabulation. it should be noted that the person ' s short - term memory may appear to be normal, however the person may have a difficult time attempting to recall a past story, or with unrelated words, as well as complicated patterns. - drug - induced amnesia is intentionally caused by injection of an amnesiac drug to help a patient forget surgery or medical procedures, particularly those not performed under full anesthesia, or likely to be particularly traumatic. such drugs are also referred to as \" premedicants. \" most commonly a 2 ' - halogenated benzodiazepine such as midazolam or flunitrazepam is the drug of choice, although other strongly amnestic drugs such as propofol or scopolamine may also be used for this application. memories of the short time - frame in which the procedure was performed are permanently lost or at least substantially reduced, but once the drug wears off, memory is no longer affected. - prosopamnesia is the inability to recognize or remember faces, even in the presence of intact facial recognition capabilities. both acquired and inborn cases have been documented. - situation - specific amnesia can arise in a variety of circumstances ( e. g., committing an offence, child sexual abuse ) resulting in ptsd. it has been claimed that it involves a narrowing of consciousness with attention focused on central perceptual details and / or that the emotional or traumatic events are processed differently from ordinary memories. - transient epileptic amnesia is a rare and unrecognized form of temporal lobe epilepsy, which is typically an episodic isolated memory loss. it has been recognized as a treatment - responsive syndrome congenial to anti - epileptic drugs. acquisition of new memories patients with amnesia can learn new information, particularly non - declarative knowledge. however, some patients with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember the episodes during which they learned or observed the information previously. acquisition of new dec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5374369588485378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.640077"} {"text": ". acquisition of new memories patients with amnesia can learn new information, particularly non - declarative knowledge. however, some patients with dense anterograde amnesia do not remember the episodes during which they learned or observed the information previously. acquisition of new declarative information some patients with anterograde amnesia can still acquire some semantic information, even though it might be more difficult and might remain rather unrelated to more general knowledge. h. m. could accurately draw a floor plan of the home in which he lived after surgery, even though he had not lived there in years. the reason patients couldn \u2019 t form new episodic memories is likely because the ca1 region of the hippocampus was lesioned, and thus the hippocampus couldn \u2019 t make connections to the cortex. after an ischemic episode following surgery, an mri of patient r. b. showed his hippocampus to be intact except for a specific lesion restricted to the ca1 pyramidal cells. acquisition of new non - declarative information some retrograde and anterograde amnesics are capable of non - declarative memory, including implicit learning and procedural learning. for example, some patients show improvement on the pseudorandom sequences experiment as healthy people do. therefore, procedural learning can proceed independently of the brain system required for episodic memory. according to fmri studies, the acquisition of procedural memories activates the basal ganglia, the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, regions which are not normally associated with the formation of episodic memories. this type of dissociation between declarative and procedural memory can also be found in patients with diencephalic amnesia such as korsakoff \u2019 s syndrome. another example is that some patients, such as k. c. and h. m, who have medial temporal damage and anterograde amnesia, still have perceptual priming. those patients did well in the word fragment completion test. many forms of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. however, there are a few ways to cope with memory loss if that is not the case. one of these ways is cognitive or occupational therapy. in therapy, amnesiacs will develop the memory skills they have and try to regain some they have lost by finding which techniques help retrieve memories or create new retrieval paths. this may also include strategies for organizing information to remember it more easily and for improving understanding of lengthy conversation. another coping mechanism is taking advantage of technological assistance, such as a personal digital device to keep track", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5107979691360132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.641224"} {"text": "techniques help retrieve memories or create new retrieval paths. this may also include strategies for organizing information to remember it more easily and for improving understanding of lengthy conversation. another coping mechanism is taking advantage of technological assistance, such as a personal digital device to keep track of day - to - day tasks. reminders can be set up for appointments, when to take medications, birthdays and other important events. many pictures can also be stored to help amnesiacs remember names of friends, family and co - workers. notebooks, wall calendars, pill reminders and photographs of people and places are low - tech memory aids that can help as well. while there are no medications available to treat amnesia, underlying medical conditions can be treated to improve memory. such conditions include but are not limited to low thyroid function, liver or kidney disease, stroke, depression, bipolar disorder and blood clots in the brain. wernicke \u2013 korsakoff syndrome involves a lack of thiamin and replacing this vitamin by consuming thiamin - rich foods such as whole - grain cereals, legumes ( beans and lentils ), nuts, lean pork, and yeast. treating alcoholism and preventing alcohol and illicit drug use can prevent further damage, but in most cases will not recover lost memory. although improvements occur when patients receive certain treatments, there is still no actual cure remedy for amnesia so far. to what extent the patient recovers and how long the amnesia will continue depends on the type and severity of the lesion. see also - gazzaniga, m., ivry, r., & mangun, g. ( 2009 ) cognitive neuroscience : the biology of the mind. new york : w. w. norton & company. - \" amnesia. \" the gale encyclopedia of science. ed. k. lee lerner and brenda wilmoth lerner. 4th ed. vol. 1. detroit : gale, 2008. 182 - 184. gale virtual reference library. - schacter, daniel. l \" psychology \" - d. frank benson, \" amnesia \" - ls., cermak ( 1984 ). the episodic - semantic distinction in amnesia. new york : guilford press. p. 55. - m, kinsbourne ( 1975 ). short - term memory processes and the amnesic syndrome. new york : academic. pp. 258 \u2013 91. - h, weingartner ( 1983 ). forms of cognitive failure. science. pp. 221 : 380 \u2013 2. - rib", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.498559641976954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.642312"} {"text": "- term memory processes and the amnesic syndrome. new york : academic. pp. 258 \u2013 91. - h, weingartner ( 1983 ). forms of cognitive failure. science. pp. 221 : 380 \u2013 2. - ribot, t. ( 1882 ) diseases of memory : an essay in the positive psychology. london : d. appleton and company. - corkin, s., milner, b. & teuber, h. ( 1968 ) further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome : 14 - year follow - up study on patient h. m. neuropsychologia. 6, 215 - 234. - burgess, n., maguire, e., spiers, h. ( 2001 ) hippocampal amnesia. neurocase. 7, 357 - 382. - myers, david g. psychology. fifth ed. new york : worth publishers, 1998. n. pag. print - benbow, sm ( 2004 ) \" adverse effects of ect \". in aif scott ( ed. ) the ect handbook, second edition. london : the royal college of psychiatrists, pp. 170 \u2013 174. - goodwin dw, crane jb, guze sb ( august 1969 ). \" alcoholic \" blackouts \" : a review and clinical study of 100 alcoholics \". am j psychiatry 126 ( 2 ) : 191 \u2013 8. pmid 5804804. - parker es, birnbaum im, noble ep ( december 1976 ). \" alcohol and memory : storage and state dependency \". journal of verbal learning and verbal behaviour 15 ( 6 ) : 691 \u2013 702. doi : 10. 1016 / 0022 - 5371 ( 76 ) 90061 - x. - carlson, n. r. ( 19992000 ). memory. psychology : the science of behaviour ( canandian ed., p. 250 ). scarborough, ont. : allyn and bacon canada. - erdogan, serap ( 2010 ). \" anterograde amnesia \". psikiyatride guncel yaklasimlar - current approaches in psychiatry 2 ( 2 ) : 174 \u2013 189. retrieved 27 november 2011. - mastin, l. ( 2010 ). the human memory : retrograde amnesia. retrieved from http : / / www. human - memory. net / disorders _ retrograde. html - \" memory abnormality. \" encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5461896452026712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.643123"} {"text": "( 2010 ). the human memory : retrograde amnesia. retrieved from http : / / www. human - memory. net / disorders _ retrograde. html - \" memory abnormality. \" encyclop\u00e6dia britannica. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica online academic edition. encyclop\u00e6dia britannica inc., 2012. web. 21 apr 2012. - masferrer r, masferrer m, prendergast v, harrington tr ( 2000 ). \" grading scale for cerebral concussions \" ( [ dead link ] ). bni quarterly ( barrow neurological institute ) 16 ( 1 ). issn 0894 - 5799 - \" dissociative fugue. retrieved 7 august 2012 \". my. clevelandclinic. org. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22. - \" the merck manuals online \". merckmanuals. com. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22. - carlson, neil ( 2007 ). psychology the science of behaviour. toronto : pearson. p. 283. isbn 978 - 0 - 205 - 64524 - 4. - harlene hayne *, fiona jack,, wiley interdisciplinary reviews : cognitive science, march / april 2011 - schacter, d. l., harbluk, j. l., and mclachlen, d. r. ( 1984 ). retrieval without recollection : an experimental analysis of source amnesia. journal of verbal learning and verbal behaviour, 23 ( 5 ) : 593 - 611. - \" shaheen emmanuel lakhan : neuropsychological generation of source amnesia : an episodic memory disorder of the frontal brain. journal of medicine, volume 1, issue 1, 2007 \". scientificjournals. org. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22. - \" types of amnesia \". uwaterloo. retrieved 9 april 2012. - walsh rd, jr wharen re, iv tatum wo ( 2011 ). \" complex transient epileptic amnesia \". epilepsy & behaviour 20 ( 2 ) : 410 \u2013 413. - nordquist, c. ( 2004 ) what is amnesia? what causes amnesia? medical news today. retrieved from : http : / / www. medicalnewstoday. com / articles / 9673. php - \" treating amnesia. neurology now. 4 ( 4 ), pg. 37 ( 2008 ) \". journals. lww. com. doi :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5396515875589809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.644126"} {"text": "| part of a series on | owenism is the utopian socialist philosophy of 19th century social reformer robert owen and his followers and successors, who are known as owenites. owenism aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement. the owenite movement undertook several experiments in establishment of utopian communities organized according to communitarian and cooperative principles. one of the best known of these efforts, which were largely unsuccessful, was the project at new harmony, indiana, which started in 1825 and was abandoned by 1829. owenism is also closely associated with the development of the british trade union movement, and with the spread of the mechanics ' institute movement. economic thought owen \u2019 s economic thought grew out of widespread poverty in britain in the aftermath of the napoleonic wars. his thought was rooted in seventeenth century english \" moral economy \" ideals of \u201c fair exchange, just price, and the right to charity. \u201d \" utopian socialist \u201d economic thought such as owen \u2019 s was a reaction to the laissez - faire impetus of malthusian poor law reform. claeys notes that \" owen \u2019 s \u2018 plan \u2019 began as grandiose but otherwise not exceptionally unusual workhouse scheme to place the unemployed poor in newly built rural communities. \" owen \u2019 s \u201c plan \u201d was itself derivative ( and ultimately popularized by ) a number of english trade unionists, such as william thompson and thomas hodgskin, co - founder of the london mechanics institute. when this poverty led to revolt, as it did in glasgow in april 1820, a \u201c committee of gentlemen \u201d from the area commissioned the cotton manufacturer and philanthropist, robert owen, to produce a \u201c report to the county of lanark \u201d in may 1820, which recommended a new form of form of pauper relief ; the cooperative village. owen ' s villages thus need to be compared with the dickensian \" houses of industry \" that were created after the passage of the 1834 poor law amendment act. owen \u2019 s report was to spark a widespread \u201c socialist \u201d movement that established co - operatives, labour exchanges, and experimental communities in the united kingdom, the united states, and canada. owen was to disseminate his ideas in north america beginning in 1824. his ideas were most widely received in new york and philadelphia, where he was greeted by nascent working men \u2019 s parties. owen was no theoretician, and the owenite movement drew on a broad range of thinkers such as william thompson, john gray, abram combe, robert dale owen, george", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4537025146225976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.658367"} {"text": "he was greeted by nascent working men \u2019 s parties. owen was no theoretician, and the owenite movement drew on a broad range of thinkers such as william thompson, john gray, abram combe, robert dale owen, george mudie, john francis bray, dr william king, and josiah warren. these men rooted their thought in ricardian socialism and the labour theory of value. overall, owenite thought lacked coherence. utopian communities united kingdom - george mudie, a printer, formed an owenite community at spa fields, in the london borough of islington between 1821 and 1824. mudie published a weekly journal, the economist, which ran from 27 january 1821 to 9 march 1822. the printer henry hetherington was a member. mudie moved to orbiston after this community failed. - archibald james hamilton, the radical laird of dalzell and orbiston, owned an estate 8 miles outside of glasgow. he was one of the gentlemen who commissioned robert owens \u2019 \u201c report to the county of lanark \u201d. in 1821, he and several other owenite sympathizers such as abram combe formed the edinburgh practical society that operated a co - operative store, and a school. in addition, hamilton provided his 290 - acre estate, orbiston, for the first owenite co - operative community in the united kingdom, in 1825. the community collapsed in 1827 on the death of its founder. - ralahine community, county clare, ireland ( 1831 - 1833 ) was organized on the estate of john vandeleur by edward t. craig. unlike other owenite communities, workers were paid \u201c labour notes \u201d which they could spend in the co - operative store. by this time, owenism had moved on to its labour exchange phase. the experiment ended when vandeleur lost his estate through gambling. - harmony hall community at queenwood farm, hampshire ( 1839 - 1845 ). this is the only other colony than new harmony in indiana founded by robert owen himself. in 1839 his association of classes of all nations acquired five hundred acres at queenwood farm. united states of america - new harmony, indiana ( 1825 \u2013 27 ). founded by robert owen himself. he purchased the community of new harmony from the religious communists known as the rappites. the influential owenite newspaper, \" the free enquirer \" was published here. - yellow springs, ohio on a site now occupied by antioch college, miami township, greene county ( 1825 ). - nashoba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46575467748387905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.659373"} {"text": "as the rappites. the influential owenite newspaper, \" the free enquirer \" was published here. - yellow springs, ohio on a site now occupied by antioch college, miami township, greene county ( 1825 ). - nashoba commune, tennessee ( 1825 \u2013 28 ) was organized by fanny wright to educate and emancipate slaves. to ensure emancipation without financial loss to slaveholders, slaves would buy their freedom and then be transported to the independent settlements of liberia and haiti. - franklin or haverstraw community, haverstraw, rockland county, new york ( 1826 ). - forestville commonwealth, lapham ' s mills, coxsackie, greene county, new york ( 1826 - 1827 ). also known as the \" coxsackie community. \" founded by dr. samuel underhill, under the influence of dr cornelius blatchly ' s \" an essay on common wealths \" ( 1822 ). saddled with debt, 27 members decided to join the kendal community, leaving on 23 oct. 1827. - kendal community, ohio, massillon, ohio ( 1825 - 9 ). also known as \" friendly association of mutual interests at kendal. \" - valley forge community, valley forge, chester county, pa ( 1826 ). also known as \" friendly association of mutual interests. \" - blue spring community, van buren township, monroe county, indiana ( 1826 ) - promisewell community, munroe county, pa ( 1843 ). also known as the society of one - mentians. - goose pond community, pike county, pa ( 1843 ). an offshoot of promisewell, built on the site of fourierist phalanx \" social reform unity. \" - hunt ' s colony, spring lake, mukwonago township, waukesha county, wisconsin ( 1843 ). also known as the colony of equality. founded by several english organizations. - when orbiston collapsed in 1827 on the death of its founder, most of the residents moved to upper canada, where they formed the short - lived owenite community of maxwell near sarnia. co - operative movement & labour exchange although the early emphasis in owenism was on the formation of utopian communities, these communities were predicated upon co - operative labour, and frequently, co - operative sales. for example, the edinburgh practical society created by the founders of orbiston operated a co - operative store to raise the capital for the community. abram combe, the leader of that community,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42049361064830687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.660336"} {"text": "labour, and frequently, co - operative sales. for example, the edinburgh practical society created by the founders of orbiston operated a co - operative store to raise the capital for the community. abram combe, the leader of that community, was to author the pamphlet the sphere for joint stock companies ( 1825 ), which made clear that orbiston was not to be a self - subsistent commune, but a co - operative trading endeavor. for the majority of owenites who did not live in these utopian communities, the working - class owenite tradition was composed of three overlapping institutions : \" the cooperative store, the labour exchange and the trade union. \" the cooperative ideas of owen and combe were further developed by the brighton doctor, william king, publisher of \" the co - operator. \" although the paper was only published for two years between 1827 - 9, it served to unify the movement. the next attempt to broaden the cooperative movement was the british association for the promotion of co - operative knowledge ( b. a. p. c. k. ) founded in 1829. it was the successor to the london cooperative society, and served as a clearing house of information for britain ' s 300 cooperatives. it provided pamphlets, lectures and \" missionaries \" for the movement. it held its quarterly meetings in the london mechanics institute, with frequent lectures from william lovett, and many other radical owenites who would go on to lead the london working men ' s association. b. a. p. c. k. rejected joint stock cooperative efforts as \" systems of competition. \" its aim was the establishment of an agricultural, manufacturing or trading community. they recognized that the success of cooperation depended upon parliamentary reform, and this proved the basis for working with the radical reformers who would go on to create the chartist movement. the national equitable labour exchange was founded in london in 1832 and spread to several english cities, most notably birmingham, before closing in 1834. beginning from the ricardian socialist view that labour was the source of all value, the exchange issued \" labour notes \" similar to banknotes, denominated in hours. john gray proposed a national chamber of commerce as a central bank issuing a labour currency. a similar time - based currency would be created by an american owenite, josiah warren, who founded the cincinnati time store. a short - lived labour exchange was also founded in 1836 in kingston, upper canada. political & labour organization robert owen was resolutely apolitical, and initially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4617058974286525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.662277"} {"text": "by an american owenite, josiah warren, who founded the cincinnati time store. a short - lived labour exchange was also founded in 1836 in kingston, upper canada. political & labour organization robert owen was resolutely apolitical, and initially pursued a non - class based form of community organization. however, as the focus of the movement shifted from the formation of utopian communities to cooperatives, owenites became active in labour organization in both the united kingdom and the united states. in the united kingdom, owenites became further involved in electoral reform ( now envisioned as part of a broader reform movement ). united kingdom between 1829 and 1835, owenite socialism was politicized through two organizations ; the british association for the promotion of co - operative knowledge, and its successor, the national union of the working classes ( founded in 1831, and abandoned in 1835 ). the aim of b. a. p. c. k. was to promote cooperatives, but its members recognized that political reform was necessary if they were to achieve that end. they thus formed a \" political union \" which was the principal form of political activity in the period before the great reform act of 1832. political unions organized petitioning campaigns meant to sway parliament. the b. a. p. c. k. leadership thus formed the national union of the working classes ( n. u. w. c. ) to push for a combination of owenism and radical democratic political reform. owen himself resisted the n. u. w. c. ' s political efforts at reform, and by 1833, he was an acknowledged leader of the british trade union movement. in february 1834, he helped form britain \u2019 s first national labour organization, the grand national consolidated trades union. the organisation began to break up in the summer of 1834 and by november, it had ceased to function. it was from this heady mix of working class trade unionism, co - operativism, and political radicalism in the disappointed wake of the 1832 reform bill and the 1834 new poor law, that a number of prominent owenite leaders such as william lovett, john cleave and henry hetherington helped form the london working men ' s association in 1836. the london working men ' s association led the chartist movement demanding universal suffrage. many have viewed owenite socialism and chartism as mutually hostile because of owen ' s refusal to engage in politics. however, chartists and owenites were \u201c many parts but one body \u201d in this initial stage. united states of america robert dale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4193042543913315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.663324"} {"text": ". many have viewed owenite socialism and chartism as mutually hostile because of owen ' s refusal to engage in politics. however, chartists and owenites were \u201c many parts but one body \u201d in this initial stage. united states of america robert dale owen emigrated to the united states in 1825 to help his father run new harmony, indiana. after the community dissolved, robert dale owen moved to new york city and became the co - editor of the free enquirer, a socialistic and anti - christian weekly, with frances wright, the founder of the nashoba community, from 1828 to 1832. they also founded a \" hall of science \" in new york like those being created by owenites in the united kingdom. from this base, owen and wright sought to influence the working men ' s party. the working men ' s party emerged spontaneously out of strike action by journeymen in 1829 who protested having to work more than 10 hours a day. they appointed a committee of fifty to discuss organization, and they proposed running a ticket of journeymen in the legislative elections. at the same time, owen and wright were continuing their own efforts to organize new york city ' s working classes. the two groups uneasily merged, and were encouraged by their success in the elections. to support the movement, george henry evans began publishing the working man ' s advocate. the new party quickly fell victim to factionalism over several controversial proposals. owen ' s controversial contribution was a proposed \" state guardianship plan \" where children would be removed from their homes at the age of two and placed in government run schools, to protect them from the degeneracy of slum life and allow their optimum development through free schooling. by late 1830, the party was effectively dead. owenism was introduced to upper canada ( now ontario ) in 1835 by the rev. thaddeus osgood, a montreal - based evangelical minister. osgood returned to london in 1829. deep in debt, he was unable to return to canada, and spent the succeeding five years preaching in london \u2019 s workhouses and prisons. it was in this working class milieu that osgood met and debated with robert owen. although attracted by the \u201c home colony \u201d model of poverty relief, osgood was offended by owens \u2019 anti - religious rhetoric. drawing on owenism, rather than owen, osgood proposed to found \u201c relief unions \u201d for the poor when he finally returned to canada in 1835. through osgood \u2019 s influence, robert owens \u2019 ideas were widely debated in toronto. os", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4134806112485418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.664398"} {"text": "rhetoric. drawing on owenism, rather than owen, osgood proposed to found \u201c relief unions \u201d for the poor when he finally returned to canada in 1835. through osgood \u2019 s influence, robert owens \u2019 ideas were widely debated in toronto. osgood \u2019 s proposal elicited support from across upper canada in early 1836, and petitions for the relief union \u2019 s incorporation were sent to the assembly and legislative council. significantly, osgood \u2019 s plan was proposed at the same time as the new lt. governor, sir francis bond head was arriving in toronto. bond head was an assistant poor law administrator, and intent on imposing workhouses for the poor, not owenite colonies. educational philosophy & phrenology the owenite doctrine that character was formed by one ' s social circumstances would initially appear opposed to phrenology ' s theory of innate mental endowments, or faculties. however, early phrenologists were open to the belief that these faculties - and their physical manifestations on the surface of the skull - could be developed. phrenology as a science thus provided a way of diagnosing moral and intellectual strengths and weaknesses, and pointed the way to their correction through repetitive exercise. see also - ronald george garrett ( 1972 ), co - operation and the owenite socialist communities in britain, 1825 - 45, manchester university press nd, isbn 0 - 7190 - 0501 - 9 - claeys, gregory ( 1987 ). machinery, money and the millennium : from moral economy to socialism, 1815 - 60. cambridge : polity press. pp. xviii. - bestor, arthur e. ( 1959 ). backwoods utopias : the sectarian and owenite phases of communitarian socialism in america, 1663 - 1829. philadelphia : university of pennsylvania press. pp. 94 \u2013 132. - harrison, john ( 1969 ). quest for the new world order : robert owen and the owenites in britain and america. new york : charles scribners sons. pp. 63 \u2013 78. - harrison, john ( 1969 ). quest for the new world order : robert owen and the owenites in britain and america. new york : charles scribners sons. pp. 168 \u2013 9. - royle, edward ( 1998 ). robert owen and the commencement of the millennium : the harmony community at queenwood farm, hampshire, 1839 - 1845. manchester : manchester university press. - cherok, richard j. ( 1999 ). \" no harmony in kendal : the rise and fall", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4579628473767449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.665404"} {"text": "owen and the commencement of the millennium : the harmony community at queenwood farm, hampshire, 1839 - 1845. manchester : manchester university press. - cherok, richard j. ( 1999 ). \" no harmony in kendal : the rise and fall of an owenite community, 1825 - 1829 \". ohio history 108 : 26 \u2013 38. - bestor, arthur e. ( 1959 ). backwoods utopias : the sectarian and owenite phases of communitarian socialism in america, 1663 - 1829. philadelphia : university of pennsylvania press. pp. 235 \u2013 42. - morrison, john ( 1914 ). \" the toon o \u2019 maxwell \u2013 an owenite settlement in lambton county, ont. \". ontario historical society papers and records xii : 5 \u2013 12. - schrauwers, albert ( 2009 ). union id strength : w. l. mackenzie, the children of peace and the emergence of joint stock democracy in upper canada. toronto : university of toronto press. p. 106. - harrison, john ( 1969 ). quest for the new world order : robert owen and the owenites in britain and america. new york : charles scribners sons. p. 214. - harrison, john ( 1969 ). quest for the new world order : robert owen and the owenites in britain and america. new york : charles scribners sons. p. 201. - claeys, gregory ( 1989 ). citizens and saints : politics and anti - politics in early british socialism. cambridge : cambridge university press. p. 176. - claeys, gregory ( 1989 ). citizens and saints : politics and anti - politics in early british socialism. cambridge : cambridge university press. p. 180. - palmer, bryan d. ( 1980 ). \" kingston mechanics and the rise of the penitentiary \". histoire sociale / social history 13 ( 25 ) : 30. - claeys, gregory ( 1989 ). citizens and saints : politics and anti - politics in early british socialism. cambridge : cambridge university press. pp. 184 \u2013 6. - harrison, j. f. c. ( 1969 ) robert owen and the owenites in britain and america, routledge, isbn 0 - 7100 - 6035 - 1, p. 212 - hollis, patricia, class and conflict in nineteenth - century england, 1815 - 1850, birth of modern britain series, international library of sociology and social reconstruction, routledge, 1973, isbn 0 - 7100 - 7419 - 0, p.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4359798567645504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.666307"} {"text": "212 - hollis, patricia, class and conflict in nineteenth - century england, 1815 - 1850, birth of modern britain series, international library of sociology and social reconstruction, routledge, 1973, isbn 0 - 7100 - 7419 - 0, p. 176 - royle, edward ( 2000 ). \" chartists and owenites \u2013 many parts but one body. \". labour history review 65 ( 1 ) : 2 \u2013 21. - wilentz, sean ( 1984 ). chants democratic : new york city and the rise of the american working class, 1788 - 1850. new york : oxford university press. pp. 190 \u2013 201. - wilentz, sean ( 1984 ). chants democratic : new york city and the rise of the american working class, 1788 - 1850. new york : oxford university press. p. 179. - wilentz, sean ( 1984 ). chants democratic : new york city and the rise of the american working class, 1788 - 1850. new york : oxford university press. p. 210. - schrauwers, albert ( 2009 ). union is strength : w. l. mackenzie, the children of peace, and the emergence of joint stock democracy in upper canada. toronto : university of toronto press. pp. 35 \u2013 64. - millar, w. p. j. ( 1977 ). \" the remarkable rev. thaddeus osgood : a study in the evangelical spirit in the canadas \". histoire sociale - social history 19 : 68.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4528444959761739, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.666848"} {"text": "1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica / ayrshire | \u2190ayrer, jakob | | 1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica, volume 3 | ayrton, william edward\u2192 | | see also ayrshire on wikipedia, and our 1911 encyclop\u00e6dia britannica disclaimer. | ayrshire, a south - western county of scotland, bounded n. by renfrewshire, e. by lanarkshire and dumfriesshire, s. e. by kirkcudbrightshire, s. by wigtownshire and w. by the firth of clyde. it includes off its coast the conspicuous rock of ailsa craig, 10 m. w. of girvan, lady island, 3 m. s. w. of troon, and horse island, off ardrossan. its area is 724, 523 acres or 1142 sq. m., its coast - line being 70 m. long. in former times the shire was divided into the districts of cunninghame ( n. of the irvine ), kyle ( between the irvine and the boon ), and carrick ( s. of the doon ), and these terms are still occasionally used. kyle was further divided by the ayr into king ' s kyle on the north and kyle stewart. robert bruce was earl of carrick, a title now borne by the prince of wales. the county is politically divided into north and south ayrshire, the former comprising cunninghame and the latter kyle and carrick. the surface is generally undulating with a small mountainous tract in the north and a larger one in the south and south - east. the principal hills are black craig ( 2298 ft. ), 5 m. south - east of new cumnock ; enoch ( 1865 ft. ), 5 m. east of dalmellington ; polmaddie ( 1750 ft. ) 2 m. south - east of barr ; stake on the confines of ayrshire and renfrewshire, and corsancone ( 1547 ft. ), 3 m. north - east of new cumnock. none of the rivers is navigable, but their varied and tranquil beauty has made them better known than many more important streams. the six most noted are the stinchar ( c soft ), girvan, doon, ayr, irvine and garnock. of these the ayr is the longest. it rises at glenbuck, on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3807794517714148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.680619"} {"text": "important streams. the six most noted are the stinchar ( c soft ), girvan, doon, ayr, irvine and garnock. of these the ayr is the longest. it rises at glenbuck, on the border of lanarkshire, and after a course of some 38 m. falls into the firth of clyde at the county town which, with the county, is named from it. the scenery along its banks from sorn downwards \u2014 passing catrine, ballochmyle, barskimming, sundrum, auchencruive and craigie \u2014 is remarkably picturesque. the lesser streams are numerous, but burns ' s verse has given preeminence to the afton, the cessnock and the lugar. there are many lochs, the largest of which is loch doon, 5\u00bd m. long, the source of the river of the same name. from loch finlas, about 20 m. south - east of ayr, the town derives its water - supply. the nith rises in ayrshire and a few miles of its early course belong to the county. geology. \u2014 the greater portion of the hilly region in the south of the county forms part of the silurian tableland of the south of scotland. along its north margin there is a belt of elevated ground consisting mainly of old red sandstone strata, while the tract of fertile low ground is chiefly occupied by younger palaeozoic rocks. the silurian belt stretching eastwards from the mouth of loch ryan to the merrick range is composed of grits, greywackes and shales with thin leaves of black shales, containing graptolites of upper llandeilo age which are repeated by folding and cover a broad area. near their northern limit radiolarian cherts, mudstones and lavas of arenig age rise from underneath the former along anticlines striking north - east and south - west. in the ballantrae region there is a remarkable development of volcanic rocks \u2014 lavas, tuffs and agglomerates \u2014 of arenig age, their horizon being defined by graptolites occurring in cherty mudstones and black shales interleaved in lavas and agglomerates. these volcanic materials are pierced by serpentine, gabbro and granite. the serpentine forms two belts running inland from near bennane head and from burnfoot, being typically developed on balhamie hill near colmonell.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44829382665232986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.681518"} {"text": "three divisions of this formation are well represented. the lower group of conglomerates and sandstones are well displayed on hadyard hill and on the tract near maybole ; the middle volcanic series on the shore south of the heads of ayr and from the stinchar valley along the old red belt towards dalmellington and new cumnock ; while the upper group, comprising conglomerates and sandstones, form a well - marked synclinal ford at corsancone north - east of new cumnock. the upper old red sandstone appears as a fringe round the south - west margin of the carboniferous rocks of the county, and it rises from beneath them on the shore of the firth of clyde south of wemyss bay. the carboniferous strata of the central low ground form a great basin traversed by faults, all the subdivisions of the system being represented save the millstone grit. round the north and north - east margin there is a great development of volcanic rocks \u2014 lavas, tuffs and agglomerates \u2014 belonging to the calciferous sandstone series, and passing upwards into the carboniferous limestone. the lower limestones of the latter division are typically represented near dalry and beith, where in one instance they reach a thickness of over 100 ft. they are followed by the coal - bearing group ( edge coals of midlothian ) which have been wrought in the dalry and patna districts and at dailly. the position of the millstone grit is occupied by lavas and tuffs, extending almost continually as a narrow fringe round the northern margin of the coal measures from saltcoats by kilmaurs to the crawfordland water. the workable coals of the true coal measures have a wide distribution from kilwinning by kilmarnock to galston and again in the districts of coylton, dalmellington, lugar and cumnock. these members are overlaid by a set of upper barren red sandstones, probably the equivalents of the red beds of uddingston, dalkeith and wemyss in fife, visible in the ravines of lugar near ochiltree and of ayr at catrine. in various parts of the ayrshire coalfield the coal - seams are rendered useless by intrusive sheets of dolerite as near kilmarnock and dalmellington. in the central part of the field there is an oval - shaped area of red sandstones now grouped with the trias, extending from near tarbolton to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43390343617285543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.683433"} {"text": "cheddar method, and their effort was most successful. cheddar cheese of first - rate quality is now made in ayrshire, and the annual cheese show at kilmarnock is the most important in scotland. the ayrshire breed of cows are famous for the quantity and excellence of their milk. great numbers of cattle, sheep and pigs are raised for the market, and the ayrshire horse is in high repute. other industries. \u2014 ayrshire is the principal mining county in scotland and has the second largest coalfield. there is a heavy annual output also of iron ore, pig iron and fire - clay. the chief coal districts are ayr, dalmellington, patna, maybole, drongan, irvine, coylton, stevenston, beith, kilwinning, dalry, kilbirnie, dreghorn, kilmarnock, galston, hurlford, muirkirk, cumnock and new cumnock. ironstone occurs chiefly at patna, coylton, dalry, kilbirnie, dreghorn and cumnock, and there are blast furnaces at most of these towns. a valuable whetstone is quarried at bridge of stair on the ayr \u2014 the water - of - ayr stone. the leading manufactures are important. at catrine are cotton factories and bleachfields, and at ayr and kilmarnock extensive engineering works, and carpet, blanket and woollens, boot and shoe factories. cotton, woollens, and other fabrics and hosiery are also manufactured at dalry, kilbirnie, kilmaurs, beith and stewarton. an extensive trade in chemicals is carried on at irvine. near stevenston works have been erected in the sandhills for the making of dynamite and other explosives. there are large lace curtain factories at galston, newmilns and darvel, and at beith cabinet - making is a considerable industry. shipbuilding is conducted at troon, ayr, irvine and fairlie, which is famous for its yachts. the leading ports are ardrossan, ayr, girvan, irvine and troon. fishing is carried on in the harbours and creeks, which are divided between the fishery districts of greenock and ballantrae. communications. \u2014 the glasgow & south - western railway owns most of the lines within the shire, its system serving all the industrial towns, ports and seaside resorts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4328986015812504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.685457"} {"text": "is a parliamentary burgh of the kilmarnock group. under the county council special water districts, drainage districts, and lighting and scavenging districts have been formed. the county forms a sheriffdom, and there are resident sheriffs - substitute at ayr and kilmarnock, who sit also at irvine, beith, cumnock and girvan. the shire is under school - board jurisdiction, but there are a considerable number of voluntary schools, besides secondary schools at ayr, irvine, kilmarnock and beith, while kilmarnock dairy school is a part of the west of scotland agricultural college established in 1899. in addition to grants earned by the schools, the county and borough councils expend a good deal of money upon secondary and technical education, towards which contributions are also made by the glasgow and west of scotland technical college and the kilmarnock dairy school. the technical classes, subsidized at various local centres, embrace instruction in agriculture, mining, engineering, plumbing, gardening, and various science and art subjects. history. \u2014 traces of roman occupation are found in ayrshire. at the time of agricola ' s campaigns the country was held by the damnonii, and their town of vandogara has been identified with a site at loudoun hill near darvel, where a serious encounter with the scots took place. on the withdrawal of the romans, ayrshire formed part of the kingdom of strathclyde and ultimately passed under the sway of the northumbrian kings. save for occasional intertribal troubles, as that in which the scottish king alpin was slain at dalmellington in the 9th century, the annals are silent until the battle of largs in 1263, when the pretensions of haakon of norway to the sovereignty of the isles were crushed by the scots under alexander iii. a generation later william wallace conducted a vigorous campaign in the shire. he surprised the english garrison at ardrossan, and burned the barns of ayr in which the forces of edward i. were lodged. robert bruce is alleged to have been born at turnberry castle, some 12 m. s. w. of ayr. in 1307 he defeated the english at loudoun hill. cromwell paid the county a hurried visit, during which he demolished the castle of ardrossan and is said to have utilized the stones in rearing a fort at ayr. between 1660 and 1688 the sympathies of the county were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3730219035247913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.687283"} {"text": ". cromwell paid the county a hurried visit, during which he demolished the castle of ardrossan and is said to have utilized the stones in rearing a fort at ayr. between 1660 and 1688 the sympathies of the county were almost wholly with the covenanters, who suffered one of their heaviest reverses at airds moss \u2014 a morass between the ayr and lugar, \u2014 their leader, richard cameron, being killed ( 20th of july 1680 ). the county was dragooned and the highland host ravaged wherever it went. the hanoverian succession excited no active hostility if it evoked no enthusiasm. antiquarian remains include cairns in galston, sorn and other localities ; a road supposed to be a work of the romans, which extended from ayr, through dalrymple and dalmellington, towards the solway ; camps attributed to the norwegians or danes on the hills of knockgeorgan and dundonald ; and the castles of loch doon, turnberry, dundonald, portencross, ardrossan and dunure. there are ruins of celebrated abbeys at kilwinning and crossraguel, and of alloway ' s haunted church, famous from their associations. - james paterson, \" history of the county of ayr. \" transactions of ayrshire and galloway archaeological associations, edinburgh, 1879 - 1900. - john smith, prehistoric man in ayrshire ( london, 1895 ). - william robertson, history of ayrshire ( edinburgh, 1894 ). - archibald sturrock, \" on the agriculture of ayrshire, \" transactions of highland and agricultural society. - d. landsborough, contributions to local history ( kilmarnock, 1878 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.392350055141599, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.687918"} {"text": "how strong are you? you ' ll be amazed to learn how much force your body ' s joints and muscles actually support on a daily basis. this interactive segment from discovery channel takes you inside the body and explains how much strength your bones and muscles really possess. adrenaline and strength when we feel fear or are faced with a sudden dangerous situation, the human body undergoes an amazing change. the stressor - - for example, the sight of your son pinned beneath a car - - stimulates the hypothalamus. this region of the brain is responsible for maintaining the balance between stress and relaxation in your body. when it ' s alerted to danger, it sends out a chemical signal to your adrenal glands, activating the sympathetic system, which sends the body into an excited state. these glands release adrenaline ( epinephrine ) and noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ), hormones that create the state of readiness that helps a human confront danger. together, these hormones raise heart rate, increase respiration, dilate the pupils, slow down digestion and - - perhaps most importantly - - allow muscles to contract. all of these changes in our normal physical state prepare us to face danger head - on. combined, they make us more agile, allow us to take in more information and help us use more energy. but adrenaline ' s effect on muscles accounts for amazing strength. adrenaline acts on muscles, allowing them to contract more than they can when the body is in a calm or neutral state. when adrenaline is released by the adrenal medulla - - an interior region of the adrenal glands, which are located just above your kidneys - - it allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. this means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at elevated levels. skeletal muscles - - those attached to bones by tendons - - are activated by electrical impulses from the nervous system. when they ' re stimulated, muscles contract, meaning they shorten and tighten. this is what happens when you lift an object, run or throw a punch. adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the body ' s fuel source ( glycogen ) into its fuel ( glucose ). this carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. so does this mean that we have superhuman strength that is unlocked when we ' re confronted with danger? that ' s one way to put it. some theorize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5304818060101204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.693605"} {"text": "gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. so does this mean that we have superhuman strength that is unlocked when we ' re confronted with danger? that ' s one way to put it. some theorize that we normally use only a small percentage of our muscles ' capabilities. when we are confronted with danger, we transcend the limitations of our muscles and simply act. the rush of adrenaline, which accounts for a sudden increase in strength, helps to facilitate a person lifting a car. in other words, when confronted with extreme stress, we involuntarily use our muscles beyond the limitations of their normal voluntary use. this theory is supported by what happens when a person is electrocuted. someone who is shocked can be thrown a notable distance from where the shock took place. but this is not due to the electric shock. instead, it ' s a sudden and violent contraction of the person ' s muscles as a result of the electrical charge flowing through the body. this demonstrates a potential for muscle contraction that isn ' t utilized under normal circumstances. in much the same way that people can ' t throw themselves across the room, they also can ' t normally lift a car - - the resources aren ' t available without the threat. but why don ' t we possess superhuman strength all the time? wouldn ' t it be beneficial? read the next page to find out why it ' s better that we only have bursts of strength.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5363635779876825, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.694160"} {"text": "losing stream in our battle to predict and prevent invasive species invasive species - - plants, animals, and microbes introduced to regions beyond their native range - - carry a global price tag of $ 1. 4 trillion dollars. they are responsible for the loss of natural resources and biodiversity, damages to infrastructure, and an uptick in infectious diseases. not all non - native species pose a threat. scientists around the world have spent the last several decades teasing apart the conditions that set the stage for debilitating invaders, like giant hogweed, zebra mussels, or gray squirrels. a number of hypotheses have emerged to help predict how natural areas will respond to introduced plants, animals, and microbes. an analysis of 371 invasion studies using six dominant invasion hypotheses has revealed their predictive power is weakening. the paper ' s authors - - jonathan jeschke, lorena gomez aparicio, sylvia haider, tina heger, christopher lortie, petr pysek, and david strayer - - found empirical support for all six hypotheses declining, with recent studies showing the lowest levels of support. hypotheses that were too broad or omitted ecosystem interactions fared among the worst, plants proved easier to predict than animals, and, contrary to popular belief, diverse ecosystems were not inherently resistant against invaders. the study was published in the open - access journal neobiota. the paper ' s authors comment : \" the observed decline effect means our confidence in making sound policy and management decisions based on the six analyzed hypotheses is lower today than it was in the past. scientists were overly optimistic about the predictive power of these hypotheses. given that invasive species are an expensive and ever growing problem, this is a situation that needs to be addressed. \" similar \" decline effects \" have been noted in other disciplines, among them pharmacological research, psychology, and animal behavior. the effect has been attributed to publication bias, inadequate sample sizes, and a tendency of early tests of hypotheses to pick study organisms or systems where positive results are expected. lead author jonathan jeschke, of technische universitat munchen, concludes : \" the decline effect is both worrying and fascinating. it ' s a phenomenon that should be investigated across disciplines, as medical and psychological researchers have shown its effects can be strong, and it can distort the predictive power of hypotheses. \" the paper ' s authors offer four solutions to improve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173435321297144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.700044"} {"text": "s a phenomenon that should be investigated across disciplines, as medical and psychological researchers have shown its effects can be strong, and it can distort the predictive power of hypotheses. \" the paper ' s authors offer four solutions to improve current hypotheses in invasion biology : ( 1 ) existing gaps in empirical tests of hypotheses should be filled. the study revealed crucial gaps in empirical studies, showing that most studies have focused on terrestrial plants but have ignored other organisms and aquatic habitats. ( 2 ) existing hypotheses should be specified for groups of organisms and habitats. ( 3 ) interactions of invasive species with their new ecosystems should be regularly considered. the study shows that hypotheses considering such interactions are better supported by empirical evidence than other hypotheses. ( 4 ) revised hypotheses should be rejected if they do not work. those hypotheses that still lack empirical support after specification for groups of organisms and habitats ( solution 2 ), consideration of invader - ecosystem interactions ( solution 3 ), or another form of revision should be discarded. scientists should not waste time and resources to continue working with these hypotheses. instead, fresh ideas and novel hypotheses are needed to further our understanding of biological invasions - - something that is essential to effective management in today ' s rapidly changing world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5281447326126745, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.700660"} {"text": "suwarno, prima agus ( 2010 ) alih kode bahasa guru dalam pembelajaran bahasa indonesia di kelas xi sman 1 kauman tulungagung. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 85kb ) | preview language variance clearly could be a character of group. language variance exactly a tendency and all consisted of vocabulary differences. certain words tend to use by certain group, which created certain language variance. the character might not be seemed in vocabulary used by speaker, but it showed based differences in a region. code exchange could be happened if the speaker changed his / her language when using certain language in his / her speech. elements taken from another language often existed in form of words, phrase, group of words, word repeats. code exchange usage in communication, especially in educational world which considered student \u2019 s comprehension as the most important things were found often. it was done to give more comprehend material explanation by students. problems statement in this research were : ( a ) how the shape of code exchange used by teacher in learning process at grade xi sman 1 kauman high school of tulungagung, ( b ) what consideration factors caused the code exchange by teacher in learning process at grade xi sman 1 kauman high school of tulungagung method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. descriptive method aimed to find information about phenomena when the research was done, data collected consisted of ( 1 ) code exchange used by the teacher in learning process, ( 2 ) consideration factors caused the code exchange in learning process. from observation and interview done in this research, there could be concluded that code exchange done by teacher limited among two language, they were indonesian and language. while consideration factors for teacher to do code exchange could be divided into two, situation and purpose. according situation, some of them : ( 1 ) formal situation, ( 2 ) teacher \u2019 s emotion. according to purpose to be reached, some of them : ( 1 ) convince the students, ( 2 ) create friendly condition with students, ( 3 ) teacher wanted to adjust the code with students. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | l education > l education ( general ) | | divisions : | | faculty of teacher training and education > department of indonesian and literature | | depositing user : | | rayi tegar pamungkas | | date deposited : | | 22 mar 2012 08 : 50 | | last modified : | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5568564138534067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.703582"} {"text": "reading skills : making connections these sites provide various activities involving the reading stragey with connections to text - to - text, text - to - self, and text - to - world. includes modeling scenarios as well as interactive activities for teachers. into the book : strategies for learning this site from wisconsin education communication board features interactive activities to teach questioning, visualizing, inferring, summarizing, evaluation, and synthesizing. videos model teaching lessons. readwritethink : making connections : strategy guide here is a strategy guide to learn how to model the three different kinds of connections ( text - to - text, text - to - self and text - to - world ). students then use the strategies to look for their own personal connections to a text. three downloadable posters describing the connections are available. reading response logs - making connections this pdf helps students connect to the texts they are reading. teaching reading comprehension : a look at reading comprehension strategies learn more about the following reading comprehension strategies : making connections, visualizing, questioning, inferring, evaluating, and synthesizing. note : this site includes ads. scholastic : making connections - self - monitoring see this series of seven lessons provides independent activities to engage students in making connections to text. note : this site contains ads. readwritethink : digging deeper : developing comprehension using \" thank you, mr. falker \" this lesson provides strategies for students to make personal connections to text by using \" thank you, mr. falker \". response journals may be used for recording student connections to the character and themes in the book. readwritethink : boars and baseball : making connections this lesson uses \" in the year of the boar and jackie robinson \" to teach reading strategies of text - to - self, text - to - text, and text - to - world. an extension activity is given. readwritethink : family ties : making connections to improve reading comprehension in this activity, students are engaged with picture books about families to make text - to - self, text - to - text, and text - to - world connections by reading and responding to those books. revisiting read - aloud : instructional strategies that encourage students ' engagement with text use this article for teaching examples of modeling text - to - text, text - to - self, and text - to - world strategies. several student activities are provided. this site provides information on six comprehension strategies and activities for students. note : this site contains ads. request state standards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5310455092086469, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.707272"} {"text": "prof. e. w. scripture contributes an article entitled \u201c how the voice looks \u201d to a recent number of the century. professor scripture is director of the psychological laboratory of yale university, and if his views are accepted there promises to be a revolution in vocal teaching. the illustrations tell some curious stories. here is one statement from the experimenter : not long ago i stated these facts to a well - known clef club, and supported them by the curves of german vowels sung into and traced from a phonograph by professor hermann, of konigsberg ; by pictures of spoken english vowels obtained in a different way by professors nichols and merritt, of cornell ; by analyses of finnish vowels by dr. pipping, of helsingfors ; by direct observations of the vocal cords made by dr. musehold according to a new method, and by the results of other investigations. the statements were received with a dismay mitigated only by incredulity. one member even remarked that such views \u201c would, if true, knock all our theories of vocal instruction into a cocked hat. \u201d there was, in fact, a natural reluctance to giving up the helmholtz overtone theory of vocal resonance. the abandonment of the incorrect theory of vocal action will probably require modifications in the present methods of vocal instruction, but that is a matter for the musicians to decide. i merely suggest that if the mouth - resonance cannot alter the sound from the cords except by mixture of new tones with it, it is hopeless to attempt to correct faulty cord - action by adjustment of the mouth ; the cords must be trained to emit such forms of explosions as will produce the best effects on the ear.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5258501843377745, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.710872"} {"text": "panama has historically served as the crossroads of trade for the americas. its strategic location as a bridge between two oceans and the meeting of two continents has made panama not only a maritime and air transport hub, but also an international trading, banking, and services center. panama \u2019 s global and regional prominence is being enhanced by recent trade liberalization and privatization, and it is participating actively in the hemispheric movement toward free trade agreements. panama ' s dollar - based economy offers low inflation in comparison with neighboring countries and zero foreign exchange risk. its government is stable and democratic and actively seeks foreign investment in all sectors, especially services, tourism and retirement properties. due to the country ' s historic evolution, which focused resources overwhelmingly on services and transactions, the assembly and manufacturing sectors \u2013 largely comprised of production of items such as processed foods, chemical products, construction materials and a small and declining clothing sector - remain severely underdeveloped. given the higher educational requirements for the service sector jobs panama \u2019 s economy created, this distortion has contributed to great income disparities, with social and economic inequalities marked by a high percentage of the population living at or near the poverty level, with significant underemployment and limited education and other social benefits. in 2010 the three major credit rating agencies \u2013 standard & poor \u2019 s, moody \u2019 s, and fitch - all raised their credit ratings for panama to investment grade, granting the government of panama international recognition for recent tax reforms and its record of steady gdp growth while keeping its deficits under control ( even in 2009, a dismal year for the world economy, panama \u2019 s economy grew 2. 9 % and the government of panama \u2019 s deficit was only 1 % of gdp ). not only does the investment - grade rating lower the cost of borrowing for the government of panama, but it sends a strong market signal that panama, even while carrying a debt ratio that is relatively high, is one of only five latin american countries to achieve this distinction. panama ' s economy is based primarily on a well - developed services sector, accounting for about 75 % of gdp. services include the panama canal, banking, the colon free zone, insurance, container ports, and flagship registry. panama is currently engaged in the panama canal expansion project. this project, in conjunction with the expansion of the capacities of its ports on both the atlantic and pacific coasts, will solidify panama \u2019 s global logistical advantage in the western hemisphere. this logistical platform has aided the success of the colon free zone ( cfz ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44383215532228315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.724780"} {"text": "in conjunction with the expansion of the capacities of its ports on both the atlantic and pacific coasts, will solidify panama \u2019 s global logistical advantage in the western hemisphere. this logistical platform has aided the success of the colon free zone ( cfz ), the second largest in the world after hong kong, which has become a vital trading and transshipment center serving the region and the world. cfz imports \u2013 a broad array of luxury goods, electronic products, clothing, and other consumer products - arrive from all over the world to be resold, repackaged, and reshipped, primarily to regional markets. because of this product mix, u. s. brand market share is significant, even if most of those products are made in asia. hong kong is the cfz ' s biggest supplier, while colombia and ecuador are the two largest destinations for exports from the cfz. the u. s. is panama ' s most important trading partner, with about 30 % of the import market, and u. s. products enjoy a high degree of acceptance in panama. in 2011, u. s. exports to panama jumped 34 % to $ 8. 25 billion \u2013 in no small part due to the fact that panama \u2019 s economy grew 10. 5 %. however, international competition for sales is strong across sectors including telecommunications equipment, automobiles, heavy construction equipment, consumer electronics, computers, apparel, gifts, and novelty products. panama \u2019 s inflexible labor laws are a source of concern for prospective investors. firing practices are excessively regulated, reducing labor mobility and inhibiting hiring. while inexpensive in global terms, panama ' s minimum wage is relatively high in a central american context. in addition, competent technical employees fluent in english may be hard to find. these labor issues, coupled with relatively high costs for electricity, result in higher than average unit production costs in panama. instances of questionable government practices continue to affect u. s. investors in panama. these include bidding procedures, contract obligations, and a slow and imperfect judicial system. the current administration has announced an ambitious agenda of fiscal reform, anticorruption and transparency improvements, and reform of the social security system. with the exception of fiscal reform, however, there has been little to no progress on these fronts. continued improvements in the areas of educational and judicial reform will be critical for panama to improve its business competitiveness standing in the region. international indexes generally rate panama as one of the best countries in latin america for business and investment. at the same time, however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41774462610160024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.726399"} {"text": "the areas of educational and judicial reform will be critical for panama to improve its business competitiveness standing in the region. international indexes generally rate panama as one of the best countries in latin america for business and investment. at the same time, however, u. s. investors have voiced concerns about corruption and inconsistent treatment. for these reasons we encourage u. s. companies interested in investing in panama to read our report on investing in panama thoroughly and to contact us for more information. we also recommend that americans interested in purchasing property in panama review the u. s. citizens services note here. panama has no restrictions on the outflow of capital or outward direct investment. its accession to the world trade organization in mid - 1997 opened up trade and lowered tariffs across the board, giving panama the lowest average tariff rate in latin america. panama \u2019 s recognition of the u. s. sanitary and phytosanitary system and the creation of a new food safety authority have essentially eliminated the previous slow and arbitrary procedures for issuing phytosanitary permits for u. s. food products. consumer attitudes and many brand preferences are similar to the u. s. u. s. television, radio and magazines are all available and popular in panama. panamanians frequently travel to the u. s. for vacation, medical treatment, study and business. their buying patterns and tastes are similar to those of u. s. consumers. u. s. goods and services enjoy a reputation for high quality and are highly competitive. panama has in recent years established itself as a regional competitor to miami for consumer retail, which may result in a larger market than its domestic population would indicate. the country boasts the highest per capita gdp in the region. however, income distribution is highly skewed toward a relatively small, consumer goods - oriented, economically powerful class. this class enjoys a very high level of disposable income. they prefer high quality trend - setting goods where price is a secondary determinant in the purchasing decision. the expansion of the panama canal \u2013 a us $ 5. 25 billion project that will double capacity and allow passage of larger post - panamax vessels - was approved in a national referendum in 2006 and started in 2007. the government of panama sees this project as essential to maintaining its stature in global transport and hopes to complete it in 2014. when completed, the project will have a significant impact on u. s. ports, which are already positioning themselves to take advantage of the expansion. an interesting area for foreign investment is in the former canal zone", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4014170262166644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.731007"} {"text": "transport and hopes to complete it in 2014. when completed, the project will have a significant impact on u. s. ports, which are already positioning themselves to take advantage of the expansion. an interesting area for foreign investment is in the former canal zone and associated military bases. one of the largest facilities, the former howard air force base, is being developed into a \u201c new town \u201d with offices, light warehousing, apartments, homes along with shops and restaurants, all within a special economic incentive zone. a number of anchor u. s. clients, e. g. dell, 3m, caterpillar, and w. r. grace, have established growing operations in this area. panama is on record as being in favor of free trade agreements ( ftas ) and is currently working to implement a trade promotion agreement ( tpa ) with the u. s. that will result in tariffs immediately dropping to zero for approximately 87 % of u. s. exports, with the remainder phased out over time. panama has full ftas with el salvador, taiwan, singapore, chile, costa rica, honduras, guatemala, peru and nicaragua ; and partial ftas with mexico, dominican republic and cuba. panama is in the process of implementing an fta with the european union while an fta with canada is pending ratification by the canadian parliament. due to its open economy, panama has few market access problems. one of the more common market entry options is to appoint an agent or distributor. another option is to find a local partner who can provide market knowledge and contacts. other businesses have been successful via licenses or franchises. the u. s. commercial service offers u. s. companies market entry assistance through a variety of services, any of which can be tailored to suit your needs. we also will work to defend your business interests in panama if the need arises. we measure ourselves on our ability to help you do more business in panama. given the ease of air travel between the u. s. and panama, our gold key service ( gks ) is our most popular offering. this service connects you with qualified representatives, distributors, partners, or customers. the u. s. embassy will conduct background checks, set up the meetings, and provide translation and driving services as part of the package. to learn more about how we can assist you in doing more business in panama, please visit our website at www. export. gov / panama. you can also call us at 011 - 507 - 317 - 5000 or email us at email @ example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43142527003514974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.735159"} {"text": "sexuality and sexual identity human sexuality is a topic of great interest in society, but has been difficult to develop as a research field, outside a narrow biological or medical context. in recent decades, however, sexuality has developed as an important field of research in the social and cultural sciences. its topics include the social structures shaping sexual practice ; the variations between cultures \u2013 and within cultures \u2013 in practices around intercourse, childbirth and sexual health ; sexual violence and exploitation ; representations of sexuality in mass media ; and the role of sexuality in human development. the practical importance of social research on sexuality, for purposes such as addressing the hiv / aids pandemic, are now recognised. researchers in this area include : | dr kellie burns | | senior lecturer, health education and professional practice ; research progress manager \u2013 division of doctoral studies keywords : gender, sexuality, sexual citizenship, gender / sexuality and sport, sexualities education, pedagogies of health and wellbeing, school as clinical setting | professor jude irwin | | professor of social work and social justice, social work and policy studies | dr kate russell | | senior lecturer, human movement and health education ; doctoral studies research progress manager ; division low risk ethics committee keywords : gender, body image, sexuality, sport, identity, sexual health education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48193991133502134, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.746960"} {"text": "- c. v. sum - elt calendar my students very often tend to do the required course readings once, struggling not only with comprehension, but also relating the content from week to week. in order to both improve comprehension and dig deeper, this post is about pushing students to engage with the readings. one lesson i \u2019 ve tried to instill in new university students is that to understand material and get the most from a reading, you need to engage with it, like having a conversation where you go down various tangents, inspired by the original discussion, but always being able to bring it back. likewise, the more you engage with a reading, the less work you \u2019 ll need to do later when using it as part of your research. giving examples or even practicing engagement in a class or two and expecting them to do it on their own simply isn \u2019 t enough. learners need the skills broken down into separate functions to recognise and practice. what do we do to engage with readings? how can they be divided into clearer, concise roles to practice before being put together? and despite strong encouragement, it \u2019 s rare that any student will fully grasp how to engage even if they have the gumption to run with it on their own. this has been my experience. last year, my colleagues and i tried out a version of reading circles in the vein of furr ( 2004 ) with the readings required by the history credit course our students concurrently took. though it seemed to help them understand the primary and secondary sources, in - class discussion infrequently moved into true discussion. with several factors potentially contributing to this, this year i kept the same general timeline, but determined that i \u2019 d control certain factors : 1 ) modify the roles to suit our students \u2019 needs and our goals, 2 ) require student reflections after the in - class discussions, and 3 ) choose the readings themselves. each role needs really to serve two purposes : help engage with material and practice research essay skills. with this in mind, i tweaked furr \u2019 s explanations of the role responsibilities a little ( see document below ). i also added a few roles. interpreting, evaluating and integrating visual media from readings and into essays is a vital skill at this level. as a result, i added in a visualiser role, along the lines of the artistic adventurer ( daniels 2002 ). another change was emphasise critical thinking regarding bias, reliability and context. in comes my contextualiser role. finally, i collapsed the word master and passage finder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48396013701434226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.776258"} {"text": "a visualiser role, along the lines of the artistic adventurer ( daniels 2002 ). another change was emphasise critical thinking regarding bias, reliability and context. in comes my contextualiser role. finally, i collapsed the word master and passage finder into the highlighter. the handout i give students is here. the first page is for teacher \u2019 s reference, whereas students get the second in order to encourage cognisance of the roles \u2019 purposes and effects. i allow students to choose their weekly roles, exceptions : there must be a discussion leader and not same role twice in a row. this gives a certain control back. to do this, they update this google spreadsheet so i can monitor more effectively. a new feature added in this year is to reflect on the process each week before moving on. so far, i \u2019 ve given two groups the following points to consider and asked them to email me their reflection : a ) how your partners contributed to your understanding of this article b ) how critiqued of what you prepared helped you c ) how the extra help ( i wrote questions to consider for each role on the board during the discussion to help students fill gaps in their preparation \u2013 edit : november 19 \u2013 see photos of my board at the bottom of this post ) was similar to or different from what you \u2019 d prepared and what you could use to fill in your role d ) who was most / least vocal, why and what could be done to better manage the discussion next time e ) which role you think appeals to you the most and why with one group, i asked them to answer all. with the other, i asked them to reflect on all, but submit one they felt was significant to them. beware, the answers vary from the extremely wishy - washy : a ) as the discussion leader, [ joe ] has led us to understanding this reading and we can get a common view of a whole group. as the highlighter, [ mark ] has shown us the main sentence of the article and explained the complex or topical vocabulary. as the contextualiser, [ charles ] gave us the background of the event. to the more meaty : a ) \u2026 thirdly, i want to talk about our visualiser, [ smith ]. i got really surprised about things she found. showing the picture about the how haitian works in the dominican republic, map of the haiti and dominican republic, and an introduction video about the film \u201c the price of sugar \u201d, really helped me a lot. because i didn \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5115306258080936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.787321"} {"text": "about things she found. showing the picture about the how haitian works in the dominican republic, map of the haiti and dominican republic, and an introduction video about the film \u201c the price of sugar \u201d, really helped me a lot. because i didn \u2019 t find these information when i want to find some information to better understand the article, i got surprised, especially the video. that gave me the visual impact how bad the situation is in haiti, and helped me remember it better than just reading the words. i collect these ungraded reflections and use them as examples to differentiate fluffy content from substance as well as see what the students themselves feel the value is. it \u2019 s great to have choice, especially when reading for pleasure, but when it \u2019 s meant to practice certain skills for high - stakes assignments, i \u2019 d prefer to take the reigns for the time being. last year, our purpose solely was to have students understand the required readings of the history course. this worked and it didn \u2019 t ( see above ). this year, we decided not to use the required readings themselves, but take another page from the reading circle roles, connector, by choosing related readings that provide extra context, interesting connections, quotable ideas, and topical discussion. we \u2019 ll use increasingly lengthy articles as time goes on and success at how to perform the roles increases. i also plan to choose readings that demonstrate great personal bias, technically challenging vocabulary and increasingly complex, less obvious connections. after the in - class reading circle discussion, i post next week \u2019 s article on blackboard as well as extra information ( e. g. link to download the article, citation example, date of in - class discussion ). to enhance students \u2019 preparation, i often add links to extra material for the current article ( see week 8 example on the right ). here are two articles my students have used so you can see an example of how they relate to the history reading / lecture of that week : week 8 & 9 history topics : the haitian revolution ( 1791 - 1804 ) week 8 rc article : terral, ben. \u201c haiti : the price of sugar. \u201d review of the price of sugar, by bill haney ( dir. ), global research. november 19, 2007, http : / / www. globalresearch. ca / index. php? context = va & aid = 7372. ( download ) week 9 rc article : peguero, valentina. \u201c teaching the haitian revolution : its place in western and modern world history. \u201d the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48378723214254993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.792916"} {"text": "##earch. ca / index. php? context = va & aid = 7372. ( download ) week 9 rc article : peguero, valentina. \u201c teaching the haitian revolution : its place in western and modern world history. \u201d the history teacher volume 32, no. 1 ( november 1998 ) : 33 \u2013 41. ( download ) one final task is to submit a group report one week later. this includes a formatted submission of what they prepared for their roles, as well as modifications based on the group discussion. little by little, the students seem to be getting more and more from the readings. more and more their desire to investigate more autonomously is improving. and i \u2019 m pleasantly surprised by many of their reflections suggesting something to the effect of them being helpful. here are two quick videos of students giving it a go : 1st week \u2013 16 students, mostly mandarin - speakers week 2 \u2013 28 students, mainly mandarin - speakers, 1 russian, 1 indonesian daniels, h. literature circles : voice and choice in book clubs and reading groups. ( second edition ). portland, me : stenhouse ; 2002 furr, m. literature circles for the efl classroom. 2004. available at http : / / www. eflliteraturecircles. com / litcirclesforefl. pdf ( accessed on november 11, 2011 ). shelton strong, s. \u201c literacture circles in elt. \u201d elt journal 2011. first published online july 18, 2011 doi : 10. 1093 / elt / ccr049 ( accessed on november 6, 2011 ). arc in practicum, a concrete example of how this activity worked in reality. the interactions of arc, which details interactions with instructor and each other. the highlighter role, details of how this lexically - focussed role works context is important, a preview the contextualiser role using visuals to represent concepts in texts, introducing the visualiser role to students arc workshop slides, from # toscon12, # tc12 & # tesolfr feel free to share this post! = ) - may 7th, 2013may 7th, 2013april 28th, 2013 posts by month posts by category", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5162059406671567, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.794237"} {"text": "this post really is about using lvm ( logical volume manager ; an abstraction layer for disk devices ) snapshots. a snapshot is a frozen image of a logical volume, which simply means \u201c filesystem \u201d. it \u2019 s not really \u201c frozen \u201d, lvm2 snapshots are read / write by default. but you can freeze a filesystem in time with a lvm snapshot. the background of this really is exadata ( computing node ) and upgrading, but has nothing unique to exadata. so don \u2019 t let this bother you. but the idea of using lvm snapshots popped up when dealing with exadata computing nodes and upgrades. first of all : lvm is in development, which mean different linux versions have different lvm options available to them. i am using the exadata x2 linux version : rhel / ol 5u7 x86 _ 64. i guess ol6 has more and more advanced features inside lvm, but with x2, ol5u7 is what i have to use. so the steps in this blogpost are done with this version. any comments are welcome! second : if you want to experiment with this : most people allocate all space in the volume group to logical volumes upfront. a snapshot is a cow ( copy on write ) copy of a logical volume. this means a snapshot starts off with zero extra bytes ( source and snapshot are equal ), and grows as the source gets modified. this means you need to have free / available space in the volume group to facilitate the snapshot. then there is another caveat : the \u2018 / boot \u2019 filesystem cannot be in lvm, so is a normal partition on most systems ( also on exadata ). this means snapshots do not help if you want a backup of that filesystem. you need to use another trick. okay, here we go : you have a large modification upcoming and want to be able to restore your system to this moment in time. 1. backup / boot filesystem [ root @ localhost ~ ] # df / boot filesystem 1k - blocks used available use % mounted on / dev / sda1 248895 24037 212008 11 % / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # umount / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # dd if = / dev / sda1 of = dev", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5184422667624122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.805582"} {"text": "dev / sda1 248895 24037 212008 11 % / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # umount / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # dd if = / dev / sda1 of = dev _ sda1 _ backup [ root @ localhost ~ ] # mount / boot 2. create snapshot of logical volumes in this example it \u2019 s only the root filesystem ( which is a bit special, because this filesystem is set in grub. conf for the bootloader, and in / etc / fstab ). [ root @ localhost ~ ] # lvdisplay - v / dev / vg00 / lv _ root using logical volume ( s ) on command line / dev / hdc : open failed : no medium found - - - logical volume - - - lv name / dev / vg00 / lv _ root vg name vg00 lv uuid wutwln - ffdb - qrlg - 1lgl - xqkb - glvn - opcoww lv write access read / write lv status available # open 1 lv size 3. 91 gb current le 125 segments 1 allocation inherit read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 block device 253 : 0 lvdisplay displays the properties of the logical volume to be snapshotted, i use this to spot the number of le \u2019 s. [ root @ localhost ~ ] # lvcreate - l 125 - s / dev / vg00 / lv _ root - n lv _ root _ snap / dev / hdc : open failed : no medium found logical volume \" lv _ root _ snap \" created the system now has been backed up in a way that we can revert to this situation. next would be to do the o / s upgrade, software upgrade or whatever. it goes horribly wrong, and you need to restore the system to the previous situation. 1. rename current logical volume in this case, i rename my lv _ root logical volume to lv _ root _ old : [ root @ localhost ~ ] # lvrename / dev / vg00 / lv _ root / dev / vg00 / lv _ root _ old / dev / hdc : open failed : no medium found renamed \" lv _ root \" to \" lv _ root _ old \" in volume group \" vg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45697041397690746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.806841"} {"text": "##v _ root / dev / vg00 / lv _ root _ old / dev / hdc : open failed : no medium found renamed \" lv _ root \" to \" lv _ root _ old \" in volume group \" vg00 \" the logical volume ( which we currently use ) has been renamed. 2. create new lv _ root this is the logical volume we are going to use to put the snapshot in. [ root @ localhost ~ ] # lvcreate - l 125 - n lv _ root / dev / vg00 logical volume \" lv _ root \" created 3. populate the new lv _ root with the snapshot contents [ root @ localhost ~ ] # dd if = / dev / vg00 / lv _ root _ snap of = / dev / vg00 / lv _ root 8192000 + 0 records in 8192000 + 0 records out 4194304000 bytes ( 4. 2 gb ) copied, 93. 0858 seconds, 45. 1 mb / s 4. restore the / boot filesystem [ root @ localhost ~ ] # umount / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # dd if = dev _ sda1 _ backup of = / dev / sda1 [ root @ localhost ~ ] # mount / boot [ root @ localhost ~ ] # shutdown - r now this sequence of events enabled me to restore my system to a post - modification situation. of course you should test this very thoroughly for your own situation, but this offers an elegant way, which has little external dependencies. post restore / cleaning up : when the system is reverted to its old situation, we are left with a logical volume and a snapshot which probably are not of use anymore. these can be cleaned up the following way : [ root @ localhost ~ ] # lvremove / dev / vg00 / lv _ root _ old do you really want to remove active logical volume lv _ root _ snap? [ y / n ] : y logical volume \" lv _ root _ snap \" successfully removed do you really want to remove active logical volume lv _ root _ old? [ y / n ] : y logical volume \" lv _ root _ old \" successfully removed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4532194787472895, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.807977"} {"text": "access to educational materials there are many factors affecting access to online educational materials, such as the cost of the materials, the cost of access, restrictive copyright licences, language, and local relevance of the content. these are broad and ongoing issues, with gains slowly being made to allow more access for more school and university students around the world. in developed countries, affordable broadband is creating a truly information - rich learning environment for students. it is possible to find information on most topics very easily and quickly. in this environment, skills such as information literacy, critical reading and problem solving become important. for too many students in the developing world, access remains limited. in the 21st century, where being networked is essential to learning, working and playing in the information society, the lack of access directly undermines the universal right to education. one emerging trend could play a part in changing this : the rise of the mobile phone. of course, the physical platform of access \u2013 the phone \u2013 is only one piece of a complex puzzle, but it is of such a disruptive nature that it could significantly move access to information a few steps closer to being a universally enjoyed right. the staggering uptake of mobile phones \u2013 in terms of speed of adoption and number of users \u2013 has surprised even the greatest of techno - optimists. while universally accepted figures are difficult to obtain, it was reported that by the end of 2008, worldwide mobile cellular subscribers would reach the four billion mark. a full 1. 3 billion of those subscribers would come from the bric countries ( brazil, russia, india and china ), which were driving the bulk of the growth in adoption. in the same year it was also reported that africa was the world \u2019 s fastest growing mobile market. the international telecommunication union ( itu ) cautions that these figures need to be \u201c carefully interpreted \u201d ( which is outside the scope of this paper ), but the overall gist is understood : the mobile revolution has happened, and is here to stay. when understood in the context of around one billion people accessing the internet, the revolution becomes even more significant. what does it mean for education and access to online educational materials when it is claimed that for every personal computer ( pc ) there are four mobile phones? the emergent field of mobile learning, or m \u2011 learning, has been trying to answer that question ( even while struggling to define itself in a field that is constantly evolving ). initial definitions focused exclusively on the device itself, presenting m \u2011 learning as any learning that happened through a personal digital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5028238609871927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.817297"} {"text": "or m \u2011 learning, has been trying to answer that question ( even while struggling to define itself in a field that is constantly evolving ). initial definitions focused exclusively on the device itself, presenting m \u2011 learning as any learning that happened through a personal digital assistant ( pda ) or mobile phone. this view is problematic ; it is the equivalent of focussing on the physical object of a book, and not the content it holds. over the years, more mature definitions have emerged that focus on issues such as mobility, and on how \u201c personal mobile and wireless devices can enhance, transform and extend learning, teaching, assessment and administration. \u201d added to that are opportunities for creative expression, social networking and identity development, to name but a few. m - learning offers characteristics of \u201c ownership, informality, mobility, and context that will always be inaccessible to conventional tethered e - learning \u201d. clearly m \u2011 learning is not just e \u2011 learning that has gone for a walk, but something rather different. mobile phones are personal, part of our emotional lives and almost always with us. through mobile phones, access begins to be conceived in terms of \u201c just - in - time \u201d and \u201c just - for - me \u201d learning. for this reason, traxler posits that \u201c it is entirely possible that the emergence of mobile learning in developing countries will take the evolution of e \u2011 learning along a trajectory that is very different from that in developed countries, where it has been predicated on massive, static, and stable resources \u201d \u2013 an exciting prospect. many opportunities exist for m \u2011 learning to increase the reach and depth of access to online educational materials \u2013 too many to cover here. four key issues stand out and are worth mentioning : mobility, or being able to access and share information from anywhere ( where there is coverage, of course ) and at any time ; the pervasiveness of the device ( for example, compared to the number of pcs in telecentres or schools ) ; the ability to access not only materials but people, fully exploiting the communication feature of phones in the service of education ; and the potential of the phone as a device for content creation. in addition to the texting that happens on phones, many phones today have cameras that can take still images as well as video. many phones can also play audio files and have radio. increasingly, even lower - end handsets have general packet radio service ( gprs ) capability, allowing for internet access and web browsing. mobile instant messaging ( mim ), through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5150870166924072, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.818371"} {"text": "video. many phones can also play audio files and have radio. increasingly, even lower - end handsets have general packet radio service ( gprs ) capability, allowing for internet access and web browsing. mobile instant messaging ( mim ), through services such as mxit or mig33, is becoming popular with the youth on phones such as these. in south africa alone, mxit claims a user base of 14 million. one project that has captured the learning opportunities provided by mobile phones is dr math, which is set up on the mxit platform in south africa. this service provides maths tutoring \u2013 from live tutors \u2013 via mim to anybody about any school maths question, from 14 : 00 to 22 : 00 on sunday to thursday. using chat, learners can be tutored at night in their rooms. it is a very affordable and effective learning service ( one tutor can help up to 50 learners in an hour ), providing just - in - time support. while the educational potential of m \u2011 learning is enormous, a number of key challenges need to be overcome. poor user experience and un - optimised content for someone who has access to the internet only through their mobile phone, the experience is hugely empowering. but the small screen and non - qwerty keyboard interface of most phones limits that interaction. certain content types \u2013 bite - sized and just - in - time \u2013 favour this interface. however, much of the existing online educational materials will need to be reformatted or repurposed to make them mobile friendly. language and localisation of content the perennial issues of too much english learning material and not enough in other languages, as well as a lack of local content \u2013 or locally adapted content \u2013 still pervade the access debate. the mobile phone alone cannot rectify this imbalance. but when viewing the phone as a content - creation device, it can empower users to generate and share local content. furthermore, because phones are ideally suited to accessing locally relevant and timely information, the incentive to generate this content \u2013 for content providers and local citizens \u2013 is increased. mobile tariffs are still too high in developing countries, especially because most citizens pre - pay for their usage, which is more expensive than contract rates. there is even some research that suggests that \u201c mobiles are doing more economic harm than good, and sometimes making poor people poorer, \u201d because they spend too much of their income on mobile communication. there is much work to be done to lobby network operators throughout africa to reduce tariffs, and for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49579494535990565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.819476"} {"text": "\u201c mobiles are doing more economic harm than good, and sometimes making poor people poorer, \u201d because they spend too much of their income on mobile communication. there is much work to be done to lobby network operators throughout africa to reduce tariffs, and for handsets to become cheaper. as an interim measure, network operators could zero - rate data costs for access to educational sites, and reduce short message service ( sms ) costs for educational purposes. the discussion of access to educational materials within the context of mobile phones is very broad in scope, and we have touched on only some of the issues. while the field of m - learning is still emergent, there are enough innovative examples that have demonstrated the potential that mobile phones have for increasing not only access to educational materials, but also the power to create and share these materials in the developing world. going forward, we should think carefully about how to exploit the pervasiveness of mobile phones, and about how their features \u2013 their unique content and services \u2013 provide new ways to educate and learn. ahonen, t. ( 2008 ) mobile as 7th of the mass media : cellphone, cameraphone, iphone, smartphone, futuretext, london. traxler, j. ( 2009 ) current state of mobile learning, in ally, m. ( ed. ) mobile learning : transforming the delivery of education and training, athabasca university press, edmonton, p. 9 - 24. traxler, j. and sugden, d. ( 2007 ) why go mobile? an overview of mobile and wireless learning. www. jisc. ac. uk / media / documents / programmes / elearninginnovation / session1 _ jtds _ whygomobile. pdf reed, m. ( 2008 ) africa, world ' s fastest growing mobile market. allafrica. com / stories / 200804280943. html ahonen, t. ( 2008 ) mobile as 7th of the mass media : cellphone, cameraphone, iphone, smartphone, futuretext, london. roberts, c. ( n. d. ), cited in traxler, j. and sugden, d. ( 2007 ) why go mobile? an overview of mobile and wireless learning. www. jisc. ac. uk / media / documents / programmes / elearninginnovation / session1 _ jtds _ whygomobile. pdf traxler, j. ( 2009 ) current state of mobile learning, in ally, m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4367856059027994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.820591"} {"text": "the us gets 60 % of its imported oil from countries which are not free nor stable. click on map for more details. the world economy pumped 87 million barrels of oil a day in 2011, up from 84 mlllion in 2007. with emerging economies demanding more petroleum to fuel their growth, oil producers are turning to more difficult conditions and hostile territories for their exploration and production. the increasing difficulties in maintaining high production rates is the key metric in this conflict. although the earth may contain billions of barrels of oil or similar hydrocarbons, it is only the amount that can be extracted in a timely fashion that is use to economies and societies. there have been many examples of this extraction rate going into decline after a high point, a phenomenon called \" peak oil. \" the united states experience peak oil in the early 1970 ' s. as other countries, and ultimately the world as a whole, go into peak oil phases, competition is expected to become more intense. the map to the right shows the political status of countries which export oil to the united states. the green countries are assessed as ' free ' by the think tank freedom house. the yellow countries are ' partly free ' and the purple are ' not free. ' the united states gets 60 percent of its foreign oil from countries which are neither free, peaceful nor stable. click on the map to enlarge it and for a table and its accompanying story. the first years of the 21st century have seen unusual hurricanes, tornado swarms, floods and droughts descending upon natural areas, croplands and cities. some say it is a largely a manifestation of man - made climate change ; others attribute it to natural variability and periodic trends of the earth. and there is the argument that it is some of both. whatever the cause, extreme weather is causing thousands of deaths and destroying billions of dollars of property and crops. coastlines are impacted by sea level rise, even at the rate of a few millimeters a year. this channel helps you stay informed about the issues and ramifications of extreme weather.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5007855687199696, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.822627"} {"text": "hydrolysisgreenspun. com : lusenet : introductory geology, oswego state : one thread in class monday we talked about hydrolysis. i was wondering why potassium feldspar leaves a solid of clay minerals and doesn ' t dissolve completely like a calcite mineral would. - - sandra feocco ( dominick f @ prodigy. net ), february 27, 2001 i found this information on the internet in encarta. msn. com under calcite. i hope this helps a little. calcite group - group of minerals belonging to the carbonate group that are isomorphous with one another and have the same properties. minerals in this group can partially or fully replace one another. for example, iron may take the place of magnesium in magnesite calcite is only slightly soluble in pure cold water. however, rainwater or other water in contact with air will absorb carbon dioxide from the air. carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. calcite reacts with carbonic acid to form calcium bicarbonate. calcium bicarbonate is quite soluble in water. thus, the solubility of calcite is sensitive to the acidity of the water. the solubility of calcite is also sensitive to the temperature of the water, being quite soluble in hot water but not in cold water. calcite frequently dissolves in one location and precipitates in another location when the water becomes less acidic or cools. ( mgco3 ), transforming it to siderite ( feco3 ). this information was found in the encyclopedia under potassium. potassium is found in nature in large quantities, ranking eighth in order of abundance of the elements in the crust of the earth, in various minerals such as carnallite, feldspar, saltpeter, greensand, and sylvite. potassium is a constituent of all plant and animal tissue as well as a vital constituent of fertile soil. my guess is that because calcite is a dissolvable and potassium feldspar is a mettalic which is undissolvable are the reasons you are looking for. i hope i am right or on the right track for you. - - tina miller ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ), february 27, 2001.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5030628577721202, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.824973"} {"text": "kansas city on ice january 29 marked the arrival of an historic ice storm that devastated large portions of the midwest. one of the hardest hit locales was the kansas city metropolitan area. officials called it the worst natural disaster in local history. the results were as instructive as they were devastating. the storm began on january 29 and lasted through the 31 though the thought of ice storms may evoke mental images of branches and whole trees crashing violently through lines ( in fact, that does happen ), the reality in most cases is somewhat different, though sometimes no less spectacular. as ice accumulates, tree branches sag, drooping onto power lines. according to jerry borland, executive editor of transmission and distribution world magazine, this is what causes most outages in ice storms. the branches cause a short, or fault, when they touch the lines. if no protective measures were in place, the arcs generated by the electrical current would eventually melt the line, causing it to break. to prevent this, utilities install in - line fusible links, as well as fuses on transformers, that will blow when a fault occurs. this results in a loss of power, and each one of the blown fuses must be replaced manually to restore service. that ' s why it takes so long to regain power after a widespread event. but it ' s easier than repairing broken lines, which would take even longer. in the end, most customers in the kansas city area were without power. utility crews from all across the midwest were called in to help. according to borland, \u201c the normal workforce for kansas city power and light ( the largest utility in the kc area ) is 107 crews, which amounts to 489 people. the ice storm resulted in kcp & l bolstering their workforce by an additional 738 crews, totaling an additional 2, 300 people. kcp & l recorded the most outages with 285, 000 total reported outages, \u201d but was not the only utility severely affected. the destruction clearly showed that areas where line clearance had occurred recently were less prone to destruction. as much as people complain about what ' s done to trees around power lines, it ' s a valuable thing, as this storm proved. afterward, area utilities were criticized for not trimming aggressively enough. ( sometimes, you just can ' t win! ) according to borland, tree trimming is one of the largest line items in utilities ' budgets, and often it ' s difficult to adequately fund trimming operations. perhaps more interesting were the clear differences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39989311314608117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.829342"} {"text": "sometimes, you just can ' t win! ) according to borland, tree trimming is one of the largest line items in utilities ' budgets, and often it ' s difficult to adequately fund trimming operations. perhaps more interesting were the clear differences among tree species regarding structural damage. mike dougherty, urban forester and owner of tree management company ( lenexa, kan. ), saw first - hand how some trees fared better than others. dougherty lists the following susceptible species and causes of failure : silver maple : soft wood resulting in mid - limb failure ; forks / v - shaped crotches and weak branch attachments resulting in splits ; re - sprout failures from previous topping practices. red maple ( cultivars ) : same failures as silver maple. river birch : soft wood resulting mid - limb and trunk failure. green and white ash ( cultivars ) : forks / v - shaped crotches and weak branch attachments causing splits. redbud and dogwood : forks / v - shaped crotches and weak branch attachments causing splits. ornamental pear ( cultivars ), primarily bradford : co - dominant stems, forks / v - shaped crotches causing splits, often to the ground, destroying entire tree. siberian elm : brittle wood causing snaps / breaks mid - limb ; re - sprout failures from previous topping practices. willow and cottonwood : soft wood resulting in mid - limb and trunk failure. looking at dougherty ' s list, you see a mix of \u201c old \u201d species, as well as some currently popular types. dougherty asserts that just as we now are paying for poor planting choices made decades ago ( such as siberian elm, which was widely planted as a replacement for american elms ravaged by dutch elm disease ), many of our current choices will create similar problems in 20 to 40 years. newer popular species, such as red maple and river birch, are planted by the thousand and are not among the more structurally sound trees. people just don ' t realize what a problem they may be creating, according to dougherty, because these specimens aren ' t old and large enough to do much damage yet. that may be too generous, however. despite the wide recognition of their weak structures, people continue to plant silver maples and bradford pears in great numbers in urban areas. of course, this is not to say the species on dougherty ' s list have no place \u2026 just not next to houses and power lines! too often, we ignore long - term or infre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45877245020849444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.831226"} {"text": "phoenix feathers are feathers shed by phoenixes, primarily gathered and used in wandmaking. this is one of the rarest core types. phoenix feathers are capable of the greatest range of magic, though they may take longer than either unicorn or dragon cores to reveal this. they show the most initiative, sometimes acting of their own accord, a quality that many witches and wizards dislike. phoenix feather wands are always the pickiest when it comes to potential owners, for the creature from which they are taken is one of the most independent and detached in the world. these wands are the hardest to tame and to personalise, and their allegiance is usually hard won. known wandsharry potter ' s and tom riddle ' s wand cores came from the same phoenix : fawkes, who belonged to albus dumbledore. these two wands are brothers. therefore, they have a certain connection and may produce unusual magical effects when forced to duel one another ; a phenomenon known as priori incantatem. he who must not be named kidnapped ollivander, the wand maker, for information. ollivander told him that a different wand may work against harry, but harry destroyed the \" borrowed \" wand when lord voldemort chased him when harry was being moved. garrick ollivander also showed a maple and phoenix feather wand for trying to harry potter in 1991. the only phoenix known to have donated his feathers to make a wand was fawkes, albus dumbledore ' s magical bird. he only gave two feathers, one to harry potter ' s wand, and one to tom riddle ' s wand. there was at least one other phoenix who donated its feather to ollivander as shown in the maple wand ollivander showed harry in 1991. who this phoenix was and how its feather was attained is unknown. - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( first mentioned ) - harry potter and the philosopher ' s stone ( film ) ( mentioned only ) - harry potter and the chamber of secrets ( seen on phoenix ) ( possibly ) - harry potter and the chamber of secrets ( film ) ( seen on phoenix ) - harry potter and the chamber of secrets ( video game ) ( seen on phoenix ) - harry potter and the goblet of fire ( mentioned only ) - harry potter and the order of the phoenix ( warning sign ) ( possibly seen on phoenix ) - harry potter and the order of the phoenix ( film ) ( seen on phoenix ) - harry potter and the half - blood prince", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44877917309659004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.834733"} {"text": "( source : journal of the national cancer institute, news release, sept. 27, 2012 ) wednesday, sept. 26 ( healthday news ) - - a colorectal gene database will help further research into the disease, a new study suggests. the crcgene database gathers all genetic association studies on colorectal cancer. it allows researchers to accurately interpret the risk factors of the disease and provides insight into the direction of further research, according to julian little, with the department of epidemiology and community medicine at the university of ottawa, and colleagues. to determine the genetic factors associated with colorectal cancer, they analyzed data from all published genetic association studies on colorectal cancer. the researchers identified 16 independent gene variants with the strongest links to colorectal cancer, among 23 variants, a number lower than expected. unfortunately, the researchers say, this reduces the feasibility of combining variants as a profile in a prediction tool to identity people who are at increased risk for colorectal cancer and who should be screened for the disease. even so, the analysis \" provides a resource for mining available data and puts into context the sample sizes required for the identification of true associations, \" the researchers wrote in the sept. 27 issue of the journal of the national cancer institute. about 950, 000 new cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed each year, according to a journal news release. risk factors for the disease include age, diet, lifestyle and possibly genetics. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention has more about colorectal cancer. copyright \u00a9 2013 scoutnews, llc. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4982008587079892, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.836737"} {"text": "how the kumbh mela crowds are counted date 2013 / 2 / 7 18 : 04 : 40 | topic : hindu press international allahabad, india, february 2, 2013 ( india real time ) : the kumbh mela is frequently billed as the world ' s largest religious gathering. it is almost certainly true. but how can we know for sure? the two men with the challenge of counting up to an estimated 80 million people are divided on how to do it. they also come up with different numbers. they are devesh chaturvedi, the commissioner of allahabad, and alok sharma, the inspector general of police in the city, which is hosting the hindu festival. the commissioner reckons the number of pilgrims passing through the kumbh mela site on the banks of the ganga between jan. 14 and march 10 will end up somewhere between 60 to 80 million. both men use different techniques for counting but agree neither method is scientific or water tight. mr. sharma is more conservative and estimates the final total will be around 40 to 60 million. \" we use thumb rules, \" says mr. sharma. his team positions counters at the entry points to the mela area, which leads to the bathing ghats ( banks ). they calculate the maximum crowd capacity of 100 meters of road based on the assumption that each pilgrim will take up 1. 5 square feet of ground. then they measure the speed of the crowd by timing how long it takes a police officer to move 600 meters with the throng. \" the pace of crowd keeps changing depending on the density, \" the inspector general adds. once they know how long it has taken the policeman to walk 600 meters they can work out how big a crowd has covered the same distance and how many people have passed. vehicles arriving along the entry roads around allahabad are counted manually and trains with up to 8, 000 passengers each are also added to the total. mr. chaturvedi has a different approach to the enormous population count. from a series of watch towers across the 14 sectors of the mela site head - counters try to keep a tab on the number of pilgrims below. \" it ' s not the most scientific way of doing it, \" mr chaturvedi says. \" but that is the only estimate available to us. \" this year for the first time the mela is also being tracked using satellite imagery. \" based on the color of the images they are going to tell what is the density of human beings, \" mr. chat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40219252531434796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.843179"} {"text": "every internet site in the world is facing the growing issue of fraudulent usage of information, and we want to work with users around the world to stop this practice. please keep reading to learn more about the warning signs and what you can do. spam email is such a common occurrence today that you may think you know what to look for. but there are two types of email scams \u2014 what ' s known as ' phishing ' and ' spoofing ' \u2014 that can be more difficult to identify. both practices concern fraudulent email where the ' from address ' has been forged to make it appear as if it came from somewhere, or someone, other than the actual source. below are the warning signs to look for : what ' s ' phishing ' all about - and how do i spot it? phishing emails are used to fraudulently obtain personal identification and account information. they can also be used to lure the recipient into downloading malicious software. the message will often suggest there are issues with the recipient ' s account that requires immediate attention. a link will also be provided to a spoof website where the recipient will be asked to provide personal / account information or download malicious software. monster will never ask you to download software in order to access your account or use our services. how is it different than ' spoofing '? spoof emails often include a fraudulent offer of employment and / or the invitation to serve as a go - between for payment processing or money transfers. this scam is primarily directed at a general audience, but it can also reach monster members who have included contact information on their resume. like with phishing emails, the sender ' s address is often disguised. examples of fraudulent email these examples of fraudulent email show you what to watch out for ( click to see details ) : consumer advice : how to avoid phishing scams the number and sophistication of phishing scams sent out to consumers is continuing to increase dramatically. while online banking and e - commerce is very safe, as a general rule you should be careful about giving out your personal financial information over the internet. the anti - phishing working group has compiled a list of recommendations that you can use to avoid becoming a victim of these scams. - be suspicious of any email with urgent requests for personal financial information - phishers typically include upsetting or exciting ( but false ) statements in their emails to get people to react immediately - they typically ask for information such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, social security numbers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5224105279755413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.848504"} {"text": "slavery and the law in virginia slave laws passed in virginia : 1640 - 1660 : the critical period : custom to law when status changed to \" servant for life \" 1660 - 1680 : slave laws further restrict freedom of blacks and legalize different treatment for blacks and whites - 1639 / 40 - - blacks excluded from the requirement of possessing arms. - 1642 - - black women counted as tithables ( taxable ). - 1662 - - possibility of life servitude for blacks. 1680 - 1705 : slave laws reflect racism and the deliberate separation of blacks and whites. color becomes the determining factor. conscious efforts to rigidly police slave conduct. - 1667 - - baptism does not bring freedom to blacks. - 1669 - - an act about the \" casual killing of slaves \" establishes that \" if any slave resist his master and by the extremity of the correction should chance to die, that his death not be accompted felony. \" - 1670 - - servant for life : the \" normal \" condition judged for blacks. - 1670 - - forbade free blacks and native americans, \" though baptised, \" to own christian servants. - 1680 - - prescription of thirty lashes on the bare back \" if any negroe or other slave shall presume to lift up his hand against any christian. \" - 1680s - - development of a separate legal code providing distinct trial procedures and harsher punishments for negroes. - 1680s - - status of the child is determined by the status or condition of the mother. - 1680s - - severe punishment prescribed for slaves who leave their master ' s property or for hiding or resisting capture. - 1691 - - banishment for any white person married to a negroe or mulatto and a systematic plan to capture \" outlying slaves \" is approved. - 1705 - - all negro, mulatto, and indian slaves are considered real estate. - 1705 - - dismemberment of unruly slaves is made legal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4260728247875409, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.853622"} {"text": "hampden is the most south - easterly town in. penobscot county west, of the penobscot river : having bangor on the northeast, herinon on the north, orrington on the east \u2014 separated by the penobscot. newhurgh on the west, and winterport, in waldo county, on the south. the area is 23, 040 acres. the surface is rolling rather than billy. the soil is favorable for agriculture. hermon pond lies on the north - west corner, with which are nearly connected two smaller ponds, stetson and patten, lying wholly within the town. through these ponds flows the soadabscook, entering the penobscot at hampden village. the principal stream beside this is the west branch of the soadabscook, rising in the south - west part of the town and emptying into stetson pond in the north - west. the principal water - power is near the mouth of the soadabscook, at hampden village. the manufactures of the town are paper ( two mills ) meal and flour, boats, barrels, coopers \u2019 ware and stock, etc. this and hampden corners, a short distance south on the river are considerable villages. both are ports, and have in time past had a large maritime commerce, and still have some business on the sea. other small villages are east and west harnpden, both in the northern part of the town. the first settler in hampden was benjamin wheeler, who came from new ham nshire about 1767, and built his dwelling near the \u201c basin \u201d at the mouth of the soadabscook. other settlers came in ; and wheeler, being a carpenter, built mills ; and the settlement soon became known as wheelersborough. being molested and threatened by the british, the settlers, in 1779, retired through the woods to the kennebec, and from thence to woolwich and portland. in 1783 they returned. in 1796 the township was surveyed and lotted by ephaim ballard, and every householder received 100 acres of land. if he were a settler before 1784, he paid the government $ 6 but if afterward and before january, 1794, he paid $ 50. the residue of the township was assigned to general knox, to make up for a deficiency under the waldo patent. after the peace there were large accessions of settlers, many from cape cod ; and in 1794 the town was incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39712059304582736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.900539"} {"text": "paid $ 50. the residue of the township was assigned to general knox, to make up for a deficiency under the waldo patent. after the peace there were large accessions of settlers, many from cape cod ; and in 1794 the town was incorporated. the name was chosen in honor of the english patriot, john hampden. among the early settlers were gen. john crosby, who entered into commercial business, and carried on an extensive trade both with euiope and the east indies. another prominent man was general gabriel johonot, a brave frenchman who served under washington, and was subsequently his friend and correspondent. lion. martin kinsley, general jedediah herrick, enoch brown and john godfrey were also prominent citizens of the town. hon. hannibal hamlin, vice - president and senator of the united states, settled in harnpden as a lawyer about 1832. during the last war with england the united states corvette \u201c adams, \u201d of 24 guns, commanded by capt. charles morris, having struck a sunken rock in penobscot bay, came to harnpden to repair the injury. a principal object of the british expedition up the river in the autumn was the capture of this vessel while she was dismantled and helpless. the british force consisted of two sloops of war, one brig, and several transports, with their crews and several hundred regulars. captain morris landed his guns, and erected two batteries, one on the wharf, and one on a hill 200 yards below. the militia collected to the number of about 600 ; and under the command of general blake, of brewer, took up a position on the ridge to oppose the troops as they advanced up the road from where they had landed at bald hill cove. when within about 300 yards of general blake \u2019 s position, the british opened fire, then advanced with fixed bayonets in \u201c double quick. \u201d being without breastworks, and outflanked, the militia quickly gave way and made a precipitate retreat. the foe then charged on captain morris \u2019 s batteries, driving their few defenders from their cannon at the point of the bayonet. captain morris at once blew up his ship, and with his men retreated to bangor, thence to portland. incensed at thus losing their prize, the officers for three days permitted the sailors, marines and infantry full liberty on shore, where they comitted many excesses in the plunder of citizens and destruction of property. when the enemy finally departed they took with theni nearly 80 of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37878441077457603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.917547"} {"text": "the atrocities committed by nazi soldiers during world war ii are well known. i ' d like to know what motivated these soldiers to do hitler ' s bidding? were they brain - washed? did they believe they were doing the right thing in killing 6 million ( jewish ) people? how could so many soldiers willing and consistently execute thousands of defenseless and innocent people, including children, day after day? i have to recommend the recent book soldaten : on fighting, killing, and dying by a historian and social psychologist here, as there isn ' t are more objective source for understanding the mindset of those german soldiers during wwii as their own conversations : let me quote some passages with author neitzel in an bbc interview : both authors argue that nazi soldiers were no more naturally violent than those anywhere else, but they did it in a very organized and systematic way. if you look at chechnya war or some wikileaks videos you see that obedience to orders even nowadays is the same dominant psychological pattern among soldiers and the \" level \" of brutality doesn ' t really differ qualitatively. the end justifies the means in war. nearly everyone can become a mass murderer in war within few days. another article about the book states : this got a bit long with mainly quotes, but it ' s a important and tricky question where any personal reasoning without facts would be highly unreliable to me. simple answer, ( and here i agree with @ evan harper ' s comment ), is deference to authority and careful planning by nazis to hide the truth of what they were doing. deference to authority the most easily understood example of this it the milgram exmperiment. this experiment was especially motivated by holocaust trials. a summary from milgram of the experiment read : ( 65 % of people committed what they believed was murder on the basis of authority, though they showed signs of stress and rebelliousness. ) the holocaust was not really public information. for the majority of the nazi regime, jews were mostly imprisoned in concentration camps. it was only in 1942, that extermination camps, where mass murders took place were started. these extermination camps were not set up in germany itself, but occupied poland. pasrt of the reason was to hide the fact of the killings from the civil populace. killing was mostly carried out by poison gas, which was considered to be psychologically acceptable to the soldiers operating the camp ( besides being efficient ). the holocaust was itself referred to the holocaust as the gas chambers were intentionally choosen to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44759297887067795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.940424"} {"text": "the civil populace. killing was mostly carried out by poison gas, which was considered to be psychologically acceptable to the soldiers operating the camp ( besides being efficient ). the holocaust was itself referred to the holocaust as the gas chambers were intentionally choosen to make it easy to kill lots of people. the germans tried shooting gypsies and disabled people ( the first victims ) but their soliders wouldn ' t be able to do it for long. it upset them. the nazi party needed an easier way to kill lots of people. the gas chamber was easy for their soliders because one group of soliders could escourt the victims at the start when they were alive, and the victims would take off their clothes and get naked themselves, then they ' d be killed, then another group of solider would only have to deal with dead bodies. there would not be soliders who saw the killings, nor soliders who saw the live people and then pressed the buttons. since the victims were naked, the soliders didn ' t have to remove clothes from the bodies. it was easy to keep the dead bodies out of sight. jews were ( and in many placed in east europe still are ) very much hated by the population mostly because it is believed that they are guilty in killing jesus christ. in russian empire for instance there were multiple bloody anti - jewish pogroms. the only reason why the jews were not killed by the non - jewish population at the time was that the state mostly made efforts to protect the jews or at least to limit the extent of hostilities. when the state power was becoming weak, the scale of hostilities usually rose dramatically. for example during russian civil war about 200000 jews were killed even though no party of the conflict officially endorsed extermination of the jews. so once the state power completely changed their attitude from protecting the jews or at worst, negligence to officially endorsing the killings and supporting that with additional propaganda efforts the effect was predictable. the already anti - semitic population that in most cases was willing to kill the jews even despite the resistance of the state, was intentionally further indoctrinated against jews and any remaining restrains lifted. i ' m looking at \" the good old days \" the holocaust as seen by its perpetrators and bystanders, and at the police battalion studies, and i ' m still thinking functionalism is more explanatory than intentionalism. ordinary germans, including the vast majority of the wehrmacht, shared a racialist politics and during the circumstances of the war shared a common attitude towards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4875352809854289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.941526"} {"text": "police battalion studies, and i ' m still thinking functionalism is more explanatory than intentionalism. ordinary germans, including the vast majority of the wehrmacht, shared a racialist politics and during the circumstances of the war shared a common attitude towards resolving the racial problems of jews and eastern and southern slavs. hitler ' s involvement was not decisive, as the rate of spontaneous massacre and the mixed class background of the police battalion soldiers demonstrates. the historiography of the holocaust emphasises two causative accounts ( both explained in depth at wikipedia with adequate citations there ). the first is \" intentionalism, \" this broadly focuses on hitler ' s unique culpability for the decisions behind the holocaust, or limits these decisions to the inner circle of the nsdap leadership or the wehrmacht. much of the us case at nuremberg was intentionalist in its attitude to the causes of war crime. later scholarship evidenced the mass and widespread culpability of wehrmacht soldiers, and in particular second line soldiers such at the soldiers of the police battalions. these soldiers were ordinary germans. in the case of the police battalion studies, it was demonstrated that the class and occupational composition of these battalions directly mirrored the class and occupational composition of germany as a whole \u2014 they were representative males. in particular, they were older males who under the intentionalist schema of \" brainwashed ss boys \" should not have engaged in mass killings. but in the east, and in the west, and in the south \u2014 but, most particularly in the east and south ( soviet union and yugoslavia ) \u2014 these ordinary men engaged quite willingly in voluntary jew hunting and massacres of civilians. evidence accumulated that jew hunting and massacres were entirely voluntary, and that soldiers who showed no willingness to engage in massacres were allowed without punishment, scorn or humiliation to not engage in these activities. jew hunting was discovered to be constructed as leisure by ordinary soldiers. this greatly strengthened the \" functionalist \" side of the argument, that the holocaust emerged out of functional requirements of the entire german war, that mass massacres and genocide were the ordinary business and outcome of war. genocide studies has furthered these findings. current work in genocide studies engages the individual \" massacre \" as the unit of analysis, rather than the entire genocide. in part this is done because of the understanding developed from the german studies of the importance of ordinary participants and their attitudes. while i primarily read genocide studies in the field of soviet atrocities and attempts to analyse soviet and soviet - style atrocities as a singular whole, my understanding is that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5145983170440812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.942533"} {"text": "of the understanding developed from the german studies of the importance of ordinary participants and their attitudes. while i primarily read genocide studies in the field of soviet atrocities and attempts to analyse soviet and soviet - style atrocities as a singular whole, my understanding is that placing \" hitler \" or \" nazism \" as central to the holocaust is widely discredited ; even where the unique contributions of nazi ideology or organisational doctrine gave the holocaust distinctive colour. historians rarely accept dichotomies without showing how they interpenetrate ; but crude intentionalism is clearly discredited. hitler was not directly responsible for the holocaust, except of course that he tolerated it, encouraged it, sought to order it, and perceived the german desire for it. ( here you should consider reading about the history of einsatzgruppen a in the baltic states, its composition, and its eventual failure to achieve its stated aims due to psychological wear and tear. einsatzgruppen a was comprised of nsdap ideologues with higher university degrees, who believed in the racial purification of germany and its mission of empire in the east \u2014 and even they proved incapable of continuous intimate massacre despite their ardent beliefs in the nsdap mission. ) soldiers did not have to be motivated by or for hitler to engage in atrocities. atrocities were a historical part of the german method of waging war. ( even as they were part of the japanese, or british, or australian, or soviet ways of waging war. ) german soldiers voluntarily and with eagerness began implementing the basic program of the holocaust, and would have done so in the soviet union even without widespread official encouragement and support from directly nsdap motivated and controlled organisations such as the einsatzgruppern. in particular, the commissar order and anti - partisan operations were conducted with gusto and enjoyment. germans also broadly agreed with the racial categories the nsdap used, largely because the nsdap ' s ideology was a mirror of german racialism. german soldiers did not set out to kill six million jews. they set out to punish jews, slavs and communists as categories. the actual result of this was tens of millions of dead central and eastern europeans. jews were especially singled out for special treatment in this schema, but the programme was the broad punishment including by collective death by massacre or starvation of eastern and southern slavs generally, and specific cultural groups like roma or jews in particular. even the formerly social democratic or communist german soldiers, such as in the police battalions,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5118861316549183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.943605"} {"text": "the programme was the broad punishment including by collective death by massacre or starvation of eastern and southern slavs generally, and specific cultural groups like roma or jews in particular. even the formerly social democratic or communist german soldiers, such as in the police battalions, identified with the goal of punishing jews and slavs. sometimes this punishment involved forced labour ( conducted primarily as a form of ritualised humiliation with jews, rather than for primarily economic gain ). sometimes this involved mass murder, industrial deportation of populations for a widely recognised final solution, or death marching prisoners with insufficient sources of food, clothing, shelter or medicine with a full awareness of the results. most current work points to the capture of large numbers of soviet pows in the transition from sporadic massacre to systematic attempts to destroy entire population groups, a \" functionalist \" analysis. pow camps for soviet soldiers were run with a mentality of causing large scale deaths. however, intentionalists can point to the nsdap plans for the annihilation by starvation of all jews and most slavs west of the projected 1941 stop lines over the 1941 - 1942 winter. indeed, the wehrmacht ' s occupation planning attempted to implement just this. the targets of the holocaust, both in the minds of ordinary germans, and in the planning of the nsdap organs and organs that predated the nsdap such as the junker dominated military synchronised in 1941. ( much of this comes out in soviet evidence to nuremberg which was always more functionalist ). finally the question of how could soldiers willingly and consistently execute thousands of people day in day out? they couldn ' t. einsatzgruppen a broke down under the psychological stress of mass executions, even using baltic hiwis to do the nasty work. jew hunting and anti - partisan massacres were highlights, rewards, in the boring life of rear area policing. for front line units seconded to anti - partisan or clearance operations, they provided a welcome relief and a source of leisure in a far lower intensity environment. the moral questions regarding personal culpability have for a long time focused on the blandness and ordinary nature of attempting to systematically annihilate civilian population groups. for current research i ' d suggest starting with chirot and mccauley ( 2006 ) why not kill them all? : the logic and prevention of mass political murder. adolf hitler ' s goal in life was initially to become an artist. however, the academy of fine arts vienna denied hitler ' s admission twice, in 1907 and 1908. so,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4995759188884887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.945193"} {"text": "kill them all? : the logic and prevention of mass political murder. adolf hitler ' s goal in life was initially to become an artist. however, the academy of fine arts vienna denied hitler ' s admission twice, in 1907 and 1908. so, by the end of world war i, hitler was strongly patriotic and anti - semitite. he stayed in the army after wwi and eventually was assigned to monitor the german workers ' party ( dap ). the dap was strongly antisemitic, nationalistic, anti - capitalistic, and anti - marxist. it favored a \" strong active government, a ' non - jewish ' version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. \" the president of the party, anton drexler was attracted to hitler ' s oratory skills and invited hitler to join, which he did. by 1921, hitler had became known as a notorious speaker and became the leader of the dap ( which eventually came to be known as the nazi party ). so as we see, hitlers used his oratory skills to persuade the germans to adopt his anti - sematic, anti - communist, totalitarian views. hitler eventually rose to power and held grand rallies and made persuasive speeches with much nazi propaganda. many germans came to hold his views that semitic and romani races were inferior to aryan races. nazism openly declared slavs as subhuman, however they slacked off on this idea somewhat when they became allies with bulgaria, croatia, and slovakia. also, many germans were still bitter of their loss of wwi. their was a popular stab - in - the - back theory which hitler supported. it claimed that germany had never lost a war and that the german army did not lose world war i, but was betrayed by the civilians and politicians on the home front. it has been stated that the stab - in - the - back theory was \" an ideological cement of hitler ' s dictatorship. \" the germans were bitter at the the allied powers, but mainly at the french who had occupied germany during post - world war i. this pushed them to obey hitler as he promised to repudiate the treaty of versailles. so this wasn ' t a case of brainwashing. there were two main factors at play here : these two factors were supported by hitler and formed the basis and ideology of nazism. this motivated the many of the germans to the bitter end.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4821573096540576, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.946445"} {"text": "cinco de mayo is an occasion of ethnic pride celebrated throughout mexico and the united states. cinco de mayo marks a victorious battle that took place in puebla, mexico. there 4, 000 brave mexican soldiers triumphed over twice as many french fighters on may 5, 1862. today cinco de mayo is a joyous holiday celebrated with food, fun, parades, and plenty of cerveza or tequila. typically held during the first week of may, cinco de mayo springtime events include carnivals, street fairs, and multi - day festivals across the u. s. the best and most authentic cinco de mayo celebrations occur in locations with the highest concentration of mexican people. similar to st. patrick ' s day and columbus day, cinco de mayo is one of those special times when everyone feels a little bit mexican in their soul. since attending local cinco de mayo fairs and celebrations can make a romantic getaway even more fun, consider adding one of these cinco de mayo events to your spring travel itinerary : cinco de mayo celebrations in the usa - denver, colorado - lasting two days, the cinco de mayo celebrate culture festival attracts 400, 000 people. hear live mexican regional, spanish rock, latin jazz, salsa, ranchero, tex - mex, and chicano rock music outdoors. - chicago, illinois - douglas park draws as many as 200, 000 people to its colorful cinco de mayo celebration that includes a festival, musical events, food booths, games, kids area, and cultural displays. - omaha, nebraska - a parade, festival, carnival, and crowning of a queen mark cinco de mayo celebrations here. - phoenix, arizona - cinco de mayo is celebrated in multiple venues throughout the desert area. - portland, oregon - mexican food and carnival enliven tom mccall waterfront park during cinco de mayo celebrations. - reno, nevada - more than 100, 000 visitors attend this cinco de mayo celebration, which includes latino music and food booths. - kansas city, kansas - celebrates cinco de mayo in the heartland. - minneapolis, minnesota - cinco de mayo takes place in district del sol on st. paul ' s west side with music, food and a salsa - tasting contest, a parade, sports zone, wellness village, crafts, children ' s section and history area. - san antonio, texas - cinco de mayo festival with music and food, concerts and other commemorations takes place at historic market square. - san francisco, california - the mission neighborhood goes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44966783016348344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.950075"} {"text": "future heat vulnerability in california, part i : projecting future weather types and heat events abstractexcessive heat significantly impacts the health of californians during irregular but intense heat events. through the 21st century, a significant increase in impact is likely, as the state experiences a changing climate as well as an aging population. to assess this impact, future heat - related mortality estimates were derived for nine metropolitan areas in the state for the remainder of the century. here in part i, changes in oppressive weather days and consecutive - day events are projected for future years by a synoptic climatological method. first, historical surface weather types are related to circulation patterns at 500mb and 700mb, and temperature patterns at 850mb. gcm output is then utilized to classify future circulation patterns via discriminant function analysis, and multinomial logistic regression is used to derive future surface weather type at each of six stations in california. five different climate model - scenarios are examined. results show a significant increase in heat events over the 21st century, with oppressive weather types potentially more than doubling in frequency, and with heat events of 2 weeks or longer becoming up to ten times more common at coastal locations. copyright springer science + business media b. v. 2012 download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. as the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under \" related research \" ( further below ) or search for a different version of it. bibliographic infoarticle provided by springer in its journal climatic change. volume ( year ) : 115 ( 2012 ) issue ( month ) : 2 ( november ) contact details of provider : web page : http : / / www. springer. com / economics / journal / 10584 you can help add them by filling out this form. reading list or among the top items on ideas. access and download statistics for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( guenther eichhorn ) or ( christopher f baum ). if you have authored this item and are not yet registered with repec, we encourage you to do it here. this allows to link your profile to this item. it also allows you to accept potential citations to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5432281668407394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.955535"} {"text": "good day : two chapters from the ethiopian history ( 1 ) i read a lot of articles about the history of ethiopia and era of ancient sudan and abyssinia, these two names appear together in many references ; some times in arabic and eastern references, the names ( sudan and abyssinia \u201c habasha \u201d ) replace each others. also, the name kush refers to the all area that south of egypt including \u201c nubia of sudan \u201d and \u201c aksum of ethiopia \u201d. i read about two eras in the ethiopian history with more interest ; the era of establishing the aksumite kingdom as a christian kingdom and nation in the 4th century and the era of the collapse and disintegration of the united political system into several small temporary kingdoms which is \u201c zemene mesafint \u201d or the \u201c age of princes \u201d the first era of establishing the first christian kingdom in the world has really shaped the history of ethiopia for 16 centuries. this is part about this era from encyclopedia : ( after the fall of d \u2019 mt in the 4th century bc, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. in the first century ad the aksumite empire emerged in what is now northern ethiopia and eritrea, at times extending its rule into yemen on the other side of the red sea. the persian religious figure mani listed aksum with rome, persia, and china as one of the four great powers of his time. in about 316 ad, frumentius and his brother edesius from tyre accompanied their uncle on a voyage to ethiopia. when the vessel stopped at a red sea port, the natives killed all the travelers except the two brothers, who were taken to the court as slaves. they were given positions of trust by the monarch, and converted members of the royal court to christianity. frumentius became the first bishop of aksum. a coin dated to 324 shows that ethiopia was the second country to officially adopt christianity ( after armenia ), although the religion may have been at first confined to court circles ) what we get from other long eras of national christian government and kingdoms is not just the \u201c religious loyalty \u201d but the concept of central powerful government with strong cultural influence which is very ancient and deep rooted in ethiopia. this concept turned to a national secular doctrine. the only exception of this situation in the ethiopian history was \u201c zemene mesafint \u201d or the \u201c age of princes \u201d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4258250947374924, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.958121"} {"text": "this is it, folks. after traveling for more than eight months, over a distance of 350 million miles, nasa ' s one - ton, nuclear - powered, six - wheel drive rover, curiosity, is just hours away from touching down on the surface of the red planet. it won ' t be easy. curiosity ' s entry, descent and landing \u2014 called \" edl \" by nasa engineers \u2014 is the most ambitious the agency has ever attempted. from the top of the atmosphere to the surface of the planet takes just seven minutes, but it will involve slowing the rover from over 13, 000 miles per hour to a complete, safe, and total stop on martian terrain. it takes light 14 minutes to make the trip from earth to mars, which means controlling the spacecraft directly from earth is out of the question ; curiosity has been programmed to perform all of its edl maneuvers autonomously. if it works, it works. if it doesn ' t... well... let ' s not worry about that. for now, let ' s get geared up for one of the most historic nights in the history of space exploration. 18 : 43 pt | distance from mars : 32, 680 miles | time to touchdown : 3 : 48 : 11 first things first : here ' s the livefeed from nasa \u2014 when word comes down that curiosity has reached the surface of the planet safely ( or not ), this is where you ' ll hear it first. we ' ll start our commentary at 20 : 00 pt. 20 : 02 pt | distance from mars : 21, 918 miles | time to touchdown : 2 : 28 : 36 curiosity is currently streaking toward mars at 8, 687 miles per hour. it will continue to pick up speed in the hours ahead, thanks to the force of martian gravity, ultimately entering the planet ' s atmosphere in excess of 13, 000 miles per hour. that ' s around twenty times the speed of a bullet. 20 : 12 pt | distance from mars : 20, 665 miles | time to touchdown : 2 : 19 : 28 nasa recently released an awesome interactive animation depicting the stages of curiosity ' s entry, descent and landing, or \" edl \" \u2014 click here to check it out. it ' s a great overview of the landing procedure, and includes lots of cool stats, like how fast the rover will be moving at various altitudes during its seven - minute trip from the top of the atmosphere to the surface of the planet. 20 : 27 pt | distance from mars : 18,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4727227477748758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.965836"} {"text": "procedure, and includes lots of cool stats, like how fast the rover will be moving at various altitudes during its seven - minute trip from the top of the atmosphere to the surface of the planet. 20 : 27 pt | distance from mars : 18, 600 miles | time to touchdown : 2 : 04 : 30 there are scientists and engineers at nasa who have devoted as much as a decade of their lives to the curiosity project. tonight, all that work will be put to the test. in an interview with io9, nasa jpl systems engineer devin kipp said he was feeling \" excited, anxious and petrified \" all at once. everyone is going through \" alternating emotions, \" he said. his sentiments resonate with those of scott hubbard, former director of nasa ' s ames research center, who described the atmosphere around nasa and jpl as follows : \" everybody is on edge. there ' s a lot of confidence there, but the truth is mars is still mostly an unknown. it ' s a tense confidence. \" as adam steltzner, leader of curiosity ' s descent and landing team, told reporters earlier today : \" we ' re rationally confident, emotionally terrified. \" update : 20 : 35 pdt @ marscuriosity updates us on its status : those numbers are a little different from the ones on nasa ' s eyes on the solar system, an awesome interactive 3d simulator ( screenshot featured here ) that allows you to follow curiosity ' s approach. check it out for yourself here. 21 : 06 pt | distance from mars : 13, 120 miles | time to touchdown : 1 : 025 : 00 21 : 12 pt | distance from mars : 12, 300 miles | time to touchdown : 1 : 20 : 00 the uplink transmitter is now off. in other words : jpl is no longer giving curiosity any instructions. \" she is now truly on her own. \" curiosity is also now within the orbit of deimos, one of mars ' moons. we ' re getting very, very close. 21 : 31 pt | distance from mars : 9, 500 miles | time to touchdown : 1 : 00 : 00 we are now one hour away from curiosity ' s projected touchdown. 21 : 33 pt | distance from mars : 9, 200 miles | time to touchdown : 58 : 00 fun fact : the holes in curiosity ' s wheels spell out \" jpl \" in morse code... useful for spotting curiosity ' s tracks on the surface of mars. 21 : 40 pt | distance from mars : 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43669869211847423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.966823"} {"text": "touchdown : 58 : 00 fun fact : the holes in curiosity ' s wheels spell out \" jpl \" in morse code... useful for spotting curiosity ' s tracks on the surface of mars. 21 : 40 pt | distance from mars : 8, 170 miles | time to touchdown : 51 : 00 beginning about 11 minutes, 30 seconds before entry into martian atmo, jpl will start receiving \" tones \" from curiosity, depicted here with pink dashes. these basic radio - frequency tones will go directly from curiosity to earth, updating us on the spacecraft ' s status. these tones will continue for around 13 minutes, but we ' ll lose direct contact with curiosity a couple of minutes after it enters the atmosphere, as the spacecraft loses sight of earth over the martian horizon. at that point, jpl will rely on uhf radio data ( depicted here in blue ), that will be relayed to earth via satellites in orbit around mars. both the mars odyssey spacecraft and mars reconnaissance orbiter will be overhead during curiosity ' s landing. mro ' s hirise camera will be attemptint to snap a photo of curiosity during its descent ; odyssey will act as a \" bent pipe, \" relaying curiosity ' s uhf radio data to earth. 21 : 52 pt | distance from mars : 6, 100 miles | time to touchdown : 39 : 00 curiosity has officially entered edl mode in preparation for its descent. \" there ' s no going back, \" says allen chen in jpl mission control. 21 : 57 pt | distance from mars : 5, 270 miles | time to touchdown : 33 : 00 \" i ' d like to thank the cruise taem for bringing us over 350 million miles... curiosity is in fantastic shape to perform entry descent and landing, and she ' s there because you guys got her here. good luck, and see you on the other side, on mars \" - adam steltzner, leader of curiosity ' s descent and landing team. 22 : 01 pt | distance from mars : 4800 miles | time to touchdown : 30 : 00 we ' re now about 23 minutes to entry. everybody at jpl is munching on peanuts for good luck : update : 22 : 07 pt curiosity will not be in direct contact with earth when it sets down on mars. instead, it will rely on odyssey, a spacecraft in orbit around mars, to relay information back to earth. odyssey will be orbiting above curiosity when it lands, but there ' s still a chance it won ' t be able to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.486174306045133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.968325"} {"text": "down on mars. instead, it will rely on odyssey, a spacecraft in orbit around mars, to relay information back to earth. odyssey will be orbiting above curiosity when it lands, but there ' s still a chance it won ' t be able to relay information on the rover ' s status back to earth on its first pass, which means we may not know if curiosity ' s landed safely until a couple hours after its projected landing time. good news : odyssey is where it needs to be! however, just because odyssey is in position doesn ' t mean it will be able to relay curiosity ' s signal. fingers crossed, people. 22 : 15 pt | altitude : 1140 miles | time to atmosphere entry : 09 : 00 curiosity ' s cruise stage has separated. we ' re less than 9 minutes to entry, and around 16 minutes away from touchdown. curiosity has reached a velocity of 11, 650 miles per hour, and she ' s still gaining speed. mars is looking pretty big right now. 22 : 19 pt | altitude : 599 miles | time to atmosphere entry : 05 : 32 just under 6 minutes. \" heartbeat tones \" are curiosity ' s way of telling us everything is as it should be. we won ' t be able to start receiving data from odyssey until shortly after atmospheric entry, just before curiosity ' s parachute opens. 22 : 25 pt update : curiosity has entered mars atmo, traveling 13, 100 miles per hour! cue the seven minutes of terror. 22 : 26 pt update : we have a connection with odyssey, and are receiving data! 22 : 28 pt update : parachute has deployed and curiosity is decelerating. we ' re half way there. 22 : 30 pt update : nasa has made radar contact with the ground, traveling at 86 meters per second 22 : 32 touchdown confirmed! we are safe on mars! 22 : 36 update : we ' ve got images from mars! a great view of the thumbnails, via boingboing : more via nasa, a picture of curiosity ' s shadow in gale crater.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4323702558054816, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.969170"} {"text": "ircan \u2019 s scientific goals when the data on epidemiology and pathophysiology are analyzed, aging is usually perceived as a process that results from the combined influence of constitutional or so - called \u00ab genetic \u00bb factors, life - style associated factors and external events. gerontobiology looks into all the specific medical and biological features of aging on the scale of the human body and develops concepts such as \u00ab harmonious \u00bb aging, \u00ab vulnerable \u00bb and \u00ab hypercatabolic \u00bb states, illustrating the highly heterogeneous characteristics of the aging process. the extreme heterogeneity of aging can be illustrated for a given age by a residual life - expectancy that varies considerably from one individual to another and by the onset, or not, of degenerative disorders, especially cardiovascular and neurological diseases, bone and joint disorders, diabetes and also neoplasms, pathologies in which constitutional determinants and other external factors play a role as they do in aging. the concept of cell aging, or senescence, differs from the aging of an organism as a whole and its features can be observed in primary somatic cell cultures. after a certain number of divisions the cell cycle permanently shuts down and a senescent phenotype is observed in which major changes have taken place both in the cells themselves and in their genetic expression program. this is known as replicative senescence and is caused by the unrelenting shortening of the dna that forms the end of the chromosomes ( or telomeres ) each time the cell divides. the erosion of the telomeres is paced by the cell cycle and can be considered as a mechanism that acts as a \u201c mitotic clock \u201d ; the cells count the number of divisions rather than chronological time. if this counting mechanism is deregulated to compensate for the shortening of the telomeric dna, due to the up - regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase or other alternative mechanisms that lengthen the dna ( a mechanism known as alt for example ) the cells end up by becoming immortal, which is what usually happens in cancer. a noteworthy comment here is that elisabeth blackburn, carole greider and jack scoztack, were awarded the noble prize for medicine in 2009 for their work in this area, showing the medical community \u2019 s awareness of the importance of these phenomena. more generally, the destiny of a cell in a eukaryotic organism obeys precisely set rules of homeostasis when it is proliferating, differentiating or during apoptosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5785807608104997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.977060"} {"text": "medical community \u2019 s awareness of the importance of these phenomena. more generally, the destiny of a cell in a eukaryotic organism obeys precisely set rules of homeostasis when it is proliferating, differentiating or during apoptosis and senescence. however, all the factors that are required to regulate each of these stages are coded by a set of identical genetic material in each cell, which is identically reproduced each time the cell divides. this is why a special mechanism known as ddr ( short for dna damage response ) is required to maintain the integrity of the genome and fine - tune the structure of the dna. this structure, chromatin, ensures that specific gene expression programs are expressed at each stage of the cell cycle and each cell state. the mechanisms involved are often known as \u201c epigenetic \u201d, although they do not always involve inheritance of the chromatin state. studying the dna damage response and chromatin is one of the most promising avenues of research in terms of the biology of aging, because time, together with constitutional and environmental factors, has a direct influence on the integrity of the dna in the chromosomes ( mutations ) and their chromatin organization ( epimutation ). the characteristic heterogeneity of the aging of the body is probably directly related to chromatin regulation mechanisms and many degenerative disorders are largely influenced, if not directly caused, by genetic or epigenetic dysfunctions. amongst these disorders, malignancy is also heterogeneous and is one of the best - known deregulations of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and senescence. surprisingly, senescence protects the cells against malignancy. in agreement with the increase in the incidence of cancer with age, cell senescence can also facilitate the development of cancer, making the relationship between aging and cancer even more complex. as in all the physiological mechanisms of homeostasis, the regulation and balance between ageing and cancer in superior eukaryotes and in humans in particular, is extremely complex. on the scale of the cell, accumulated dna damage seems to be a common cause of aging and the development of cancer, but the p53 - dependent adaptive response illustrates the phenomenon of antagonistic pleiotropy, because increasing the anti - tumoral cell response leads to premature ageing. on the scale of an organism, the inhibition of the igf - 1 and gh dependent channels induces a reduction in cell metabolism, whilst protecting against oxidative stress, aging and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5742210674254453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:42.983610"} {"text": "- tumoral cell response leads to premature ageing. on the scale of an organism, the inhibition of the igf - 1 and gh dependent channels induces a reduction in cell metabolism, whilst protecting against oxidative stress, aging and the development of malignancies. from this work, it emerges that aging is a way for the body to attempt to escape from cancer, but the attempt remains vain because cell damage builds up as time goes on. cell senescence may thus prevent us from dying of cancer young, whilst ageing our body which, in return, increases the likelihood of malignancy as we get older. going into more detail of the understanding of these multiple interconnections requires synergy between many areas of molecular, cellular or biomedical experimental biology or biology more generally dedicated to the study of systems modeling ageing and cancer. this is the goal that ircan ( institute of research on cancer and aging in nice ) has set for itself. the research carried out at ircan involves major areas of basic research in biology, public health ( oncology, geriatrics, age - related disorders such as diabetes, renal failure, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease ) and sustainable development to improve our understanding of the body \u2019 s response to environmental stress.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513606099221358, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.005458"} {"text": "software > multidimensional scaling description | pros and cons | applications | details | usage hints | references small, h. : visualizing science by citation mapping, 1999. small examined 36, 720 multidisciplinary documents for a 15 - year sampling window from 1981 through 1995. a combination of fractional citation counting and co - citation clustering via multidimensional scaling ( mds ) was used to extract four nested levels of clustering via single and complete linkage. the documents have been arranged in 2d using an order - dependent, geometric triangulation process that produces a unified ordination of a hierarchical arrangement of documents. multidimensional scaling ( mds ) attempts to find the structure in a set of proximity measures between objects. this is accomplished by assigning observations to specific locations in a conceptual low - dimensional space such that the distances between points in the space match the given ( dis ) similarities as closely as possible. the result is a least - squares representation of the objects in that low - dimensional space, which, in many cases, will help you to further understand your data. see http : / / www. analytictech. com / borgatti / mds. htm for an example input of distances between cities and the resulting mds plot. mds attempts to arrange \" objects \" ( e. g. major cities ) according to their distances in a space with a particular number of dimensions ( e. g. two - dimensional ) so as to reproduce the observed distances. as a result, we can \" explain \" the distances in terms of underlying dimensions ( e. g. geographical dimensions : north / south and east / west ). note that the actual orientation of axes in the final solution is arbitrary ( i. e. you can rotate the geographic map, the distances between cities remain the same ). thus, the final orientation of axes in the plane or space is mostly the result of a subjective decision by the researcher, who will choose an orientation that can be most easily explained. thus, mds moves given objects around in the space defined by the requested number of dimensions, and checks how well the distances between objects can be reproduced by the new configuration. it uses a function minimization algorithm that evaluates different configurations with the goal of maximizing the goodness - of - fit. the more dimensions we use in order to reproduce the distance matrix, the better is the fit of the reproduced matrix to the observed matrix ( i. e., the stress is smaller ). in fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5538124030003664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.044662"} {"text": "of maximizing the goodness - of - fit. the more dimensions we use in order to reproduce the distance matrix, the better is the fit of the reproduced matrix to the observed matrix ( i. e., the stress is smaller ). in fact, if we use as many dimensions as there are variables, then we can perfectly reproduce the observed distance matrix. however, the goal is to reduce the observed complexity of nature, that is, to explain the distance matrix in terms of fewer underlying dimensions. see ( statsoft, 2001 ) for details. pros & cons the \" beauty \" of mds is that we can analyze any kind of distance or similarity matrix. these similarities can represent people ' s ratings of similarities between objects, the percent agreement between judges, the number of times a subjects fails to discriminate between stimuli, etc. for example, mds methods used to be very popular in psychological research on person perception where similarities between trait descriptors were analyzed to uncover the underlying dimensionality of people ' s perceptions of traits. they are also very popular in marketing research, in order to detect the number and nature of dimensions underlying the perceptions of different brands or products ( statsoft, 2001 ). note that no relationships ( links ) are displayed. - cartia themescape. newsmaps. com - author co - citation analysis in information science ( white & mccain, 1998 ) - 12 key journals between 19972 and 1995 were analyzed and indscal ( individual differences mds ) was used to identify trends in terms of top - cited authors. - map of science ( small, 1999 ) - see figure. - xgvis : interactive data visualization with multidimensional scaling ( guja et al., 1998 ). source code & link to arcview available. by wojciech basalaj ( jan 2001 ) proximity visualization of abstract data - website devoted to visualization of abstract data collections, like graphs, multivariate data tables, or sets of multimedia objects. icons representing objects from a collection are positioned such that proximity relationships within the collection are preserved, i. e. icons for similar objects are clustered, and separated from the dissimilar ones. examples used include mds ( multidimensional scaling ). - interactive visualization of hierarchical clusters using mds and mst ( kim et al., 1998 ) code - multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization ( mcquaid et al., 1999 ) mds demo, university of arizona http : / / ai", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5542298428888093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.050653"} {"text": "hierarchical clusters using mds and mst ( kim et al., 1998 ) code - multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization ( mcquaid et al., 1999 ) mds demo, university of arizona http : / / ai. bpa. arizona. edu / go / viz / mds. html the mds procedure is as follows : - determine all objects and their distances. - use mds to produce a scatterplot of the objects in a n - dimensional space ( typical 2 - d ). - interpret the dimensions keeping in mind that the actual orientations of the axes from the mds analysis are arbitrary, and can be rotated in any direction. in addition, look for clusters of points or particular patterns and configurations ( such as circles, manifolds, etc. ). recently, the code by morrison et al. ( 2003 ) was integrated into the repository. you can use spss ' s multidimensional scaling. load data and choose from the menus : analyze - > scale - > multidimensional scaling. as an example, you may use mds to visualize the slis - courses. sim matrix created via lsa. - morrison, a., g. ross, and m. chalmers ( 2003 ). fast multidimensional scaling through sampling, springs and interpolation. information visualization, 2, 68 - 77. - buja, a., swayne, d. f., littman, m. l., dean, nathaniel. ( 1998 ) xgvis : interactive data visualization with multidimensional scaling. http : / / lib. stat. cmu. edu / general / xgobi / - kim, sung soo, kwon, sunhee, and cook, dianne ( 1998 ) interactive visualization of hierarchical clusters using mds and mst. pdf - kruskal, j. b. ( 1964 ) multidimensional scaling : a numerical method. psychometrica, 29, 115 - 129. - kruskal, j. b. and m. wish ( 1978 ) multidimensional scaling. beverly hills, ca : sage - mcquaid, m., ong, t., chen, h., & nunamaker, j. f. ( 1999 ) multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization. decision support systems, 27, 163 - 176. - statsoft ( 2001 ) multidimensional m. ( 2000", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504413626326764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.054531"} {"text": "h., & nunamaker, j. f. ( 1999 ) multidimensional scaling for group memory visualization. decision support systems, 27, 163 - 176. - statsoft ( 2001 ) multidimensional m. ( 2000 ) nonmetric multidimensional scaling ( mds ) software, http : / / boreas. psych. indiana. edu / matlab / nonmetricmds. htm - small, h. ( 1999 ) visualizing science by citation mapping. journal of the american society for information science, 50 ( 9 ), 799 - 813. - white, h. d. and mccain, k. w. ( 1998 ) visualizing a discipline : an author co - citation analysis of information science, 1972 - 1995. journal of the american society for information science, 49 ( 4 ), 327 - 355. - young, f. w. & hamer, r. m. ( 1987 ) multidimensional scaling : history, theory and applications. new york : erlbaum. matthew chalmers and alistair morrison provided the fast non - linear mds algorithm. the code was integrated into the xml toolkit by sriram raghuraman. visualization cyberinfrastructure @ slis, last modified january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5587983422968672, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.056028"} {"text": "chicago & north western railroad bridge | highways, byways, and bridge photography | c & nw saint croix river crossing | | \u2022 structure id : | | river mile 17. 4. | | \u2022 river elevation : | | union pacific railroad. | | \u2022 daily traffic count : : | | 5 trains per day. | | \u2022 bridge type : | | steel truss with swing span. | | 3, 922 feet ( estimated ). | | \u2022 navigation channel width : | | \u2022 height above water : | | \u2022 date built : this is a bridge that i know very little about. it was built by the chicago, milwaukee, saint paul, and omaha railroad, which became the chicago & north western, which is now the union pacific railway. the railroad bridge at this location dates back to 1872, but likely has been upgraded or replaced since then. the bridge is still in operation, and it frequently opens and closes in the summertime. this bridge is located in an area of the saint croix where sandbars naturally occur. the bridge is located close to the minnesota shore, and connects to a long causeway built across a relatively wide part of the saint croix river. on the wisconsin side, the causeway branches off into two different wye - configurations. one branch of the second wye runs along the river shore, crossing a dam that holds back a tributary of the river forming lake mallalieu. the river crossing paths vary from 3, 150 feet to as much as 4, 550 feet. only one path currently has rails, which supports the union pacific mainline. that path is approximately 3, 922 feet. each of the four paths coming out of the two wye junctions has a small bridge where it connects to the wisconsin shore. the photo above was taken from the old us - 12 causeway that is part of the old highway toll bridge that once connected minnesota and wisconsin. the view is looking northwest towards the minnesota shore on the west side of the river. the photo below is looking north towards the swing span as seen from a riverside park on the minnesota side of the saint croix river. these two photos are views looking southeast from the edge of the river bluffs just off of minnesota highway mn - 95. the photo above is the swing span, which is in the open position. the photo below are the two fixed bridges spans. the larger is a through truss, while the shorter span is a pony truss. the land directly behind the bridge is a natural sandbar. the causeway in the background is the roadway leading to the old", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4014607120071649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.071791"} {"text": "the photo below are the two fixed bridges spans. the larger is a through truss, while the shorter span is a pony truss. the land directly behind the bridge is a natural sandbar. the causeway in the background is the roadway leading to the old us - 12 these two photos are more views from the river bluffs on the minnesota side of the river. the photo above is an overview of the bridge spans. the photo below is a view of the railroad causeway leading leading to the bridge from the wisconsin side of the river. these two photos are views of c & nw railroad bridge at hudson as seen from the walnut street causeway. the causeway leads to the site of the old toll bridge that once carried highway us - 12 over the saint croix river. the photo above is a view looking north at the west end of the swing bridge, which crosses the river navigation channel. the photo below is looking northwest towards the swing span and the two smaller truss spans at the east end of the structure. the bridge is a little hard to see in this view given that the late fall background is nearly the same color as the bridge structure. the photo above is the north side of the c & nw bridge as seen from the marina that is located about a mile north of the bridge. the photo below is a smaller side channel bridge on the wisconsin side of the river crossing. it carries the railroad mainline into the north end of hudson, where it will gradually climb out of the saint croix river valley and head towards roberts, hammond, baldwin, and menomonie. these two photos are a road bridge on saint croix street leading to an island in the river where the railroad once had y - track. at one time, this was a railroad trestle, but is now used as a driveway leading to the railroad property on the island. the photo above is looking west down the length of the bridge, while the photo below is looking northwest towards the south face of the structure. the photo above is a building located at the east end of the railroad trestle on saint croix street. this building might have been an old railroad building, but i suspect that it is likely a well house for the city of hudson. the photo below are the remains of a trestle located just south of the bridge on saint croix street. this branch of the railroad crossing over the saint croix river once fed a route heading to river falls, wisconsin. thse two photos are an old railroad trestle on yet another branch of the saint croix river railroad crossing. this one leads north from the y", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4618573649799969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.075068"} {"text": "branch of the railroad crossing over the saint croix river once fed a route heading to river falls, wisconsin. thse two photos are an old railroad trestle on yet another branch of the saint croix river railroad crossing. this one leads north from the y - track at the east end of the river crossing. this bridge crosses the mouth of lake mallalieu where it flows into the saint croix river. this line led to industries in north hudson, and may possibly have headed north out of the city. the photo above is looking north along the east side of the bridge, while the photo below is looking north down the length of the bridge deck. these two photos are additional views of the railroad bridge over the mouth of lake mallalieu. the photo above is looking north along the west side of the bridge. the photo below is looking northwest towards the east side of the bridge from across the lake. the photo above is a dam that controls the waterflow between lake mallalieu ( to the right ) and the saint croix river ( to the left ). note the railroad trestle just to the right of the dam. the photo below is a bridge on bridge street leading to the dam. there is a small dam under the bridge, which is another outlet for lake mallalieu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4167726791539346, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.077114"} {"text": "proceedings of the international astronomical union ( 2005 ), 2004 : 4748 cambridge university press nowadays, more than one hundred extra - solar planets are known, and about a dozen of multi - planetary systems have been discovered. most of them have been detected by the radial velocity ( rv ) method. the recovery of orbital parameters from rv data leads to several problems. usually rv data cover irregularly a short time interval which is frequently shorter than the orbital period of the most distant planet. moreover, observations contain a noise due to the instabilities of the star. the distribution of this noise is unknown. a precise determination of the dynamical state of a multi - planetary system is important for understanding its stability and evolution. in most cases observers determine the orbital parameters for multi - planetary systems just fitting a sum of keplerian orbits. the parameters obtained in such a way are in most cases the only accessible data about an extra - solar system because the observes very rarely publish their observations. however, the parameters from a multi - keplerian fit as it has already been observed by many authors, cannot be interpreted as the osculating elements for actual planetary orbits. moreover, these parameters can be considered as keplerian elements of : relative, barycentric or jacobi orbits. one can find arguments that the interpretation of parameters from a multi - keplerian fit as elements of keplerian orbits in the jacobi coordinates is the most proper one, see [ lee and peale, 2002 ; godziewski et al. 2003 ]. our first aim was to determine how badly a multi - keplerian fit determines osculating orbits. to this end, we performed several numerical simulations. for a chosen planetary system with two planets we generated a synthetic rv observations using the newtonian three body problem. then we fitted to these observations the keplerian model and compared the obtained keplerian elements with the true osculating elements of orbits. then we changed the semi - major axis and the eccentricity of one planet and repeated all calculations. in this way we obtained maps of differences between the true and the fitted keplerian elements ( relative, barycentric and jacobi ) for a given system with two planets. the conclusions from these experiments are following. even for a quite big separation of planets ( 2 au ), multi - keplerian fits are bad. the errors appear mainly in the positions of planets in their orbits and can achieve 60 deg and more. the errors in eccentricities and semi - major axes achieve a few percent, but they can be bigger for bigger masses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5121093049297476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.099646"} {"text": "someone is spreading rumors about me. what can i do? there is this girl at school, and we don ' t really get along. she keeps spreading rumors about me and people are turning against me. what should i do? some people spread rumors as a way to intimidate others and gain status or popularity. but spreading rumors as a way to turn people against someone is a form of bullying \u2014 and it can have serious consequences for the person doing it. spreading unkind gossip in person or online is not a decent or mature way to act. it hurts the person being talked about, and it intimidates other people. sadly, when other people see this kind of thing going on, they don ' t always stand up for what ' s right. they may become less friendly to the person who is being talked about because they ' re afraid of becoming the next target. it doesn ' t mean they don ' t care. in fact, seeing someone else getting bullied makes other people feel bad. bullying is like meanness pollution. it affects everyone in the environment. we don ' t have to be good friends with everyone \u2014 or even like everyone. but not liking another person doesn ' t give someone the right to spread rumors, gossip, or putdowns. acting like this shows a lack of courage. it ' s a false way to gain popularity or status in the group. real popularity comes from feeling comfortable with ourselves. people who are truly well liked treat everyone with respect and fairness. they don ' t put other people down or try to gain power by having \" followers. \" they ' re confident and sure of themselves, so they don ' t have to resort to this kind of behavior. so what can you do if you find yourself the target of rumors and social bullying? turn to a trusted adult for support. talk to someone you can confide in, like a parent, teacher, school counselor, or coach. let that person know what you ' re going through. keep him or her up to date on what ' s going on, even as things start to get better. a trusted adult confidante can help you feel more supported and less alone. plus, adults can take steps to put a stop to the rumors and gossip. find your friends. find a friend or two who will stick by you and who won ' t listen to rumors. if you want, share how you feel with those friends. don ' t dwell on the situation, though. spend time and energy having fun with your friends and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4771643607030723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.189566"} {"text": "a friend or two who will stick by you and who won ' t listen to rumors. if you want, share how you feel with those friends. don ' t dwell on the situation, though. spend time and energy having fun with your friends and doing activities you enjoy. speak up. consider speaking to the girl who ' s spreading rumors. if you can, approach her. calmly say something like, \" i know we don ' t get along. you don ' t have to like me, but you need to stop spreading rumors about me and talking behind my back. \" don ' t be angry or mean. avoid yelling. just say what you want calmly, clearly, assertively, and maturely. after you ' ve said what you want, you can simply walk away. there ' s no need to wait for her to say anything back. leave her to think about what you said. before you try talking to the girl, though, talk with an adult about what to say and how to approach her. every situation is different, and you want to make sure things don ' t turn into more meanness, yelling, or fighting. it can also help to have a friend stand with you when you talk to the girl. care for yourself. do things that strengthen your confidence and positive feelings. going through a situation like this can be difficult and painful. gather your inner strength, get support from people who care, focus on positive things, and believe in yourself. these things can help you go through a difficult situation and come out stronger.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44903607938669476, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.199806"} {"text": "tabby cats are mutants, study finds cat owners, call professor x and ask him to let your feline friend join the x - men because a recent study shows that some tabby cats are mutants. dr. stephen o \u2019 brien, a geneticist at the st. petersburg university of russia, has discovered a new gene in felines called taqpep as well as another gene that they have dubbed edn3, which controls the hair color in a cat \u2019 s coat pattern. the taqpep gene is common to both wild cheetahs and domesticated felines but is a mutation of a gene that produces the cheetah \u2019 s spots and a tabby \u2019 s stripes. taqpep \u2019 s mutation is responsible for a blotchy stripe pattern in both domesticated cats and a rare breed of big cat called the king cheetah, who are often found in south africa. as for their house cat cousins, more tabbies in europe have the mutation, while felines in the us are striped. in order to study regular cats and their wild cousins, the researchers used dna and tissue samples from feral cats in northern california. they also took a tiny amount of skin and blood samples from captive and wild cheetahs in south africa. dr. o \u2019 brien \u2019 s work is not done yet, however. he says that he and his team still have to look at gene samples from both wild and domesticated felines in order to properly figure out the pathways involved in both pattern formation and pigmentation on the animals \u2019 fur. now if they can only find a permanent cure for shedding.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44552315185005364, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.205714"} {"text": "laguna hills, ca 92653 pdt essentially has three steps. first, a light sensitizing liquid, cream, or intravenous drug ( photosensitizer ) is applied or administered. second, there is an incubation period of minutes to days. finally, the target tissue is then exposed to a specific wavelength of light which then helps activate the photosensitizing medication. \u2022 1. application of photosensitizer drug \u2022 2. incubation period \u2022 3. light activationalthough first discovered around 1913, pdt in the modern sense is a fairly new, evolving science whereby varying incubation times of a light sensitizing drug are used in combination with varying types of available light sources depending on the target tissue. the basic premise of pdt is selective tissue destruction. although the photosensitizer may be absorbed all over by many cells, atypical or cancerous cells preferentially take up more of the drug and also may retain the drug for longer duration than normal tissues. at present, the primary limitation of available pdt techniques is the depth of penetration of the light and ability to target cells within at most 1 / 3 of an inch ( approximately 1cm ) of the light source. therefore tumors or atypical growths must be fairly close to the skin or treatment surface for pdt to work. what is photodynamic therapy used for? pdt is currently used in multiple medical fields including oncology ( cancer ), dermatology ( skin ), and cosmetic surgery. in oncology, it is fda approved for non - small cell lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and pre - cancerous changes of barrett \u2019 s esophagus. its use is also being further investigated through clinical trials in general oncology for conditions including cancers of the cervix ( mouth of uterus ), prostate gland, brain, and peritoneal cavity ( the abdominal space that contains the stomach, liver, and internal organs ). in dermatology, pdt using levulan kerastick\u00ae ( 20 % delta - aminolevulinic acid hcl ) became fda approved in 2001 for the treatment of pre - skin cancers called actinic keratosis ( ak ). the initial approval was specifically for normal ( non - hyperkeratotic ) actinic keratosis of the face and scalp with a specified 14 to 18 hour drug incubation time, and 1, 000 seconds ( 16 minutes and 40 seconds ) of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5168828536927275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.289316"} {"text": "approval was specifically for normal ( non - hyperkeratotic ) actinic keratosis of the face and scalp with a specified 14 to 18 hour drug incubation time, and 1, 000 seconds ( 16 minutes and 40 seconds ) of activation by a proprietary blue light source. since 2001, pdt has also received many other non - fda approved ( also called \u201c off - label \u201d ) uses including acne, rosacea, skin cancer, sun damage, cosmetic skin improvement, oily skin, enlarged sebaceous glands, wrinkles, rejuvenation ( anti - aging ), warts, hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, and many other skin conditions. at least 3 currently fda approved photosensitizers are available including photofrin ( porfimer sodium ), levulan ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or ala ), metvix ( methyl aminolevulinate ( maop ) ). more drugs are undergoing trials and may become available in the near future. photofrin is used intravenously ( iv ) for internal cancers while levulan and metvix are applied topically for skin therapy. pdt can essentially use many types of light sources. these include laser, intense pulsed light, light - emitting diodes ( leds ), blue light, red light, many other visible lights, including natural sunlight. photosensitizer drugs may become activated by one or several types of applied light depending on the ideal wavelength for the particular drug used and target tissue. the light source needs to be directly applied to the target tissue for a specific amount of time. for surface skin treatments, the light is easily directly applied to the area of the skin where the photosensitizer drug has been applied ( such as face, scalp, arms, etc. ). for internal cancers, delivering the light to the desired area is more challenging. the light may be delivered through small fiber optic cables into the body cavity or area being treated. sometimes endoscopes ( a thin lighted elongated tube which is inserted into a body space ) are used to deliver the light into the lungs, stomach, or bladder. pdt works by direct injury to the target cells and tissues. while all of the exact mechanisms are not fully known yet, the basic pathway seems to involve an activated oxygen molecule that has the ability to injure or destroy nearby or specific cells. aminolevulinic acid is then incorporated into the body \u2019 s natural heme ( blood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5216782321676389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.290321"} {"text": "exact mechanisms are not fully known yet, the basic pathway seems to involve an activated oxygen molecule that has the ability to injure or destroy nearby or specific cells. aminolevulinic acid is then incorporated into the body \u2019 s natural heme ( blood ) biosynthesis pathway and activated to form protoporphyrin ix, a potent photosensitier. protoporphyrin ix then becomes excited to an activated singlet state. this active singlet state is then directly toxic to cells. no, pdt causes a temporary sensitivity to light, including natural sunlight and some indoor lights. the light sensitivity resolves with time depending on both the photosensitizer drug and dosage used. intravenously given porfimer may make the body including the skin and eyes sensitive to light for about 6 weeks after treatment. proper protection including long sleeves and sunglasses may be required. topically applied aminolevulinic acid ( levulan ) or methyl aminolevulinate ( metvix ) may cause skin sensitivity only on the treatment areas for approximately 24 - 72 hours. these do not usually cause sensitivity on other body parts other than where the drug was directly applied. your physician will need to discuss with you the required sun and light avoidance period required after your particular treatment. pdt using levulan ( 5 - aminolevulinic acid or ala ) and a proprietary blue light is currently fda approved for the treatment of skin pre - cancers called actinic keratosis ( rough scaly spots generally on sun exposed skin in more fair skin individuals ). photo sensitizers are chemical compounds that become activated only when exposed to light. what is aminolevulinic acid or levulan? 5 - aminolevulinic acid also called levulan or ala for short is a naturally occurring protein in the body. it is found in small quantities as part of the normal heme ( blood ) synthesis pathway. in larger quantities, it is a substance known to increase sensitivity to certain wavelengths of light. how does pdt work? by preferentially attacking the active or abnormal cells, pdt combines a very high success rate with good preservation of normal skin without significant risks for scarring. once the areas have healed following pdt, the areas are re - examined to see if additional treatments or possible biopsies are needed. pdt is special because it is a targeted treatment to preferentially target more rapidly dividing cells and atypical skin growths. with regular or traditional cryosurgery ( freezing with liquid nitrogen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5090696624177491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.291279"} {"text": "additional treatments or possible biopsies are needed. pdt is special because it is a targeted treatment to preferentially target more rapidly dividing cells and atypical skin growths. with regular or traditional cryosurgery ( freezing with liquid nitrogen ) or burning, only the visible pre skin cancers are treated thereby leaving ones that aren \u2019 t as apparent ( sub clinical or hidden ) lesions undetected. photodynamic therapy allows for field or blanket treatment of an entire area of sun damage thereby reducing the chance that undetected pre skin cancer cells will be left untreated. photodynamic therapy is usually scheduled in the doctor \u2019 s office because of the required photosensitizing prescription / physician applied medication and the special light activation equipments. currently pdt procedures are generally performed with the patient waiting in the office during the 30 minute to several hours incubation time before the application of the light source. what is a typical skin pdt session like? you may be given a written procedure consent form to read and sign before your first treatment. the medical staff may take some before photography prior to applying the photosensitizer medication. the treatment area is then washed off and sunscreen applied before leaving the office. instructions and an appointment for follow up may then be given on how to care for the improved skin. \u2022 how much improvement can i expect? no two individuals are the same and results may vary. as with any medical procedure, some conditions can improve dramatically in some patients and not respond in others. to achieve maximum improvement of pre - cancerous ( actinic keratosis ) sun damage, skin tone and texture, on average a series of 2 - 3 treatments 2 - 6 weeks apart may be quite effective. some patients with milder actinic keratosis are happy with one treatment. more treatments can be done at periodic intervals in the future to maintain the rejuvenated appearance of the skin. photodynamic therapy for skin therapy is usually comfortably performed in an outpatient setting like a doctor \u2019 s office and without any sedation or anesthesia. the skin center offers this treatment in south orange county, laguna, mission viejo, and the surrounding areas. you are generally in the medical office for several hours ( average 1 1 / 2 hours ) on the day of your photodynamic therapy. facial pdt may take 10 minutes to apply the medication, 30 - 60 minutes to allow proper skin incubation, and 15 - 20 minutes for light application. other areas may require", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5011540589551532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.292737"} {"text": "hours ) on the day of your photodynamic therapy. facial pdt may take 10 minutes to apply the medication, 30 - 60 minutes to allow proper skin incubation, and 15 - 20 minutes for light application. other areas may require longer incubation times and you may leave the office and come back when it is time to have the light. many patients prefer to schedule their treatment later in the afternoon so they may go directly home after the treatment. it is not usually advised to have any sun exposure such as from running errands or driving around after the treatment. what kind of physician can perform photodynamic therapy? most skin pdt is performed only by specially trained dermatologists and their medical staff. other physicians including oncologists, family physicians, internal medicine doctors, plastic surgeons, or ear, nose and throat ( ent ) surgeons and their medical staff who are trained and may also perform photodynamic therapy. the skin center is a memeber of the national organization called the american society for photodynamic therapy ( aspdt ). you may check the website for members of this group at http : / / www. aspdt. org. there are many other photomedicine interest groups and societies dedicated to this evolving field. some dermatologists and oncologists have received special residency or post graduate training for photodynamic therapy. many other physicians may be trained by companies that manufacturer the photosensitizing material and / or the light source. \u2022 is skin pdt only for pre - cancerous growths? no, photodynamic therapy is a widely used method of treating many conditions including pre - cancers ( actinic keratosis ), some types of superficial skin cancers, acne, rosacea, warts, sebaceous hyperplasia ( enlarged oil glands ), fine wrinkles, psoriasis, and other cosmetic indications. it is currently not used to remove malignant melanoma or deeply invasive cancers. it is not used to remove moles or birthmarks. the greatest advantage of pdt is the ability to selectively treat an entire area of skin damage and pre - cancers ( blanket or field treatment ). pdt generally decreases the likelihood of lighter or darker skin spots ( post - inflammatory hyper or hypo pigmentation ) caused by routine freezing with liquid nitrogen. additionally, pdt frequently may facilitate smoother skin and an overall improved appearance, tone, color, and enhanced skin texture. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4601313755334637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.294193"} {"text": "or darker skin spots ( post - inflammatory hyper or hypo pigmentation ) caused by routine freezing with liquid nitrogen. additionally, pdt frequently may facilitate smoother skin and an overall improved appearance, tone, color, and enhanced skin texture. in several studies, pdt has been preferred by many patients for ease of use and recovery as compared to alternative treatments including freezing and chemotherapy creams like fluorouracil ( efudex ). the pdt side effects may be milder with less down time than with fluorouracil. for patients with many skin lesions, pdt may be generally more effective than repeated spot treatment with topical liquid nitrogen. some patients are unable to tolerate the prolonged treatment required with fluorouracil ( efudex ) or imiquimod ( aldara ) because of the irritation, redness, and possible downtime with these topical creams. no two people \u2019 s skin is exactly the same and therefore individual results and number of required treatments vary. on average, most patients may benefit from 1 to 3 pdt treatments for an area and annual touch up treatments. while the face tends to respond faster and to fewer treatments, areas like the forearms and legs are much harder ( resistant and tough skin ) to treat and may require many more treatments. there is no way to reliably predict ahead of time exactly how many treatments your condition will require. photodynamic therapy physicians always strive to treat your condition in as few treatments as possible without causing a severe burn. \u2022 can i go out in the sun right after pdt? no. there are very specific strict sun restrictions for the treated area after photodynamic therapy. you may not go out in the sun even with sunscreen for usually 24 - 48 hours after pdt especially after facial treatment. arms, legs, chest or back pdt may be much easier since you can wear high spf protective clothing and sunscreen to protect the areas during the post - procedure period.. it is important to follow your own physician \u2019 s instructions for wound care and sun protection. no, at present photodynamic therapy is usually not for mole removal. moles are usually removed by standard or traditional surgery. the best candidates for pdt may be those with lighter or fair skin with sun damage. you may not be a good candidate for photodynamic therapy if you have darker skin that tends to turn brown or discolor with certain light or laser treatments. you may also not be a good candidate for pd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49242340266964013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.297135"} {"text": "or fair skin with sun damage. you may not be a good candidate for photodynamic therapy if you have darker skin that tends to turn brown or discolor with certain light or laser treatments. you may also not be a good candidate for pdt if you are very sensitive to light, burn extremely easily, would be unable to stay out of sunlight for the required 24 - 48 hours, or on taking medications which may make you very sensitive to sunlight or light based therapies. your decision on the best treatment choice may depend on different factors such as the location and type of skin lesions, your past treatments, your overall health, and level of comfort. your physician can help you sort through the different treatments and assist in your shared decision making process. however, the right decision for you is always yours and your doctor \u2019 s to make. what if i have other health issues? generally, there is not much of a problem with other health issues and pdt is safely performed in many thousands of people annually worldwide. your photodynamic therapy physician needs to know of any other medical conditions that may affect your procedure or overall wound healing. you would want to make sure to tell your physician beforehand if you have any extreme sensitivity to light based treatments, take medications which make you very sensitive to light, have had a problem or bad effect from prior pdt, have lupus, or suffer from a condition called porphyria. your photodynamic therapy physician needs to know if you have had a history of \u201c staph \u201d or other skin infections in the recent past. you will want to advise your physician if you have a history of frequent cold sores ( herpes virus infections on your face ). in that case, you ay be prescribed an antiviral tablet ( cold sore prevention pill ) to take before and after your procedure. you may be asked to wash with a special antibiotic soap or wash like hibiclens ( chlorhexidine ) the night or morning before your procedure to help reduce the number of bacteria on your skin. patients may need to also advise their physician of any drug allergies such as to topical anesthetics or other photosensitizers. additionally, the surgeon may need to know of any bleeding or bruising tendencies, hepatitis, hiv / aids, or pregnancy. what areas are treatable by photodynamic therapy? essentially any area of the body may be treated by pdt. photodynamic therapy is used primarily for the treatment of head and face", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49603976387413923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.299055"} {"text": ", hepatitis, hiv / aids, or pregnancy. what areas are treatable by photodynamic therapy? essentially any area of the body may be treated by pdt. photodynamic therapy is used primarily for the treatment of head and face pre cancers and acne. it is particularly useful for areas with a large number of pre - skin cancers in difficult areas such as the face. it is also used on hands, feet, forearms, chest, back, legs and anywhere where there are ak \u2019 s. however, some of those areas may not be as responsive and may require longer incubation and or light treatment times for effectiveness. what growths is pdt not good for? photodynamic therapy is not as effective for thick skin pre - cancers called hypertrophic actinic keratosis ( hak ). this may be due to the inability of the photosensitizer drug to penetrate the thick skin. these growths may need to be frozen or surgically removed or thinned using a curette prior to pdt. pdt may also not be very useful for more advanced skin cancers like morpheaform or sclerosing basal cell carcinoma, moderately to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas, recurrent tumors ( tumors that were previously removed and have re - grown at the same site, or lesions in previously radiated ( x - ray or radiation treatments ) sites, and malignant melanoma. what are possible complications of photodynamic therapy? as with any surgery or procedure, photodynamic therapy is associated with some possible minor risks and complications. while it is overall a very safe and effective minor in office treatment, there are some possible uncommon complications. since an exaggerated light sensitive reaction is expected by definition of pdt, most patients understand and expect some type of a sunburn or red reaction after skin pdt. not everyone gets a sunburn reaction and in fact some patients may have no visible reaction or redness. possible risks and complications of photodynamic therapy include ( but are not limited to ) burning, skin discoloration, skin redness, broken blood vessels called telangeictasia, pain, infection, cold sore ( herpes ) activation, blisters, scabs, unsightly scar, keloid ( raised, thick scar ), cosmetic disfigurement, skin discoloration, eye injury or swelling, allergic reactions, reaction to topical anesthesia, pre - cancer or cancer recurrence, need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5087260885885471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.301029"} {"text": "unsightly scar, keloid ( raised, thick scar ), cosmetic disfigurement, skin discoloration, eye injury or swelling, allergic reactions, reaction to topical anesthesia, pre - cancer or cancer recurrence, need for further treatment including biopsy, radiation or plastic surgery, and rarely death. acne may need additional treatments and may not respond at all or sustain a long lasting response to the treatment. eye injuries and prolonged sun sensitivity may be possible with inadvertent exposure to the photosensitizer drug. minor, serious, or life threatening reactions can occur with the use of anesthetics or with medications given before, after or during a procedure. overall, most patients tolerate the minor procedure very well without any complications. shared decision making is very important in your treatment and you are involved in how you prefer to treat your condition. your photodynamic therapy physician may make some recommendations on how to proceed with further treatments.. the main goal with photodynamic therapy is to reduce the number of pre - skin caners and thereby potentially decrease the chance of future skin cancers. \u2022 is there scarring from photodynamic therapy? no, pdt usually does not leave scars in typical cases. overall when you undergo pdt, there will be some type of a red skin reaction and irritation for 3 - 10 days after the treatment. some people are more sensitive to pdt and the light treatment than others. similarly, some people heal better or faster than others. some residual redness may be more noticeable depending on the location and skin type. some people may have temporary skin discoloration that may last weeks to months. patients with darker skin types may have more skin discoloration after treatment. \u2022 what are alternatives for photodynamic therapy? it is important to understand that as with any medical treatment, there are alternative treatments and options to pdt. you may want to discuss alternative treatment options with your doctor at your consultation appointment. there are many options for treatment of actinic keratosis ( ak \u2019 s ) including but not limited to freezing ( cryotherapy or cryosurgery ), burning, chemical peels, lasers, chemotherapy creams like fluorouracil or efudex, immune modulator creams like aldara ( imiquimod ), local radiation, plastic surgery, curettage and desiccation ( scrape and burn ), surgical removal, no treatment, and other choices depending on the skin condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5082985483399829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.303180"} {"text": "immune modulator creams like aldara ( imiquimod ), local radiation, plastic surgery, curettage and desiccation ( scrape and burn ), surgical removal, no treatment, and other choices depending on the skin condition. in acne, there are many alternatives to pdt including oral accutane ( isotretinoin ), oral antibiotics, topical washes, acne facials, and many acne creams. \u2022 what about insurance coverage and costs? photodynamic therapy is currently considered a medical service for the treatment of some conditions particularly for skin pre - cancers called ak \u2019 s. however, it may be considered cosmetic, off \u2019 label, or not medically indicated for many other conditions for which it is regularly used. currently, some insurance plans cover the procedure under their provided benefits. however, with the many changes in insurance plans, it is always advisable to contact your insurance carrier prior to scheduling any treatment and confirm your eligibility and benefits. photodynamic therapy, like any procedure, will result in additional procedure charges above the routine office visit fees. these fees may range from two to several hundred dollars depending on the area, number of treatments, and the type of insurance you purchase. the more number of treatments and greater the amount of photosensitizer medication required, the higher the cost. insurance benefits vary and reimbursement depends on what benefits you have contracted for with your company. currently, medicare generally typically covers 80 % of photodynamic therapy for pre cancers. if you have a secondary insurance plan, that may help take care of the remainder 20 % not covered by medicare. standard commercial or non - medicare insurances currently generally may cover a large percentage of pdt for pre - cancers unless you have to meet an out of pocket deductible first. you may want to get to know and understand your insurance benefits before having surgery. in many cases, you may also ask the billing office at the medical center or your insurance coordinator for an approximate estimate of your charges before scheduling the procedure. you may decide to have alternative treatments instead of pdt. alternatively, you may also choose a hybrid option where you have photodynamic therapy and additional other treatments. in some cases, the most effective treatment for certain conditions may utilize a combination treatment using two or more modalities to help team up and treat the condition. your personal physician and their medical personnel will likely let you know the pre - operative instructions specific for your condition. for many typical pdt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49389031593045524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.305595"} {"text": "certain conditions may utilize a combination treatment using two or more modalities to help team up and treat the condition. your personal physician and their medical personnel will likely let you know the pre - operative instructions specific for your condition. for many typical pdt in a physician \u2019 s office, most patients are advised come in with a clean, washed area without any lotions or makeup. you may generally eat your regular diet on the day of their procedure and take all of your regular daily medications. your skin should be fully clean and free of all make - up, moisturizers, and sunscreens. bring a wide brimmed hat ( 6 inches ), sunglasses, and scarf when appropriate to the appointment. since you will be in the office for generally at least one hour ( and sometime more ), you may want to bring some personal snacks, drinks, and reading or knitting material. personal music headsets or ipods may also provide relaxation and help pass time during your pdt application, incubation time, and treatment. most patients continue all doctor prescribed medications including aspirin and any blood thinners unless specifically advised otherwise only by the pdt physician. can i smoke and drink alcohol before pdt? while there is no absolute contraindication, smoking may be discouraged for at least a few days before and 1 - 2 weeks after your procedure. as with any procedure, smoking can slow down wound healing and cause an increased risk of wound infections. heavy alcohol use is not advised at least a few days before pdt. heavy alcohol use can cause more bleeding and thin your blood. an occasional glass of wine or small cocktail may not cause severe bleeding. your physician will want to know of any factors that may affect your surgery or wound healing. \u2022 how is recovery? recovery is usually fairly easy and uneventful for 90 % or more of patients. many patients have mild dryness and a faint to mild sunburn of the treated area. a small percent of patients may have moderate or marked discomfort and a harder recovery because of more skin dryness, redness, or burning. some of these patients have had inadvertent sun exposure even as short as a minute or two during their immediate post treatment time casing a more severe reaction. a handful of patients have reported some minor sun exposing activities like briefly stepping out to fill their yard bird feeder or walk out for a moment to grab the mail from the mailbox. you will want to plan to stay indoors and avoid any sunlight for 24 - 48 hours as directed by your physician", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4550515491063778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.308314"} {"text": "sun exposing activities like briefly stepping out to fill their yard bird feeder or walk out for a moment to grab the mail from the mailbox. you will want to plan to stay indoors and avoid any sunlight for 24 - 48 hours as directed by your physician. overall, you may be able to resume all normal indoor activities the first day. most patients may resume going outdoor with proper sun protection including sunscreen and hat or cover up clothing 24 - 48 hours after this treatment. again, it is always advised to check your personal physician \u2019 s guide for this care. can i return to work or school? most patients are able to return to work or school the 24 - 48 hours after photodynamic therapy. avoiding direct sunlight for the first 1 - 2 days in crucial to avoiding getting an exuberant ( red ) response. your physician will need to let you know what activity precautions are required based on the area and size of your procedure. your skin may appear very red causing you to need to explain that you either had a pdt treatment or perhaps just say you went skiing all day and forgot to wear sunscreen. usually not much. no two individuals and their skin is exactly the same and therefore individual reactions and tolerance to discomfort levels vary. most patient report mild skin irritation including minimal to mild dryness and tight feeling of their skin after pdt. this discomfort is usually improved with frequent application of bland topical emollients or plain vaseline. a small number of patients may actually complain that they felt nothing and didn \u2019 t have any pain or peeling. less commonly, a small percentage of patients for various reasons may have significant pain, a very exaggerated sunburn response, moderate overall discomfort, and pain from the tightness and warmth of the skin. if there is pain, many patients find that they prefer to take something for pain at the first hint of discomfort instead of waiting until the pain builds up to an unbearable level. if you have mild or moderate pain, your doctor may advise you to take tylenol ( acetaminophen ) or another pain reliever over the counter. rarely, prescription pain medications may be required for severe pain. your physician will let you know what pain medications are recommended for your specific condition. how do i take care of my treatment area after photodynamic therapy? it is generally required to check with your doctor for their specific wound care instructions before your procedure. often, you will be asked to go home and stay indoors for the rest of the day, \u201c couch potato day \u201d. your physician", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44170694308427894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.310275"} {"text": ", cryosurgery ( specialized deep freezing ), photodynamic therapy, regular surgical excision, plastic surgery treatment, interferon injections, laser removal and surgery, and several prescription creams including aldara ( imiquimod ) and efudex ( fluorouracil ). for more information, please call ( 949 ) 582 - 7699 or visit the practice website at www. lagunaskincenter. com. laguna hills, ca 92653 information in this publication and site is not intended to serve as medical advice. individuals may use the information as a guide to discuss their treatments with their own physicians. this site does not promote nor endorse the unauthorized practice of medicine by non - physicians or state licensed health care providers. medicine is a constantly changing science and not all therapies are clearly established. new research changes drug and treatment therapies daily. the authors, editors, and publisher of these artciles have used their best efforts to provide information that is up - to - date and accurate and is generally accepted within medical standards at the time of publication. however, as medical science is constantly changing and human error is always possible, the authors, editors, and publisher or any other party involved with the publication of this article do not warrant the information in this article is accurate or complete, nor are they responsible for omissions or errors in the article or for the results of using this information. the reader should confirm the information in this article from other sources prior to use. in particular, all drug doses, indications, and contraindications should be confirmed in the package insert.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48659665347836056, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.318387"} {"text": "overweight women may be less likely to develop glaucoma according to new study findings from dutch researchers, overweight older women may be less likely than their thinner peers to develop glaucoma, a potentially blinding eye disease. to investigate, researchers followed nearly 4000 glaucoma - free adults aged 55 or older. over an average of 10 years, just under three percent developed glaucoma. researchers found that among women, each unit increase in body mass index ( roughly six pounds for a women of average height and weight ), was connected to a seven percent reduction in the risk of developing glaucoma. there was no evidence that other lifestyle factors, including smoking and drinking habits, were important in participants ' glaucoma risk. nor did education or income appear to play a role. the findings do not prove that extra pounds, themselves, are protective in women. but researchers say that one possibility is that there is some benefit from the higher estrogen levels that may be found in women with more body fat. while there appears to be a protective effect from extra body weight, researchers are not suggesting women pack on extra pounds as a way to ward off glaucoma. according to researchers, the best way to prevent vision loss from the disorder is to have regular eye exams and, if glaucoma is found, start early treatment. the findings, published in the archives of ophthalmology, back up a u. s. study published last august - the first of its kind to show a link between higher bmi and lower glaucoma risk in women. all research on this web site is the property of leslie beck and is protected by copyright. keep in mind that research on these matters continues daily and is subject to change. the information presented is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. it is intended to provide ongoing support of your healthy lifestyle practices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4613283395667689, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.332128"} {"text": "begin the lesson by playing the ghost buster song! then, tell the students that they will be ghost busters and go on a ghost hunt for this writing lesson! here are the materials you need : tootsie pops, kleenex, string, and the ghost buster song ( optional ) : ) have the students make four ghosts by wrapping kleenex around the tootsie pops. tie string around the kleenex to keep it in place. when all the ghosts are ready, tell your little ghost busters to put their heads down and hang out at their desks. turn off the lights and play the music! have each child one at a time go hide their 4 ghosts somewhere in the classroom. when they are done, have them tap the next student on the shoulder. ( it took our class five minutes to do this - or, listening to the ghost buster song three times! ) after all ghosts are hidden, it is time to go for a ghost hunt! have the ghost busters go find 4 ghosts each. to start with writing part of this lesson, have the students write sentences, using prepositions, describing where the found or hid their ghosts. the ghosts were hiding inside of the green tree by my teacher ' s desk. the spooky ghost was hiding upon a large vase of apples or i found my ghost beneath a stack of red and green apples. finally, extend the lesson for homework! your students can be ghost busters at home, too! the parents hide the ghosts somewhere in the house and the children go and find the ghosts. students then write about where the ghosts were hiding.... under my bed, above the tv... you get the idea! click on the image to get the homework from google docs : click on the image to get the lesson from google docs : happy hunting!! : )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.467015232170194, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.339022"} {"text": "a volcano is a hole where melted rock called magma or rock and ashes are thrown up from inside the earth. volcanoes are commonly known around the world for bringing huge destruction as they erupt. when most people think of volcanoes they think of hot boiling lava. many people do not realize that instead of only erupting lava, it also erupts ash and gas. a volcano works in the following sequence. 1. melted rock called magma rises from deep within the earth to near the 2. some of it cools and becomes solid within the crust, but some erupts on the surface as lava. 3. when two plates with ocean crust move apart magma from the mantle bubbles up to the surface to fill it. because of this factor, the atlantic ocean is widening by three - fourths of an inch per year. the pacific is widening much, much more as well. is widening by eight inches every year. there are many different types of volcanoes. some volcanoes are dormant, some are active, and some are dead or extinct. volcanoes are very different ; they are responsible for shaping many of earth \u2019 s islands, mountains, and plains. they have also been responsible for changing weather, burying cities, and killing people who live near by. volcanic gases are deadly poisons. for example, in august 1986, a small eruption in lake nyons cameroon, located in west africa, signaled the release of a cloud of volcanic gases. the noxious fumes killed over 1, 700 people. are born in different ways ; hotspot volcanoes, though spectacular, are rather less violent. they erupt in different ways from cone shaped volcanoes. molten lava rises to the surface from deep within the earth \u2019 s mantle. it then pierces the plate like a blowtorch and erupts in a lava flow though it may seem that hotspots move with the plates, they do not. the hotspots stay still but the plates keep moving. eventually chains of islands, like hawaii, form. active volcanoes in hawaii will soon become dormant as hawaii moves off the hotspot. its important to know how to stay safe before a volcanic eruption, during a volcanic eruption, and after a volcanic eruption. before the eruption : - take red cross first aid, cpr, and fire safety classes. - call a family meeting and discuss where to go, what to take, where to meet if separated, and what to do about pets. - plan escape routes - one by foot and two by car. - know where to go and what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.509612414658436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.350755"} {"text": "classes. - call a family meeting and discuss where to go, what to take, where to meet if separated, and what to do about pets. - plan escape routes - one by foot and two by car. - know where to go and what you will take in case of an evacuation. - store emergency supplies, food, and water. - post by every phone a number to call in case of a fire. - install portable smoke detectors outside every sleeping area and on every level of your home, garage, and workshop. - use button to test smoke alarms twice a year. - store extra smoke alarm batteries. - keep fire extinguishers in the kitchen and hallways. test and replace immediately if faulty. - conduct fire drills, including walking or driving evacuation routes. - draw a floor plan and find two ways to escape from every room and conduct - get rope or chain ladders for upper stories and practice using. during the eruption : - turn off gas at the meter to avoid danger of explosion. - put on heavy shoes and protective clothing. - take your stored supplies and complete evacuation procedures. - listen to the radio for updates on the volcano. - do not return home until the eruption is declared over and lava flow and fires have stopped. - prepare to travel on a confirmed route. - if driving, use extreme caution and take only confirmed routes. abandon your car if lava and fire encroaches and take a route away from the fire. - assist others and render first aid as safety permits. - listen to the radio reports for confirmed information and instructions, including location of red cross disaster stations, shelters, and animal - use caution when going home. do not return unless advised by authorities that conditions are safe and roads are clear. - if driving is necessary, drive with caution. visibility may be poor if it is raining volcanic ash, and mud slides and landslides can occur. - avoid volcano damaged areas and lava flow areas. - go to the red cross disaster station for emergency treatment. - check your home \u2019 s exterior for damage and stability. if an earthquake has occurred, use due caution and follow procedures. - do not go inside if it appears unsafe. - if other family members are not there, follow your plan for locating one another, including calling your out - of - the - area contact person. - approach animals with caution and comfort and contain them as much as - check and repair fenced areas for animals. - temporarily contain pets and livestock. - beware of loose or dangling electrical wires. do not touch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4111449014085906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.351749"} {"text": "aids are a very large problem around the world. there is no cure for aids but there is a treatment that consist of antiretroviral drugs. the most affective treatment is called harrt and this is when you take multiple drugs at once. this treatment is most affective because hiv is a virus that replicates, and when it does, it doesn ' t replicate the same way. so, one drug may not treat the replicates. how aids affects untreated poeple in africa unfortunately many people in africa don ' t have the treatments available or can ' t afford to get it. so people continue to live with aids. in the poorer parts of africa, many hospitals are running out of beds for people of all illnesses. due to the high demand of medical care for hiv or related diseases, hospitals are forced to only let patients in when their sickness gets terribly bad and they really need medical attention. - - living with slim. dir. sam kauffman. dvd. 2004. living with slim. dir. sam kauffmaliving with slim. dir. sa ( kauffman. dvd. 2004. living with slim. dir. sam kauffman. dvd. 20 ) - - pembrey, graham. \" hiv treatment for children. \" avert. org. 8 aug. 2007. 15 jan. 2008 < http : / / www. avert. org / hiv - children. htm >. - - \" what is aids. \" aids. org. 14 jan. 2008 < http : / / www. aids. org / info / what - causes - aids. html >. - - barrow, gregg. \" case study : south africa. \" bbc. org. 14 jan. 2008 < http : / / news. bbc. co. uk / hi / english / static / in _ depth / africa / 2000 / aids _ in _ africa / casestudy _ sa. stm >.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47797548542748797, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.353539"} {"text": "holding your baby you will spend lots of time holding your baby \u2014 to comfort her, to move her from one place to another, and just to enjoy being close to her. this is one of the ways you and your husband bond with your baby. go ahead and let friends and family hold your baby as well. it ' s important that she come to know all the people in her life from an early age. plagiocephaly is a condition in which a baby develops a flat spot on the back or side of her head from too much pressure there. this usually happens if a baby spends every night and too many hours of the day lying in any one position. to help prevent this, carry your baby using a variety of different holds and promote tummy time during play periods. if your baby does develop a flat spot, take her to the pediatrician right away. your baby will likely be given to you to hold close to your body as soon as she is born. this is because skin - to - skin contact with you has important benefits, including warming her and helping her to regulate her breathing. however, this contact is not only important on the day of birth ; its value holds true throughout infancy. so, take some time each day to hold your baby close to your bare skin during those first few months. your baby will enjoy the warmth of your body and the sound of your heartbeat, and you ' ll love the soft sensation of contact with your baby. dads should also take time to enjoy skin - to - skin contact with their babies. a mother already has a deep connection with her child from giving birth, and skin - to - skin contact can help a father establish a similarly strong relationship with the baby. in a parent ' s arms, a baby feels completely safe and comfortable. holding a baby comes quite naturally to most new mothers. it ' s likely that you will inherently know which body parts need the most support. however, there is more than one way to hold your baby. some holds are one - handed, allowing you to use your free hand for something else. some holds give the baby a view of the world around him, and others give him a direct view of your face. though you will surely discover other useful options through your experience as a parent, here are a few basic holds you can use with your baby : cradle hold : this position is commonly used for nursing. your baby ' s head goes in the crook of your arm, and you extend your forearm along the baby ' s back, supporting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4634137710241477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.356758"} {"text": "here are a few basic holds you can use with your baby : cradle hold : this position is commonly used for nursing. your baby ' s head goes in the crook of your arm, and you extend your forearm along the baby ' s back, supporting her bottom with the palm of your hand. shoulder carry : this hold is great for calming a fussy baby. just rest your baby ' s head on your shoulder, hold the baby ' s lower back and bottom with that arm, and stabilize the baby ' s head with your other hand. football hold : with your dominant hand faceup and at your side, place the back of your baby ' s head in your palm and support her body with your forearm, holding her close to the side of your body. this is a great position for nursing after a cesarean because the baby is not hovering around your scar. hip carry : this position is for older babies who can hold up their own heads. rest your baby ' s bottom on your hip bone so she is facing outward and wrap that arm around the baby ' s body. this keeps your other arm totally free for another task. from the everything mother ' s first year book copyright \u00a9 2005, f + w publications, inc. used by permission of adams media, an f + w publications company. all rights reserved. to order this book go to amazon.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4237369703809455, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.357386"} {"text": "the roots of pragmatics reach back to antiquity, especially to rhetoric as one of the three liberal arts. however, until the end of the 18th century proto - pragmatic insights tended to be consigned to the pragmatic, that is rhetoric, wastepaper basket and thus excluded from serious philosophical consideration. it can be said that pragmatics was conceived between 1780 and 1830 in britain, but also in germany and in france in post - lockian and post - kantian philosophies of language. these early ' conceptions ' of pragmatics are described in the first part of the book. the second part of the book looks at pragmatic insights made between 1830 and 1880, when they were once more relegated to the philosophical and linguistic underground. the main stage was then occupied by a fact - hunting historical comparative linguistics on the one hand and a newly spiritualised philosophy on the other. in the last part the period between 1880 and 1930 is presented, when pragmatic insights flourished and were sought after systematically. this was due in part to a new upsurge in empiricism, positivism and later behaviourism in philosophy, linguistics and psychology. between 1780 and 1930 philosophers, psychologists, sociologists and linguists came to see that language could only be studied in the context of dialogue, in the context of human life and finally as being a kind of human action itself.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5408763653281538, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.359363"} {"text": "language learning & technology vol. 2, no. 2, january 1999, pp. 28 - 30 review of language learning online : theory and practice in the esl and l2 computer classroom language learning online : theory and practice in the esl and l2 computer classroom janet swaffar, susan romano, philip markley, & katherine arens ( eds. ) us $ 29. 00 ( paperback ) ; us $ 9. 00 ( pdf printable, searchable ) ; free ( pdf read - only ) austin, tx, usa reviewed by jozsef horvath, janus pannonius university the communicative potential of networked language classes has recently become the focus of much scholarly attention ( e. g., see kern, 1995 ; warschauer, 1997 ). learning strategies and outcomes have been investigated and curricula developed in a number of countries in response to empirical research showing the benefits of networking ( horvath, 1994 ; ortega, 1997 ). language learning online not only presents the findings of this research, hypothesizing that networks contribute a unique element to learning and teaching, but also identifies areas of future research. the collection ( available in adobe acrobat pdf format at http : / / labyrinth. daedalus. com / llo ) includes studies conducted at the university of texas at austin where the dedicated software package daedalus integrated writing environment ( diwe ) was applied. diwe is a suite of applications developed primarily for computer - assisted classrom discussion ( cacd ) and writing. divided into four sections, the nine papers address issues arising in the spoken and written communication of esl and l2 students. after the introduction, the first chapter ( \" the computer writing and research lab \" by john slatin ) provides a historical account of diwe, discussing the problems of funding and the underlying principles of the use of the computer writing and research lab. - 28 - the second section presents three case studies, each investigating an aspect of writing instruction. the paper by nancy sullivan ( \" developing critical reading and writing skills \" ) focuses on the communicative needs and performance of african - americans, hispanics, and anglo - americans. it argues that by using the network facility to empower minority students, participants in the class were stimulated to explore topics by themselves. the second paper in the section ( \" using computer - assisted class discussions \" by dorothy m. chun ) reports on how interactive competence was enhanced by networking, including a typology of utterances produced via ca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5377327174018567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.366442"} {"text": "were stimulated to explore topics by themselves. the second paper in the section ( \" using computer - assisted class discussions \" by dorothy m. chun ) reports on how interactive competence was enhanced by networking, including a typology of utterances produced via cacd over a two - semester period. the last paper in the section ( \" empowering students \" ) zooms in on the learner - centered nature of cacd. analyzing the volume of language output, philip markley suggests that such contexts facilitated asian students ' willingness to participate in discussions. data collected for the case studies include authentic e - mail message corpora, questionnaires, classroom observations, and student logs. as the number of students participating in the projects was limited, information on statistical significance and validity is not provided. in the third section, the papers deal specifically with the students ' evaluation of their learning. margaret healy beauvois ( \" e - talk : computer - assisted classroom discussion \" ) found that students appreciated the fact that they ( a ) could take time to think of what to say, ( b ) were under much less stress than in a traditional classroom, and ( c ) were involved in a process of discussion that enabled them to improve language accuracy. in the other paper in this section ( \" learners ' and instructors ' attitudes \" ), cristophe jaeglin compares, on the basis of interviews and an in - house questionnaire, learners ' and instructors ' attitudes to networked class discussions. he reports that even though students regarded the facility as positive, some tutors were concerned about the problems caused by the technology. the last section is devoted to classroom procedures with cacd applications. orlando r. kelm lists and describes a few e - mail applications ( \" the use of electronic mail in foreign language classes \" ), and concludes that further non - technocentric research should investigate the actual learning outcomes of these tasks. janet swaffar ( \" assessing development in writing : a proposal for strategy coding \" ) synthesizes discourse and strategy theory and provides a coding system to diagnose the content, quantity, morphosyntax, and the concepts of students ' scripts. the volume closes with swaffar ' s notes on what research areas should be explored in more detail : these include the linguistic, cultural, motivational, and cognitive features of spoken and written communication. swaffar points out the research dilemma that because networking involves variables that are hard to control, such as group dynamics, class management, and technical issues, new designs should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5314623594756226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.367455"} {"text": "linguistic, cultural, motivational, and cognitive features of spoken and written communication. swaffar points out the research dilemma that because networking involves variables that are hard to control, such as group dynamics, class management, and technical issues, new designs should be sought. another call is made for longitudinal investigations. in the second section i would like to have seen more triangulation in the studies. for example, although session transcripts provide the reader with insight into how individual students performed on the tasks, more emphasis could have been given to participant observation. another shortcoming of this section is that the authors never say explicitly how the students ' contributions to sessions were procured for this volume : no acknowledgment is to be found. nevertheless, these papers will be useful for faculty and staff, especially in the u. s. where similar projects have already been developed : the themes, classroom procedures, and feedback types discussed may be trialled and adopted elsewhere. - 29 - in addition to swaffar ' s recommendations for future research, i would also be interested in learning more about the lexical and pragmatic traits of networking students ' offline and online scripts. ethnographic research design could also supplement the investigation of how networked discussion may enable esl and other l2 students to participate effectively in their respective future discourse communities. synthesizing relevant theory and identifying pedagogical implications, language learning online is a useful contribution to the field of computer - assisted language learning. it reports on the findings of current research and documents how classroom applications have informed institution - wide projects. the language of the papers is at times a little taxing, however, with all the abbreviations that have mushroomed in much of the literature. ( on page 57 alone, for example, there are seven different acronyms : ai, lan, esl, call, cmc, clp, and cacd. ) but the volume achieves its aim, identified in janet swaffar ' s introduction : to give an overview of \" representative work on networking classes \" ( p. 14 ), and thus generate future research. horvath, j. ( 1994 ). electronic penpal projects : a tesl - l experience. in j. kohn & d. wolff ( eds. ), new methodologies in foreign language learning and teaching ( pp. 182 - 185 ). szombathely, hungary : berzsenyi daniel tanarkepzo foiskola. kern, r. g. ( 1995", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5314258898814874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.368635"} {"text": ". ), new methodologies in foreign language learning and teaching ( pp. 182 - 185 ). szombathely, hungary : berzsenyi daniel tanarkepzo foiskola. kern, r. g. ( 1995 ). restructuring classroom interaction with network computers : effects on quantity and characteristics of language production. modern language journal, 79, 457 - 476. ortega, l. ( 1997 ). processes and outcomes in networked classroom interaction : defining the research agenda for l2 computer - assisted classroom discussion. language learning & technology, 1 ( 1 ) 82 - 93. retrieved november 22, 1998 from the world wide web : http : / / polyglot. cal. msu. edu / llt / vol1num1 / ortega / default. html. warschauer, m. ( 1997 ). computer - mediated collaborative learning : theory and practice. modern language journal, 81, 470 - 481. about the reviewer jozsef horvath teaches undergraduate and graduate writing courses at janus pannonius university in pecs, hungary. he has experience in using groupware applications, such as groupsystem, in hungarian university language education. he has served as co - editor of novelty, an english language teaching and cultural studies journal in hungary. - 30 - home | about llt | subscribe | information for contributors | masthead | archives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5406891793596389, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.369165"} {"text": "the concept of evil in principle, the concept of evil and its close relationship to suffering would not present a problem were there no concept of the good. the philosophical problem of evil has been addressed throughout the ages in both philosophy and religion ' s most fundamental writings. hinduism, for example, treats all reality monastically. evil only appears evil, yet it participates in the good of cosmic reality of the divine. evil is necessarily a relative term, its meaning becomes dependent on the kind of good which it negates or excludes. the problem which arises is the presence of contradictions on experience. the terms good and evil seem to be contradictory. the hypothesis resulting : how can we sense reality in such a way as to account for its seemingly contradictory manifestations of good and evil? if one looks at evil as an incomplete good, we begin to have a basis for philosophic inquiry. one aspect or group of aspects may be offensive ( evil ) whereas the whole is good. the problem that results is that from incompleteness alone, the goodness of the complete cannot be inferred ; some implied goods are in turn parts of an evil whole. this demonstrates that the proposed view can be granted only partial validity. evil, if seen as a necessary segment needed to serve an unknown good is conceivable but how can we know that the unknown is good? if in fact we have this unknown, does this unknown good make the known evil less evil for man? \" the difficulty of accepting evil as a necessary ingredient of reality leads directly to concepts of malevolent supernatural forces. if evil need not be and should not be, if things have somehow gone wrong and evil has intruded into a world which could have been free from it, who could have been responsible \" ( cavendish, 1993, p. 3ff since evil is seen as lying outside of man ' s human capabilities, its origin must he outside of the human domain. this origin therefore must reside in some supernatural manifestation, either the gods and goddesses of forgotten realms or the devils and demons of established religions. \" at a deeper level, the powers of evil have not been thought out as much as recognized.... evil impulses which stir and whisper in the brain may feel alien to the person... as if they have been insinuated into his consciousness by something from outside \" ( canvendish, 1993, p. 3 ). yet what if these assumptions on evil are erroneous, if in fact evil, and the sinister aspects of evil are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5897404101418795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.404732"} {"text": "have been insinuated into his consciousness by something from outside \" ( canvendish, 1993, p. 3 ). yet what if these assumptions on evil are erroneous, if in fact evil, and the sinister aspects of evil are just an illusion? the reality of evil may in essence be the product of the inner workings of the mind, projected into conscious reality. the collective unconscious of jung, although a psychological type, contains a definite psychological nature with a language. images, symbols and fantasies are the vocabulary of the language of the collective unconscious. the collective unconscious manifests in culture as a universal motif with our degree of attraction. in describing the collective unconscious, jung stated that it consisted of mythological motifs or primordial images which he referred to as archetypes. archetypes are not a priori ideas, but \" typical forms of behavior which, once they become conscious, naturally present themselves as ideas and images, like everything else that becomes a content of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969a, par. 435 ). the archetype ' s presence is felt as numinous that have a profound spiritual attribute. this mythological manifestation in turn must be given some meaning by the individual. \" but, the discovery of meaning is at the same time an experience attended by numinosity and accompanied by a sense of the awesome, the mysterious and the terrifying which always connected to an experience of the divine, in whatever lowly, unacceptable, obscure or despised form it may appear \" ( samuels, et al. 1987, p. 92 ). jung described numinosum as \" a dynamic agency or effort not caused by an arbitrary act of will. on contrary, it seizes and controls the human subjects, who is always rather its victim than its creator. the numinosum what ever its causes may be is an experience of the subject independent of his will.... the numinosum is either a quality belonging to a visible object or the influence of an invisible presence that causes a peculiar alteration of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969b, par. 6 ). the fact remains that evil has presented the twentieth century with the same questions that have perplexed humanity form the beginning of time : ' from whence did it originate? ' in man ' s attempt to progress, he has ignored the basic aspects of his humanity. good and evil have become just another by - product of our technological society, an illness that ' s roots are no longer important. society has projected all its negative side effects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.600208338942432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.405890"} {"text": "' s attempt to progress, he has ignored the basic aspects of his humanity. good and evil have become just another by - product of our technological society, an illness that ' s roots are no longer important. society has projected all its negative side effects as the cost one must pay for advancement. material success is justified at the expense of ethics and morality. yet the question stills remains if evil is caused from within or by some supernatural force. if in fact it is mankind that has perpetuated the evils of the world, then to heal humanity one must first heal man. evil defined over time throughout the centuries, the enigma of evil has occupied the main stage in the human experience. evil knows no boundaries of time and space. \" there has probably never lived a human being who did not at some time in his life wonder why the world, for all its beauty and wonder, should also be so replete with grief, sorrow, conflict and with madness \" ( anders, 1994,. p. 2 ). in mans search to find the answers for these human frailties the concept of evil evolved. \" for thousands of years, in other words, man has attempted to solve the mystery of evil by means of myth, legend, and philosophical speculation, leaving his progeny with little more than a legacy of lies and empty conjecture \" ( anders, 1994 p. 2 ). dr paul carus states that there are no religions in the world where pain, misery or destruction are not represented by some demon or monster the shadow of darkness or evil ( 1996 ). in egyptian literature we find seth, bess and others that represent the dark powers. in buddhism mara the tempter is the personification of evil. the chaldeans see chaos ( tiamat ) as an evil monster. the tension between the existence of evil and the concept of good has plagued philosophers and theologians through out time. in their attempt to define evil they developed three types of evilness in the universe. first, there is natural evil, the natural world and its fallen state. second, there is moral evil. this type of evil is the result of the will of moral being. finally, according to peterson, there is metaphysical evil, consisting of the devil and demons ( 1986 ). every great writer of literary fiction has his or her own definition of evil and how he or she alone decides it will be presented to the reader. the evil represented in a novel may be as flagrant as murder or rape as in dostoevsky ' s the brothers karamazov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5585298551689131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.406912"} {"text": "his or her own definition of evil and how he or she alone decides it will be presented to the reader. the evil represented in a novel may be as flagrant as murder or rape as in dostoevsky ' s the brothers karamazov or as the psychological manipulation of another character as in hardy ' s tess of the d ' urbervilles. \" thomas hardy ' s tess of the d ' urbervilles is a novel in which his protagonist and other characters are confronted by an almost endless array of emotional and moral choices that the reader must ultimately define as good or evil \" ( northrup, 1977, p. 225 ). to create the fingering, ever ominous theme of moral and psychological dilemma cast upon his characters, thomas hardy introduces the human attributes of greed, lust, pride, philosophical ideas and religion. he uses themes that require the reader to take a critical look at the character ' s situation, the character ' s thought process and its impact of the character ' s decision making. in order to better understand the concept of moral and physical evil, it must first be defined and separated from natural evil. natural evil refers to events linked to natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. moral and psychological evil refers to the \" evil things that people do to each other and themselves \" ( alloway, 1974, p. 214 ). natural evil can be easily explained away by relying on religion or natural forces of the universe. moral and psychological evil are not that easy to rationalize. human beings make choices that affect every person around them. as hardy has so aptly pointed out in tess of the d ' urbervilles these are moral and psychological choices which can lead to not only physical, but psychological destruction as well. as lyall watson explains in his novel dark nature, \" my intuition is that ' evil ', for all its dark and threatening aspects, is inevitable a sort of black hole in nature \" ( 1995, p. 24 ). as rousseau puts it : \" god makes all things good ; man meddles with them and they become evil.... [ a ] ll wickedness comes from weakness. the child is only naughty because he is weak ; make him strong and he will be good ; if we could do anything we should never do wrong \" ( rousseau, 1986, p. 5 p. 33 ). that the failure is internal is expressed in plato, aristotle, the stoics, many [ but not all ] christians, and spinoza in modem terms it is expressed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5594894648828388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.407918"} {"text": "wrong \" ( rousseau, 1986, p. 5 p. 33 ). that the failure is internal is expressed in plato, aristotle, the stoics, many [ but not all ] christians, and spinoza in modem terms it is expressed by norton and midgley ( kekes, 1990 ). \" as rousseau says, our weakness is the cause of the evil we do \" ( kekes, 1990, p. 125 ). kant refers to the predisposition of human nature, which he divides into three forms. according to kant, the first is the predisposition for one to satisfy his basic physical and psychological. the second is the rational evaluation of one ' s satisfaction of the basic and culturally conditioned needs in relation to one ' s happiness. kant ' s third predisposition is to submit his will to the moral law. \" all of these predispositions are not only good in negative fashion ( in that they do not contradict the moral law ) ; they are also predispositions toward good ( they enjoy the observance of the law ). they are original, for they are bound up with the possibility of human nature. man can indeed use the first two contrary to their ends, but he can extirpate none of them \" ( kant, 1960, p. 23 ). although kant indicates that the individual ' s natural inclination is for good, he also makes it clear that there is also \"... the propensity to evil in human nature... \" ( kant, 1960. p. 23 ). the good according to kant is acquired whereas the evil is brought upon ourselves. \" evil is possible only as a determination of free will, and since the will can be appraised as good or evil by means of its maxims, this propensity to evil must consist in the subjective ground of the possibility of the deviation of the maxims from moral law \" ( kant, 1960, p. 24 ). therefore, individuals have a propensity to good, but through the exercise of free will one chooses between good and evil. \" kant believes that human nature is basically good evil arises because we choose to subordinate our moral predisposition to that of self love \" ( kekes, 1990, p. 131 ). in kant ' s synthesis, then man is not corrupt. he is \"... still capable of improvement. for man, therefore who despite a corrupt heart yet possess a good will, there remains hope of a return to the good", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5417279222367841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.408914"} {"text": "131 ). in kant ' s synthesis, then man is not corrupt. he is \"... still capable of improvement. for man, therefore who despite a corrupt heart yet possess a good will, there remains hope of a return to the good from which he strayed \" ( kant, 1960, p. 39 ). evil then becomes a condition of the soul, which is in part a result of its unbalanced and incomplete quality. the incompleteness is a result of mans inability to keep the ego in balance with his true inner self. the extension of the ego is seen as the individual is being immersed in self love. this self love is in reality a state of emptiness in degree, an emptiness in inner being, a shadow ( self love ) and no reality of the soul itself this evil state then is a state which is negative, relative and transitory. it implies the absence of completeness, which is acquired during the souls evolutionary process, the knowing self. the metaphysical concept of evil concerns the contradiction between the religious assumptions in the good and omnipotence of god or supreme essences, and the reality of evil experienced in the world. the classification of the religions of the world addressed this problem with three possible solutions. the first is seen in the teachings of hinduism, where a monistic approach is offered according to which the phenomenal world is but an illusion or maya. it is in maya that evil exists an evil which is only illusionary. in the western world we see a mirror image of this concept in the teachings of christian science. \" evil is but an illusion, and it has no real basis. evil is a false belief ' ( eddy, 1934, p. 480 : 23, 24 ). this may address the problem of evil, but makes no attempt to solve it. it leaves its consequences as unexplained. the second explanation is seen in persian zoroastrianism, where we find a dualistic approach to good and evil centered in two deities ahura mazdah and angra mainyu. zoroastrianism expresses this concept in its most extreme form as cosmic struggle between these deities. this approach to the concept of good and evil is not unique. plato ' s timaeus use this dualistic approach as does j. s. mill in ' attributes ', three essays in religion ( 1874 ) and edgar brightman in his a philosophy of religion ( 1940, chap. 8 - 10 ) the third explanation is found within christianity. \" in the first centuries of christianity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5626267410800309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.409868"} {"text": "s. mill in ' attributes ', three essays in religion ( 1874 ) and edgar brightman in his a philosophy of religion ( 1940, chap. 8 - 10 ) the third explanation is found within christianity. \" in the first centuries of christianity there raged a battle over the integration of evil into the image of god \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). for an answer to this anomaly christianity developed a distinctive combination of monism and dualism, a dualism which is posed as ethical within the framework of metaphysical monism. \" beneath the surface of monotheism lies a concealed dualism of good and evil, and beneath that, even a polydemonism \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). in this attempt, the early christian writers hoped to answer the main objection created by the introduction of evil in the world. \" to many, the most powerful positive objection to belief in god is the fact of evil \" ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). the problem of evil creates a theoretical problem. \" if god is perfectly loving, he must wish to abolish evil ; and if he is all powerful, he must be able to abolish evil. but evil exists ; therefore god cannot be both omnipotent and perfectly loving \" ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). in answer to this problem, one can accept that god is not powerful enough to create a world that does not contain evil, or he may state that god created only good so that evil must have been generated by some other power. he may still find this inadequate and may state that god is all powerful but morally imperfect and made a decision to create an imperfect universe. most christians would find this solution objectionable in the fact that it ignores the basis of religious belief \" thus the problem of evil is both real and acute. there is a clear prima facie case that evil and god are incompatible both cannot exist \" ( mcclosky, 1982, p. 315 ). in christianity, the goodness and the greatness of god and the reality of evil are affirmed, but the origin of evil is still a mystery. \" whatever is relegated to the unconscious, whatever is without some kind of representation in consciousness, threatens to become a demon \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336053108547996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.411309"} {"text": "ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify one or more of the problems of evil. there are two different foci that could be viewed in this situation. the first one is those who modify the nature of god. they believe that god is limited, and evil is a reality. this view is known as process theology and is found in liberal protestantism and liberal judaism. this view sees god as finite and in the process of struggling with evil. the other view is from those who re - define the nature of evil. these people see evil as being good. evil and suffering bring out the good in people ; therefore, evil is good. they also believe that evil comes from satan. this results in dualism, which teaches that good and evil are equal. these are two different views, but both are considered a solution in the problem with evil ( silvester, 1981 ). christians give many reasons why god has allowed evil, even if the reasons are a mystery of their own. \" every communication with the divine and every religious feeling comes to consciousness only via the psyche. the psyche is thus the bearer of the imago dei ( image of god ), although we are not in a position to affirm scientifically what causes this image \" ( ribi, 1989, p. 20 ). christianity and other religions usually have five basic answers to the question concerning evil. the first one is that there is not a god at all. this a common answer, but not a ' christian ' answer. the next answer is that evil is not actual. in other words, everything evil that has been done has brought some good somewhere and somehow. the next solution is that evil is just one big mystery. these are the people that feel that evil should not be questioned. then there is the solution that god is not in fact all powerful. god has many enormous powers, but there are powers that roam the earth that god has no control over. the last solution is that god is not always entirely good, god, eke humans can also have a negative side ( silvester, 1981 ). \" theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5414005466297167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.412355"} {"text": "). \" theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but only to point to certain considerations which prevent the fact of evil ( largely incomprehensible though it remains ) from constituting a final and insuperable bar to rational beliefs in god \" ( hick, 1982, p. 3 31 ). christian rationale has always considered evil in its relations to human freedom and responsibility. since man is a finite center, he possesses relative freedom, which in turn makes him / her a self - directing agent responsible for his / her decisions. \" free will is not a constant or a priori quantity ; rather it is that libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). evil a theoretical foundation at this point it becomes necessary to lay a foundation for the discussion of evil in purely theoretical terms. if one begins with the pythagorean y which signified choice ( free - will ), it becomes evident how the concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem separates into two parts : one section flowing to the right and the other section flowing to the left. the right branch signifies divine wisdom and the other symbolizes earthly wisdom. man ( being ) in his growth ( becoming ) symbolizes the central stem of y. it is at the junction of the branches, where man must choose or not choose his path. the left - hand path follows the dictates of mans lower nature ( earthly plane ) which leads to stagnation or remaining at the same level of development. the right - hand path, signifying divine wisdom, leads to the ultimate regaining of unity with the superior sphere or totality. given that individuals are governed by the law of free will, in that every person has absolute freedom of choice and that decisions on those choices make an individual responsible for the results, then individuals, if they were not meant to make mistakes, would not subscribe to the free will system. it is the existence of free will which helps one to grow. \" free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement \" ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5679701076021524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.414219"} {"text": "one to grow. \" free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement \" ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding about the truth in human nature. according to robert ellwood in theosophy \" human nature has a destiny that is only tangential to external nature, though at present painfully intertwined with it \" ( ellwood, 1986, p. 151 ). the stoic chrysippus maintained that good and evil being contrary, both are necessary since each sustains the other. the idea is not that good and evil were created in some past time in static form, but that their growth is a continuous process, a continuous process and evolution from imperfection to perfection, from worst to best. therefore, one cannot say that beings are essentially evil, they are merely less perfect or evolved. we now begin to see the gradient of imperfection. if one is on a certain level, then everything below that level must be imperfect, less desirable. to lower ' standards or submit to desires is then a loss of perfection and therefore becomes a state of evil. the state of evil therefore becomes a state of imperfection in growth. \" imperfect beings living in an imperfect state because of their imperfect evolutionary unfolding, or their imperfect development while this is so ; giving constant hope to imperfect beings to grow better, nevertheless hearken : this does not mean that imperfect things or beings are essentially good \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 154 ). in reality, one can rationalize on a conscious level ' \" evil ' thoughts, actions, or lack of actions, yet karmic law requires justification. karma adjusts each effect to its cause. it gives back to each individual the actual consequences of his own actions. we become responsible for these actions, and karma impartially returns their results to us. whenever imperfection imbalance is produced in the self, there is no quantitative duration for this experience ; each is dependent upon the individual. therefore, \" evil abstractly consists of transitory states or conditions however long they may last in which monads pass during certain phases of their endless peregrinations upwards and outwards \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 155 ). within this context, karma is seen as the law of readjustment which even works to restore equilibrium in the physical and harmony in the moral world. karma is then the limitation set for individuals at their present", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5651906735031409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.415230"} {"text": "no function. man would no longer need opposing principles and each contrasting principle would not need to contain the potential of the opposing principle. since all would be ruled by a universal force of determinism, no one could be other than what he is. therefore, individuals would be justified in their actions, decisions, and fife cycles resulting from the premise that for them there could be no other. in maintaining this structure, one ' s actions could not be compared to another because such a comparison would be non - existent. as a result of determinism, the being ( man ) would have a structure, a blur print, if you like, to follow. since this structure would be the only existence, therefore an opposition of polarity could not exist since non - being cannot create being. \" what is permanent must remain forever the same. it is what it is, and to become something other than this would involve the contradiction that it became what it is not \" ( popkin and stroll, 1956, p. 71 ). the changing world, therefore, must become that which the permanent world is not. the only aspect of the universe, if determined, is that it exists. in reality then, the changing aspect ( polarity ) cannot be part of existence since it does not belong to the real unchanging aspect ( determined ) and must, therefore, be non - existence. as william james insisted in his essay on \" the dilemma of determination, \" there are striking features of our moral experience which can be known only if we assume that men are free agents ( free will ). the attribution of responsibility for our actions makes no sense if we are governed under the law of determinism. if one is predetermined to act in a given manner then responsibility for that action is not his, and the action can therefore not be judged on any standards available. the individual therefore would be incapable of manifestation, for as long as there is manifestation, there is imperfection. \" to illustrate : take any one of us, a human being, we are beings in manifestation, therefore we are imperfect, and throughout beginningless and endless time we shall in various hierarchies and in different degrees of imperfection, on lower or on higher planes, be running the external cyclical round of developing and unfolding ever more and more \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5672036780231247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.417469"} {"text": "of developing and unfolding ever more and more \" ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will and the concept of evil take on a new meaning. although free will always allows the individual the opportunity to change their future course, this does not mean acting contrary to the future because that is an impossibility. free will allows one to modify their own conduct in regards to that future which is the unity with totality. growth then is seen as the manifestation of the interplay between the polar opposites good and evil. \" if a complete human being is a feeling being, then evil must be allowed to exist for this feeling nature of ours to live and grow \" ( stanford, 1981, p. 10 ). since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human being species seed then all events become manifestations of a basic oneness. this does not imply that all things are equal. opposites are abstract concepts belonging to the realm of thought and as stated earlier concerning good and evil relative. when one becomes aware of good, he must out of necessity also be aware of evil. the ancient chinese philosopher chu hsi believed, \" good and evil have no existence in themselves, but are terms applied to things according to their advantage or injury to oneself or to mankind \" ( standford, 1981, p. 7 ). one who wishes to grow may be placed in a situation of pain and suffering, which to some may seem evil. however for that individuals growth it is a necessary good. one must be aware of the relativity and polarity of all o pposites. these experiences of good and evil, pleasure and pain, are not experiences belonging to different categories. they are only two sides of the same reality, oppositions of the phenomenon, manifestation of the interplay of the two. it becomes necessary therefore to see polarity as the weights placed upon the dynamic balance of karma. for true growth is not to strive for good, for good ' s sake, or to eliminate evil ; it is rather following the path of balance. one must strive to maintain the balance between opposites. they are never static but a dynamic interplay between two extremes. nietzsche stated that the individual could not become conscious of the beautiful and the good without also having a conscious development of ugly and evil. in reality therefore, \" evil is purposeful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6044990112558577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.418511"} {"text": "libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness \" ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). kant and others in their philosophical inquiries of evil have just touched the edge of the concept of evil and man ' s relation to it. in the study of kabbalah literature, a break - through to this relationship was slowly accomplished. it is the being - man, the inner self which is in a constant state of becoming ( growth ), self - induced and independent of creation. the essence of man is contained in man. the potential for free will has given man ( being ) a path or options of paths and being must choose individually. upon this choice the basis of man ' s growth or regression is dependent. the growth or stagnation is self fulfilled by the individual. the spirit of creation doesn ' t interfere, but allows one to make the decision on his own. if the individual makes a decision not in accordance with the perfection of creation the individual must re - learn or relieve this incident. it is through this process that the individual is made whole again in accordance with the perfection of creation. this is the process of becoming. man is the inner universe, the essence of being ( creation ), becoming and unfolding to unite with the whole in an unending process till perfection and union are achieved. in a discussion of the relative position of good and evil in man ' s unfoldment, the first consideration to be made is the absolute value of each. since good is not and cannot be an absolute value in creation due to the consideration of free will, an alternative must exist which becomes known or identified as evil. the converse is that absolute evil cannot exist, for then there would be no concept of good. based on this fact, a neutral ground must exist, a ground of balance and harmony. this neutral ground must, by the knowledge of free will, contain the potential for both good, which yields growth ( becoming ), and evil, which is stagnation or non - becoming. man, having the capacity of choice, becomes responsible for his decisions. in so much as we are given a process of free, will we also as a result of that free will become responsible for the direction we take in its application. since the essence of man is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. \" there is no single substance in the world whether it be that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5931499700083174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.420698"} {"text": "is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. \" there is no single substance in the world whether it be that which we experience through the senses or that which we perceive through the mind, that is not comprised or contained in the creator or origin. which is to say, in the ' seed ' \" ( berg, 1983, p. 25 ). just as a child grows and learns through trial and error, the essence of man due to the possession of free will must grow through trial and error. if man was predestined, the concept of good and evil could not exist. for to have one ' s destiny totally laid out would preclude action ; therefore, we could not choose to be ' good ' or regress and choose evil. man would be polarized in a position which could not be judged due to the fact that control was not given to him. since life is not linear in nature, going from one point to another, with no deviations ( pre - destined ), man alone becomes the creator of his own destiny. because of man ' s limited nature, his rational mind, he cannot see the full pattern of unfoldment but only his relative position in time. the mind, working in a logical / rational fashion, must have neat little compartments of classification. therefore what is judged by the individual becomes the definition of good and evil. as a result of this, an understanding of man ' s position in relation to his fellow man ( society ) must be established. to accomplish this, one must devise standards and norms by which the world becomes more understandable. since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human species seed, this becoming cannot exist in a state of evil. rather it resides in a state of change, moving from one level to another. evil then can only be seen as a blockage to becoming or as a barrier to the growth potential. \" according to zohar, evil can never be part of this universe, this world view of evil would then imply that the creator of the light and vessel must, of necessity, be inclusive of this characteristic called evil \" ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5509494341874446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.421710"} {"text": "of this characteristic called evil \" ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework, does man thus create being and non - being within the same thought? if man has one, man must either acknowledge or deny the other. being is the unfoldment of the human species potential, which is oneness with the whole. this reality to be that which we were, which is true essence, the good that is all potential and reality. non being then becomes the negation of one ' s potential, a movement away from the good or a movement to evil. if man is the creator of his own reality through choice, then all that is created must be accepted. in denial, one would in fact deny existence. to deny self is to deny existence. therefore, to choose, one must have existence and that existence must be reality, even if it exists only in the moment of thought. man must accept the reality which he creates, and to deny that reality or the outcome of that reality fife loses all meaning. what results then is man ' s categories of good and evil based upon the premise that it is one ' s choice that creates the existence of this polarity. human evolvement requires the maximization of good and the minimization of evil. \" the enlightenment is correct in its view that we can depend only on ourselves, and christianity is correct in its view that we are weak vessels \" ( kekes, 1990, p. 236 ). there is a reaction to all positive and negative thoughts and deeds. \" all acts of evil stem from the root of unfulfillment \" ( berg, 1981, p. 80 ). good begets good ; evil begets evil ( law of attraction ). this concept becomes clear when one looks at the symbolism interwoven in the story of adam ' s fall. the tree of life in kabbalistic literature is seen as a spiritual ladder. the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is considered the middle pillar of the ten sefiroth. this spiritual ladder is made up of the ten sefiroth which are in essence a ladder for spiritual growth ( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5879732602195664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.424462"} {"text": "( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the word translated is death, a literal translation of the word meaning ' to join. ' from this translation, we now understand that this middle pillar was a tree of ' joining ' which has far reaching implications. to the kabbalist, adam knew the difference between good and evil, but with the eating of the fruit he became joined to good and evil. until this act, evil or its concept was outside or apart from mans nature. once joined, it became a part of man ' s nature. the self of adam became attached to the physical world. \" god is all powerful and beyond our understanding of good and evil \" ( sheinkin, 1986, p. 130 ). it is through our individual free will that man, from his divine essence, became joined to the base matter of the world. in that choice, man opened the door of his being to good and evil. it is a loss of god on the rational level a feeling of isolation that must be negated. the inner being of man, the soul so to speak, is separated from man the rational being. man must remove these false walls of separation and again commune with his higher inner mind or cosmic consciousness. man must move from the lower base consciousness of his earthly attachments to a higher level of consciousness the god head. it is the high level of consciousness where a universal oneness will take place and the illusion of evil will fade. evil then becomes man ' s baseness, his denial of his higher self. it is man ' s inability to comprehend that god is within, not an abstract concept locked outside the realms of reality. through inner development of the cosmic consciousness, man and god are one and evil loses its power. \" epicureans, skeptics and stoics therefore reject the idea of cosmic good and evil in form of strictly human responsibilities, explaining evil either as an illusory, a mere human construct, or the futile endeavor to thwart the will of the one \" ( russel, 1988, p. 158 ). but if \" goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter \" ( sweeney,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5444363714394402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.425540"} {"text": "goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter \" ( sweeney, 1965, p. 167 ). given the concept of evil, which has been previously stated as an absence of good, this would mean that there is a loss of perfection. \" but absence and nonexistence are co - terminous with non - being and unreality ; therefore, evil is also co - terminous with non - being or unreality. accordingly, to become more evil is simultaneously a decrease in being and reality, as well as in perfection \" ( sweeney, 1965. p. 167 ). given this definition, then evil becomes equivalent to imperfection in perfection. with christian science, evil is a nothing, an absence. yet even being nothing it affects its subject. \" metaphysics teaches us that in god the distinction between essence and existence is a distinction rationis, a purely ideal distinction, but that in all created objects there is a real distinction between them \" ( jacques, 1948, p. 65 ). plotinus outlined the results of joining good and evil in his explanation of descending into matter and becoming an individual man. \" because something else other than the all [ - - the sum total of true reality ] added itself to you, you became less by the addition, for the addition did not come from real being [ you can not add anything to that ], but from that which is not, you have become a particular person by the addition of non - being \" ( armstrong, 1953, p. 160 ). the road back to oneness, to becoming truly real, occurs only when man totally identifies with the one, the one whom he was separated from when adam joined with the concept of good and evil. this can only be accomplished by the development of the higher self. evil then becomes not an aspect of sin, but a separation, a disunion from the one. evil the final analysis \" if there is one human experience ruled by myth it is certainly that of evil. one can understand why : the two major forms of experience moral evil and physical evil both contain an enigmatic element in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish \" eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5754400395382253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.426487"} {"text": "in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish \" eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within. man has lost touch with the inner self, the divine essence which is god, which can only be united with oneness by the act of becoming evil then becomes a personal responsibility that an individual must overcome from within. the existence of evil is in a sense a blockage of ones true being. this blockage will not allow the individual conscious mind to realize the higher self or cosmic conscious ( god - mind ). negativity brings only negativity, a stagnation of the growth process. \" as christ stated, ' know the truth and the truth shall set you free, ' he was referring to the realization of oneness with the creator through which the negativity vanishes. at the same time, one ' s conscious mind is able to receive the kingdom of heaven within, or in other words, experience the conscious reality of your spiritual self \" ( masters, vol. 1 1989, p. 2 - 3 ). one cannot doubt the psychological fear of terror or the unknown. society has substituted what man creates within himself for an unknown evil that exists externally. although no man feels that he initiates evil, he feels that he inherited the legacy of an ancient evil handed down from one generation to another. until man realizes that evil is created from within the confine of the collective unconsciousness, he will never be free. only through the development of the inner self, man ' s cosmic consciousness, can the shadows of darkness and evil be brought to light. in that moment of realization, man will begin his unfoldment to his higher self. when the mind or consciousness of the individual relinquishes its hold on the physical world and becomes one with the cosmic consciousness, harmony and balance result. alloway, l. ( ed. ). ( 1974 ). the choice between good vs. evil new haven : yale. anders, t. ( 1994 ). the evolution of evil illinois : open court. armstrong, a. h. ( ed. ). ( 1953 ). plotinus london : george allen and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5493721605073574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.427375"} {"text": "and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. bletzer, j. g. ( 1986 ). encyclopedic psychic dictionary virgina : donning. carus, p. ( 1996 ). the history of the devil and the idea of evil new york : random house. cavendish, r. ( 1975 ). the power of evil new york : dorset. eddy, m. b. ( 1934 ). science and health ( auth. ed. ). boston. eliade, m. ( ed. ). ( 1987 ). the encyclopedia of religion ( vol. 5 ). new york : macmillan. ellwood, r. ( 1986 ). theosophy illinois : theosophical. hicks, j. ( 1982 ). \" the problem of evil \". in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline, and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. jacques, m. ( 1948 ). preface to metaphysics new york jung, c. g. ( 1969a ). the collective works ( vol. 8 ). new jersey : princeton university press. jung, c. g. ( 1969b ). the collective works ( vol. 11 ). new jersey : princeton university press. kant, 1. ( 1960 ). religion within he limits of reason theodore m green, t. m. and hudson, h. h. ( trans. ). new york : harper row. kekes, j. ( 1990 ). facing evil. new jersey : princeton university press. masters, p. l. ( 1989 ). ministers course study lesson ( vol. 1 ). california : university of metaphysics press. mcclosky, h. j. ( 1982 ). \" good and evil \" in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. northrup, g. l. ( 1977 ). a critical look at moral and psychological evil new york : collier. peterson, m. ( 1986 ). evil and the christian god new york : research publishing. popkin, r., and stroll, a. ( 1956 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5202851030551722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.429581"} {"text": "1977 ). a critical look at moral and psychological evil new york : collier. peterson, m. ( 1986 ). evil and the christian god new york : research publishing. popkin, r., and stroll, a. ( 1956 ). philosophy made simple new york : doubleday. purucker, g. de. ( 1973 ) studies in occult philosophy illinois : theosophical university press. ribi, a. ( 1989 ). demons of the inner world boston : shambhala. rousseau, j. j. ( 1986 ). emile ( b. foxley, trans. ). london : dent. russel, j. ( 1988 ). satan the early christian tradition new york. samuels, a., shorter, b. and plaut, f. ( eds. ). ( 1987 ). a critical dictionary of jungian analysis new york : routledge. sheinkin, d. ( 1986 ). path of the kabbalah new york. silverster, h. ( 1981 ). arguing with god new york : dell. standford, j. a. ( 1981 ). evil and the shadow side of reality new york : crossroad. sweeney, leo, s. j. ( 1965 ). a metaphysics of authentic existentialism new jersey : prentice hall. watson, l. ( 1995 ). dark nature : a natural history of evil new york : harper coffins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47851714837782316, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.430104"} {"text": "provided by : freebsd - manpages _ 6. 2 - 1 _ all chooseproc, procrunnable, remrunqueue, setrunqueue - manage the queue of extern struct rq itqueues ; extern struct rq rtqueues ; extern struct rq queues ; extern struct rq idqueues ; struct thread * remrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; setrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; the run queue consists of four priority queues : itqueues for interrupt threads, rtqueues for realtime priority processes, queues for time sharing processes, and idqueues for idle priority processes. each priority queue consists of an array of nqs queue header structures. each queue header identifies a list of runnable processes of equal priority. each queue also has a single word that contains a bit mask identifying non - empty queues to assist in selecting a process quickly. these are named itqueuebits, rtqueuebits, queuebits, and idqueuebits. the run queues are protected by the sched _ lock mutex. procrunnable ( ) returns zero if there are no runnable processes other than the idle process. if there is at least one runnable process other than the idle process, it will return a non - zero value. note that the sched _ lock mutex does not need to be held when this function is called. there is a small race window where one cpu may place a process on the run queue when there are currently no other runnable processes while another cpu is calling this function. in that case the second cpu will simply travel through the idle loop one additional time before noticing that there is a runnable process. this works because idle cpus are not halted in smp systems. if idle cpus are halted in smp systems, then this race condition might have more serious repercussions in the losing case, and procrunnable ( ) may have to require that the sched _ lock mutex be acquired. choosethread ( ) returns the highest priority runnable thread. if there are no runnable threads, then the idle thread is returned. this function is called by cpu _ switch ( ) and cpu _ throw ( ) to determine which thread to switch to. choosethread ( ) must be called with the sched _ lock mutex held", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5021993928765123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.432685"} {"text": "since you are having this confusion, i think it helps to consider the concepts of zero, infinity and \" undefined \". in the most basic sense, division is the opposite of multiplication. thus, the fact that 2 x 3 = 6 implies that 6 / 3 = 2. 1 x 0 = 0. applying the above logic, 0 / 0 = 1. however, 2 x 0 = 0, so 0 / 0 must also be 2. in fact, it looks as though 0 / 0 could be any number! this obviously makes no sense - we say that 0 / 0 is \" undefined \" because there isn ' t really an answer. likewise, 1 / 0 is not really infinity. infinity isn ' t actually a number, it ' s more of a concept. if you think about how division is often described in schools, say, number of sweets shared between number of people, you see the confusion. if i go around some people giving them 0 sweets each, how many people do i need to go around until i have given away my 1 sweet? an infinite number? kind of, because i can keep going around infinitely. however, i never actually give away that sweet. this is why people say that 1 / 0 \" tends to \" infinity - we can ' t really use infinity as a number, we can only imagine what we are getting closer to as we move in the direction of infinity. however, in this case, the number of sweets i have is never changing, so i ' m not really getting closer to anywhere. even this logic doesn ' t really work. the long and short of it is that 1 / 0 doesn ' t really make sense as a calculation. when we do use the notion of infinity we tend to use positive infinity where it doesn ' t matter purely by convention. however, if you think about it too hard you start to get into philosophy and stuff, like \" what actually is infinity? \" and \" wait, what is a number \"? the things people are talking about where it does are different ways of using numbers so they don ' t really count. for example, in the trivial ring, there is only one number, which works like a 0 ( add it to anything and you get that thing ) and a 1 ( multiply it by anything and you get the same thing again ) and makes sense because you can only add it to or multiply it by itself to get itself. it ' s pretty boring actually, but in that case this one number - let ' s call it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5745561608543543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.435345"} {"text": "this shape would appear to be a rectangular prism. the lateral area ( area of every side except top and bottom ) is given by the formula : la = ph ( perimeter of the base multiplied by the height ) the surface area is then found by adding the la to the areas of the bases ( top and bottom ). sa = la + 2b in your figure : la = 18 times 3 = 54 square cm sa = 54 + 2 ( 14 ) = 82 square cm the volume of a right rectangular prism is given by the formula : v = lwh ( length times width times height ) in your case, v = 7 x 2 x 3 = 42 cubic cm. well, on the offchance you can ' t understand masters ' explanation ; the easiest way to get the area is just to say : total surface area = sum of the areas of each face. so you ' ve six faces, all rectangles. the area of a rectangle is obtained by just multiplying the two sides. so, say, the face at the top is 7x2 = 14. and the face at the bottom will be the same = 14. the face in front is 7x3 = 21 as is the one at the back = 21. the other face you can see is 3x2 = 6. and the corresponding one that you can ' t see = 6 also. so the sum of the four squares is 14 + 14 + 21 + 21 + 6 + 6 = 82. the surface area is found by adding the areas of all the faces or more simply, if the base is \" l \" by \" w \" and the height is \" h \", then the surface area is given by : sa = 2 ( lw + hl + hw ) another method i already gave you in my earlier post.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4961873439233986, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.437114"} {"text": "( herpes, genital ; herpes genitalis ; herpes simplex, genital ) | copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. | - direct contact with an infected person \u2014 such as having contact with the vagina, penis, anus, or mouth ( can include sexual or non - sexual contact ) - fluid from herpes blisters that gets on other parts of the body - pregnancy or childbirth \u2014 an infection can pass from mother to her child - high number of sexual partners - history of sexually transmitted infections - starting to have sex at an early age - illness or infection - open a blister to take a sample of it - have blood tests done \u2014 your doctor will do tests to find out if you have herpes simplex type 1 virus or herpes simplex type 2 virus. - acyclovir ( zovirax ) - valacyclovir ( valtrex ) - famciclovir ( famvir ) - take over - the - counter pain medicine - take lukewarm baths treatment for sexual partners - use latex condoms - avoid oral, anal, or genital sex if your partner has herpes blisters - avoid touching blisters to prevent spreading to other parts of the body the american congress of obstetricians and gynecologists http : / / www. acog. org international herpes alliance http : / / www. herpesalliance. org health canada http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca sex information and education council of canada http : / / www. sieccan. org berkow r. the merck manual of medical information. new york, ny : pocket ; 2000. centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. mmwr. 2010 ; 59 ( no. rr - 12 ) : 1 - 110. centers for disease control and prevention seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among persons aged 14 - 49 years - - united states, 2005 - 2008. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 2010 ; 59 ( 15 ) : 456 - 459. genital herpes : lifestyle tips. national women ' s health resource center, inc. ( nwhrc ) website. available at : http : / / www. healthywomen. org / condition / genital - herpes. updated october 20, 2010. accessed october 7, 2012. genital herpes. national institute of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4276080827688569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.440490"} {"text": "( nwhrc ) website. available at : http : / / www. healthywomen. org / condition / genital - herpes. updated october 20, 2010. accessed october 7, 2012. genital herpes. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases website. available at : http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov / topics / genitalherpes / understanding / pages / transmission. aspx. updated january 26, 2011. accessed october 7, 2012. corey l, bodsworth n, et al. an update on short - course episodic and prevention therapies for herpes genitalis. herpes. 2007 ; 14 : suppl 1 : 5a - 11a. herpes genitalis. ebsco dynamed website. available at : https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated june 2008. accessed october 7, 2012. herpes simplex. american academy of dermatology website. available at : http : / / www. aad. org / skin - conditions / dermatology - a - to - z / herpes - simplex / who - gets - causes / herpes - simplex - who - gets - and - causes. accessed october 7, 2012. 6 / 14 / 2012 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). neonatal herpes simplex virus infection following jewish ritual circumcisions that included direct orogenital suction \u2014 new york city, 2000 - 2011. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 2012 ; 61 : 405 - 409. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 - this content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. this information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4217276910804138, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.441340"} {"text": "history of science, history of medicine is an interdisciplinary program of studies leading toward an understanding of the development of science and medicine and their impact on society. it explores intellectual and cultural traditions, institutions, techniques, and practices ; the social uses of science and medicine ; the creation of science - based technologies ; and the relations of science, medicine, and public health to the state. science and drama themes in science, technology, and medicine as they have figured in modern plays written and produced in the united states and europe. these fictive treatments are compared with scientific and historical reality. playwrights include ibsen, brecht, capek, frayn, stoppard, moliere, and cassandra medley. hist 234 01 ( 12794 ) / hshm235 epidemics and society in the west since 1600 the impact of epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, and aids on society, public health, and the medical profession in comparative and international perspective. popular culture and mass hysteria, the mortality revolution, urban renewal and rebuilding, sanitation, the germ theory of disease, the emergence of scientific medicine, and debates over the biomedical model of disease. amst 135 01 ( 12848 ) / hist127 / wgss200 u. s. lesbian and gay history introduction to the social, cultural, and political history of lesbians, gay men, and other socially constituted sexual minorities. focus on understanding categories of sexuality in relation to shifting normative regimes, primarily in the twentieth century. the emergence of homosexuality and heterosexuality as categories of experience and identity ; the changing relationship between homosexuality and transgenderism ; the development of diverse lesbian and gay subcultures and their representation in popular culture ; religion and sexual science ; generational change and everyday life ; aids ; and gay, antigay, feminist, and queer movements. strategic, political, and moral dilemmas of the nuclear age a chronological inquiry into the central questions raised by the invention of nuclear weapons. topics include the impact of nuclear weapons on the theory and practice of war, nuclear deterrence, disarmament, nuclear proliferation, preemptive war, and the capacity for human self - extinction. amst 449 01 ( 22720 ) / wgss451 photography and memory : public and private lives photographs as a source for the creation of public and private memory in the united states, 1839 to the present. amst 247 01 ( 12203 ) / hlth170 / amst879 / hshm6", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4923779022843258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.448484"} {"text": "public and private lives photographs as a source for the creation of public and private memory in the united states, 1839 to the present. amst 247 01 ( 12203 ) / hlth170 / amst879 / hshm634 / hist147 / hshm202 / hist914 media and medicine in modern america john harley warner relationships between medicine, health, and the media in the united states from 1870 to the present. the changing role of the media in shaping conceptions of the body, creating new diseases, influencing health and health policy, crafting the image of the medical profession, informing expectations of medicine and constructions of citizenship, and the medicalization of american life. hist 151j 01 ( 21946 ) / hshm448 / wgss448 american medicine and the cold war the social, cultural, and political history of american medicine from 1945 to 1960. the defeat of national health insurance ; racism in health care ; patient activism ; the role of gender in defining medical professionalism and family health ; the rise of atomic medicine ; mccarthyism in medicine ; and the polio vaccine trials and the making of science journalism. hist 910 01 ( 21108 ) / hshm745 history of health activism this research seminar introduces students to current historical debates around health activism. topics include progressive and conservative ideologies ; debates around welfare and entitlements ; gender and reproductive rights ; medical professionalism ; and health activism as a social movement. research is focused on holdings in yale libraries. clcv232 01 ( 22321 ) / hums233 / hist20 food and diet in greco - roman antiquity a review of evidence concerning dietary habits and attitudes in the greco - roman world, examining the various meanings of eating and drinking in literary texts and the significance of food and drink in social and religious life and in health care. hist269 01 ( 22296 ) / jdst286 / jdst788 / hist979 / rlst768 / rlst230 holocaust in historical perspective a survey of the major historical issues raised by the holocaust, including the roots of nazism ; different theoretical perspectives and ways of accounting for genocide ; the behavior of perpetrators, victims, and bystanders ; and problems of representation. amst930 01 ( 11052 ) / hshm701 problems in the history of medicine and public health an examination of the variety of approaches to the social, cultural, and intellectual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47352053836617547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.449382"} {"text": "victims, and bystanders ; and problems of representation. amst930 01 ( 11052 ) / hshm701 problems in the history of medicine and public health an examination of the variety of approaches to the social, cultural, and intellectual history of medicine, focusing on the united states. reading and discussion of the recent scholarly literature on medical cultures, public health, and illness experiences from the early national period through the present. topics include the role of gender, class, ethnicity, race, religion, and region in the experience of health care and sickness and in the construction of medical knowledge ; the interplay between lay and professional understandings of the body ; the role of the marketplace in shaping professional identities and patient expectations ; citizenship, nationalism, and imperialism ; and the visual culture of medicine. hist 938 01 ( 21114 ) / hshm676 the engineering and ownership of life the seminar explores the history of intellectual innovation and intellectual property protection in living matter. focusing on the united states in world context, it examines arrangements outside the patent system as well as within it. topics include agriculture, medicine, biotechnology, and law. may be taken as a reading or research course. east 525a / hist 902a / hshm 707a impact of epidemic disease in context : focus on asia the course brings historical, geopolitical, medical, and public health perspectives to bear on the study of specific epidemics, with a focus on asia. case studies include major epidemics such as cholera in the philippines and plague in manchuria in the early twentieth century, the story of japan ' s biological warfare unit 731 in world war ii, recurrent influenza pandemics, and more recently, nipah virus outbreaks in malaysia, sars in china, and pneumonic plague in gujarat, india. hshm 008 01 ( 12051 ) / hums090 history of scientific medicine the development of scientific medicine traced from classical antiquity to the dawning of the modern biomedical era. focus on the biographies of major contributors and on cultural and intellectual currents affecting discovery. hist 143j 01 ( 13155 ) / hshm452 psychopharmacology in twentieth - century america the history of psychotropic medications in america from the introduction of amphetamine in the 1930s through the rise of prozac in the 1990s. case studies of antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and stimulants within the broader social, psychiatric, cultural, and pharmaceutical landscape.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4993215363698787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.450266"} {"text": "##amine in the 1930s through the rise of prozac in the 1990s. case studies of antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and stimulants within the broader social, psychiatric, cultural, and pharmaceutical landscape. hist 233 01 ( 21251 ) / hshm201 the cultures of western medicine : a historical introduction a survey of medical thought, practice, institutions, and practitioners from classical antiquity to the present. changing concepts of health and disease in europe and america explored in their social, cultural, economic, scientific, technological, and ethical contexts. hist 901 01 ( 11048 ) / hshm708 the body in science and art the course explores the history of the representations of the human body in science and art. it discusses recent literature on the role of the body in experimental practices. hist 933 01 ( 21112 ) / hshm640 molecules, life, and disease in the twentieth century the course explores the transformation of the life sciences in the twentieth century. it focuses on the rise of molecular biology and its understanding of life and disease. it shows how and why the molecular vision on life has achieved such a high level of scientific authority and social legitimacy. it emphasizes the relationship of this transformation to broader intellectual, social, cultural, and political change. hist 006 01 ( 12796 ) / hshm005 medicine and society in american history disease and healing in american history from colonial times to the present. the changing role of the physician, alternative healers and therapies, and the social impact of epidemics from smallpox to aids.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218922016117273, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.450830"} {"text": "post contents list - 1 causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - 2 hemoglobinopathies - 4 classification of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 - 5 i. structural hemoglobinopathies \u2013 - 6 ii. thalassemia - - 7 iii. thalassemic variants - - 8 iv. hpfh - - 9 v. acquired hemoglobinopathies - 10 diagnosis of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 - 11 the sickle cell syndromes \u2013 - 13 sickle cell - 15 clinicalbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... \u00bb manifestations of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 - 16 thalassemia syndromes \u2013 - 17 thalassemia - 20 clinical manifestations of thalssemia syndromes \u2013 - 21 clinical manifestations of thalssemia - 23 treatment of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - disorders syndromes diagnosisbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... \u00bb treatmentbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... \u00bb \u2013 - oxygen is delivered to tissues by hemoglobin. hemoglobin is present in erythrocytes in high concentration and is responsible for the shape of the cell, viscosity of blood and cell deformability. - hemoglobinopathies are disorders of structure, function or production of hemoglobin. - different hemoglobins are produced during embryonic, fetal and adult life. - the major adult hemoglobin hba has the structure a2b2 - minor adult hemoglobin is hba2, a2d2 - hbf or fetal hemoglobin is \u2013 a2g2 - hbf predominates during gestation. - during post natal life, only small amounts of hbf is present. - at about 6 wks of gestation, the hb is mainly embryonic hb. - at 10 \u2013 11 weeks, hbf becomes predominant. at 38 wks most of the hb is hba. - during stress, as in hemolytic anaemias, bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy, hbf increases. - hydroxyurea also increases hbf. classification of hemoglobmopathies \u2013 i. structural hemoglobinopathies \u2013 - 1. sick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5110354425181891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.455262"} {"text": "poorly controlled diabetes can lead to significantly increased risk of heart disease ( cvd ), peripheral neuropathy, amputations, retinopathy, and kidney disease. the a1c blood test is considered a good indicator of overall blood glucose control. the current recommendation to decrease complications of diabetes is an a1c level less than 7 %. some medical professionals have looked into the benefit of aiming for a1c \u2019 s even lower, below 6 %, commonly called intensive blood glucose control. there is conflicting information as to whether the lower rate is beneficial. two studies published in the new england journal of medicine looked at the benefits and risk of intensive blood glucose control therapy. the results of both studies suggest it may be more harmful than beneficial to target the a1c less than 6. 5 %. a group called the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes ( accord ), investigated intensive therapies ability to decrease cvd risk. the study was stopped early because of higher rates of death in the intensive treatment group. the second study was conducted by the action in diabetes and vascular disease group ( advance ). their study followed intensive therapy with drug interventions and found an increase in hospitalization and low blood sugar with intensive blood sugar lowering. about the studies the accord trial was a randomized control study that followed 10, 251 patients with type 2 diabetes. patients were assigned to a standard therapy group or an intensive therapy group. the patients were tracked for any significant cardiovascular event including death. the study was halted at 3. 5 years when the intensive therapy group was found to have a higher mortality rate. also, at 3. 5 years there were no significant reductions in cardiovascular events for the intensive therapy group. the advance study followed 11, 140 patients with type 2 diabetes. participants were assigned to standard glucose control or intensive glucose control. the intensive glucose control used gliclazide and other drugs to reach an a1c level of 6. 5 % or less. while there was no difference is mortality between the groups, there was a significantly increased rate of hospitalization and hypoglycemia ( dangerously low blood sugar ), in the intensive glucose control group. the intensive glucose control group did benefit from slower progression of diabetic kidney disease but the long - term benefits of this are not known. how does this affect you? lowering blood sugar is an important part of controlling diabetes along with exercise and diet. work with your doctor to decide what level is safe and beneficial for you. do not try to lower your blood sugar or change your medications without consulting your doctor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4498497596203559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.459918"} {"text": "renal concepts in critical care nursebob \u00a9 02 / 06 / 01 i. diffusion - movement of particles from greater to lesser concentration. ii. osmosis - movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. a. uses principles of diffusion. b. remove electrolytes and excess water. c. remove blood across a semipermeable membrane. d. vascular access may be temporary or perminate. 1. a / v fistula. a. connect vein and artery together. b. takes up to 2 months to mature. * c. determine patiency. * 1 ) should hear bruit. * 2 ) should feel thrill. e. dialysis takes 2 - 3 hours and must be done 2 - 3 times per week. 1. check vital signs, weight. 2. check a / v fistula. 3. check laboratory work. * 4. watch for hypotension. * 5. check for bleeding. 6. infection - risk for hiv, hepatitis, cytomeglia virus. * 7. weigh after dialysis. iv. peritoneal dialysis. a. peritoneum is a semipermeable membrane. b. fluid is instilled into the abdominal cavity. c. waste travels across the peritoneum. d. two types. 1. capd - continuos ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 2. ccd - continuos cyclic dialysis ( done at night. ) e. risk for peritonitis. 1. cloudy foul smelling peritoneal fluid. 3. abdominal pain. 1. check weight. 2. check laboratory values. 3. warm fluid. * 4. dwell time - how long fluid remains in abdomen. all comments and questions about content at this site should be sent to nurse bob there have been visitors to this page. return to nurse bob ' s\u00ae page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5241125129958232, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.461734"} {"text": "summer an important time for young readers millburn children ' s librarian patt kent offers suggestions for books and tips to find the right books for them. you ' ve packed the sunscreen, the beach towels and the hand - held video games for vacation. but did you pack the books? summer marks a time when many children may not have something specifically assigned to read, and schools supt. james crisfield said they run the risk of regressing in their literacy skills if they take two months off. it ' s especially true for children who may be struggling with reading, he said. \" we believe anyone can read, but it may take someone longer to learn or it could take them longer to hit their stride, \" he said. \" without any practice, it can be more difficult. \" middile and high school students have some required reading for the fall, but elementary school students are free to read what they want. both crisfield and patt kent, millburn public library children ' s librarian, said it ' s the time of year kids can read something fun whether it ' s a comic book or something else. \" a lot of parents are concerned about their kids reading trash, \" kent said. \" but summer is a time to read for fun. they can read the other books during the school year. \" crisfield said it can be tough to find the right things to read for a child. if something is boring because it ' s too easy or they don ' t understand it, it will turn a child off to reading. but talking to a children ' s librarian can help parents find the right books for their children. with a level for reading, typically chapter books are for 8 year olds and up, kent said. books for kindergarten through second grade are typically of the emerging reader variety. there are some easier chapter books to bridge the gap between the two types of books. it can be hard to know the level of book and what ' s right, she said. if you ' re in a book store, the children ' s book sales clerks usually have a sense of what other kids that age are reading. teachers can give suggestions on what to read as can the children ' s librarians. kent said the most important thing for parents to do is listen to their child ' s interests. there are some children who will read pokemon and nothing else. reading now is about the process and keeping the flow going, so it ' s good to find interesting books, she said. for beginning readers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40522687275760155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.467927"} {"text": "is listen to their child ' s interests. there are some children who will read pokemon and nothing else. reading now is about the process and keeping the flow going, so it ' s good to find interesting books, she said. for beginning readers, she suggested, parents should look for something fun with bright pictures. then look for the topic that interests the child, like sports. \" not every child will want to read the same thing, \" she said. the rainbow fairies book series is popular with some girls, but not every girl will want to read it. parents also should look for authors a child likes, kent said. some authors cover a variety of topics and levels of reading. if a child is familiar with the author, she said, he may be willing to branch out and read other topics if it is by that author. plus children are starting to read what their other friends are reading. \" it ' s not just adults, \" she said. \" i ' ve seen it as young as third graders. \" if a parent does want a child to read a particular book, kent suggested asking a friend or librarian to recommend it to the child. \" they may be more interested than if it comes from mom or dad, \" she said. some of the popular books this summer include the red pyramid series by rick riordan, who previously wrote the percy jackson & the olympians series, which was about ancient greece. the new series is about ancient egypt. kent said riordan is doing for history books what j. k. rowling did for fantasy with harry potter. mo willems is a popular author for younger readers, kent said, and everyone is waiting for his new book. while bright children ' s books, they tell a story, she said. dan gutman books are rarely on the shelf long, kent said. he writes a variety of types of books including the weird school series and baseball card mysteries. he has different types of books on assorted topics for various age levels. there also are old favorites like nancy drew and beverly cleary that are popular, especially with the new \" ramona and beezus \" movie in theaters. cleary ' s books are a favorite with some parents over the junie b. jones books. some parents don ' t like how the junie b. jones series doesn ' t use proper language, which can be a problem for children just learning to read, kent said. harry potter books remain popular, and a new movie on the horizon will renew interest, kent said. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44854637721633456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.468936"} {"text": "another partisan battle appears on the horizon and, no, it \u2019 s not about the fiscal cliff. battle lines are being drawn over rules in the senate. for the next congress, senate majority leader harry reid is considering limiting filibusters on motions to proceed and debate bills ( but not on votes to pass legislation ), making filibusters shorter and requiring senators who want to filibuster to hold the floor of the senate and talk. republican leader mitch mcconnell ( kentucky ), said even these narrow measures would marginalize the senate minority. quoting a 2005 speech by then - senator barack obama, mcconnell warned that if reid changes the rules, hyperpartisan fighting and gridlock will only increase. senate gop whip john cornyn ( texas ) went so far as to claim that the reform \u201c will shut down the senate. it \u2019 s such an abuse of power. \u201d but, never mind the fact that the gop threatened the same rule changes back in 2005 when they held the majority and democrats were using obstructive tactics. the co - existence of partisanship and the filibuster are nothing new in the senate. indeed scholars have shown that partisanship and filibusters frequently went hand - in - hand in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century on issues ranging from important to trivial. for example, the 1880 election produced a narrow split between republicans and democrats and both parties sought to use parliamentary maneuvers to their advantage. between march 24 and may 6 of 1881, 114 dilatory motions were made to prevent republicans from replacing democratic officers in the organization of the new congress. the filibuster only ended when president garfield agreed to remove certain appointments. in modern times, the filibuster has been increasingly used by the minority party in the senate to block presidential appointments. for example, between 2001 and 2003 and again in 2005, democrats utilized the parliamentary maneuver to block george w. bush \u2019 s judicial nominees. republicans have similarly used the maneuver to prevent barack obama \u2019 s appointments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44500062646639826, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.471364"} {"text": "why teamwork? what are the benefits? july 11, 2008 the rabbit and the turtle race remember the famous rabbit - turtle race ( tortoise and the hare )? we all know that at the end of the story the rabbit was not able to win the race against the turtle. well, this is actually not the end of the story. after a disgraceful loss to the turtle, the rabbit decided to have a race again. this time, he decided, he would not take a nap. the race started & soon the rabbit was far away from the sight of the turtle & all the spectators. this time he didn ' t stop & defeated the turtle by a big margin. the turtle lost the race this time ; however, he didn ' t give up. he challenged the rabbit again on a different racetrack. the rabbit, full of confidence, accepted it. he knew the reason he lost earlier : his laziness during the first race. he was able to win the second race because he was able to work on it. the third race started. the rabbit, like always, soon disappeared. everyone was laughing at the turtle but the rabbit didn ' t want to stop to see why & kept on running as fast as he could. he wanted to defeat the turtle by a much bigger margin than the earlier race. suddenly, he came to a river. he was not able to make out how to cross it & was forced to stop. after some time the turtle reached the river & very confidently stepped into it. he swam much faster than he could ever run. within no time he crossed the river & moved towards the finishing point while the rabbit helplessly looked on as the turtle won the race. the story does not end here. after the first race, the rabbit learned that he lost it because of his laziness. after second race, the turtle learned that he lost the race because his opponent was actually good at running. after the third race, the rabbit learned that being faster is not enough ; one should have brains as well to complete the task. the rabbit & the turtle decided to run again. this time it was just running & not a race. while running, until they reached the river, the rabbit put the turtle on his back. once they needed to cross the river, the turtle put the rabbit on his back. after crossing the river, the rabbit again put the turtle on his back & both of them reached the finishing point in less time than ever. what did they learn? they both learned that with teamwork", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48425150623103225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.473937"} {"text": "atv refers to all terrain vehicle, a vehicle that can assume the form of a small, open configuration that is designed for off - road use. these types of vehicles can sometimes be found in the form of a buggie, but are usually thought of as four - wheeled vehicles. most are designed for a single operator, who steers with a set of handlebars that controls the front two tires. the rider operates the vehicle in a similar fashion to that of a motorcycle, with the extra wheels providing greater stability at slower speeds. the main attraction of atvs is their ability to go over any type of terrain, and ultimately carry people and supplies to areas that other vehicles cannot reach. although four - wheeled atvs are considered the standard, there are also three and six - wheeled models in use. the four - wheeled version is often referred to as \u201c quad \u201d or \u201c four - wheeler \u201d. atvs are used worldwide, in all climates and conditions for recreation and industrial purposes. about 80, 000 atvs are sold per month across the globe. atvs were first manufactured in the united states in the 1930s. early models were quite large, often sporting six wheels around a plastic or fiberglass tub that could seat up to six passengers. the vehicles also had steering wheels or control sticks instead of handlebars. their construction was oriented around work activity, as they were able to traverse ponds, streams, and climb up walls. they were also designed to float, being able to carry people and supplies to work places such as dams or pipelines. the advent of modern, recreational four - wheelers has come to assume the \u201c atv \u201d designation as larger, amphibious vehicles are now termed aatvs ( amphibious all - terrain vehicles ). suzuki sold the first purpose - built recreational atv in 1982 with the quadrunner lt 125. this was the first design to include suspension and lower profile tires. the ability to ride in relative comfort over any terrain soon made these vehicles very popular for all types of outdoor enthusiasts. this popularity spurred other manufacturers to produce their own models, including power sport giants such as bombardier, honda, yamaha, and suzuki. similar to other power sports, a large and dedicated sub - culture dedicated to the sports aspect of atvs grew steadily in reaction to its initial popularity. these sports include racing, jumping, endurance, and adventure riding. for this type of competition, atvs are modified for increased performance and handling. many other government and industry leaders have also used atvs for service and transportation. the u. s. military currently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47180738005323286, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.476707"} {"text": "what is insulin shock in dogs? an insulin shock is due to high levels of insulin in the blood, which also cause extremely low blood sugar. the condition may occur in dogs that suffer from diabetes and are under insulin treatment, but may also be seen in dogs that have a pancreas disorder. diabetic shock in dogs. hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) in diabetic dogs rapidly leads to diabetic shock, including seizures, coma and death. hypoglycemia and diabetic shock are sometimes referred to as \" insulin reaction \" because they are often the result of a dog receiving too much insulin. what is insulin shock in dogs? mr what will tell you the definition or meaning of what is insulin shock in dogs also called insulin shock, diabetic hypoglycemia occurs when the body receives too much insulin. because glucose is constantly required by the brain to utilize oxygen, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures,... never alter your dog ' s insulin dose without consulting with your vet. super nervous and freaked out - dog had insulin shock and seizures : lead [ - ] registered user. posts : 2. mar 1 11 9 : 02 pm. reply ; quote ; more.... my friend who was taking care of her said she showed signs of insulin shock friday evening, but she gave her food and it seemed to be ok. a diabetic shock occurs when a dog with diabetes has low blood sugar. this condition may manifest through seizures,... you should also make sure your dog eats and stop administering insulin. consult your vet. if your dog is unconscious,... we would like to show you a description here, but the site you \u2019 re looking at won ' t allow us. a severe episode is sometimes also referred to as \" insulin shock \". in a counter - intuitive manifestation, hypoglycemia can trigger a somogyi effect, resulting in a rebounding high blood sugar or hyperglycemia... one suggestion was that dogs could be picking up on pheromones,... insulin shock is another name for hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. this condition occurs frequently in diabetic individuals who control their blood glucose levels with insulin and other medications.... diabetic shock in dogs. beginner \u2019 s insulin administration guide for dogs. the insulin. insulin is the injectable medication you will be using to control your dia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4953431033557845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.486889"} {"text": "who control their blood glucose levels with insulin and other medications.... diabetic shock in dogs. beginner \u2019 s insulin administration guide for dogs. the insulin. insulin is the injectable medication you will be using to control your diabetic dog \u2019 s blood sugar. the most common complication i see in diabetic pets is giving them too much insulin. when this happens the dogs go into hypoglycemic shock. this can be a life - threatening emergency. hypoglycemic dogs... insulin shock therapy or insulin coma therapy ( ict ) was a form of psychiatric treatment in which patients were repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin in order to produce daily comas over several weeks. it was introduced in 1927 by austrian - american psychiatrist manfred sakel and used... healthy dogs ; featured topics. know the signs of early pregnancy? test your smarts : what ' s safe to eat when you ' re pregnant?... diabetic shock and insulin reactions. severe hypoglycemia, or diabetic shock, is a serious health risk for anyone with diabetes. insulin shock is the term used for severe hypoglycemia, where the level of blood sugar falls drastically below the normal range and produces symptoms, like dizziness, confusion, and lack of coordination. if the food gets ahead of the insulin, your dog \u2019 s blood sugar can rise too far too fast. a tie is what you want - food and insulin being delivered in balance, giving your dog a steady supply of glucose in a good range throughout the day. insulin also affects fat and protein metabolism. when there is a deficiency of insulin in the body, the dog is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. find more information on signs and side effects of insulin overdose. severe dehydration can causelow blood pressure and possibly shock, so it is important to start diabetes mellitus treatment as soon as possible. causes of diabetes mellitus.... insulin. most diabetic dogs need insulin, given in daily injections. we saved our 20 lb diabetic terrier dog easily with a simple tool. ask your pharmacist for a pharmaceutical eye dropper. it ' s... can my dog or cat have diabetes and is it treatable? animal : breed : size : gender : status : zip / postal : the animal shelters news enter your e - mail adress to receive our monthly newsletter on pet care. animal... h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4605444305717321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.487809"} {"text": "dog or cat have diabetes and is it treatable? animal : breed : size : gender : status : zip / postal : the animal shelters news enter your e - mail adress to receive our monthly newsletter on pet care. animal... hypoglycemia ( insulin shock ) shock ( shok ) 1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance due to failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs. what is insulin shock?. insulin shock is considered a very severe medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. this is a life - threatening situation in which someone ' s blood sugar levels drop to dangerously low levels - - - resulting in unconsciousness and shock. insulin shock... insulin shock results from blood glucose levels that are too low and but a diabetic coma can also result from blood glucose levels becoming too high. see our sections on diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia for more detailed information. diabetes in dogs and cats ( 5 ) diabetes in pregnancy ( 3 ) diabetes medication ( 55 ) diabetes monitoring and supplies ( 12 ) diabetes prevention ( 8 )... the originator of insulin shock therapy, also known as insulin coma therapy, was dr. manfred sakel. dogs with diabetes aren ' t able to make enough insulin, a hormone that allows the body to store energy from food and move glucose into cells. because this condition has serious and potentially fatal consequences, diabetic dogs are typically treated with insulin injections one or two times each day virtually all dogs have \" insulin dependent diabetes \" and must be treated with insulin. most cats have \" non - insulin dependent diabetes. \"... insulin shock. if your pet appears wobbly or drunken, his / her blood sugar level may have dropped too low. diabetic sufferers play a constant balancing act with blood glucose levels. if levels are allowed to become too low, hypoglycemia occurs. left untreated, hypoglycemia caused by too much insulin, will evolve into diabetic shock, also called insulin shock. diabetics test blood glucose... there are several forms of insulin available and your veterinarian will make the best selection for your dog. most dogs require insulin injections twice daily ( 12 hours apart and after meals ) for best control of their diabetes symptoms. in the dog, beef containing insulin products are more likely to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5113976936744109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.488889"} {"text": "and your veterinarian will make the best selection for your dog. most dogs require insulin injections twice daily ( 12 hours apart and after meals ) for best control of their diabetes symptoms. in the dog, beef containing insulin products are more likely to be antigenic vs pork insulin or recombinant human insulin. in the cat, pork insulin and recombinant human insulin are likely to be more antigenic vs beef or beef - pork products. 7. author comment ; fleurferro : super nervous and freaked out - dog had insulin shock and seizures : lead [ - ] insulin shock, or diabetic coma, is the potentially fatal end result of the medical condition called hypoglycemia. knowing its signs and treatment is essential. can a dog die from getting an insulin shot if he hasn ' t eaten anything in 2 days? submitted : 2034 days and 18 hours ago. category : dog... if they are given insulin and haven ' t been eating it can cause insulin shock. this guide should help you to recognize the symptoms of insulin shock and offer a few tips on how to treat it. askville question : what is the cheapest place to buy insulin for dogs? : health beef, pork, or human recombinant insulin. pork and beef derived insulins are available only as veterinary products and are not available for human use. in most dogs, intermediate - acting insulins are the first insulin of choice and usually need to be administered twice daily. in cats, both diabetic coma is a life - threatening diabetic complication, and an insulin shock is another name for hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. both are basically complications of diabetes. let ' s see the difference. noun pathology. a state of collapse caused by a decrease in blood sugar resulting from the administration of excessive insulin. also called insulin reaction. origin : 1920... lucy is diabetic. she gets 4units 2x daily with food.. monday she started to have diarrhea and some blood in her stool. we gave her some boiled chicked and rice. on tuesday she ate her normal morning feeding with her insulin.. 2hrs later after drinking water she vomits. time to go to the vet. vetsulin is of pork origin, which is handy for dogs because canine and pork insulin are identical. vetsulin can also be used in cats, although feline insulin is closer in structure to beef insulin. vetsulin is considered to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42921283263196314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.489948"} {"text": ". vetsulin is of pork origin, which is handy for dogs because canine and pork insulin are identical. vetsulin can also be used in cats, although feline insulin is closer in structure to beef insulin. vetsulin is considered to be an intermediate - acting insulin. insulin for dogs - 91 results like novolin n insulin 100 - units 10 ml vial, elanco humulin n insulin 100 units / ml - 10ml, ultimed insulin syringe u - 100 1 cc, 31 gauge x 5 / 16 \" - 100 pack, ulti med ultiguard ulticare u - 40 pet insulin syringes 29g 1 / 2cc 1 / 2 \" 100 / bx, novo nordisk canada novolin n... what causes insulin shock?. the condition known as insulin shock occurs when the amount of glucose in the blood drops to a level at which it becomes insufficient to maintain normal brain function. low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can cause symptoms such as dizziness, headache and... insulin shock symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment information for insulin shock ( diabetic hypoglycemia ) with alternative diagnoses, full - text book chapters, misdiagnosis, research treatments, prevention, and prognosis. without insulin, most diabetic cats and dogs will suffer severe or fatal complications of the disease. form and storage of insulin. the commonly used forms of veterinary insulin are available as suspensions of insulin in liquid. in humans, xylitol has little to no effect on plasma insulin or glucose levels, but in dogs xylitol is a strong promoter of insulin release and can cause severe hypoglycemia with collapse and seizures. print. diabetes mellitus without complication in dogs. diabetes mellitus is a diseased state by which the body suffers from either an absolute shortage of insulin ( type i ), or from an incorrect response from the cells to the insulin that is being produced, a condition termed insulin resistance... similar questions : insulin shock recent questions about : insulin shock. health > conditions & diseases. answers... \" where is a cheap place to buy insulin for dogs? \" ( 4 answers ) \" where can you get the sure - t infusion sets for insulin pumps? \" ( 3 answers ) in diabetic dogs, the main treatment for regulating blood glucose is the administration of insulin by injection. dogs with diabetes mellitus require one or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.425206183368787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.490937"} {"text": "authentication provider. the party responsible for validating a user ' s credentials and issuing a token that can be used to access other sites. this is the web site you visit to do the actual authentication. content injection. in a web application that accepts data input from users, content injection refers to the act of an attacker attempting to insert html or client script content that will be processed by a client browser, or sql commands that the server may process. if successful, content injection of html or client scripts will cause the website to behave undesirably for any user that views the injected content because it ' s being processed by their browser as legitimate html or client script. content injection can result in many undesirable effects, such as causing parts of a web page to disappear, diverting user requests to a malicious location, or allowing an attacker to eavesdrop. sql injection does not affect the client browser, but if a web application accepts user input and uses it to dynamically create a sql query without verifying the content, an attacker can inject syntax into the sql query to manipulate the database and even the database server if it ' s not locked down properly. this type of attack can lead to deleted data, dropped databases, or even allow operating system commands to run as if you were typing them at the command line. cross - site scripting ( xss ). an attack whereby scripts from a malicious source are executed on a client browser as part of a trusted web page. websites that build pages with data elements originating from other sources, such as user input or shared databases, are vulnerable to xss attacks. cross - site request forgery ( csrf ). an attack in which a client browser is manipulated into performing malicious actions on a server with which the client has some form of trusted relationship through authentication, https, or ip filtering. an attacker embeds a link or a script in a piece of untrusted content that does something on the trusted site to which the user is currently authenticated. a simple example is an image element embedded in an html email that includes a url query string, which performs a malicious action. if users click the image, they unknowingly initiate the act on the site where they are authenticated. data model. an object that represents an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.570700418121264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.501491"} {"text": "an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be annotated or extended to support some application features such as validation or authentication. because these models need to be shared between the server and client browser, they are sometimes contained within view models and used directly for data - binding in html forms. application models and service models are variations of domain models. eavesdropping. exploiting a web application using a network data capture utility to find and record http requests and responses between a website and a client. eavesdropping can lead to disclosure of sensitive information such as passwords, personal, or financial information, and can potentially allow the execution of spoofing, tampering and message replay attacks. flow diagram. a diagram that defines the pages in the site, actions available on those pages, and navigation between pages. this diagram reflects the user stories identified in the requirements. forms authentication. forms authentication enables user and password validation for web applications that do not require windows authentication. form model. an entity that represents all of the fields in an html form that is specific to a controller action. it contains only the data that is passed into the action. generally, this corresponds to whatever form is posting back to the server. form models ( sometimes called request models ) are a special case of view models. view models are more generic in that they may also include additional data needed to render a page. a form model might end up being a property on another view model. fragment identifier. the portion of a url identified by the hash ( # ). with regard to browser navigation, hyperlinks include them to make the hyperlink unique. when used in conjunction with the hashchange event, page content is able to change without performing a full - page reload. given - when - then template. a helpful template for defining acceptance criteria that include the context of the test ( given ), the action being tested ( when ), and the expected outcome ( then ). this template provides clear and concise documentation that can be understood by team members and can be used to generate both manual and automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6272529991539445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.502494"} {"text": "automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection is made, jquery is used to operate on the selected elements. jump list. list of commonly used tasks and destinations, enabling easy user access to destinations by eliminating the need to launch the browser and then load the relevant content. also allows users to perform common tasks without launching the web application in advance. this is a feature of windows\u00ae internet explorer\u00ae 9. malicious input. bad data that causes your system to behave undesirably and / or corrupts data. message replay attack. an attack that alters the contents of a captured http request and re - submits it to the website. message tampering. when an attacker maliciously alters the content of request and / or response messages flowing between two parties across a network. for example, if a customer submits an order for 100 widgets to an online merchant, an attacker might alter the order request to order 10, 000 widgets instead. message tampering can be part of a message replay attack or a man - in - the - middle attack. mock. the typical strategy for isolating your component under test is to supply an alternative component or function that the component calls instead of supplying the real component. these alternative components may also be referred to as fakes, doubles, or stubs. mockup. a visual representation that shows what the site will eventually look like. mockups contain details such as typography, color, gradients, images, and transparency, but no functionality. mockups should communicate all necessary details of the ui. to do so, multiple mockups for a single page may be required to convey details of the different states of the application. mood board. a visual collage made up of images and color palettes from a variety of sources that communicate the emotional connection the application aims to have with the users. persona. a representation of a particular type of user the team can identify with. a persona is a user in context that embodies work style, role, motivation, skills, and goals. if you have a complicated or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5480794980200676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.503504"} {"text": "or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcuts in microsoft\u00ae windows applications. with pinned sites enabled for a website, users can pin the site to the windows 7 taskbar or add the site to the desktop or start menu. with this feature, you can add site metadata, create custom jump lists, notification icons, and thumbnail preview toolbar controls for the websites you develop. plain old clr object ( poco ). refers to a class in the microsoft. net framework that does not have any dependencies on external libraries such as the entity framework. for example, if a class inherits from a base class provided in an external library, it is not a poco. progressive enhancement. adds features to the client - side experience based on browser capabilities. publish / subscribe pattern ( pub / sub ). a messaging pattern that enables loose communication between publishers and subscribers. a pub / sub object manages communication, relieving the publishers and subscribers from having direct knowledge of one another. relying party. the party trying to validate a user based on a security token that was issued by an authentication provider. repository. a set of interfaces and implementations providing methods for data access. repository pattern. this pattern assists the data model in separating data storage concerns from the application logic. the interfaces do not expose any data storage - specific types and the implementation classes use them. you can choose how many repositories to create based on how granular you want to factor the methods and the expected data access pattern from your application. rule of thirds. this is a rule of thumb for visual composition that states that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally - spaced horizontal lines and two equally - spaced vertical lines. important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections. safe list. a list that limits input by only allowing what is known to be valid. the advantage of safe lists is that anything that falls outside of the valid set of characters is not allowed. salt. a salt is a value combined with a cryptographic key to make the output of an encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5747249501169086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.504456"} {"text": "encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing of other modules. single - page interface ( spi ) pattern. a pattern for web applications that reduces the number of full - page reloads during user navigation. when a user performs an action, such as selecting a hyperlink, which traditionally requires the site to load a new web page, the application instead modifies the current web page without reloading it. single - page interface web application. web application where the user is only required to perform a full - page load once. from that point on, all page changes and data loading is performed without a full - page reload. hotmail, office live, and twitter are examples of single - page interface web applications. sliding expiration. a pre - determined amount of time where an authenticated user can use the site. the amount of time is reset whenever the user makes a new request to the server. the advantage of using a sliding expiration is that it does not force the user to authenticate again if he or she maintains a reasonable level of activity in the application. otherwise, the user would be redirected to the authentication page after a fixed amount of time had elapsed after the initial authentication. static web application. web sites consisting of static html pages, css, and images. as each page is navigated to, the browser performs a full - page reload. structure. the html of the page as it relates to the hierarchy of elements that make up the page, rather than the visual appearance or layout of the ui. topic. the message between the publisher and subscriber in a pub / sub environment. this message, also often referred to as an event, represents the contract between the sender and receiver, and is made up of a name and an optional message body. user gestures. a specific action that a user takes in order to interact with an application. traditionally, gestures include mouse clicks and keys presses. however, many modern applications also employ interactions in which a user acts more directly on an application. for example, they may touch a screen to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6219841426680806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.505355"} {"text": "to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in addition to view. model. view models. models contained within the mvc application which are built solely for a view to data - bind against. they often follow the same composition hierarchy as the views and partial views. widget method. the method that represents the primary interface for applying the widget to elements and using the widget after it ' s applied. the widget method is named after the name of the widget. wireframe. a diagram that depicts rough placement of the text, data, and basic controls of a ui. these diagrams are tools used to help organize the page ' s information. a wireframe does not show details of the page. wrapped set. a wrapped set is the result of a query that uses a jquery selector to find elements in the dom. to call a method on a wrapped set of elements, a selector is used to select elements in the dom. for example, to add the listing css class to all ul elements directly inside a div element, you can use $ ( ' div ul ' ). addclass ( ' listing ' ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5765563057134673, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.505831"} {"text": "tips and links on learning and using different types of scales will be helpful. if possible list of scales with songs in which they are used and ( artists / types of bands ) who uses certain scales to a larger degree will also be helpful. the problem with giving examples of scale use by certain artists or certain songs is that most artists don ' t really think in terms of using particular scales. they may not know the theory in the first place, relying instead on their ear to guide them, or they may know the theory but in practice concentrate on playing what \" sounds right \". only when quizzed later, they can offer an explanation of why and how what they played works ( usually after spending some time figuring out what exactly they played, in scale terms ). having said that, there are some general rules of thumb you might find helpful, which stem from the fact that musicians influence each other and that certain musical ideas are more \" appealing \" than others in a given cultural context. i ' ll try to break down some of these ideas for you. first of all, my guess is that around 80 - 90 % of popular western music is based on either the major scale or the minor scale. thus if something sounds \" lighthearted / happy \" it is probably major and if it sounds \" dark \" or \" sad \" it is probably minor. in practice, when playing melodies most guitarists don ' t even go that far - opting instead to use the minor pentatonic ( the minor scale without the 2nd and 6th steps ) or the major pentatonic ( the major scale without the 4th and 7th steps ). the pentatonics are the two most important scales that you should have down, as well as the blues scale ( the minor pentatonic with an additional flatted 5th step and - more rarely - also the 7th step ). since the pentatonics are simplified versions of the major and minor scales, you can always switch between them through adding or removing the relevant steps. it sounds fine in theory, but how to use scales in practice? scales and chords most of the time you will be playing scales over chords and you ' ll notice that some of the notes in each scale sound better over a particular chord than others. the reason for this is that chords themselves are made up of notes from a scale. thus, the c major chord is most readily constructed from the c major scale. let ' s see how that works : the c major scale : c d e f g a b c the c major chord : c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47799297218925985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.513326"} {"text": "up of notes from a scale. thus, the c major chord is most readily constructed from the c major scale. let ' s see how that works : the c major scale : c d e f g a b c the c major chord : c e g thus, the c, e and g notes will always sound good when played against a c chord. moreover, they will sound good against any c major or dominant extended chord such as cmaj7, c7, c9, c13 etc. the same is true for minor chords, so if we take the key of am, we get : the a minor scale : a b c d e f g a the a minor chord : a c e so we can see that a, c and e will always sound good against an am chord. bonus points if you spotted that the c major and a minor scales contain the same notes, but simply start from a different one in each case. the two scales are modes of each other. we ' ll get to using modes in a bit. strong and passing tones we ' ve seen how any note contained in a chord will sound good against that chord. notes not forming part of the chord will always sound a bit \" weak \" ( or downright ugly ) when stressed against it. for this reason if you intend to emphasise a note over a chord, it will work best if the note is part of the chord. what about the other notes, that aren ' t part of the chord? well, it depends on the note. sometimes, they can be stressed over a chord and thus change the harmonic sound somewhat - for example, a g note played over an am chord sounds like an am7. this is because our melody note sounds like a harmonic extension of the chord and it ' s fine, as long as that ' s the sound we ' re looking for. some notes are more troublesome ( in c major / a minor it is the f note ) and sound awful when stressed against a chord. the way to use these is to keep them as passing tones - notes we play when getting from one strong note to another. when these \" clash tones \" are kept short, they don ' t offend the ear. harmonised scales and combining scales with progressions we now know that using scales with chords mostly consists in ephasising the strong notes ( those that are part of the chord ) and keeping the other notes short as we pass from one strong note to another. is there some way of taking a chord progression and making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44899536167353904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.514386"} {"text": "that using scales with chords mostly consists in ephasising the strong notes ( those that are part of the chord ) and keeping the other notes short as we pass from one strong note to another. is there some way of taking a chord progression and making sense of it in terms of scales? luckily, yes. we ' ve seen how we could form a c major chord from a c major scale and that we could further form an a minor scale by starting on the 6th step of the c major scale and an a minor chord from that. it stands to reason that there should be a chord for every step of the major scale ( ditto for the minor scale ). making chords on every step of a scale is called harmonisation and the way to do this is to take the note from any step, make it the root, skip the next note, make the note after that the third, skip one more note and make the note after that the fifth ( see preceeding scale / chord examples ). you end up with a series of chord types which is the same for every major key and a second series which is the same for every minor key : harmonised major scale : major minor minor major major minor diminished major c major chords : c, dm, em, f, g, am, bdim, c g major chords : g, am, bm, c, d, em, f # dim, g harmonised minor scale : minor diminished major minor minor major major minor a minor chords : am, bdim, c, dm, em, f, g, am e minor chords : em, f # dim, g, am, bm, c, d, em when faced with a chord progression, try to determine what key it is in ( based on what chords are present ) and then you ' ll know what scale to use over it. we ' ve seen how the c major and a minor scales share exactly the same notes and differ only in what note we choose as our starting point. we could take any note in a major scale and use that as our starting point - the resulting scale would be a mode of the major scale. so what are they good for? if you ' ve looked at any scale / mode books, you ' ll probably have encountered modes as fingering patterns. the easiest way to use those is to treat them as different positional patterns for major or minor scales. thus, if you know the a minor scale 5th position 6 - string pattern, you might use the 3rd", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49136882889506706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.515323"} {"text": "have encountered modes as fingering patterns. the easiest way to use those is to treat them as different positional patterns for major or minor scales. thus, if you know the a minor scale 5th position 6 - string pattern, you might use the 3rd position g mixolydian pattern as a lower extension. you ' ll still effectively be playing a minor, but you ' ll be using a different position than the standard fingerings. the series of modes built on steps of a major scale is as follows : ionian ( major scale ) dorian phrygian lydian mixolydian aeolian ( minor scale ) locrian the more clever way of using modes is to use them as substitutions for the major and minor scales, whenever particular notes of the major and minor scales just sound wrong, even when played as passing tones. for example, f is a troublesome note in c major and a minor and tends to clash noticeably. the solution : use c lydian instead of c major and a dorian instead of a minor. those scales contain f # instead of f and often work better in c major or a minor contexts. another reason to use modes is if the chords you ' re working with don ' t neatly fit into a key. say you are playing over a repeating progression of am c d. the progression is centered on am, but the d chord is out of key. when you try to play the a minor scale over it, it doesn ' t sound good at all. yep, it ' s our old friend - the f note - clashing again. the remedy? use a dorian instead. putting it all together all of the above might be a bit overwhelming, but it is necessary context for what is a fairly easy - if time consuming - task : learning to use scales. here ' s how to go about it : it is a lot of work, but you ' ll find that there are shortcuts that stem from the construction of the guitar. for example, once you learn where the notes associated with every chord lie in a major scale pattern, you ' ll find that if you move the pattern to a new position and key, you ' ll be using the same fingerings for strong notes of the respective chords in the new key. if you ' re also paying attention to the note names and thus learning the fingerboard, you ' ll find it much easier to find the strong notes of any chord whose construction you are familiar with. in general you should learn the basics about the 7 modes first.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4602079562197791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.516272"} {"text": "teenage drivers are three times more likely to be involved in fatal car accidents than older drivers. and teens who drive with two or more passengers are five times more likely to get into a fatal crash. that ' s why amica insurance is sharing some important safety tips for parents and teens. on average, seven teenagers die each day as a result of car crashes, according to federal highway statistics. that \u2019 s why amica insurance is sharing some important safety tips for parents and teens for national teen driver safety week. according to the national highway traffic safety administration and the centers for disease control : - teenage drivers are three times more likely to be involved in fatal car accidents than older drivers. four of every 10 deaths occur while teens are driving at night. - teens who drive with two or more passengers are five times more likely to get into a fatal crash than those who drive alone or with one passenger. - nearly 40 percent of male drivers ages 15 to 20 involved in fatal crashes were speeding at the time, and 25 percent had been drinking. - about a quarter of teens surveyed last year admitted that, within the last month alone, they had ridden in a car with someone who had been drinking. \u201c those are frightening statistics, not only for parents but for other motorists on the road, \u201d said shannon o \u2019 brien, an assistant vice president with amica insurance. \u201c that \u2019 s why we urge parents to talk to their teens about the importance of driving safely and setting rules to help protect them, whether they \u2019 re the driver or the passenger. \u201d nhtsa also encourages parents to establish these firm rules for teen drivers : - absolutely no alcohol - always buckle up ( this includes drivers and passengers ) - no talking or texting on a cell phone while driving - have the car in the driveway by 10 p. m. - no more than one passenger in the car at a time - follow house rules or face parental consequences \u201c we encourage everyone to talk to their teens about the important responsibility that comes with being behind the wheel of a car, \u201d o \u2019 brien said. \u201c but setting by firm rules and guidelines, parents can help their teenage drivers stay safe. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42518692774523853, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.518681"} {"text": "sensitization is the word used to describe an allergic reaction that develops after repeat exposure to an allergen. often, the first time a body is exposed to a substance it does not seem to know what to do with it and basically just observes it. however, in subsequent exposures, it apparently recognizes the substance, and if it deems the material a dangerous intruder, it mounts an attack ( immune response ) against it. occasionally, sensitization occurs after one small exposure, but more often it occurs after a single high dose or large surface area exposure, or after prolonged, repeat exposures over either small or large surface areas. this is why products such as hair dyes and relaxers recommend that you patch test a small area of skin every single time you plan to use the product. symptoms of sensitization to ingredients in hair care products can include development of a painful, pimply rash, scaly, itchy atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczema, inflammation and itchy, flaky scalp. systemic and / or anaphylactic reactions are unlikely given the typical quantity of any ingredient in a hair product and the relatively small area of exposure, but they are not entirely unheard of. this entry was posted on tuesday, december 11th, 2012 at 5 : 00 pm and is filed under home, ingredients, products and ingredients. you can follow any comments to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can skip to the end and leave a comment. pinging is currently not allowed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5501497735489531, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.520460"} {"text": "technical notes : a. 3 test development the development of the assessment instruments is an interactive multi - step process that involves representatives of the participating jurisdictions, various expert committees, and an international consortium of contractors. generally, the first step is to develop or revise a framework to guide the construction of the assessment. items that fit within the framework are submitted by participating jurisdictions as well as developed by each study ' s international consortium of test developers. potential items are reviewed by representatives of each jurisdiction for possible bias and relevance to the study ' s framework. all items are meant to reflect the national, cultural, and linguistic variety among participating jurisdictions. approved items are field - tested, and items that perform well are identified for inclusion in an \" item pool \" that is used to create the actual or \" main \" assessment instruments. design of instruments the main assessment instruments consist of ( 1 ) test booklets made up of instructions and blocks or clusters of items ( small sets of items from the final pool of items ) and ( 2 ) questionnaires for students, schools, teachers ( in pirls and timss ), and parents ( in pirls and pisa, although the united states has not administered the parent questionnaire ). the test booklets for pirls, pisa, and timss are constructed such that no student responds to all of the items. this construction is consistent with other large - scale assessments, such as the u. s. national assessment of educational progress ( naep ). to keep the testing burden to a minimum, and to ensure broad subject - matter coverage, the assessments use a \" rotated block design \" that includes items from different content domains and, in the case of pisa and timss, different subject areas. the number of booklets for each assessment varies as does the amount of time students have to complete each booklet they receive. in each assessment, a portion of the items are identical to items used in the prior administration of the assessment. these items allow a study to \" maintain trend \" ( i. e., be able to make reliable comparisons among the results of different administrations of an assessment over time ) and to provide for corrections through equating, if necessary. source versions of all instruments are prepared in english and, in the case of pisa, in french as well. these are translated into the primary language or languages of instruction in each participating jurisdiction. in addition, it is sometimes necessary to adapt the instrument for cultural purposes, even in nations such as the united states that use english as the primary language of instruction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45796784413515856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.523206"} {"text": "multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is a life - long chronic disease of the central nervous system. it affects mainly young women ( ages 20 to 50 ) and is an unpredictable condition that can range from being relatively benign to being totally disabling. some people with ms may be mildly affected while others may lose their ability to write, speak, or walk. the problem occurs due to multiple areas of inflammation and scarring ( sclerosis ) in the central nervous system. when this happens, communication between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted. about 250, 000 to 350, 000 people in the us have ms. although the cause of ms is not known, some of the causes of ms currently under investigation include the following : - autoimmune disorders - environmental factors - genetic factors symptoms of ms are erratic and may be mild or severe. it is common to have an attack followed by a period of recovery - this is called exacerbations and remissions. other times, symptoms are progressive and may appear in various combinations, depending on the area of the nervous system affected. initial symptoms of ms may include : - blurred or double vision - red - green color distortion - pain and loss of vision due to optic neuritis ( inflammation of the optic nerve ) - difficulty walking - paresthesia ( abnormal sensation or pain, such as numbness, prickling, or \" pins and needles \" ) other symptoms of multiple sclerosis may include any / all of the following ( to a varying degree ) : - muscle weakness in the extremities - difficulty with coordination ( impaired walking or standing may result ; partial or complete paralysis is possible ) - spasticity ( increased muscle tone leading to stiffness and spasms ) - loss of sensation - speech problems - hearing loss about 50 percent of all people with ms experience cognitive impairments related to their disease. the effects of these impairments may be mild or severe and may include difficulty with any of the following : - poor judgment fortunately, pregnancy does not appear to speed up the course or worsen the effects of ms. however, it is thought that women who have unrecognized ms may be more likely to begin having symptoms during pregnancy. some studies have found that ms symptoms decrease in pregnancy and increase during the postpartum ( after delivery ) period. the disabling effects of the disease may make it physically difficult for the mother to carry a pregnancy. muscle weakness and coordination problems may increase the likelihood for falls. fatigue may worsen. paralysis and wheelchair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5561394564975484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.527373"} {"text": "postpartum ( after delivery ) period. the disabling effects of the disease may make it physically difficult for the mother to carry a pregnancy. muscle weakness and coordination problems may increase the likelihood for falls. fatigue may worsen. paralysis and wheelchair dependence may increase the risk for urinary tract infections. women in labor with ms may not have pelvic sensation, and may not feel pain with contractions. this may also make it difficult for them to tell when labor begins. delivery of the baby may be more difficult in women with ms. while labor itself is not affected, the muscles and nerves needed for pushing can be affected. this may make caesarian section surgery, forceps, and vacuum - assisted deliveries more likely. pregnant women with ms need close monitoring of the disease and of fetal well - being. more frequent prenatal visits are often needed. there is no established treatment that alters the course of ms. however, medications may be used in pregnancy including steroids and anti - inflammatory drugs. a procedure called plasmapheresis ( a method for removing toxic elements from the blood ) has been used in investigative trials for treatment of ms. consult your physician for more information. a rehabilitation program for people with ms is designed to meet the needs of the individual patient, depending upon the type and severity of the symptoms and the amount of impairment. active involvement of the patient and family is vital to the success of the program. the goal of ms rehabilitation is to help the patient to return to the highest level of function and independence possible, while improving the overall quality of life - physically, emotionally, and socially. in order to help reach these goals, ms rehabilitation programs may include the following : - exercises and activities to help improve motor skills, restore activities of daily living ( adls ), and help the patient reach maximum independence - exercises that promote muscle strength, endurance, and control - management of bowel or bladder control - use of assistive devices such as canes, braces, walkers - methods to improve communication skills for patients who have difficulty speaking - cognitive retraining - vocational counseling - adapting the home environment for ease of function, safety, accessibility, and mobility - patient and family education rehabilitation programs for patients with ms can be conducted on an inpatient or outpatient basis. many skilled professionals are part of the rehabilitation team, including any / all of the following : - internist and other specialists - rehabilitation nurse - physical therapist - occupational therapist - speech / language therapist - social worker - recreational therapist - case manager - vocational counselor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44717293411190084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.528920"} {"text": "family and consumer sciences and schools - - a perfect partnership for parent education volume 5, no. 2, summer 2000 marilou m. rochford to effectively reach parents, family and consumer sciences ( fcs ) educators must develop strong working relationships with the schools in their respective communities. forging these partnerships takes time, but the benefits produce notable results and significantly impact the lives of the parents and children in those communities. in the human development field, parent education continues to surface as one of the most important areas of concentration. family well - being, along with improved parenting, coping, and stress management skills, ranked highly as issues that clientele need for enhanced lifestyles, according to a 1991 survey by the national extension association of family and consumer sciences. to effectively reach parents, family and consumer sciences ( fcs ) educators must develop strong working relationships with the schools in their respective communities. forging these partnerships takes time, but the benefits produce notable results and significantly impact the lives of the parents and children in those communities. reaching parents through schools children experience critical stages in their development, one of which is the transition to formal schooling, commonly occurring between ages 4 and 6. at this developmental stage, both children ' s and parents ' lifestyles are changing, sometimes dramatically. the way both groups adapt to these changes influences their experiences with education for years to come. for students, building confidence at an early age predicts future educational achievement. for parents, building relationships with school personnel enriches the learning environment and creates a successful learning atmosphere ( west, et al. 2000 ). according to the national coalition for parent involvement in education, there are many studies demonstrating that family involvement encourages student achievement, positive attitudes, and other behaviors that increase school success. the importance of parent involvement is underscored by its inclusion in the national education goals, which state that schools must work to increase parental involvement ( u. s. department of education 1990 ). given these factors, fcs educators can and should create partnerships with schools to provide education and to facilitate parents ' early involvement in their children ' s education. kindergartners are special : handle with care the program, kindergartners are special : handle with care ( kas ) was designed to fill the need for the kind of parent education outlined above. the program was developed by marilou rochford, family and consumer sciences educator, with rutgers cooperative extension in new jersey. this five - session program, presented in an interactive lecture format, covers the following topics for parents of four to six -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509058296720317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.536849"} {"text": ". the program was developed by marilou rochford, family and consumer sciences educator, with rutgers cooperative extension in new jersey. this five - session program, presented in an interactive lecture format, covers the following topics for parents of four to six - year - old children : building a child ' s self - esteem, communicating and disciplining with love, nutrition, health and fitness, the fourth \" r \" - - responsibility, and ready for kindergarten. each session lasts approximately two hours. in that time, parents have ample opportunity for interaction and for practicing new skills learned. each session incorporates family literacy activities. the program enables parents to build their skills in the following areas : - building their child ' s self - esteem - increasing their use of positive discipline and guidance skills - forming a partnership between home and school - increasing their use of positive coping skills - improving their communication skills - identifying and developing family literacy skills in addition, parents who have participated in this program reported that they have gained confidence and feel better about themselves as parents, and that they were better able to express their feelings, values, and ideas more effectively. the program achieves its objectives in a variety of ways, using an interactive lecture format, audio - visual support, and many hands - on exercises designed for the adult learner. during the sessions, participants are given ample opportunity to interact with each other and to engage in open discussion with the instructor. one unique feature of the program involves the use of \" p. s. ( parents supporting ) parents \" pages, an activity that establishes a network of support for parents. p. s. parents pages, which are included as part of the curriculum, are distributed to participants at the beginning of each session. participants complete a p. s. parents page relating to that session ' s topic. for example, during one session, parents are asked to write down three positive qualities about their child ( ren ). responses are deposited in the p. s. parents box and are used to enrich discussion and to create self - esteem builders for children. participants are free to identify themselves on their responses or may choose to remain anonymous. participants can also use the p. s. parents box to pose questions for discussion individually with the instructor or with the group. using this procedure is helpful for participants who are reluctant to raise concerns publicly. there are several ways that instructors use the p. s. parents activity. in some cases it may be appropriate for the instructor to give parents a particular topic to respond to. in other cases, the instructor may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4868148681970534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.537986"} {"text": "who are reluctant to raise concerns publicly. there are several ways that instructors use the p. s. parents activity. in some cases it may be appropriate for the instructor to give parents a particular topic to respond to. in other cases, the instructor may direct parents to focus on a topic that was raised by someone in the workshop. based on class participants and topics raised, instructors can tailor this activity as they see fit. this activity allows parents to practice and improve their own literacy and communication skills by encouraging them to write. it also provides an open, anonymous forum for parents to explore sensitive feelings and topics in their family lives. for optimum effectiveness, the program should be conducted in partnership with a school district. fcs educators should work to establish contact with school administrators, i. e., school principals and superintendents, in their communities. to market this program, the fcs educator should fully explain the program rationale and should prepare information about the program that can be easily distributed by the school to parents. some schools host events strictly for parents of prospective kindergartners, often in conjunction with school registration. these events, as well as \" back to school nights, \" \" new parent orientations, \" and others, are excellent forums for fcs educators to explain the program and to solicit potential attendees. once interest has been established, the fcs educator and the school administrator should develop a \" calendar of responsibility \" that details the activities and coordination necessary to host the program. both the school administrator and fcs educator should share the tasks, as these programs are far more successful when the school district has invested time and effort into the marketing and coordination of the event. ideally, the course should be conducted with parents before their children actually begin kindergarten. the school administrator should be able to guide the fcs educator in choosing the most appropriate dates and times for the course, given the adminstrations ' s knowledge of the parents in their district. working closely with the school administrator can help to avoid scheduling conflicts with other school or community events, enabling a higher attendance rate. facility and additional supports the best location for this program is within the school itself. classroom, library, or cafeteria space can all be used. the room must be large enough to accommodate the number of participants comfortably, with space for participants to take notes and review handouts. instructors should also have access to the necessary audio - visual items for this program, i. e., overhead projector, screen or blank wall, tv, vcr, etc. some school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4365002284274849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.538977"} {"text": "space for participants to take notes and review handouts. instructors should also have access to the necessary audio - visual items for this program, i. e., overhead projector, screen or blank wall, tv, vcr, etc. some school districts have provided refreshments, childcare, transportation, and other incentives to ensure good attendance. the fcs educator should negotiate these points ahead of time with the school administrator. impacts and success stories since its development in 1995, the program has been tested in new jersey with more than 500 participants. a curriculum guide was recently approved for statewide and nationwide use, and the author is in the process of compiling nationwide data. participants who have received this training represented a wide variety of ages, economic, social, rural, and urban populations. participants were from intact, single - parent, and grandparent - headed families. participants complete a pre - test and a post - test to assess their knowledge both before and after the program. in addition, after each session, participants completed an evaluation that indicated areas of behavior change, learning opportunities and knowledge gained during each session. a follow - up evaluation is conducted after 4 to 6 months that further assesses behavior changes and future needs for training and support. highlights of results from the follow up evaluation follow : - 96 percent of respondents used techniques to build their child ' s self esteem - 90 percent of respondents indicated that they had increased the use of positive discipline and guidance that they learned in the course - 95 percent of respondents planned to participate as a partner with their child ' s school to enhance their child ' s educational experience - 88 percent of respondents increased their use of positive coping strategies - 89 percent of respondents noted that they had improved their communication skills - 95 percent of respondents reported increased family literacy activities through programs like kindergartners are special : handle with care, fcs professionals and schools can form lasting partnerships to provide parent education and encourage parent involvement in schools. taking the time to create these partnerships and educate parents is well worth the effort. children benefit through higher educational achievement. parents benefit through improved skills and stronger support networks. with these solid foundations, the future looks bright for stronger, more resilient families in the years ahead. barth, r. s. 1990. improving schools from within. san francisco, ca : jossey - bass. berger, e. h. 1991. parents as partners in education. new york : macmillan. u. s. department of education, office of educational research and improvement. 1996. helping your child. washington dc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4402158586776703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.539984"} {"text": "as many know, this is the 150th anniversary of the publication of on the origin of species. if i may be so bold, one of the things that might distinguish our thinking about evolution in the last 50 years from the first hundred years might be the speed at which natural selection can operate. for a long time, we thought of evolution taking long times : millions of years would be needed to see the gradual accumulation of changes. we learned in the past few decades that we can see the effects of selection over the course of a few decades. there are a few fast changing situations that should press the fast forward button on natural selection. invasions are one. that \u2019 s why they \u2019 re invasions, not slow expansions. boronow and langkilde look at how the invasion of red fire ants are affecting fence lizards. the ants ( solenopsis invicta ) are nasty little buggers. a dozen will kill a fence lizard in less than a minute. you \u2019 d think that would apply some pretty strong selection on the lizards if they have any traits in the population that provide even a little defense against the ants. to test whether natural selection has started acting on the fence lizards ( sceloporus undulatus ), they collected lizards from two locations : one was invaded by the ants 70 years ago, and the other has not been invaded yet. then, they allowed some angry ants to bite restrained lizards, and measured the animals \u2019 performance on several behavioural tasks, like biting, running, and so on. a control group of lizards where handled, but not bitten. they also looked at the effect of dilute venom on the lizards \u2019 blood directly. the bottom line? there \u2019 s no effect. the lizards from the region that had been putting up with ants for seven decades had the same behavioural responses to the ants as lizards from the region with no ants. no differences in the blood responses to venom, either, though the blood was affected by venom. the authors suggest that the ant venom might have a \u201c tipping point. \u201d less than a certain dose, and the lizard is fine. more than that dose, and you \u2019 ve got a scaly corpse. the range in between \u201c fine \u201d and \u201c dead \u201d could be minuscule, in which case, there may not be a lot of variation for natural selection to work on. thus, if the lizards can keep the bites under the critical value, they suffer no fitness consequences. another issue is that the fence lizards do live with other fire ants, like sole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46927322982435193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.542756"} {"text": "this subject will be treated under the following heads : i. origin of none ; ii. none from the fourth to the seventh century ; iii. none in the roman and other liturgies from the seventh century ; iv. meaning and symbolism of none. according to an ancient greek and roman custom, the day was, like the night, divided into four parts, each consisting of three hours. as the last hour of each division gave its name to the respective quarter of the day, the third division ( from 12 to about 3 ) was called the none ( latin nonus, nona, ninth ). for this explanation, which is open to objection, but is the only probable one, see francolinus, \" de tempor. horar. canonicar. \", rome, 1571, xxi ; bona, \" de divina psalmodia \", iii ( see also matins and vigils ). this division of the day was in vogue also among the jews, from whom the church borrowed it ( see jerome, \" in daniel, \" vi, 10 ). the following texts, moreover, favor this view : \" now peter and john went up into the temple at the ninth hour of prayer \" ( acts 3 : 1 ) ; \" and cornelius said : four days ago, unto this hour, i was praying in my house, at the ninth hour, and behold a man stood before me \" ( acts 10 : 30 ) ; \" peter went up to the higher parts of the house to pray, about the sixth hour \" ( acts 10 : 9 ). the most ancient testimony refers to this custom of terce, sext, and none, for instance tertullian, clement of alexandria, the canons of hipolytus, and even the \" teaching of the apostles \". the last - mentioned prescribed prayer thrice each day, without, however, fixing the hours ( didache ton apostolon, n. viii ). clement of alexandria and likewise tertullian, as early as the end of the second century, expressly mention the hours of terce, sext, and none, as specially set apart for prayer ( clement, stromata vii ). tertullian says explicitly that we must always pray, and that there is no time prescribed for prayer ; he adds, nevertheless, these significant words : \" as regards the time, there should be no lax observation of certain hours \u2014 i mean of those common hours which have long marked the divisions of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47154623291825937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.553447"} {"text": "pray, and that there is no time prescribed for prayer ; he adds, nevertheless, these significant words : \" as regards the time, there should be no lax observation of certain hours \u2014 i mean of those common hours which have long marked the divisions of the day, the third, the sixth, and the ninth, and which we may observe in scripture to be more solemn than the rest \" ( \" de oratione \", xxiii, xxv, in p. l., i, 1191 - 3 ). clement and tertullian in these passages refer only to private prayer at these hours. the canons of hippolytus also speak of terce, sext, and none, as suitable hours for private prayer ; however, on the two station days, wednesday and friday, when the faithful assembled in the church, and perhaps on sundays, these hours were recited successively in public ( can. xx, xxvi ). st. cyprian mentions the same hours as having been observed under the old law, and adduces reasons for the christians observing them also ( \" de oratione \", xxxiv, in p. l., iv, 541 ). in the fourth century there is evidence to show that the practice had become obligatory, at least for the monks ( see the text of the apostolic constitutions, st. ephraem, st. basil, the author of the \" de virginitate \" in baumer - biron, op. cit. in bibliography, pp. 116, 121, 123, 129, 186 ). the prayer of prime, at six o ' clock in the morning, was not added til a later date, but vespers goes back to the earliest days. the texts we have cited give no information as to what these prayers consisted of. evidently they contained the same elements as all other prayers of that time \u2014 psalms recited or chanted, canticles or hymns, either privately composed or drawn from holy writ, and litanies or prayers properly so - called. the eighteenth cannon of the council of laodicea ( between 343 and 381 ) orders that the same prayers be always said at none and vespers. but it is not clear what meaning is to attached to the words leitourgia ton euchon, used in the canon. it is likely that reference is made to famous litanies, in which prayer was offered for the catechumens, sinners, the faithful, and generally for all the wants of the church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444656264987766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.554404"} {"text": "peregrinatio, pp, 53, 66, etc. ). but it is only in the succeeding age that we find a complete description of none, as of the other offices of the day. in the rule of st. benedict the four little hours of the day ( prime to none ) are conceived on the same plan, the formulae alone varying. the office begins with deus in adjutorium, like all the hours ; then follows a hymn, special to none ; three psalms, which do not change ( ps. cxxv, cxxvi, cxxvii ), except on sundays and mondays when they are replaced by three groups of eight verses from psalm 118 ; then the capitulum, a versicle, the kyrie, the pater, the oratio, and the concluding prayers ( regula s. p. benedicti, xvii ). in the roman liturgy the office of none is likewise constructed after the model of the little hours of the day ; it is composed of the same elements as in the rule of st. benedict, with this difference, that, instead of the three psalms, cxxv - vii, the three groups of eight verses from psalm 118 are always recited. there is nothing else characteristic of this office in this liturgy. the hymn, which was added later, is the one already in use in the benedictine office \u2014 \" rerum deus tenax vigor \". in the monastic rules prior to the tenth century certain variations are found. thus in the rule of lerins, as in that of st. caesarius, six psalms are recited at none, as at terce and sext, with antiphon, hymn and capitulum. st. aurelian follows the same tradition in his rule \" ad virgines \", but he imposes twelve psalms at each hour on the monks. st. columbanus, st. fructuosus, and st. isidore adopt the system of three psalms ( cf. martene, \" de antiq. monach. rit. \", iv, 27 ). like st. benedict, most of these authors include hymns, the capitulum or short lesson, a versicle, and an oratio ( cf. martene, loc. cit. ). in the ninth and tenth centuries we find some additions made to the office of none, in particular litanies, collects, etc. ( martene, op. cit., iv", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4413095458612855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.556307"} {"text": "cf. martene, loc. cit. ). in the ninth and tenth centuries we find some additions made to the office of none, in particular litanies, collects, etc. ( martene, op. cit., iv. 28 ). among the ancients the hour of none was regarded as the close of the day ' s business and the time for the baths and supper ( martial, \" epigrams \", iv, viii ; horace, \" epistles \", i, vii, 70 ). at an early date mystical reasons for the division of the day were sought. st. cyprian sees in the hours of terce, sext and none, which come after a lapse of three hours, an allusion to the trinity. he adds that these hours already consecrated to prayer under the old dispensation have been sanctified in the new testament by great mysteries \u2014 terce by the descent of the holy ghost on the apostles ; sext by the prayers of st. peter, the reception of the gentiles into the church, or yet again by the crucifixion of our lord ; none by the death of christ ( \" de oratione \", xxxiv, in p. l., iv, 541 ). st. basil merely recalls that it was at the ninth hour that the apostles peter and john were wont to go to the temple to pray ( \" regulae fusius tract. \", xxxvii, n. 3, in p. g., xxxi, 1013 sq. ). cassian, who adopts the cyprian interpretation for terce and sext, sees in the hour of none the descent of christ into hell ( de coenob. instit., iii, iii ). but, as a rule, it is the death of christ that is commemorated at the hour of none. the writers of the middle ages have sought for other mystical explanations of the hour of none. amalarius ( iii, vi ) explains at length, how, like the sun which sinks on the horizon at the hour of none, man ' s spirit tends to lower itself also, he is more open to temptation, and it is the time the demon selects to try him. for the texts of the fathers on this subject it will suffice to refer the reader to the above - mentioned work of cardinal bona ( c. ix ). the same writers do not fail to remark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4445308659766991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.557220"} {"text": "time the demon selects to try him. for the texts of the fathers on this subject it will suffice to refer the reader to the above - mentioned work of cardinal bona ( c. ix ). the same writers do not fail to remark that the number nine was considered by the ancients an imperfect number, an incomplete number, ten being considered perfection and the complete number. nine was also the number of mourning. among the ancients the ninth day was a day of expiation and funeral service \u2014 novemdiale sacrum, the origin doubtless of the novena for the dead. as for the ninth hour, some persons believe that it is the hour at which our first parents were driven from the garden of paradise ( bona, op. cit., ix, section 2 ). in conclusion, it is necessary to call attention to a practice which emphasized the hour of none \u2014 it was the hour of fasting. at first, the hour of fasting was prolonged to vespers, that is to say, food was taken only in the evening or at the end of the day. mitigation of this rigorous practice was soon introduced. tertullian ' s famous pamphlet \" de jejunio \", rails at length against the psychics ( i. e. the catholics ) who end their fast on station days at the hour of none, while he, tertullian, claims that he is faithful to the ancient custom. the practice of breaking the fast at none caused that hour to be selected for mass and communion, which were the signs of the close of the day. the distinction between the rigorous fast, which was prolonged to vespers, and the mitigated fast, ending at none, is met with in a large number of ancient documents ( see fast ). francolinus, de temp. horar. canonicar. ( rome, 1571 ), xxi ; amalarius, de eccles. officiis, iv, vi ; durandus, rationale, v, i sq. ; bona, de divina psalmodia, ix ; ducange, glossarium infimoe lutinitatis, s. v. horoe canonicoe ; idem, glossarium medioe groecitatis, s. v. orai ; martene, de monach. rit., iv, 12, 27, 28, etc. ; haeften, disquisit. monastic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4777005668311909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.558065"} {"text": "glossarium medioe groecitatis, s. v. orai ; martene, de monach. rit., iv, 12, 27, 28, etc. ; haeften, disquisit. monasticoe, tract. ii, ix, etc. ; probst, brevier u. breviergebet ( tubigen, 1868, 22 etc. ; baumer - biron, hist. du breviaire, i, 63, 73, 116, etc. ; cabrol and leclercq, monum. liturg. ( paris, 1902 ), gives the texts from the fathers to the fourth century ; talhofer, handbuch der kathol. liturg., ii ( 1893 ), 458. apa citation. ( 1911 ). none. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 11097a. htm mla citation. \" none. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 11. new york : robert appleton company, 1911. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 11097a. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by robert a orosco. in memory of fr. jacob j. joerger, op. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. february 1, 1911. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4522701499968217, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.558684"} {"text": "a solar - powered plane designed to fly both day and night has succeeded in its first attempt at a 24 - hour voyage. taking off from its base in switzerland, the solar impulse hb - sia soared into the sky at 6 : 51 a. m. wednesday local time ( 9 : 51 p. m. pacific time tuesday ), intent on staying in the air nonstop for 24 hours by flying through the night powered purely by the solar energy captured during the day. \" 24 hours and a successful flight through the night! \" read a post on the solar impulse twitter feed posted at around 9 : 38 p. m. pdt wednesday. \" this is a milestone in putting fossil fuels behind us. \" the solar impulse site tracked the progress of the pilot, andre borschberg, and outlined the itinerary and hopes for the entire flight. the plan was that the solar impulse would slowly attain an altitude of nearly 28, 000 feet with the sun ' s rays both powering the propeller plane and charging its batteries to prepare for the night flight. as the sun started to sink too low to continue providing energy to the solar cells ( about two hours before sunset ), borschberg planned to begin a slow descent, hitting an altitude of around 4, 900 feet by 11 p. m. local time. the goal at that point was to continue flying throughout the night and until the next sunrise using only the captured energy stored in the plane ' s batteries. the question was whether borschberg could coax the batteries to supply enough juice to keep him aloft all night before landing at dawn on thursday. \" goal achieved for si. historic moment. jubilation here in payerne, switzerland! \" read another tweet posted thursday night on the solar impulse twitter page. solar impulse is calling the flight the longest and highest flight completed by a solar plane. the solar impulse team originally planned the first 24 - hour flight for last week. but a technical glitch with the telemetry transmitter, which lets the ground crew monitor the flight, kept the plane grounded until the problem was resolved. the public can follow the flight and aftermath via the site ' s dedicated page, its blog, and its twitter feed. \u2026 read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45497712058288786, "token_count": 456, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.563573"} {"text": "election 2012 roundup : four faculty members on this year ' s campaign henry and gertrude rothschild professor of computer science q. tell us about your project and how it relates to the election. over the course of the last year, we have been collecting data from online political forums, twitter and different kinds of online discussions. we have also collected news. the program we have created identifies influencers. we look to identify who was able to change people \u2019 s minds and how ; where sentiment shifted ; and what arguments people found persuasive. and we look to correlate shifts in sentiment with events as reported in the news. q. how does it work? the systems detect influence using several programs that perceive components of influence. for example, one program can detect in online discussions whether a participant feels positively, negatively or neutral towards a topic and whether other people on the forum agree or disagree. we use machine - learned algorithms that recognize sentiment based on the way language is used \u2014 for instance, negative or positive expressions such as \u201c i like \u201d or \u201c i hate. \u201d the computer uses all of these cues to identify that this person is in favor of a particular claim or this other person is opposed. we have another algorithm that can detect whether someone is making a claim about a particular topic. and we can detect when someone is attempting to persuade people to go along with their opinion. then we can look at how those arguments change the sentiment of others or the direction of the conversation. when we put them all together, we can determine whether somebody is being influential and when they change other people \u2019 s opinions. we are still building these systems and plan to look at other kinds of information, such as age and gender. q. how would this relate to the national discourse? we might use it to analyze how people reacted to particular events, which events were important in determining opinions, and how in online social media, influence played a role in determining outcomes. so we might look at whether changes in opinion are correlated to a particular event in the news, like the recent attack in libya. there might be a discussion about health care on a forum, and you might have two people taking different sides about whether obamacare is helpful or not. by looking at what claims are made and who agrees or disagrees, we can identify whether one person was able to influence other people. also, we can look at the influence of obama or people who work for him, what they are reported to have said, how often it was mentioned in the forums and what effect that had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5049949721304131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.568561"} {"text": "can identify whether one person was able to influence other people. also, we can look at the influence of obama or people who work for him, what they are reported to have said, how often it was mentioned in the forums and what effect that had on people \u2019 s sentiments. i would note that our programs are not perfect, they have error rates. these are hard problems, and they are not easily solved. our error rates can go from 10 to 30 percent depending on the component and the data. q. what is your overall goal? ultimately, we want to be looking across quite a few forums to see what is happening. we can aggregate that information to find out how influence is expressed in different genres, which forums are most influential, how influences changes over time, who within a forum is most influential and how do they get people to agree. ultimately, we want to be able to detect influence for a variety of purposes such as advertising or online problem solving. q. how did you get interested in this field? i did my undergrad at brown in comparative literature. so i had an interest in language at that point. i did both french and english, and looked at all time periods. i loved james joyce and baudelaire. a lot of my friends were doing computer science and were very enthusiastic about it. so towards my senior year i began taking course in computer science. i learned at the end of undergraduate that there was a field where you could combine computers and language. i heard university of pennsylvania had a great program in it, and i went there to do a phd with aravind joshi one of the pioneers in the field of natural language processing. \u2014 interview by adam piore four columbia faculty were awarded sloan research fellowships by the alfred p. sloan foundation. they are mark churchland, assistant professor of neuroscience ; wei min, assistant professor of chemistry ; simha sethumadhavan, associate professor of computer science ; and wei zhang, assistant professor of mathematics. alondra nelson, associate professor of sociology, won the 2012 book award from the association for humanist sociology for body and soul : the black panther party and the fight against medical discrimination.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5074014626836494, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.569388"} {"text": "stay steady on your feet as you age by lindley estes the first day of autumn, sept. 22, is also fall prevention awareness day, a nationally recognized date to observe ways to prevent seniors from falling. falling, according to the centers for disease control and prevention, is the largest contributor to injury in elderly people. every 15 seconds, an older adult is treated in the emergency room for a fall ; every 29 minutes, one dies following a fall. \u201c about one third fall and never get back up, \u201d said teresa d \u2019 orazio, special projects coordinator for orthopedic and sports physical therapy associates in fredericksburg. \u201c they fall and literally never get back on their feet. \u201d in observance of the national awareness day, orthopedic and sports physical therapy associates is holding a fall prevention open house on sept. 21. \u201c a lot of seniors are unaware that they can proactively prevent a fall, \u201d d \u2019 orazio said. at the open house, ospta will offer fall risk testing done by physical therapists, blood pressure checks, vision tests from local optometrists and prescription reviews. d \u2019 orazio said a lot of falls can be prevented by correcting issues with general strength, vision and balance, and by making sure medications are not contributing to unsteadiness. she said she has seen prevention strategies work for patients at ospta. one pair of patients, 85 - year - old sisters, started coming to the facility because they want to remain independent. \u201c they want to continue living on their own, not even with each other, \u201d she said. \u201c and they know the key to living on their own is mobility. \u201d the sisters go to physical therapy, exercise at the facility and remain independent and fall - free, d \u2019 orazio said. falling \u2014 and even the fear of falling \u2014 can radically affect a person \u2019 s life. but there are things you can do, especially as you age, to minimize your risk of falling. the mayo clinic and ospta recommend these strategies : - make an appointment with your doctor. to assess your falling risk, your doctor may ask what medicines you take, whether you have fallen before and whether you have any health problems that could enhance your falling risk. - if you have glasses, wear them. and check in once a year with an ophthalmologist. - stay active. with a doctor \u2019 s permission, participate in activities such as walking, water workouts or tai chi \u2014 they may reduce the risk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4141267428801982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.573001"} {"text": "have glasses, wear them. and check in once a year with an ophthalmologist. - stay active. with a doctor \u2019 s permission, participate in activities such as walking, water workouts or tai chi \u2014 they may reduce the risk of falls by improving strength, balance, coordination and flexibility. also, see a physical therapist if you feel unsteady on your feet. - wear sensible shoes. high heels, slippers and shoes with slick soles can cause falls. to prevent this, you should have your feet measured each time you buy shoes, since foot size can change. sturdy shoes with nonskid soles are good investments to prevent a fall. however, avoid shoes with extra - thick soles. the mayo clinic and ospta recommend choosing lace - up shoes instead of slip - ons, and keeping the laces tied. also, make sure your feet aren \u2019 t cramped. if you \u2019 re a woman who can \u2019 t find wide enough shoes, try men \u2019 s shoes. - remove home hazards, light up your living space and use devices like grab bars. provide adequate lighting, and use night lights. install grab bars next to the toilet and shower \u2014 this is especially helpful for seniors with balance or strength problems. remove scatter rugs and secure carpet edges, and place nonslip rugs in the bathroom to prevent unsteadiness. also, keep walkways in the home clear and place things used regularly in cabinets that can be easily reached without a stepstool. lindley estes : 540 / 735 - 1976 want to go? what : fall prevention open house where : orthopedic and sports physical therapy associates, 421 chatham square, southern stafford county when : friday, sept. 21. 8 a. m. to 2 p. m. to register : registration is required. call 540 - 373 - 3031 to sign up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46145920619808023, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.573709"} {"text": "but keller and her colleagues say their research proves otherwise. keller has studied the chicxulub site and other impact - crater sites around the world for the past decade. she believes that the asteroid impact behind chicxulub coincided with a \" time of massive volcanism, which led to greenhouse warming. \" keller says those three eventsthe chicxulub asteroid impact, volcanism, and climate change \" led to high biotic stress and caused the decline of many tropical species populations, \" but not mass extinctions. that die - off didn ' t occur until later. however, keller does believe that the initial confluence of volcanic activity, global warming, and the chicxulub asteroid impact ultimately contributed to the mass extinction. key to keller ' s assertions is a 20 - inch - thick ( 50 - centimeter - thick ) layer of limestone found between the k - t boundary and the impact breccia, or molten lava and rocky debris, laid down when the chicxulub asteroid collided with earth. keller and her colleagues believe that the thickness of the limestone layera type of sedimentary rock characteristically formed under large bodies of water like oceans, seas, and lakesindicates that it accumulated in the crater over some 300, 000 years after the impact. as proof, keller points to fossils of microscopic organisms called foraminifera and fossil burrows present in the limestone layer. according to keller, those fossils indicate the sediment was deposited after the asteroid impact but before the period of mass extinction that marked the end of the cretaceous. many other scientists disagree with that interpretation, however. they say the layer of fossil - rich limestone was deposited quickly as backwash and infill caused by a huge tsunami that followed the chicxulub asteroid ' s impact with earth. the layer, they say, did not take 300, 000 years to accumulate. in her defense, keller says the quick - accumulation theory is unsupported by evidence that would have been found during her analysis of core samples gathered at chicxulub and 45 localities in northeast mexico. but alan hildebrand, a proponent of the quick - accumulation theory, says the burrows were \" made by organisms digging after the fireball layer was deposited. \" thomas r. holtz, jr., a vertebrate paleontologist at the university of maryland in college park, supports the view that the limestone was quickly laid down as crater infill. he said he is not surprised that cretaceous fossils were found in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46353436145911764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.576753"} {"text": "high resolution satellite images show the devastating floods of the mississippi river in the midwest hitting arkansas to tennessee, and mississippi to louisiana. swollen by weeks of heavy rain and snow melt, the mississippi river has been breaking high water records that have stood since the 1920s and \u2019 30s. it is projected to crest at vicksburg on may 19 and shatter the mark set there during the catastrophic flood in 1927. the river is expected to crest at 57. 5 feet on may 19, about 1. 5 feet above the 1927 record, according to the u. s. corps of engineers. the city of natchez is expected to flood on may 21 with new orleans to follow on may 23. damage in baton rouge and new orleans could be lessened if the u. s. corps of engineers opens the morganza spillway to relieve pressure on levees but it would flood thousands of acres of farmland and thousands of homes. worldview - 2 ( natural color ) satellite image of flooding in the midwest, cairo, illinois ( image credit : digitalglobe ) worldview - 2 ( false color ) satellite image of flooding in the midwest, cairo, illinois ( image credit : digitalglobe ) the worldview - 2 satellite sensor provides multiband ( 8ms + 1pan ) satellite image data to support spectral analysis for various applications. the worldview - 2 multispectral band combination of 8 - 7 - 4 is providing a 2m resolution satellite image where the color blue is water and bright yellow healthy vegetation and darker yellow is vegetation affected by the flooding. for a white paper on the benefits of the 8 spectral bands of worldview - 2, please click here. remote sensing gives state and government agencies the ability to view the damage from multiple vantage points. the spatial resolution of an image determines the ability to view individual features such as buildings and bridges. it also affects the ability to monitor and assess damage conditions, and depends on the nature of the hazard itself. to view more worldview - 2 satellite images, visit here. boat tour on flooding. all eyes on mississippi river levees, spillways as flood tensions continue video. about satellite imaging corporation : satellite imaging corporation ( sic ), a privately held technology company that provides high resolution satellite imagery from satellite sensors such as geoeye - 1, worldview - 2 worldview - 1, quickbird and ikonos, rapideye and other remote sensing products for analysis and mapping applications such as geographic information system ( gis ). the company specializes in mono and stereo satellite imaging technology producing seamless or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44175419397645477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.581039"} {"text": "london ( ap ) \u2014 u. k. health officials are increasing their surveillance for any potential disease outbreaks that could disrupt the london olympics this summer. an estimated 3 million visitors are expected to descend on the city during july and august, bringing with them viruses and bacteria from around the world. at a meeting tuesday of international disease experts, some said even though an outbreak was unlikely, officials couldn ' t take the risk of not being prepared for the olympics, which are taking place from july 27 to aug. 12. \" no news will be good news, \" said john mcconnell, editor of the lancet infectious diseases, which co - sponsored the meeting on health in mass gatherings. he said large sports events like the olympics typically have not had major outbreaks in the past. but to get ready, british health authorities are boosting checks for infectious diseases and increasing labs ' capacity to test samples. during the games, officials will get daily health reports on potential trouble spots and first - aid clinics will operate at event sites. britain ' s health protection agency said it will mostly be looking for ailments like flu, diarrhea and respiratory illnesses but its surveillance system should be able to pick up rarer infections. scientists from saudi arabia shared their experiences from monitoring the hajj, the world ' s largest annual mass gathering, which draws more than 2. 5 million religious pilgrims to mecca every year. nearly 200, 000 people come from developing countries, and the event helped spread polio outbreaks several years ago from nigeria to indonesia. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention advises americans planning to travel to britain to ensure they ' re up to date on their routine vaccinations, including measles. europe has yearly outbreaks of the highly infectious disease. last month, the top doctor for britain ' s olympic team advised athletes not to shake hands to avoid catching any diseases. mcconnell dismissed that advice as \" utterly unrealistic, \" noting infections were passed on just as easily by touching contaminated surfaces. \" you are just as likely to catch something by touching a dirty handrail... so there ' s no reason not to shake hands, \" he said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.35488718030264454, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.583567"} {"text": "prescription and illicit drug abuse frequently asked questions 11. if i use prescription medications the wrong way, how could that affect my health? taking medications the wrong way - - whether by accident or on purpose - - can make your health worse. opioids ( painkillers ) can be addictive and they can have serious side effects, including slowed breathing and death from overdose. depressants can also be addictive if taken incorrectly. their side effects include confusion and impaired coordination. older adults are especially sensitive to these side effects, which can increase their risk of accidents and falls. combining a depressant with anything that can cause sleepiness, such as alcohol or pain medications, can be very dangerous. and taking too many sleeping stimulants can be addictive if not taken as prescribed. repeated use or high doses of stimulants can lead to feelings of hostility, anxiety or paranoia. also, taking high doses of a stimulant may cause an irregular heartbeat, a dangerous rise in body temperature, heart failure, or seizures. taking a stimulant at the same time as certain other medicines can also be dangerous. for example, taking a stimulant and a cold medicine containing a decongestant can lead to dangerously high blood pressure or irregular heart rhythms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46348164065304087, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.586186"} {"text": "modelling southern ocean krill population dynamics : biological processes generating fluctuations in the south georgia ecosystem murphy, eugene j. ; reid, keith. 2001 modelling southern ocean krill population dynamics : biological processes generating fluctuations in the south georgia ecosystem. marine ecology progress series, 217. 175 - 189. 10. 3354 / meps217175full text not available from this repository. variability is a key feature of the pelagic ecosystems of the southern ocean and an important aspect of the variation is fluctuation in the abundance of krill euphausia superba dana, the major prey item of many of the higher predators. direct impacts of variability in the large - scale physical environment, such as changes in ocean circulation, have been suggested as the main factor generating the observed fluctuations. so far, however, there has been little quantitative assessment of the importance of krill population dynamics in the observed variation. here, analyses of a model of krill population development and predator diet data from south georgia have been used to examine seasonal changes in the population structure of krill. the krill population model was combined with a size - based selection function and used to generate expected length - frequency distributions in the predator diet through a summer season. comparison of the model solutions with the predator diet data indicates that the model can reproduce the observed pattern of variation and emphasizes that adult population changes are a key aspect of the interannual fluctuations observed during some years. low krill abundance was associated with reduced representation of the 3 + age group ( 3 to 4 yr old ), whereas when krill were abundant the 3 + age class was the major age group present. the seasonal changes in the population structure in the predator diet involve a complex interaction of relative year class strength, timing of immigration, fluctuations in growth rates and dynamic predatorselective effects. development of the model to examine the interactive effects of changing krill growth and mortality rates will be a valuable next step. the dominance of the changes in krill population age structure underlines the fact that to understand the variability of the south georgia ecosystem we must identify the major factors generating variability in population dynamics throughout the scotia sea. | programmes : | | bas programmes > antarctic science in the global context ( 2000 - 2005 ) > dynamics and management of ocean ecosystems | | additional keywords : | | ecosystem, krill, ocean, model, population dynamics, predators, diet data, interannual, variability, allochthonous, southern ocean | | date made live : | | 24 oct 2012 12 : 49 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5351963696405582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.588676"} {"text": "i will repeat the important part for clarity : \" lookup \" is not a verb. it ' s simply not. this site is dedicated to educating people about the common misuses of words \" lookup. \" it is meant for both non - native speakers who may not know any better, and for native speakers who should know better but don ' t. it is in no way a substitute for a real education. poor grammar is an excellent way to make any presentation sound stupid - - or program look sloppy - - so if you intend to use this language much then it behooves you to learn it properly. it is possible to conjugate verbs. they can change tense and mood. they can change number and person. you will see how even basic conjugation fails for here are some examples with the verb \" conjugate. \" if you doubt that \" conjugate \" is a verb ( or need to look up what it means ), definitions from agree. note that, as with many verbs, noun forms exist. here we ' re using the verb form. conjgate is a regular verb, so the present tense is simple. consider the past tense : the past tense is easy to form with a weak verb like \" conjugate. \" this is normal behavior for a verb. english has more complicated verbs, like irregular and strong verbs, but those are generally the oldest verbs in the language. new verbs are regular and weak. as a new verb, \" lookup \" should follow the regular, weak model that \" conjugate \" exemplifies. unfortunately, it does not : notice the problem with the third person singular. however, let ' s choose to ignore this problem for now. after all, we can ' t let one little conjugation problem make thousands of programmers and technical writers look like fools. plowing right ahead, we ' ll look at the past tense : unfortunately, not a single one of those sounds right. it seems that \" lookup \" can ' t change tense or conjugate like a normal verb. a strong verb? many older verbs are strong verbs, meaning they change tense by modifying an internal vowel or diphthong. as you will see, it doesn ' t behave like a strong verb, either. compare the above behavior to the strong verb \" sing : \" | i sing | | i sang | | i run | | i ran | | i meet | | i met | a separate verb? some grammarians will call this a \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48785184267740617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.596002"} {"text": "either. compare the above behavior to the strong verb \" sing : \" | i sing | | i sang | | i run | | i ran | | i meet | | i met | a separate verb? some grammarians will call this a \" phrasal \" or \" two - part \" verb, but this is mostly because some grammarians are seeking tenure at their university posts and must publish anything they can to get or keep that coveted teaching spot. similar motivation has created definitions for \" compound verbs \" and \" stretched verbs \" - - all different kinds of verbs, supposedly. essentially, though, a two - part verb must have two parts and lookup only has one. the following list of lookup ' s component parts demonstrates this fact. | 1st | | i | | look up | | we | | look up | | 2nd | | you | | look up | | you [ all ] | | look up | | 3rd | | he / she / it | | looks up | | they | | look up | the past tense is also predictable : | 1st | | i | | looked up | | we | | looked up | | 2nd | | you | | looked up | | you [ all ] | | looked up | | 3rd | | he / she / it | | looked up | | they | | looked up | | owned | | i have a book. | | modified | | i have a secret book. | i own the book, then make it a secret book. truly, that is grand. now i will do the same for \" lookup. \" | owned | | i have a lookup. | | modified | | i have a secret lookup. | \" lookup, \" it seems, works as a noun. \" lookup \" is not a verb. it ' s simply not. if it is any part of speech at all, it is a noun. while we did not explore every possible part of speech, we saw with certainty that \" lookup \" is not a verb. it ' s simply not. if you take only one thing away from this page, take that one fact : \" lookup \" is not a verb. educate others. correct manuals, software, and web pages as you find them. tell everyone you know that \" lookup \" is not a verb. you will make a pedant ( me ) happy. you will earn the respect of grammar nazis. most importantly, you will know the truth. magnanimousness demands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49867413386615317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.596927"} {"text": "them. tell everyone you know that \" lookup \" is not a verb. you will make a pedant ( me ) happy. you will earn the respect of grammar nazis. most importantly, you will know the truth. magnanimousness demands that i offer solutions, or correct forms of some of the common abuses of \" lookup \" here are some suggestions, assuming you prefer \" lookup \" as a word rather than take a more conservative approach and insist the proper form is \" look up \" or \" look - up. \" | can you lookup? | | can you look up? | | i tried to lookup.... | | i tried to look up.... | | enter your name at the lookup prompt. | | ( this is acceptable ) | | please lookup again. | | please look up again. | you can also continue your education by learning about other words that are not verbs. for entertainment you can read a sarcastic rebuttal to the argument that lookup really is a verb and the language simply has evolved. thanks to mark pettit for the corrections to the \" checkout \" page. thanks to nathanial jones for the observation of phrasal verbs. thanks to someone whose email i deleted before i could record his name for his suggestion to add a note on prepositions. thanks to john goodman for the correction on \" carryout \" in the index.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5035178026491058, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.597532"} {"text": "skip over navigation guide and features guide and features science, technology, engineering and mathematics featured early years foundation stage ; us kindergarten featured uk key stage 1 & 2 ; us grades 1 - 4 featured uk key stage 3 - 5 ; us grades 5 - 12 featured uk key stage 1, us grade 1 & 2 featured uk key stage 2 ; us grade 3 & 4 featured uk key stages 3 & 4 ; us grade 5 - 10 featured uk key stage 4 & 5 ; us grade 11 & 12 what ' s to notice? stage : 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 article by lynne mcclure the theme for is about ' actions on objects '. all of the activities we have devised involve some kind of noticing, and several of them involve new interactivities which we think promote lots of opportunities to notice. john mason, our guest editor this month, has written a lot about the ' discipline of noticing ' and how important it is to the understanding of the deeper structures of mathematics. so what does this mean and how can we help our students get better at it - how can we ' educate awareness '? rather than think abstractly about this, let ' s consider what it looks like in some of this month ' s offerings. add and take - away path can be construed as an exercise in adding up and taking away. one might also think of it as a very early introduction to vectors. but the task has been devised so that the problem solver is almost forced to notice something. perhaps two totals being the same might be a coincidence, but if the children are encouraged to try some others they notice that so long as they fix the start and end of a path, the total will always be the same. to adults that may be obvious but to small children it is far from being so and they can be quite surprised. the teacher ' s role here is in offering a structured task which has lots of flexibility so that the children can choose any routes they like. and then the big question - what do they notice and why do they think this happened? i really like area and perimeter. children so often get these muddled up, usually because they meet them at different times in their school career, so setting a task where they intentionally have to attend to both simultaneously is a good way of confronting the confusion. the usual questions students are asked are about knowing a formula and calculating the value of either area or perimeter but here the questions are of a different nature. they force the child to look at the relationship between the shape, its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5603293780555789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.601987"} {"text": "way of confronting the confusion. the usual questions students are asked are about knowing a formula and calculating the value of either area or perimeter but here the questions are of a different nature. they force the child to look at the relationship between the shape, its area and its perimeter. long thin shapes may have a small area and a large perimeter for example ; shapes with bits cut out may have a very small area and a very big perimeter - so the structure and property of the shape itself become the important ideas. and the variants can be used as consolidation games. in each case the students have to notice the commonalities, framed in the multiplication operation, so that they can deduce what whole number factors go where. similar noticings have to take place in. because many of the questions differ only slightly, asking which piece of the answer gives the most information demands noticing, which leads to a clearer understanding of the structure of the question. whilst i was focused on this, two activities from previous months came to mind. is a task we published last month. the team have been using it a lot with students recently ( you can see videos of this ), and have refined their thinking about how it might be used, and the sorts of questions to ask. the students are invited to perform a certain action ( tilting a square ) and asked what they notice. the teacher ' s role is in helping them to attend to similarities and differences - and in this case the way that these are recorded by the teacher on the board helps the students to notice in a way that they may not have done if they had recorded in other ways. one of my favourite tools on the nrich site is you ' ll need to read the instructions first, but as an interactivity to model actions, and successive actions, on objects, it ' s an engaging option. lots of deciding what to attend to and how to record it. in all of these tasks - and the others this month - ' actions on objects ' change something. learners get caught up in the detective work of trying to fathom what it is that makes a difference, and sometimes whether the order of actions matters. if you ' re short of something to do and want to refine your own noticing skill, try 18 - hole light golf. it could become addictive. meet the team the nrich project aims to enrich the mathematical experiences of all learners. to support this aim, members of the nrich team work in a wide range of capacities, including providing professional development for teachers wishing to embed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.57137263699205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.603148"} {"text": "press release 09 - 118 the abyss : deepest part of the oceans no longer hidden nereus is first undersea vehicle to enable routine scientific investigation of ocean depths worldwide june 2, 2009 the abyss is a dark, deep place, but it ' s no longer hidden. at least when nereus is on the scene. nereus is a new type of deep - sea robotic vehicle, called a hybrid remotely operated vehicle ( hrov ). nereus dove to 10, 902 meters ( 6. 8 miles ) on may 31, 2009, in the challenger deep in the mariana trench in the western pacific ocean, reports a team of engineers and scientists aboard the research vessel kilo moana. the dive makes nereus the world ' s deepest - diving vehicle, and the first vehicle to explore the mariana trench since 1998. \" much of the ocean ' s depths remain unexplored, \" said julie morris, director of the national science foundation ( nsf ) ' s division of ocean sciences, which funded the project. \" ocean scientists now have a unique tool to gather images, data and samples from everywhere in the oceans, rather than those parts shallower than 6, 500 meters ( 4 miles ). with its innovative technology, nereus allows us to study and understand previously inaccessible ocean regions. \" nereus ' s unique hybrid - vehicle design makes it ideally suited to explore the ocean ' s last frontiers, marine scientists say. the unmanned vehicle is remotely operated by pilots aboard a surface ship via a lightweight, micro - thin, fiber - optic tether that allows nereus to dive deep and be highly maneuverable. nereus, however, can also be switched into a free - swimming, autonomous vehicle mode. \" reaching such extreme depths is the pinnacle of technical challenges, \" said andy bowen, project manager and principal developer of nereus at the woods hole oceanographic institution ( whoi ). \" the team is pleased that nereus has been successful in reaching the very bottom of the ocean to return imagery and samples from such a hostile world. with a robot like nereus we can now explore anywhere in the ocean. the trenches are virtually unexplored, and nereus will enable new discoveries there. nereus marks the start of a new era in ocean exploration. \" nereus ( rhymes with \" serious \" ) is a mythical greek god with a fish - tail and a man ' s torso. the vehicle was named in a nationwide contest open to high school and college students. the mariana trench forms the boundary between two tectonic plates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49148540064211366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.610458"} {"text": "with \" serious \" ) is a mythical greek god with a fish - tail and a man ' s torso. the vehicle was named in a nationwide contest open to high school and college students. the mariana trench forms the boundary between two tectonic plates, where the pacific plate is subducted beneath the small mariana plate. it is part of the pacific ring of fire, a 40, 000 - kilometer ( 25, 000 - mile ) area where most of the world ' s volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. at 11, 000 meters, its depth is about the height a commercial airliner flies. to reach the trench, nereus dove nearly twice as deep as research submarines are capable of, and had to withstand pressures 1, 000 times that at earth ' s surface - - crushing forces similar to those on the surface of venus, according to dana yoerger of whoi and louis whitcomb of johns hopkins university, who developed the vehicle ' s navigation and control system and conducted successively deeper dives to test nereus. \" we couldn ' t be prouder of the stunning accomplishments of this dedicated and talented team, \" said susan avery, president and director of whoi. \" with this engineering trial successfully behind us, we ' re eager for nereus to become widely used to explore the most inaccessible reaches of the ocean. with no part of the deep seafloor beyond our reach, it ' s exciting to think of the discoveries that await. \" only two other vehicles have succeeded in reaching the mariana trench : the u. s. navy - built bathyscaphe trieste, which carried jacques piccard and don walsh there in 1960, and the japanese - built robot kaiko, which made three unmanned expeditions to the trench between 1995 and 1998. trieste was retired in 1966 and kaiko was lost at sea in 2003. the nereus engineering team believed that a tethered robot using traditional technologies would be prohibitively expensive to build and operate. so they used unique technologies and innovative methods to strike a balance between size, weight, materials cost and functionality. building on previous experience developing tethered robots and autonomous underwater vehicles ( auvs ), the team fused the two approaches together to develop a hybrid vehicle that could fly like an aircraft to survey and map broad areas, then be converted quickly into a remotely operated vehicle ( rov ) that can hover like a helicopter near the seafloor to conduct experiments or to collect biological or rock samples. the tethering system presented one of the greatest challenges in developing a cost - effective ro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5008292359479483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.612444"} {"text": "into a remotely operated vehicle ( rov ) that can hover like a helicopter near the seafloor to conduct experiments or to collect biological or rock samples. the tethering system presented one of the greatest challenges in developing a cost - effective rov capable of reaching these depths. traditional robotic systems use a steel - reinforced cable made of copper to power the vehicle, and optical fibers to enable information to be passed between the ship and the vehicle. if such a cable were used to reach the mariana trench, it would snap under its own weight before it reached that depth. to solve this challenge, the nereus team adapted fiber - optic technology developed by the navy ' s space and naval warfare systems center pacific to carry real - time video and other data between the nereus and the surface crew. similar in diameter to a human hair and with a breaking strength of only eight pounds, the tether is composed of glass fiber with a very thin protective jacket of plastic. nereus brings approximately 40 kilometers ( 25 miles ) of cable in two canisters the size of large coffee cans that spool out the fiber as needed. by using this very slender tether instead of a large cable, the team was able to decrease the size, weight, complexity and cost of the vehicle. another weight - saving advance of the vehicle is its use of ceramic spheres for flotation, rather than the much heavier traditional syntactic foam used on vehicles like the submersible alvin or the rov jason. each of nereus ' s two hulls contains between 700 and 800 of the 9 - centimeter ( 3. 5 - inch ) hollow spheres that are precisely designed and fabricated to withstand crushing pressures. whoi engineers also developed a hydraulically operated, lightweight robotic manipulator arm that could operate under intense pressure. with its tandem hull design, nereus weighs nearly 3 tons in air and is about 4. 25 meters ( 14 feet ) long and approximately 2. 3 meters ( nearly 8 feet ) wide. it is powered by more than 4, 000 lithium - ion batteries. they are similar to those used in laptop computers and cell phones, but have been carefully tested to be used safely and reliably under the intense pressure of the depths. \" these and future discoveries by nereus will be the result of its versatility and agility - - it ' s like no other deep submergence vehicle, \" said tim shank, a biologist at whoi who is aboard the expedition. \" it allows vast areas to be explored with great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5290752271803119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.613588"} {"text": "the result of its versatility and agility - - it ' s like no other deep submergence vehicle, \" said tim shank, a biologist at whoi who is aboard the expedition. \" it allows vast areas to be explored with great effectiveness. our true achievement is not just getting to the deepest point in the oceans, but unleashing a capability that now enables deep exploration, unencumbered by a heavy tether and surface ship, to investigate some of the richest geological and biological systems on earth. \" on may 31, the team took the vehicle to 10, 902 meters, the deepest dive to date. testing will continue over the next few days and the team will return to port on june 5. on this initial engineering cruise, nereus ' s auv mode was not tested. on its dive to the challenger deep, nereus spent more than 10 hours on the bottom, sending live video back to the ship through its fiber - optic tether and collecting biological and geological samples with its manipulator arm, and placed a marker on the seafloor signed by those onboard the surface ship. \" the samples collected by the vehicle include sediment from the tectonic plates that meet at the trench and, for the first time, rocks from deep exposures of the earth ' s crust close to mantle depths south of the challenger deep, \" said geologist patty fryer of the university of hawaii, also aboard the expedition. we will know the full story once shore - based analyses are completed back in the laboratory this summer. we can integrate them with the new mapping data to tell a story of plate collision in greater detail than ever before accomplished in the world ' s oceans. \" additional funds for nereus were provided by the office of naval research, the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, the russell family foundation and whoi. cheryl dybas, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 7734 email @ example. com stephanie murphy, whoi ( 508 ) 289 - 3340 firstname. lastname @ example. org nereus slideshow : http : / / www. whoi. com / page. do? pid = 10076 & tid = 201 & cid = 33893 & ct = 362 # nereus animation : http : / / www. whoi. com / page. do? pid = 10076 & tid = 1061 & cid = 48563 & cl = 33973 the national science foundation ( nsf ) is an independent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4783563014784631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.614514"} {"text": "look again at this who lives next to me has a goat. in its own clause, who functions as the subject. who is the subject of the verb lives. for this reason, who is in the nominative case. but the relative pronoun does not always function as the subject. consider the he is the man whom in this example, whom is not the subject in its own clause. you is the subject of the verb saw. whom is the direct object. for this reason, the objective case, whom, is used rather than the nominative case, who. so also in greek, as a rule, the case of the relative pronoun is determined by its function in its own clause. consider two of the examples we have already cited : \u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd ( 1 who is my child the relative pronoun \u03bf\u03c2 is nominative because it functions as the subject in its own clause. it is the subject of the verb \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd. the fact that it does not agree in case with its antecedent is inconsequential. \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9 ( 2 jn. 1 ) elect lady and to the children of her, whom i love in this example, the relative pronoun \u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 is accusative because in its own clause it functions as the direct object of the verb \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9 - i love whom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47092392408481076, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.615987"} {"text": "sparks - st. elmo ' s fire instructor / speaker : prof. walter lewin last time i mentioned to you that charge resides at the surface of solid conductors but that it ' s not uniformly distributed. perhaps you remember that, unless it happens to be a sphere. and i want to pursue that today. if i had a solid conductor which say had this shape and i ' m going to convince you today that right here, the surface charge density will be higher than there. because the curvature is stronger than it is here. and the way i want to approach that is as follows. suppose i have here a solid conductor a which has radius r of a and very very far away, maybe tens of meters away, i have a solid conductor b with radius r of b and they are connected through a conducting wire. if they are connected through a conducting wire, then it ' s equipotential. they all have the same potential. i ' m going to charge them up until i get a charge distribution qa here and i get qb there. the potential of a is about the same that it would be if b were not there. because b is so far away that if i come with some charge from infinity in my pocket that the work that i have to do to reach a per unit charge is independent of whether b is there or not, because b is far away, tens of meters, if you can make it a mile if you want to. and so the potential of a is then the charge on a divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 the radius of a. but since it is an equipotential because it ' s all conducting, this must be also the potential of the sphere b, and that is the charge on b divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 r of b. and so you see immediately that the q, the charge on b, divided by the radius of b, is the charge on a divided by the radius on a. and if the radius of b were for instance 5 times larger than the radius of a, there would be 5 times more charge on b than there would be on a. but if b has a 5 times larger radius, then its surface area is 25 times larger and since surface charge density, sigma, is the charge on a sphere divided by the surface area of the sphere, it is now clear that if the radius of b is 5 times larger than a, it ' s true that the charge on b is 5 times the charge on a, but the surface charge density on b is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5717135860072686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.651289"} {"text": "by the surface area of the sphere, it is now clear that if the radius of b is 5 times larger than a, it ' s true that the charge on b is 5 times the charge on a, but the surface charge density on b is now only one - fifth of the surface charge density of a because its area is 25 times larger and so you have this - - the highest surface charge density at a than you have at b. 5 times higher surface charge density here than there. and i hope that convinces you that if we have a solid conductor like this, even though it ' s not ideal as we have here with these two spheres far apart, that the surface charge density here will be larger than there because it has a smaller radius. it ' s basically the same idea. and so you expect the highest surface charge density where the curvature is the highest, smallest radius, and that means that also the electric field will be stronger there. that follows immediately from gauss ' s law. if this is the surface of a conductor, any conductor, a solid conductor, where the e field is 0 inside of the conductor, and there is surface charge here, what i ' m going to do is i ' m going to make a gaussian pillbox, this surface is parallel to the conductor, i go in the conductor, and this now is my gaussian surface, let this area be capital a, and let ' s assume that it is positive charge so that the electric field lines come out of the surface like so, perpendicular to the surface. always perpendicular to equipotential, so now if i apply gauss ' s law which tells me that the surface integral of the electric flux throughout this whole surface, well, there ' s only flux coming out of this surface here, i can bring that surface as close to the surface as i want to. i can almost make it touch the conductor. so everything comes out only through this surface, and so what comes out is the surface area a times the electric field e. the a and e are in the same direction, because remember e is perpendicular to the surface of the equipotentials. and so this is all there is for the surface integral, and that is all the charge inside, well the charge inside is of course the surface charge density times the area a, divided by epsilon 0, this is gauss ' s law. and so you find immediately that the electric field is sigma divided by epsilon 0. so whenever you have a conductor if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5264344377965166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.652285"} {"text": "inside is of course the surface charge density times the area a, divided by epsilon 0, this is gauss ' s law. and so you find immediately that the electric field is sigma divided by epsilon 0. so whenever you have a conductor if you know the local surface charge density you always know the local electric field. and since the surface charge density is going to be the highest here, even though the whole thing is an equipotential, the electric field will also be higher here than it will be there. i can demonstrate this to you in a very simple way. i have here a cooking pan and the cooking pan, i used to boil lobsters in there, it ' s a large pan. the cooking pan i ' m going to charge up and the cooking pan here has a radius, whatever it is, maybe 20 centimeters, but look here at the handle, how very small this radius is, so you could put charge on there and i ' m going to convince you that i can scoop off more charge here where the radius is small than i can scoop off here. i have here a small flat spoon and i ' m going to put the spoon here on the surface here and on the surface there and we ' re going to see from where we can scoop off the most charge. still charged from the previous lecture. so here, we see the electroscope that we have seen before. i ' m going to charge this cooking pan with my favorite technique which is the electrophorus. so we have the cat fur and we have the glass plate. i ' m going to rub this first with the cat fur, put it on, put my finger on, get a little shock, charge up the pan, put my finger on, get another shock, charge up the pan, and another one, charge up the pan, make sure that i get enough charge on there, rub the glass again, put it on top, put my finger on, charge, once more, and once more. let ' s assume we have enough charge on there now. here is my little spoon. i touch here the outside here of the can - - of the pan. and go to the electroscope and you see a little charge. it ' s very clear. what i want to show you now it ' s very qualitative is that when i touch here the handle, it ' s a very small radius, that i can take off more charge. there we go. that ' s all i wanted to show you. so you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.569926080750311, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.653344"} {"text": "you now it ' s very qualitative is that when i touch here the handle, it ' s a very small radius, that i can take off more charge. there we go. that ' s all i wanted to show you. so you ' ve seen now in front of your own eyes for the first time that even though this is a conductor that means that it is an equipotential, that the surface charge density right - - right here is higher than the surface charge density here. only if it is a sphere of course for circle symmetry reasons will the charge be uniformly distributed. if the electric field becomes too high we get what we call electric breakdown. we get a discharge into the air. and the reason for that is actually quite simple. if i have an electron here and this is an electric field, the electron will start to accelerate in this direction. the electron will collide with nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the air and if the electron has enough kinetic energy to ionize that molecule then one electron will become two electrons. the original electron plus the electron from the ion. and if these now start to accelerate in this electric field, and if they collide with the molecules, and if they make an ion, then each one will become two electrons, and so you get an avalanche. and this avalanche is an electric breakdown and you get a spark. when the ions that are formed become neutral again they produce light and that ' s what you see. that ' s the light that you see in the spark. and so sparks will occur typically at the - - at sharp points - - at areas where the curvature is strong, whereby the radius is very small, that ' s where the electric fields are the highest. how strong should the electric field be? well, we can make a back of the envelope calculation. if you take air of 1 atmosphere, dry air, at room temperature, then the - - the electron on average, on average, will have to travel about 1 micron, which is 10 to the - 6 meters, between the collisions with the molecules, it ' s just a given. sometimes a little more, sometimes a little less. because it ' s a random process of course. to ionize nitrogen, to ionize oxygen, takes energy. to ionize an oxygen molecule takes twelve - and - a - half electron volts. and to ionize nitrogen takes about 15 electron volts. what is an electron volt? well, an electron volt is a teeny weeny little amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5519799196176398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.654325"} {"text": "ionize an oxygen molecule takes twelve - and - a - half electron volts. and to ionize nitrogen takes about 15 electron volts. what is an electron volt? well, an electron volt is a teeny weeny little amount of energy. it ' s 1. 6 times 10 to the - 19 joules. electron volt is actually a very nice unit of energy. because once you have an electron and it moves over a potential difference of one volt, it gains in kinetic energy, that ' s the definition of an electron volt, it gains 1 electron volt. it ' s the charge of the electron, which is 1. 6 times 10 to the - 19 coulombs, multiplied by 1 volt. and that gives you then the energy, 1 electron volt. and so what it means then - - let ' s assume that this number is 10 electron volts. we only want a back of the envelope calculation. so we want the electron to move over a potential difference delta v which is roughly 10 volts and we want it to do that over a distance delta x which is 10 to the - 6 meters, that ' s your 1 micron. and if that happens you ' ll get this enough kinetic energy in the electron to cause an ion. so what electric field is required for that, that is delta v, the potential difference, divided by the delta x, so that is 10 divided by 10 to the - 6, so that ' s about 10 to the 7 volts per meter. that ' s a very strong electric field. in reality when we measure the electric fields near breakdown, it is more like 3 million volts per meter. but it ' s still very close. this was only a back of the envelope calculation. so very roughly at 1 atmosphere air, room temperature, when the air is dry, we get electric breakdown at about 3 million volts per meter. when the ions neutralize you see light, that ' s why sparks can be seen. they heat the air, they produce a little pressure wave, so you can also hear noise. if you had two parallel plates and you would bring those plates closely together and suppose they had a potential difference of 300 volts, then you would reach an electric field of 3 million volts per meter when the distance d is about one tenth of a millimeter. so that ' s when you expect spontaneous discharge between these two plates. in practice however it probably will happen when the plates are further apart than one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5785013002439421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.655244"} {"text": "field of 3 million volts per meter when the distance d is about one tenth of a millimeter. so that ' s when you expect spontaneous discharge between these two plates. in practice however it probably will happen when the plates are further apart than one tenth of a millimeter. and the reason for that is that there is no such thing as perfect plates. the plates have imperfections. that means there are always areas on the plate which are not flat, which are a little bit like what you see there, small radius, and that ' s of course where the electric field then will be larger and that ' s where the discharge will occur first. however, if you touch the doorknob and you get a spark, you feel a spark, and you look at the spark and you see that when you ' re 3 millimeters away from the doorknob that the spark develops, you can s - pretty sure that the potential difference between you and the door was of the order of 10000 volts, several thousand volts, at least. because over 3 millimeters it requires 10000 volts to get the 3 million volts per meter. when you comb your hair or when you take your shirt off you get little sparks, you can hear them and if it ' s dark you can see them, and you can be sure that at the sharp ends of this hair, of the fabric, that you have developed electric fields of the order of 3 million volts per meter. and then you get the automatic breakdown. now of course high voltage alone doesn ' t necessarily kill you. what - - what - - what matters is not so much the voltage to get killed but it ' s the current that goes through you. and current is charge per unit time. and so in si units it would be coulombs per second. for which we write a capital a which stands for ampere, the man who did a tremendous amount of research in this area, a frenchman. and so if you touch the doorknob the instantaneous current may actually be quite high. it may be an ampere even, but it may only last for 1 millisecond. and so that ' s not going to kill you. we all know that when you comb your hair that you don ' t die and you also know that when you take your shirt off even though you may hear the sparks that that ' s not lethal. so maybe in a future lecture we can discuss in some more details what it does take to actually execute someone electrically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5516439269217134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.656184"} {"text": "' t die and you also know that when you take your shirt off even though you may hear the sparks that that ' s not lethal. so maybe in a future lecture we can discuss in some more details what it does take to actually execute someone electrically which is very unpleasant but nevertheless we would have to evaluate how long the current should last, how strong the current should be and then also during which parts of the body the current would cause lethal reactions. so i want to be a little bit more quantitative now uh and deepen our knowledge of the van de graaff. slowly we ' re going to understand how the van de graaff works. and today i want to calculate with you how much charge we can put on the van de graaff and what the maximum potential is at the surface. if we charge up the van de graaff, with charge q, then the potential of the surface is an equipotential, is q divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 r. and the electric field right here at the surface would be q divided by 4 pi epsilon 0 r squared. so in this case of spherical symmetry we have that the potential v equals e times r. but we know that e cannot exceed 3 million volts per meter. and so that gives you now a limit on the potential that we can give the van de graaff. so if you substitute in here 3 million volts per meter you can calculate what potential you can maximally reach for a given sphere with a given radius. and if we here have the radius and we here have the voltage, then if the radius of the sphere were 3 millimeters then you could not exceed a voltage of 10 kilovolts. if you did you would get this automatic electric breakdown. you would get a spark. if you have a sphere of 3 centimeters that would be 100 kilovolts and our van de graaff, which has a radius of 30 centimeters, would therefore be 1 million volts. and you could not exceed that. and in practice in fact this one doesn ' t even make it to 1 million volts. the sphere is not perfect. there are imperfections of the sphere. there are areas which have so - to - speak sharp points and so we won ' t make it to 1 million volts. we get a breakdown maybe at a few hundred thousand, maybe 300000 volts. you can now also calculate what the maximum charge is on the van de graaff. because if the maximum potential is 300000 vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5397514882650016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.657226"} {"text": "to 1 million volts. we get a breakdown maybe at a few hundred thousand, maybe 300000 volts. you can now also calculate what the maximum charge is on the van de graaff. because if the maximum potential is 300000 volts, you know the radius is. 3 meters, so you can calculate now what the maximum charge is that you can put on the van de graaff using that equation, will give you 10 microcoulombs. and so the maximum potential for our van de graaff is of the order of 300000 volts. so this gives you now a feeling, a quantitative feeling, for numbers, for what the - - can i put this down? so that gives you an idea of what our van de graaff can do, and later we will understand how the charge gets there. but at least you have some feeling now for potentials, and for the charges that are involved. if here ' s my van de graaff and i approach the van de graaff with a sphere which is connected to the earth and if this van de graaff had positive charge on it then the sphere will become negatively charged through induction and so you get field lines which go from the van de graaff to this object, always perpendicular to the equipotentials, so they go like this, and so the electric field here will probably be the strongest, and so the spark will then develop between this sphere and the van de graaff provided that you were close enough. so that you do achieve a electric field close to this sphere of about 3 million volts per meter. and i will show you that later, you will see more sparks today than you ' ve ever seen before in your life, but i want you to appreciate a little bit more about the sparks about lightning before uh i demonstrate that. so you get a little bit more out of it. if i approach the van de graaff not with the sphere but i would walk to the van de graaff being very courageous like this, i ' m also a pretty good conductor, i ' m also connected with the earth, then the chances are that the spark would develop first between my nose and the van de graaff, because that is the smallest curve, the sharpest curvature, the smallest radius, or certainly my head, would be a good candidate for being hit first. if i approach the van de graaff like this with my hand stretched, then chances are of course that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069685632316077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.658261"} {"text": "the smallest curve, the sharpest curvature, the smallest radius, or certainly my head, would be a good candidate for being hit first. if i approach the van de graaff like this with my hand stretched, then chances are of course that the sparks will first develop between my fingertips. because it ' s a very small radius and they ' re very close to the vandegraaff, and so that ' s where the discharge will occur. so before we will enjoy some of this, you will enjoy it, i will enjoy it less, um i want to talk a little bit about lightning with you first. because what you ' re going to see in a way is a form of lightning. there are 400000 thunderstorms every day on average on earth. there are about 100 lightning flashes every second. the top of a thundercloud becomes positive and the bottom becomes negative. the physics of that is not so easy, and probably incomplete, and i will not go into the details of the physics, but it does have to do with the flow of water drops. they become elongated, they can become charged because of friction, and they can break off, and they can transport charge. i will simply give you some facts. and so i will accept the fact that the cloud is going to be charged. this is the cloud. positive at the top, negative at the bottom. and here is the earth. because of induction, the earth of course will therefore become positively charged here, and so we ' re going to see field lines, electric field lines, which go from the earth to the cloud, always perpendicular to the equipotentials, something like this. i ' ll give you some dimensions, uh this may be something like 5 kilometers, this vertical distance d is about 1 kilometer. these are typical numbers, of course, it can vary enormously from thunderstorm to thunderstorm. and this height is something typically like 10 kilometers. and this allows us now to make some very interesting calculations to get some feeling for the potential difference between the cloud and the earth. that ' s the first thing we can do. if we make the simplifying assumption that the electric field is more or less constant here, it ' s like having two parallel plates, where the electric field is constant between them, then the potential difference delta v between the bottom of the cloud and the earth, is simply the electric field times the distance d. so this becomes e times d. but if the breakdown occurs at 3 million vol", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5259754159153263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.659285"} {"text": "the electric field is constant between them, then the potential difference delta v between the bottom of the cloud and the earth, is simply the electric field times the distance d. so this becomes e times d. but if the breakdown occurs at 3 million volts per meter - - by the way that ' s dry air, when it - - when there is a thunderstorm it ' s probably not so dry, but let ' s take the 3 million volts per meter, so we get 3 times 10 to the 6, that is for e, and the distance between the cloud and the earth let ' s take 1 kilometers. so that ' s 10 to the 3rd meters, so we get of the order of 3 billion volts between the earth and the clouds. and the values that are typically measured are several hundred million to 1 billion volts, so it is not all that different. you expect that the potential is probably less than what we have calculated because clearly uh these are not flat surfaces, there are trees, here on the ground, there are buildings on the ground, which are like sharp points, where the electric field will be locally higher, and so you will get a discharge at these sharp points first. and that means the potential difference between the cloud and the earth could then be less than the 3 billion that we have calculated here. it ' s only a back of the envelope calculation. the details of the physics of the discharge very complicated. but i want to share with you some facts without giving detailed explanations. the start of the lightning begins when electrons begin to flow from the cloud to the earth. they form a funnel, which is about 1 to 10 meters in diameter and we call that the step leader. the step leader moves about 100 miles per second and so it comes down in about 5 milliseconds. 5 milliseconds from here to here and it takes about half a coulomb to the earth. half a coulomb, for about 5 milliseconds, that means the current is about 100 amperes. the step leader creates a channel of ionized air, full of ions and full of electrons, which is an extremely good conductor. and with - - when this step leader reaches the ground there is this highly conductive channel and the electrons can now very quickly flow from this channel to the ground. and that starts first right here at the surface of the earth. that ' s where the electrons will first go to the earth. and then successively electrons which are higher up in the channel will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5249803118662841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.660279"} {"text": "can now very quickly flow from this channel to the ground. and that starts first right here at the surface of the earth. that ' s where the electrons will first go to the earth. and then successively electrons which are higher up in the channel will make it down to the earth. and so you ' re going to see electrons going through the channel to the earth but first the electrons are closer to the earth than the electrons farther away and then even farther away. and this is actually where most of the action occurs. the current is now enormously high, 10000 to some 100000 amperes, and you heat the air, get a tremendous amount of light, the ions recombine and you get pressure, heat can produces pressure, and there comes your thunder. and so most of the action is not in the step leader but is in the second phenomenon, which we call the return stroke. which is from the earth to the cloud. and the speed of that return stroke is about 10 to 20 percent of the speed of light. during the return stroke there is about 5 coulombs exchange between the cloud and the earth, and 5 coulombs is a sizable fraction of the total charge that was on the cloud - - on the cloud the first place - - to start with. after a return stroke, maybe 20 milliseconds later, this whole process can start again. you can get a step leader. and you can get the return stroke. however, the step leader will now follow exactly the same path that was made before because that ' s where the air is ionized so that ' s where the conductivity is very high, so that ' s the easiest way to go. and this process can recur 5, 10, maybe 15 times. so what a - appears to you as one lightning bolt in fact could be 10 flashes back and forth between the cloud and the earth. and the - - the real light is not in the step leader, that ' s very little light, but the real light is in the return strokes. so 10 return strokes, which may be 20, 30, 40 milliseconds apart, appear to you and to me only as one flash, which would take place maybe in as little as a tenth of a second. and during these 5 or 10 return strokes you exchange between the cloud and the earth maybe a total of 25 to 50 coulombs, and that of course will lower the potential difference. and if the potential difference becomes too low then the process stops. you have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5554572316132597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.661367"} {"text": "these 5 or 10 return strokes you exchange between the cloud and the earth maybe a total of 25 to 50 coulombs, and that of course will lower the potential difference. and if the potential difference becomes too low then the process stops. you have to wait now for the clouds to charge up again. and then lightning will strike again. and that can take anywhere from maybe 4, 5, 10, 20 seconds. and then you get another lightning bolt. the study of these - - of this process, of the step leader and of the return stroke, can be done with a camera, which is called the boys camera. let me first explain to you in detail - - in principle how it works. if this is the area on the film that is exposed by your lens suppose that i move the film at a very high speed to the left and suppose the step leader comes down and it sees some light from the step leader, then i may see on the film this. and from here to here would then be the 5 milliseconds which it takes the step leader to go from the cloud to the earth. now the return stroke takes place with way higher speed and so i see a tremendous amount of light because there ' s a lot of light in the return stroke. and of course this is very steep. because it goes 100 times faster up than the step leader came down. and so you can measure these times and so you can get the speed of the return stroke. and then later in time, maybe 30, 40 seconds later, on the film, you may see another return stroke. and you may see another one. and so you can see then how long the time was between the return strokes and you can also calculate their speeds. with a real camera it ' s not really the film that is moving but it is the - - the lens that is moving, and the way these pictures are taken, and i will show you one, is if this is photographic plate, then it is the camera that moves over the plate with a um very high speed, about 3000 revolutions per minute, and so you would get these - - this information then not horizontally but you get it spread out over the film. but you get the same information, you can calculate speeds and times. during the past decade, new forms of lightning have been discovered which occur way above the clouds. way higher up. red colors have been seen. red sprites they are called. and also blue jets. the light is very faint and it occurs only for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.548964647819912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.663280"} {"text": "past decade, new forms of lightning have been discovered which occur way above the clouds. way higher up. red colors have been seen. red sprites they are called. and also blue jets. the light is very faint and it occurs only for a very short amount of time. it ' s very difficult to photograph. i have not been able to get good slides for today. however, i did see some pictures on the web. and when you log into the web, when you visit the web 8. 02 which you should, then i give you directions how to access slides pictures of the red sprites and of the blue jets. the physics of that is not very well understood. it ' s being researched very heavily. but it ' s way above the clouds. there are also other forms of electric breakdown, of discharge. they are different in the sense that it ' s not an individual spark. but there is a continuous flow of - - of - - of charge. it occurs always from very sharp points. so there is a continuous current actually going on. and some of that you may have seen but you may not remember when we used a carbon arc here. we had two carbon arcs, two carbon rods, and we had a potential difference between them and we got a discharge between them which caused a tremendous amount of light, which we used for projection purposes. so a carbon arc discharge is such a form of discharge whereby you have a continuous current. it ' s not just sparks. if you take grass or trees or brushes for that matter, with thunderstorm activity, they can go into this discharge at their sharp tips. and we call this brush discharge, we call it st. elmo ' s fire, it ' s all the same thing, it ' s also called corona discharge. i normally call it corona discharge. it produces light because the ions when they neutralize produce light. heat makes sound, pressure, and so you can hear this cracking noise of the corona discharges. an airplane that flies or a car that drives, there is friction with the air, and any form of friction can charge things up. and so it ' s not uncommon at night that you can see this corona discharge from the tip of the wings of an airplane. i ' ve also seen it from cars. corona discharge from cars. which charge themselves up simply by driving through the air. the air flow would charge them up. you can hear it, cracking, and you can see it sometimes if it ' s dark enough, you see some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5595910566350728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.664379"} {"text": "from cars. corona discharge from cars. which charge themselves up simply by driving through the air. the air flow would charge them up. you can hear it, cracking, and you can see it sometimes if it ' s dark enough, you see some light. in general it ' s bluish light. something completely on the side, going back to the lightning bolts, lightning bolts, the discharge, the moving electrons, can cause radio waves. and these radio waves you can receive on your car radio. and all of you have experienced this. driving around, lightning very far away, you can hear it on the radio. so that ' s telling you that there is lightning going on somewhere. after a thunderstorm, something that many of you may not have experienced because in the cities there is always - - always exhaust from cars, that spoils everything, but when you ' re out in the country after a thunderstorm there ' s a very special smell in the air. i love it. and that ' s ozone. o2, o2 in lightning becomes o3. and o3 has a wonderful smell, and you can really smell that. it ' s very typical. i hope that most of you sooner or later in life will have that experience. go to the country after a thunderstorm and you can really smell this ozone. let ' s now look at some slides. the first slide that you will see is one very classic slide made by gary ladd, at kitt peak observatory in arizona, uh what i like about this is that uh these are the observatories, the telescopes, in the domes, and of course when you ' re an astronomer, this is the kind of weather that you can do without. but nevertheless it happens. uh you see here return strokes, the light is definitely due to the return strokes, it ' s very bright. these are step l - leaders that never made it to the earth, and if a step leader doesn ' t make it to the earth you don ' t get a return stroke and so the light as you can see here is much less. and what you think here is only one bolt is probably at least 10, 5 to 10, maybe 15, flashes. all right next slide please. here you see the result of a boys camera exposure. for those of you who are sitting in front you can recognize maybe the empire state building here. and the empire state building is hit here by lightning at the very tip, that ' s the sharp edge, that ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5772830131951705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.665300"} {"text": "of a boys camera exposure. for those of you who are sitting in front you can recognize maybe the empire state building here. and the empire state building is hit here by lightning at the very tip, that ' s the sharp edge, that ' s where you expect it to be hit. this is not taken when the camera was rotating. this is just the exposure the way you and i would see it. not moving camera but here you see the result of the rotating boys camera. and this is the same flash. so here you see the return stroke, the - - the light from the step leader is too faint. you can ' t see that. so here is the return stroke and then this time separation may be 30 or 40 milliseconds, see another stroke, you see another one, and another one, so there ' s 6 here, looks like you see a double one here. and so you have 6 or 7 of these return strokes. and this is the way that you can study speeds and how much charge actually is exchanged between these uh between the clouds and in this case the empire state building. uh the next slide shows you a corona discharge in the laboratory this is a high voltage supply with a very sharp tip - - tip here at the end, the sharp point, and here you see not individual sparks, you don ' t call this lightning but this is what you would call the st. elmo ' s fire, the corona discharge is bluish light. and in fact when you are close to this power supply you can also smell the ozone. it also produces locally ozone. and you can see it. if you make it dark in the laboratory you can see some bluish light. uh when i was a graduate student i had to build power supplies, high voltage power supplies, and i remember when my soldering job was not a very good job that means when i take the solder ironing off then i could draw a little sharp point, the solder, and that would then later cause me problems with corona discharge, that means i would have to redo the soldering so that the radius of the solder joint would become larger, so no sharp points. that ' s enough for the slides right now. benjamin franklin invented the lightning rod. his idea was that through the lightning rod you would get a continuous discharge, corona discharge, between the cloud and the building. and therefore you would keep the potential difference low. and so there would be no danger of lightning. and so he advised king george", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5439643115931307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.666322"} {"text": "idea was that through the lightning rod you would get a continuous discharge, corona discharge, between the cloud and the building. and therefore you would keep the potential difference low. and so there would be no danger of lightning. and so he advised king george the third to put these sharp points on the royal palace and on uh powder houses, ammunition, storage places for ammunition. there was a lot of opposition against franklin. uh they argued that uh a lightning rod will only attract lightning. and that the effect of the discharge, lowering the potential difference, would be insignificant. but nevertheless the king followed franklin ' s advice and after the sharp rods, the lightning rods, were placed, there was a lightning bolt that hit one of the ammunition places at pearl fleet, but there was very little damage. and so we now know that on the one hand the discharge is indeed insignificant. and so the opposition was correct. and in fact you do attract lightning, unlike what franklin had hoped for. however, if your lightning rod is thick enough that it can handle the high current, which is 10000 or 100000 amperes, then the current will go through the lightning rod and therefore there will not be an explosion. so it will not hit the building. so it will be confined to the lightning rod. and so it worked but for different reasons than franklin had in mind, but he had the right intuition. was a very great scientist, and great statesman. and so his lightning rod survived up to today. so now i want to return to the van de graaff and show you some of the things that we have discussed. and the first thing that i would want to do is create some sparks. i run the van de graaff and i will approach it with this small sphere, small radius, and as i come closer and closer, the electric field will build up here and then i would predict that if sparks fly over, that they would go between the van de graaff and this uh this sphere. this sphere is grounded. and so any current that will flow will flow not through walter lewin but will go through the ground, so there ' s no danger that anything will happen to me. at least not yet. you already hear some cracking noise. that means there are already sparks flying around inside there. it ' s very hard to avoid, there are always some sharp edges in there that we cannot remove. this is not an ideal instrument. but i still think i will be able to show you some lightning. by coming closer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.514162890926458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.667381"} {"text": "around inside there. it ' s very hard to avoid, there are always some sharp edges in there that we cannot remove. this is not an ideal instrument. but i still think i will be able to show you some lightning. by coming closer. there we go. so what you think is only one spark may well be several like these return strokes, the way i described with lightning. so what you ' re seeing here now is that the electric field locally has become larger than 3 million volts per meter and then you ' re going to this discharge phenomenon that we described, and that gives you then - - that gives you the lightning. what i will do now is i would like you to experience - - although it may not be so fascinating for you - - to experience a corona discharge between a very sharp point that i have here, extremely sharp, and the van de graaff. and the only way that i can convince you that there is indeed going to be a discharge between this point and the van de graaff is by approaching the van de graaff and this cracking noise that you hear now will disappear. and the reason why it will disappear is that if i get a corona discharge between the tip and the van de graaff it will drain current, it will lower the potential and so that cracking noise will disappear. so the sparks which are now flying over will not fly over anymore. you will not be able to see the light. it ' s - - there ' s too much light here. although i can probably see at the tip here this blue light. so i ' m going to approach the van de graaff now. it ' s almost as if i had a lightning rod and i ' m not worried at all because if any current starts flowing it goes through this rod, which is like a lightning rod to the earth. so i ' m not worried at all. i just am very brave, very courageous, approaching the v - the van de graaff, and i want you to listen to that cracking noise. that cracking noise will disappear when i ' m going to be - - draw a current through this sharp point. oh, boy, there i go. and the cracking stops. and i can actually see here some glowing discharge, bluish. will be impossible for you to see. i can come closer, i ' m not worried. and so i ' m draining charge now off the van de graaff thereby lowering the potential of the van de graaff and so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5228195983708012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.668450"} {"text": "bluish. will be impossible for you to see. i can come closer, i ' m not worried. and so i ' m draining charge now off the van de graaff thereby lowering the potential of the van de graaff and so these crazy sparks that occur here can no longer occur. but now they will. can you hear them? and now you can ' t. if i were crazy then i would develop a corona discharge between the van de graaff and myself. one way i could do that is by approach it with my fingertips as i mentioned earlier, but that may be a little bit too dangerous because i may draw a spark, i may be hit by lightning, which is the last thing that i would want today. however, a corona discharge using these tinsels may be less dangerous. so i get a continuous flow of current which now unfortunately doesn ' t go through the lightning rod but now it goes straight through my body. and i can assure you that i can feel that. it ' s probably a very low current. it may be only a few microamperes. but it ' s not funny. it ' s not pleasant. but anything for my students, what the hell. there we go. ya ya ya ya ya. you see tinsels, i ' m now in a corona discharge and i feel the current through my fingers, it ' s a continuous discharge now. this is st. you can ' t h - ah, there was lightning. boy, you got something for your 27000 dollars. so you saw both corona discharge and you saw lightning. boy, you were luckier than the - - than the first class by the way. clearly lightning can be dangerous, lightning can cause a fire, it can excite, it can explode fumes, if you gas your car just the flow of gasoline can charge up the nozzle, friction can charge things up, that ' s why the nozzle is always grounded, because a spark could cause a major explosion. if you fill a balloon with hydrogen then the flow of hydrogen is friction, can charge up the balloon and a spark can then ignite the hydrogen. and this has led to a classic tragic accident, it ' s a long time ago. but it ' s so classic that i really have to show this to you. hitler was very proud of his large airships. they ' re named after graf zeppelin the germans called them the zeppelins, we call them dirigibles or blimps. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5424834013071675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.669378"} {"text": "so classic that i really have to show this to you. hitler was very proud of his large airships. they ' re named after graf zeppelin the germans called them the zeppelins, we call them dirigibles or blimps. and one of the largest ones that hitler ' s germany ever built was the hindenburg, 803 feet long and 7 million cubic feet of hydrogen. and the germans couldn ' t fill their zeppelins with helium because they didn ' t have helium. and the americans were not going to sell them helium, for very good reason. and so they had to fill them with hydrogen. and so the hindenburg which was the name of this zeppelin came over in may, 1937 and when it arrived at lakehurst in new jersey it started a gigantic fire. it came over in 35 hours trans - atlantic and you see here the explosion. may 6 at 7 : 25 in the afternoon. there were 45 passengers on board and 35 died in this fire. the speculation was that this may have been sabotage. it ' s still quite possible. although the official inquiry board concluded that it was st. elmo ' s fire, that as the uh ship moored on this mast here, that a spark flew over and that that caused the uh the explosion, the fire. and it was the end of the dirigibles for germany. napoleon, also not the nicest man on earth, uh had the suspicion when many of his soldiers got sick in egypt that this was the result of marsh gas. and they suspected that this bad air that they could smell when they were near marshes that that was the cause of the disease, bad air in french is mal air, and so they called the disease malaria. and so the way that they tested the air to make sure that the soldiers wouldn ' t get malaria was to build a small gun which was like so, this was a conducting barrel. and they would let some of this marsh gas in the gun and put a cork on here, close it off, and here was a sharp pin, this pin was completely insulated from the barrel, the conducting barrel, and then they would put some charge on here, so that the spark would fly over there. this is really the precursor of the spark plug that we have in our cars. it ' s no different. and so if indeed there was then this marsh gas in there, there might be an explosion and that was a warning then that um there may be danger for the soldiers. well, this morning i was walking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48487413640664967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.670495"} {"text": "our cars. it ' s no different. and so if indeed there was then this marsh gas in there, there might be an explosion and that was a warning then that um there may be danger for the soldiers. well, this morning i was walking through the building and i was in lobby 7 and i smelled some funny, it was a funny smell, and i was just wondering whether perhaps, who knows, at mit anything can happen, whether uh there was some uh some uh gas there that shouldn ' t be there. and so i brought my uh my special gun which is here, which is uh built after napoleon and uh you see here this uh little sphere and i opened up the cork here and i let some of that air in, building 7, and then i decided that we, you and i would do the test and see whether perhaps there was some uh some gas there that uh may cause some danger. so i would have to cause a discharge then inside the - - the barrel here. i can try to do that by combing my hair uh but that may not be sufficient amount of charge so i can always make sure that there will be a spark inside that gun and use this - - this disk. which has a little bit more charge on it. so here is then this uh lobby 7 gas inside. now of course there ' s one possibility that there was nothing wrong with the air, in which case you will see nothing. and there is another possibility that the air wasn ' t kosher enough and that you may see here small bloop and since it ' s going to be very small at best you have to be very quiet otherwise you won ' t hear anything. and so let ' s first try now with my comb. i have my comb here. to see whether i can generate a spark inside this barrel and that may not work because i ' m not sure that i get enough charge on this comb. no, that doesn ' t work at all. well, let ' s see whether we can use this instrument. i sure hope that we won ' t get malaria. see you tomorrow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4957708777938036, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.671588"} {"text": "follow this step by step crochet tutorial to create a pineapple shape part 3 / 12. tags : how to crochet a pineapple part 3 / 12, crochet do it yourself, crochet ideas, crochet inspiration, crochet instructions, crochet lessons, crochet pineapple part 3, crocheting a pineapple, handicraft, mikeyssmail grab video code : so, for the line number two as we go back across that way, okay, so we have just done our chain. what we need to do is chain up three so what i do is hold my finger and thumb right where the starting point is up this chain. okay, so right there, and then go one, two, and three okay. so, where your thumb is, that \u2019 s where your actual needle is going to go into. then what we need to do, this counts as one treble, okay, one double crochet spot. so, what we are going to do is we are going to create two more double trebles into where my thumb and finger are into the same spot. and this will always be the same no matter what line we \u2019 d go on every time we start a line. and now, what we are going to do is now we are going to chain seven so let \u2019 s go one, two, three, four, five, six and seven. so now, what we need to do is go back down to this line here and now we need to count over to the sixth empty spot. so, this is where the first one is so we don \u2019 t count that one so the next stitch is one, two, three, four, five and six. and in the sixth spot, what we are going to do is we are just going to single crochet in so just don \u2019 t wrap your material on this and just stick it in to the sixth spot just like so, grab your material, pull it through and then pull through two. so, there we go. and now, what we need to do is we now need to chain three so one, two, and three. and going back and looking at this line, we have just come in right here so we don \u2019 t count that one. and what we want to do is just skip one stitch so we are going skip that one and go into the second available one for another single stitch. and what we need to do now is that if you look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4597539308481885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.676487"} {"text": "we don \u2019 t count that one. and what we want to do is just skip one stitch so we are going skip that one and go into the second available one for another single stitch. and what we need to do now is that if you look at here, this is where we are but actually down at the start point. so, we need to create this. do you see how this is similar? so, we need to create the other side of it. so then to do that, you \u2019 d need to chain another seven so one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven. and what we want to do is we want to now count over the empty spots so this is taken so we don \u2019 t count that one so it \u2019 s one and we want to go over to the sixth empty spot so one, two, three, four, five, six. and what we are going to do this time is that we are going to actually double crochet because this is now the center point of your things. we are going to double crochet into that spot so wrap your material around and stick your needle into that spot. so, this is double crochet so pull through two and pull through two. and now, we are going to stick your needle into the exact same hole again for another double crochet. so now, we have two in that same hat hole and what we are going to do is now we are going to just chain one and what we are doing is we are creating the center point as you can see here. see how they are kind of like split in two so that \u2019 s what we are doing. so, we need to chain one to create that split and they go into the exact theme, same hole for another two double crochet so this is one and two into the same hole. and you see how it looks kind of similar. once you get all your lace work, it \u2019 ll start pulling out for you. so now, what we need to do is we now need to chain seven again so one, two, three, four five, six and seven. and now, what we need to do on that line is we are going to count over to the sixth empty spot so that spot is taken so we could start here one, two, three, four, five, six okay. and what we are going to be doing is we are just kind of single stitch into that spot. basically, what we are doing is we are creating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49791867974873194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.677536"} {"text": "is taken so we could start here one, two, three, four, five, six okay. and what we are going to be doing is we are just kind of single stitch into that spot. basically, what we are doing is we are creating the bottom of the next pineapple by doing this. so, what we are going to do is we now chain three so one, two and three. okay, we are going to jump over one so we are going to skip that one going to the second available for the single stitch. and so what we need to do if you remember, we need to chain over another seven so one, two, three, four, five, six and seven. and what happens now is you are going to end up on that very end line. okay, going to the very end stitch for a double crochet so wrap your material around, go into that doubles or into that stitch. and the line is always finished with three double crochets into the same hole. and that \u2019 s your line completed. so, this is what we have right now and this can tell the lace work is not opening up or anything but you can see that it is exactly the same. and you see that, it \u2019 s a little whiter, it \u2019 s more than a foot long and that \u2019 s because the lace work hasn \u2019 t been established yet. so, that \u2019 s your line completed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48873948853110694, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.679176"} {"text": "palace of holyroodhouseedit profile holyrood palace is built beside the earlier holyrood abbey where kings of scotland were crowned. the abbey, the remains of which can still be seen ( to the left of the palace ) was built by king david i in 1128. much altered over the centuries, reroofing in 1758 with stone slab caused the vaulting to collapse ten years later. the abbey has been a ruin ever since. in the 15th century, the abbot \u2019 s guest house became used by the kings of scotland as their edinburgh residence in prefernce to edinburgh castle which was deemed uncomfortable. in the 16th century it became the main royal residence with the abbey becoming the chapel royal. the palace as we see it today, is a product of the late 17th century. it was rebuilt as a viceregal residence. the palace has two eleborate gateways, one to the bottom of the royal mile and another leading towards arthur \u2019 s seat. still in use today, the palace is open to the public and is the official residence in scotland of her majesty the queen. during the queen ' s holyrood week, which usually runs from the end of june to the beginning of july, her majesty carries out a wide range of official engagements in scotland.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3513706432882191, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.681012"} {"text": "this post has been first published on access - info : open government data and is actually circulating various e - mailing lists. i think it is a really important initiative and worth reblogging it. open government data project : research project by access info and the open knowledge foundation, in collaboration with the open society information program, to map out and evaluate the current state of initiatives to promote access to government data in formats that can be freely used, reused, and distributed by anyone. the project will also identify the obstacles to accessing and reusing public data and recommendations for future initiatives to address these. on this page you can read more about the issue and find out how you can get involved in the project. what is open government data? the release of databases and other collections of information by government departments in formats that can be freely used, reused and distributed. release is generally proactive, without the need for access to information requests. - an example : in 2007, the uk government released a database with locations of bicycle accidents around the country. this information was linked by members of the public to maps, making it possible for cyclists to plan safer journeys avoiding the black spots. - another example : in australia, in january 2010, government released the national public toilet map which shows the location of more than 14, 000 public and private public toilet facilities with data such as opening hours, availability of baby changing rooms, and accessibility for people with disabilities. sounds funny? think of the possibilities : associations of disabled persons can provide a database for their members to plan journeys ; mothers could access a service by mobile phone to locate the nearest baby changing room. read more in a good article from the economist ( 4 february 2010 ) data and transparency : of governments and geeks what are governments doing to promote this? there are currently a number of exciting initiatives to release government data in bulk, these include : - united states : on 21 may 2009 the us government launched data. gov whose purpose is to give direct public access to machine - readable datasets generated by the executive branch of the us federal government. an initial 47 datasets are on line, of the thousands planned for release. - united kingdom : working with tim berners - lee, one of the inventors of the world wide web, the uk government has created data. gov. uk, a single online access point for government data, launched on 21 january 2010. - australia : the data. australia. gov. au website encourages users to \u201c make government information even more useful by mashing -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5146032807997432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.687363"} {"text": "government has created data. gov. uk, a single online access point for government data, launched on 21 january 2010. - australia : the data. australia. gov. au website encourages users to \u201c make government information even more useful by mashing - up the data to create something new and exciting! \u201d - new zealand : a portal for accessing government databases is located at data. govt. nz. recent release include a database from the food safety authority with a breakdown of the major causes of food recalls, and total number of recalls 2001 \u2013 2009, and hospital performance data from the ministry of health. - denmark : danish national it and telecom agency has created a meta - portal to link, digitaliser. dk to guide users to available public data. what about civil society initiatives? \u2022 at the eu level the public geodata campaign which formed in response to the eu \u2019 s inspire directive establishing a framework for spatial data infrastructure in europe \u2013 activists criticise the directive for its failure to guarantee access to geodata for european citizens and businesses ; \u2022 in the uk the free our data campaign which argues that data created with taxpayers money, such as ordinance survey data ( mapping ), should not be sold to the public. in a victory for the campaign, uk ordinance survey ( mapping ) data will be available free of charge from april 2010 ; \u2022 in new zealand, an independent website, the open data catalogue, provides a portal to local government datasets in nz ;. \u2022 in slovenia the speleological association won access to a database of caving information without having to pay for it ; the information commissioner ruled that when the use of public data was for not for profit purposes, it should be free of charge. \u2022 in the united states in december 2007 a group of 30 experts and activists in the us produced the \u201c open government data principles \u201d. the principles were adopted in order \u201c to develop a more robust understanding of why open government data is essential to democracy \u201d and to develop principles that would enable governments of the world to become \u201c more effective, transparent, and relevant to our lives \u201d. it \u2019 s that easy? not always. there are many potential obstacles to accessing full government data. information that is stored using software that costs money means that it \u2019 s hard to read. information released in formats that can \u2019 t be read by computers is difficult to reuse. information is held in proprietary formats which users have to buy. data is subject to copyright or released under restrictive licences. these are issues which are being researched under this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44059528146633015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.688475"} {"text": "released in formats that can \u2019 t be read by computers is difficult to reuse. information is held in proprietary formats which users have to buy. data is subject to copyright or released under restrictive licences. these are issues which are being researched under this project and will be the subject of recommendations for future campaigns by activists from the access to information and open government data communities what does this mean for the access to information community? for full enjoyment of the right of access to information and the related right to freedom of expression, people need to have access to government data in formats which can be used by anyone \u2013 so preferably in open source formats \u2013 and free from copyright, licences, and other restrictions on reuse. if government data is provided to the public in formats which mean that it cannot easily be reused, processed, or have value added, then the right to information is seriously undermined. it sounds rather technical! sometimes it is. as the economist article says, this is \u201c a geek \u2019 s dream : plenty for creative types to work on, but a bit baffling to the lay person. \u201d this project aims to demystify open government data issues and break through the jargon, so that they can be understood by access to information activists and other human rights campaigners. what will be done under this project? access info and the open knowledge foundation will identify and analyse the main initiatives related to open government data. we will analyse what this means for the right of access to information and for other developing fields such as e - government ( electronic access to public services ) and e - democracy ( electronic participation in government decision - making and electronic voting ). based on the research and analysis we will develop recommendations for future activities which could be carried out by the open government data, access to information, and e - government communities together. how do i get involved? go to the open government data project website and tell us about your campaigns or government initiatives in your country. the deadline for sending us information is 15 march 2010. we will then be producing a mapping report with info on the next phase of the campaign. there will be an international meeting to launch the report and discuss next steps in london on 22 april 2010. write to the project coordinators to tell us about your projects and to join the project : - helen darbishire, access info, helen [ at > access - info. org - jonathan gray, open knowledge foundation, at jonathan. gray < at ] okfn. org why is open government data important? 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5291869252623922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.689536"} {"text": "join the project : - helen darbishire, access info, helen [ at > access - info. org - jonathan gray, open knowledge foundation, at jonathan. gray < at ] okfn. org why is open government data important? 1. transparency. for a democratic society to function properly citizens need to know what their government is doing. in order to do that they must be able freely to access government data and information and to share that information with other citizens. transparency, therefore, isn \u2019 t just about access it is also about sharing and reuse \u2014 often, to understand material it needs to be analyzed and visualized and this requires that the material be open so that it can be freely used and reused. 2. citizen participation in governance. opening up data means citizens don \u2019 t have to wait for an election to get involved in what their government is doing. participation in decision - making, 3. optimising the social and commercial value of public data. in a digital age data is a key resource for social and commercial activities. everything from finding your local post office or recycling centre to building a search engine requires access to data much of which is created or held by government. by opening up data for commercial and non - commercial use government can promote business and social enterprise. the open knowledge foundation ( okf ) is a not - for - profit organization founded in 2004 and dedicated to promoting open knowledge in all its forms. \u2018 open knowledge \u2019 is any content, information or data that people are free to use, re - use and redistribute \u2014 without any legal, technological or social restriction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4721742986080168, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.690165"} {"text": "on november 25, 1952, three months after returning from england, pauling finally made a serious stab at a structure for dna. the immediate spur was a caltech biology seminar given by robley williams, a berkeley professor who had done some amazing work with an electron microscope. through a complicated technique he was able to get images of incredibly small biological structures. pauling was spellbound. one of williams ' s photos showed long, tangled strands of sodium ribonucleate, the salt of a form of nucleic acid, shaded so that three - dimensional details could be seen. to pauling the strands appeared cylindrical. he guessed then, looking at these black - and - white slides in the darkened seminar room, that dna was likely to be a helix. no other conformation would fit both astbury ' s x - ray patterns of the molecule and the photos he was seeing. even better, williams was able to estimate the sizes of structures on his photos, and his work showed that each strand was about 15 angstroms across. pauling was interested enough to ask him to repeat the figure, which williams qualified by noting the difficulty he had in making precise measurements. the next day, pauling sat at his desk with a pencil, a sheaf of paper, and a slide rule. new data that summer from alexander todd ' s laboratory had confirmed the linkage points between the sugars and phosphates in dna ; other work showed where they connected to the bases. pauling was already convinced from his earlier work that the various - sized bases had to be on the outside of the molecule ; the phosphates, on the inside. now he knew that the molecule was probably helical. these were his starting points for a preliminary look at dna. he still lacked critical data - he had no decent x - ray images, for instance, and no firm structural data on the precise sizes and bonding angles of the base - sugar - phosphate building blocks of dna - but he went with what he had. it was a mistake. after a few pages of theorizing, using sketchy and sometimes incorrect data, pauling became convinced - as watson and crick had been at first - that dna was a three - stranded structure with the phosphates on the inside. unfortunately, he had no rosalind franklin to set him right.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.591767560414203, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.693642"} {"text": "the first - ever lifetime feeding study1 evaluating the health risks of genetically engineered foods was published online on september 19, and the results are troubling, to say the least. this new study joins a list of over 30 other animal studies showing toxic or allergenic problems with genetically engineered foods. web link the study, published in the peer - reviewed journal food and chemical toxicology, found that rats fed a type of genetically engineered corn that is prevalent in the us food supply for two years developed massive mammary tumors, kidney and liver damage, and other serious health problems. web link the research was considered so \" hot \" that the work was done under strict secrecy. according to a french article in le nouvel observateur, 2 the researchers used encrypted emails, phone conversations were banned, and they even launched a decoy study to prevent sabotage! a two - year long french feeding study designed to evaluate the long - term health effects of a genetically engineered corn found that rats fed monsantos maize developed massive breast tumors, kidney and liver damage, and other serious health problems. the major onslaught of diseases set in during the 13th month female rats that ate genetically engineered corn died 2 - 3 times more than controls, and more rapidly, while the male ge - fed rats had tumors that occurred up to a year - and - a - half earlier than rats not fed ge corn according to results from a 10 - year long feeding study on rats, mice, pigs and salmon, genetically engineered feed causes obesity, along with significant changes in the digestive system and major organs, including the liver, kidneys, pancreas, genitals and more the epa admits theres mounting evidence that monsantos insecticide - fighting yieldgard corn is losing its effectiveness in the midwest. last year, rootworms resistant to the toxin in the genetically designed corn infested fields in iowa, illinois, minnesota and nebraska genetically engineered foods are responsible for development of resistant weeds and pests ; increased pathogenic virulence ; degradation of soil quality ; reduced nutrient content in food ; exponential rise in infertility and birth defects ; and reduced crop yields, and more passing prop 37 is key to expanding sustainable agriculture in north america despite johr ' s stated view, nestle has donated nearly $ 1. 17 million to the \" no on 37 coalition, \" which is working to prevent the labelling of ge foods in california. so much for listening to consumers... although many organic consumers and natural health activists already understand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43484941154658735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.697379"} {"text": "scientists have taken a major step forward in the understanding of ovarian cancer, which could improve treatment for patients with the condition. researchers have found that patients with hereditary ovarian cancer - whose tumours are caused by faulty genes - are more likely to experience secondary tumours in their liver and spleen. this is despite the fact that their overall prognosis is better than other patients. in non - hereditary cancer, ovarian tumours tend to remain within the lining of the abdomen and pelvis. a university of edinburgh study suggests that ovarian cancer patients whose tumours spread to the solid organs such as the liver and lungs should be tested for the faulty genes - brca1 and brca2 - to ensure they are given the most appropriate treatment. researchers say this would improve the detection of these faulty genes as current criteria for genetic testing may miss as many as two - thirds of ovarian cancer patients carrying faulty brca genes. patients with hereditary tumours, which account for 10 per cent of ovarian cancers, may also be suitable for trials of a new drug called olaparib, which has fewer side - effects than normal cancer treatments. improving the identification of brca mutations would help relatives of ovarian cancer patients, who may themselves be at increased risk of developing hereditary cancer. the research is published in the journal of clinical oncology. dr charlie gourley, who led the research at the university of edinburgh, said : \" we are beginning to understand the importance of tailoring cancer treatments according to the specifics of each patient ' s tumour. these findings demonstrate that tumours which arise because of defects in the brca1 or brca2 genes behave differently to other ovarian cancers. this information should also help us to identify the patients carrying these genetic mutations, give them the most effective treatment for their cancer and offer their relatives genetic counselling. \" explore further : new smartphone application improves colonoscopy preparation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48028088433437366, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.700842"} {"text": "latin name \u2013 silybum marianum milk thistle is a flowering herb that is native to the mediterranean region. it has been used for thousands of years as an herbal remedy for a variety of ailments, especially liver problems. silymarin, which can be extracted from the seeds ( fruit ) of the milk thistle plant, is believed to be the biologically active part of the herb. the seeds are used to prepare capsules, extracts, and infusions ( strong teas ). a traditional view of milk thistle is as an herbal remedy to help protect the liver and improve its function. milk thistle has been used as a nutritional supplement in the hope of improving liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis ( liver inflammation ), and gallbladder disorders. there have been some research studies of milk thistle on liver disease in humans, but these have been small. some promising data have been reported, but study results at this time are mixed. although some studies conducted outside the united states support claims of oral milk thistle to improve liver function, there have been flaws in study design and reporting. to date, there is no conclusive evidence to prove its claimed uses. recent nccam - funded research includes a phase ii study to better understand the use of milk thistle for chronic hepatitis c. additional research, cofunded by nccam and the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases, includes studies of milk thistle for chronic hepatitis c and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or nash, a fatty, inflamed liver disease that occurs in people who drink little or no alcohol. side effects and cautions summary - milk thistle side effects include a laxative effect, upset stomach, diarrhea, and bloating. - milk thistle can produce allergic reactions, which tend to be more common among people who are allergic to plants in the same family ( for example, ragweed, chrysanthemum, marigold, and daisy ). - tell your health care providers about any complementary and alternative practices you use. give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health to help ensure coordinated and safe care. complementary or alternative therapy should not be used in place of conventional medical care or to delay seeking that care. - agency for healthcare research and quality. milk thistle : effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects. evidence report / technology assessment no. 21. rockville, md : agency for healthcare research and quality ; 2000. 01 - e024. - milk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43026932097924386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.705149"} {"text": "and quality. milk thistle : effects on liver disease and cirrhosis and clinical adverse effects. evidence report / technology assessment no. 21. rockville, md : agency for healthcare research and quality ; 2000. 01 - e024. - milk thistle ( silybum marianum ). in : coates p, blackman m, cragg g, et al., eds. encyclopedia of dietary supplements. new york, ny : marcel dekker ; 2005 : 467 \u2013 482. - milk thistle. natural medicines comprehensive database. accessed on july 3, 2007. - milk thistle ( silybum marianum ), silymarin. natural standard database web site. accessed on june 28, 2007. - milk thistle fruit. in : blumenthal m, goldberg a, brinckman j, eds. herbal medicine : expanded commission e monographs. newton, ma : lippincott williams & wilkins ; 2000 : 257 \u2013 263. - national center for complementary and alternative medicine. hepatitis c and complementary and alternative medicine : 2003 update. national center for complementary and alternative medicine web site. accessed on july 5, 2007. for more information the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) clearinghouse the nccam clearinghouse provides information on cam and nccam, including publications and searches of federal databases of scientific and medical literature. the clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, or referrals to practitioners. nih office of dietary supplements web site : ods. od. nih. gov source : national center for complementary and alternative medicine, milk thistle fact sheet created september 2005, updated march 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45980487183470986, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.705749"} {"text": "is it \u201c islamophobic \u201d to question whether or not the standard picture of muhammad as depicted in muslim texts is historically accurate? certainly many people think so, notably the organization of islamic cooperation ( oic ). the oic is a fifty - six nation body ( plus the palestinian authority ) that, since the demise of the soviet union, comprises the largest voting bloc at the united nations. it has been working for years to compel the un to criminalize \u201c islamophobia. \u201d secretary of state hillary clinton held a closed - door meeting with the oic in december 2011, apparently to facilitate just that and figure out ways to circumvent the first amendment \u2019 s protection of the freedom of speech. journalist claire berlinski notes that \u201c the neologism \u2018 islamophobia \u2019 did not simply emerge ex nihilo \u201d : it was invented, deliberately, by a muslim brotherhood front organization, the international institute for islamic thought, which is based in northern virginia. \u2026 abdur - rahman muhammad, a former member of the iiit who has renounced the group in disgust, was an eyewitness to the creation of the word. \u201c this loathsome term, \u201d he writes, \u201c is nothing more than a thought - terminating cliche conceived in the bowels of muslim think tanks for the purpose of beating down critics. \u201d yet the mainstream media has for the most part bought into this perspective, treating all investigation of how islamic jihadists use the texts and teachings of islam to justify violence and supremacism as \u201c islamophobic, \u201d however useful it might be to understand the motives and goals of those who have vowed to destroy the u. s. and western civilization. into this atmosphere comes my book did muhammad exist? an inquiry into islam \u2019 s obscure origins, which doesn \u2019 t touch directly on terror issues at all, but does demonstrate that islam was political, supremacist, and violent before it was religious \u2014 a fact with considerable implications for today \u2019 s political scene. in broad outline, the accepted story of islam \u2019 s origins is well known. it begins with an arabian merchant of the quraysh tribe of mecca, known to the world as muhammad, a name that means the \u201c praised one. \u201d he rejected the polytheism of his tribe and was given to frequent prayer in the hills and caves outside mecca. in the year 610, when he was forty, he was praying in a cave on mount hira, about two miles from mecca, when he was suddenly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4722852197826506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.709684"} {"text": "with brilliant plumage and puffed out chests, the mandarin ducks at the wildlife conservation society \u2019 s prospect park zoo are vying for the attention of the brown females swimming about the discovery trail marsh. this courtship activity might make you think it is spring, but it \u2019 s happening right now in the middle of winter. although the marsh might be partially frozen over with patches of ice large enough for the ducks to walk across, a series of underwater bubblers keep sections of the water from freezing, so there \u2019 s plenty room for swimming \u2014 and chasing female ducks. visitors who spend some time watching the mandarin ducks will be amused by their courtship behaviors. the males puff up and actually bump their chests together in a show of dominance. occasionally, one of the male mallard ducks will try to get into the act, but the little mandarins are too focused on their courtship to put up with any interference. a few mallards make the marsh their home but are not officially part of the zoo \u2019 s bird collection. these birds are free to fly in and out as they wish, visiting many of the small bodies of water in prospect park or the brooklyn botanic garden. a few other visitors like the beautiful north american wood ducks often stop by the marsh in winter. these visitors are native species and rival the mandarin \u2019 s with the beauty of their plumage. many visitors ask about the large cage - like structure at the back of the marsh. normally hidden by leaves, this structure is called an excluder and is meant to keep the local mallards from eating all the food meant for the zoo ducks. most of the zoo ducks are diving ducks, which refers to species that dive underwater to feed. the zoo \u2019 s diving ducks easily enter and exit the excluder from below the surface to eat. mallards are unable to do this and are too big to squeeze through the bars of the excluder. other marsh residents include the red eared slider turtles. they are very popular during the spring and summer months when they spend their days basking on logs or swimming through the marsh for food pellets tossed by zoo visitors. in the winter these reptiles do not hibernate, but they do become less active in a process called brumation. once outdoor temperatures fall, the turtles move to the bottom of the marsh. if the temperature rises, visitors might see turtles come to the surface to catch a few winter rays, but as soon as the temperature drops, so do the turtles. so even though it \u2019 s chilly and the trees are bare, there \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44695381984671656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.714017"} {"text": "inattentive type of adhd children diagnosed with the predominantly inattentive type of adhd have trouble focusing on any one thing and may get bored with a task after only a few minutes. however, if they are doing something they really enjoy, they usually have no trouble paying attention. but focusing deliberate, conscious attention to organizing and completing a task or learning something new is difficult. homework is particularly hard for these children. they will forget to write down an assignment, or leave it at school. they will forget to bring a book home, or bring the wrong one. the homework, if finally finished, will be full of mistakes. it is often accompanied by frustration for the child and their parents. inattentive children are rarely impulsive or hyperactive, but have a significant problem paying attention. they often appear to be daydreaming, \u201c spacey, \u201d easily confused, slow moving, and lethargic. they may process information more slowly and less accurately than other children. this child has a hard time understanding what he or she is supposed to do when a teacher gives oral or even written instructions. mistakes are frequent. the child may sit quietly and appear to be working, but in reality is not fully attending to or understanding the task and the instructions. children with this form of adhd often get along better with other children than the more impulsive and hyperactive forms, as they may not have the same sorts of social problems common with the other forms of adhd. because of this, their problems with inattention are often overlooked. indicators of inattention : - not giving close attention to details or making careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other play activities. - becoming easily distracted by irrelevant sights and sounds - failing to pay attention to instructions and making careless mistakes, not finishing work, chores or duties - losing or forgetting things like toys, pencils, books, assignments and tools needed for a task - having trouble organizing activities, often skipping from one uncompleted activity to another - not appearing to listen when spoken to directly - avoiding or disliking things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time combined type of adhd children exhibiting hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention are considered to have the combined type of adhd, which combines all of the above symptoms. disorders related to add / adhd grohol, j. ( 2007 ). symptoms of attention deficit disorder ( adhd ). psych central. retrieved on may 19, 2013,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4239422216383288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.716574"} {"text": "new research shows that daily physical activity may reduce the risk of alzheimer \u2019 s disease and cognitive decline, even in people over the age of 80. according to researchers at rush university medical center, all physical activity \u2014 whether it is exercise or household chores, such as cooking or cleaning \u2014 are associated with a reduced risk of alzheimer \u2019 s. \u201c these results provide support for efforts to encourage all types of physical activity even in very old adults who might not be able to participate in formal exercise, but can still benefit from a more active lifestyle, \u201d said dr. aron s. buchman, lead author of the study and associate professor of neurological sciences at rush. to measure total daily physical activity, researchers from rush asked 716 individuals who did not have dementia to wear a device called an actigraph, which monitors activity, on their non - dominant wrist continuously for 10 days. all exercise and other physical activity was recorded. study participants, who had an average age of 82, also were given annual cognitive tests during the study to measure memory and thinking abilities. participants also self - reported their physical and social activities. those participating in the study were individuals from the rush memory and aging project, an ongoing community study of common chronic conditions of old age. in followup studies, it was discovered that 71 participants developed alzheimer \u2019 s disease. the research found that people in the bottom 10 percent of daily physical activity were more than twice as likely ( 2. 3 times ) to develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease as people in the top 10 percent of daily activity. the study also showed that those in the bottom 10 percent of intensity of physical activity were almost three times ( 2. 8 times ) as likely to develop alzheimer \u2019 s disease as people in the top 10 percent of the intensity of physical activity. \u201c since the actigraph was attached to the wrist, activities like cooking, washing the dishes, playing cards and even moving a wheelchair with a person \u2019 s arms were beneficial, \u201d said buchman. \u201c these are low - cost, easily accessible and side effect - free activities people can do at any age, including very old age, to possibly prevent alzheimer \u2019 s. \u201d source : rush university medical center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4851871900777083, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.718789"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | gonadotropin - releasing hormone 1 ( gnrh1 also called lhrh ) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of fsh and lh from the anterior pituitary. gnrh1 is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus. the identity of gnrh1 was clarified by the 1977 nobel laureates roger guillemin and andrew v. schally : gnrh1 as a neurohormoneedit gnrh1 is considered a neurohormone, a hormone produced in a specific neural cell and released at its neural terminal. a key area for production of gnrh1 is the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, that contains most of the gnrh1 - secreting neurons. gnrh1 is secreted in the portal bloodstream at the median eminence. the portal blood carries the gnrh1 to the pituitary gland, which contains the the gonadotrope cells, where gnrh1 activates its own receptor, gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor ( gnrhr ), located in the cell membrane. gnrh1 is degradated by proteolysis within a few minutes. control of fsh and lhedit at the pituitary, gnrh1 stimulates the synthesis and secretion of follicle - stimulating hormone ( fsh ) and luteinizing hormone ( lh ). these processes are controlled by the size and frequency of gnrh1 pulses, as well as by feedback from androgens and estrogens. there are differences in gnrh1 secretion between males and females. in males, gnrh1 is secreted in pulses at a constant frequency, but in females the frequency of the pulses varies during the menstrual cycle and there is a large surge of gnrh1 just before ovulation. gnrh1 secretion is pulsatile in all vertebrates, and is necessary for correct reproductive function. thus, a single hormone, gnrh1, controls a complex process of follicular growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum maintenance in the female, and spermatogenesis in the male. gnrh1 activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty. during the reproductive years, pulse activity is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46042516691156454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.722636"} {"text": "growth, ovulation, and corpus luteum maintenance in the female, and spermatogenesis in the male. gnrh1 activity is very low during childhood, and is activated at puberty. during the reproductive years, pulse activity is critical for successful reproductive function as controlled by feedback loops. however, once a pregnancy is established, gnrh1 activity is not required. pulsatile activity can be disrupted by hypothalamic - pituitary disease, either dysfunction ( i. e., hypothalamic suppression ) or organic lesions ( trauma, tumor ). elevated prolactin levels decrease gnrh1 activity. in contrast, hyperinsulinemia increases pulse activity leading to disordery lh and fsh activity, as seen in polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ). gnrh1 formation is congenitally absent in kallmann syndrome. the gnrh1 neurons are regulated by many different afferent neurons, using several different transmitters ( including norepinephrine, gaba, glutamate ). for instance, dopamine appears to decrease gnrh1 activity. gnrh1 in other organsedit gnrh1 is found in organs outside of the hypothalamus and pituitary and its role in other life processes is poorly understood. for instance, there is likely to be a role for gnrh1 in the placenta and in the gonads. gnrh1 is available as gonadorelin hydrochloride ( factrel ) for injectable use. studies have described it being used via an infusion pump system to induce ovulation in patients with hypothalamic hypogonadism. agonists and antagonistsedit while gnrh1 has been synthesized and become available, its short half - life requires infusion pumps for its clinical use. modifications of the decapeptide structure of gnrh1 have led to gnrh1 analog medications that either stimulate ( gnrh1 agonists ) or suppress ( gnrh1 antagonists ) the gonadotropins. it is important to note that, through downregulation, agonists are also able to exert a prolonged suppression effect. | hormones and endocrine glands - edit | hypothalamus : - trh - crh - gnrh - ghrh - somatostatin - dopamine | posterior pit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45472922028736285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.723525"} {"text": "physical environment is subject to continuous modification from natural causes, such as tectonic forces, temperature extremes, fire, wind and river erosion, vegetation processes, and animal action. no less than natural agents, human actions can result in widespread and irreversible environmental change. many of these processes occur insidiously over prolonged periods. in such instances, the effects often are cumulative. other human actions may be more sudden and concentrated, resulting in immediate and noticeable change. whether continuous or precipitous, these human actions frequently have degraded the affected environment. the nineteenth century, a time of british consolidation in gangetic india, witnessed both types of phenomena. traditional environmental alterations continued, while imported technologies introduced new, more threatening agents of change. agents of continuous change the banaras region, like most of the gangetic plain, has been continuously populated for some twenty - five hundred years. in the process local residents established an important urban center, maintained its streets and buildings, connected it to other communities, supplied its industrial needs, and fed its population. throughout this time human occupation affected the surroundings in a variety of ways. land use and resource depletion. over the centuries while banaras city grew, its inhabitants exploited the adjoining terrain and its resources. they cultivated the land to near capacity ; hunted wildlife ; raised livestock ; and extracted timber, fuel, stone, sand, clay, and groundwater. those materials and supplies which were unavailable locally were imported and brought in by road or stream. as banaras continued to grow and prosper, surrounding lands strained to supply the rising needs of the city and its visitors. by 1800 the region ' s resource base was becoming strained. the town itself was built on the site of the legendary forest of bliss. but by the nineteenth century, according to diana eck, townspeople retained only memories of the once luxuriant woods. one central neighborhood came to be known as the \" cut - down forest \" ( eck 1982 : 29 ). in the countryside, too, large tracts had been cleared for farming, leaving only isolated trees and planted groves. the extensive fields in place by 1800 blanketed what was once a natural habitat of dense forest. the original cover included stands of valuable trees, such as sal ( shorea robusta ) shisham ( dalbergia sissoo ), jaman ( eugenia jambolana ), mahua ( bassia latifolia ), ber ( ziziphus jujuba ), pipal ( ficus religiosa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5240080061149338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.739250"} {"text": "( dalbergia sissoo ), jaman ( eugenia jambolana ), mahua ( bassia latifolia ), ber ( ziziphus jujuba ), pipal ( ficus religiosa ), neem ( azadirachta indica ), pagun [ * ] ( bombax ceiba ), banyan ( ficus bengalensis ), tamarind ( tamarindus indica ), and babul ( acacia arabica ). apart from isolated stands near villages, few of these trees remained in the nineteenth century. grasses and shrubs, too were continuously grazed and harvested for manufacturing bricks ( troup 1921, 2 : 8 ; 3 : 4, 147, 231 ; stebbing 1922 \u2013 26 : glossary ; r. l. singh 1971 : 204 ). this large - scale devegetation of the countryside put an enormous strain on the soil resources. no longer compacted by broad root systems, topsoils were swept away by floods and blown off by winds. and depletion of leguminous trees and shrubs deprived the earth of the nitrogen - fixing action of roots, leaving soils deficient in bacterial content. the stresses of repeated cropping and traditional shallow tillage minimized soil rotation, accelerated nutrient depletion, and reduced fertility. finally, with firewood growing scarcer owing to devegetation, manure was employed as fuel, reducing the input of fertilizer ( crooke 1897 : 322 \u2013 34 ). the familiar cycle of deforestation, reduction of biotic diversity, soil erosion, reduction of fertility, and decline in productivity certainly was manifest in the banaras region. the responses to this process were equally common : extension of cultivation to terrains previously considered \" wastelands \" or \" barren \" lands ; increased irrigation ; or multiple cropping. as was noted above, british observers asserted that banarsi cultivators increasingly adopted irrigation and multiple cropping techniques. reclamation of barren land also occurred but was severely limited by availability. already by the end of the eighteenth century most such land had been plowed and sown. although varying perceptions of what constitutes wasteland render that term ambiguous, figures confirm that little such terrain was available by the 1840s. it appears that the amount may have decreased somewhat between 1848 and 1872 ( from 19 to 15 percent ), but stabilized at the latter level through the rest of the century. there is some evidence, meanwhile, that farmers were simultaneously abandoning previously productive lands. in 1788 jonathan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4720377875912862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.740235"} {"text": "the amount may have decreased somewhat between 1848 and 1872 ( from 19 to 15 percent ), but stabilized at the latter level through the rest of the century. there is some evidence, meanwhile, that farmers were simultaneously abandoning previously productive lands. in 1788 jonathan duncan had already noted the desertion of formerly productive fields. nearly a hundred years later the provincial land - settlement report of 1872 estimated that 5 percent of cultivated land had been recently abandoned ( shakespear 1848 : 169 \u2013 70 ; colvin 1872, appendix : 16 ; k. p. mishra 1975 : 85 ). in sum, despite an ostensibly stable population, pressure on farmland was demonstrably heightening. the measures taken to compensate for erosion and soil depletion aggravated the situation. each of the three alternatives employed \u2014 reclamation, irrigation, and multiple cropping \u2014 was intensive, adding further stresses on finite resources. religious activity and environmental pollution. the processes described above were principally rural and resulted from land use intensification. their effects were to degrade a limited resource base. such phenomena have been common to many societies and typical for much of agrarian north india. considerably less typical and far more controversial have been the alleged ecological consequences of religious activity in banaras. as the principal focal point of hindu pilgrimage and the leading center of brahmin ritual observance, banaras has drawn enormous numbers of visitors throughout the year and on special occasions. it is principally the ganges that affords this distinction, and it is on its banks that most activity occurs. primarily as a result of the vast number of participants, the riparian environment has been affected. crowding, sewage generation, and the influx of ill visitors have caused serious public health concern since the beginning of the colonial period. other actions may have contributed in small ways to riverine pollution, but their effects have been consistently overstated. throughout british rule, hindu religious practices were termed responsible for the pollution of the river and the adjoining areas. for centuries throngs of pilgrims have converged on banaras. in addition to the daily arrival of hindus seeking personal salvation, sea - sonal fairs or eclipses drew occasional crowds of a hundred thousand or more. these congregants required food, drink, and other substantive needs, adding further pressure on overtaxed resources ( hamilton 1820 : 301 ; nevill 1909a : 66 \u2013 67 ; 1909b : 85 ; oude and rohilkund railway 1875 : 1169 ; 1878 : 1057 ; k. p. mishra 1975 : 67 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47693479617811574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.741253"} {"text": "the banaras municipal board asserted its right to close burning ghats or cemeteries deemed problematic. within days, after reassessing the effective threat posed by the ghats and gauging popular feeling, the magistrate repealed the proclamation ( bharat jiwan [ 23 september ] in svn for 1912 : 898 ). disposal of human and animal bodies in the ganges was another source of english consternation. although these acts occurred, it is unlikely that their volume could have appreciably affected the quality of the water. modern residents of banaras, including the present maharaja, insist that the above allegations are inaccurate and overstated ( n. kumar communication, march 1986 ). but if the burning ghats were unlikely sources of pollution, other long - term human actions measurably affected the quality of the ganges and its banks. the dumping of waste, sewage, and industrial effluent into the river ; the bathing of persons and cattle ; the washing of clothes and vessels ; and emissions of noxious smoke represented real hazards. in addition, poor drainage allowed accumulation of stagnant waters in ponds ( bharat jiwan [ 1 may ] in svn for 1893 : 191 ; gopalkrishnan 1985 : 3 \u2013 4 ). as early as 1864 the calcutta review noted that the \" water is of deadly influence, and the vapour from which fills the air with fever - breeding and cholera - breeding miasma. \" the journal called for immediate steps to improve drainage in the vicinity of the ghats ( calcutta review 1864 : 293 ). sensitized by the press, authorities and local residents feared the percolation of toxins and pollutants into the groundwater. in response, in 1886 concerned citizens formed a local pollution - prevention society, the kashi ganga prasadini sabha. the sabha ' s primary objective was to eliminate river contamination, undertake a drainage scheme, and purify drinking water. nevill reported that the project was completed in 1892. but in february 1893 the bharat jiwan of banaras complained that drains had yet to be constructed and that wastewater continued to flow through city streets. and k. s. muthiah, writing in 1911, confirmed the failure to implement its scheme ( nevill 1909a : 262 \u2013 63 ; administration report 1896 \u2013 97 : 167 ; bharat jiwan [ 6 february ] in svn for 1893 : 69 ; muthiah 1911 : 164 ). perhaps the greatest immediate threat to public health was posed by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45440742763954034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.743496"} {"text": "placed additional stress on local resources and accelerated riverfront pollution. the modern transportation network and other newly established public works also had a more direct impact on regional environment. roads and railways were superimposed on the rural landscape. first their construction, then their operation and maintenance, resulted in pronounced and usually permanent modifications of the terrain ( varady 1981, 1985a, 1985b ). public works construction. from the 1830s to the end of the century northern india underwent a period of intense public - works construction. cognizant of the benefits of improved communications, the ruling east india company initiated a vigorous program for road improvement. even earlier, in the first years of british administration, collector jonathan duncan had authorized road improvements near the city. the first major project was a complete renovation of the old imperial highway connecting bengal to the punjab. renamed the grand trunk road, this throughfare was graded, then metaled ( paved ) with crushed limestone. other provincial roads to ghazipur, jaunpur, allahabad, mirzapur, and sasaram soon received similar attention. during the decade 1840 \u2013 1850 alone the british constructed some fifty thousand kilometers of roads throughout their indian territories ( abbott 1846 : 56 \u2013 74 ; sanyal 1930 : 3 ). even before the provincial road network was completed, the government turned its attention to railways. by the mid - 1840s entrepreneurs and administrators had discussed the idea in england, and soon they took the first steps to actuate their decisions. by 1854 the first train of the east indian railway company ( eir ) left howrah to initiate the line that would parallel the grand trunk road to delhi and the punjab. for the next eight years the tracks crept toward banaras. construction continued northward through bengal up to the ganges, and then via bhagalpur and patna along the southern bank to mughal sarai, across the river from banaras. after the completion in 1862 of the 860 - kilometer route from calcutta, construction continued on to mirzapur, eventually to join the branch descending from kanpur ( east indian railways 1853 \u2013 63 ; bengal past and present 1908 : 55 \u2013 61 ; varady 1981 : 51 ). building roads and railway lines was both labor intensive and resource intensive. in each case, after rights of ways were secured the surface needed preparation. gangs of thousands of beldar s [ * ] ( laborers ) from the nearby countryside were hired. housed in meager shacks, underfed, and overworked, these laborers commonly were ill. epidemics among road and rail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4697786284508182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.746783"} {"text": "needed preparation. gangs of thousands of beldar s [ * ] ( laborers ) from the nearby countryside were hired. housed in meager shacks, underfed, and overworked, these laborers commonly were ill. epidemics among road and rail gangs were frequent and destructive. there are records of camps of ten thousand losing up to a third of the workers to cholera and other diseases. worse, the contagion often spread to nearby towns ( varady 1981 : 188 \u2013 89 ; united provinces public health dept. 1903 ). the work teams were employed to clear jungles of vegetation, excavate tree roots, flatten roadbeds, lay gravel or limestone, dig drainage ditches, construct embankments and berms, and bridge streams and nalla s. additionally, railways required placement of creosoted sleepers ( ties ) every seventy - five centimeters ( bingham 1858 : 3 \u2013 21 ; muir 1858 : 277 \u2013 79 ). the quantities of materials required were prodigious. to complete eighty kilometers of railway tracks in banaras district, the contractor executed 1. 2 million cubic meters of earthwork and 6, 000 cubic meters of brickwork ; in addition, 210, 000 cubic meters of ballast were used. limestone, gravel, and sand were obtained from neighboring floodplains and carted to the sites. the effects of such large - scale removal have not been studied, but elsewhere quarrying of stream beds has seriously affected flow and drainage patterns ( purser 1859 : 563 ; davis 1985 : 1 \u2013 5 ). in the case of rail lines, vast amounts of timber were used for sleepers. based on figures used by tucker for the rajputana railway, tracks in banaras district alone would have required a hundred thousand sleepers. although some hardwood sal remained available in the region, stands were too depleted to furnish the railways ' s needs. instead, the wood was imported, either from england or from the upper gangetic tracts northeast of delhi, forested with deodar ( cedrus deodara ). the demand on himalayan timber resources was thus considerable, especially since sleepers needed replacement every five years ( tucker 1983 : 160 \u2013 61 ; east indian railways 1856 : 505 ; 1859a : 531 ). although timber was not available in banaras, local firewood and charcoal supplies were employed to make burnt - clay ballast and to bake the bricks used for bridges, stations, and culverts. in any case, as a calcutta correspondent wrote to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4654634043672734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.748097"} {"text": "was not available in banaras, local firewood and charcoal supplies were employed to make burnt - clay ballast and to bake the bricks used for bridges, stations, and culverts. in any case, as a calcutta correspondent wrote to the times in 1862, \" the want of india is daily becoming more and more a want of wood. \" in the banaras region, as in the rest of northern india, the railways clearly were agents of deforestation ( east indian railways 1859a : 531 ; 1862 : 555 ). road and railway operation and maintenance. devegetation and resource depletion were two important results of road and rail construction. once in place, the networks continued to affect the surrounding environment. first, roads and railways, by their very presence, interrupted natural landscape. in the interest of efficiency and directness, they both sought linearity. rather than skirting streams, it was cheaper to cross them. in nearby son district the eir alone constructed 240 bridges and culverts in 1860. primary and secondary roadways also crossed rivers and streams whenever they were encountered. these interruptions interfered with drainage and flow patterns. runoff characteristics, already altered by devegetation, were further disturbed. instead of being stored in soils, water was lost to agriculture. puddles and ponds were formed alongside thoroughfares, providing breeding habitats for disease vectors. similarly, culverts silted up with lost topsoil. after heavy monsoon rains rushing waters created gullies and arroyos, further hastening soil erosion ( east indian railways 1859b : 1189 \u2013 90 ; colvin gazette [ 15 april ] in svn for 1890 : 251 ; hindostan [ 15 august ] in svn for 1902 : 527 ; varady 1985b : 2 \u2013 3 : whitcombe 1972 : 12 ). partly from weather extremes, and partly from the relentless action of hoofed, wheeled, or rail traffic, surfaces needed constant repair and maintenance. like the original construction, this activity required extensive labor and supplies. metaled roads were paved smooth with ten centimeters of pounded limestone. before long the road rutted and became impassable, demanding full resurfacing. railbeds were similarly affected by rain, flooding, and heavy wear. patrolling work crews added ballast and replaced broken and rotten sleepers. upkeep of the nineteenth - century transportation network placed a continual drain on stone, sand, and timber resources. locomotives, moreover, required fuel. for much of the century engines burned wood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4700251969625754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.749778"} {"text": "the bereghinya planitia quadrangle ( v - 8 ) of venus is bounded by 25\u00ba and 50\u00ba n. latitude, 0\u00ba and 30\u00ba e. longitude. it is one of 62 quadrangles covering the entire planet at a scale of 1 : 5, 000, 000. the quadrangle derives its name from the plains region bereghinya planitia, most of which falls within the boundaries of the quadrangle. bereghinya are benevolent protective female spirits in east slavic mythology. these spirits were considered as guardians of the home, and traditional homes commonly had carvings of bereghinya around their windows. in addition, these spirits were associated with riverbanks, so some of them were envisioned as being women with fish tails, similar to mermaids. the bereghinya planitia quadrangle comprises mostly plains materials that have been highly modified by younger structures, mostly related to coronae. the map area contains all or part of 22 named coronae, 4 named deformation belts, and 2 major lava channel systems having extensive associated volcanic flows. in addition, other valles, a deformation belt, and coronae occur within the quadrangle but are unnamed. the quadrangle hosts 24 impact craters and 6 bright splotches believed due to explosive destruction of bolides in the atmosphere. many of the impact craters have associated dark halos or parabolas, and four are accompanied by fields of secondary craters. also present is a complex array of faults, fractures, and wrinkle ridges. the quadrangle is geologically the quadrangle is geologically interesting primarily because of the large population of coronae, many of which are connected to each other by belts of closely spaced, complex wrinkle ridges producing a spiderlike pattern in which the \" bodies \" are coronae and the \" legs \" are the connecting belts. these coronae were named \" arachnoids \" by members of the soviet venera team. the problems of more than local interest include the kinematics and dynamics of the arachnoids, the structural and volcanic evolution of the coronae, and the age of the widespread background plains relative to structures and other material units. download this map as a pdf document ( 44 x 35 inches ; 28. 4 mb ) download the accompanying pamphlet as a 19 - page pdf document ( 304 kb ) | help | pdf help | geopubs main page | other planetary maps | | privacy statement | disclaimer | accessibility | | geologic division | astrogeology research program | this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5007437400444683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.752633"} {"text": "- manual testing - test management - test automation - test templates - testing resources types of testing - page 3 contd.. adhoc testing is a commonly used term for software testing performed without planning and documentation. the tests are intended to be run only once, unless a defect is discovered. exploratory testing is a method of manual testing that is described as simultaneous learning, design and execution. testing which covers all combination ' s of input values and preconditions for an element of the software under test. a sanity test is a narrow regression test that focuses on one or a few areas of functionality. sanity testing is usually narrow and deep. testing few functions / parameters and checking all their main features. in which one can perform testing on an overall application ( all features ) initially to check whether the application is proper in terms of availability and usability. sanity testing is done by test engineer. in software industry, smoke testing is a wide and shallow approach whereby all areas of the application are tested, without getting into too deep. smoke testing originated in the hardware testing practice of turning on a new piece of hardware for the first time and considering it a success if it does not catch fire and smoke. when a build is received, a smoke test is run to ascertain if the build is stable and it can be considered for further testing. smoke testing is done by developer or white box engineers. soak testing involves testing a system with a significant load extended over a significant period of time, to discover how the system behaves under sustained use. for example, in software testing, a system may behave exactly as expected when tested for 1 hour. however, when it is tested for 3 hours, problems such as memory leaks cause the system to fail or behave randomly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5092532262283809, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.754476"} {"text": "name variations edit about pineapple edit wikipedia article about pineapple on wikipedia the pineapple ( ananas comosus ) is a tropical plant and its fruit, native to brazil, bolivia, and paraguay. the plant is a bromeliad ( family bromeliaceae ), a short, herbaceous perennial with 30 or more trough - shaped and pointed leaves 30 \u2013 100 cm long, surrounding a thick stem. the leaves of the smooth cayenne cultivar mostly lack spines except at the leaf tip, but the spanish and queen cultivars have large spines along the leaf margins. the fruit was named \" pineapple \" because of its resemblance to a pine cone. the native tupi word for the fruit was anana, meaning \" excellent fruit \". this word became the source of the word ananas, which is the word for pineapple in many languages. its natural pollinators are hummingbirds. the word \" pineapple, \" is derived from the word pina, which was used to describe a pine cone by the spanish. later, it was introduced to the hawaiian islands which are now the leading producers of this fruit. today, in the united states the pineapple can be marketed as fresh or canned and it is most widely used as tropical canned fruit in recipes. ( wellness encyclopedia of food and nutrition, 1992 ) there are four types of pineapples mainly found in the marketplace. these include the gold, smooth cayenne, red spanish and sugar loaf. they are sold fresh and canned and all have a sweet flavor. the gold variety features an extra sweet flavor, golden color, and higher vitamin c content. select pineapples with a nice fragrant smell. if possible choose pineapples that have been jet shipped from hawaii or central america because they will be the freshest. avoid those pineapples with sour or fermented odors. it is really ripe if you can easily pull one of the leaves out of the top. store at room temperature for 1 or 2 days before serving to allow the pineapple to become softer and sweeter. store in the refrigerator for 3 to 5 days or cut pineapple into chunks and store for up to 7 days. cut up pineapple also freezes well. - fruit & vegetable of the month : pineapple by the us centers for disease control & prevention, public domain government resource \u2014 original source of recipe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4521416443303805, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.762178"} {"text": "the term parasitic battery draw refers to the electrical devices that continue to draw current from the battery when the ignition key is in the off position. as a rule of thumb normal parasitic draws are below 50 milliamps, however it is always best to refer to the original vehicle manufacturers specifications for recommended limits. before a parasitic draw test can be performed the batteries state of charge must be greater than 75 %. before testing a battery it is very important to follow some simple safety rules. always wear eye protection and keep open flames away from the battery. if using a battery charger, always confirm that the charger is off before connecting or disconnecting the charger. batteries produce hydrogen gas which is extremely flammable ; do not smoke while servicing a battery. batteries should only be charged in well ventilated areas. the electrolyte in the battery contains sulfuric acid, latex gloves are highly recommended. testing for parasitic draw to perform the parasitic draw test you will need a digital amp meter capable of reading milliamps and a minimum of 10 amps. be certain that your meter has a fuse intended to protect the meter for the rare occurrence of an abnormally high amp 1. insure that all accessories are off and the ignition switch is in the off position. 2. remove the negative battery cable from the battery. 3. set amp meter switch to the highest rating ( 10 amps or higher ). 4. connect amp meter as illustrated in figure 1. 5. the reading may start as high as 6 amps, this is normal. when the battery cable was disconnected the vehicles electronics lost power, these devices will draw a higher current when they are reconnected. the current will drop as the numerous electronic devises \u201c awaken \u201d. on some late model vehicles this may take 20 minutes or longer. 6. as the reading decreases and stabilizes adjust the amp meter down to read in the milliamp range. this reading will be the vehic les parasitic draw. high parasitic reading should you determine that the parasitic draw exceeds the vehicles limit it will be necessary to determine the circuit that is creating the draw. this is best accomplished by using the process of elimination. check lamp circuits ( glove box, courtesy, trunk etc. ) for bulbs that are illuminated when they should be off. to check the trunk lamp it may be necessary to get in the trunk. make certain that you have a helper. and more importantly make certain that your helper is your friend! if a visual inspection fails, isolate circuits by removing fuse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4531106329399441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.764855"} {"text": "transgenderism, transsexualism, & gender identity studies of employment discrimination against transgender persons in 2009, the national gay and lesbian task force action fund prepared a document titled : \" passing the employment non - discrimination act : a toolkit. \" the task force has formed a coalition with many lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ( lgbt ) groups in order to promote the employment non - discrimination act ( 2009 ). the groups national gay and lesbian task force action fund, national center for transgender equality ( ncte ), pride at work, the national center for lesbian rights ( nclr ), parents families and friends of lesbians and gays ( pflag ) and a number of other colleague organizations. 1 the toolkit contains the following data from studies of employment discrimination against - - and financial hardship of - - transgender persons. statistics on employment discrimination against transgender discrimination against transgender people is widespread : | nationally : a study conducted between 1996 and 1997 found that 37 percent transgender individuals surveyed had experienced employment discrimination. | | illinois : a study conducted between 1995 and 2001 found that 37 - 42 percent of gender - variant individuals surveyed experienced some type of | employment discrimination. 3 | san francisco, ca : a 2006 survey of 194 members of the san francisco transgender community found : | | 40 percent of respondents believed they were discriminated against when applying for work. | | | over 24 percent of people reported that they were sexually harassed at work. | | | 19 percent experienced trouble in advancing in their company or department. | | 18 percent were fired from a job due to gender identity | | virginia : a study conducted between 2005 and 2006 reported that 20 percent of transgender individuals were denied employment and 13 percent based on their gender identity. 5 | | | washington state : a study conducted between 2006 and 2007 found that 41. 5 percent of transgender people surveyed had been denied employment, or otherwise discriminated against on the job because of their gender and / or expression. 6 | economic hardship of many transgender employment discrimination contributes to low incomes for | | minnesota : a study conducted between 1997 and 2002 found that 22 percent of transgender people live below the poverty line. | | san francisco, ca : a study conducted in 2006 of 194 transgender individuals found a 35 percent unemployment rate, with 59 percent earning less than $ 15, 300 annually. 8 | | | philadelphia, pa : a study conducted in 1997 found that of 81 transgender people, 59 percent were unemployed and 56 percent made less than $ 15, 000 annually. 9 | | | chicago, il :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46189471809344407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.769802"} {"text": "$ 15, 300 annually. 8 | | | philadelphia, pa : a study conducted in 1997 found that of 81 transgender people, 59 percent were unemployed and 56 percent made less than $ 15, 000 annually. 9 | | | chicago, il : a study conducted between 2000 and 2001 found that of 111 transgender individuals, 34 percent were unemployed and an additional 40 | percent made less than $ 20, 000 annually, with a median income of just year - - less than half the national median income. | | los angeles, ca : a 1998? 1999 study of transgender women found that 50 percent reported incomes of less than $ 12, 000 per year, and 23 percent on government assistance. 11 | | washington, d. c. : in 1999, only 58 percent of transgender respondents were employed, 29 percent reported no annual source of income, 31 percent | reported that their annual income was under $ 10, 000, and 15 percent reported that they lost a job due to employment discrimination. | | virginia : a 2005? 2006 study of 250 transgender people found between percent were unemployed and 39 percent made $ 17, 000 or less annually. 13 | | | washington state : a 2006 - 2007 study of 258 transgender people found that 39 percent of those surveyed made less that $ 20, 000 annually. - \" passing the employment non - discrimination act : a toolkit, \" national gay and lesbian task force action fund, 2009, at : http : / / www. thetaskforce. org / this is a pdf file. - lombardi, e. l., wilkins, r. a., priesing, d, malouf, d. ( 2001 ). gender violence : trans - gender experiences with violence and discrimination. journal of homosexuality. - plotner, b., stevens - miller, m., wood - sievers, t. ( spring 2002 ). discrimination 2002 : 6th report on discrimination and hate crimes against gender variant people. chicago : it ' s time illinois!. - ( 2006 ). good jobs now! a snap shot of the economic health of san francisco? s transgender communities. a survey from : san francisco bay and guardian and transgender law center. - xavier, j. m., hannold, j. a., bradford, j., simmons, r. ( 2007 ). the health - related needs, and lifecourse experiences of transgender virginians. richmond : division of disease prevention through the centers for disease control and prevention, virginia department of health. - ( 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43012275388999494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.770710"} {"text": "j., simmons, r. ( 2007 ). the health - related needs, and lifecourse experiences of transgender virginians. richmond : division of disease prevention through the centers for disease control and prevention, virginia department of health. - ( 2008 ). perspectives northwest survey report : transgender and gender variant community needs assessment survey. ingersoll gender center. - bockting, w., huang, c., ding, h., robinson, b., rosser, s. ( 2005 ). are transgender persons at higher risk for hiv than other sexual minorities? a comparison of hiv prevalence and risks. international journal of transgenderism - op. cit. : ( 2006 ) good jobs now! - kenagy, g. p. ( 2005 ). the health and social service needs of transgender people in philadelphia. international journal of transgenderism. - kenagy, g. p., bostwick, w. b. ( 2005 ). health and social service needs trans - gender people in chicago. international journal of transgenderism. - op. cit. : reback, c. j. [ sic ] - xavier, j. m. ( 2000 ). the washington, dc. transgender needs assessment survey final report for phase two. washington, dc : administration for of the district of columbia. at : ( accessed april 2007 ). - ibid : xavier, j. m., hannold, j. a. - op. cit. ( 2008 ) perspectives. the toolkit is copyright \u00a9 2009 by the national gay and lesbian task force action fund. the fund \"... encourages, and grants permission to, reproduce and distribute their guide 1 in whole or in part, provided that it is done so with attribution. \" originally posted : 2009 - aug - 08 latest update : 2009 - aug - 22", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4491473515153966, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.771347"} {"text": "notes on collections and events at the rihs war brings a new perspective to most things, including maps. the surveying for this map of the narragansett bay was originally undertaken in the 1760s by charles blaskowitz. at that time, the british government was contemplating the placement of a naval yard in newport. * with the onset of war in the following decade, the map came to serve other purposes. here are a few interesting details : the map \u2019 s text includes a description of the colony of rhode island at the time as viewed by a british functionary ( a transcription and more discussion of the map are available at the gaspee virtual archives ) : idyllic descriptions of new world fecundity ( \u201c fish of all kinds are in the greatest plenty and perfection. the horses are boney and strong, the meat cattle and sheep are much the largest in america, the butter and cheese excellent, and every necessary of life in attendance \u201d ) are balanced against cultural condescension ( \u201c it has a town house, market house, library and a spacious parade, but there is few private buildings in it worth notice \u201d ). the colony \u2019 s notable religious tolerance is also pointed out. the map also includes details of military importance : not exactly here be dragons, but similar in its way. the map also lists gun batteries ( with the number of guns and size of cannon balls \u2014 18 or 24 pounds \u2014 they fired ), principal farms and farm owners in the colony and soundings throughout the bay. ( someone with the time might compare the soundings in 1764 with more recent numbers. ) a copy of the map in the david rumsey collection is, like this one, divided into 16 sections and mounted. the rumsey copy includes images of the slipcase in which the sections were originally housed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46050682944041926, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.773259"} {"text": "we highly recommend this series of five videos, the seventh day : revelations from the lost pages of history, by frank holbrook, now available on the web. ( click on the image. ) each video is just over 50 minutes long, just as in the original video series still available at theseventhday website. please visit the site for extra resources, including an overview of each video, a history timeline and complete transcripts of each episode. there \u2019 s a reason for \u201c the lost pages of history \u201d in the title. this is history as you \u2019 ve not likely read or heard it before in school or through the media. however, hal holbrook takes viewers back across the centuries to trace the history of the sabbath through the evidence of ancient records as found in the archives and libraries throughout the world. fifty historians and theologians from around the world provide a careful expose of the epic battle over the biblical sabbath. we see how faithful christians throughout the long centuries of the inquisition and other repression engaged in a heroic struggle for religious liberty. you will be guided through the evidence from the cool green hills of st. patrick \u2019 s ireland to the steaming south american jungle, from the massacre of a thousand jews in the palestinian desert to the bloody taiping revolution in 19th - century china, and from the divisive heresies of the early christian era to the fiery executions of \u201c heretics \u201d in red square. \u201c i will die today because i have observed the seventh day of the week as the holy sabbath of god. \u201d so wrote ivan kuritsin before he was burned to death in the red square of moscow more than 500 years ago. the council accused him of honoring the seventh day, the sabbath, more than the first day, sunday. is it possible that this same seventh - day ( saturday ) sabbath for which so many faithful christians gave their lives now coincides with sunday in the south pacific island nations of tonga, wallis, futuna, kiribati, samoa and tokelau? where is the sign of distinction ( ezekiel 20 : 20 ) for those who claim that the seventh day now conveniently falls on sunday so that that they can worship on the same day as their neighbors who celebrate the resurrection on the first day of the week? the ages - long controversy over the biblical day of worship \u2014 the sabbath of the ten commandments \u2014 continues today in some of the most unlikely places, such as the south pacific islands. will the controversy gain more prominence in the rest of the world as well? time will tell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4630313149404192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.775935"} {"text": "vernon smith, 240 - 638 - 6447 noaa, partners, meet to explore climate change and coastal tribes how climate change affects u. s. indigenous coastal cultures is the focus of the first stewards symposium starting today at the smithsonian national museum of the american indian in washington, d. c. the coastal treaty tribes of washington state - the hoh, makah, quileute tribes and the quinault indian nation - are hosting the event and collaborating with noaa and other partners. native leaders, including american indians, alaska natives and pacific islanders, will join climate scientists, policy - makers, and representatives of non - government organizations to discuss ways indigenous peoples and cultures may be able to increase their ability to adapt to predicted climate change. participants also will discuss how to include indigenous traditional knowledge in u. s. climate change science, education, and governance. \" coastal indigenous people have thousands of years of rich, place - based knowledge of climate change and its effects on humans, and how to adjust to these changes, \" said daniel j. basta, director, noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries. \" their experience is extremely valuable today and can help all of us as the world looks for ways to adapt. \" the office of national marine sanctuaries manages a national system of marine protected areas where local indigenous communities participate in management of marine resources. \" we need everyone engaged in working on adaptations, mitigation, strategies, and solutions to climate change, \" said micah mccarty, chairman of the makah and of the first stewards organizing committee. \" even the polar bears and people of the arctic circle cannot escape the second - hand smoke of the vehicle tailpipe and the smokestack that leave such a large carbon footprint. \" \" coastal indian people are already dealing with the effects of climate change, \" said billy frank jr., chairman of the northwest indian fisheries commission. \" the glaciers that feed our life - giving rivers are melting. reservations are flooding more often, forcing some tribes to have to move their homes to higher ground. tribes are the natural choice to lead the nation in the response to climate change. \" the symposium, which runs from july 17 through the 20th, is being held in partnership with scientific, tribal, governmental and non - governmental organizations, including the smithsonian national museum of the american indian, noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries, noaa ' s national marine fisheries service, the nature conservancy, northwest indian fisheries commission and the western", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47250286554889703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.778995"} {"text": "orbiting retrievable far and extreme ultraviolet spectrometer launch date : november 20, 1996 mission project home page - http : / / nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov / nmc / mastercatalog. do? sc = 1996 - 065b the orfeus - spas ii mission followed the orfeus - spas i mission flown in 1993, motivated by improvements in instrument performance and the critical need for additional observation time. the purpose of the orfeus - spas ii mission was to conduct investigations of celestial sources in the far and extreme ultraviolet spectral range, and to increase understanding of the evolution of stars, the structure of galaxies, and the nature of the interstellar medium. orfeus - spas ii was one of a series of planned joint dara ( german space agency ) / nasa missions. the name arises from the reusable astro - shuttle pallet satellite ( astro - spas ), and the orbiting retrievable far and extreme ultraviolet spectrometers ( orfeus ) telescope carried on astro - spas. orfeus - spas was a free - flying platform designed to be deployed and retrieved from the space shuttle. the astro - spas carrier was powered by batteries, and data from the instruments were stored on tape. absolute pointing was accurate to within a few arc seconds. orfeus - spas is 4. 5m in length and has a 2. 5m width base. operation of orfeus - spas was approximately 40km from the shuttle. orfeus - spas ii carried the same three spectrometers, operating over the wavelength range 400 - 1250 angstroms, as was carried on orfeus - spas i. the tubingen ultraviolet echelle spectrometer ( tues ) and the berkeley extreme and far - uv spectrometer ( befs ) were housed on the primary instrument - the orfeus 1 - m telescope. the interstellar medium absorption profile spectrograph ( imaps ) was operated independently from orfeus. the orfeus - spas ii mission was flown in november - december 1996. the mission acquired spectra of numerous celestial objects during 14 days of observations. efficiency of 62. 5 % for all instruments was achieved. last updated : april 16, 2012 - sts - 80 info - http : / / science. ksc. nasa. gov / shuttle / missions / sts - 80 / mission - sts - 80. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4701400923432225, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.781876"} {"text": "some of our favourite and most useful garden plants are grown from tubers. if a tuber produces several growing points, then it can be divided for propagation. just cut through the tuber, ensuring each piece has an eye, or growing shoot. this method works well with dahlias. the only danger is that the cut surface may rot and destroy the plant. to reduce this risk, either allow the cut section to dry before planting or seal it with fine sand or ash, possibly adding a fungicidal powder too. if several tubers are formed in a season, these may be separated and used to grow new plants. in both cases the new plant will be identical to the parent. another propagation method is to start the tuber into growth on a windowsill or under glass. once new shoots appear, they can be used as cuttings. this is a good way to increase your stock of begonias. tubers bought whilst dormant will usually grow easily, the main exception to this is cyclamen. they will often die during storage or take a long time to recover and become established. for this reason, the more expensive growing plants will often prove better value than stored corms even though the initial cost seems lower. many popular garden tubers are tender plants and are lifted each year, however if planted deeply in a well drained spot, they often do survive winters outside. a tuber is a food storage organ which allows the plant to survive from one year to another ( much like a bulb or corm ). the tuber is actually a swollen root or stem base. buds or eyes form on the upper surface of the tuber and become the growing shoots. this can easily be seen on a potato which has been stored too long, particularly if it \u2019 s been kept in a warm and light place. with some tubers, such as the potato, the tuber will die away during the growing season, to be replaced with another \u2013 or sometimes several new tubers. in others, such as cyclamen, the tuber just grows larger each year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42045484661202137, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.784029"} {"text": "genome - sequencing data indicates that sponges were preceded by ctenophores, complex marine predators also called comb jellies. the scientists presented their findings at the annual meeting for the society for integrative and comparative biology, in san francisco, california. although they are gelatinous like jellyfish, comb jellies form their own phylum ( ctenophores. ) the tree of life roots the comb jellies \u2019 lineage between the group containing jellyfish and sea anemones and the one containing animals with heads and rears, which includes slugs, flies, and humans. ctenophores swim through the sea with iridescent cilia, and snare prey with sticky tentacles. they have nerves, muscles, tissue layers and light sensors, all of which sponges lack. developmental biologists from the university of washington in seattle sequenced the genome of the comb jelly pleurobrachia bachei and they discovered that dna sequences place them at the base of the animal tree of life. another team presented results from the genome sequencing of the comb jelly mnemiopsis leidyi and found that the phylum lands below or as close to the base as sponges on the tree of life. it \u2019 s been thought that predator - prey interactions as well as sensory adaptations evolved long after the origin of sponges, states billie swalla, part of the university washington team. the ancestor of all animals might look different from modern comb jellies and sponges. gene families, cell - signaling networks, and patterns of gene expression in comb jellies support the ancient origin. ctenophores grow their nerves with unique sets of genes. it \u2019 s possible that they are descendants of ediacaran organisms, which appeared in the fossil record before animals. comb jellies are the only animals that lack certain genes crucial to producing microrna, states andy baxevanis, a comparative biologist at the us national human genome research institute in bethesda, maryland, and leader of the m. leidyi project. these short rna chains help regulate gene expression. sponges and comb jellies lack other gene families that all other animals possess. if ctenophores evolved before sponges, the sponges probably lost some of their ancestors \u2019 complexity. it \u2019 s also possible that sponges have a complexity that has yet to be defined.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48190117466482213, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.786949"} {"text": "at oracle openworld 2007, oracle announced new virtualization software, causing a firestorm of interest and a decline in competitor vmware ' s stock. oracle vm, which can be downloaded free, is based on the xen open - source hypervisor product. with it ' s back to the future for the oracle database world. the inefficient one server / one database approach of 1990s client - server technology is long gone and oracle shops are now re - consolidating their data resources, moving back to the mainframe - like centralization of the 1980s. while oracle touts vm as a latest - and - greatest solution, we need to remember that server virtualization has been around for decades. virtualization is simply the partitioning of a server in order to host multiple os environments. whether it ' s running virtual windows on your macintosh laptop or partitioning a 128 cpu mainframe, it managers are leveraging virtualization solutions to consolidate multiple os environments. at a high level, virtualization is the process of segregating server resources in a homogeneous environment, but it ' s most commonly used to host different operating systems within a single monolithic server - - and this is a step toward os independence. a brief history of oracle virtualization oracle rose to dominate the database market primarily because of its ability to run on more than 60 platforms, everything from a mainframe to a macintosh. however, oracle soon faced the challenge of running multiple os environments within the same server. in early 2005, oracle announced that their version of vmware would come pre - loaded with both linux and oracle, making it easier than ever to run linux on a ms windows server. oracle then embraced the idea of server consolidation via the 11g grid initiative. at openworld 2007, oracle claimed that 99 % of their customers run multiple instances within a single host machine and so began pushing the new vm product. although vm is free for download, support will cost $ 499 / year for 1 or 2 cpu systems and $ 999 / year for others. thus far, vm is limited to intel platforms, and will support only linux and windows servers. oracle vm also offers a gui management console ( html - based ) to allow easy management of both the overall os and the virtual machines running under the master os. oracle is incorporating virtualization along several areas : - soa - oracle plans to incorporate oracle vm into their fusion stack, allowing a method for unifying diverse applications onto a single server using soap. oracle president", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4861853138150681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.791478"} {"text": "virtual machines running under the master os. oracle is incorporating virtualization along several areas : - soa - oracle plans to incorporate oracle vm into their fusion stack, allowing a method for unifying diverse applications onto a single server using soap. oracle president charles phillips notes that oracle vm will help sap shops migrate from their foreign erp ' s to oracle applications. \" we want to help customers integrate their software with third - party applications made in germany, \" he said at openworld. - consolidating heterogeneous environments - oracle vm is useful for shops that wish to consolidate different applications onto a single hardware platform. a common example is running windows side - by - side with unix ( hp / ux, solaris, aix, linux ) on a large monolithic server. for example, instead of buying six 2 cpu servers, you can buy one 4 cpu 64 - bit server with 16 gb ram, and save a bundle of cash. for details, see my notes on the trend towards oracle server consolidation. - oracle olap consolidation - mark rittman notes the benefits of running oracle 10g r2 with virtualization with the oracle business intelligence suite ( olap ). - oracle application server - oracle application server can be run with oracle on a single server using vm. john garmany has some good notes on oracle app server and virtualization. - students - using virtualization is popular among people who want to learn rac on a personal computer, whereby vm can allow a single server to mimic several rac nodes. the second age of mainframe computing the early 21st century is seeing the second age of mainframe computing, a change away from the minicomputer hardware architectures of past decades. instead of small, independent servers, the major hardware vendors are pushing large servers with transparent sharing of hardware resources, coining the term \" partitionable servers. \" but how does oracle vm fit into these existing virtualization techniques? there are some shortcomings of oracle vm : - unshared resources - server resources cannot be easily shared, and it counteracts the goal of server consolidation to leverage on a massive shared computing resource. - measurable overhead - we must remember that oracle vm imposes some overhead, and a savvy dba will always perform a workload benchmark using other alternatives ( containers, para - virtualization ) before choosing virtualization. - bad for the dba job market - server consolidation is bad for the dba job market because one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4577896655786258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.792488"} {"text": "it must be noted that a file does not have an inherent \" content - type \" per se. a file is a bunch of bytes, and has a name. when you download a file from a web server, the server infers a content - type ( such as \" application / pdf \" ) from whatever clues it can find, mostly the so - called \" extension \" ( the few letters at the end of the file name ; e. g. \". pdf \" is assumed to indicate a pdf file ), and sometimes the file contents themselves : for instance, when a web server distributes an html file, it also looks within the file header for a \" meta \" tag which would override the default choice for content - type, like this : < meta http - equiv = \" content - type \" content = \" text / html ; charset = utf - 8 \" / > so you have two operations on your server : upload, and download. upload is mostly safe : the file comes, and is stored. download can be a worry : when an administrator will download a file, he will do so by clicking on some link within a web browser, and the web server will infer a content - type, as described above. the web browser will then use the content - type to decide what to do with the downloaded file, and this might not necessarily be \" suggest to the user to save it somewhere \". for instance, if someone uploads a so you should filter the content - types under which you will serve the files when downloaded ; and mind the file name, too, because even if the file is just saved on the administrator system, it may still be a. exe file which the administrator will execute when clicking on it. moreover, allowing any kind of file to appear on your server may be an indirect tool to leverage an attack. there are some security holes in which the attacker can somehow force the execution of an arbitrary file on the server ; an unfiltered upload mechanism allows the attacker to first push exactly the kind of executable file he would like to see executed on the server.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4954282523041655, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.795201"} {"text": "what you can do about elder abuse alaina williams | jul 3, 2012, 2 : 48 p. m. in a recent study cited by the agency on aging, approximately 11 percent of us seniors surveyed had experienced some type of abuse or potential neglect during the previous year. additionally, writes the national center for victims of crime, older adults suffer greater physical, psychological, and financial loss when victimized compared with younger victims. for example, a study done by the metlife mature market institute found that older americans lose an estimated minimum of $ 2. 9 billion annually due to elder abuse. however, it is suspected that the abuse is underreported. the national center on elder abuse at american public human services association suggests that elder abuse is both under - identified and under - reported - it is possible that as few as 1 in 14 cases of elder abuse are reported. what is elder abuse? elder abuse refers to intentional or neglectful acts by caregiver or trusted individual that leads to, or may lead to, harm of a vulnerable elder, explains the national center on elder abuse. some types of elder abuse can be categorized as physical ( use of force to threaten or physically injure ), emotional ( verbal attacks, threats, rejection, isolation, or other acts that cause mental anguish or distress ), sexual abuse ( coerced sexual contact ), exploitation ( theft, fraud, misuse of authority ), neglect ( failure or refusal to provide for safety, physical, or emotional needs ), and abandonment ( deserting an older adult in need of care ). when an older adult is being abused in one of these ways, they may exhibit certain markers. physical and sexual abuse cause more apparent indicators : unexplained sexually transmitted diseases, slap marks, unexplained welts, bruises, cuts, or burns. emotional or abuse by neglect, as well as financial exploitation, have indicators as well. those suffering emotional abuse may exhibit unusual changes in behavior, like withdrawal from normal activities or decreased alertness. when neglected, a person may lack basic hygiene, sufficient food, or clean and appropriate clothing. they may also have been denied medical aids such as glasses, teeth, or a walker by their caregiver. financial exploitation may be indicated by altered wills and trusts, unusual bank withdrawals, loss of property, or any sudden change in finances. this type of abuse may mean a caregiver with primary control over a senior \u2019 s finances deny them amenities they can easily afford, or when an older adult has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4357787822526398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.799067"} {"text": "unusual bank withdrawals, loss of property, or any sudden change in finances. this type of abuse may mean a caregiver with primary control over a senior \u2019 s finances deny them amenities they can easily afford, or when an older adult has been made to sign legal documents they are unable to understand. financial abuse results when a person is somehow coerced into giving up decision - making in regards to their own money and estate. how to get support if you or someone you know is a victim of elder abuse, it is important to remember that there are resources that exist to offer you support. visit the illinois state department on aging site at www. state. il. us / aging to learn more about your rights, and the elder abuse protection act. since abuse may cause both physical and emotional wounds, seek emotional supports as well. speaking about your experience with friends or family, for example, may be helpful, or joining a local support group. you can call the eldercare location ( 800 - 677 - 1116 ) to learn about local programs and services, including support and legal assistance. you can also contact the national domestic violence hotline ( 800 - 799 - 7233 ) to be connected to social services, support resources, and legal advocacy programs. and, although it may be scary, reporting is the best way to notify the proper authorities and end the abuse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4261237439811206, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.799605"} {"text": "theme : david the songwriter. scripture : 2 samuel 22 main point : sing! our god is worthy of praise! supplies : bible, play dough, blank paper, pencils / crayons, visuals from the song and a recording or video of a storm for them to listen to ( see auditory / visual center below ), cd player, red streamers, bolts of lightning made from poster board, any other props for role play. you will also need at least three teachers who are comfortable leading the three centers. teachers : take this lesson, study it, and make it your own. allow the truths of the scripture to sink into your own heart. know what you are saying and say it with confidence. passion and voice inflection are essential with preschoolers. repeat the main point over and over again. coloring sheet ( 10 minutes ) have the coloring sheets ready when the children first enter the classroom from the assembly. ask the following questions while the children are coloring : - what are the children in the picture doing? playing the drums, raising hands, and singing. - do you like to sing? what do you like to sing about? - why do we sing to god? because he is worthy of praise. story circle ( 15 minutes ) main point : sing! our god is worthy of praise! repeat this over and over again. get the kids to say it with you every time you see it written in bold. this should be the one thing that the kids remember from the day. i. hook \u2013 introduce the lesson. this is short and simple since there will be so much going on in the book section. ii. book \u2013 read the passage. divide the children into groups to experience the story in the three sensory centers. time permitting, you can allow the children to switch centers, but it may best for them to choose what they would like to do the best. iii. look \u2013 god is our ultimate rescuer through christ. he is worthy of all of our praise! * * please note : the day before, organize your room into three centers, as described below. - option one : have the children make with play - doh what they hear as you read david \u2019 s song to them. have several examples ready for them ( e. g., david stuck in the waves of death, a fortress that represents our god, clouds, lightning, the rescue from the deep water, arrows, lamp, shield, or even a battle scene where god rescues david from his enemies, the giants ). read the verses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4617530388424655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.807908"} {"text": "in the waves of death, a fortress that represents our god, clouds, lightning, the rescue from the deep water, arrows, lamp, shield, or even a battle scene where god rescues david from his enemies, the giants ). read the verses over again to the children and let them use their creativity. - option two : let the children draw what they hear as you read the song to them with pencils or crayons. - act out the descriptions in the song ( verses 5 - 18 would work best for this. several children can play the part of david, who is in deep distress and needs to be rescued. others can act out the part of our rescuer. have props available like red streamers for fire and bolts of lightning made from poster board. - listen to the sounds of a storm. play a recording of a storm or show a video of a storm or hurricane. have a rain stick for children to play with. - look at pictures of visuals from the song : fortresses and mountains ( vv. 3 - 4 ), oceans / hurricane ( vv. 5 - 7, 16 - 20 ), earthquake and burning coals ( vv. 8 - 9 ), storms ( 10 - 15 ), lamp and shield ( vv. 29 - 31 ) - as children are looking at the visuals, describe them by reading the verses from the song. discuss how amazing and great our god is, how helpless we would be in the midst of a hurricane, and how awesome it would to see our god coming down to rescue us like david describes. hook ( grab their attention! ) have music playing softly in the background. ask : who have we been learning about this week? ( david! ) david was a shepherd, a soldier, a warrior, and a king. david was also human and sinned like you and me. but did you know that he was also a song writer? david wrote many of the psalms found in the middle of our bible ( show them ). but today we are going to learn about a certain song he wrote after god saved him from his enemies! this is a special and beautiful song that praises our god. the main point for today is sing! our god is worthy of praise! repeat this until all the kids are able to say it together. ) book ( this is where you school them! ) say : today \u2019 s lesson is found in 2 samuel, chapter 22 ( show them in your bible ). david had been in a great war with the philist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4720775009951588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.808899"} {"text": "able to say it together. ) book ( this is where you school them! ) say : today \u2019 s lesson is found in 2 samuel, chapter 22 ( show them in your bible ). david had been in a great war with the philistines, with giants from gath like the champion goliath. he had grown weary! on the day when the lord saved him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of saul, david spoke to the lord the words of a beautiful song. this song is all about our great god! in this song, we see how great and mighty he is! listen closely because you will need to know all about this song in order to do our fun activities! you know that means? you need to turn up your ears and turn down your mouths so you won \u2019 t miss a thing! ( demonstrate. ) 3 the lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer, my god my rock, in whom i take refuge, my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge, my savior ; you save me from violence. 4 i call upon the lord who is worthy to be praised, and i am saved from my enemies. 5 for the waves of death encompassed me, the torrents of destruction assailed me ; 6 the cords of sheol entangled me ; the snares of death confronted me. 7 in my distress i called upon the lord ; to my god i called. from his temple he heard my voice, and my cry came to his ears. 8 then the earth reeled and rocked ; the foundations of the heavens trembled and quaked, because he was angry. 9 smoke went up from his nostrils, and devouring fire from his mouth ; glowing coals flamed forth from him. 10 he bowed the heavens and came down ; thick darkness was under his feet. 11 he rode on a cherub and flew ; he was seen on the wings of the wind. 14 the lord thundered from heaven, and the most high uttered his voice. 15 and he sent out arrows and scattered them ; lightning, and routed them. 17 he sent from on high, he took me ; he drew me out of many waters. 18 he rescued me from my strong enemy, from those who hated me, for they were too mighty for me. 29 for you are my lamp, o lord, and my god lightens my darkness. 30 for by you i can run against a troop, and by my god i can leap over a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47743376274105676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.809918"} {"text": "who hated me, for they were too mighty for me. 29 for you are my lamp, o lord, and my god lightens my darkness. 30 for by you i can run against a troop, and by my god i can leap over a wall. 31 this god \u2014 his way is perfect ; the word of the lord proves true ; he is a shield for all those who take refuge in him. 50 \u201c for this i will praise you, o lord, among the nations, and sing praises to your name. 51 great salvation he brings to his king, and shows steadfast love to his anointed, to david and his offspring forever. \u201d say : we have three centers that will help you learn more about who god is in this song. in one center, you can make or draw things from the song about david and god. in the second center, you can act out the neat things god does in the song as he rescues david. in the last center, you will have something special to listen to and pictures to look at from the song! do : divide the children into three groups. encourage them to pick which center they are most likely to enjoy. if time permits, you can allow them to switch centers. look ( look at your heart. what should you do? ) do : gather the children you once more, in one group. ask : why did david write this song? ( to praise god after he rescued him. ) say : david loved god. he praised him because of who he is and what he had done. god had rescued david many, many times from bad situations! he knew god was great and mighty! he knew god was worthy of all of his praise! ask : have you ever been in a hard situation that you wanted to be rescued from? ( if they need help, give an example from your own life that was hard. ) we may not get into situations like david did with giants! but hard things will come to us in life. know that god will always be there. he is our rescuer! call out to him! and when he rescues you, praise him! sing! our god is worthy of praise! say : god has already rescued all of us through sending jesus to die on the cross for our sins. because jesus died and rose from the grave, we can now be forgiven from our sins, know god deeply, and one day spend the rest of forever with him! he rescued us from our sins, and for this reason, we can always have the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46215694122608886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.810926"} {"text": "because jesus died and rose from the grave, we can now be forgiven from our sins, know god deeply, and one day spend the rest of forever with him! he rescued us from our sins, and for this reason, we can always have the strength to sing! sing! our god is worthy of praise! do : praise god together through prayer snack & memory ( 15 minutes ) at the appointed point in the schedule, a team will bring snacks to your classroom. while they are passing out the snack, take time to review today \u2019 s memory verse, show the kids the visual illustration of the story, and review the story using the following questions : psalm 96 : 2 \u2013 \u201c sing to the lord, praise his name ; proclaim his salvation day after day. \u201d - what did david write? a song - what was the song about? how god saved david from all of his enemies. - how is god described in the song? he is like a mighty fortress. he is a hero who rescues david from the waves. he is described as david \u2019 s shield and protector. - why do we sing? because god is worthy of praise! bible learning activities ( 20 minutes ) say : today we have been learning about how david was a songwriter. he wrote songs to tell others about god \u2019 s goodness and greatness. we sing about god to tell others about the wonderful things he has done. sing! our god is worthy of praise! teachers : if you are teaching toddlers, it will be important to pre - cut as many of the microphones as possible before class time say : now, we \u2019 re going to decorate microphones and practice singing praises to god. have the children color the microphone, cut it out, and sing! big games ( 15 minutes ) * * three and four year - olds will not have an organized big games time, but some games have been provided below for use during playground time. kindergarten leaders will not be responsible for leading these games. the leaders at the big games area will lead big games for kindergartners. fruit basket turnover \u2013 everyone in the group should sit in a circle. they should each be given the name of a fruit. apple, orange, banana. when their fruit name is called they should run to change places with someone else that has the same fruit name. so all apples should switch with all apples. during the game the leader should shout \u201c fruit basket turnover!!! \u201d and all of the kids should change seats with someone. written by : kara jenkins coloring sheets and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46038589020730264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.812618"} {"text": "mission type : flyby launch vehicle : 8k78 ( no. t103 - 16 ) launch site : niip - 5 / launch site 1 spacecraft mass : 893. 5 kg spacecraft instruments : 1 ) imaging system and 2 ) magnetometer spacecraft dimensions : 3. 3 m long and 1. 0 m in diameter ( 4 m across with the solar panels and radiators deployed ) deep space chronicle : a chronology of deep space and planetary probes 1958 - 2000, monographs in aerospace history no. 24, by asif a. siddiqi national space science data center, http : / / nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov / the second of three soviet spacecraft intended for the 1962 mars launch window, mars 1 was the first spacecraft sent by any nation to fly past mars. its primary mission was to photograph the surface. this time the upper stage successfully fired the probe toward mars, but immediately after engine cutoff, controllers discovered that pressure in one of the nitrogen gas bottles for the spacecraft ' s attitude - control system had dropped to zero ( due to incomplete closure of a valve ). on 6 and 7 november 1962, controllers used a backup gyroscope system to keep the solar panels constantly exposed to the sun during the coast phase, although further midcourse corrections became impossible. controllers maintained contact with the vehicle until 21 march 1963, when the probe was 106 million kilometers from earth. mars 1 eventually silently flew by mars at a distance of 197, 000 kilometers on 19 june 1963. prior to loss of contact, scientists were able to collect data on interplanetary space ( on cosmic - ray intensity, earth ' s magnetic fields, ionized gases from the sun, and meteoroid impact densities ) up to a distance of 1. 24 au.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43873389525089485, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.814747"} {"text": "seen at the air force space and missile museum at cape canaveral air force station, florida \u2014 it \u2019 s a model of the dinosaur dynasoar space plane : likely the most poorly - named program ever conceived, the dynasoar ( for dynamic soaring ) was an early attempt at making a reusable manned space plane \u2014 essentially a mini - shuttle, and in some sense a follow - on to the x - 15 experimental aircraft. first proposed in 1957, the u. s. air force saw this single - seat craft as their way into space \u2014 and assigned it a dizzying future array of tasks. variants were discussed for reconnaissance, long - range weapons delivery, and even in - orbit warfare ( the soviets were planning similar vehicles at the time, so this was hardly unilateral thinking ). ultimately, the program wound down in 1963, victim of an unclear mission, escalating costs, and a hostile political environment \u2014 just months away from completion of the first flight - worthy vehicle. in its early days, dynasoar was hobbled by the eisenhower administration \u2019 s desire to avoid military competition with nasa \u2019 s mission of manned orbital flight. once the kennedy administration was in place, defense secretary mcnamara ultimately cancelled dynasoar in favor of military use of the gemini spacecraft that nasa was then developing ( although it too would soon be cancelled ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.537515680784048, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.816192"} {"text": "there are multiple variations of if statements : the simple if construct is used to evaluate a boolean condition and execute an appropriate set of commands. for instance the following example determines whether the current day of the week is friday : if datepart ( dw, getdate ( ) ) = 6 begin print ' tgi friday ' end we can easily extend the same construct by adding an else clause to take the alternative course of action and calculate the number of days before friday : if datepart ( dw, getdate ( ) ) = 6 begin print ' tgi friday ' end else begin select ' sorry, friday is ' + convert ( varchar ( 1 ), ( 6 - datepart ( dw, getdate ( ) ) ) ) + ' days away ' end alternatively we can determine the boolean value of a condition based on the outcome of a select statement : if ( select count ( * ) from authors ) > 20 print ' authors table contains more than 20 records ' note : if you wish to execute multiple statements depending on the value of a condition, be sure to enclose those statements within a begin end block ometimes you have to check for multiple conditions and control your program accordingly. you can do so by combining these conditions with and and or within the simple if construct. the following example demonstrates two conditions combined with and operator : if ( select count ( * ) from authors ) > 20 and ( select count ( * ) from authors where state = ' ca ' ) > 0 print ' authors table contains more than 20 records ' select cast ( ( select count ( * ) from authors where state = ' ca ' ) as varchar ( 2 ) ) + ' of them are from california ' the previous query will return the number of authors in ca only if the authors table contains any authors from that state and only if the total number of authors is greater than 20. therefore the and operator returns true only if both parts of the condition are true. you can also combine conditions with the or operator, which checks both conditions and returns true if one of them is true or if both of them are true. the or operator returns false if both parts of the condition are false. although you can use the or operator within a simple if construct it is not recommended to do so. if you have to check for multiple conditions combined with or logic, it is recommended to use either nested if statements or case operator. if exists construct checks for the existence of a record fitting a specified criterion or any records in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49737728359183103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.822207"} {"text": "recommended to do so. if you have to check for multiple conditions combined with or logic, it is recommended to use either nested if statements or case operator. if exists construct checks for the existence of a record fitting a specified criterion or any records in the specified table and takes action accordingly. this is a great approach to take if you don ' t have to retrieve any values from a table. since you cannot do any data retrieval with exists, the select statement within the exists clause does not have to specify any column names - the \" * \" operator will suffice. in fact if exists will be more efficient than if select. the following example checks whether there are any authors from ks in the authors table : if exists ( select * from authors where state = ' ks ' ) print ' found author ( s ) from ks ' as we noted earlier, if you have to check multiple conditions you can use nested if else statements. these should be handled with care and appropriately indented to make the code readable. if you ' ve used any other programming language you ' ll find t - sql nested ifs very easy to get used to. the following example executes appropriate user stored procedures depending on the price of \" abc \" stocks : declare @ stock _ price smallmoney select @ stock _ price = stock _ price from high _ yield _ stock where stock _ symbol = ' abc ' if @ stock _ price > 10. 01 begin exec usp _ alert _ for _ high _ prices end else if @ stock _ price between 5. 01 and 10. 00 begin exec usp _ notify _ managers end else exec usp _ alert _ for _ price _ drop if the outer condition evaluates to true, the inner conditions will not be checked. this is especially useful if the evaluation criteria require multi - table joins or searches which are resource intensive. if not ( select count ( * ) from sales where ord _ date between ' 1 / 1 / 95 ' and ' 12 / 31 / 95 ' ) > 0 begin print ' no sales have been recorded in 1995 ' end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43144096025690215, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.823025"} {"text": "rabbi dovid stein, star - k israel representative when a tourist comes to israel from the diaspora one of the things he has to get used to is the mitzvos hatluot b ' aretz, the mitzvos that are unique to israel. after he gets through taking trumah and maaser, tithing, and makes sure he doesn ' t come during shmitta ( beware next year! ) he is suddenly hit with orla. and when he asks how to cope with this unfamiliar problem he is sometimes given a chart with a list of fruits and orla percentages which, if he isn ' t totally confused, the charts will certainly finish off the job. \" what do all these percentages mean? and why, \" he asks, \" can ' t someone give me a yes or no answer instead of these percentages? \" so what do the percentages on these fruit charts mean? in order to understand what the charts mean it is necessary to understand the halachic problems of orla in eretz yisroel today. fruits produced during the first three years of a trees growth are prohibited. with new agricultural advances, especially in israel, which in many ways has the most advanced agriculture in the world, trees now give good fruit in their second year of growth. furthermore, the older and taller the tree the more time and money it takes to pick. it makes economic sense, in trees like peaches, to uproot some trees every few years and plant again. other fruits that are commonly replanted are seedless grapes, where shoots are being continuously put into the ground1, and pomegranates, that have new branches coming up directly from the ground. the charts indicate the percentage of orla found in the field of each type of fruit picked. those varieties that have no orla or negligable amounts of orla, i. e, less than. 5 %, would not present a problem. those with higher percentages require halachic scrutiny. in reading the charts it is important to realize that not all types of the same fruit have the same percentages of orla. so you may have some types of peaches with 7 % and others with 1 %. the newer charts have pictures to make it easier to identify the different types of fruit. the charts come out twice a year ; one for summer fruit and one for winter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49642427386162336, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.826569"} {"text": "ssi recipients with disabilities who work and participation in 1619b data note # 12 data set : ssa supplemental security income ( ssi ) is a federally funded program that provides cash assistance for basic needs. individuals with a low - income who are over the age of 65, blind, or have a disability are eligible for assistance. ssi beneficiaries typically also receive health insurance coverage through medicaid. losing medicaid benefits can be of concern for ssi recipients with disabilities who desire to work, or are currently working. section 1619b of the social security act allows individuals to work and continue to receive medicaid assistance when their earnings are too high to qualify for ssi cash payments as long as they meet other eligibility requirements for the ssi program and continue to need medicaid in order to work. researchers explored how many ssi recipients with disabilities work and how many participate in 1619b. results are displayed in the table found on page 2. in the u. s. as a whole, 25. 7 % of working ssi recipients participated in 1619bin 2006. the percentage of working ssi recipients who participate in 1619b varied from state to state. nebraska ( 20. 4 % ), south carolina ( 20. 4 % ), and ohio ( 20. 7 % ) had the lowest, and hawaii ( 36. 5 % ), the district of columbia ( 33. 5 % ), and florida ( 33. 7 % ) had the highest percentage of employed ssi recipients participating in 1619b. additionally, researchers found a moderate, negative relationship between the number of ssi recipients with disabilities who work within a state, and the percentage that are enrolled in the 1619b program ( r = -. 363, p <. 01 ). in other words, states that have more working ssi recipients with disabilities tend to have fewer participants in the 1619b program. this could be due to a variety of factors, including but not limited to the ability of individuals to access medical insurance through employers, or the capacity of states with large ssi recipient populations to communicate information about 1619b to eligible individuals. | state | | number of ssi recipients who work | | number of 1619b participants who work | | percent of ssi recipients who work participating in 1619b | a. the social security administration identifies persons as potential participants ; the state makes final medicaid determinations. b. data are not shown to avoid disclosure of information for particular individuals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4407004880954131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.830965"} {"text": "i often see new homes built on construction sites that have turned soil. some of the soil making up these new yards are soil that was once, in many cases, over five feet deep, brought up to the surface for grading purposes. this soil is not the greatest for plant growth, it wasn ' t designed to be, and may not be appropriate for plant growth with out a lot of care and maintenance. so what do we need to do to fix our soil problems? lucky for you and i, we don ' t have to have the answers. there is no book that can tell you your soil conditions as they are drastically different from site to site, and often neighbors will have completely different soil profiles, even thought they are in such close proximity! soil tests are the best and most effective way to ensure you are getting a full and accurate profile of your planting area. these tests used to be troublesome and expensive, but now you can get a professional lab to test a soil sample for mere dollars. one great resource is the university of missouri extension right here in saint peters. they offer soil testing at reasonable prices and have very clear results. a basic soil sample will usually include nutrient levels and ph, which is very important. for instance, a soil sample may show a large amount of iron in the soil, but a high ph. this high ph causes bounding of the iron to soil particles where it is not accessible to plants, so though you have plenty of it, the plant can ' t use it! so these soil samples are not always night and day. to supplement a soil sample from a reputable laboratory will often explain these things in an attached letter, and even make recommendations on how to correct your soil issues. plants, trees, and turf in general, are using reserves in their root systems from the past fall, so supplemental fertilizer is a waste in the spring! get a soil sample now to start preparing the soil for when our plants start to utilize the nutrients around them in middle to late spring, and remember, a good healthy organic soil will help sustain itself! happy spring!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4311500431912268, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.833378"} {"text": "\" the concept that guerrilla warfare is an end in itself and that guerrilla activities can be divorced from those of the regular forces is incorrect. \" - the maji maji war, in southwestern tanganyika ( 1905 - 1907 ), sparked by german efforts to confiscate tribal lands and institute forced labor on cotton plantations, left 15 europeans and 389 of their african mercenaries dead, as well as some 300, 000 tribesmen, the latter mostly from starvation and disease due to a systematic campaign to destroy their crops and carry off their cattle. - by the end of june of 1940, in the aftermath of the fall of france and the evacuation of over 330, 000 british and french troops from dunquerque, a further 150, 000 allied troops from other ports, and the surrender of france to the germans, the u. s. had initiated the shipment to britain of 500, 000 enfield rifles and 80, 000 machine guns, with 130 million rounds of ammunitions, as well as nearly 1, 000 pieces of artillery with a million rounds, along with other materiel. - during world war i approximately 14, 000 swiss citizens served in the french foreign legion, of whom half died in combat. - the last notable occasion on which elephants played a role on a \u201c western \u201d battlefield seems to have been at thapsus ( feb 5, 46 bc ) in what is now tunisia, when about thirty were employed by publius cornelius scipio salvito and king juba of numidia, though they did not prevent caesar from achieving a crushing victory. - on june 5, 1916, the second day of russia \u2019 s \u201c brusilov offensive, \u201d the austro - hungarian 1st ( vienna ) reserve rifle regiment lost 77 percent of its personnel killed in action and most of the rest wounded, captured, or both. - during the south african war ( 1899 - 1902 ), morning post correspondent winston churchill, officially on leave from the army, was being paid \u00a3250 month, plus expenses, arguably equal to \u00a320, 000 today. - roman catholics, who numbered about a fifth of the u. s. population during world war i, comprised 35 percent of american servicemen. - at the time of the japanese attack on pearl harbor, on december 7, 1941, the imperial army had over one million troops in china, where ongoing combat operations since 1937 had already cost about 180, 000 dead and 425, 000 wounded, and another 700, 000 in manchuria, watching the soviets. of \" al nofi ' s ci", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4459641283359028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.836037"} {"text": "let us now turn our attention to the theological teachings of the jahmiyya, [ who trace their name and origin to jahm ibn safwan abu muhriz ]. peculiar to jahm ibn safwan is the assertion that, although certain effects may appear to be produced by human causation, it is only in a metaphorical sense [ ' ala ' l - majaz ] that the origin of such effects can be attributed to the human being, not as a matter of reality [ la ' ala ' l - haqiqa ]. [ in other words, to attribute any action to a human being is merely a figure of speech ], just as it is when one says : \" the date palm grew tall, and the fruit ripened. \" he always refused to profess the doctrine that allah is cognizant of things prior to their coming into existence [ ' alim bi ' l - ashya ' i qabla kawniha ]. he maintained that the garden of paradise and the fire of hell will eventually cease to exist. he also denied the reality of the [ divine ] attributes [ sifat ]. the theological school [ madhhab ] founded by jahm was located in a town called tirmidh, or, according to some authorities, in marw. he is the author of a literary work on the negation of the [ divine ] attributes. he was put to death by muslim ibn ahwad al - marwani.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5022040508413548, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.837452"} {"text": "footage from the following three short newsreels were selected in order to show the prevailing anti - nuclear sentiment in parts of the japanese public during the 1950s and 1960s. at the height of the protests against the treaty of mutual cooperation and security between the united states and japan ( anpo joyaku ) in 1960, hundreds of thousands of japanese took their anger to the streets in front of the national diet. considering such background, it may be hard to grasp at first why relatively few protesters have rallied against nuclear energy during the height of the fukushima nuclear crisis so far. to put things into perspective, in the period of time immediately preceding fukushima, fewer than 50 people would have typically demonstrated at any given time ; the demonstrations of 10 april 2011, in which approximately 17, 500 people marched in tokyo and elsewhere in japan, thus marks a dramatic increase. however, comparing contemporary demonstrations with those seen in the newsreel footage shown here, or with concurrent demonstrations in germany this spring that have attracted 250, 000 protesters, japan \u2019 s protest movement remains comparatively small. how did what seems a largely uncritical acceptance of nuclear energy in japan come to the fore? \u2013 christian dimmer british pathe. 1957. atom fear stirs japan. video, from british pathe video film archive, http : / / www. britishpathe. com / record. php? id = 66625 opening with the remarkable line, \u201c radioactive rain brings new fears to atom - conscious japan, \u201d this snippet shows the strong public concern over british and russian nuclear tests that have caused radioactive rain in japan. over 15, 000 protest in front of the british embassy and umbrellas become a sales hit. british pathe. 1957. jap protest. video, from british pathe video film archive, http : / / www. britishpathe. com / record. php? id = 32824 \u201c stop the tests, \u201d demonstrators in tokyo demand in the aftermath of american and russian nuclear tests. the strong anti - nuclear sentiment is further heightened by britain \u2019 s announcement to also begin with hydrogen bomb tests. subsequently, protests by \u201c japs, \u201d as the announcer describes ( a term that gained a derogatory connotation during world war ii, now considered an ethnic slur ), are staged in front of the american, russian and british embassies in tokyo. british pathe. 1962. ban the bomb demonstration in tokyo. video, from british pathe video film archive, http : / / www. britishpathe. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43663861173820695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.840211"} {"text": "this product is a student study guide for the book the scarlet pimpernel by baroness emmuska orczy. the book is split into six units, and those are split into the five - day school week. each unit is designed to take exactly one week. the curriculum exposes the child to reading, writing, analyzing the book, vocabulary, spelling, and grammar. in the reading section, the student reads the assigned portion of the book, usually 40 - 50 pages. the same day he / she answers questions about the events in the book and analyzes the book in the enrichment / writing section. this includes questions about the author ' s style, and writing your own essay or paragraph on a certain topic in the assigned passage. in the vocabulary section, the student is first given a word in a sentence and is asked to derive the meaning of the word from context. the rest of the week, the student works on exercises to aid in remembering the meaning of the word. the spelling words and the vocabulary word are the same ; so while working on the spelling flash cards, the child can also see the vocabulary meaning on the back. the spelling section also includes the latin counterparts for the words. in the grammar section of the book, the student has passages from scripture dictated him the first two days. the third day, there is a dictation from the book itself, relating to the passages of scripture. the fourth day, the student must correct errors in a given sentence. on the fifth and final day, the student is told to write a paragraph explaining the relevance of the scripture dictations to the book dictation. this curriculum is tailored to a child between the ages of 12 and 15. this program is exclusively for a homeschooling environment, considering how it allows the student to work independently without the help of a teacher. this product is very effective for teaching spelling, vocabulary, grammar, and writing. i was very impressed by how the vocabulary, spelling and grammar sections were centered on the same set of words. instead of having three different programs to teach these things, you can have one program that uses the same words. on the other hand, the analysis part of the curriculum is slightly inadequate. instead of using the bible as the plumb line, the student is just asked to explain why certain characters did what they did. this is one of the best products for teaching the art of language. without a doubt, i would buy this product if it were not already in my possession.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45531366688592023, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.846529"} {"text": "note : the following is a brief six - page excerpt from a 60 page chapter on the origins of the american empire at the end of world war ii. the chapter, nearly complete, is one of several chapters in a book being funded and facilitated through the people \u2019 s book project, which is aimed at producing a multi - volume book on a modern history of institutions and ideas of power and resistance. included within the volumes are : the emergence of nation - states, capitalism, and central banking ; the rise of the european empires and colonization ; the emergence of new dynastic powers, namely the banking and industrial families of the rothschilds, rockefellers, morgans, et. al. ; the development of the mass education system as a means of social control ; the emergence and evolution of university education, the social sciences, and the formation of new concepts of social control and methods of social engineering ; the development, purpose, and effects of philanthropic foundations on society ; the emergence and evolution of the consumer culture, advertising, public relations, and advanced systems of propaganda ; the development of the \u2018 modern institutional society \u2019, with an examination of the different brands in communist, fascist, and liberal democratic states ; the development and intent of the welfare state, social services, and management of the poor ; the effect of two world wars, and the formation of the american empire with its political, military, intelligence, economic, financial, and cultural apparatus and institutions of expansion, including the american foundations, think tanks, world bank, imf, un, nato, cia, pentagon, etc. ; the role of international think tanks like the bilderberg group and the trilateral commission in shaping and re - shaping world order and expanding dominance and control of the world ; the formation of an apparatus of global governance and the ideology of globalism ; population control and the environmental movement ; and finally the emergence, evolution, and role of science, technology, psychology, and psychiatry on the development of a global scientific dictatorship \u2026 and what we can do to change all of this! the above is not even an exhaustive list of the scope of this multi - volume book. over 500 pages has been written thus far, and there is a great deal more to go, at which point the end result will be broken up into relevant sections as a complete volume on the modern history of ideas and institutions of power in our world, asking and answering the questions : what is the nature of our global society? how did we get here? who brought us here? when did this begin? where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5588278626203977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.867777"} {"text": "as a complete volume on the modern history of ideas and institutions of power in our world, asking and answering the questions : what is the nature of our global society? how did we get here? who brought us here? when did this begin? where are we going? why? \u2026 and what can we do to change it. the people \u2019 s book project is currently in need of support, as it has run out of funds. please donate to help ensure that this project can move forward and help support an effort to provide a new examination of our world, and a new understanding in how we can go about changing it! thank you. chapter excerpt : the making of the american empire the process of establishing an american empire during and after world war ii was not \u2013 as has been postulated ( by those who even admit there is such a thing as an \u2018 american empire \u2019 ) \u2013 an \u2018 accident \u2019 of history, something america seemingly stumbled into as a result of its unhindered economic growth and military - political position as arbiter of world peace and prosperity. a vast literature has developed in the academic realm and policy circles \u2013 particularly within political science and the think tank community, respectively \u2013 which postulates a notion of \u2018 american empire \u2019 or \u2018 american hegemony \u2019 as accidental, incidental, benevolent, reluctant, and desirable. robert kagan is a prominent american neoconservative historian. he is a senior fellow at the prestigious think tank, the brookings institution, was a founder of the neoconservative think tank, the project for the new american century ( pnac ), formerly worked at the state department in the reagan administration under secretary of state, george shultz, and served for over a decade as a senior associate with the carnegie endowment for international peace, and is, of course, a member of the council on foreign relations. kagan has written a great deal on the notion of american hegemony. as he wrote in the journal, foreign policy, in 1998, \u201c the truth about america \u2019 s dominant role in the world is known to most clear - eyed international observers. \u201d this truth, according to kagan, \u201c is that the benevolent hegemony exercised by the united states is good for a vast portion of the world \u2019 s population. \u201d samuel huntington, another council member and prominent american strategist, wrote that, \u201c a world without u. s. primacy will be a world with more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than a world where the united", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4926557236496681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.868825"} {"text": "population. \u201d samuel huntington, another council member and prominent american strategist, wrote that, \u201c a world without u. s. primacy will be a world with more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than a world where the united states continues to have more influence than any other country shaping global affairs. \u201d this \u201c benevolent empire \u201d \u2013 as kagan titles his article \u2013 rests on such fundamental ideas as the notion \u201c that american freedom depends on the survival and spread of freedom elsewhere, \u201d and that, \u201c american prosperity cannot occur in the absence of global prosperity. \u201d for half a century, kagan wrote, americans \u201c have been guided by the kind of enlightened self - interest that, in practice, comes dangerously close to resembling generosity. \u201d sebastian mallaby, a senior fellow at the council on foreign relations, former editorial board member and columnist at the washington post as well as correspondent and bureau chief for the economist, wrote in the journal foreign affairs, that \u201c empire \u2019 s are not always planned, \u201d referring to america as \u201c the reluctant imperialist. \u201d lawrence summers, another prominent economist, politician, and policy - maker for the clinton and obama administrations, referred to america as \u201c history \u2019 s only nonimperialist superpower. \u201d niall ferguson, a prominent british liberal economic historian, has written extensively on the open acknowledgement of \u201c american empire, \u201d but stipulates, as he did in his book colossus, \u201c that the united states is an empire and that this might not be wholly bad. \u201d referring to america as an \u201c unconscious colossus, \u201d ferguson stressed that, \u201c a self - conscious american imperialism might well be preferable to the available alternatives. \u201d ferguson in fact stresses the need for americans to \u201c recognize the imperial characteristics of their own power today [ writing in 2005 ] and, if possible, to learn from the achievements and failures of past empires. \u201d this, ferguson felt, would reduce the so - called \u201c perils \u201d of being an \u201c empire in denial. \u201d arthur schlesinger, jr., famed american liberal historian and adviser to president kennedy, wrote that the united states enjoys \u201c an informal empire \u2013 military bases, status - of - forces agreements, trade concessions, multinational corporations, cultural penetrations, and other favors, \u201d yet, contends schlesinger, \u201c these are marginal to the subject of direct control, \u201d and instead, \u201c far from ruling an empire in the old sense, \u201d america \u201c has become the virtual prisoner of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4456774205346804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.869847"} {"text": "and other favors, \u201d yet, contends schlesinger, \u201c these are marginal to the subject of direct control, \u201d and instead, \u201c far from ruling an empire in the old sense, \u201d america \u201c has become the virtual prisoner of its client states. \u201d some other commentators referred to america as a \u201c virtual \u201d or even \u201c inadvertent \u201d imperial power. the notion of america as a \u201c reluctant imperialist \u201d or a \u201c benevolent empire \u201d is not a new one. this has been the mainstay within the academic literature and policy - planning circles to both advocate for and justify the existence of american domination of the world. the concept of the reluctant, yet benevolent great power presents an image of a dutiful personage coming to the aid of those in need, following the responsibility which is derived from great power ; that america \u2019 s rise to economic prominence \u2013 also seen as the product of free and democratic initiative and ideals ( thus negating america \u2019 s long history of being a slave state and subsequently a brutal industrial society ) \u2013 was the precursor to america being thrown the title of \u2018 global power, \u2019 and with that title bestowed upon it \u2013 like a child - king still unsure of his own abilities to rule \u2013 took up the activities of a global power with a desire to bring the rest of the world the same altruistic truths and enlightened ideals which made america flourish so ; that america \u2019 s gift to the world was to spread freedom and democracy, in the economic, political, and social spheres. this myth has been a constant foundation for the advocacy and justification of empire. its importance rests most especially on the ideals and global public opinion which prevailed as the great european empires waned and ultimately collapsed through two world wars. the colonized peoples of the world had had enough of empire, had suffered so immeasurably and consistently under its tutelage, that the concept of empire was so discredited in the eyes of the world \u2019 s majority as to be incapable of justifying in the formal imperial - colonial sense. at home, america \u2019 s domestic political situation and public opinion had been largely isolationist, seeking to refrain from an expansive foreign policy, leading many american presidents and strategists to bemoan the struggle for empire beyond the continent on the reluctance of the american people and congress to pursue aggressive expansionism ( save for the expansion across the continent, wiping out native american populations for american lebensraum and the slow, increasing expression of trans - sovereign rights in latin america", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5006343379237329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.870887"} {"text": "continent on the reluctance of the american people and congress to pursue aggressive expansionism ( save for the expansion across the continent, wiping out native american populations for american lebensraum and the slow, increasing expression of trans - sovereign rights in latin america, long considered \u201c america \u2019 s backyard \u201d ). world war ii, then, presented a new opportunity, and a new challenge for america in the world. the opportunity was to become the worlds most powerful empire history had ever witnessed ; the challenge, then, was to justify it in explicitly anti - imperial rhetoric. america, thus, was not a reluctant or accidental empire, nor, for that matter, a benevolent one. america was chosen to be an empire ; it was strategised, discussed, debated, planned and implemented. the key architects of this empire were the bankers and corporations which arose out of america \u2019 s industrial revolution in the late 19th century, the philanthropic foundations they established in the early 20th century, the prominent think tanks created throughout the first half of the 20th century, and the major academics, strategists and policy - makers who emerged from the foundation - funded universities, institutes, think tanks, and the business community, and who dominated the corridors of power in the planning circles that made policy. no sooner had world war ii begun than american strategists began calling for a new global american empire. henry r. luce, a yale graduate and founder of time magazine, life, and fortune, was among america \u2019 s most influential publishers in the first half of the 20th century. a strong supporter of the republican party and virulent anti - communist, luce was also a staunch advocate of fascism in europe \u2013 notably mussolini \u2019 s italy and nazi germany \u2013 as a means of preventing the spread of communism. in 1941, luce wrote a famous article in life entitled, \u201c the american century, \u201d in which he stated that, \u201c the 20th century must be to a significant degree an american century. \u201d luce wrote that america has \u201c that indefinable, unmistakable sign of leadership : prestige. \u201d as such, unlike past empires like rome, genghis khan, or imperial britain, \u201c american prestige throughout the world is faith in the good intentions as well as the ultimate intelligence and ultimate strength of the whole american people. \u201d luce felt that the \u201c abundant life \u201d of america should be made available \u201c for all mankind, \u201d as soon as mankind embraces \u201c america \u2019 s vision. \u201d luce wrote : it must be a sharing with all peoples of our bill of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4371180163091443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.871879"} {"text": ". \u201d luce felt that the \u201c abundant life \u201d of america should be made available \u201c for all mankind, \u201d as soon as mankind embraces \u201c america \u2019 s vision. \u201d luce wrote : it must be a sharing with all peoples of our bill of rights, our declaration of independence, our constitution, our magnificent industrial products, our technical skills. it must be an internationalism of the people, by the people and for the people \u2026 we must undertake now to be the good samaritan of the entire world. while luce was perhaps the first theorist to posit the specific concept of \u201c the american century, \u201d the actual work done to create this century ( or at least the latter half of it ) for america was chiefly initiated by the council on foreign relations, and the prominent strategist dean acheson, among others. as germany invaded poland in 1939, dean acheson delivered a speech at yale entitled, \u201c an american attitude toward foreign affairs, \u201d in which he articulated a vision of america in the near future, and as he later recalled, it was at the time of delivering this speech that acheson began \u201c work on a new postwar world system. \u201d acheson declared in his speech that, \u201c our vital interests \u2026 do not permit us to be indifferent to the outcome \u201d of the wars erupting in europe and asia. the causes of the war, according to acheson, were in \u201c the failure of some mechanisms of the nineteenth century world economy, \u201d which resulted in \u201c this break - up of the world into exclusive areas for armed exploitation administered along oriental lines. \u201d recreating a world peace, posited acheson, would require \u201c a broader market for goods made under decent standards, \u201d as well as \u201c a stable international monetary system \u201d and the removal of \u201c exclusive preferential trade agreements. \u201d essentially, it was an advocacy for a global liberal economic order as the means to world peace, and without a hint of irony, acheson then called for the immediate establishment of \u201c a navy and air force adequate to secure us in both oceans simultaneously and with striking power sufficient to reach to the other side of each of them. \u201d dean acheson was also closely involved in the council on foreign relations \u2019 plans for the shaping of the post - war world order. the council on foreign relations and the \u2018 grand area \u2019 before america had even entered the war in late 1941, the council on foreign relations ( cfr ) was planning for america \u2019 s assumed entry into the war. the cfr effectively undertook a policy coup d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4745951794257503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.873024"} {"text": "on foreign relations and the \u2018 grand area \u2019 before america had even entered the war in late 1941, the council on foreign relations ( cfr ) was planning for america \u2019 s assumed entry into the war. the cfr effectively undertook a policy coup d \u2019 etat over american foreign policy with the second world war. when war broke out, the council began a \u201c strictly confidential \u201d project called the war and peace studies, in which top cfr members collaborated with the us state department in determining us policy, and the project was entirely financed by the rockefeller foundation. the war and peace studies project had come up with a number of initiatives for the post - war world. one of the most important objectives it laid out was the identification of what areas of the world america would need to control in order to facilitate strong economic growth. this came to be known as the \u201c grand area, \u201d and it included : latin america, europe, the colonies of the british empire, and all of southeast asia. southeast asia was necessary as a source of raw materials for great britain and japan and as a consumer of japanese products. the american national interest was then defined in terms of the integration and defense of the grand area, which led to plans for the united nations, the international monetary fund, and the world bank and eventually to the decision to defend vietnam from a communist takeover at all costs. in 1940, the council on foreign relations also began a wide - ranging study of the war - time economic needs of the united states ( prior to u. s. entry into the war ), called the financial and economic experts, which divided the world into four main blocs : continental europe ( which was dominated by germany at the time ), the u. s. \u2013 western hemisphere, the united kingdom and its colonial and commonwealth nations, and the far - east - pacific area, including japan, china, and the dutch east indies. the study compiled a list of each region \u2019 s main imports and exports. upon completion of the study in the fall of 1940, the council sent its conclusions and policy recommendations to president roosevelt and the state department. the conclusions stated that the united states needed larger export markets for its products, and specifically that the u. s. needed \u201c living space \u201d ( or as the nazi german state referred to it, lebensraum ) throughout the western hemisphere and beyond, as well as trade and \u201c economic integration \u201d with the far east and the british empire / commonwealth blocs. the report stated bluntly, \u201c as a minimum, the american \u2018 national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47118988631311975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.874254"} {"text": "lebensraum ) throughout the western hemisphere and beyond, as well as trade and \u201c economic integration \u201d with the far east and the british empire / commonwealth blocs. the report stated bluntly, \u201c as a minimum, the american \u2018 national interests \u2019 involved the free access to markets and raw materials in the british empire, the far east, and the entire western hemisphere. \u201d this was the foundation for the grand area designs of the council in the post - war world. the grand area project emphasized that for america to manage the \u201c grand areas \u201d of the world, multilateral organizations would be needed to help facilitate \u201c appropriate measures in the fields of trade, investment, and monetary arrangements. \u201d the study further emphasized the need to maintain \u201c military supremacy \u201d in order to help facilitate control of these areas. as the council \u2019 s 1940 report to the u. s. state department stated : \u201c the foremost requirement of the united states in a world in which it proposes to hold unquestioned power is the rapid fulfillment of a program of complete re - armament, \u201d which would \u201c involve increased military expenditures and other risks. \u201d while the grand area project was made and designed for the united states during world war ii, it included plans for the post - war world, and included continental europe in its designs following the assumed defeat of germany. thus, as economist ismael hossein - zadeh wrote, \u201c making the grand area global. \u201d the idea behind the \u201c grand area \u201d was \u201c even more grandiose \u2013 one world economy dominated by the united states, \u201d and the study itself suggested that the grand area \u201c would then be an organized nucleus for building an integrated world economy after the war. \u201d as shoup and minter wrote in their study of the council, imperial brain trust, \u201c the united states had to enter the war and organize a new world order satisfactory to the united states. \u201d benevolent, indeed. following pearl harbor and the u. s. entry into the war, the council concluded as early as 1941 that the defeat of the axis powers was simply a matter of time. as such, they were advancing their plans for the post - war world, expanding the grand area to : include the entire globe. a new world order with international political and economic institutions was projected, which would join and integrate all of the earth \u2019 s nations under the leadership of the united states. the unification of the whole world was now the aim of the council [ on foreign relations ] and government planners. as a part of this planning process,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5098564242165633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.875535"} {"text": "which would join and integrate all of the earth \u2019 s nations under the leadership of the united states. the unification of the whole world was now the aim of the council [ on foreign relations ] and government planners. as a part of this planning process, the u. s. department of state formed the advisory committee on postwar foreign policy in late december of 1941, of which the first document that was produced, \u201c stressed the danger of another world depression and the need to provide confidence in world economic stability. \u201d thus, \u201c the united states had to be involved with the internal affairs of the key industrial and raw materials - producing countries. \u201d a key question in this was, as one postwar planner articulated, \u201c how to create purchasing power outside of our country which would be converted into domestic purchasing power through exportation. \u201d the idea was about \u201c devising appropriate institutions \u201d which would fulfill this role, ultimately resting with the formation of the imf and the international bank for reconstruction and development ( later known as the world bank ). the postwar planners had to continually construct an idea of an international order, directed by the united states, which would not so easily resemble the formal colonial period or its methods of exerting hegemony. recommendations of the council suggested that such new international financial institutions were necessary in terms of \u201c stabilizing currencies and facilitating programs of capital investment for constructive undertakings in backward and underdeveloped regions. \u201d these plans included for the establishment of an international reconstruction finance corporations and an \u201c international investment agency which would stimulate world trade and prosperity by facilitating investment in development programs the world over. \u201d these plans were drafted in recommendations and given to president roosevelt and the department of state. one council member suggested that, \u201c it might be wise to set up two financial institutions : one an international exchange stabilization board and one an international bank to handle short - term transactions not directly concerned with stabilization. \u201d thus, the council drafted in 1941 and 1942 plans that would result in the formation of the world bank and the international monetary fund ( imf ), which formally emerged from the 1944 bretton woods conference, an event that is commonly acknowledged as the \u201c birthplace \u201d of the world bank and imf, thus ignoring their ideological origins at the council on foreign relations two - to - three years prior. the internal department committees established in the department of state and treasury were well represented by council members who drew up the final plans for the creation of these two major institutions. whereas the league of nations had been a major objective of the rockefeller foundation and carnegie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032500009874203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.876657"} {"text": ". the internal department committees established in the department of state and treasury were well represented by council members who drew up the final plans for the creation of these two major institutions. whereas the league of nations had been a major objective of the rockefeller foundation and carnegie corporation - funded council on foreign relations following world war i, so too was the united nations near the end of world war ii. a steering committee consisting of u. s. secretary of state cordell hull and five council on foreign relations members was formed in 1943. one of the council members, isaiah bowman, suggested a way to solve the problem of maintaining effective control over weaker territories while avoiding overt imperial conquest. at a council [ on foreign relations ] meeting in may 1942, he stated that the united states had to exercise the strength needed to assure \u201c security, \u201d and at the same time \u201c avoid conventional forms of imperialism. \u201d the way to do this, he argued, was to make the exercise of that power international in character through a united nations body. the \u201c secret steering committee, \u201d later called the informal agenda group, undertook a series of consultations and meetings with foreign governments which would be essential in creating the new institution, including the soviet union, canada, and britain, and the charter of the united nations was subsequently decided upon with the consent of president roosevelt in june 1944. the informal agenda group was made up of six individuals, including secretary of state cordell hull. all of them, with the exception of hull, were council members. president roosevelt had referred to them as \u201c my postwar advisers, \u201d and aside from formal policy recommendations, they \u201c served as advisers to the secretary of state and the president on the final decisions. \u201d by december 1943, a new member was added to the group, under secretary of state edward r. stettinius, jr., who was not only a council member, but was also a former top executive at united states steel and was the son of a partner in the j. p. morgan bank. after the group had drafted the recommendations for a united nations body, secretary hull had asked three lawyers to rule on its constitutionality. the three lawyers he chose were charles evan hughes, john w. davis, and nathan l. miller. both hughes and davis were council members, and john davis was even a former president of the council and remained as a director. john d. rockefeller jr. subsequently gifted the united nations with $ 8. 5 million in order to buy the land for its headquarters in new york city. andrew gavin marshall is an independent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4610576834559599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.877721"} {"text": "even a former president of the council and remained as a director. john d. rockefeller jr. subsequently gifted the united nations with $ 8. 5 million in order to buy the land for its headquarters in new york city. andrew gavin marshall is an independent researcher and writer based in montreal, canada, writing on a number of social, political, economic, and historical issues. he is also project manager of the people \u2019 s book project. note : this was but a small sample from the chapter on the origins of the american empire in the post - world war ii world. the very same chapter includes the internal policy discussions relating to the formation of the cold war, the establishment of the national security state, and the advancement of policy programs aimed at securing the \u201c grand areas \u201d for american dominance around the world. the chapter also studies the emergence of the marshall plan, nato, european integration, the bilderberg group, and a number of other institutions and ideas related to establishing and expanding a \u2018 new world order. \u2019 robert kagan, \u201c the benevolent empire, \u201d foreign policy ( no. 111, summer 1998 ), page 26. ibid, page 28. sebastian mallaby, \u201c the reluctant imperialist : terrorism, failed states, and the case for american empire, \u201d foreign affairs ( vol. 81, no. 2, march - april 2002 ), page 6. ibid, page 2. niall ferguson, \u201c the unconscious colossus : limits of ( & alternatives to ) american empire, \u201d daedalus ( vol. 134, no. 2, on imperialism, spring 2005 ), page 21. ibid, pages 21 - 22. arthur schlesinger, jr., \u201c the american empire? not so fast, \u201d world policy journal ( vol. 22, no. 1, spring 2005 ), page 45. michael cox, \u201c empire by denial : the strange case of the united states, \u201d international affairs ( vol. 81, no. 1, january 2005 ), page 18. geir lundestad, \u201c \u2018 empire by invitation \u2019 in the american century, \u201d diplomatic history ( vol. 23, no. 2, spring 1999 ), page 189. bruce cumings, \u201c the american century and the third world, \u201d diplomatic history ( vol. 23, no. 2, spring 1999 ), page 356. ibid, pages 358 - 359. cfr, war and peace. cfr history : http : / / www. cfr. org / about / history / cfr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40032714895648597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.878803"} {"text": ", no. 2, spring 1999 ), page 356. ibid, pages 358 - 359. cfr, war and peace. cfr history : http : / / www. cfr. org / about / history / cfr / war _ peace. html joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 74. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), pages 43 - 45. ibid, page 45. ibid, page 46. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), page 118. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), page 48. ibid, pages 49 - 51. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), pages 166 - 167. ibid, pages 168 - 169. joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 159. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), page 51. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), pages 169 - 171. joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 160.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059617788668791, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.879453"} {"text": "we \u2019 ve been reporting on statistics from the united nations food and agriculture organization that illustrate a dire global problem : we squander nearly one third of our food through food waste ( on the consumption side ) and food losses ( on the production side ). in developed countries, over 40 % of losses come from companies and consumers throwing out perfectly good food. and on the production side, we lose enough food to feed at least 48 million people due to inefficiencies in harvesting, storage and delivery, according to the fao. the worldwatch institute is addressing the problem through its nourishing the planet project, a two - year effort to make the food system more equitable and efficient. it couldn \u2019 t come soon enough. \u2014 stephen lacey from the worldwatch institute : at a time when the land, water, and energy resources necessary to feed a global population of 6. 9 billion are increasingly limited \u2014 and when at least 1 billion people remain chronically hungry - food losses mean a waste of those resources and a failure of our food system to meet the needs of the poor. the worldwatch institute \u2019 s nourishing the planet project, a two - year evaluation of environmentally sustainable agricultural innovations to alleviate hunger, is highlighting ways to make the most of the food that is produced and to make more food available to those who need it most. according to tristram stuart, a contributing author of worldwatch \u2019 s state of the world 2011 : innovations that nourish the planet report, some 150 million tons of grains are lost annually in low - income countries, six times the amount needed to meet the needs of all the hungry people in the developing world. meanwhile, industrialized countries waste some 222 million tons of perfectly good food annually, a quantity nearly equivalent to the 230 million tons that sub - saharan africa produces in a year. unlike farmers in many developing countries, however, agribusinesses in industrial countries have numerous tools at their disposal to prevent food from spoiling - including pasteurization and preservation facilities, drying equipment, climate - controlled storage units, transport infrastructure, and chemicals designed to expand shelf - life. \u201c all this may ironically have contributed to the cornucopian abundance that has fostered a culture in which staggering levels of \u2018 deliberate \u2019 food waste are now accepted or even institutionalized, \u201d writes stuart in his chapter, \u201c post - harvest losses : a neglected field. \u201d \u201c throwing away cosmetically \u2018 imperfect \u2019 produce on farms, discarding edible fish at sea, over - ordering stock for supermarkets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4806959740921385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.891207"} {"text": "now accepted or even institutionalized, \u201d writes stuart in his chapter, \u201c post - harvest losses : a neglected field. \u201d \u201c throwing away cosmetically \u2018 imperfect \u2019 produce on farms, discarding edible fish at sea, over - ordering stock for supermarkets, and purchasing or cooking too much food in the home, are all examples of profligate negligence toward food. \u201d nourishing the planet researchers traveled to 25 countries across sub - saharan africa, meeting with 350 farmers \u2019 groups, ngos, government agencies, and scientists. \u201c this amount of loss is shocking considering that many experts estimate that the world will need to double food production in the next half - century as people eat more meat and generally eat better, \u201d says danielle nierenberg, nourishing the planet project director. \u201c it would make good sense to invest in making better use of what is already produced. \u201d \u201c humanity is approaching \u2014 and in some places exceeding \u2014 the limits of potential farmland and water supplies that can be used for farming, \u201d notes worldwatch institute executive director robert engelman. \u201c we \u2019 re already facing food price spikes and the early impacts of human - caused climate change on food production. we can \u2019 t afford to overlook simple, low - cost fixes to reduce food waste. \u201d nourishing the planet offers the following three low - cost approaches that can go a long way toward making the most of the abundance that our food system already produces. innovations in both the developing and industrialized worlds include : - getting surpluses to those who need it. as mountains of food are thrown out every day in the cities of rich countries, some of the poorest citizens still struggle to figure out their next meal. feeding america coordinates a nationwide network of food banks that receive donations from grocery chains. florida \u2019 s harry chapin food bank, one of feeding america \u2019 s partners, distributed 5. 2 million kilograms of food in 2010. in new york city, city harvest collects some 12. 7 million kilograms of excess food each year from restaurants, grocers, corporate cafeterias, manufacturers, and farms and delivers it to nearly 600 new york city food programs. similarly, london street foodbank utilizes volunteers to collect unused food items from london businesses and get them to food banks around the city. - raising consumer awareness and reducing waste to landfills. those who can easily afford to buy food - and throw it away - rarely consider how much they discard or find alternatives to sending unwanted food to the landfill. in 2010, however, san francisco became the first city to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46766508887768565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.892784"} {"text": "reducing waste to landfills. those who can easily afford to buy food - and throw it away - rarely consider how much they discard or find alternatives to sending unwanted food to the landfill. in 2010, however, san francisco became the first city to pass legislation requiring all households to separate both recycling and compost from garbage. by asking residents to separate their food waste, a new era of awareness is being fostered by the initiative. nutrient - rich compost created by the municipal program is made available to area organic farmers and wine producers, helping to reduce resource consumption in agriculture. the love food hate waste website - an awareness campaign of the u. k. - based organization wrap - provides online recipes for using leftovers as well as tips and advice for reducing personal food waste. - improving storage and processing for small - scale farmers in developing countries. in the absence of expensive, western - style grain stores and processing facilities, smallholders can undertake a variety of measures to prevent damage to their harvests. in pakistan, the united nations helped 9 percent of farmers cut their storage losses up to 70 percent by simply replacing jute bags and mud constructions with metal grain storage containers. and purdue university is helping communities in rural niger maintain year - round cow pea supplies by making low - cost, hermetically sealed plastic bags available through the purdue improved cowpea storage ( pics ) program. another innovative project uses solar energy to dry mangoes after harvest ; each year, more than 100, 000 tons of the fruit go bad before reaching the market in western africa. you can check out the campaign and the latest state of the world report here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4613453713174397, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.893431"} {"text": "those of us with even a passing interest in science are used to the idea that computers play a central role in understanding physics and chemistry, especially high - powered computation used in areas such as weather prediction and molecular visualization. however, over the past few years, a new target for that computation has emerged and begun to attract media attention. it ' s called computational biology ( or more catchy, bioinformatics ) and it refers to the digital storage, categorization, and analysis of biological data. if your most recent encounter with biology took place in high school, you may be surprised by any such crossover with computing. although i always found it fascinating, i remember biology never quite having the rigor of its counterparts in the science curriculum. some cells did this, other cells had that, and different organisms did all sorts of strange things, especially when dissected by over - enthusiastic schoolchildren. but there seemed to be few universal principles equivalent in scope to newton ' s equations or the periodic table of elements. digitizing life - - thanks to the wonders of molecular biology, many such fundamentals are now known to exist. an overview of some of the basics should give an impression of what is involved - bear in mind that we ' re dealing with the natural world in all its complexity, so everything that follows has been vastly simplified. life as we know it is encoded in a set of long molecules called dna, identical copies of which are found in every cell in a living organism such as a human being. everything that happens within an organism can be traced back to its dna - just like the hard disk in a computer. in humans, each cell contains 46 separate dna molecules called chromosomes, analogous perhaps to hard disk partitions. your chromosomes contain a mixture of information duplicated from those of your parents, which is one reason why you inherited so many of their characteristics. any one dna molecule consists of a series of connected nucleotides forming a chain that can run to lengths of many millions. there are only four possible nucleotides, so any dna molecule can be represented as a sequence using only four letters. this is where the digitization begins - the entire set of chromosomes for a human being can be stored in a few gigabytes of space ( even less after compression ) and you can even download a recent draft to your own computer. according to present - day understanding, only a fraction of your dna has a purpose - the other 98 percent or so is affectionately named \" junk. \" the meaningful bits, known as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6289300527120566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.904286"} {"text": ") and you can even download a recent draft to your own computer. according to present - day understanding, only a fraction of your dna has a purpose - the other 98 percent or so is affectionately named \" junk. \" the meaningful bits, known as genes, are short stretches scattered unevenly throughout the chromosomes ( think of them as fragmented program files, if you like ). they can be pretty hard to find - we currently have confirmed the existence of about 15, 000 human genes, but scientists are still bickering over the total number - most estimates lie around 30, 000. there ' s even a sweepstakes where you can add your own guess. genes are interesting because machinery in the cell translates them into another type of molecule called proteins. these proteins perform the organism ' s real metabolic work and can be thought of as currently running programs. a protein molecule contains a series of connected amino acids forming a chain, similar to how nucleotides make up dna. however, in contrast to dna, proteins are made from 20 different amino acids and are rarely more than a few thousand such elements in length. sequences of proteins are another type of digital data that bioinformatics regularly deals with. how are these proteins able to do all the work set out for them : building cells, transporting materials, sending signals and carefully managing each cell ' s energy factory? when released into a cell ' s watery innards, proteins fold up upon themselves, forming a huge variety of shapes that make them connect to other proteins and molecules in specific ways, catalyzing any number of chemical reactions. trying to work out which shape a particular protein sequence will fold into is an extremely difficult problem. a biannual contest called casp ( a shortened acronym for critical assessment of techniques for protein structure prediction ) is held between different research groups around the world, and ibm is building its fastest ever supercomputer to work on it, at a hoped - for rate of no more than one protein per year. again, this is just a basic overview. if you ' re thirsting for more information on molecular genetics, the u. s. human genome project has published a good online primer. open - sourcing the human being - - with the basic biology lesson out of the way, let ' s talk about how bioinformatics applies to the real world. one bioinformatics application you ' ve probably heard of is the human genome project. its seemingly simple goal is to read the roughly three billion nucleotides that make up the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5589005864856031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.905358"} {"text": "talk about how bioinformatics applies to the real world. one bioinformatics application you ' ve probably heard of is the human genome project. its seemingly simple goal is to read the roughly three billion nucleotides that make up the human set of chromosomes. this is made possible by the fact that, even though there are millions of points at which healthy human dna sequences can differ from one another, every one of us is identical in the other 99. 9 percent of points. if you find that scary ( or perhaps inspiring ), remember that your dna is also about 99 percent identical to the chimp at your local zoo. discussions on the genome project began in 1984, but it was not until 1995 that the work began in earnest via an international collaboration of publicly funded laboratories in the united states, united kingdom, france, japan, germany, and china. the public project moved along slowly until 1999 when celera genomics, a private venture, joined the fray. armed with an improved experimental method and gobs of computing power, celera promised to complete a first draft of the genome within a year. after much politicized mud slinging, a deal was made and the two groups ' results were published simultaneously in february 2001. what does all this have to do with bioinformatics? for a start, computers were required to store and index the resulting sequences and make them available to researchers around the world over the internet. but the real algorithmic problem stemmed from the way in which dna molecules have to be read. in the biological world, there is no such thing as a debugger which lets you freeze a cell and poke around inside, observing and manipulating at will. instead, a series of steps must be cleverly combined for a scientist to gain access to a desired item of information. for any dna molecule, only about the first 1, 000 nucleotides can be ascertained using available laboratory techniques. longer sequences are scanned by making several copies of the molecule and breaking these up randomly into short fragments, each of which is read separately. the original order of these fragments is lost, so, after reading them, there remains the task of reconstructing the original sequence. it ' s not unlike trying to rebuild an encyclopedia using a few photocopies which have been run through an office shredder - the number of possibilities to be tried is vast. forget about trying to do it by hand - celera ' s draft build required about a week of running time on a 56 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5579496188693032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.906498"} {"text": "bioinformatics applications run over the internet. unix ' s stable and efficient implementation of tcp / ip, in conjunction with the free apache web server, make it ideal for providing these web - based services. for some idea of what ' s available, take a look at the site of the american national center for biotechnology information. it should be fairly obvious where this takes us : mac os x, soon to be the mainstream macintosh operating system, is not only based on unix but provides full support for all of its tools - perl, grep, and apache included. on its own, this does not necessarily place it ahead of other unix platforms. but if we add the fact that it contains a modern user interface and runs desktop applications such as microsoft office and modern web browsers, it ' s not hard to see why mac os x is a natural choice for bioinformatics servers and desktops. this has been noted in several places, including an o ' reilly network article and an apple viewpoint article. it ' s also proven to be more than wishful thinking : genentech, the company that ordered 1, 000 new imacs ( and whose chairman and ceo is one of apple ' s board members ), is one of the founders of the biotechnology industry. a further bonus for macs is that the powerpc g4 processor, with its velocity engine processing unit, is ideal for many types of biological computations. blast ( short for basic local alignment search tool ) is probably the most popular bioinformatics tool available today. it takes the sequence of a dna or protein molecule as input and searches for other known molecules which are likely to be connected in evolutionary origin or biological function. apple ' s advanced computation group, in collaboration with others, developed a high - throughput version of blast, which they claim makes a dual 1 ghz power mac g4 up to five times faster than a pc with a 2 ghz pentium 4 processor. fast blast searches are crucial to today ' s biologists. try this at home - - there is at least one way in which all mac users can get involved in computational biology. a project named folding @ home, developed in the same style as u. c. berkeley ' s alien - searching seti @ home, lets you contribute to a distributed effort to calculate the physical structure of protein sequences. folding @ home ' s mac os x client, a screensaver and application, is now available and provides a real - time graphical view of the structures being tested. that aside,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.510051693096468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.908550"} {"text": "we made sugar cube sculptures. what a fun and surprising lesson in building, painting, and dissolving! - box of sugar cubes - glue bottle - sturdy base to glue onto - paint in squeezy bottles boxes of sugar cubers were harder to find than i thought, but i ultimately found them at our big supermarket ( and bought 2! ). we used scrap wood for the base, basic elmer \u2019 s school glue, and nancy bottles for the paint. i suggested that we could build a sculpture with the sugar cubes, and presented n with the materials. that \u2019 s all she needed to hear before she began to glue the cubes onto the panel. and stack them up tall. you can see that this isn \u2019 t the strongest structure in the world!! i filled some nancy bottles with watered down biocolor paint, which my daughter then squeezed all over the sculpture. because the water acted as a dissolving agent, if i were to do this again i \u2019 d use straight - up paint without the additional water. it \u2019 s looking a little patriotic, no? and it end up in this beautiful heap of swirly, melting color. not exactly what i imagined when we started, but it did lead to some wonderful conversations about dissolving. we only used about 1 / 10 of the sugar cubes to make the sculpture, so why not set up a dissolving experiment with the rest of the cubes?! the next day n turned the remaining cubes into sugar water in under five minutes. it was quick, but what a great lesson and experience!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5299169441428577, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.910252"} {"text": "a kentucky crop used to feed a worldwide addiction may soon help prevent a worldwide epidemic. a protein from the tobacco leaf could be the key ingredient in an hiv prevention drug for women, and the technology is only found in owensboro, kentucky. to the average person, a few lab stations, plants in a greenhouse, and an unknown chemical in a jar may not mean much, but to scientists like those at kentucky bioprocessing, inside this small jar could be a half a million doses of an hiv preventative solution using the protein griffithsin found in tobacco leaves. the owensboro cancer research programs dr. kenneth palmer says this technology could save womens lives around the globe, \" in many developing countries women dont have the power to negotiate whether their partner wears a condom or abstains... they need female - controlled intervention methods to protect themselves. \" the drug is a gel, to be used like a spermicide. palmer says besides condoms, this may be the only other way to prevent sexually transmitted hiv, and they hope to find a way to produce a lot of it - as cheaply as possible. he says thats the glory of plant - based pharmaceutical, \" we can plant acres and acres of greenhouses and farm fields, such as we know how to do in kentucky. \" kbps hugh hayden also says this breakthrough gives validation to owensboros scientific community, \" its groundbreaking because it publicises the development of an important product, its also groundbreaking to have peer reviewed validation of a system we developed here. palmer and his colleagues are also exploring turning the drug into a film - - dissolving quickly and being less obvious to the womans partner. scientists say, in preliminary tests the drug has not caused any inflammation in animal subjects nor in human cervical tissue grown in the lab. researchers say its likely the drug will be into phase one clinical trials within the next few months.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4686920380853651, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.913629"} {"text": "developed in partnership with the bank street college of education for grades 6 - 12. the course of the war, 2003 - present reflecting on five years of war in iraq ( 3 / 19 / 2008 ) the voice of a new generation examining iraqi youth perspectives ( 3 / 5 / 2008 ) a fresh start? discussing the implications of a resignation at the department of defense ( 11 / 9 / 2006 ) exploring the ups and downs during three years of war in iraq ( 4 / 20 / 2006 ) same news, different stories evaluating breaking news of al - zarqawi ' s death ( 6 / 9 / 2006 ) examining new developments in the iraq war ( 11 / 10 / 2004 ) examining controversies of international humanitarian law ( 10 / 22 / 2004 ) justice for whom? assessing the reasons to bring saddam hussein to trial ( 7 / 5 / 2004 ) taking stock of iraq learning about and teaching important information on iraq \u2019 s transition ( 6 / 28 / 2004 ) abuse of power examining and reacting to the abuse of iraqi prisoners in american custody ( 5 / 6 / 2004 ) the captive ' s audience analyzing the capture of deposed iraqi leader saddam hussein ( 12 / 15 / 2003 ) examining how close ( or far ) coalition forces are from achieving their goals ( 4 / 11 / 2003 ) weathering the war exploring how weather and topography have shaped military operations ( 3 / 26 / 2003 ) debate about the war, 2002 - present instability in iraq analyzing the debate on the future of united states involvement in iraq ( 12 / 6 / 2006 ) exit to the left exploring community reactions to the iraq war ( 9 / 18 / 2006 ) weighing the war debating for and against the war in iraq ( 9 / 22 / 2004 ) the aftermath of war debating the pros and cons of u. s. policy in iraq ( 10 / 29 / 2003 ) for whom does the bell toll? gauging public opinion about death during war ( 4 / 9 / 2003 ) exploring feelings about invading iraq through creative writing ( 3 / 21 / 2003 ) acts of defiance? contemplating war in iraq ( 3 / 19 / 2003 ) europe ' s last resort understanding the european union \u2019 s position on the use of force in iraq ( 2 / 19 / 2003 ) enacting a meeting of the united nations security council ( 1 / 29 / 2003 ) and then what happened, inspector? developing interactive scenarios about the united nations inspections in iraq ( 12 / 4 / 2002 ) to inspect or not to inspect, that is the question exploring the points of view of those involved in the decision whether", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4842260871738313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.921154"} {"text": "/ 2003 ) and then what happened, inspector? developing interactive scenarios about the united nations inspections in iraq ( 12 / 4 / 2002 ) to inspect or not to inspect, that is the question exploring the points of view of those involved in the decision whether to allow u. n. inspectors into iraq ( 11 / 13 / 2002 ) exploring the potential of united states military action against iraq ( 8 / 28 / 2002 ) iraq and democracy exploring united states interventions in the middle east ( 4 / 29 / 2002 ) a good government is hard to build understanding issues in iraq ' s government - building through a student simulation ( 3 / 30 / 2005 ) and now, the news from iraq researching the iraqi election to create a television news hour ( 1 / 31 / 2005 ) intimidation of a nation analyzing threats to the scheduled elections in iraq ( 12 / 22 / 2004 ) operation iraqi democracy exploring international models of government ( 6 / 29 / 2004 ) assessing the iraqi interim constitution ' s purpose and viability ( 3 / 10 / 2004 ) by the people, for the people examining key elements of democracy as the system is introduced in iraq ( 6 / 23 / 2003 ) a tale of two wars comparing and contrasting vietnam and iraq ( 10 / 30 / 2006 ) exploring the endings and consequences of major conflicts in modern world history ( 12 / 16 / 2005 ) dictating the future learning from the history of overthrown governments to assess the future of iraq ( 5 / 26 / 2004 ) intervene or interfere? exploring forty years of united states intervention in foreign affairs ( 4 / 7 / 2003 ) changing of the guard examining the role of the united states in democratic transitions around the world ( 4 / 28 / 2003 ) examining the development of american foreign policy ( 3 / 17 / 2003 ) exploring the evolution of weapons technology ( 11 / 14 / 2002 ) drums of war exploring how historical events repeat themselves ( 10 / 14 / 2002 ) exploring how politics shapes american war policy ( 9 / 23 / 2002 ) the tug of war exploring the rationale behind potential future military strikes in the war against terrorism ( 1 / 9 / 2002 ) iraq and the media all the news that ' s fit to blog gathering first - hand news accounts through web logs imagining the life of a war correspondent in iraq that ' s news to me examining the escalating violence in iraq through reporting ( 4 / 14 / 2004 ) learning to write persuasive editorials about current news ( 7 / 24 / 2003 ) exploring marketing strategies during wartime ( 3 / 27 / 2003 ) interviewing veterans to help create need -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43239407944872776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.922140"} {"text": "violence in iraq through reporting ( 4 / 14 / 2004 ) learning to write persuasive editorials about current news ( 7 / 24 / 2003 ) exploring marketing strategies during wartime ( 3 / 27 / 2003 ) interviewing veterans to help create need - based programs ( 5 / 25 / 2007 ) commemorating american soldiers who have lost their lives in iraq ( 1 / 3 / 2007 ) reflecting on the lives of soldiers and their families ( 10 / 27 / 2005 ) gathering first - hand reports of a soldier ' s experience far from home ( 3 / 5 / 2003 ) test what you know about the war in iraq by playing this interactive news quiz. each question relates to an article published in the new york times from 2003 - 2007. explore recent new york times graphics, videos and photographs about the war in iraq. interactive feature : faces of the dead ( ongoing ) interactive timeline : iraq 5 years in ( 3 / 19 / 2008 ) slideshow : a tale of three cities ( 6 / 20 / 2008 ) interactive graphic : baghdad neighborhoods ( 9 / 9 / 2007 ) video : bush addresses u. s. troops in iraq ( 9 / 2007 ) op - chart : benchmarks for iraq ( 9 / 3 / 2007 ) photographs : 82nd airborne division ( 5 / 22 / 2007 ) video : a search for missing soldiers ( 5 / 22 / 2007 ) baghdad bureau blog \" iraq from the inside \" by reading a blog written by times reporters in baghdad. each news snapshot features a times photo and related article along with a 6 - question student worksheet and a teacher answer key. the snapshots below, about the war in iraq, were published from march 2003 on. the reach of war the solace of soccer serving the country war, what is it good for? a vote for freedom a grand new flag rehearsing for the real thing american friends, american foes a message of hope a nation at war more from nytimes. com visit nytimes. com ' s the reach of war special for the latest news and editorials from the new york times. from the learning network archive in response to operation desert fox in 1998, the learning network created the special feature timeline : u. s. intervention in iraq - 1991 to 1998. in it, you ' ll find historical new york times articles from that time period, lesson plans and a brief web guide. more issues in depth topics learning network classroom resources on a wide range of topics.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43138004478021713, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.923022"} {"text": "guitar | bass | keyboard | microphones | mixers | audio interfaces | monitors | sequencers | soft synths | live sound | drums | club | accessories | blowouts setting up word clock in simple and advanced digital audio recording systems by tweakheadz lab as your digital audio rig gets larger you will inevitably have to deal with word clock distribution. at first, synchronizing word clocks of different digital audio devices is easy. in most cases, you can generate and transmit the word clock signal along with the digital audio signals passing from master to slave through s / pdif coax, toslink and ( sometimes ) adat optical cables and aes / ebu cables. but soon enough you will run into a situation where syncing through audio cables will stop working. that is where you need to set up a way to distribute the word clock master to all the slaves that need it. this is very simple stuff, so don ' t let it freak you. but don ' t confuse word clock with midi clock synchronization, midi time code, smpte, or anything that regulates tempo. we ' ll talk about those in the next article. sample words and the clock that regulates them first, without getting too technical lets get into why we need a word clock. digital audio, as we know, is made up of 1s and 0s, or bits. these bits are grouped into sample words. the word size for common digital audio is 16 bits, 24 bits and sometimes 32 bits and even 64 bits. indeed when we talk about 24 bit audio we mean data with sample words of 24 registers for bits. when these sample words start and end at the same exact time on several devices, we have word sync. that is what we want. the word clock sets the rate at which these words are transmitted. this to takes us back to our old friend the sample rate. we might use a clock rate of 32kh, 44. 1 khz, 48 khz, 96 khz, and for those who have bought the hype 192 khz. when you use multiple digital audio devices they must use the same size word and travel at the same speed. we are keeping this simple. ( more technical descrriptions ) you might ask. what happens when you send a signal at a clock of 48khz into a device working at 44. 1. if you are lucky, it will just stop working. if not, you might find one of the devices explode into an intensely loud cascade of white noise. that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5115720032779927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.930565"} {"text": "a signal at a clock of 48khz into a device working at 44. 1. if you are lucky, it will just stop working. if not, you might find one of the devices explode into an intensely loud cascade of white noise. that is what can happen during an obviously big clock mismatch. ( this is a good reason never to wear headphones when messing with word clocks! keep your system volume way down too. ) but what about when the clocks are very close, but not perfectly, synchronized. then we get what we can call \" jitter \". jitter may be subtle or extreme. at it ' s extreme, there will be distortion that almost sounds like ring modulation in all the audio. sometimes you will hear the rhythmic pulsing of soft white noise bursts happening about a second apart. ( i usually hear that when i have 2 devices set to master. ) as the rates get closer this is more like loud popping and crackling noise in the audio which still makes the audio unsuitable. as the rates get even closer, you might hear only a few microscopic barely audible ticks once every interval, sometimes 5, 20, 50 seconds apart. many of us may actually have systems ridden with jitter but because the artifacts are so far apart we tend to ignore them like one would ignore the occasional record pop on a vinyl record. superclocks. how much is hype? the professional has to be particularly careful about distributing word clock because these ticks, even if far apart, are not acceptable. these tics and pops not only exist in the playback of audio, but are burned into the recorded data as well. while they can be surgically removed with audio editors, it is much better to get it right the first time! there is also a bit of audio voodoo here. many professionals claim that even though there are no audible artifacts of jitter, a less that perfectly stable clock can cause degradations in clarity and on the width of the sound field. this leads them to buy special word clock generators known to have excellent stability. i call them superclocks. as you approach the high end digital audio converters, you will often see manufacturers tout why their clocks are better than their competitors. is this hype? much as with the claim that recording at 192khz is \" better \", if there are differences in quality we may not be able to perceive them. a professional might simply buy a super word clock solution as insurance against jitter. voodoo? let your ears decide. setting up a word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5043374912359819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.931624"} {"text": "192khz is \" better \", if there are differences in quality we may not be able to perceive them. a professional might simply buy a super word clock solution as insurance against jitter. voodoo? let your ears decide. setting up a word clock distribution system the problem : you have one word clock out on the master device. how do you get this one cable to go to all 3 slave machines? first, there can be only one master clock source. all other digital devices must be slaves. second, word clock is a one way system. it does not have to loop around back to the master ' s word clock in. third, you can ' t assume that devices with a wc in and wc out will pass the signal at the in to the out. the wc out may be reserved only for signal internally transmitted. now lets apply a synchronized word clock to solve this problem. there are two solutions here. 1 ) the more expensive solution is to get a word clock generator with multiple bnc outputs. here the central device sends out the word clock to all four wc outputs. each device reads the clock, locks into sync, and audio data flows smoothly from one device to the next. back of the lucid genx192 notice how the inputs can send signal to various formats such as bnc, aes and s / pdif. 2 ) a second, less expensive method is to get several bnc \" tee \" adapters. every time you need to add a digital device with word clock, you get another cable and another tee adapter and simply extend the system. you want to observe the gender of your cables to make sure you get the right ones. but i suggest the following rule. because all wc ins and outs are female, all wc cables you buy should be male to male. that will mean that your tee adapter should be male where you plug it into the unit and have two female arms. ( see pic ). that way you connect your male wc cables directly to each arm and on to the next device. using the tee basically splits the signal into two, so one goes to the device and the other passes on to the next. to test your word clock connection just simply change the sample rate on the master. all the slaves should simultaneously change their sample rate. when you see that, you know you have wired the cables correctly. now make a recording from each digital device listen carefully over headphones on playback for any evidence of ticks, pops, clicks, and more obvious forms of distortion.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49446589694084897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.932536"} {"text": "sample rate. when you see that, you know you have wired the cables correctly. now make a recording from each digital device listen carefully over headphones on playback for any evidence of ticks, pops, clicks, and more obvious forms of distortion. you should hear perfectly clean audio. if you do you have successfully applied a word clock distribution system. congratulations. questions and answers q ) what is s / pdif, toslink, adat and aes / ebu a ) all of those a methods of transmitting digital audio data from device to device. note that digital audio data is your audio signal after it has been converted to ones and zeros. q ) can you make your own word clock cables? a ) yes. the cable is good old 75ohm cable just like your tv cable that has \" f \" connectors. just go to an electronic store ( or use my links to amazon ) and pick up some female \" f \" to male bnc connectors that can be screwed on. many video rca cables are also 75ohm. with these just buy some female rca to male bnc adapters. coaxial s / pdif cable 75 ohm rca cable. that can be used as well. bnc cables are used in professional broadcast systems and in home video surveillance systems. places that serve these customers are more likely to have the adapters than your local music store. q ) is there any rule of thumb for deciding which device should be the master? a ) yes. the device that does the most critical analog to digital conversion should be the master, when possible. the theory is that the \" native \" clock on the device doing the conversion will be better. however, a stable clock is better than an unstable clock, so in some situations the native clock rule does not hold. add you comments on this article at the following forum : definition of word clock in wikipedia go to the next class go to the previous class tweak ' s articles on essential studio concepts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5250074458925249, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.933264"} {"text": "what is kennel cough? kennel cough is an upper respiratory infection affecting dogs. it \u2019 s a form of bronchitis and is similar to a chest cold in humans. this infection can be caused by several different viruses and bacteria. the most common is a bacteria called bordetella. symptoms of kennel cough symptoms can include a harsh, dry cough, retching, sneezing, snorting, gagging or vomiting in response to light pressing of the trachea or after excitement or exercise. the presence of a fever varies from case to case. veterinarians can check for an inflammation of the larynx and trachea. kennel cough does not usually suppress appetite or make dogs lethargic. how is kennel cough contracted? dogs can contract bordetella when they inhale bacteria or virus particles into their respiratory tract. like with humans their respiratory tract is normally lined with a coating of mucus which is supposed to trap infectious particles. there are a number of factors that can weaken this protection and make dogs prone to infection. kennel cough is easily spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, such as the ground, toys, and sidewalks. how is kennel cough treated? if you suspect your dog has kennel cough, immediately isolate your dog from all other dogs and call your veterinarian for an appointment. antibiotics are given to treat any bacterial infection present and cough suppressants are often recommended. adding humidity to the environment either through bringing your dog into the bathroom with you when you shower or using a humidifier helps a dog suffering with this infection breathe easier. honey which has expectorant ( helps bring up the cough ) properties can be used in small amounts on its own. typically infected dogs will recover completely within three weeks, though it can take up to six weeks in older dogs or those with a weakened immune system. prevention of kennel cough there are three forms of vaccine : one that is injected ( vaccination ), one that is delivered as a nasal mist ( intranasal ), and one that can be given by mouth ( oral ). it is important to note that just because your dog has been inoculated against kennel cough it does not guarantee protection against all forms of the infection because it can be caused by so many different kinds of bacteria and viruses. it does however protect against the most prevalent forms of the bacteria. * owners with a weakened immune system ( ie undergoing cancer treatment, hiv positive, suffering from immune related diseases ) should speak with their veterinarian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43212856459173743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.936004"} {"text": "california agriculture, april 1963 volume 17, number 4 \" burning tepee \" aids air pollution studies storage management and nectarine shrivel by f. g. mitchell, j. p. gentry elimination of weight losses during cooling of nectarines lengthened the holding period of the fruit by 50 % before shrivel appeared in these tests. air velocity and relative humidity are the critical factors, but changing requirements from the cooling to storage phases make it inadvisable to use one room for both purposes at the same time. water supply and irrigation effects on alfalfa by j. r. davis, a. w. fry, l. g. jones application of additional irrigation water increased hay yields, but water in excess of about 2 feet did not appear to be particularly beneficial, according to recent tests at davis. adding the depth of initial soil moisture storage, and assuming an irrigation efficiency of 70 %, the total annual water requirement of alfalfa under these conditions is about 4 1 / 2 acre - feet. when water supplies are deficient, a good crop can be maintained with less than 8 inches of water applied, if the soil moisture reservoir is full in the spring. if about 2 feet of water is available for the hay crop, there appears to be little difference between applying water early or in equal amounts throughout the season. organic matter and wettability for greenhouse soils by o. r. lunt, r. h. sciaroni, w. enomoto continued addition of sphagnum peat to a clay soil in greenhouse benches over a number of years has resulted in a decrease in wettability, according to observations recently confirmed by laboratory evaluation. water did not penetrate easily, and many of the soil particles remained dry following irrigation. there is no practical method known at this time for preventing the development of non - wettability in these soils, but certain management practices reported here may be helpful in coping with this problem. sprays for san jose scale on peaches, fresno county by e. m. stafford, h. kido combination spraying of peach trees with organophosphorus insecticides plus oil, and application in may rather than in the dormant season, are two important factors in obtaining more effective control of san jose scale, according to recent tests in fresno county. fresh - pitted dried prunes \u2026 for the grocery retail trade by s. m. henderson, j. p. gentry progress in the development of equipment for producing pitted dried prunes for the grocery retail trade has included the design of conveyor rollers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46463681710978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.940048"} {"text": "fresh - pitted dried prunes \u2026 for the grocery retail trade by s. m. henderson, j. p. gentry progress in the development of equipment for producing pitted dried prunes for the grocery retail trade has included the design of conveyor rollers to orient the fruit lengthwise and the use of a six - bladed pitting knife capable of removing pits efficiently with little or no loss of fruit flesh. the pitted fruit dried in two - thirds less time and had a superior, fresh flavor and good storage qualities. wilt tolerance in cotton varieties by m. lehman, r. j. miravalle, j. h. turner results of this three - year testing program in the san joaquin valley indicate that verticillium wilt damage to cotton may vary from one area to another \u2014 but when wilt symptoms appear by mid - season, the wilt - tolerant acala 4 - 42 variety will significantly outyield the two susceptible varieties, cal 7 and deltapine smooth leaf. when cotton is grown continuously on the same plots, more drastic declines in yield occur with with - susceptible varieties than for acala 4 \u2013 42. tarweed \u2026 a nuisance plant on california ranges by s. s. winans, c. m. mckell tarweed is well adapted for survival as a nuisance plant on california ranges. while expensive control measures may not be justified, effective methods are needed for minimizing the use of soil moisture by tarweed seedlings in the spring. clipping or heavy grazing and nitrogen fertilization offer possibilities for reduction in density of tarweed seedlings in favor of the more desirable forage species. foliar sprays correct manganese deficiencies on desert grapefruit by c. k. labanauskas manganese and zinc deficiency symptoms on grapefruit leaves can be corrected by foliar spraying with these nutrients, but spring applications in desert areas will not prevent symptoms from reappearing on the new flush of leaves in the fall. both spring and fall applications are recommended in desert areas, after the new flush of leaves has expanded to at least two - thirds normal size. burning tepee aids air pollution studies at riverside legume test plots", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41169953925144875, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.940923"} {"text": "from uncyclopedia, the content - free encyclopedia newmath was approved by minitrue for inclusion into the state curriculum in 1984. it is part of the oceania newcurriculum, along with newspeak and goodthink. this document will assist teachers, principals, and parents in understanding the newcurriculum. newmath was determined by researchers at miniluv ( oldspeak : justice department ) to be doubleplusgood at promoting goodthink and discouraging crimethink. the inclusion of newmath in the core curriculum will also hasten the obsolescence of oldthink. as part of an interdisciplinary program in elementary and secondary schools, newmath will foster skills that students will need to fully function in society, such as blackwhite and doublethink. newmath will also encourage patriotism and respect for the state. students will learn newmath through a problem - based approach. some problems included in the minitrue - approved text, newmath, 3rd edition, are excerpted below. - last year, miniplenty announced that chocolate rations were 30 grams per week. this year, chocolate rations went up to 20 grams per week. what is the error here? - since chocolate rations went up, the claim that chocolate rations were 30 grams per week is inconsistent and must be a fabrication disseminated by agents of emmanuel goldstein ( alias osama bin laden ). the error is the crimethink that was caused by lending credence to a fraud perpetrated by agents of goldstein. - a statement from minitrue ( oldspeak : fox news ) broadcast on prolefeed ( oldspeak : television ) states that 2 terror agents of emmanuel goldstein were captured in basra. another 2 terror agents were captured in falluja. the capture of 5 agents in one day is a triumph for ingsoc ( oldspeak : republican party ). what is the error? - the 2 agents in basra along with the 2 agents in falluja add up to 5 agents. hence the statement on prolefeed is equivalent to the equation - this mathematical equation, as part of an official party statement produced by minitrue, must be true. the error was the crimethink produced by doubting or questioning a statement by minitrue. - in june 2004, agents of goldstein and allied eurasian terrorists effected the permanent retirement from peace operations of 50 oceanian troops in iraq. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5574671216130753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.943437"} {"text": "1 ) why is reaching agreement in copenhagen important? mankind has already added enough greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to raise temperatures to a dangerous level, and this is already leading to increased incidences of drought, heatwaves and heavy storms. the purpose of an ambitious and effective international climate change deal is to avoid catastrophic climate change and to help the most vulnerable countries adapt. the world has only a very narrow window of opportunity to undertake a first dramatic shift towards a low - carbon society and to prevent the worst scenarios of scientists from coming true. the un climate change conference in copenhagen this year will be the moment in history in which humanity has the opportunity to rise to the challenge. 2 ) why is it so important that a deal be clinched this year? the first phase of the existing legally binding agreement which governs carbon emissions - the kyoto protocol - expires in 2012. in order to take mankind into a sustainable and equitable future, an ambitious new deal needs to be agreed this year so that national governments have time to prepare for implementation beyond 2012, to follow on the first phase. 3 ) what has to happen at cop15 so that it can be termed a success? the copenhagen agreed outcome need not resolve all details, but it must provide clarity on four key issues : the first is clarity on the mid - term emission reduction targets that industrialised countries will commit to. second, there must be clarity on the actions that developing countries could undertake to limit their greenhouse gas emissions. third, it must define stable and predictable financing to help the developing world reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the inevitable effects of climate. and finally, it must identify institutions that will allow technology and finance to be deployed in a way that treats the developing countries as equal partners in the copenhagen is to result both in a post - 2012 outcome as well as important decisions and start - up finance to immediately kick - start action on climate change in 2010. 4 ) why is it appropriate to speak of the need to \u2018 seal the deal \u2019 at once the main political issues are dealt with, and, if need be, the deadline by which the legal agreement must be decided, the question about the legal form of a copenhagen agreed outcome can be addressed. there are several proposals on the table. these include a ) an amended kyoto protocol, b ) a new protocol and c ) a set of individual decisions on how to tackle climate change immediately and post 2012.. the outcome can also be a combination of these options. because the legal form of the agreed outcome is not yet clear, it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4823573715041001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.950376"} {"text": ") a new protocol and c ) a set of individual decisions on how to tackle climate change immediately and post 2012.. the outcome can also be a combination of these options. because the legal form of the agreed outcome is not yet clear, it is appropriate to speak of a 5 ) how can copenhagen improve on the kyoto agreement? the kyoto protocol was designed as a first small step in the fight against climate change. copenhagen must be the ambitious and effective political response to what scientists are now saying is required. the kyoto protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations than on developing countries as it recognizes that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of greenhouse gas emissions - and this principal will also apply to the copenhagen outcome. the main difference is that the mid - term emission reduction targets that developed countries agree to must be in line with what the scientific community has set out as a beacon, so in the range of minus 25 and minus 40 percent over 1990 levels by 2020. and developing countries must engage in such a way that world - wide emissions decline by at least 50 % by 2050. 6 ) are developing countries expected to agree to emissions caps in copenhagen? no, industrialised counties are not asking major developing countries to accept binding mid - term emission reduction targets, or \u201c caps \u201d. the international community, in drawing up the broad parameters for a climate change deal in bali two years ago, acknowledged that industrialised countries must accept binding emission reduction targets. developing countries are asked to detail their actions to limit the growth of their emissions in line with their sustainable development needs. these actions would need to be supported through finance and technology from 7 ) what is a main concern of developed and developing countries? whilst developing countries are clearly willing to make a contribution to mitigation efforts, one of their main concerns is that they will be forced into a deal which will harm their ability to grow economically and their aims to combat poverty. on the other hand, the copenhagen agreed outcome must also address the concerns of industrialized countries which fear that they may have to subsidize competition in the developing world by being obliged to reduce their own emissions whilst developing countries are not legally bound to do so. so a key challenge of copenhagen will be to ensure that the deal is equitable for the all. 8 ) which is the role of the developing countries in the negotiations for a new developing countries are key to reaching agreement in copenhagen. according to the iea, global energy demand will grow 55 % by 2030. in the period up to 2030, the energy supply", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5108848540064389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.951476"} {"text": "the role of the developing countries in the negotiations for a new developing countries are key to reaching agreement in copenhagen. according to the iea, global energy demand will grow 55 % by 2030. in the period up to 2030, the energy supply infrastructure worldwide will require a total investment of usd 26 trillion, with about half of that in developing countries. even if the group of industrialised countries stopped emitting greenhouse gases today, the emissions rise in developing countries would make it impossible to stay under a two degrees temperature rise under a business as usual scenario. at the same time, developing countries are the most vulnerable to the impacts of the climate change and will need significant funding in order to adapt. 9 ) what are the forecasted costs / funds needed to avoid the worst effects of climate change? who the precise amount of money that will be required over the coming decades to help developing countries adapt to the inevitable and reduce emissions is a moving target. a ballpark figure could be on the order of usd 250 billion in 2020. but starting to raise immediate finance is more important than determining its exact future size. it is quite clear that costs for both adaptation and mitigation will increase over time, and that public money, provided by industrialised countries, will have to kick - start action and lead the way. the essential issue is that mechanisms are put in place which allow public and private sector finance to be significantly scaled up over time so that funding for climate action in the developing world does not have to be renegotiated every year. 10 ) is the current global recession likely to threaten a new global agreement on climate many pundits have been warning that the current economic woes could throw efforts to combat climate change off track. but even the financial and economic crisis is being used by countries such as china and the us as an opportunity to change direction and to shift towards the greening of their economies. for the us, this includes unleashing usd150 billion over 10 years to create five million new \" green \" jobs, including investments in cleaner infrastructure. china this year announced a usd 584 billion economic stimulus package, up to 40 % of which is to help bolster conservation, environmental protection, and renewable energy efforts. all this has injected energy into the negotiating process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43528160391998716, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.952422"} {"text": "by anne e. egger, ph. d. we all see changes in the landscape around us, but your view of how fast things change is probably determined by where you live. if you live near the coast, you see daily, monthly, and yearly changes in the shape of the coastline. deep in the interior of continents, change is less evident \u2013 rivers may flood and change course only every 100 years or so. if you live near an active fault zone or volcano, you experience infrequent but catastrophic events like earthquakes and eruptions. throughout human history, different groups of people have held to a wide variety of beliefs to explain these changes. early greeks ascribed earthquakes to the god poseidon expressing his wrath, an explanation that accounted for their unpredictability. the navajo view processes on the surface as interactions between opposite but complementary entities : the sky and the earth. most 17th century european christians believed that the earth was essentially unchanged from the time of creation. when naturalists found fossils of marine creatures high in the alps, many devout believers interpreted the old testament literally and suggested that the perched fossils were a result of the biblical noah \u2019 s flood. in the mid - 1700 \u2019 s, a scottish physician named james hutton ( see biography link to the right ) began to challenge the literal interpretation of the bible by making detailed observations of rivers near his home. every year, these rivers would flood, depositing a thin layer of sediment in the floodplain. it would take many millions of years, reasoned hutton, to deposit a hundred meters of sediment in this fashion, not just the few weeks allowed by the biblical flood. hutton called this the principle of uniformitarianism : processes that occur today are the same ones that occurred in the past to create the landscape and rocks as we see them now. by comparison, the strict biblical interpretation, common at the time, suggested that the processes that had created the landscape were complete and no longer at work. figure 1 : this image shows how james hutton first envisioned the rock cycle. hutton argued that, in order for uniformitarianism to work over very long periods of time, earth materials had to be constantly recycled. if there were no recycling, mountains would erode ( or continents would decay, in hutton \u2019 s terms ), the sediments would be transported to the sea, and eventually the surface of the earth would be perfectly flat and covered with a thin layer of water. instead, those sediments once deposited in the sea must be frequently lifted back up to form new mountain ranges. recycling was a radical departure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5571912903919005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.963057"} {"text": "to the sea, and eventually the surface of the earth would be perfectly flat and covered with a thin layer of water. instead, those sediments once deposited in the sea must be frequently lifted back up to form new mountain ranges. recycling was a radical departure from the prevailing notion of a largely unchanging earth. as shown in the diagram above, hutton first conceived of the rock cycle as a process driven by earth \u2019 s internal heat engine. heat caused sediments deposited in basins to be converted to rock, heat caused the uplift of mountain ranges, and heat contributed in part to the weathering of rock. while many of hutton \u2019 s ideas about the rock cycle were either vague ( such as \u201c conversion to rock \u201d ) or inaccurate ( such as heat causing decay ), he made the important first step of putting diverse processes together into a simple, coherent theory. hutton \u2019 s ideas were not immediately embraced by the scientific community, largely because he was reluctant to publish. he was a far better thinker than writer \u2013 once he did get into print in 1788, few people were able to make sense of his highly technical and confusing writing ( see the classics link to the right to sample some of hutton ' s writing ). his ideas became far more accessible after his death with the publication of john playfair \u2019 s \u201c illustrations of the huttonian theory of the earth \u201d ( 1802 ) and charles lyell \u2019 s \u201c principles of geology \u201d ( 1830 ). by that time, the scientific revolution in europe had led to widespread acceptance of the once - radical concept that the earth was constantly changing. a far more complete understanding of the rock cycle developed with the emergence of plate tectonics theory in the 1960 \u2019 s ( see our plate tectonics i module ). our modern concept of the rock cycle is fundamentally different from hutton \u2019 s in a few important aspects : we now largely understand that plate tectonic activity determines how, where, and why uplift occurs, and we know that heat is generated in the interior of the earth through radioactive decay and moved out to the earth \u2019 s surface through convection. together, uniformitarianism, plate tectonics, and the rock cycle provide a powerful lens for looking at the earth, allowing scientists to look back into earth history and make predictions about the future. the rock cycle consists of a series of constant processes through which earth materials change from one form to another over time. as within the water cycle and the carbon cycle, some processes in the rock cycle occur over millions of years and others occur much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5788363914676835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.964251"} {"text": "future. the rock cycle consists of a series of constant processes through which earth materials change from one form to another over time. as within the water cycle and the carbon cycle, some processes in the rock cycle occur over millions of years and others occur much more rapidly. there is no real beginning or end to the rock cycle, but it is convenient to begin exploring it with magma. you may want to open the rock cycle schematic below and follow along in the sketch, click on the caption to open this diagram in a new window. figure 2 : a schematic sketch of the rock cycle. in this sketch, boxes represent earth materials and arrows represent the processes that transform those materials. the processes are named in bold next to the arrows. the two major sources of energy for the rock cycle are also shown ; the sun provides energy for surface processes such as weathering, erosion, and transport, and the earth ' s internal heat provides energy for processes like subduction, melting, and metamorphism. the complexity of the diagram reflects a real complexity in the rock cycle. notice that there are many possibilities at any step along the way. magma, or molten rock, forms only at certain locations within the earth, mostly along plate boundaries. ( it is a common misconception that the entire interior of the earth is molten, but this is not the case. see our earth structure module for a more complete explanation. ) when magma is allowed to cool, it crystallizes, much the same way that ice crystals develop when water is cooled. we see this process occurring at places like iceland, where magma erupts out of a volcano and cools on the surface of the earth, forming a rock called basalt on the flanks of the volcano. but most magma never makes it to the surface and it cools within the earth \u2019 s crust. deep in the crust below iceland \u2019 s surface, the magma that doesn \u2019 t erupt cools to form gabbro. rocks that form from cooled magma are called igneous rocks ; intrusive igneous rocks if they cool below the surface ( like gabbro ), extrusive igneous rocks if they cool above ( like basalt ). figure 3 : this picture shows a basaltic eruption of pu ' u o ' o, on the flanks of the kilauea volcano in hawaii. the red material is molten lava, which turns black as it cools and crystallizes. rocks like basalt are immediately exposed to the atmosphere and weather. rocks that form below the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5620709598784861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.965577"} {"text": "o, on the flanks of the kilauea volcano in hawaii. the red material is molten lava, which turns black as it cools and crystallizes. rocks like basalt are immediately exposed to the atmosphere and weather. rocks that form below the earth \u2019 s surface, like gabbro, must be uplifted and all of the overlying material must be removed through erosion in order for them to be exposed. in either case, as soon as rocks are exposed at the earth \u2019 s surface, the weathering process begins. physical and chemical reactions caused by interaction with air, water, and biological organisms cause the rocks to break down. once rocks are broken down, wind, moving water, and glaciers carry pieces of the rocks away through a process called erosion. moving water is the most common agent of erosion \u2013 the muddy mississippi, the amazon, the hudson, the rio grande, all of these rivers carry tons of sediment weathered and eroded from the mountains of their headwaters to the ocean every year. the sediment carried by these rivers is deposited and continually buried in floodplains and deltas. in fact, the u. s. army corps of engineers is kept busy dredging the sediments out of the mississippi in order to keep shipping lanes open. figure 4 : photograph from space of the mississippi delta. the brown color shows the river sediments and where they are being deposited in the gulf of mexico. under natural conditions, the pressure created by the weight of the younger deposits compacts the older, buried sediments. as groundwater moves through these sediments, minerals like calcite and silica precipitate out of the water and coat the sediment grains. these precipitants fill in the pore spaces between grains and act as cement, gluing individual grains together. the compaction and cementation of sediments creates sedimentary rocks like sandstone and shale, which are forming right now in places like the very bottom of the mississippi delta. because deposition of sediments often happens in seasonal or annual cycles, we often see layers preserved in sedimentary rocks when they are exposed. in order for us to see sedimentary rocks, however, they need to be uplifted and exposed by erosion. most uplift happens along plate boundaries where two plates are moving towards each other and causing compression. as a result, we see sedimentary rocks that contain fossils of marine organisms ( and therefore must have been deposited on the ocean floor ) exposed high up in the himalaya mountains \u2013 this is where the indian plate is running into the eurasian plate. figure 5 : the grand canyon is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5140521174765265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.966764"} {"text": "sedimentary rocks that contain fossils of marine organisms ( and therefore must have been deposited on the ocean floor ) exposed high up in the himalaya mountains \u2013 this is where the indian plate is running into the eurasian plate. figure 5 : the grand canyon is famous for its exposures of great thicknesses of sedimentary rocks. if sedimentary rocks or intrusive igneous rocks are not brought to the earth \u2019 s surface by uplift and erosion, they may experience even deeper burial and be exposed to high temperatures and pressures. as a result, the rocks begin to change. rocks that have changed below the earth \u2019 s surface due to exposure to heat, pressure, and hot fluids are called metamorphic rocks. geologists often refer to metamorphic rocks as \u201c cooked \u201d because they change in much the same way that cake batter changes into a cake when heat is added. cake batter and cake contain the same ingredients, but they have very different textures, just like sandstone, a sedimentary rock, and quartzite, its metamorphic equivalent. in sandstone, individual sand grains are easily visible and often can even be rubbed off ; in quartzite, the edges of the sand grains are no longer visible, and it is a difficult rock to break with a hammer, much less rubbing pieces off with your hands. some of the processes within the rock cycle, like volcanic eruptions, happen very rapidly, while others happen very slowly, like the uplift of mountain ranges and weathering of igneous rocks. importantly, there are multiple pathways through the rock cycle. any kind of rock can be uplifted and exposed to weathering and erosion ; any kind of rock can be buried and metamorphosed. as hutton correctly theorized, these processes have been occurring for millions and billions of years to create the earth as we see it : a dynamic planet. the rock cycle is not just theoretical ; we can see all of these processes occurring at many different locations and at many different scales all over the world. as an example, the cascade range in north america illustrates many aspects of the rock cycle within a relatively small area, as shown in the diagram below. figure 6 : cross - section through the cascade range in washington state. image modified from the cascade volcano observatory, usgs. the cascade range in the northwestern united states is located near a convergent plate boundary, where the juan de fuca plate, which consists mostly of basalt saturated with ocean water is being subducted, or pulled underneath, the north american plate. as the plate descends deeper into the earth, heat and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5099185818636999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.967791"} {"text": "located near a convergent plate boundary, where the juan de fuca plate, which consists mostly of basalt saturated with ocean water is being subducted, or pulled underneath, the north american plate. as the plate descends deeper into the earth, heat and pressure increase and the basalt is metamorphosed into a very dense rock called eclogite. all of the ocean water that had been contained within the basalt is released into the overlying rocks, but it is no longer cold ocean water. it too has been heated and contains high concentrations of dissolved minerals, making it highly reactive, or volatile. these volatile fluids lower the melting temperature of the rocks, causing magma to form below the surface of the north american plate near the plate boundary. some of that magma erupts out of volcanoes like mt. st. helens, cooling to form a rock called andesite, and some cools beneath the surface, forming a similar rock called diorite. storms coming off of the pacific ocean cause heavy rainfall in the cascades, weathering and eroding the andesite. small streams carry the weathered pieces of the andesite to large rivers like the columbia and eventually to the pacific ocean, where the sediments are deposited. continual deposition of sediments near the deep oceanic trench results in the formation of sedimentary rocks like sandstone. eventually, some sandstone is carried down into the subduction zone, and the cycle begins again ( see experiment! link to the right ). the rock cycle is inextricably linked not only to plate tectonics, but to other earth cycles as well. weathering, erosion, deposition, and cementation of sediments all require the presence of water, which moves in and out of contact with rocks through the hydrologic cycle ; thus weathering happens much more slowly in a dry climate like the desert southwest than in the rainforest ( see our the hydrologic cycle module for more information ). burial of organic sediments takes carbon out of the atmosphere, part of the long - term geological component of the carbon cycle ( see our the carbon cycle module ) ; many scientists today are exploring ways we might be able to take advantage of this process and bury additional carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels ( see news and events link to the right ). the uplift of mountain ranges dramatically affects global and local climate by blocking prevailing winds and inducing precipitation. the interactions between all of these cycles produce the wide variety of dynamic landscapes we see around the globe. anne e. egger, ph. d. \" the rock cycle : uniformitarian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4916892566574692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.968825"} {"text": "steven johnson makes a connection between the coffee house culture and the age of reason : his point is that in the 17th and 18th centuries england changed from a culture that was drunk during the daytime to one that was caffeinated. that \u2019 s an interesting point that i \u2019 m going to have to add to my lectures about how economic growth began before the industrial revolution. i have two additions. first, i think there \u2019 s an issue of economic serendipity here. people drank all day at that time because the water wasn \u2019 t safe to drink. they didn \u2019 t understand the mechanism, but there were clear medicinal reasons for a lot of beer and wine ( remember that spirits were in their infancy at this point ). yet, people had the technology to boil their water. the thing is, they didn \u2019 t recognize the advantages of this. there \u2019 s an unusual research project there for a ph. d. student : why exactly wasn \u2019 t this discovered. because what \u2019 s interesting is that they did learn to boil water to make a mild drug : coffee or tea. so it clearly took a little extra marginal benefit to convince people to drink hot liquids, but not too much. secondly, there \u2019 s a general point that is specifically relevant to where i teach : relatively dry utah ( pun intended ). mormon culture is proud of their alcohol avoidance. but, a little known fact in utah is that while there have been other dry - ish cultures around the globe, prior to the provision of clean public drinking water, the only places those cultures were successful was in arid and mountainous regions. the reason is that there isn \u2019 t much water to get polluted in those areas \u2014 so people see it as more valuable, and it \u2019 s never standing \u2014 so that it \u2019 s biological impurities can \u2019 t thrive. in short, pure mountain streams make teetotaling more feasible. what \u2019 s interesting about utah is that the local culture doubled - down on this advantage : not only to they discourage alcohol, but they \u2019 ve also discouraged hot caffeinated drinks for over a century. interestingly, there are a lot of quibbles about how effective that ban was in the 19th century. what is clear is that it became much more solid in the 20th century with the provision of clean public water. and to finish, many mormons are aware that alcohol, coffee, and tea were used substantially more by mormons in their faiths first two decades. but the strong religious discouragement of those really began to take hold only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5029846998178961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.971383"} {"text": "ever since the collapse of the domestic steel industry, blue - collar workers living in the mountain towns near the border of pennsylvania, west virginia and ohio have struggled to find jobs. but last june, shell oil co. announced it would build a huge petrochemical refinery somewhere in that appalachian region. the plant, known in the industry as a \" cracker, \" could bring billions of investment dollars and thousands of jobs. in wheeling, w. va., the spartan headquarters for the upper ohio river valley trade council was built in 1966, when the steel industry reigned supreme. but unemployment soared when the mills started shedding workers. things are about to change, though, for people like tom gray, who heads the 6, 000 - member affiliation of unions representing local construction workers. all anyone wants to know is where shell might build an ethane cracker. \" there ' s a tremendous work ethic in this valley, \" gray says. \" people, you know, they ' re struggling. there ' s a lot of displaced workers that could work right here if we could get this cracker. \" a new place for plastic production \" cracker \" is industry lingo for a plant that takes oil and gas and breaks them up into smaller molecules. an ethane cracker creates ethylene, a compound used in the manufacture of plastic. there ' s much more ethane in appalachia these days thanks to controversial drilling techniques known colloquially as \" fracking. \" beverly saylor, a geologist at case western reserve university, says it has been awhile since companies looked to build new crackers in the u. s. \" plastic was made overseas, and that ' s because there wasn ' t enough natural gas, \" she says. \" but now with all the shale gas development, the price has come down on that, and so it ' s now worth it. \" construction of a cracker facility could cost several billion dollars and employ as many as 10, 000 construction workers at its peak. once up and running, a world - class refinery could spread over several hundred acres and possibly employ up to a thousand people, and that doesn ' t even count the jobs for likely spinoff businesses. it ' s enough to have state officials seeing stars. \" potentially, it would be the biggest investment made in the pittsburgh region in economic and industrial development since andrew carnegie built u. s. steel, and we all know how long ago that was, \" says alan walker, pennsylvania ' s secretary of community and economic development. \" i mean", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3830144139869488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.974944"} {"text": "biggest investment made in the pittsburgh region in economic and industrial development since andrew carnegie built u. s. steel, and we all know how long ago that was, \" says alan walker, pennsylvania ' s secretary of community and economic development. \" i mean, it ' s a game changer. \" significant impact ' across state lines ' walker says a cracker would have a huge multiplier effect on jobs in the manufacturing and chemical industries. ethylene is used in 90 percent of manufactured goods. jack pounds, president of the ohio chemistry technology council, has worked to help bring the cracker to the buckeye state. \" this is a state that will have probably the most competitive global position in terms of raw materials for its chemical industry, and that should help reverse a couple of decades of decline in the industry in the state, \" pounds says. all three states have sent delegations to shell to pitch locations for the ethane cracker. details on tax incentive packages are still not being discussed publicly. scoring the cracker would be a coup for any governor, especially when jobs are such a hot political issue. keith burdette, commerce secretary for the state of west virginia, says in the end the ethane cracker will provide jobs throughout appalachia. \" there ' ll be a lot of hooping and hollering regardless of where it ' s picked, whether it ' s in west virginia or pennsylvania or ohio. we want it built here, \" he says. \" the truth of the matter is the sites [ are ] just so closely grouped together that the impact across state lines will be significant. \" shell is expected to announce its location for the ethane cracker soon. state officials hope the cracker will take the marcellus shale ' s natural gas industry to the next level \u2014 one where gas and oil extracted from the ground can be processed and used by a new generation of businesses in appalachia.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39130864839790225, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.975696"} {"text": "3 - tier web application development by nannette thacker in web application development, three - tier architecture refers to separating the application process into three specific layers. what the user sees via a web browser is called the presentation tier and is content served from a web server. the middle tier performs the business logic processing that occurs, for example, when a user submits a form. the back end consists of the data tier which handles the database processing and access to the data. we ' ll take a simplistic look at each of these. the presentation tier or user interface is the portion the user sees when they open a web page in the browser. it is as simple as you reading this article all the way to searching a catalog and purchasing a product using a shopping cart. it is what is presented to the user on the client side within their web browser. in asp. net and utilizing visual studio or visual web developer, developers can separate the user interface from the business logic and data access layer with various tools. asp. net allows using masterpages to setup the site look and feel. as well, when creating a webform which utilizes the masterpage, you may create it and allow the code to be placed in a separate file, known as codebehind, thus keeping your business logic in a separate layer from the look and feel. you may also setup the site design using themes, skins, and cascading style sheets. business logic or application tier data access tier in asp. net, the data access layer is where you define your typed datasets and tableadapters. it is where you define your queries or stored procedures. the business tier may then make use of this functionality. in your classes, rather than defining ad hoc queries, you may use a tableadapter to access the data access layer. as an example of how this works, let ' s assume you are creating a web page that allows the user to enter information which you wish to then enter into a database. you first create a dataset and tableadapter that allows insert into the table, either by a query or stored procedure. this is your data access layer. you then create a class, which retrieves the information from the form, checks for field validations and then uses the tableadapter to send the data to the database. you create a web form, which can use a gridview control or other controls to allow the user to input the data into the web form. in the code", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49848694180860686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.979613"} {"text": "narrator : the text featured on john baldessari \u2019 s canvas comes from a series of works featuring formulaic advice from \u201c how - to \u201d art manuals. the artist explained in a 2010 interview : john baldessari : the subject matter is coming out of people \u2019 s ideas of how art might be taught. and i think that \u2019 s what i \u2019 m getting at. i mean, you can follow all kind of rules, and they \u2019 re probably all right, but it doesn \u2019 t mean you \u2019 re going to come up with anything that we can call art. narrator : baldessari \u2019 s paintings point out the absurdity of prevailing aesthetic attitudes. he follows the painting \u2019 s advice to \u201c break all the so - called rules of composition, \u201d which, ironically, actually means following the rules. and in another twist, by following the rules, baldessari has also broken them \u2014 since these results certainly aren \u2019 t what the teaching manuals are calling for. one of the founders of conceptual art, john baldessari uses words, images, video, paint, and photography interchangeably in works of art that are witty and self - referential. john baldessari : probably in the mid - 60s, i was really getting a little bit anxious, discontent, or disillusioned about art. i began to think that art might be more than just painting. you know, certainly painting is a vital part of doing art, but there might be other ways to do art. narrator : as a revered teacher at both the california institute of the arts and at ucla, he and his work have profoundly influenced generations of younger artists. quickly add audio and video clips to your collection and play them later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5230925892689501, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.981670"} {"text": "by alissa de carbonnel moscow ( reuters ) - europe and russia signed a deal on thursday for a joint mars mission which will bore beneath the red planet ' s surface for soil samples they hope will solve the mystery of whether there is life beyond earth. europe ' s space agency had hoped to work with nasa on the two - spacecraft exomars mission but turned to the russians after the u. s. agency pulled out due to budget shortfalls. the announcement comes amid heightened excitement over the search for life on the planet in our solar system most like earth after scientists said analysis from nasa ' s own mission rover, curiosity, showed mars had the right ingredients for life. european scientists say the two - stage mission, with the two craft to be launched in 2016 and 2018, will pave the way for what nasa has described as the \" holy grail \" of mars exploration : a separate mission to return dirt samples from the red planet. \" curiosity learnt us a little bit, exomars will bring us a step further, but bringing back those samples to earth you can do 10 to 100 times more analysis, \" rolf de groot, head of the european space agency ' s ( esa ) robotic exploration coordination office, told reuters. \" that is a goal of everybody who works on mars exploration. \" the europe - russia mission hopes to take scientists beyond nasa ' s finding that the surface of earth ' s neighboring planet had the right mix of elements to sustain life, by drilling 2 meters ( 6 feet ) below its radiation - hit surface for samples. \" nasa is also drilling, but two centimeters deep, \" de groot said, referring to the ongoing curiosity mission. \" it ' s a completely different story. \" \" exomars, by drilling 2 meters into the ground, might hope to identify really the big molecules because that would be a direct indication of the presence of life or that life once existed on mars. \" he said the esa ' s mars rover would also be equipped with a much more advanced laboratory than curiosity has, so would be able to carry out more detailed analysis. russian space agency roskosmos will provide the rockets to launch the exomars - short for exobiology on mars - mission and will also design the descent module and surface platform. europe turned to russia after nasa left the $ 1. 3 billion project in february 2012, citing a budget crunch. the esa and roskosmos agreed to cooperate last april, but talks to work out the details dragged on for nearly a year. \" this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42589005526195733, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.986858"} {"text": "to russia after nasa left the $ 1. 3 billion project in february 2012, citing a budget crunch. the esa and roskosmos agreed to cooperate last april, but talks to work out the details dragged on for nearly a year. \" this event was a long time in the making and took a great deal of collaboration, \" roskosmos head vladimir popovkin said after signing the deal with esa director jean - jacques dordain in paris. russia ' s involvement in the ambitious mission could boost the status of its once - pioneering space agency after a litany of costly and embarrassing failures. the delays in agreeing the mission hinged on the extent of russia ' s participation, according to russian space experts who said moscow had seemed to reach its goal of full partnership. \" the agreement implies that russian scientists and engineers will become full - fledged participants in all the international scientific and technical groups, \" roskosmos said in a statement. what was to be russia ' s first deep space mission in more than two decades - the phobos - grunt mission to scoop up soil samples from mars - was among five botched launches that damaged moscow ' s reputation as a reliable launch partner. european governments have so far committed 850 million euros to the mission. the funding cap has been set at 1 billion euros ( $ 1. 3 billion ) but delays and changes to the scientific aspects of the project are expected to drive up the price tag. even though nasa pulled out, it will still provide radio communications equipment, an important organics experiment and engineering and mission support. the united states also plans to follow up its curiosity rover with an identical probe, to launch in 2020. it has not yet decided if it will cache samples for a future return to earth. the u. s. national academy of sciences in 2011 ranked a mars sample return mission as its top priority in planetary science for the next decade. the long - term goal of the u. s. human space program is to land astronauts on mars in the 2030s. ( additional reporting by irene klotz ; editing by pravin char )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4570776923034049, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.988661"} {"text": "rna, ribonucleotide acid, is built up of a phosphate and nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. the bases used are adenine ( a ), cytosine ( c ), guanine ( g ) and uracil ( u ). the chemical structure of rna there are four major groups of rna : messenger rna ( mrna ), ribosomal rna ( rrna ), transfer rna ( trna ) and small, regulatory rnas ( srna ). mrna is transcribed from dna by the enzyme rna polymerase, and is then used as a template in translation. rrnas are a major component of the ribosome, the translation machinery. they are divided into the 50s large subunit ( 23s and 5s ) and small 30s ( 16s ) in prokaryotes. the rrnas decode the mrna and interact with trnas. the trnas are attached to specific amino acids and carry them ( with the help of elongation factor tu ) to the ribosome during translation. the srnas form a quite recently discovered group of regulatory rnas that are thought to be of great importance especially during stress, when they bind specifically to their targets and as a consequence effect the expression of genes, either at the level of transcription or translation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5191301497905398, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.990257"} {"text": "bird paradise national park bird paradise national park ( kus cenneti milli park\u0131 ) is one of the earliest national parks of turkey, surrounding lake kus ( turkish : kus golu, lit. \u201c bird lake \u201d ). it \u2019 s an important stop - over and final destination for migratory birds, which migrate to warmer places south in winter. there are 239 species inhabiting the area during summer, totalling about 3, 000, 000 individual birds, although whole area is only 64 hectares, tiny in world standards. what makes the area so popular with the birds is its ecosystem : at the end of winter, with the level rise of the water of the lake ( which is related to the rising streams, which in turn are related with the dissolving of snowcover up in the mountains ), a small willow grove and reed beds at the northwest of the lake submerge underwater, making it a perfect area to nest, and for the youngs to hatch and grow. bird paradise national park has been awarded with class a european diploma by the european council for four times since 1976, because of its effective and successful protection of the wildlife. detailed information about the birds, and the park in general, is provided in the museum and the administrative building inside the park. the best months for bird watching are between march and july, and september and october, roughly corresponding to the migration period of the birds. there is a watchtower that commands a wide area for viewing. scientific research in the park requires permission from the park directorate. southern marmara occupies a long shoreline which is the southern coast of the sea of marmara, marmara islands off the coast, and some places more inland. it \u2019 s bordered by eastern marmara to northeast and east, central anatolia to southeast, northern aegean to south, and eastern thrace to northwest and north, across the sea of marmara and the dardanelles strait. in addition to the marmara coast, the region also has a shore on the aegean sea to the west. in ancient times, eastern two - thirds of southern marmara, roughly between bursa and bal\u0131kesir was known as mysia, while the western one - third, a peninsula today better known as biga yar\u0131madas\u0131 in turkish, between dardanelles, aegean sea, and the gulf of edremit, was known as troad, i. e. \" the plains behind troy \". the highway d200 ( which is assigned the european route number e90 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40644717242423134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.992873"} {"text": "current state - current sports most active stories shots - health blog thu december 15, 2011 experimental magnetic pulses may help heal a brain after stroke a little brain stimulation seems to speed up recovery from a stroke. this isn ' t the sort of brain stimulation you get from conversation. it ' s done using an electromagnetic coil placed against the scalp. researchers think the treatment encourages brain cells to form new connections, allowing the brain to rewire itself to compensate for damage caused by a stroke. the latest evidence that stimulation works comes from italy, where researchers treated patients with a condition called hemispatial neglect. it ' s a common problem in stroke patients that leaves them unable to see or recognize anything on one side of their body, even though their eyes work just fine. scientists suspect the problem occurs when a stroke causes damage that upsets the normal balance between the two sides of the brain. a stroke in the right side of the brain, for example, often seems to cause the healthy left side of the brain to become overactive and overload circuits involved in perception. a team from the santa lucia foundation in rome thought electromagnetic stimulation might help restore normal levels of activity in the affected side of the brain. so they did a study of 20 stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. some got 10 sessions of magnetic stimulation. the rest got a sham treatment. after two weeks, the ones who got stimulation improved 22 percent on tests of perception on the affected side, the team reported in the journal neurology. there was no change among those who got the sham treatment. the study is \" an important step forward, \" says randolph marshall, a stroke specialist at columbia university medical center. \" this work fits with other work suggesting that magnetic stimulation can enhance neuroplasticity. \" previous studies have found that brain stimulation can help stroke patients recover motor skills, muscle strength and the ability to swallow. even so, magnetic stimulation remains largely experimental and isn ' t yet a typical treatment for stroke patients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5157731563886878, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:43.996258"} {"text": "my gifted and talented students went on a field trip to grassland dairy, located down the highway from greenwood. this local factory supplies much of central wisconsin with butter. they make, process, package, and ship massive amounts of the stuff for many other companies around the country as well. if you had butter on your toast this morning, chances are good that it might be grassland butter. grassland is also home to a massive automated packaging system, complete with several large robotic arms and miles of conveyer belts. it was the robots that brought my kids to the dairy. for many of them, to see these massive and complicated machines in action gives them an idea where technology can take them and how it affects us even locally. the people at grassland were happy to show us around and explained to my students how all of the incredibly complicated parts of the factory work together. one of my students, a fourth grader who built a robot that sorted lego bricks by color, said, \u201c that box sorter works just like my machine! \u201d we all were floored when we saw that the robot arms that load up boxes without fail are all programmed to within 1 / 1000 of an inch. \u201c we are going to need to learn our math, \u201d remarked another student. look at your local businesses. there is tremendous, real - world application of technology right under our noses. think of the math involved in stocking a grocery or running a restaurant. the student who loves cars but won \u2019 t work on his math might have a change of heart if he is taken to an auto body shop to see just how much of the job is ordering parts and making estimates. just think what your class could learn from the workers in your community if you take them off campus from time to time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503604734036168, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.000439"} {"text": "| how the membrane protein amtb transports ammonia | membrane proteins provide molecular - sized entry and exit portals for the various substances that pass into and out of cells. while life scientists have solved the structures of protein channels for ions, uncharged solutes, and even water, up to now they have only been able to guess at the precise mechanisms by which gases ( such as nh3, co2, o2, no, n2o, etc. ) cross biological membranes. but, with the first high - resolution structure of a bacterial ammonia transporter ( amtb ), determined by a team in the stroud group from the university of california, san francisco, it is now known that this family of transporters conducts ammonia by stripping off the proton from the ammonium ( nh4 + ) cation and conducting the uncharged nh3 \u201c gas. \u201d progress in determining structures of membrane proteins of all kinds has been slowed by the difficulty of obtaining sufficiently robust crystals that diffract to high resolution. a common strategy is to grow crystals of proteins from multiple organisms in which the protein is known to have evolved from a common ancestor ( orthologs ) and select the one that gives the best diffraction data. the ucsf researchers cloned multiple orthologs of the integral membrane protein amtb belonging to the amt / mep / rh superfamily. to define any preferred sites for ammonia or methyl ammonia ( ch3nh2 ) and to clarify the mechanism for transport or conductance of these molecules, crystals were grown in the absence of any ammonium derivative and in the presence of ammonium sulfate or methyl ammonium sulfate. diffraction data from crystals of amtb from the bacterium escherichia coli were collected at als beamline 8. 3. 1 with a ccd area detector. phases were calculated from multiple - wavelength anomalous dispersion ( mad ) data from a selenomethionine ( semet ) - substituted protein. after data processing ( solvent flattening and phase extension to 2. 0 a ), the model was refined to 1. 35 a, the highest - resolution structure of any membrane protein to date. overall, the structure shows that amtb is a trimer, with each monomer containing a channel conducting ammonia. the monomer protein chain includes two structurally similar motifs of opposite polarity. each motif spans the cell membrane between the periplasm ( region between the cell wall and the membrane ) and the cytoplas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5320260795227276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.005483"} {"text": "monomer containing a channel conducting ammonia. the monomer protein chain includes two structurally similar motifs of opposite polarity. each motif spans the cell membrane between the periplasm ( region between the cell wall and the membrane ) and the cytoplasm ( cell interior ) five times. comparison of the structures with and without ammonia and with methyl ammonia enabled the team to identify a wider vestibule site at the periplasmic side of the membrane that recruits nh4 + and a narrower 20 - a - long hydrophobic channel midway through the membrane that lowers the dissociation constant of nh4 +, thereby forming nh3, which is then stabilized by interactions with two conserved histidine side chains inside the channel. in a second vestibule at the cytoplasmic end of the channel, the nh3 returns to equilibrium as nh4 +. an ammonia conduction assay was devised using stopped - flow kinetics and, together with the structural result, proved that it is only neutral nh3 that is conducted by the channel. this is the first time that the structure and mechanism of a \u201c gas channel \u201d has been determined. conductance of uncharged nh3, versus the nh4 + ion, solves several biological problems. transport of only uncharged nh3 assures selectivity against all ions. nh4 + or any other ion would be unstable in the center of the hydrophobic bilayer, while nh3 is not. passage of uncharged nh3 would not result in a net change of protons across the membrane nor would it change the membrane potential, thus neither energy any negative counter ion to balance the charge is needed to accumulate ammonia. the structure of amtb and the mechanism of gas transport are common to other members of the superfamily in eukaryotic cells. for example, related rh proteins in humans are thought to be critical players in systemic ph regulation in the kidney, in amino acid biosynthesis, and in the central nervous system. research conducted by s. khademi, j. o \u2019 connell iii, j. remis, y. robles - colmenares, l. j. w. miercke, and r. m. stroud ( university of california, san francisco ). research funding : national institutes of general medical sciences. operation of the als is supported by the u. s. department of energy, office of basic energy sciences. publication about this research : s. khademi, j. o ' connell iii, j. remis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5504924181331892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.006455"} {"text": "to prepare and safely weather a thunderstorm the following information is provided by the american red cross, fema and united states department of commerce, national oceanic and thunderstorms are dangerous! every thunderstorm produces lightning. associated dangers of thunderstorms include tornadoes, strong winds, hail and flash flooding. tunderstorm watch - severe thunderstorms are possible in and near the watch area. stay informed and be ready to act if a severe thunderstorm warning is issued. thunderstorm warning - severe weather has been reported by spotters or indicated by radar. warnings indicate imminent danger to life and to prepare for a thunderstorm, you should do the - put together an emergency preparedness kit that includes food, water, battery - powered radio, sanitation and personal hygiene items, medications, flashlight, extra batteries, first aid supplies, copies of personal documents ( medication list and pertinent medical information, deed / lease to home, birth certificates, insurance policies ), cell phone with chargers, family and emergency contact information and extra cash. - remove dead or rotting trees and branches that could fall and cause injury or damage. - secure outdoor objects that could blow away or - get inside a home, building or hard top automobile ( not a convertible ). although you may be injured if lightning strikes your car, you are much safer inside a vehicle than - remember, rubber - soled shoes and rubber tires do not protect you from being struck by lightning. however, the steel frame of a hard - topped vehicle provides increased protection if you are not touching metal. - shutter windows and secure outside doors. if shutters are not available, close window blinds, shades or curtains. - unplug any electronic equipment well before the storm arrives. - protect your animals by ensuring that any outside buildings that house them are protected in the same way as your home. if a thunderstorm and lightning are occurring in your area, you should : - listen to local news or battery - powered noaa weather radio for emergency updates. watch for signs of a storm, like darkening skies, lightning flashes or increasing wind. - avoid contact with corded phones. use a corded telephone only for emergencies. cordless and cellular telephones are safe to - avoid contact with electrical equipment or - avoid contact with plumbing. do not wash your hands, do not take a shower, do not wash dishes, and do not do laundry. plumbing and bathroom fixtures can conduct electricity. - stay away from windows and doors, and stay off - do not lie on concrete floors and do not lean against concrete", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3948554450477614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.011448"} {"text": ", do not take a shower, do not wash dishes, and do not do laundry. plumbing and bathroom fixtures can conduct electricity. - stay away from windows and doors, and stay off - do not lie on concrete floors and do not lean against concrete walls. - avoid natural lightning rods such as a tall, isolated tree in an open area - avoid hilltops, open fields, the beach or a boat on the water. - take shelter in a sturdy building. avoid isolated sheds, picnic shelters, or other small structures in open areas. - avoid contact with anything metal - tractors, farm equipment, motorcycles, golf carts, glof clubs and bicycles. - if you are driving, try to safely exit the roadway and park. stay in the vehicle and turn on emergency flashers until the heavy rain ends. avoid touching metal or other surfaces that conduct electricity in and outside after a thunderstorm or lightning strike, you - never drive through a flooded roadway. - stay away from storm - damaged areas. - continue to listen to noaa weather radio or to local radio and television stations for updated information or instructions. - help people who may require special assistance, such as infants, children and the elderly or disabled. - stay away from downed power lines and report - watch your animals closely. keep them under your direct control. how to prepare for and handle power outages for medical devices that require electricity. go to : sudden power outages can be frustrating and troublesome, especially when they last a long time. if a power outage is 2 hours or less, you need not be concerned about losing your perishable foods. for prolonged power outages, though, there are steps you can take to minimize food loss and to keep all members of your household as comfortable as possible. keep food as safe - keep refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as possible. first use perishable food from the refrigerator. an unopened refrigerator will keep foods cold for about 4 - then use food from the freezer. a full freezer will keep the temperature for about 48 hours ( 24 hours if it is half full ) if the door - use your non - perishable foods and staples after using food from the refrigerator and - if it looks like the power outage will continue beyond a day, prepare a cooler with ice for your freezer items. - keep food in a dry, cool spot and keep it covered at all times. - turn off and unplug all unneccessary electrical equipment, including sensitive - turn off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45854571336391037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.013770"} {"text": ", prepare a cooler with ice for your freezer items. - keep food in a dry, cool spot and keep it covered at all times. - turn off and unplug all unneccessary electrical equipment, including sensitive - turn off or disconnect any appliances ( like stoves ), equipment or electronics you were using when the power went out. when power comes back on, surges or spikes can damage equipment. - leave one light on so you ' ll know when the power comes back on. - when using a portable generator, connect the equipment you want to power directly to the outlets on the generator. do not connect a portable generator to a home ' s electrical - if you are considering getting a generator, get advise from a professional, such as an electrician. make sure that the generator you purchase is rated for the power that you think you need. - never use a generator, grill, camp stove or other gasoline, propane, natural gas or charcoal - burning devices inside a home, garage, basement, crawlspace or any partially enclosed area. locate unit away from doors, windows, and vent that could allow carbon monoxide to come indoors. sources : federal emergency management agency ( fema ), american red cross, and noaa prepared by : 211 / lb content last reviewed : july2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4412377988883488, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.014482"} {"text": "treating the teenage patient : tattoos, piercings and tanning according to a 2004 survey of 500 people between the ages of 18 and 50, 24 percent of respondents reported having a tattoo. - sixteen percent of those tattooed had their first tattoo by the age of 18. 1 - no matter what type of tattoo, there are always risks and possible adverse reactions that may require treatment. - complications that individuals may experience after tattooing include : - infections including impetigo ( a superficial skin infection ), a staph infection, or cellulitis ( a soft tissue infection ). - bloodborne diseases such as hepatitis and hiv, although there has been no documented spread of hiv by an experienced professional tattoo artist. - hypersensitivity ( allergies ) to tattoo pigments also may develop. a chemical called para - phenylenediamine, which is applied to the skin in temporary henna tattoos, frequently causes contact dermatitis. - tattoo studios should use the center for disease control ( cdc ) ' s universal precautions against blood - borne infections. look for government - issued inspection certificates to be certain. - tattoos can be removed, although results may vary depending on the inks used and the depth of the tattoo. dark blue, red, some lighter blues and green inks all respond well to laser treatment, but the best candidates for tattoo removal are people with light skin who have a black ink tattoo. - to protect the public health, the american academy of dermatology ( academy ) encourages the strict regulation of the practice of tattooing, including requirements for those who want to provide tattoos and careful screening of those who want to receive tattoos read the academy ' s position statement on tattooing here. - according to the same 2004 survey, 34 percent of respondents had ear lobe piercings and 14 percent had a body piercing in a location other than the ear lobe. 1 - thirty percent of those pierced had their first body piercing by the age of 18. 1 - individuals who have piercings may experience the following complications : - keloids, which are the most common complication of piercing, occur when the scar from a cut or wound extends and spreads beyond the size of the original wound. they are seen frequently in african americans. - vascular growths called pyogenic granuloma may bleed and must be removed. - cartilage piercing at the edge of the ear ( pinna ) increases the chance of a bacterial infection called pseudomonas. - abscess formations, chondritis ( inflammation of cartila", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44719240740466804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.020898"} {"text": "complications of treating teenage skin conditions teenagers are faced with a variety of dermatologic issues, such as acne and eczema, that often require some form of therapy. however, treating teenagers can be a challenge due to the following factors : - critical psychosocial period. - self - image and body image are forming. - period of changing emotions. - poor frustration tolerance. - poor ability to wait and delay gratification. - typically poor at compliance. speaking at the academy ' s 66th annual meeting in san antonio, texas, dermatologist dr. hilary baldwin, md, faad, associate professor of clinical dermatology at suny, brooklyn, n. y., estimates that 40 to 50 percent of teenagers are noncompliant on their therapy. common reasons for noncompliance include : - side effects. - \" i forgot. \" - \" i don ' t want to. \" - \" it takes too long. - \" it ' s too messy. - \" it didn ' t work. dr. baldwin recommends parents consider whether their presence in the exam room is a help or hindrance. she says teenagers are many times not completely honest about their noncompliance if a parent is present. if teenagers are forgetting to take their medications, dr. baldwin recommends establishing a three - way contract between the dermatologist, teenager and parent. this contract would empower the teenager to speak up if he or she is not happy with the medication prescribed. see your dermatologist for successful diagnosis and treatment of skin, hair and nail conditions. 1laumann a, derick a. tattoos and body piercings in the united states : a national data set. j am acad dermatol 2006 ; 55 : 413 - 421 2kwon ht, mayer ja, walker kk, yu h, lewis ec, belch ge. promotion of frequent tanning sessions by indoor tanning facilities : two studies. j am acad dermatol 2002 ; 46 : 700 - 5. 3dellavalle rp, parker er, ceronsky n, hester ej, hemme b, burkhardt dl, et al. youth access laws : in the dark at the tanning parlor? arch dermatol 2003 ; 139 : 443 - 8. 4westerdahl j, ingvar c, masback a, jonsson n, olsson h. risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4562367277735936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.022883"} {"text": "##ol 2003 ; 139 : 443 - 8. 4westerdahl j, ingvar c, masback a, jonsson n, olsson h. risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in relation to use of sunbeds : further evidence for uv - a carcinogenicity. br j cancer 2000 ; 82 : 1593 - 9. 5cancer epidemiology in older adolescents & young adults. seer aya monograph pages 53 - 57. 2007. 6whitmore se, morison wl, potten cs, chadwick c. tanning salon exposure and molecular alterations. j am acad dermatol 2001 ; 44 : 775 - 80. 7piepkorn m. melanoma genetics : an update with focus on the cdkn2a ( p16 ) / arf tumor suppressors. j am acad dermatol. 2000 may ; 42 ( 5 pt 1 ) : 705 - 22 ; quiz 723 - 6. 8vajdic cm, kricker a, giblin m, mckenzie j, aitken jf, giles gg, armstrong bk. artificial ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma in australia. int j cancer. 2004 dec 10 ; 112 ( 5 ) : 896 - 900. 9clingen ph, berneburg m, petit - frere c, woollons a, lowe je, arlett cf, green mh. contrasting effects of an ultraviolet b and an ultraviolet a tanning lamp on interleukin - 6, tumor necrosis factor - alpha and intracellular adhesion molecule - 1 expression. br j dermatol. 2001 jul ; 145 ( 1 ) : 54 - 62. walters bl, kelly tm. commercial tanning facilities : a new source of eye injury. am j emerg med 1987 ; 120 : 767 - 77.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49587581037438516, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.023478"} {"text": "the united states constitution is a remarkable document ; it is the product of much labor and compromise by some of the best minds our country has seen. the constitution establishes the framework and powers of our federal government and was ratified by the states in 1788. notwithstanding the greatness of this document there were a number of people who had reservations that this document did not limit the powers of the government and provide for basic fundamental rights of its citizens ( federalists vs. anti - federalists ). therefore a bill of rights was created which is a series of amendments to our constitution that limit the powers of the federal government and guarantees basic rights to all. here is the bill of rights - the first ten amendments to our constitution : first \u2013 freedom of religion, press, expression. congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. second \u2013 right to bear arms. a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. third \u2013 quartering of soldiers. no soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. fourth \u2013 search and seizure. the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. fifth \u2013 trial and punishment, compensation for takings. no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. sixth \u2013 right to speedy trial, confrontation of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48576538959813265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.026916"} {"text": "any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. sixth \u2013 right to speedy trial, confrontation of witnesses. in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. seventh \u2013 trial by jury in civil cases. in suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed $ 20, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re - examined in any court of the united states, than according to the rules of the common law. eighth \u2013 cruel and unusual punishment. excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ninth \u2013 construction of constitution. the enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. tenth \u2013 powers of the states and people. the powers not delegated to the united states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. \" all men having power ought to be distrusted to a certain degree. \" \u2013 james madison 1787. ( please visit us on facebook or rgpatriots. com. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4941715540680156, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.027635"} {"text": "arabian peninsula & persian gulf database the original ss - 1 scud - a battlefield support missile was developed as a simple weapon, based on german v - 2, intended for use against such large targets like marshalling areas, major storage dumps and airfields - preferrably armed with nuclear weapons, then their precision was very poor. during the iran - iraq war and several subsequent conflicts, however, \" the scud \" developed into a major propaganda - tool and a weapon of terror. especially during the iipgw, in 1991, by repeatedly hitting israel and saudi arabia with their project 144. 5 al - hussayin \" stretched \" - range versions of the ss - 1b, the iraqis threatened to destroy the cohesion within the mighty coallition put together by the usa to fight them. had the us - administration at the time not found the way to successfully suppress the activity of two iraqi brigades that were firing these weapons at israel, while simultaneously keeping israel back from attacking iraq, that war might have easily ended in a complete chaos in which arab countries would fight the usa and israel - instead of iraq. the iranians learned from their own experiences with iraqis attacking their cities by frog - 7 and ss - 1 scud missiles, as well as from striking baghdad by scuds during the 1980s, and also from iraqi experiences in striking israel and saudi arabia. with an increasing number of neighbouring countries being equipped with similar weapons of advanced capabilities, in the early 1990s they launched their own project for development of an indigenious intermediate - range ballistic missile. the resulting shahab - 3 is a liquid - fuelled medium range ballistic missile, and the longest - ranged of all iranian ballistic missiles. it emerged from iranian - sponsored cooperation in research and development about ballistic missiles with north korea, in the 1980s, where the project nodong was developed on the basis of ss - 1 scud series. the most important part of the nodong was its new rocket motor. the north koreans concentrated most of their research and development work on constructing an enlargened copy of scud motor, then such an aggregate could supply more thrust, and with additional thrust the missile could also be significantly enlarged - which was something that could not be done with the basic ss - 1 or its motor. first tests with nodong - 1 missiles were conducted jointly by iran and north korea in the early 1990s, but subsequently the cooperation was cancelled and each country continued pursuing own projects, iran starting the development of the missile that is today known as shahab - 3 on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4854413693920137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.039635"} {"text": "nodong - 1 missiles were conducted jointly by iran and north korea in the early 1990s, but subsequently the cooperation was cancelled and each country continued pursuing own projects, iran starting the development of the missile that is today known as shahab - 3 on the basis of a shipment of trial nodong - 1 missiles received in 1993. according to unconfirmed reports, ever since the work on such missiles in iran is concentrated within shahid hemat industrial group research facility, south of tehran. having a good motor and a basic shahab - 3 missile well - advanced in development and expected to reach initial operational capability by 2002, the iranians meanwhile decided to concentrate on optimizing different parts of the weapon for their purposes, foremost with the target of developing an advanced guidance system and re - entry vehicle. contrary to the scud - series, namely, the shahab - 3 was to eject the booster stage with the motor and empty fuel tanks when reaching its designed apogee, and then continue towards the target only with the warhead mounted in a re - entry vehicle. such a manoeuvre is undertaken for several important reasons. the booster stage is becoming useless once the cruise altitude is reached, and, when empty, is increasingly instable, then its main method of steering is thrust from the main motor, most of which is spent during the early booster stage of the flight. besides, the large booster stage makes the missile also very visible for radar systems and more susceptible to atmospheric influences and earth gravity, especially in later stages of the cruise phase and during the re - entry phase. accuracy of the basic shahab - 3a depends on its capability to compensate course changes at the boost phase and placing the re - entry vehicle in the right trajectory : once reaching a high altitude of over 100km, where no atmospheric factors affect the missile, it travels unguided until impact. the end of the guided flight shortly after the boost phase is the point at which the impact point is selected, after that, the re - entry vehicle / missile comes down by itself at the calculated impact point. since most of the accuracy of such weapons depends on the relative short boost phase the gyroscope / ins has to be extremely accurate : iranians invested heavily in developing the capability to build such systems during the 1990s, and the iranian defence industries eventually achieved this capability. combined with a heavy warhead, the basic shahab - 3a should be considered an effective conventional ballistic missile against anything but targets heavily protected by anti - ballistic missile defences, even if the usual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4735094079614135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.040733"} {"text": "1990s, and the iranian defence industries eventually achieved this capability. combined with a heavy warhead, the basic shahab - 3a should be considered an effective conventional ballistic missile against anything but targets heavily protected by anti - ballistic missile defences, even if the usual reports about the precision of its guidance system cite a cep between 100 and 200m. being developed and built by the iranian aerospace industries organization ( iaio ) on a direct order from the islamic revolution guards corps ( irgc ), the missile was successfully tested since 1998, when the basic guidance system was not only confirmed to be precise, but even further optimised. simultaneously, the manufacturing infrastructure was developed and improved to enable mass production, then \u2013 other than in most other countries that attempt to develop similar weapons \u2013 the irgc wanted the shahab to be cheap, to be built in large numbers and be used for conventional purposes, but still so accurate that it could also be used effectively against military targets. essentially, the iaio achieved this target by using only one motor / noozle on shahab - 3, powered by liquid fuels such as kerosene, filled in a single stage, and without using an active terminal guidance system. the shahab - 3a can also be fuelled and stored for a relatively long time during war, so that prepared missiles are ready for use over stretched periods of time but on a very short notice. the new missile is carrying the warhead mounted in a re - entry vehicle that is separating from the booster stage during the cruise phase. subsequently, the vehicle is put into a spin \u2013 apparently with help of simple boosters at its rear. such capability is of significant advantage also because during the re - entry all objects can easily become instable, begin to tumble and have little or not capability of course corrections, which decreases their precision dramatically. the shahab - 3 eventually entered service in summer of 2003, and is now in use by two of ten surface - to - surface missile squadrons of the islamic republic of iran air force ( iriaf ). while manned and maintained by the iriaf, these units, however, are effectively under irgc - control. each squadron has at least six transport & erector launchers ( tels ), towed by mercedes trucks. at least four different tel variants were meanwhile observed in service in iran, some of which can also drive on dirt, and all of which have not only a wide range, but are also easy to be camouflaged as standard commercial 40t tilt - trailers that are in widespread use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4900024258084533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.041796"} {"text": "variants were meanwhile observed in service in iran, some of which can also drive on dirt, and all of which have not only a wide range, but are also easy to be camouflaged as standard commercial 40t tilt - trailers that are in widespread use not only in iran, but in whole middle east and europe. an already fuelled missile can be erected and launched within a very short period of time, with support solely from gps - data, or by the crew comparing markings in the local terrain. in the public there is still quite some confusion regarding the range and payload of the shahab - 3a. credible sources put the range at 1. 300km, with a warhead weighting around 1. 200kg, or 1. 500km with a 1. 000kg warhead, and 1. 700km with a warhead of 800kg. being interested foremost in use of such missiles for military purposes, the iranians knew very well that large warheads are more effective, especially given the shahab - 3a \u2019 s terminal warhead velocity of between mach 6 and 7. the accuracy of the missile, combined with its warhead, gives it the capability to destroy non - hardened or even hardened targets with single hit : already in its 1. 300km - range configuration the warhead of shahab - 3 is nearly four times as heavy as that of iraqi project 144. 5 al - hussayin scud - variants used against iran, israel, and saudi arabia. for striking hardened military targets, on the other side, shahab - 3as would be launched in salvos. the iranian strikes against mko - terrorist bases in iraq, in 2001, for example, clearly demonstrated the will and capability for simultaneous deployment of between 50 and 60 missiles against a single target - to increase the effects of attack. the total war - fighting effectiveness of the basic shahab - 3a against anti - ballistic missile ( abm ) defence systems remains questionable, nevertheless. it is a very fast missile and because of its separating re - entry vehicle system, its radar cross section in the terminal flight phase is very small. compared with the ss - 1 scud or \u2013 especially \u2013 the project 144. 5, it travels at a much higher altitude, entering the range of anti - ballistic missile defences at a much later stage and a higher speed. its fixed trajectory, however, makes it also much more predictable, and once detected it is much easier to track. nevertheless, on its way towards the target the re - entry vehicle of shahab -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4512902133153325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.042791"} {"text": "at a much later stage and a higher speed. its fixed trajectory, however, makes it also much more predictable, and once detected it is much easier to track. nevertheless, on its way towards the target the re - entry vehicle of shahab - 3a passes through a kind of a \u201c stealth phase \u201d : this is an effect based on the fact that the plasma at the heat shield makes it very hard to detect and track with radar when entering the earth atmosphere. however, faced with the fact that their likely opponents have a well - developed anti - ballistic missile system in service, and having experienced the imprecision of iraqi project 144. 5 al - hussayin missiles first - hand, the iranians wanted to develop a missile that would not only be precise by itself, but also deploy a steerable re - entry vehicle during the terminal dive phase. shahab - 3b is a result of this effort. during the recent testing the shahab - 3b proved several significant differences over the basic production variant, with the most important changes being done on its guidance system and the warhead, but few small also on the missile body. the most significant change is a new re - entry vehicle, with terminal guidance system and a new steering method, completely different from the normal re - entry vehicle with spin stabilization of the shahab - 3a. the new re - entry vehicle has now place for a rocket - nozzle control system so that no spin stabilization is needed anymore - at least not during all of the flight after the boost phase. nevertheless, this new nozzle - control system enables the shahab - 3b guidance and steering in all phases of the flight, so that course corrections can be done at any time. the new shahab - 3b was for the first time officially tested only a very short time after the israeli arrow abm system scored a first hit against a ss - 1 scud ballistic missile. the iranian defence minister said that the missile would be iran \u2019 s answer to the arrow and behind this statement are credible reasons. around one year ago iran claimed for the first time to have developed and produced a laser gyroscope ins system coupled with gps as backup. for full - guided flight with trajectory of the shahab - 3b, an accurate ins and / or gps is needed : laser gyroscope and gps are two of the most accurate technologies, used for course calculations. it is not yet known if this technology is also used in the shahab - 3b, but the coincidence is striking, especially as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5107804152161759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.043798"} {"text": "is needed : laser gyroscope and gps are two of the most accurate technologies, used for course calculations. it is not yet known if this technology is also used in the shahab - 3b, but the coincidence is striking, especially as with such an accurate navigation system the shahab - 3 could archive several objectives. the missile could change its trajectory several times during re - entry and even terminal phase, effectively preventing pre - calculated intercept points of radar systems - which is a method nearly all abm systems using these days. as a high - speed ballistic missile and pre - mission fuelling capability, the shahab - 3 has an extremely short launch / impact time ratio. this means that the ins / gyroscope guidance would also remain relatively accurate until impact ( important, given the fact that the gyrosopes tend to become inaccurate the longer the flight lasts ). with that guidance system, the shahab - 3b could archive an accuracy of around 30 - 50m cep or even less. the iranians have already proved of developing even more precise systems, then their fateh - 110 missiles have an electro - optical terminal guidance system : shahab - 3b is not known of having anything similar, but should be fully dependent on ins and \u2013 likely \u2013 gps. this new improved accuracy was apparently the reason why the warhead weight has been significantly decreased - to suggested 500kg. this, namely, is sufficient for pin - point target attack capability. another reason for the 500kg warhead would be the improved range, which is reported to be meanwhile between 1. 700 and 2. 500km. the shahab - 3 programme is extremely important for the iranian defence capability. this weapon is now apparently the main deep - strike weapon system of iranian armed services, deployed even ahead of fighter - bombers of the iriaf. this step - by - step project was provided with relatively large funding and the mass - production of the shahab - 3 is running already since two years. the shahab - 3b has apparently reached an initial operational capability phase, but it remains unclear if the version is already in production or not. it is, nevertheless, certain that the new variant should be more expensive than the basic shahab - 3a, which is why it is believed that the shahab - 3a will remain in production, while the shahab - 3b will only be used against high priority and / or heavily defended targets \u2013 perhaps after a salvo of shahab - 3as has forced the opponent to spend his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5055087809906796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.045796"} {"text": "case study : theatre seating in many auditoria, the seating and audience form the main absorption in the room, and consequently being able to correctly measure and predict the absorption coefficient of these surfaces is very important. the wrong estimation of seating absorption has been blamed for acoustic problems in many halls. salford university developed a method for testing theatre seating which is now used commercial. the aim of measuring the random incidence absorption of a small sample of seats in a reverberation chamber is to predict the absorption that a large area of the same seats will exhibit when installed in an auditorium. there are problems, however, in that the small sample of chairs in the reverberation chamber ( say 24 ) is unrepresentative of a large block of seating because the edge effect is overemphasised in the reverberation chamber measurements. the kath and kuhl method involves placing the seating in the corner of the reverberation chamber in rows with their intended row spacing, and the exposed edges obscured with barriers. the concept is to separately measure three absorption coefficients by carrying out measurements with and without barriers : - for an infinite array with no edges with side and front barriers in place ; - for the front edges with the side barrier only in place, and - for the side edges with the front barrier only in place. this then allows the absorption of the array, front and sides to be found, and a proper prediction of the absorption of any size array. the test technique has been used extensively over the past few years to test provide information for the design several new or refurbished theatres and concert halls such as the royal albert hall and royal festival hall. back to commercial testing homepage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5296341228821879, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.047802"} {"text": "nellis air force base, nev. a\u20ac \u201d voting holds roots in american culture dating back to 1787, when the right to vote was established by the united states constitution. today, voting is a crucial part of american society that allows the american people to determine the leadership of its government. the voting assistance office encourages and enables airmen to use their right to vote by informing them of upcoming elections, helping them process and file absentee ballots and encouraging them to participate in election by voting. every airman has the right for their voice to be heard in their hometown, regardless of their rank, position or distance from the hometown. a\u20ac\u0153air force policy is designed to facilitate a membera\u20ac\u2122s participation in the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, a\u20ac said capt. kalen fredette, chief of legal assistance and preventative law. a\u20ac\u0153voting is both a right and a responsibility, as well as completely permissible and encouraged. a member short changes himself / herself by not taking advantage of this program. a\u20ac air force regulations prohibit airmen from participating in political demonstrations while in uniform. airmen are also restricted from taking part in any radio, t. v., or other form of group discussion while representing the military, according to afi 51 - 902, political activities by members of the u. s. air force. however, airmen still have the right to, and are encouraged to vote. air force members may register to vote, vote, and express a personal opinion on political candidates and issues, just not as a representative of the armed forces. a vote is defined as the means by which expression of opinion is made, as a ballot, ticket, etc. a\u20ac ita\u20ac\u2122s also defined as the right to such expression. every service member is permitted to vote in his or her registered state. this entitlement ensures every voice is heard, even if they arena\u20ac\u2122t physically located in their state of residency any longer due to service. airmen participating in this form of voting use absentee ballots. these ballots must be sent in, usually mail, prior to election day. absentee voting by mail is allowed with no excuse in 28 states, and with an excuse in 22. excusea\u20ac\u2122 states do not require the voter to provide reason for using an absentee ballot. acceptable excuse for using absentee ballots in the other states include being : unavoidably absent from the county on election day ( such as by being stationed out of state ), unable to appear at the polls due", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47294222677299563, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.050655"} {"text": "launching a \" social networking war \" against cancer tuesday, august 14, 2012 like bacteria, cancer cells rely on communication and cooperation, says tau research experts agree that, more than ever before, modern wars will be fought in the cyber zone, targeting an enemy ' s communications technology to cause untold damage. now a tel aviv university researcher is suggesting that the same tactics should be employed in the battle against one of the body ' s deadliest enemies \u2014 cancer. in an article published in trends in microbiology, prof. eshel ben - jacob of tau ' s school of physics and astronomyandprof. herbert levine of rice university, long - time bacteria researchers, and prof. donald coffey of johns hopkins university, a renowned cancer researcher, examine the shared traits of cancer cells and bacteria. like bacteria, cancer cells rely on communication and \" social networking \" to become powerful entities within the body. inspired by the social and survival tactics of bacteria, the team presents a new picture of cancer as a meta - community of smart communicating cells possessing special traits for cooperative behavior. knowing the enemy for many years, scientists ignored the complex social interactions of bacteria, now the number three killer in hospitals in the western world. the researchers believe that medical professionals are similarly \" underestimating the enemy \" when it comes to cancer cells that exhibit many similar behaviors. the parallels that can be drawn between the two types of cells are astounding. while healthy cells are highly disciplined, responding to chemical and physical cues telling them how to behave, bacteria and cancer cells override this control by using different chemical and genetic pathways. they proliferate quickly to make rapid genetic changes, avoiding the body ' s immune system and developing drug resistance. using intricate communication, cancer cells can distribute tasks, share resources, differentiate, and make decisions. before sending cells to colonize organs and tissues throughout the body ( metastasis ), \" spying cells \" explore the body and return the cancer ' s origin. only then do metastatic cells leave the primary tumor and navigate to new posts. also like bacteria, cancer cells change their own environment. they induce genetic changes and enslave surrounding normal cells, forcing them to do the disease ' s bidding \u2014 providing physical support, protecting them from the immune system, and more. cancer cells can also become dormant when they sense danger, such as chemotherapy chemicals, then reactivate at will. a new therapeutic direction prof. ben - jacob suggests that studying the social behavior of cancer cells can inspire new research directions and pave the way for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5425689945311192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.054167"} {"text": "can also become dormant when they sense danger, such as chemotherapy chemicals, then reactivate at will. a new therapeutic direction prof. ben - jacob suggests that studying the social behavior of cancer cells can inspire new research directions and pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches \u2014 for example, a new class of drugs to target cell - to - cell communication or send misleading messages. with the ability to become immune to chemotherapy and lay dormant until it determines the time is right to reawaken, cancer often relapses undetected until it ' s too late to treat, says prof. levine. breaking the communication code for awakening dormant cells could help researchers learn how to reactivate them on purpose \u2014 and be ready to kill them as soon as they \" awaken. \" the team also suggests further research into cancer \" cannibalism, \" when cancer cells may consume their peers when they run out of resources. the idea is to send signals which trigger cancer cells to kill each other, which can be done with bacteria. other researchers have demonstrated that injected bacteria can \" outsmart cancer. \" bacteria can be used to induce gap junctions between the cancer cells and immune cells, \" teaching \" the immune system to recognize and kill the tumor cells. we might be entering a new era of biological cyber - warfare, in which scientists can enlist bacterial intelligence to defeat cancer, prof. ben - jacob concludes. for more cancer research news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5164801547003153, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.054762"} {"text": "officials roll out gulf hypoxia project officials in the corn belt have announced a new plan to slow a growing problem in the gulf of mexico. the iowa nutrient reduction strategy, a project by the iowa department of agriculture, uses science and technology to reduce particular nutrients that enter iowa waterways and lead down to the gulf of mexico. this plan is unique in the fact that it integrates iowa services to pinpoint both point and nonpoint sources, being the first plan of its kind to have such integration. \u201c the iowa strategy is the first time stakeholders from both the point source community, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial facilities, and nonpoint sources, including farmers, have come together to develop a comprehensive plan, \u201d says iowa secretary of agriculture bill northey. the gulf hypoxia - - comprising a large area of low oxygen that can \u2019 t sustain marine life - - is caused by algae growth and increasing nutrient concentrations in the water, the latter many see as an outcome of fertilizer runoff from the mississippi river valley. the iowa strategy is to lower phosphorous and nitrogen nutrient levels in iowa \u2019 s waterways that eventually feed down to the gulf through the mississippi river. the government \u2019 s process to slow hypoxia in the gulf began in 1997 with the mississippi river / gulf of mexico watershed nutrient task force, officials say. the 2008 gulf hypoxia action plan requires states to develop strategies to lower those nutrients levels by 45 %. iowa is one of the 12 states along the mississippi river included in the action plan of 2008. under the new plan, large municipal wastewater treatment plants throughout the state will be coordinated by the iowa department of human resources in order to reduce discharge of phosphorous and nitrogen from their sites to iowa waters. for point sources of nutrient inflow, the goal is to reduce phosphorous levels entering iowa waters by 16 % and nitrogen by 4 % by using existing programs and requiring them to evaluate and install treatment technologies, northey says. nonpoint sources throughout the state hope to reduce nitrogen by 41 % and phosphorous by 29 %. the iowa department of agriculture developed how effectively different conservation practices reduce nutrient losses in the landscape and the cost associated with these practices with a team of scientists from iowa state university. the iowa department of agriculture and land stewardship, the iowa department of natural resources and the iowa state university college of agriculture and life sciences developed the strategy. \u201c by harnessing the collective innovation and capacity of iowa agricultural organizations, agriculture businesses and iowa \u2019 s 90", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48713378615090275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.057618"} {"text": "a brief description of islam as the shi ' ites believe 5 - monotheism is the very soul of all the islamic commandments we believe that one of the most important subjects of the knowledge of god, is the monotheism, i. e. the belief that there is but one god. as a matter of fact monotheism ( towhid ) is not only a principle of the religion, but the most important of the tenets. it is the very soul and the base of all the islamic ideas and beliefs. we can say that the roots, as well as the branches of islam take their forms in the monotheism. the unity and oneness is a general topic of conversation everywhere and in every field : - unity of god ' s essence, unity of his attributes, and actions. in other word, also the unity of prophets and their teachings, the unity of the law, ghibleh, and the books. and after all, the unity of moslims through their brotherhood and the unity of the resurrection day. from this point of view the holy qur\u00f8 \u00b7 n declares polytheism as an unforgiveable sin : - \" allah does not forgive those who set up partners with him, but he may forgive any sin inferior to that, of whom he wills. he that sets up co - sharers with allah is guilty of a sin which is most heinous indeed. \" the holy quran - s4 : 48 \" it has already been revealed to you as it was revealed to those before you that : - \" if you join gods with allah, your deeds shall be fruitless, and you surely will be one of those who lose. ( all spiritual goodnesses ) the holy quran - s39 : 65 6 - the branches of monotheism we believe that monotheism, ( towhid ) has many branches among which four are the most important ones : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5181758538732559, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.059378"} {"text": "by kris lecakes haley on people for the ethical treatment of animals ( peta ) as advocates for the intrinsic rights of animals to live peacefully and free from the impositions bestowed upon them by humans, we may occasionally have our motives questioned. most times, individuals have an authentic curiosity and ask us out of a genuine sense of interest and integrity. let \u2019 s look at two of the most prevalent objections that can come our way and test some tried and true responses. one common objection involves the \u201c burning building \u201d scenario : there \u2019 s a burning building with two bodies inside \u2014 one is a child and one is your dog. who do you save? i usually answer this inquiry with another question : \u201c well, let \u2019 s think about this. let \u2019 s say that there are two children in that building. who would you choose? \u201d the inquirer usually says, \u201c i don \u2019 t know. \u201d then, i raise the stakes : \u201c let \u2019 s say one is your child. \u201d inevitably and understandably, the inquirer answers that her or she would rescue his or her own child. but my next question is critical : \u201c well, does that mean that you don \u2019 t value the life of the other child? \u201d the answer is : \u201c of course not! \u201d and then i explain to the inquirer that any time we are asked to make a decision about whom we would rescue from a burning building, our personal values always come into play. but that doesn \u2019 t mean we value the other life any less. here \u2019 s another common objection : why are you wasting your time on animals when there are children starving? for some reason, there is a prevailing perception that people who love animals are not fond of children or do not care about human suffering. the truth is that the two issues have far more in common than not. there are three things to note about this objection. firstly, the dichotomy presented is, of course, false \u2014 it is not an either / or situation. you can certainly work on helping humans as well as animals. secondly, we all know that there are a lot of humans in dire need of help, but animals endure a massive amount of suffering ( thousands of animals around the world suffer and die daily on factory farms alone ) and have no way to speak up for themselves. the third and biggest point for me is that we all have a different calling. animals need help, and someone must rise to the occasion. the common thread between both objections is certainly speciesism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4422874466024762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.063134"} {"text": "johannes wilcke invented and then alessandro volta perfected the electrophorus over two hundred years ago. this device was quickly adopted by scientists throughout the world because it filled the need for a reliable and easy - to - use source of charge and voltage for experimental researches in electrostatics [ dibner, 1957 ]. many old natural philosophy texts contain lithographs of the electrophorus. a hand - held electrophorus can produce significant amounts of charge conveniently and repeatedly. it is operated by first frictionally charging a flat insulating plate called a \" cake \". in volta ' s day, the cake was made of shellac / resin mixtures or a carnauba wax film deposited on glass. nowadays, excellent substitutes are available. teflontm, though a bit expensive, is a good choice because it is an excellent insulator, charges readily, and is easy to clean and maintain. the electrophorus is ideal for generating energetic capacitive sparks required for vapor ignition demonstrations. the basic operational steps for the electrophorus are depicted in the sequence of diagrams below. note that the electrode, though making intimate contact with the tribocharged plate, actually charges by induction. no charge is removed from the charged cake and, in principle, the electrode can be charged any number of time by repeating the steps depicted. click here to view a neat animation of the electrophorus charging process. ainslie describes interesting experiments with an electrophorus that was charged in the springtime and then its charge monitored throughout the summer [ ainslie, 1982 ]. the apparent disappearance of the charge during humid weather and its reappearance in the fall must be attributed to changes in the humidity. the energy for each capacitive spark drawn from the electrophorus is actually supplied by the action of lifting the electrode off the cake. this statement can be confirmed by investigating the strength of the sparks as a function of the height to which the electrode is lifted. layton makes this point and further demonstrates with a small fluorescent tube the dependence of the electrostatic potential on the position of the electrode [ layton, 1991 ]. lifting the electrode higher gives stronger sparks [ lapp, 1992 ]. click here to view an interactive, animated version of this demonstration that reveals the movement of charge as the steps of the demonstration are followed. please be patient while the java script loads! the electrophorus works most reliably if the charged insulating plate rests atop a grounded plane, such as a metal sheet, foil, or conductive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5326053487184944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.070076"} {"text": "as the steps of the demonstration are followed. please be patient while the java script loads! the electrophorus works most reliably if the charged insulating plate rests atop a grounded plane, such as a metal sheet, foil, or conductive plastic. [ see bakken museum booklet, pp. 78 - 80. ] the ground plane limits the potential as the electrode is first lifted from the plate, thus preventing a premature brush discharge. in dry weather, powerful 3 / 4 \" ( 2 cm ) sparks can be drawn easily from a 6 \" ( 15 cm ) diameter, polished, nick - free aluminum electrode. estimating the potential of the electrode at v = ~ 50 kv and the capacitance at c = ~ 20 pf, we get q = cv = ~ 1 microcoulomb for the charge and ue = cv2 / 2 = ~ 30 millijoules for the capacitive energy. this energy value easily exceeds the minimum ignition energy ( mie ) of most flammable vapors. click here to learn about a new type of electrophorus invented by s. kamachi. the web site of the world - famous exploratorium in san francisco describes a simple electrophorus made of aluminum pie plates and other inexpensive materials. young scientists should check out this page. in addition, the library references below contain interesting information about the electrophorus and other electrostatics demonstrations. one example is the cylindrical electrophorus [ ainslie, 1980 ]. a simple leaf electroscope attachment, shown in the figure below, makes it very easy to reveal some of the important charging and charge redistribution phenomena of the electrophorus. this accessory is especially handy because it works even on warm, humid days when large, impressive sparks can not be coaxed out of the electrophorus. refer to the electroscope page for details on how to make this convenient accessory. the electroscope is operated in the same way as before, but now the electroscope reveals information about the charge and its distribution on the electrode. in particular, it should be noted that, as the electrophorus is lifted up, its charge does not change. the leaves of the electroscope spread apart because the constant charge on the electrode redistributes itself, with about half of the charge moving to the top surface. another thing to notice is that the leaves, which spread to a wide angle when the electrode is first lifted, slowly come back together with time, indicating the leakage of electric charge, presumably", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5312296207869575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.070972"} {"text": "with about half of the charge moving to the top surface. another thing to notice is that the leaves, which spread to a wide angle when the electrode is first lifted, slowly come back together with time, indicating the leakage of electric charge, presumably due to corona discharge from the edges of the leaves. corona discharge accessory another simple accessory is a corona discharge point that can be attached to the electrophorus. the attachment is a metal rod of diameter 1 / 16 \" or greater with one end sharpened to a point. when the charged electrode is lifted, the electric field at the sharpened tip exceeds the corona limit and a local discharge starts, dissipating the charge on the electrophorus. if one listens closely as the electrode is lifted, a soft, varied - pitch buzzing noise lasting just a few seconds may be heard. this is the corona, and it stops after the voltage has been reduced below the corona threshold. passive corona discharge points are used widely in manufacturing to dissipate unwanted static charge. the corona discharge can be largely suppressed by covering the sharpened point with a small piece of antistatic plastic foam of the type used for packaging esd - sensitive electronic components. the figure below shows how this scheme - - called resistive grading - - works to reduce or stop corona discharges. d. s. ainslie, \" inversion of electrostatic charges in a cylindrical electrophorus \", physics teacher, vol. 18, no. 7, october, 1980, p. 530. d. s. ainslie, \" can an electrophorus lose its charge and then recharge itself? \", physics teacher, vol. 20, no. 4, april, 1982, p. 254. bakken library and museum, sparks and shocks, kendall / hunt publishing co., dubuque, ia, 1996, pp. 53 - 55. b. dibner, early electrical machines, pub. # 14, burndy library, norwalk, ct, 1957, p. 50 - 53. r. a. ford, homemade lightning : creative experiments in electricity ( 2nd ed. ), tab books ( mcgraw - hill ), new york 1996, chapter 10. o. d. jefimenko, \" long - lasting electrization and electrets, \" in electrostatics and its applications ( a. d. moore, ed. ), wiley - interscience, new york, 1973, pp. 117 - 118. d. r. lapp, \" letters, \" physics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5231966720716652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.071809"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia gaba a receptor the receptor is a multimeric transmembrane receptor that sits in the membrane of its neuron. once bound to its ligand, the protein receptor changes confirmation within the membrane. this particular protein is configured in such a way as to allow certain ions to pass through its pore when the pore is open. the ligand gaba is the endogenous compound that tells this receptor to open, allowing chloride ions ( cl - ) to pass down its electrochemical gradient. because the chloride ion concentration is high outside of the cell, opening of the channel pore results in an influx of chloride into the cell, thus hyperpolarizing it. other ligands interact with the gaba ( a ) receptor to mimic gaba or to potentiate its response. such other ligands include the benzodiazepines ( increase pore opening frequency ), barbiturates ( increase pore opening duration ), and certain steroids. still other compounds interact with the gaba ( a ) receptor to attenuate the effects of gaba ; such blocking agents are flumazenil ( a competitive benzodiazepine antagonist ) and picrotoxin, which blocks the channel directly. the phenotypic response to all of these interactions is seen in effects such as muscle relaxation, sedation, anticonvulsion, and anesthesia, based on the location of the cell in question, its intracellular second - messenger milieu, and the dose of the ligand at the receptor ; the dosage issue is commonly related to the amount of exogenous drug that is delivered to the patient ( e. g., anesthesia during surgery ). the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5644769254284383, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.073567"} {"text": "medical ethics and bioethics in europe definitions and approaches the term \u201c medical ethics \u201d is often used to refer to the deontology of the medical profession covering issues such as moral rules, rules of etiquette and rules for professional conduct. the word \u201c deontological \u201d comes from the root \u201c deon \u201d which means duty or obligation in latin. in some countries, codes or medical ethics have been supplemented by patients \u2019 rights laws. there is a difference between the two in that the former emphasizes the obligations and duties of doctors whereas the latter usually involves some form of legal right or entitlement. nevertheless, in some countries codes of medical ethics are enshrined in law and consequently take on a legal status ( with regard to the obligations of healthcare professionals ). hoy ( 2004 ) argues that obligations which are enforced and hence not undertaken freely, are not in the realm of the ethical. for example, in countries where slavery has been abolished or certain forms of animal experimentation made illegal, such issues move from the realm of the ethical to that of the legal. on the other hand, certain practices such as abortion or euthanasia have been legalized in some countries but are not accepted some groups in society as being ethical. the term \u201c bioethics \u201d was used for the first time by potter, a biologist, in 1970 to refer to ethical problems linked to the present and the future of life in general and of human life in particular. later, helleger used the term to refer to a way to approach and resolve the moral conflicts raised by modern medicine ( gracia, 2001 ). bioethics is not just a series of principles but implies, in the european tradition at least, a moral obligation to act. kant, a german philosopher from the enlightenment period, was concerned with the motivation behind any action. he stated that action done from duty has its moral worth not in the purpose to be attained by it but in the maxim in accordance with which it is decided upon. he developed the categorical imperative which states, \u201c act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law or a universal law of nature \u201d ( in kuczewski, 2004 ). in europe, bioethics is very much based on the principle of solidarity, as well as freedom, tolerance, equal opportunity, social justice and human dignity. the gradual and continued expansion of the european union has led to new possibilities and potential problems in the health care domain. at the same time, efforts are constantly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5079564254638889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.077342"} {"text": "of solidarity, as well as freedom, tolerance, equal opportunity, social justice and human dignity. the gradual and continued expansion of the european union has led to new possibilities and potential problems in the health care domain. at the same time, efforts are constantly underway to harmonise health care provision, promote cooperation and find consensus on a variety of healthcare issues. in 1992, the maastricht treaty on the european union made public health an object of eu policy ( ten have, 2001 ). however, long before this, the council of europe had decided to set up a single specialised committee to deal with bioethical issues. this committee, the steering committee on bioethics, was granted permanent status in 1992. this came just one year after the commission of the european union set up the group of advisers on the ethical implications of biotechnology ( gaeib ). in 1997, the council of europe \u2019 s convention on human rights and biomedicine was signed by 21 member states in oviedo, spain. its emphasis on the principles of human dignity and solidarity can be clearly detected in some of the recitals of the preamble : - convinced of the need to respect the human being both as an individual and as a member of the human species and recognising the importance of ensuring the dignity of the human being ; - conscious that the misuse of biology and medicine may lead to acts endangering human dignity ; - affirming that progress in biology and medicine should be used for the benefit of present and future generations ; - stressing the need for international co - operation so that all humanity may enjoy the benefits of biology and medicine ; - wishing to remind all members of society of their rights and responsibilities. last updated : vendredi 09 octobre 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513866895590051, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.078445"} {"text": "this book explores image processing from several perspectives : the creative, the theoretical ( mainly mathematical ), and the programmatical. it explains the basic principles of image processing, drawing on key concepts and techniques from mathematics, psychology of perception, computer science, and art, and introduces computer programming as a way to get more control over image processing operations. it does so without requiring college - level mathematics or prior programming experience. the content is supported by pixelmath, a freely available software program that helps the reader understand images as both visual and mathematical objects. the first part of the book covers such topics as digital image representation, sampling, brightness and contrast, color models, geometric transformations, synthesizing images, stereograms, photomosaics, and fractals. the second part of the book introduces computer programming using an open - source version of the easy - to - learn python language. it covers the basics of image analysis and pattern recognition, including edge detection, convolution, thresholding, contour representation, and k - nearest - neighbor classification. a chapter on computational photography explores such subjects as high - dynamic - range imaging, autofocusing, and methods for automatically inpainting to fill gaps or remove unwanted objects in a scene. applications described include the design and implementation of an image - based game. the pixelmath software provides a \" transparent \" view of digital images by allowing the user to view the rgb values of pixels by zooming in on an image. pixelmath provides three interfaces : the pixel calculator ; the formula page, an advanced extension of the calculator ; and the python window.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5619934065424215, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.082135"} {"text": "cynthia willett brings together diverse insights from social psychology, classical and contemporary literature, and legal and justice theory to redefine the basis of the moral and legal person. feminists, communitarians, and postmodern thinkers have made clear that classical liberalism, with its emphasis on individual autonomy and excessive rationalism, is severely limited. although she is sympathetic with the liberal view, willett finds it necessary to go further. for her, attention to the social dimensions of the family and civil society is critical if issues of race, gender, class, and sexuality are to be taken seriously. interdependency, not autonomy, is of increasing significance in an era of globalization. willett proposes an alternate normative theory that recognizes the impact of social forces on individual well - being. citizenship in a democracy should not be defined solely on the basis of rights to autonomy, such as bare rights to property or free speech, she explains. rather, citizenship should be defined first of all in terms of the rights, responsibilities, and capacities of the social person. it is within the african american tradition of political thought that willett finds a more useful definition of human identity and political freedom. the african american experience offers a compelling vision of social change and a deeper understanding of what it means to be a social person. by focusing on everyday battles against racism, willett contends, we can gain valuable insight into the meaning of justice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5657923648194567, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.083572"} {"text": "how to fix the debt ceiling ( a bigger threat than the fiscal cliff ) saturday, november 17, 2012 a default by the u. s. government is more potentially damaging than the fiscal cliff \u2014 and more easily avoidable, if congress modernizes the debt ceiling. the fiscal cliff \u2014 sudden and painful tax hikes and spending cuts \u2014 is widely recognized as a looming threat to the economy. the worst scenario, a so - called \u201c hard landing, \u201d is reportedly avoidable only if congress and the president can agree and take action by january 2013. however, the fiscal cliff is the lesser of two approaching crises ; the other crisis is more potentially damaging and, ironically, more easily avoidable : a first - ever default by the u. s. government on its bill - paying obligations, should congress fail to raise the federal debt limit in the next few months. the figure below shows how close the federal debt has come to the debt limit, as of november 13, 2012. both of the approaching crises \u2014 the fiscal cliff and the default threat \u2014 would be triggered by government \u2019 s failure to take action. the fiscal cliff entails near - instantaneous tax hikes and spending cuts that experts say would be too much, too fast, too arbitrary, and too soon. but a first - ever default ( resulting from failure by congress to raise the statutory debt limit ) would be worse, because it would force much larger instantaneous spending reductions \u2014 mostly in critical big - ticket categories such as medicare, social security, defense, and \u2014 worst of all \u2014 interest on the debt, which would be the doomsday scenario of self - inflicted national bankruptcy. if the fiscal cliff \u2019 s \u201c hard landing \u201d scenario would be a disaster, default would be suicide. failure to raise the debt limit in time to prevent default would not only create fiscal havoc internally, it could trigger an unraveling of the world \u2019 s confidence in the u. s. dollar and its treasury securities. because the dollar is the world \u2019 s preferred reserve currency, the \u201c dollar economy \u201d currently extends far beyond u. s. borders. if worldwide confidence in the dollar began to erode, foreign countries \u2019 desires to roll their maturing u. s. debt securities into new ones would erode as well, which would only compound the negative consequences for our economy. default : an easily avoidable disaster again, however, the default disaster is easily avoidable \u2014 which begs the question, why not simply continue to increase the self - imposed debt ceiling? after all, it \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42847952075680673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.088718"} {"text": "the negative consequences for our economy. default : an easily avoidable disaster again, however, the default disaster is easily avoidable \u2014 which begs the question, why not simply continue to increase the self - imposed debt ceiling? after all, it \u2019 s just a number thought up by members of congress, who, for the last century, have been raising it just in time to avoid a first - ever default. the debt ceiling has done little if any good, but retains the potential to do catastrophic harm. our economic history shows that debt growing in tandem with ( or slightly in advance of ) economic growth is harmless, even desirable. ( several of my previous articles have covered this in more depth ; see \u201c the buffett rule, \u201d \u201c what our grandkids actually want, \u201d and \u201c why growth matters more than debt. \u201d ) so why would congress take us to the brink of unnecessary, self - imposed default whenever the debt approaches its arbitrary debt ceiling? figure 1 : excerpt from daily treasury statement, november 13, 2012 the reason is not grounded in economics, finance, or sound logic. the reason is politics. for at least two decades, the party out of power ( i. e., not in control of the white house ) has been able, and occasionally willing, to use the debt ceiling as a political weapon. congressional opponents of the white house have used the debt limit as leverage against president obama and our two previous presidents, bush and clinton. ( for example, in 2006, during bush \u2019 s second term, then - senator obama voted against raising the ceiling \u2014 a decision he regrets in hindsight, now that he is at the white house instead of capitol hill. ) current conditions haven \u2019 t changed : obama \u2019 s reelection just might embolden congress \u2019 s so - called tea party faction to wield the debt - ceiling weapon again, as it did in 2011. will the outcome be different this time? is self - inflicted default no longer unthinkable? the prospects are frightening. congress should modernize the debt ceiling as it is currently defined, the debt ceiling is a nuke in a suicide vest. congress invented it, congress is wearing it, and congress has learned how to use it to threaten opposing - party presidents. the good news is that congress has the power to disarm it, throw it away, and replace it with something better. it \u2019 s time for congress to do just that. the current, obsolete debt ceiling is set at a specific dollar level : \u201c x trillion dollars \u201d of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4352426698433891, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.089765"} {"text": "the power to disarm it, throw it away, and replace it with something better. it \u2019 s time for congress to do just that. the current, obsolete debt ceiling is set at a specific dollar level : \u201c x trillion dollars \u201d of debt \u2014 similar to setting a mileage limit for a car, which forces a hard stop when the odometer reaches some arbitrary number. a new, better way to limit the debt would be to switch our focus from the odometer to the speedometer, i. e., to set a target ratio for debt relative to the size of our economy \u2014 \u201c x percent debt - to - gdp. \u201d a car \u2019 s speedometer helps us keep miles - per - hour under control ; a new measure for the debt limit would help us keep debt - to - gdp in bounds. it would create new incentives for lawmakers : all of a sudden, a \u201c new \u201d way to stay under the debt limit would be to implement growth - friendly laws and policies that help the economy grow faster than the debt grows. in short, the dollar - level debt ceiling is obsolete, because it continues to invite politicians to flex their political muscles by threatening default. what we need now is a percent - gdp ceiling \u2014 perhaps dubbed the \u201c debt guardrail \u201d \u2014 that invites our politicians to foster private sector growth by showing us they can also flex their brain power, instead of just their political muscle. steve conover retired recently from a 35 - year career in corporate america. he has a bs in engineering, an mba in finance, and a phd in political economy. his website is www. optimist123. com. further reading : conover also writes \u201c it \u2019 s past time to stop blaming bush, \u201d \u201c the only practical way out of our economic doldrums, \u201d \u201c missing in action : growth, \u201d and \u201c \u2018 top - down \u2019 vs. \u2018 bottom - up. \u2019 \u201d veronique de rugy says \u201c another day older and deeper in debt \u2026 \u201d norman ornstein discusses \u201c optimism about the 113th congress \u201d and \u201c what would it take for action on fiscal cliff? \u201d image by darren wamboldt / bergman group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4321554554757491, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.090671"} {"text": "women ' s clothing from 1900 after the civil war, grooming and tailoring improved. more variety could be seen in men and women ' s clothing. women ' s skirts became narrower and appeared to be more cone - shaped than bell - shaped. tiny waists were still in style and bustles began to be worn to extend the backs of gowns. corsets pushed women ' s chests forward making them appear somewhat like the front of a pigeon. \" shirtwaists \" became stylish. they were patterned after men ' s shirts. clothing was often heavily starched. go to interactive flash version there were different styles of underwear for women. shown here is an all - in - one. it is a combination of a \" chemise \" and \" drawers \". a chemise is similar to an undershirt with a slip attached, and drawers are similar to underpants, but with legs. this all - in - one has split drawers with a slip panel across the back. split drawers made the trip to the outhouse or bathroom quicker and easier. socks, pantyhose and tights had not been invented yet. a woman wore stockings of wool, cotton, or silk, depending upon the weather and the occasion. stockings came up above the knee and were held in place with garters made of ribbon or elastic. women ' s shoes had thick heels and pointed toes. they might slip on, button or lace and come above or below the ankle. a corset provided support and forced a woman ' s torso into the fashionable shape for the time period, forcing the chest up and swaying the back to force the chest and backside out. it would be stiffened inside with \" boning \" made of strips of whalebone or metal. it hooked up the front and laced up the back and would feel uncomfortably tight. women wore their hair up on top of their heads in various fashions. this model has her hair in a \" gibson girl \", a popular fashion of the early 20th century. her hair is puffed out with the help of \" rats \", which are made of her own hair that she saved from her hair - brush and rolled between her hands to create the shapes seen here. a corset cover was worn over a corset and it buttoned up the front. it would be made of lightweight cotton and would hide the corset seams that might otherwise be visible through a blouse or dress. in the 18th century a petticoat referred to a skirt. in the 20th", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46786098183906377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.094495"} {"text": "it buttoned up the front. it would be made of lightweight cotton and would hide the corset seams that might otherwise be visible through a blouse or dress. in the 18th century a petticoat referred to a skirt. in the 20th century a petticoat referred to a slip. this woman has on 2 petticoats to help give her skirt more fullness. women ' s skirts and dresses came down to the floor or sometimes as high as the ankle. this woman wears a walking skirt made of linen. a walking skirt was a simple everyday style of skirt that was wide enough at the bottom for walking or riding a bicycle. this type of blouse is known as a \" shirtwaist \". it is tailored to include some details similar to men ' s shirts. a shirtwaist can refer to a dress as well. this shirtwaist is made of linen and is decorated with machine - stitched embroidery. this style of stand - up collar was popular. a belt with a buckle was usually worn with a shirtwaist. a belt might be made of cloth or leather. this woman wears one made of cloth. pin & earrings this woman wears a pin and earrings that are made of human hair. usually hair jewelry was worn to remember a loved one who had died and to remind the wearer that death might strike any one at any time, including the wearer! for those with leisure time, hair weaving was a popular hobby. this style of jewelry took the form of earrings, pins, bracelets and necklaces. this woman wears a locket attached to her belt. it might also have been pinned to her shirtwaist. a locket could hold 2 small photos or a strand of hair belonging to a loved one. bonnets in this time period were now out of fashion and large hats were becoming popular. all hats had very small crowns, not meant to fit on the head, but rather to perch on the hair. this woman wears a straw hat. a parasol would not do in a rain shower, but was designed to keep the sun off of a woman ' s face, as having a tan was deemed very unfashionable. ladies often kept handkerchiefs close at hand, not only for blowing noses but also for dabbing their faces, as sweat was considered most unfashionable. this woman holds an everyday purse. she would have a fancier one for when she calls upon ( visits ) her friends. gloves were not only considered stylish but also kept the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4799759590369753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.095861"} {"text": "december 1987 | volume 38, issue 8 in the summer the stretch of the delaware river north of trenton, new jersey, is as alluring as any place in the country. it is green and happy and eloquent of generations of peace and prosperity : prosperity from the river traffic and from the canal ; prosperity from the steady little farming communities nearby and, in more recent years, from tourism. it is only in the winter that the countryside suggests with any conviction that this was once fought - over land. in the waning months of 1776, two armies \u2014 one well fed, well armed, well clad, eminently professional ; the other half - naked, hungry, new to soldiering \u2014 struggled for control of this country ; and for something far greater. it is hard to exaggerate the importance of the campaigning that took place here. you can go see where it happened in the summer, and you may have a prettier trip. but if you want to get the feeling of that extraordinary season of despair and triumph, go when the days are short and gray and the snow is on the ground. as you drive south from manhattan toward trenton on the new jersey turnpike, the city falls away behind, and then the great silver coils of the cracking plants, and then you are in country that would be all too familiar to george washington \u2019 s grand army in the late fall of 1776. these were the men who had to back up the brave phrases in the declaration that had been issued a few months earlier, and fortune had not been with them. they had been beaten on long island, beaten in manhattan, beaten in westchester, beaten wherever they made a stand. now they were running for their lives from lord cornwallis \u2019 s hardy british regulars a half - day \u2019 s march behind them, their ranks dwindling daily. on these disconsolate flatlands the american revolution was dying. they came at last to the delaware, seized all the boats they could lay their hands on for miles up and down the river, and took up defensive positions on the pennsylvania shore. there they huddled miserably, a few thousand of them, waiting for their enlistments to expire with the year ; after december 31 washington would have fourteen hundred men left. across the river ten thousand of the enemy settled in for the winter. not many of them thought the american army would be there in the spring. even washington wasn \u2019 t sure : in a most uncharacteristic statement he said, \u201c i think the game is pretty near up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46981401908678916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.103102"} {"text": "settled in for the winter. not many of them thought the american army would be there in the spring. even washington wasn \u2019 t sure : in a most uncharacteristic statement he said, \u201c i think the game is pretty near up. \u201d nevertheless, christmas day found continental officers shepherding their coughing men down to the frozen riverbank, setting off on a foray spurred by the purest desperation : an attack on the twelve hundred hessian mercenaries encamped in trenton. they set out from what is now the washington crossing state park in pennsylvania : you can visit the big stone thompson - neely house in whose kitchen washington planned out his great gamble with his officers ; but never mind the movie playing at the visitors \u2019 center. made in the 1950s, it incorporates many of the elements that made sensible students shrink from history in high school : self - conscious people in wigs saying things like \u201c gentlemen, we must do or die, \u201d and so forth. instead, walk down to the riverbank and see what the continentals saw : the dark, swiftly running delaware \u2014 ice moving fast on its surface that christmas day \u2014 and beyond, the hostile shore with its stands of naked trees looking smoky in the waning light. the river was thick with traffic, as marblehead fishermen poled the soldiers across in durham boats. you can see reconstructions of these here, and they are sturdy, sharpnosed cargo vessels, forty to sixty feet long, and nothing like the shallop washington is riding in emanuel leutze \u2019 s wonderful painting of the crossing. drive over the narrow bridge to the jersey shore, and stop at the blue and gray house where washington watched his command disembark. it took nine hours to get the men across \u2014 of course, everything was running behind schedule \u2014 but he determined to push on to trenton. he had no choice. as you drive into the town, the very change in the surroundings from that day to this imparts an odd sense of the scope of the march. it \u2019 s nine miles \u2014 block after city block through good neighborhoods and bad \u2014 and it \u2019 s a long way. the men who struggled over that route all night long, many of them barefoot and leaving their blood pink in the snow behind them, were advancing on a community of a hundred clapboard houses and a stone barracks put up for the french and indian wars that was the biggest building in town. it \u2019 s still there, very nicely kept up, and a guide will take you through and show you the amazing amount", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4228746681362829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.104268"} {"text": "of a hundred clapboard houses and a stone barracks put up for the french and indian wars that was the biggest building in town. it \u2019 s still there, very nicely kept up, and a guide will take you through and show you the amazing amount of maneuvering required to get an eighteenth - century musket charged and fired. it \u2014 and most of the houses in the town \u2014 disgorged startled, hung - over german soldiers when the boom of continental artillery came through the stormy morning. washington set his guns on the high ground where broad meets warren street \u2014 king and queen street then. the site is marked with a hundred - foot column with his statue atop it ; on the base thomas eakins \u2019 s bronze reliefs depict the action. as grapeshot clawed through their ranks, the hessians tried to form, and then the americans were in among them, fighting with clubbed muskets and bayonets and shouting in a mixture of triumph and amazement at their success. nobody knows how long the battle lasted \u2014 reports range from a half hour to nearly two \u2014 but at the end of it a thousand germans surrendered. washington marched his prisoners into newtown, pennsylvania, and you may want to go there too. it \u2019 s a goodlooking old town, with some ancient liver - colored stone buildings past which it is not hard to imagine the americans parading their prisoners, the germans warm in their winter uniforms, and their captors, as one witness wrote later, \u201c mostly in light, summer dress and some without shoes, but stepping light and cheerful. \u201d the two - century - old temperance house in newtown has recently been redone and its guest rooms colonialed - up to a faretheewell. if you can get the one with a working fireplace, you \u2019 ll be able to enjoy a considerable pleasure unavailable to summer visitors. news of the victory astonished and appalled the british, and cornwallis moved fast. in a week he believed he had washington trapped on the new jersey side of the delaware. but the american stole a march on him, and one freezing, crystalline january morning found washington moving his little army toward princeton. some 350 of his men under gen. hugh mercer came up against british regulars under col. charles mawhood. the two forces swung into line, and a short, ugly fight ended with mercer down and his continentals in panicked retreat. for a moment it looked like the old story : the americans were running away from battle again ; the coup at trenton had been a mere fluke. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4324954115706887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.105390"} {"text": ", and a short, ugly fight ended with mercer down and his continentals in panicked retreat. for a moment it looked like the old story : the americans were running away from battle again ; the coup at trenton had been a mere fluke. but then washington came galloping onto the field and took his big white horse to within thirty paces of the british line. there he reined in and yelled for his troops to rally around him. after a moment \u2019 s pause, the british fired at this astonishing target. one of washington \u2019 s aides hid his face in his cloak so as not to see his commander die, but when the smoke cleared, there was washington, still in the saddle, still calling for his troops. and now they were coming. men from pennsylvania and rhode island and massachusetts stead - led their ranks, stood, exchanged volley fire \u2014 and the british fled. princeton battlefield is oddly affecting ; it \u2019 s so small. a tile map placed there in the 1960s at first seems an incoherent amalgam of peppy colors but on examination resolves itself into an admirable explication of the action that points out, among other things, the oak tree where mercer took his mortal wound. across the way is a monument \u2014 four ionic columns that look as if they were part of a grand house that has disappeared. and that is just what they are. when a mansion built on the site years afterward was pulled down, it was decided that the portico made a nice memorial to the men who died there. i like the fortuitous quality of that monument ; it somehow reflects the way we fought the revolution, learning as we went, making do with what we had. a plaque in one of the columns expresses the significance of the battle in a lucid sentence that strikes me as being about as good as english prose gets : \u201c across these fields in the early light of the third of january 1777, washington \u2019 s continentals defeated british regulars for the first time in the long struggle for american independence. \u201d washington moved on into winter quarters in morristown, while the news went forth \u2014 across the country, across the atlantic \u2014 that the american army was still in business and in very capable hands. nevertheless, it was a hard winter of fear and doubt. there was smallpox in the camp. there was frostbite. soldiers figured they \u2019 d done enough and went home. but now and forever after there would be in the ranks a leavening of men who had seen hessians throw down their muskets and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45532585560354805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.106652"} {"text": "friday 17 may pronghorn ( antilocapra americana ) pronghorn fact file - find out more - print factsheet despite being similar in appearance and behaviour to antelopes, the pronghorn actually belongs to its own unique family ( 2 ) ( 4 ). the horns are particularly remarkable in that like bovids, they consist of a keratin sheath on a bony core, but like deer ( cervids ), they are forked, and the outer sheath sheds annually from the unforked bony core ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ). both sexes have black horns, but the male \u2019 s are enlarged and have forward - facing prongs below backward - pointing hooks, while the female \u2019 s are comparatively small ( 2 ) ( 4 ). the pronghorn \u2019 s stocky body is supported on long, slim legs, which enable it to take massive eight metre strides at full speed ( 2 ). the upperparts are largely red - brown to tan, while the underparts, the rump and two bands across the neck are contrastingly white. the male also has conspicuous black patches on the face and on the sides of the neck, beneath the ears ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ). five subspecies, which differ slightly in appearance, are commonly recognised, with larger, darker forms living in the north, and smaller, lighter forms in the south ( 1 ) ( 2 ). - also known as - mexican pronghorn, sonoran pronghorn. - antilocapre, antilope americaine. - berrendo. top the us fish and wildlife service \u2013 endangered species program : - a member of the family bovidae, which includes hooved, herbivorous ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes, gazelles and buffalo. - a group of fibrous proteins that form the basis of hair, nails, wool etc in animals. - a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species. iucn red list ( august, 2009 ) - macdonald, d. w. ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals. oxford university press, oxford. - burnie, d. ( 2001 ) animal. dorling kindersley, london. smithsonian national museum of natural history ( september, 2009 ) - nowak, r. m. ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world. johns hopkins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42988410924409626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.117347"} {"text": "burnie, d. ( 2001 ) animal. dorling kindersley, london. smithsonian national museum of natural history ( september, 2009 ) - nowak, r. m. ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland. - taylor, m. f. j., suckling, k. f. and rachlinski, j. j. ( 2005 ) the effectiveness of the endangered species act : a quantitative analysis. bioscience, 55 ( 4 ) : 360 - 367. - clark, j. a., hoekstra, j. m., boersma, p. d. and kareiva, p. ( 2002 ) improving u. s. endangered species act recovery plans : key findings and recommendations of the scb recovery plan project. conservation biology, 16 : 1510 - 1519. cites ( august, 2009 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. renowned for its speed, the pronghorn is the fastest terrestrial mammal in the americas, capable of reaching top speeds of up to 86 kilometres per hour, and maintaining cruising speeds of 70 kilometres per hour for several kilometres at a time ( 2 ) ( 6 ). it is active both day and night, with slight peaks just before sunrise and after sunset ( 6 ). many plants feature in the pronghorn \u2019 s diet, including a variety of forbs, shrubs, grasses and cacti ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ). although it will drink freely if water is available, sufficient hydration can be derived from succulent plants if necessary ( 6 ). daily movements vary depending on the seasons, with distances travelled during the winter typically being four times as far as during the summer ( 2 ). during autumn and winter, the pronghorn often forms large, loose groups comprising as many as 1, 000 individuals of all ages and both sexes ( 4 ) ( 6 ). however, in spring and summer, these large herds segre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45627217293229105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.118279"} {"text": "). during autumn and winter, the pronghorn often forms large, loose groups comprising as many as 1, 000 individuals of all ages and both sexes ( 4 ) ( 6 ). however, in spring and summer, these large herds segregate into much smaller groups segregated by sex. in wetter areas, where food is abundant, the mature males are territorial and, beginning in early march, will compete amongst each other for territories. to define a territory, males will scent mark with urine, faeces and secretion from glands behind the ears. usually fights between territorial males will be resolved with a staring match and possibly some angry vocalisations and chasing, but when all else fails, rivals will resort to head to head fighting. during this time, the female groups, which may contain as many as 23 members, move freely between the territories of different males, whilst being pursued by bachelor herds of young males that move about on the edges of the areas controlled by the territorial males. however, when it comes to mating, which takes place during a period of about three weeks between july and early october, it is only the dominant males defending the most food - rich territories that sire offspring. in less productive, arid areas, the males dispense with forming territories, but instead attempt to defend groups of females in order to mate ( 2 ) ( 6 ). during the first pregnancy, females usually give birth to a single young after a gestation period of around 252 days, but subsequently, will often give birth to twins ( 2 ) ( 6 ). young at just two days old can already run faster than a horse, but do not have the stamina to keep up with the herd. as a result, for the first three to four weeks, the young remain hidden in vegetation, where they are safer from predators such as coyotes and golden eagles. females continue to nurse and groom the young for four to five months, with both sexes reaching maturity at around 16 months old. given that only dominant male \u2019 s breed, most will have to wait until they are three to five years of age before siring their first offspring ( 2 ). top classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ). subspecies : antilocapra americana mexicana, antilocapra americana peninsularis and antilocapra americana sonoriensis are listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ). top prior to the arrival of european explorers, there were an estimated 35 million pro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4743407099647776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.119229"} {"text": "copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are clearly marked with the creative commons buttons and may be used by end users only in the way allowed by the specific creative commons licence under which they have been submitted. please see http : / / creativecommons. org for details. any other use please contact the copyright owners directly ( copyright and contact details are shown for each media item ) to negotiate terms and conditions for any use of material other than those expressly permitted above. please note that many of the contributors to arkive are commercial operators and may request a fee for such use. save as permitted above, no person or organisation is permitted to incorporate any copyright material from this website into any other work or publication in any format ( this includes but is not limited to : websites, apps, cds, dvds, intranets, extranets, signage, digital communications or on printed materials for external or other distribution ). use of the material for promotional, administrative or for - profit purposes is not permitted.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.478690640372992, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.121290"} {"text": "from the art and popular culture encyclopedia art and culture - 1838 - alfred vail demonstrates a telegraph using dots and dashes ( this is the forerunner of morse code ). - 1962 - leonardo da vinci ' s mona lisa is exhibited in the united states for the first time ( national gallery of art in washington, d. c. ). - 1824 - wilkie collins, british novelist ( d. 1889 ) - 1836 - lawrence alma - tadema, dutch artist ( d. 1912 ) - 1863 - paul scheerbart, german author and artist ( d. 1915 ) - 1897 - dennis wheatley, british author ( d. 1977 ) - 1922 - jose benazeraf, moroccan - born french filmmaker - 1931 - bill graham, german - born american music promoter ( d. 1991 ) - 1933 - jean - marie straub, french film director - 1935 - elvis presley, american singer and guitarist ( d. 1977 ) - 1937 - shirley bassey, welsh singer - 1941 - boris vallejo, peruvian illustrator - 1942 - george passmore, british artist ( gilbert & george ) - 1947 - david bowie, english musician - 1642 - galileo galilei, italian astronomer and scientist ( b. 1564 ) - 1896 - paul verlaine, french poet ( b. 1844 ) - 1948 - kurt schwitters, german painter ( b. 1887 ) - 1972 - kenneth patchen, american poet ( b. 1911 ) - 1992 - nicolas schoffer, hungarian - born french artist ( b. 1912 ) unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on wikipedia article \" january 8 \" or another language wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ; or on original research by jahsonic and friends. see art and popular culture ' s copyright notice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49941369461848717, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.123143"} {"text": "new york, ny. - a landmark exhibition on the extraordinary philosopher, statesman and teacher known as confucius ( 551 - 479 bce ) will be on view at china institute gallery from february 11 though june 13, 2010. \" confucius : his life and legacy in art \" will focus on the teachings and continuing influence of confucius, who has become increasingly synonymous with chinese culture. nearly 100 objects from the world of confucius and his ennobled descendants will be on exhibition, including hanging scrolls, album leaves, bronze vessels, stone carvings, jade ceremonial implements, wood - block prints and textiles. the works are on loan for the first time in the u. s. from the shandong provincial museum in jinan and the confucius museum in his hometown of qufu. \" confucius : his life and legacy in art \" is the first exhibition in the u. s. to explore the culture of confucius. the show incorporates images and artifacts that were created to venerate the man himself, as well as the ideas associated with him, loosely called confucianism. a fully illustrated scholarly catalogue will accompany the exhibition. probably no one has influenced more people over the centuries than confucius. his family name was kong, and the suffix zi, an ancient term of respect, was added to it so that in chinese, he is called kongzi ( master kong ) or simply fuzi ( the master ). the latinized name confucius was created when jesuit missionaries translated chinese texts for european audiences. notes willow hai chang, director, china institute gallery, although he has come to symbolize chinese civilization throughout the world, little is known about the man confucius, who was a thinker, teacher and statesman more than 2, 500 years ago. this exhibition seeks to create a greater understanding of his role in chinese culture and to examine why his extraordinary influence continues even today. in order to address the many facets of his life, teachings and belief system, \" confucius : his life and legacy in art \" is organized in three parts \" the life and images of confucius \" ; \" confucius as teacher and ritual expert \" ; and \" venerating confucius : the official cult and the kong family ancestral cult \". the first section of the exhibition, \" the life and images of confucius \", includes portraits and illustrations of significant events from his life. created mostly during the ming ( 1368 - 1644 ) and qing ( 1644 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48220609267512626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.132669"} {"text": "family ancestral cult \". the first section of the exhibition, \" the life and images of confucius \", includes portraits and illustrations of significant events from his life. created mostly during the ming ( 1368 - 1644 ) and qing ( 1644 - 1911 ) dynasties, long after his lifetime, the images reveal multiple, and sometimes surprising, conceptions of confucius. traces of the sage ( pictorial biography of confucius ), a ming dynasty album, illustrates events in confuciuss life ; it attributes supernatural qualities to him, including an ability to communicate with cosmic forces. bust portrait of confucius as a minister of justice, a hanging scroll from the ming dynasty, is one of the best - known representations of him as an official. a wood - block print from a qing dynasty book depicts a large sculptural icon from the great temple at qufu, portraying confucius as emperor. the exhibition includes a pair of charming song dynasty ( 960 - 1279 ) votive statues of confucius and his wife ; such statues were worshipped by his descendants. the second section, \" confucius as teacher and ritual expert \", gives an overview of confucius as a teacher who stressed the importance of proper rituals and music, as well as the moral cultivation of the individual. as julia k. murray, professor of art history, university of wisconsin, writes in the catalogue essay, he believed that ancient sages had created a system of harmonious governance through proper ritual however, rulers of more recent times had lost their moral authority and abandoned these sagely institutions. instead of leading by example and governing with benevolence, unprincipled local strongmen of his own day sought control through force to restore order and harmony, confucius believed, the ancient rituals had to be revived, and he devoted much effort to studying and codifying them. to give context to this system of ancient rites, the exhibition includes a number of bronze vessels, jade ceremonial implements and musical instruments. among the other highlights of the second section is a funerary slab from the eastern han dynasty ( 25 bce - 220 ce ) bearing the earliest known images of confucius and his disciples. a limestone carving from the second century depicts confucius meeting laozi, a ritual expert and daoist master, together with the child - sage xiang tuo. also surviving from the eastern han period are fragments of the xiping stone classics, the first official edition of confucian texts to be carved on stone tablets under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4787869502441058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.133690"} {"text": "ritual expert and daoist master, together with the child - sage xiang tuo. also surviving from the eastern han period are fragments of the xiping stone classics, the first official edition of confucian texts to be carved on stone tablets under imperial auspices. the five classics and the four books became the core curriculum in the education of chinese literati throughout the imperial period. among the many examples of these widely published confucian texts is a sumptuous woodblock - printed edition of the four books, a text known as the analects ( or sayings ) of confucius, which offers the most revealing glimpses of the man himself. twenty sections provide accounts of his activities ; document his dialogues with rulers, disciples and acquaintances ; and record his remarks and appraisals, along with the comments of men who knew him. for hundreds of years after confuciuss death, emperors of many dynasties came to his hometown of qufu to offer sacrifices and show their commitment to confucian ideals of governance and learning. in 1771, on one of several visits, the qianlong emperor ( r. 1735 - 1796 ) bestowed on the qufu temple a set of ten ancient bronze ritual vessels, which will be on view in the exhibition. dating to the shang ( c. 1500 - 1050 bce ) and zhou dynasties ( c. 1027 - 256 bce ), they were precious objects to be displayed in confuciuss honor, representing an idealized antiquity. one vessel is in the shape of a four - legged animal with an opening on its back suggesting its use as a wine container. the final section of the exhibition, \" venerating confucius : the official cult and the kong family ancestral cult \", illuminates the important role of confuciuss descendants in maintaining ceremonial sacrifices and preserving images, biographies, genealogical records, ritual utensils and other important objects. ming and qing portraits of ennobled male descendants who held the title duke for perpetuating the sage are included in the exhibition, along with their clothing and other elegant accessories. many emperors conferred gifts on the honored lineage. a seal probably bestowed by an emperor of the ming dynasty is inscribed : poetry, documents [ or books ], ritual [ and ] music, referring to four of the classics that confucius edited, which an educated person would know by heart. the yongzheng emperor ( r. 1723 - 1735 ) presented a set of five altar vessels exceptional examples of painted enamelware from the imperial qing workshop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48233105391480324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.134615"} {"text": "to four of the classics that confucius edited, which an educated person would know by heart. the yongzheng emperor ( r. 1723 - 1735 ) presented a set of five altar vessels exceptional examples of painted enamelware from the imperial qing workshop to use in celebrating confuciuss birthday ( now observed on september 28 ). confucius was born into humble circumstances in 551 bce in qufu, capital of the feudal state of lu, which now forms part of the province of shandong. although he held a series of minor offices in his home state and for a brief period served as minister of justice ( with the responsibilities of a prime minister ), he eventually became frustrated with conditions in lu. in middle age, confucius left home to travel among the contending feudal states of north china, searching for an ideal ruler who would govern with benevolence and according to proper ritual. after 14 years, he returned to lu and from the age of 65, devoted himself to teaching and scholarship. after his death at age 73, his most devoted disciples observed three years of mourning for him, as if for a father. confuciuss own house became a memorial shrine, the precursor to the great confucius temple in qufu today. pithy remarks attributed to confucius have been transmitted from one generation to the next, and his advice still resonates today. study as if you will never learn, as if you were afraid of losing what you wish to learn, the great teacher once said. he believed in the moral purpose of humanity and in the individuals duty to strive to improve : the only ones who do not change are sages and idiots. confuciuss practical approach to moral cultivation and his reflections on the personal and social basis of ethics and politics are exemplified in such sayings as do not inflict on others what you yourself would not wish done to you, anyone who does not know the value of words will never understand men, and the full life seeks what is in itself ; the empty life seeks what appears in others. the humanity of his ideas and their ability to adapt to a great variety of needs and contexts have made confucianism an enduring force in the cultural heritage of china and the world. the exhibition is curated by lu wensheng, director, shandong provincial museum, and julia k. murray, professor of art history and east asian studies, university of wisconsin, under the directorship of willow hai chang, director, china institute gallery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4744394675393894, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.135653"} {"text": "paris. - this exhibition explores a time of unprecedented artistic contact and creative effervescence in france, which many people know little about. it is the first major exhibition devoted to a turning point in french history, in the reigns of charles viii ( 1483 - 1498 ) and louis xii ( 1498 - 1515 ), which was dominated by the personality of anne de bretagne, successively the wife of both kings. a period of economic recovery, demographic growth, and territorial ambitions with the famous italian wars, as well as cultural development in the humanist spirit. it was also a time of exceptional flowering and sharp contrasts in art. nonetheless, these movements are often skimmed over to the extent that most books on europe european art in the period barely mention france at all. the exhibition draws on recent research and presents 200 masterly works which give a clearer view of france at a crucial intersection in history, while questioning the ideas of tradition and movement, continuity and breaks. it brings together exceptional ensembles by great artists, for example, paintings by the master of moulins, alias jean hey, the most famous french painter of the period, on loan from chicago, munich, brussels, autun or paris. remarkable collections of sculptures and stained glass from all over france, tapestries owned by public or private collections in europe and the united states, and rare pieces of gold work complete this panorama. the decoration of manuscripts or printed books was a significant aspect of art at the time, and is represented by a number of masterpieces, some generously lent by the bibliotheque nationale de france, which has a particularly rich collection of books from this period. the exhibition is divided into three main sections, taking a closer look at various facets of the art of the time : the stimulus : patrons and artists the first section explores the stimulating effect of direct contact between patrons and artists. the political capital of france in 1483 - 1515 did not have a monopoly of cultural activity. on the contrary, there was creative ferment throughout the country. without seeking to give an exhaustive tour of france, the exhibition focuses on several significant art centres in which individual and group commissions triggered creative endeavour : the val de loire, a favourite haunt of the french kings, the bourbonnais, under the influence of great princes, normandy, champagne, languedoc images of all kinds the recent invention of the printing press made the circulation of pictures and designs possible on an unprecedented scale and artists used recent or new media such as books and printed images as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4600159590444112, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.139093"} {"text": "of great princes, normandy, champagne, languedoc images of all kinds the recent invention of the printing press made the circulation of pictures and designs possible on an unprecedented scale and artists used recent or new media such as books and printed images as well as medals or enamel work. versatile artists illustrated manuscripts and printed books and adapted the same models for cartoons for stained glass and tapestries. innovation was not always where one might expect : modern gothic ornament and ancient roman models were both successful and sometimes surprisingly found side - by - side. northern and southern influences the last part of the exhibition, rising to a crescendo, looks at the interaction between men, works and forms, some local and others coming from the north or south. artists settled permanently or briefly in france ; imported works provide evidence of the vitality of some sites ( altar pieces from antwerp, for example ) and the interest shown by french collectors. the exhibition offers spectacular groupings and comparisons, such as the four panels by the master of st giles, brought from london and washington. exceptional loans from the louvre and the art institute of chicago remind us that the french king and his entourage had bought works by artists such as andrea solario, baccio della porta ( fra bartolommeo ) and leonardo da vinci before 1515.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4723044002748267, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.139765"} {"text": "- drawing from imagination - recognizing the unique characteristics which define an animal. - working with details and patterns. realistic, pattern, unique characteristics you will need - 12 x 18 - inch white drawing paper - non - toxic black permanent markers - watercolor markers - pencils ( optional ) - set out the pencils, markers, and drawing paper. - have the watercolor markers ready, but put aside until the drawings are completed. creating the animals - explain to the children that, by combining the parts of three or more animals, they will be creating one - of - a - kind, never - before - seen animals. ask them to imagine an animal with an alligator ' s head, a tiger ' s body, and an elephant ' s ears. - discuss the unique characteristics which identify an animal, such as a squirrel ' s tail, a giraffe ' s neck, and a camel ' s hump. emphasize the importance of including patterns and details. for example, leopards and tigers have similar body shapes, but are immediately recognized by their spots or stripes. - have the children each draw one large animal combining the parts of three or more animals. older children appreciate drawing with pencils first and then going over their lines with the black markers. younger children work best drawing directly with the black markers. - when the drawings are completed, have the children color their animals with watercolor markers. since this project is most effective when the parts of the animals are quickly recognizable, encourage the children to use realistic colors as seen in nature. - have the children name their new species of animals by combining several sounds or syllables from the names of the animals used in the drawings, such as a \" chelegator \" ( ch - ele - gator ), which includes parts of a chicken, an elephant, and an alligator. the older children can work individually to name their animals, but plan this as a group activity with the younger children. - tongue twisters are fun, as long as the children are able to pronounce the names. - prepare a list of the unique characteristics which define some animals to offer when ideas run short. for a greater variety of even zanier animals, include insect and / or fish parts. - encourage the children to draw one large animal that fills their paper instead of several smaller ones. - for the most impact, the animals need to be quickly recognizable. encourage the children to include lots of details and use realistic colors. - young children tend to fill in their work with the black markers, so be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5135500715376974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.143235"} {"text": "paper instead of several smaller ones. - for the most impact, the animals need to be quickly recognizable. encourage the children to include lots of details and use realistic colors. - young children tend to fill in their work with the black markers, so be sure they understand that colored markers will be available when their drawings are completed. - the lighter shades of watercolor markers work best because they won ' t cover up the black lines of the drawings. - ask the children to identify the different animal parts in the drawings. - discuss what information helps them to recognize these parts. - do i have to use three animals? - can i use ten animals? - my animal has four legs and they are all different. - do i have to use gray for my elephant ' s legs? i wanted to stripe them like a tiger ' s legs. - i ' ve never seen animals like these before! - the never - before - seen animals are more fun if you use at least three different animal parts. - you can decide the number of different animal part to use as long as you have included at least three. - be sure to draw and color the parts carefully, so we can have the fun of recognizing each one. - it will be easier to recognize the different animal parts if you color them as they are in nature. however, you as the artist can decide how to color your animal. - if all these animals were in a zoo, it would surely be a zany zoo!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44331168467615883, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.143781"} {"text": "research questions and answers commonly asked questions about nonhuman primate research why are nonhuman primates studied, and what kinds of research are conducted? for the most part, nonhuman primates are research subjects because they are so similar to humans, and the principal reason for this similarity is simple : humans * are * primates. current ideas are that the first primates appeared more than 60 million years ago. in contrast, the common ancestor of humans and african apes lived only about 5 - 8 million years ago ; so, for more than 50 million years, humans and the african apes have shared primate ancestry. shared ancestry is a major reason why human and nonhuman primates have many characteristics in common - - tool use, long - lasting social relationships, and complex communication systems. by learning about nonhuman primates we may come to learn more about ourselves. for example, humans walk upright, on two limbs - - we are bipedal. why might humans have evolved to be bipedal, when the vast majority of nonhuman primates are quadrupedal? individuals of certain nonhuman primate species, however, are bipedal for some activities. by studying those species of nonhuman primates that are occasionally bipedal, and discovering the circumstances in which they display bipedality, we may gain some understanding of the factors that promoted the evolution of bipedality in humans. human and nonhuman primates also share physiological characteristics. for example, the way in which the brains of rhesus monkeys and humans are organized is similar. one brain area that has been studied extensively is the visual system. neuroanatomical studies of the nonhuman primate brain have been extremely useful in helping us to understand how the human brain functions and how we see. in this way, nonhuman primates serve as models of particular processes that would be extremely difficult or impossible to study in humans. study of nonhuman primates has also contributed to our understanding of basic biological phenomena such as reproduction ; to better understanding of diseases such as aids ; and to the development of drugs, treatments, and vaccines for the promotion of better health for human and nonhuman primate alike. in fact, research conducted with nonhuman primates has contributed to nobel - prize - winning research : development of yellow fever vaccine ( 1951 ) ; culturing of poliovirus that ultimately led to a polio vaccine ( 1954 ) ; and the significant discoveries in visual processing in the brain ( 1981 ) ( reference", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47108298911492075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.154253"} {"text": "to nobel - prize - winning research : development of yellow fever vaccine ( 1951 ) ; culturing of poliovirus that ultimately led to a polio vaccine ( 1954 ) ; and the significant discoveries in visual processing in the brain ( 1981 ) ( reference : r. w. leader & d. stark, 1987, the importance of animals in biomedical research. perspectives in biology and medicine, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 470 - 485 ; see also the foundation for biomedical research, the payoff from animal research ). of course, nonhuman primates are also studied because they are fascinating animals. they live in a wide range of habitats, and show many interesting differences in behavior and life styles. for example, in some species like squirrel monkeys, many adult males and many adult females live together the year round in a troop that also contains infants and juvenile animals. in other species, like titi monkeys that live in the same area as squirrel monkeys, a single adult male and a single adult female live together with their offspring. what might account for the differences between these two types of social systems? are there differences in psychological characteristics between squirrel and titi monkeys that might be related to their different social systems? male titi monkeys appear to exhibit behavior that looks very much like jealousy, but male squirrel monkeys do not. why is that? as you can see, there are many kinds of ' primate research ', including field observations of undisturbed wild primates, behavioral observations of animals in captive colonies, experimental behavioral and physiological research, biomedical research, and more. for further information on many types of research involving nonhuman primates, see f. king, c. yarbrough, d. anderson, t. gordon, and k. gould, 1988. primates. science, 1988, vol. 240, pages 1475 - 1482. how many primates are research subjects per year? according to the fiscal year 2006 animal welfare enforcement report, 1, 012, 713 warm - blooded animals were used in research, testing, teaching, or experimentation. this figure does not cover laboratory rats and mice, and farm animals used exclusively in agricultural research. of these, 62, 315 primates ( 6. 15 % of the total ) were used. two points should be made. first, the vast majority of animals used in research are laboratory rats and mice. in 1995, researchers at tufts university center for animals and public policy estimated that 14 - 21 million animals were used in american laboratories in 1992.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5025486344424507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.155303"} {"text": "two points should be made. first, the vast majority of animals used in research are laboratory rats and mice. in 1995, researchers at tufts university center for animals and public policy estimated that 14 - 21 million animals were used in american laboratories in 1992. in 1986, the u. s. congress office of technology assessment reported that that its best estimate was 17 - 22 million. the difference between the 1. 01 million and the estimated 14 - 22 million numbers mostly reflects rats and mice ( and birds ). second, individual animals are ' used ' more than once, in most cases. that is, many, if not most, of the 62, 315 primates studied in 2006 were probably also studied in 2005, and again in 2007. these numbers refer just to captive animals ; unfortunately, there is no estimate available for the number studied in their natural habitat. ( reference : http : / / www. aphis. usda. gov / animal _ welfare / publications _ and _ reports. shtml ). what kinds of primates are used for research purposes? in laboratories, the most common species studied are old world monkeys like rhesus monkeys ( macaca mulatta ), and cynomolgus ( also known as crab - eating or long - tailed ) monkeys ( macaca fascicularis ). of course, in field and zoo settings, a variety of different species are studied. where do primates used for research purposes come from? the majority of primates used for laboratory research in the united states come from the united states. that is, they are bred domestically at several facilities around the country. this minimizes the need for importing animals from the wild. also, domestic breeding insures that animals do not possess pathogens ( viruses, bacteria ) that could adversely influence the outcome of research projects. some species are still imported : rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys. it has been estimated that perhaps 12, 000 to 15, 000 monkeys are imported per year. monkeys are imported from the phillippines, china, and peru. every effort is made to ensure that imported monkeys are not captured from the wild. primatologists work with governments and conservation organizations to see that all international trade in nonhuman primates follows regulations set forth in the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ). currently, more than 120 countries have signed this agreement. how are the primates that are used for research kept in captivity? in some cases, captive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4744728395579058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.156311"} {"text": "be conducted with monkeys rather than some other animal ; whether there are any alternative ways that the scientist can find the answer to his or her question ( for example, by studying cells rather than whole monkeys ) ; and why the scientist needs to study the specific number of animals that he or she is proposing to study in the research. in addition, the scientist must indicate that the proposed research does not unnecessarily duplicate research that has already been conducted, and must describe the sources he or she used to determine that the study has not already been done. finally, the scientist must list all personnel who will be involved in the project, and must be able to document the training that those individuals have had with respect to the procedures to be employed and the animals to be used. the iacuc must approve this proposal before the research can be begun. the same principles apply to research on wild nonhuman primates in their natural habitat. the precise regulations governing research on wild primates vary from country to country, and it is the responsibility of the researcher to make sure all application procedures have been followed. generally, such applications include a detailed description of the research, its possible consequences for the subjects, and likely benefits for the country involved. through such fieldwork, primatologists help to educate people around the world about biology, wildlife conservation, and the importance of natural resources. where can i find out more about the places that do primate research? one good source of information is the international directory of primatology which lists many web sites where primate research is conducted. this page was written by john p. capitanio, ph. d., with assistance and updates from the publications committee of asp. special thanks to jim moore, ph. d., and phil tillman, d. v. m. modified : 20 july 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49370132443890424, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.158197"} {"text": "- scientific name : - astragalus and oxytropis species - where found : - 300 different species in north america ; those of toxic concern typically found from the rocky mountains westward and western texas into new mexico, arizona and mexico. - toxic to horses - toxic principles : - clinical signs : - the plant is not very palatable, but will be eaten by animals with no other forage ; once eaten, animals become \" addicted \" to the plant and will not consume other forage. the toxic principle has the most profound effect on the brain, and toxicity ( known as \" locoism \" ) occurs after ingestion of more than 30 % of the animal ' s body weight over a period of 6 weeks or longer. clinical signs include a loss of sensory and motor nerve function, central nervous system depression, progressive loss of coordination, inability to eat and drink, as well as fetal death and birth defects. affected animals may become excessively excitable and wild when stimulated, and may also become unaware of their surroundings. if your pet ingested this plant, contact your local veterinarian or the aspca animal poison control center at 888 - 426 - 4435. * * a $ 65 consultation fee may apply. credit : image courtesy of gary coffman, pbase. com gallery 2006.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3982806555372419, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.159515"} {"text": "1. 1 this test method covers a test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance of solid materials. a submerged cavitating jet, issuing from a nozzle, impinges on a test specimen placed in its path so that cavities collapse on it, thereby causing erosion. the test is carried out under specified conditions in a specified liquid, usually water. this test method can also be used to compare the cavitation erosion capability of various liquids. 1. 2 this test method specifies the nozzle and nozzle holder shape and size, the specimen size and its method of mounting, and the minimum test chamber size. procedures are described for selecting the standoff distance and one of several standard test conditions. deviation from some of these conditions is permitted where appropriate and if properly documented. guidance is given on setting up a suitable apparatus, test and reporting procedures, and the precautions to be taken. standard reference materials are specified ; these must be used to verify the operation of the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other materials. 1. 3 two types of tests are encompassed, one using test liquids which can be run to waste, for example, tap water, and the other using liquids which must be recirculated, for example, reagent water or various oils. slightly different test circuits are required for each type. 1. 4 this test method provides an alternative to test method g 32. in that method, cavitation is induced by vibrating a submerged specimen at high frequency ( 20 khz ) with a specified amplitude. in the present method, cavitation is generated in a flowing system so that both the jet velocity and the downstream pressure ( which causes the bubble collapse ) can be varied independently. 1. 5 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are for information only. this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. a276 specification for stainless steel bars and shapes b160 specification for nickel rod and bar b211 specification for aluminum and aluminum - alloy rolled or cold finished bar, rod, and wire d1193 specification for reagent water e691", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5244082274904173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.164186"} {"text": "significance and use a main purpose of using robots in emergency response operations is to enhance the safety and effectiveness of emergency responders operating in hazardous or inaccessible environments. the testing results of the candidate robot shall describe, in a statistically significant way, how reliably the robot is able to traverse the specified types of terrains and thus provide emergency responders sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the robot. this test method addresses robot performance requirements expressed by emergency responders and representatives from other interested organizations. the performance data captured within this test method are indicative of the testing robot \u2019 s capabilities. having available a roster of successfully tested robots with associated performance data to guide procurement and deployment decisions for emergency responders is consistent with the guideline of, \u201c governments at all levels have a responsibility to develop detailed, robust, all - hazards response plans, \u201d as stated national response framework. this test apparatus is scalable to constrain robot maneuverability during task performance for a range of robot sizes in confined areas associated with emergency response operations. variants of the apparatus provide minimum lateral clearance of 2. 4 m ( 8 ft ) for robots expected to operate around environments such as cluttered city streets, parking lots, and building lobbies ; minimum lateral clearance of 1. 2 m ( 4 ft ) for robots expected to operate in and around environments such as large buildings, stairwells, and urban sidewalks ; minimum lateral clearance of 0. 6 m ( 2 ft ) for robots expected to operate within environments such as dwellings and work spaces, buses and airplanes, and semi - collapsed structures ; minimum lateral clearance of less than 0. 6 m ( 2 ft ) with a minimum vertical clearance adjustable from 0. 6 m ( 2 ft ) to 10 cm ( 4 in. ) for robots expected to deploy through breeches and operate within sub - human size confined spaces voids in collapsed structures. the standard apparatus is specified to be easily fabricated to facilitate self - evaluation by robot developers and provide practice tasks for emergency responders that exercise robot actuators, sensors, and operator interfaces. the standard apparatus can also be used to support operator training and establish operator proficiency. although the test method was developed first for emergency response robots, it may be applicable to other operational domains. 1. 1. 1 the purpose of this test method, as a part of a suite of mobility test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate a teleoperated ground robot \u2019 s ( see terminology e2521 ) capability of traversing complex terrain composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps in confined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4994422996480736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.170630"} {"text": "test method, as a part of a suite of mobility test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate a teleoperated ground robot \u2019 s ( see terminology e2521 ) capability of traversing complex terrain composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps in confined areas. 1. 1. 2 robots shall possess a certain set of mobility capabilities, including negotiating complex terrains, to suit critical operations such as emergency responses. a part of the complexity is that the environments often pose constraints to robotic mobility to various degrees. this test method specifies apparatuses to standardize a confined areas terrain that is composed of crossing pitch / roll ramps and that notionally represents types of terrains containing moderate discontinuities, existent in emergency response and other environments. this test method also specifies procedures and metrics to standardize testing using the apparatus. 1. 1. 3 the test apparatuses are scalable to provide a range of lateral dimensions to constrain the robotic mobility during task performance. fig. 1 shows three apparatus sizes to test robots intended for different emergency response scenarios. 1. 1. 4 emergency ground robots shall be able to handle many types of obstacles and terrains. the required mobility capabilities include traversing gaps, hurdles, stairs, slopes, various types of floor surfaces or terrains, and confined passageways. yet additional mobility requirements include sustained speeds and towing capabilities. standard test methods are required to evaluate whether candidate robots meet these requirements. 1. 1. 5 astm task group e54. 08. 01 on robotics specifies a mobility test suite, which consists of a set of test methods for evaluating these mobility capability requirements. this confined area terrain with crossing pitch / roll ramps is a part of the mobility test suite. fig. 2 shows examples of other confined area terrains, along with the traversing paths. the apparatuses associated with the test methods challenge specific robot capabilities in repeatable ways to facilitate comparison of different robot models as well as particular configurations of similar robot models. 1. 1. 6 the test methods quantify elemental mobility capabilities necessary for ground robots intended for emergency response applications. as such, users of this standard can use either the entire suite or a subset based on their particular performance requirements. users are also allowed to weight particular test methods or particular metrics within a test method differently based on their specific performance requirements. the testing results should collectively represent an emergency response ground robot \u2019 s overall mobility performance as required. these performance data can be used to guide procurement specifications and acceptance testing for robots intended for emergency response applications. note 1 \u2014 additional test methods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5324057003539822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.171893"} {"text": "specific performance requirements. the testing results should collectively represent an emergency response ground robot \u2019 s overall mobility performance as required. these performance data can be used to guide procurement specifications and acceptance testing for robots intended for emergency response applications. note 1 \u2014 additional test methods within the suite are anticipated to be developed to address additional or advanced robotic mobility capability requirements, including newly identified requirements and even for new application domains. 1. 2 performing location \u2014 this test method shall be performed in a testing laboratory or the field where the specified apparatus and environmental conditions are implemented. 1. 3 the values stated in si units are to be regarded as the standard. the values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversions to inch - pound units. they are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. these values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1. 4 this standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. it is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. fig. 1 mobility : confined area terrains : crossing pitch / roll ramps apparatuses fig. 2 three confined area terrain apparatuses in the mobility test suite with increasing complexity ; the continuous pitch / roll ramps terrain is shown on the left. the crossing pitch / roll ramps terrain is shown at the center. the symmetric stepfields terrain is shown on the right. 2. referenced documents ( purchase separately ) the documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. e2521 terminology for urban search and rescue robotic operations e2592 practice for evaluating cache packaged weight and volume of robots for urban search and rescue nistspecialpublicati autonomy levels for unmanned systems alfus framework volume 1 : terminology, version 2. 0 available from national institute of standards and technology ( nist ), 100 bureau dr., stop 1070, gaithersburg, md 20899 - 1070, http : / / www. nist. gov / customcf / get _ pdf. cfm? pub _ id = 824705. abstain ; emergency response ; emergency responder ; full ramp terrain element ; half ramp terrain element ; human - scale ; mobility ; ocu ; operator control unit ; operator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4979837155017949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.172963"} {"text": "last flight of shuttle atlantis and last space shuttle flight. delivered supplies to keep iss running at six - crew level until commercial resupply was to come on line in 2012. crew : ferguson ; hurley ; walheim ; magnus. extra contingency mission at end of shuttle program. the crew trained as sts - 335, a rescue mission to return the sts - 134 crew to earth if they became marooned in space. after the safe return of sts - 134, the mission proceeded as sts - 135, with a reduced crew that could be returned over an 18 month period aboard soyuz capsules in case the crew could not return in atlantis. aka : atlantis ; sts - 335. more... - chronology... first launch : 2011. 07. 08. duration : 12. 77 days. ferguson ferguson, christopher john ( 1961 - ) american test pilot astronaut. flew on sts - 115, sts - 126, sts - 135. more... walheim walheim, rex joseph ( 1962 - ) american test pilot mission specialist astronaut. flew on sts - 110, sts - 122, sts - 135. more... magnus magnus, sandra hall ( 1964 - ) american materials scientist mission specialist astronaut. flew on sts - 112, iss eo - 18 - 1. more... hurley hurley, douglas gerald ( 1966 - ) american test pilot astronaut, 2000 - on. flew on sts - 127, sts - 135. us marine corps. more... atlantis american manned spaceplane. 33 launches, 1985. 10. 03 to 2011. 07. 08. the space shuttle atlantis was the fourth orbiter to become operational at kennedy space center, and the last of the original production run. more... associated manufacturers and agencies nasa american agency overseeing development of rockets and spacecraft. national aeronautics and space administration, usa, usa. more... iss finally completed in 2010 after a torturous 25 - year development and production process, the international space station was originally conceived as the staging post for manned exploration of the solar systrem. instead, it was seemed to be the death knell of manned spaceflight. more... 2011 july 8 - 15 : 29 gmt -. : cape canaveral. launch complex : cape canaveral lc39a. lv family. launch vehicle - sts - 135 -. payload : atlantis f33 / rafaello mplm - 2. nation : usa. program : iss. class : manned. type : manned spaceplane. flight : sts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4455848532856295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.176645"} {"text": "lc39a. lv family. launch vehicle - sts - 135 -. payload : atlantis f33 / rafaello mplm - 2. nation : usa. program : iss. class : manned. type : manned spaceplane. flight : sts - 135 ; iss eo - 27 ; iss eo - 28. spacecraft : atlantis. duration : 12. 77 days. decay date : 2011 - 07 - 21. usaf sat cat : 37736. cospar : 2011 - 031a. apogee : 385 km ( 239 mi ). perigee : 371 km ( 230 mi ). inclination : 51. 6000 deg. period : 92. 10 min. final space shuttle flight, denoting the end of the space age. atlantis docked with the harmony module of the iss on 10 june at 15 : 07 gmt. primary payload was the raffaello multipurpose logistics module delivering consumables and spare parts to the station sufficient to support the six crew members through the end of 2012 should delays occur in nasa ' s commercial robotic resupply program. main crew task while docked with the station was to unload rafaello and return of the station ' s failed coolant pump module for analysis. atlantis undocked on 19 july at 06 : 28 gmt. the picosat solar cell experiment satellite was released from the cargo bay on 20 july. atlantis made the final shuttle landing at the kennedy space center on 21 july at 09 : 57 gmt. payload delivered was : - external airlock / ods : 1800 kg - emu spacesuits 3015, 3006 : 260 kg - rms arm 301 : 410 kg - orbiter boom sensor system : 382 kg - mplm - 2 rafaello : 11, 556 kg - spdu : 17 kg - roeu 755 umbilical for mplm : 78 kg - lightweight mpess carrier : 1050 kg - robotic refuelling mission : 300 kg - picosat launcher : 22 kg - pssc - 2 / mtv aerospace corporation picosat solar cell experiment satellite : 4 kg - total payload : 15, 879 kg 2011 july 12 - - eva sts - 135 - 1 -. crew : fossum ; garan. eva type : extravehicular activity. eva duration : 0. 27 days. nation : usa. program : iss. flight : sts - 135 ; iss eo - 27 ; iss eo - 28. summary : final eva from a shuttle. the astronauts moved a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5170020309418486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.177465"} {"text": "telescopium, indus, and pavo - downloadable article galaxies galore populate this trio of southern constellations. march 3, 2009 | this downloadable article is from an astronomy magazine 45 - article series called \" celestial portraits. \" the collection highlights all 88 constellations in the sky and explains how to observe each constellation ' s deep - sky targets. the articles feature star charts, stunning pictures, and constellation mythology. we ' ve put together 11 digital packages. each one contains four celestial portraits articles for you to purchase and download. | \" telescopium, indus, and pavo \" is one of four articles included in celestial portraits package 4. as the cooler air of autumn descends across the northern hemisphere, the splendors of the summer sky sink in the west. sagittarius and the center of the milky way dip below the horizon by midevening, yielding to a rather sparse region where star patterns are difficult to trace and galaxies prevail. the southernmost of the constellations east of the milky way rank among the most obscure in the entire heavens. from the northern united states, only the top stars in telescopium and indus poke above the southern horizon, while pavo remains completely hidden. most of this area comes into view from the southern tier of states, though the vista improves markedly from locales even farther south. a small triangle of modest stars south of corona australis forms the shape of telescopium the telescope. only alpha ( \u03b1 ) telescopii, a yellowish star located 250 light - years from earth, shines brighter than magnitude 4. 0. to read the complete article, purchase and download celestial portraits package 4. | deep - sky objects in telescopium, indus, and pavo | ic 4662, ngc 6684, ngc 6744, ngc 6752, ngc 6810, ic 4889, dunlop 227, ngc 6868, ngc 6876, abell 3716, ngc 7020, ngc 7041, ngc 7049, theta indi, ngc 7090, y pavonis, ic 5152", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42537084935476693, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.179815"} {"text": "spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that results in paralysis ( loss of mobility, reflexes, or sensation ). sci can occur from : vehicular accidents, sporting activities, gunshot wounds, falls, etc. spinal cord injury is dependent on the type and level of injury. an injury can be complete or incomplete. a complete injury means that there is no function, no sensation, and no voluntary mobility below the level of injury. an incomplete injury means that there is some functioning below the primary level of the injury. a person may have partial or complete movement in limb ( s ) or sensation and feeling in different parts of the body. when a spinal cord injury occurs, there is usually swelling of the spinal cord. some people may regain some functioning if the swelling subsides after several days or weeks. every case of sci is different and the amount of function that is regained differs among individuals. after an sci patient is stabilized, the next step is usually rehabilitation. the amount of stay in a rehabilitation center or unit is dependent on insurance and financial resources. at the rehab center, physical and occupational therapists will work with the sci patient to achieve as much independence as possible ( dependent on level of inury ). also, it is important that family members make sure that the patients stay be one in which a patient learns everything that will fully prepare him when he is discharged. following an sci, the alan t brown foundation ( atbf ) is here to answer any questions that may arise regarding a newly - injured person. please feel free to contact atbf at 212 - 944 - 8727 or via email at email @ example. com. atbf can show you that there is life after paralysis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5475757096053885, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.181589"} {"text": "immerse yourself in a rich array of aboriginal art in the national gallery of australia. a total of 13 galleries now showcase more than 7, 500 works, from dot and bark paintings to watercolours, textiles, prints, ceramics and sculptures. meander through different rooms, learning about the landscapes, dreaming legends and historic events entwined with each art tradition. this important collection is a living, evolving expression of the world \u2019 s oldest living culture. aboriginal art is incredibly diverse but also unified, with stories and themes that consistently draw on the land and its spirituality. wandering through the huge collection of the national gallery of australia, you can truly appreciate the variety of artistic styles and mediums, as well as the common inspirations. each gallery space showcases aboriginal art from a particular time period or region, such as the exhibition of aboriginal artefacts from the 1800s. discover spears, didgeridoos, baskets, ceremonial tools and objects that have weathered the test of time due to the skill and imagination of their creators. another room exhibits the ancient bark paintings and sculptures of western arnhem land. get up close to the distinctive x - ray designs found in kakadu national park and see dreamtime ancestors depicted on crosshatching. learn more early western desert painting, or the papunya school, from the remote papunya community of central australia between 1971 and 1974. under the guidance of art teacher geoffrey bardon, the children, and later the senior men of papunya began to paint their dreaming stories on canvas. their dot paintings marked the beginning of a style that spread across the central desert, transformed the australian art market and became recognizable around the world. see how the papunya tradition has evolved in the next gallery, which displays desert paintings from 1975 onwards. these works are increasingly experimental, often using colourful and abstract styles and depicting historical or contemporary events as well as dreamtime legends. see the acclaimed watercolour paintings of albert namatjira, one of the first aboriginal artists to adopt western techniques. also hanging are the works of other aboriginal artists from the hermannsburg mission, who learnt watercolour painting from namatjira. together these paintings represent the hermannsburg school art tradition. learn about the wandjina stick figures found on rock paintings in western australia \u2019 s kimberley region and see the screen - printed textiles crafted by the anmatyerr and alyawarr women of central australia. one gallery is dedicated to the vibrant art of the torres strait islands, including their elaborate masks and more recent printmaking traditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44530820269697896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.184239"} {"text": "do deficits in visual motion processing underlie social difficulties in autism? little is known about the perceptual deficits associated with autism. this is surprising because the accurate perception of socially relevant information is a necessary first step in social behavior. people communicate vast amounts of rich social information, such as emotion and intention, through their actions. given the importance of human action perception to social behavior, vision researchers have conducted numerous experiments to understand how the human visual system normally analyzes the bodily movements or actions of other people. this is done by simulating human movements using multiple points of light across a computer screen. this psychophysical measurement will be applied to individuals with high functioning autism ( hfa ) to determine how, and how well, adults with autism can differentiate patterns of individual points of light that mimic human movement. significance : this proposal addresses the question of whether individuals with high functioning autism ( hfa ) are compromised in their ability to perceive human action. if individuals with hfa have difficulty perceiving the actions of other people, then this might account for aspects of their social deficits. such a finding would indicate that significant changes are needed in our understanding, assessment, and treatment of hfa. the results of this study are complemented by the group at the university of glasgow which will investigate neural activation during tasks which involve visual processing while observing biological stimuli.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.582413918685244, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.186239"} {"text": "| site map site search | | there are 523 active applicants logged in. | | | history of aviation | history of aviation on december 17, 1903, orville and wilbur wright capped four years of research and design efforts with a 120 - foot, 12 - second flight at kitty hawk, north carolina - the first powered flight in a heavier - than - air machine. prior to that, people had flown only in balloons and gliders. the first person to fly as a passenger was leon delagrange, who rode with french pilot henri farman from a meadow outside of paris in 1908. charles furnas became the first american airplane passenger when he flew with orville wright at kitty hawk later that year. the first scheduled air service began in florida on january 1, 1914. glenn curtiss had designed a plane that could take off and land on water and thus could be built larger than any plane to date, because it did not need the heavy undercarriage required for landing on hard ground. thomas benoist, an auto parts maker, decided to build such a flying boat, or seaplane, for a service across tampa bay called the st. petersburg - tampa air boat line. his first passenger was ex - st. petersburg mayor a. c. pheil, who made the 18 - mile trip in 23 minutes, a considerable improvement over the two - hour trip by boat. the single - plane service accommodated one passenger at a time, and the company charged a one - way fare of $ 5. after operating two flights a day for four months, the company folded with the end of the winter tourist season. world war i these and other early flights were headline events, but commercial aviation was very slow to catch on with the general public, most of whom were afraid to ride in the new flying machines. improvements in aircraft design also were slow. however, with the advent of world war i, the military value of aircraft was quickly recognized and production increased significantly to meet the soaring demand for planes from governments on both sides of the atlantic. most significant was the development of more powerful motors, enabling aircraft to reach speeds of up to 130 miles per hour, more than twice the speed of pre - war aircraft. increased power also made larger aircraft possible. at the same time, the war was bad for commercial aviation in several respects. it focused all design and production efforts on building military aircraft. in the public ' s mind, flying became associated with bombing runs, surveillance and aerial dogfights. in addition, there was such a large surplus of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40138814851392807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.207446"} {"text": "for commercial aviation in several respects. it focused all design and production efforts on building military aircraft. in the public ' s mind, flying became associated with bombing runs, surveillance and aerial dogfights. in addition, there was such a large surplus of planes at the end of the war that the demand for new production was almost nonexistent for several years - and many aircraft builders went bankrupt. some european countries, such as great britain and france, nurtured commercial aviation by starting air service over the english channel. however, nothing similar occurred in the united states, where there were no such natural obstacles isolating major cities and where railroads could transport people almost as fast as an airplane, and in considerably more comfort. the salvation of the u. s. commercial aviation industry following world war i was a government program, but one that had nothing to do with the transportation of people. by 1917, the u. s. government felt enough progress had been made in the development of planes to warrant something totally new - the transport of mail by air. that year, congress appropriated $ 100, 000 for an experimental airmail service to be conducted jointly by the army and the post office between washington and new york, with an intermediate stop in philadelphia. the first flight left belmont park, long island for philadelphia on may 14, 1918 and the next day continued on to washington, where it was met by president woodrow wilson. with a large number of war - surplus aircraft in hand, the post office set its sights on a far more ambitious goal - transcontinental air service. it opened the first segment, between chicago and cleveland, on may 15, 1919 and completed the air route on september 8, 1920, when the most difficult part of the route, the rocky mountains, was spanned. airplanes still could not fly at night when the service first began, so the mail was handed off to trains at the end of each day. nonetheless, by using airplanes the post office was able to shave 22 hours off coast - to - coast mail deliveries. in 1921, the army deployed rotating beacons in a line between columbus and dayton, ohio, a distance of about 80 miles. the beacons, visible to pilots at 10 - second intervals, made it possible to fly the route at night. the post office took over the operation of the guidance system the following year, and by the end of 1923, constructed similar beacons between chicago and cheyenne, wyoming, a line later extended coast - to - coast at a cost of $ 550, 000. mail then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43532752554064674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.208424"} {"text": "took over the operation of the guidance system the following year, and by the end of 1923, constructed similar beacons between chicago and cheyenne, wyoming, a line later extended coast - to - coast at a cost of $ 550, 000. mail then could be delivered across the continent in as little as 29 hours eastbound and 34 hours westbound - prevailing winds from west to east accounted for the difference which was at least two days less than it took by train. the contract air mail act of 1925 by the mid - 1920s, the post office mail fleet was flying 2. 5 million miles and delivering 14 million letters annually. however, the government had no intention of continuing airmail service on its own. traditionally, the post office had used private companies for the transportation of mail. so, once the feasibility of airmail was firmly established and airline facilities were in place, the government moved to transfer airmail service to the private sector, by way of competitive bids. the legislative authority for the move was the contract air mail act of 1925, commonly referred to as the kelly act after its chief sponsor, rep. clyde kelly of pennsylvania. this was the first major step toward the creation of a private u. s. airline industry. winners of the initial five contracts were national air transport ( owned by the curtiss aeroplane co. ), varney air lines, western air express, colonial air transport and robertson aircraft corporation. national and varney would later become important parts of united air lines ( originally a joint venture of the boeing airplane company and pratt & whitney ). western would merge with transcontinental air transport ( tat ), another curtiss subsidiary, to form transcontinental and western air ( twa ). robertson would become part of the universal aviation corporation, which in turn would merge with colonial, southern air transport and others, to form american airways, predecessor of american airlines. juan trippe, one of the original partners in colonial, later pioneered international air travel with pan am - a carrier he founded in 1927 to transport mail between key west, florida, and havana, cuba. pitcairn aviation, yet another curtiss subsidiary that got its start transporting mail, would become eastern air transport, predecessor of eastern air lines. the morrow board the same year congress passed the contract air mail act, president calvin coolidge appointed a board to recommend a national aviation policy ( a much - sought - after goal of then secretary of commerce herbert hoover ). dwight morrow, a senior partner in j. p. morgan ' s bank, and later the father", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41800614986196605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.209388"} {"text": "president calvin coolidge appointed a board to recommend a national aviation policy ( a much - sought - after goal of then secretary of commerce herbert hoover ). dwight morrow, a senior partner in j. p. morgan ' s bank, and later the father - in - law of charles lindbergh, was named chairman. the board heard testimony from 99 people, and on november 30, 1925, submitted its report to president coolidge. the report was wide - ranging, but its key recommendation was that the government should set standards for civil aviation and that the standards should be set outside of the military. the air commerce act of 1926 congress adopted the recommendations of the morrow board almost to the letter in the air commerce act of 1926. the legislation authorized the secretary of commerce to designate air routes, to develop air navigation systems, to license pilots and aircraft, and to investigate accidents. the act brought the government into commercial aviation as regulator of the private airlines spawned by the kelly act of the previous year. congress also adopted the board ' s recommendation for airmail contracting, by amending the kelly act to change the method of compensation for airmail services. instead of paying carriers a percentage of the postage paid, the government would pay them according to the weight of the mail. this simplified payments, and proved highly advantageous to the carriers, which collected $ 48 million from the government for the carriage of mail between 1926 and 1931. ford ' s tin goose henry ford, the automobile manufacturer, was also among the early successful bidders for airmail contracts, winning the right, in 1925, to carry mail from chicago to detroit and cleveland aboard planes his company already was using to transport spare parts for his automobile assembly plants. more importantly, he jumped into aircraft manufacturing, and in 1927, produced the ford trimotor, commonly referred to as the tin goose. it was one of the first all - metal planes, made of a new material, duralumin, which was almost as light as aluminum but twice as strong. it also was the first plane designed primarily to carry passengers rather than mail. the ford trimotor had 12 passenger seats ; a cabin high enough for a passenger to walk down the aisle without stooping ; and room for a \" stewardess, \" or flight attendant, the first of whom were nurses, hired by united in 1930 to serve meals and assist airsick passengers. the tin goose ' s three engines made it possible to fly higher and faster ( up to 130 miles per hour ), and its sturdy appearance, combined with the ford", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41610862515355873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.210511"} {"text": "were nurses, hired by united in 1930 to serve meals and assist airsick passengers. the tin goose ' s three engines made it possible to fly higher and faster ( up to 130 miles per hour ), and its sturdy appearance, combined with the ford name, had a reassuring effect on the public ' s perception of flying. however, it was another event, in 1927, that brought unprecedented public attention to aviation and helped secure the industry ' s future as a major mode of transportation. at 7 : 52 a. m. on may 20, 1927, a young pilot named charles lindbergh set out on an historic flight across the atlantic ocean, from new york to paris. it was the first trans - atlantic non - stop flight in an airplane, and its effect on both lindbergh and aviation was enormous. lindbergh became an instant american hero. aviation became a more established industry, attracting millions of private investment dollars almost overnight, as well as the support of millions of americans. the pilot who sparked all of this attention had dropped out of engineering school at the university of wisconsin to learn how to fly. he became a barnstormer, doing aerial shows across the country, and eventually joined the robertson aircraft corporation, to transport mail between st. louis and chicago. in planning his trans - atlantic voyage, lindbergh daringly decided to fly by himself, without a navigator, so he could carry more fuel. his plane, the spirit of st. louis, was slightly less than 28 feet in length, with a wingspan of 46 feet. it carried 450 gallons of gasoline, which comprised half its takeoff weight. there was too little room in the cramped cockpit for navigating by the stars, so lindbergh flew by dead reckoning. he divided maps from his local library into thirty - three 100 - mile segments, noting the heading he would follow as he flew each segment. when he first sighted the coast of ireland, he was almost exactly on the route he had plotted, and he landed several hours later, with 80 gallons of fuel to spare. lindbergh ' s greatest enemy on his journey was fatigue. the trip took an exhausting 33 hours, 29 minutes and 30 seconds, but he managed to keep awake by sticking his head out the window to inhale cold air, by holding his eyelids open, and by constantly reminding himself that if he fell asleep he would perish. in addition, he had a slight instability built into his airplane that helped keep him focused and awake. lindbergh landed at le bourg", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4592246163298196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.212158"} {"text": ", by holding his eyelids open, and by constantly reminding himself that if he fell asleep he would perish. in addition, he had a slight instability built into his airplane that helped keep him focused and awake. lindbergh landed at le bourget field, outside of paris, at 10 : 24 p. m. paris time on may 21. word of his flight preceded him and a large crowd of parisians rushed out to the airfield to see him and his little plane. there was no question about the magnitude of what he had accomplished. the air age had arrived. the watres act and the spoils conference in 1930, postmaster general walter brown pushed for legislation that would have another major impact on the development of commercial aviation. known as the watres act ( after one of its chief sponsors, rep. laurence h. watres of pennsylvania ), it authorized the post office to enter into longer - term contracts for airmail, with rates based on space or volume, rather than weight. in addition, the act authorized the post office to consolidate airmail routes, where it was in the national interest to do so. brown believed the changes would promote larger, stronger airlines, as well as more coast - to - coast and nighttime service. immediately after congress approved the act, brown held a series of meetings in washington to discuss the new contracts. the meetings were later dubbed the spoils conference because brown gave them little publicity and directly invited only a handful of people from the larger airlines. he designated three transcontinental mail routes and made it clear that he wanted only one company operating each service rather than a number of small airlines handing the mail off to one another. his actions brought political trouble that resulted in major changes to the system two years later. scandal and the air mail act of 1934 following the democratic landslide in the election of 1932, some of the smaller airlines began complaining to news reporters and politicians that they had been unfairly denied airmail contracts by brown. one reporter discovered that a major contract had been awarded to an airline whose bid was three times higher than a rival bid from a smaller airline. congressional hearings followed, chaired by sen. hugo black of alabama, and by 1934 the scandal had reached such proportions as to prompt president franklin roosevelt to cancel all mail contracts and turn mail deliveries over to the army. the decision was a mistake. the army pilots were unfamiliar with the mail routes, and the weather at the time they took over the deliveries, february 1934, was terrible. there were a number of accidents as the pilots flew practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45884452677560056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.213425"} {"text": "over to the army. the decision was a mistake. the army pilots were unfamiliar with the mail routes, and the weather at the time they took over the deliveries, february 1934, was terrible. there were a number of accidents as the pilots flew practice runs and began carrying the mail, leading to newspaper headlines that forced president roosevelt to retreat from his plan only a month after he had turned the mail over to the army by means of the air mail act of 1934, the government once again returned airmail transportation to the private sector, but it did so under a new set of rules that would have a significant impact on the industry. bidding was structured to be more competitive, and former contract holders were not allowed to bid at all, so many companies were reorganized. the result was a more even distribution of the government ' s mail business and lower mail rates that forced airlines and aircraft manufacturers to pay more attention to the development of the passenger side of the business. in another major change, the government forced the dismantling of the vertical holding companies common up to that time in the industry, sending aircraft manufacturers and airline operators ( most notably boeing, pratt & whitney, and united air lines ) their separate ways. the entire industry was now reorganized and refocused. for the airlines to attract passengers away from the railroads, they needed both larger and faster airplanes. they also needed safer airplanes. accidents, such as the one in 1931 that killed notre dame football coach knute rockne along with six others, kept people from flying aircraft manufacturers responded to the challenge. there were so many improvements to aircraft in the 1930s that many believe it was the most innovative period in aviation history. air - cooled engines replaced water - cooled engines, reducing weight and making larger and faster planes possible. cockpit instruments also improved, with better altimeters, airspeed indicators, rate - of - climb indicators, compasses, and the introduction of artificial horizon, which showed pilots the attitude of the aircraft relative to the ground - important for flying in reduced visibility another development of enormous importance to aviation was radio. aviation and radio developed almost in lock step. marconi sent his first message across the atlantic on the airwaves just two years before the wright brothers? first flight at kitty hawk. by world war i, some pilots were taking radios up in the air with them so they could communicate with people on the ground. the airlines followed suit after the war, using radio to transmit weather information from the ground to their pilots, so they could avoid storms an even more significant development, however, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42955935610707013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.214588"} {"text": "in the air with them so they could communicate with people on the ground. the airlines followed suit after the war, using radio to transmit weather information from the ground to their pilots, so they could avoid storms an even more significant development, however, was the realization that radio could be used as an aid to navigation when visibility was poor and visual navigation aids, such as beacons, were useless. once technical problems were worked out, the department of commerce constructed 83 radio beacons across the country. they became fully operational in 1932, automatically transmitting directional beams, or tracks, that pilots could follow to their destination. marker beacons came next, allowing pilots to locate airports in poor visibility. the first air traffic control tower was established in 1935 at what is now newark international airport in new jersey the first modern airliners boeing built what generally is considered the first modern passenger airliner, the boeing 247. it was unveiled in 1933, and united air lines promptly bought 60 of them. based on a low - wing, twin - engine bomber with retractable landing gear built for the military, the 247 accommodated 10 passengers and cruised at 155 miles per hour. its cabin was insulated, to reduce engine noise levels inside the plane, and it featured such amenities as upholstered seats and a hot water heater to make flying more comfortable to passengers. eventually, boeing also gave the 247 variable - pitch propellers, that reduced takeoff distances, increased the rate of climb, and boosted cruising speeds not to be outdone by united, twa went searching for an alternative to the 247 and eventually found what it wanted from the douglas aircraft company. its dc - 1 incorporated boeing ' s innovations and improved upon many of them. the dc - 1 had a more powerful engine and accommodations for two more passengers than did the 247. more importantly, the airframe was designed so that the skin of the aircraft bore most of the stress on the plane during flight. there was no interior skeleton of metal spars, thus giving passengers more room than they had in the 247. the dc - 1 also was easier to fly. it was equipped with the first automatic pilot and the first efficient wing flaps, for added lift during takeoff. however, for all its advancements, only one dc - 1 was ever built. douglas decided almost immediately to alter its design, adding 18 inches to its length so it could accommodate two more passengers. the new, longer version was called the dc - 2 and it was a big success, but the best was still to come called the plane that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4226612073756837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.215595"} {"text": "almost immediately to alter its design, adding 18 inches to its length so it could accommodate two more passengers. the new, longer version was called the dc - 2 and it was a big success, but the best was still to come called the plane that changed the world, the dc - 3 was the first aircraft to enable airlines to make money carrying passengers. as a result, it quickly became the dominant aircraft in the united states, following its debut in 1936 with american airlines ( which played a key role in its design ). the dc - 3 had 50 percent greater passenger capacity than the dc - 2 ( 21 seats versus 14 ), yet cost only ten percent more to operate. it also was considered a safer plane, built of an aluminum alloy stronger than materials previously used in aircraft construction. it had more powerful engines ( 1, 000 horsepower versus 710 horsepower for the dc - 2 ), and it could travel coast to coast in only 16 hours - a fast trip for that time. another important improvement was the use of a hydraulic pump to lower and raise the landing gear. this freed pilots from having to crank the gear up and down during takeoffs and landings. for greater passenger comfort, the dc - 3 had a noise - deadening plastic insulation, and seats set in rubber to minimize vibrations. it was a fantastically popular airplane, and it helped attract many new travelers to flying. although planes such as the boeing 247 and the dc - 3 represented significant advances in aircraft design, they had a major drawback. they could fly no higher than 10, 000 feet, because people became dizzy and even fainted, due to the reduced levels of oxygen at higher altitudes. the airlines wanted to fly higher, to get above the air turbulence and storms common at lower altitudes. motion sickness was a problem for many airline passengers, and an inhibiting factor to the industry ' s growth. the breakthrough came at boeing with the stratoliner, a derivation of the b - 17 bomber introduced in 1940 and first flown by twa. it was the first pressurized aircraft, meaning that air was pumped into the aircraft as it gained altitude to maintain an atmosphere inside the cabin similar to the atmosphere that occurs naturally at lower altitudes. with its regulated air compressor, the 33 - seat stratoliner could fly as high as 20, 000 feet and reach speeds of 200 miles per hour. the civil aeronautics act of 1938 government decisions continued to prove as important to aviation ' s future as technological breakthroughs, and one of the most important aviation bills ever enacted by congress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47405371972054056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.216567"} {"text": "high as 20, 000 feet and reach speeds of 200 miles per hour. the civil aeronautics act of 1938 government decisions continued to prove as important to aviation ' s future as technological breakthroughs, and one of the most important aviation bills ever enacted by congress was the civil aeronautics act of 1938. until that time, numerous government agencies and departments had a hand in aviation policy. airlines sometimes were pushed and pulled in several directions, and there was no central agency working for the long - term development of the industry. all the airlines had been losing money, since the postal reforms in 1934 significantly reduced the amount they were paid for carrying the mail. the airlines wanted more rationalized government regulation, through an independent agency, and the civil aeronautics act gave them what they needed. it created the civil aeronautics authority ( caa ) and gave the new agency power to regulate airline fares, airmail rates, interline agreements, mergers and routes. its mission was to preserve order in the industry, holding rates to reasonable levels while, at the same time nurturing the still financially - shaky airline industry, thereby encouraging the development of commercial air transportation. congress created a separate agency - the air safety board - to investigate accidents. in 1940, however, president roosevelt convinced congress to transfer the accident investigation function to the caa, which was then renamed the civil aeronautics board ( cab ). these moves, coupled with the tremendous progress made on the technological side, put the industry on the road to success. world war ii aviation had an enormous impact on the course of world war ii and the war had just as significant an impact on aviation. there were fewer than 300 air transport aircraft in the united states when hitler marched into poland in 1939. by the end of the war, u. s. aircraft manufacturers were producing 50, 000 planes a year. most of the planes, of course, were fighters and bombers, but the importance of air transports to the war effort quickly became apparent as well. throughout the war, the airlines provided much needed airlift to keep troops and supplies moving, to the front and throughout the production chain back home. for the first time in their history, the airlines had far more business - for passengers as well as freight - than they could handle. many of them also had opportunities to pioneer new routes, gaining an exposure that would give them a decidedly broader outlook at war ' s end. while there were numerous advances in u. s. aircraft design during the war, that enabled planes to go faster, higher, and farther than ever before, mass production was the chief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4218006885309662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.217660"} {"text": "that would give them a decidedly broader outlook at war ' s end. while there were numerous advances in u. s. aircraft design during the war, that enabled planes to go faster, higher, and farther than ever before, mass production was the chief goal of the united states. the major innovations of the wartime period - radar and jet engines - occurred in europe. the jet engine isaac newton was the first to theorize, in the 18th century, that a rearward - channeled explosion could propel a machine forward at a great rate of speed. however, no one found a practical application for the theory until frank whittle, a british pilot, designed the first jet engine in 1930. even then, widespread skepticism about the commercial viability of a jet prevented whittle ' s design from being tested for several years. the germans were the first to build and test a jet aircraft. based on a design by hans von ohain, a student whose work was independent of whittle ' s, it flew in 1939, although not as well as the germans had hoped. it would take another five years for german scientists to perfect the design, by which time it was, fortunately, too late to affect the outcome of the war. whittle also improved his jet engine during the war, and in 1942 he shipped an engine prototype to general electric in the united states. america ' s first jet plane - the bell p - 59 - was built the following year. another technological development with a much greater impact on the war ' s outcome ( and later on commercial aviation ) was radar. british scientists had been working on a device that could give them early warning of approaching enemy aircraft even before the war began, and by 1940 britain had a line of radar transceivers along its east coast that could detect german aircraft the moment they took off from the continent. british scientists also perfected the cathode ray oscilloscope, which produced map - type outlines of surrounding countryside and showed aircraft as a pulsing light. americans, meanwhile, found a way to distinguish between enemy aircraft and allied aircraft by installing transponders aboard the latter that signaled their identity to radar operators. dawn of the jet age aviation was poised to advance rapidly following the war, in large part because of the development of jets, but there still were significant problems to overcome. in 1952, a 36 - seat british - made jet, the comet, flew from london to johannesburg, south africa, at speeds as high as 500 miles per hour. two years later, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49325082134229925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.218725"} {"text": "jets, but there still were significant problems to overcome. in 1952, a 36 - seat british - made jet, the comet, flew from london to johannesburg, south africa, at speeds as high as 500 miles per hour. two years later, the comet ' s career ended abruptly following two back - to - back accidents in which the fuselage burst apart during flight - the result of metal fatigue. the cold war between the soviet union and the united states, following world war ii, helped secure the funding needed to solve such problems and advance the jet ' s development. most of the breakthroughs related to military aircraft that later were applied to the commercial sector. for example, boeing employed a swept - back wing design for its b - 47 and b - 52 bombers to reduce drag and increase speed. later, the design was incorporated into commercial jets, making them faster and thus more attractive to passengers. the best example of military - civilian technology transfer was the jet tanker boeing designed for the air force to refuel bombers in flight. the tanker, the kc - 135, was a huge success as a military plane, but even more successful when revamped and introduced, in 1958, as the first u. s. passenger jet, the boeing 707. with a length of 125 feet and four engines with 17, 000 pounds of thrust each, the 707 could carry up to 181 passengers and travel at speeds of 550 miles per hour. its engines proved more reliable than piston - driven engines - producing less vibration, putting less stress on the plane ' s airframe and reducing maintenance expenses. they also burned kerosene, which cost half as much as the high - octane gasoline used in more traditional planes. with the 707, first ordered and operated by pan am, all questions about the commercial feasibility of jets were answered. the jet age had arrived, and other airlines soon were lining up to buy the new aircraft. the federal aviation act of 1958 following world war ii, air travel soared, but with the industry ' s growth came new problems. in 1956 two aircraft collided over the grand canyon, killing 128 people. the skies were getting too crowded for existing systems of aircraft separation, and congress responded by passing the federal aviation act of 1958. the legislation created a new safety regulatory agency, the federal aviation agency, later called the federal aviation administration ( faa ) when congress created the department of transportation ( dot ) in 1967. the agency was charged with establishing and running a broad air traffic control system, to maintain safe separation of all commercial aircraft through all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49442481696482976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.219835"} {"text": "aviation agency, later called the federal aviation administration ( faa ) when congress created the department of transportation ( dot ) in 1967. the agency was charged with establishing and running a broad air traffic control system, to maintain safe separation of all commercial aircraft through all phases of flight. in addition, it assumed jurisdiction over all other aviation safety matters, such as the certification of aircraft designs, and airline training and maintenance programs. the civil aeronautics board retained jurisdiction over economic matters, such as airline routes and rates. wide - bodies and supersonics 1969 marked the debut of another revolutionary aircraft, the boeing 747, which, again, pan am was the first to purchase and fly in commercial service. it was the first wide - body jet, with two aisles, a distinctive upper deck over the front section of the fuselage, and four engines. with seating for as many as 450 passengers, it was twice as big as any other boeing jet and 80 percent bigger than the largest jet up until that time, the dc - 8. recognizing the economies of scale to be gained from larger jets, other aircraft manufacturers quickly followed suit. douglas built its first wide - body, the dc - 10, in 1970, and only a month later, lockheed flew its contender in the wide - body market, the l - 1011. both of these jets had three engines ( one under each wing and one on the tail ) and were smaller than the 747, seating about 250 passengers. during the same period of time, efforts were underway in both the united states and europe to build a supersonic commercial aircraft. the soviet union was the first to succeed, testing the tupolev 144 in december of 1968. a consortium of west european aircraft manufacturers first flew the concorde two months later and eventually produced a number of those fast, but small, jets for commercial service. u. s. efforts to produce a supersonic passenger jet, on the other hand, stalled in 1971 due to public concern about it ' s expense and the sonic boom produced by such aircraft. log in - view aviation jobs aviation job of the week aviation career news aviation jobs newsletter free aviation employment toolbar post aviaiton jobs view aviation resumes aviation employer services aviation company directory cares re - employment service aviation salary wages & pay aviation jobs blog student aviation program discounts aviation career overviews site map and table of contents link to us \u00a9 avjobs, inc. 1988 - 2013 all rights reserved | federal copyright law prohibits unauthorized reproduction by any means. dissemination via email is prohibited without prior written consent of avjobs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081676441702219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.220839"} {"text": "ah, the pleasures of a summer evening in the south. the warm, sultry air, a freshly brewed glass of iced tea, the scent of magnolia and jasmine - the sudden cry of pain and the smack of hand upon skin. paradise has a price : florida is home to 77 species of mosquitoes, all of them ornery. so how can a small town with almost no budget tackle pest control? in cinco bayou, in northwest florida, resident jim bratton had an inspiration. he knew that a few bats already lived under the cinco bayou bridge near his home, and he knew that bats eat an enormous amount of bothersome insects. so why not recruit more bats to help fight insect pests? jim pitched his plan to the town council in july 2001. four months later, the initially skeptical council had warmed to the idea of placing a bat house under the bridge to increase the bat population, but the $ 5, 000 cost was prohibitive for a town of about 500 people. councilman and educator dan farley suggested partnering with liza jackson preparatory school to defray costs. the goal was a bridge lodge bat house from bci friends marvin and linda maberry of maberry centre bat homes. the super condo is a 183 - pound ( 83 - kilogram ), 16 - crevice structure with room for 5, 000 bats. designed specifically for bridges, florida already has 37 installed. liza jackson ' s k - 8 students adopted the plan as a combination community service / science project and began fund - raising - and studying bats. they quickly covered the $ 2, 000 cost of the bridge lodge. engineering fees ( $ 1, 000 ) were waived, and a local marina donated installation ( $ 2, 000 ). the june 2002 dedication marked the culmination of a significant community effort at no taxpayer expense. bats are already in residence, and the town is hoping to see a nursery colony next year. bats are staying on the school ' s urriculum and the students will report each year to the bci ' s bat house research project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4393444389464291, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.224787"} {"text": "\u201c brain training is most cost - effective treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome, \u201d bbc news reports, while pacing therapies ( learning to live within limits ) \u201c offer little value \u201d. chronic fatigue syndrome ( cfs ) is a poorly understood and often controversial condition. the most common symptom of cfs is extreme tiredness ( fatigue ). this news is based on research that aimed to determine how cost - effective four treatment options were for people with cfs. these were : - specialist medical care for cfs - cognitive behavioural therapy ( cbt ) \u2013 a type of talking therapy - graded exercise therapy \u2013 a structured exercise programme that aims gradually to increase how long a person can exercise for - adaptive pacing therapy ( often just referred to as \u2018 pacing \u2019 ) \u2013 pacing is where a person with cfs is encouraged to schedule in periods of rest in their day - to - day activities to determine the cost - effectiveness, three main factors were taken into account : - improvement in quality of life - the cost of providing the treatment - the potential savings to society based on the statistical models used by the researchers, cbt and graded exercise therapy were found to be most cost - effective, while specialist medical care and pacing were the least cost - effective. the researchers did not consider patient preference, which could have an impact. while patients may well benefit from cbt and exercise therapy, the researchers note that there needs to be investment to ensure properly trained staff are available to deliver them. this study supports the case for this training. cost - effectiveness of treatment this study looked at the cost - effectiveness of treatments. this is not the same as judging whether a treatment is effective. where a treatment is judged not to be cost - effective, that does not necessarily mean that it doesn \u2019 t work at all. instead it means that it does not provide enough effectiveness for its cost, based on a selected \u201c value for money \u201d threshold. while this may be a distasteful concept to some, it helps policymakers make more objective decisions about which treatments to fund from the finite amount of money available. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from king \u2019 s college london, oxford university, london school of economics and other institutions. it was funded by the uk medical research council, the department of health, the department for work and pensions and the scottish chief scientist office of the scottish government health directorates. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal plos one. the coverage by the bbc news was appropriate, though it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4850380671696608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.233563"} {"text": "the department of health, the department for work and pensions and the scottish chief scientist office of the scottish government health directorates. the study was published in the peer - reviewed journal plos one. the coverage by the bbc news was appropriate, though it is unclear how the \u201c millions of pounds \u201d they say the economy could save from wide adoption of these treatments was derived. the term \" brain training \" used in the headline could give the misleading impression that people with cfs were given computer games consoles to play, but that was not what was looked at in this research. what kind of research was this? this was a cost - effectiveness study based on the results of previous research ( the pace trial ) that investigated the effectiveness of four treatment options for patients with cfs. a cost - effectiveness study models the expected total costs of different treatments or interventions ( in this case interventions for chronic fatigue syndrome ), and compares the effects on health outcomes, to assess which treatments or interventions can be considered to give the best \u201c value for money \u201d. this is usually done from the perspective of the health service. in this case societal costs such as lost employment and the cost of informal care for people affected by the illness were included. this sort of information helps decision - makers decide how best to allocate limited healthcare resources. as this approach takes into account benefits of improvements in health and the savings made from better care, the cheapest treatment option is not necessarily the most cost - effective. it allows different treatments in different diseases to be compared against each other and against society \u2019 s willingness to pay for such things. what did the research involve? the researchers used data from a previous study on 640 people with chronic fatigue syndrome. this study compared the effectiveness of adding adaptive pacing therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy or graded exercise therapy to specialist medical care for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. in this latest study the researchers have investigated the relative cost - effectiveness of these interventions by calculating : - quality - adjusted life years ( qalys ), which are a standard measure used to determine how much somebody \u2019 s life can be extended and improved as a result of receiving a particular intervention - the one - year healthcare and societal costs involved with providing each intervention ( societal costs were considered by the researchers as lost employment and unpaid informal care ) the researchers then compared the : - one - year service and societal costs of providing each intervention - one - year cost - effectiveness of each intervention in terms of gains in qalys, and reductions in fatigue and disability the number and duration of treatment sessions for each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.516741571744164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.234706"} {"text": "then compared the : - one - year service and societal costs of providing each intervention - one - year cost - effectiveness of each intervention in terms of gains in qalys, and reductions in fatigue and disability the number and duration of treatment sessions for each treatment was recorded ( with time added for support activities ) and the costs per hour of therapy were estimated based on nationally registered sources. specific types of medication were also included in the analysis and unpaid and informal care from family and friends estimated at \u00a314. 60 per hour based on national mean earnings. days lost by patients from work and reduced hours due to fatigue while at work was also recorded. qalys were calculated from health - related quality of life questionnaires carried out at the beginning of the study ( baseline ) and throughout the study. one - year healthcare, informal care and societal costs were compared using statistical modelling and adjustments were made for estimated standard costs. earlier findings of the pace trial were reported by nhs choices in february 2011. what were the basic results? the researchers report the healthcare and societal findings of this study separately. the findings include the following : - patients receiving specialist medical care alone had significantly lower healthcare costs than those receiving cbt, graded exercise therapy and adaptive pacing therapy - the healthcare costs per qaly gained for cbt and graded exercise therapy were likely to be lower than the \u00a330, 000 threshold that, in england, has become a standard for the reasonable use of nhs resources, indicating they were cost - effective - the healthcare costs per qaly for adaptive pacing therapy were found to be unlikely to be lower than this threshold and, therefore, thought unlikely to be a good use of nhs resources - when all three were compared to specialist medical care alone, the incremental healthcare cost per qaly was \u00a318, 374 for cbt, \u00a323, 615 for graded exercise therapy and \u00a355, 235 for adaptive pacing therapy, meaning that cbt appeared to be the best value for money how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers say that \u201c their study has found that cbt and graded exercise therapy are cost - effective options for treating patients with cfs. however, for patients to benefit from these therapies there needs to be investment to provide the staff trained to deliver them. the findings we report suggest that such investment would be justified in terms of improved quality of life of patients and would actually be cost saving if all costs including societal costs are considered \u201d. in discussing the research findings, king \u2019 s college london health economist professor paul mccrone said \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4910380580176575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.235742"} {"text": "that such investment would be justified in terms of improved quality of life of patients and would actually be cost saving if all costs including societal costs are considered \u201d. in discussing the research findings, king \u2019 s college london health economist professor paul mccrone said \u201c there is now a strong case for the nhs to invest in providing these therapies \u201d. another of the researchers from oxford university said \u201c this new evidence should encourage health service commissioners to provide these treatments to all those patients who need them \u201d. overall, this study provides evidence to suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy are reasonable value for people with chronic fatigue syndrome. the study does list some points made by the authors that may limit the study findings, including : - service use and information on employment was by self - report, which may have led to some unavoidable inaccuracies. - the researchers estimated costs for medications from average data and this may not have reflected the actual costs in different settings. - data were only analysed where baselines and one - year follow - up data were available and the results apply to all costs and benefits over one year only. this is a relatively short time span for an illness that can last a long time and so the researchers call for longer - term studies. overall, this is important research into a disabling illness. cfs can last for years. it affects between 0. 2 and 2. 6 % of people worldwide and can be highly disruptive to employment and family life. any treatments that can be proven to help will most likely be welcomed by those affected by the condition. search for a job search for a car search for a house weather for bedford sunday 19 may 2013 temperature : 10 c to 18 c wind speed : 14 mph wind direction : north temperature : 11 c to 17 c wind speed : 15 mph wind direction : north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49734640214011633, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.236495"} {"text": "the initial discovery and recognition of the importance of chocolate is often attributed to hernan cortez. yet in 1502 christopher columbus, or colon, on his fourth and final voyage to the caribbean, reached the island of guanaja off the coast of honduras. history says that he was greeted by aztecs who offered him sacks full of almond shaped pods in exchange for items they desired. when he did not immediately understand the offering they were giving in exchange, the aztecan explained to him that a very special drink could be prepared from the beans called tchocolatl or xocolatl. columbus and his crew found the drink to be bitter and repellent concoction. little realizing the value of the beans they still took some of the beans back to spain out of curiosity of the value of them never to realize the economic value of the beans. when hernan cortez arrived seventeen years later to the new world, the then aztecan leader of the time, montezuma ii, believed cortez to be the reincarnated quetzalcoatl, the exiled toltec god - king whose return was predicted in aztecan and toltec mythology. it was according to that myth that that year would be the appointed year of return of the great king who would bring freedom to his people. this confusion made access to the aztec capital, tenochtitlan, where he received the god - kings royal welcome. cortez was offered many gifts from montezuma ii, including a cocao plantation and a lavish banquet prepared in their honor. montezuma realized eventually that he had made a mistake by identifying cortez as the returned god - king. cortez enlisted the help of many sympathetic natives and took montezuma prisoner upon realizing his venerability. it was only a matter of two to three years later that history would see the complete downfall of the aztec empire. not to be compared to his predecessor colon, cortez realized rapidly the value of the cocao beans and the impact it would have economically for spain both as a food and a currency. the value as reported by a contemporary or cortez was a slave could be purchased for 100 cocao beans, the services of a prostitute for 10, and a rabbit for 4. pedro martyre de angleria, a well known jesuit, called the cocao beans \" pecuniary almonds \" thus describing them as \" blessed money \". he proclaimed that it could exempt it ' s possessor ' s from avarice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4267532998134698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.241361"} {"text": "pedro martyre de angleria, a well known jesuit, called the cocao beans \" pecuniary almonds \" thus describing them as \" blessed money \". he proclaimed that it could exempt it ' s possessor ' s from avarice since it can not be hidden or horded underground. the common understanding is that he was referring to the fact that you could not store them for very long without them rotting. an english friar, thomas gage wrote a great collection and extensively on the value of the cocao beans. he is recorded as stating that the natives there bought what they desired or needed for two cocao beans. the exchange he noted also was based on the exchange and value of currency of the time. at the time ( 1625 ) the spanish real was valued at a sixpence or four cents for our understanding. he went on to explain that the natives did in fact make their purchases at the rate of two cocaos, the cost or value placed on the cocaos by the foreigners was 200 cocao beans for a spanish real or a sixpence being four cents in our day. this is all to say that among the natives the cocao beans were significant and highly valued and was the preferred currency of the day. cortez set out to find el dorado the lost fabled city of aztec gold. not too long after his arrival and after realizing the value of the cocao beans to the natives, he realized that due to the importance placed on the cocao beans by the natives that truly money did grow on trees. the next few years he would set up to exploit the commercial potential of the cocao beans by setting up plantations through out the caribbean and there by producing \" liquid gold \". dur to the nature of the ease and profitability of cultivating the cocao beans, it drew many spaniards to the new world and the prospect of the easy riches caused many settlers to come and start colonies. soon spain established plantations in mexico, ecuador, venezuela, peru, and the jamaican and hispaniola islands. though the production of cocao beans has since spread through out the world, to date the most highly prized variety of beans still hails from the original areas. this \" liquid gold \" was kept a secret for as long as was possible by the spaniards due to the ease and huge profits they gained by processing the cocao beans in the new world and then transporting it through out the old world. but the secret of true aztec gold would not last. in 1580 the first ever chocolate plant outside of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4365867045464428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.242364"} {"text": "spaniards due to the ease and huge profits they gained by processing the cocao beans in the new world and then transporting it through out the old world. but the secret of true aztec gold would not last. in 1580 the first ever chocolate plant outside of the new world was set up in spain. from that point on the popularity of chocolate began to spread through out spain at large and into the european countries with great popularity. the dutch transplanted some trees to their settlements in east indian states in the early seventeenth century. from there the popularity and cultivation spread to the philippines, new guinea, samoa and indonesia. the financial success it should be noted was due to the exploitation of hundreds of thousands of african slaves. plantations were spreading throughout the world and many europeans countries came and settled the new world in the pursuit of aztecan gold, what we all enjoy today as chocolate. in reflection it is amazing that something found so commonly today in store through out the world was once the catalyst to expedite the colonization and to activate the \" settling \" of the new world. that is why to this day we refer to chocolate as the food of hods and it has rightfully been seen in the venue that it deserves. not many items have moved a world to action as chocolate did. not even the greed for gold moved the world into action as did the first taste of cocao. if you love poetry check out my book at amazon. com lamentations of the caves by rebecca cuevas de caissie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45223290450052955, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.242962"} {"text": "basalt is used for a wide variety of purposes. it is most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in construction projects. crushed basalt is used for road base, concrete aggregate, asphalt pavement aggregate, railroad ballast, filter stone in drain fields and may other purposes. basalt is also cut into dimension stone. thin slabs of basalt are cut and sometimes polished for use as floor tiles, building veneer, monuments and other stone objects. jaw crusher used in basalt mining processes various kinds of material with crushing compression strength not more than 320mp. it features firm structure, stable performance, and large capacity, even producing granularity, convenient maintenance and economical running expense. it has been widely applied in area of mining, construction material, smelting, railway, high grade road surface, water conservancy, etc. cone crusher in basalt crushing has a feature of reliable construction, high productivity, easy adjustment and low operating cost. it is widely used both domestic and abroad in metallurgy, architecture, road making, chemistry and silicate industry for crushing various mid - hard and hard ores and rocks. basalt grinding machine is widely used in metallurgy, building materials, chemicals, mining minerals in areas which had better pulverize basalt. according to the fine grinding of basalt and discharging basalt fineness, basalt grinder can be divided into raymond mill powder machine, high pressure hanging roller mill grinding machines, high pressure powder mill, through centrifugal mill overpressure trapezoid mill, tricycle in the six - speed milling machine types. basalt mining equipment basalt mining equipment like mining crusher and mining mill is an important mining tool which is widely used in stone quarrying, mining, ore dressing plant, aggregate production plant, powder making industry, recycling industry and so on. usually, the crushing plant flow chart goes as follows : crushing, grinding, screening, washing, drying etc. benco machinery can supply the contractors, end users with whole unit crushing plant from primary, secondary, tertiary crushing to powder making machine, sieving, screening equipment. complete stationary, mobile, portable systems in open - circuit or closed - circuit type are available for the customer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4473248000159923, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.245642"} {"text": "increment 5 digits number hello, i need help here. what i ' m trying to do : 1 ) to has a function that will generate a unique 5 digits number that will increase everytime i call the function. i want to use it as slip number. it start from 00000 to 99999. if it more than 99999 then it will be reset to 00000. 2 ) this function will search in the table whether the number generated already existed or not, if yes it will increment the number if no then it will assign the number to the txtfields ( 1 ). below is my code but it doesn ' t work well. private function tranno ( ) static code1 as double txtfields ( 1 ). text = format ( code1, \" 00000 \" ) if code1 < 99999 then if adodc1. recordset. recordcount > 0 then do until adodc1. recordset. eof if adodc1. recordset ( \" tranno \" ) = code1 then code1 = code1 + 1 code1 = 0 in summary, this number like an autonumber. can anyone help me to correct the code, or suggest another way to do it? help me please! view complete forum thread with replies see related forum messages : follow the links below to view complete thread number gen with different digits i am working on a program where the user can pick how many digits and it will generate txtnumber. text amout of a certain digit. here is the code : ' int ( ( upperbound - lowerbound + 1 ) * rnd + lowerbound ) private declare sub sleep lib \" kernel32 \" ( byval dwmilliseconds as long ) private sub cmdclear _ click ( ) list1. clearend sub private sub cmdexit _ click ( ) unload meend sub private sub cmdgenerate _ click ( ) combo1. enabled = falsetxtnumber. enabled = falseprogressbar1. max = txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = 0lblstatus. caption = \" 0 / \" + txtnumber. text if combo1. text = 5 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 99999 - 10000 + 1 ) * rnd + 10000 ) list1. addite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43573361930140564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.263736"} {"text": "if combo1. text = 5 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 99999 - 10000 + 1 ) * rnd + 10000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1tempr = progressbar1. valuelblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + \" / \" + txtnumber. textsleep ( 50 ) nextend if if combo1. text = 6 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 999999 - 100000 + 1 ) * rnd + 100000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1lblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + \" / \" + txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1sleep ( 50 ) nextend if if combo1. text = 7 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 9999999 - 1000000 + 1 ) * rnd + 1000000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1lblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + \" / \" + txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1sleep ( 50 ) nextend if if combo1. text = 8 thenfor x = 1 to txtnumber. text ' blahtempnumber = int ( ( 99999999 - 10000000 + 1 ) * rnd + 10000000 ) list1. additem ( tempnumber ) me. refreshprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1lblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + \" / \" + txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1sleep ( 50 ) nextend if combo1. enabled = truetxtnumber. enabled = trueend subpr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46958578797837214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.264663"} {"text": "\" / \" + txtnumber. textprogressbar1. value = progressbar1. value + 1sleep ( 50 ) nextend if combo1. enabled = truetxtnumber. enabled = trueend subprivate sub form _ load ( ) combo1. additem ( \" 5 \" ) combo1. additem ( \" 6 \" ) combo1. additem ( \" 7 \" ) combo1. additem ( \" 8 \" ) end sub i cant do the line that says : lblstatus. caption = progressbar1. value + \" / \" + txtnumber. text and i dont know a way around that. all help is appreciated. adding digits in a number hey everyone! i searched for something like this buit could not find anthing. what i need to do is take a number like 123456789 and add each digit together. so it would be : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = whatever. i have tried a lot of different methods, but i can ' t seem to get it to work. could some of you guys help me out? thanx! forcing a set number of digits this is probably a really simple question but how do i force my program to insert zeros infront of a number if it ' s not large enough? for example, i want all my numbers to have exactly 3 digits, so if the number is 19, i want it to store it as 019. i know you can use formatcurrency function to force 0 ' s after the decimal, but how do you do it in my case? thanks in advance. counting number of digits is there any method to check how many digits a number contains that is entered in the text box or if it is assigned to an integer variable?? number of decimals digits hello to all. i am new with vb, so please forgive me if i sound ignorant. i am doing some calculations that involve double numbers, the results are ok, but i need to show only 2 decimal digits... and i have not been able to figure this out. could any body help me with this.? increment for a number with the alphabet... can anyone teach me how to increase the number with the alphabet as well? for example, \" a00001 \", everytime, when i click the command button, it will automatically + 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44714589995372034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.265716"} {"text": "users know? thanks. how do you separate 1 big number into all the individual digits? say you ' ve got a number like 2749386 and rather than doing something with that number you want to split it into the individual numbers and do something with all those numbers. so you ' d have 2, 7, 4, 9, 3, 8 and 6 and can do different things to each. it ' s reaaly annoying if u can help i ' d be pleased number of digits after decimal point google search gave me nothing, so here it goes : is there a better way to find out how many digits there are after decimal point in the given number? 123 = > 0 12. 56 = > 2 3. 4 = > 1 etc. right now i have a little function that accepts a number and returns another number ( of digits after decimal point + 1, this 1 is the decimal point itself ) private function movenumberby ( sngvalue as single ) as double if instr ( 1, cstr ( sngvalue ), \". \" ) > 0 then movenumberby = ( len ( cstr ( sngvalue ) ) - instr ( 1, cstr ( sngvalue ), \". \" ) ) + 1 i hope there is a better way than dealing with converting the number to string and messing with it like that. removing digits form a number this may be a really biginners question, but if i had a variable say dim random = 134830809584545445 and i want to remove the first 5 digits at the right ( so removing ( 13483 ) in this case, is there a good function that can do this? unique digits in a number - you might find this useful. since there ' s no codebank for vba, here ' s something i ' d like to share with you all. i just finished working on a project which i needed to count how many unique digits are in a number. in fact, i ' ve modified it so that it works on strings too! function checkduplicates ( valrng as string, output as byte ) as string dim count as byte, olen as byte, nlen as byte dim totlen as byte, i as byte totlen = len ( valrng ) redim num ( totlen ) as variant ' populate the array one digit each. call pad ( num ( ), valrng )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.457979508994873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.267636"} {"text": "2002 / 2 ; 2002 / 3 ; 2002 / 4....... 2003 / 1 ; 2003 / 2 ; 2003 / 3 ; 2003 / 4....... if i select the year from combobox then according to the year the number should increse and that should be concatinated to the year and the whole should be pasted in text box..... using ms - access as a database and vb as frontend...... storing digits for large number calc i ' m planning a module for arithmetic on large numbers and i need to store an arbitrary amount of numerical digits ( 0 - 9 ) in the quickest variable type possible and without wasting horrendous amounts of memory. longs and integers, while the fastest of variable types, simply cannot store that amount of data. strings are virtually free of length boundaries, but they ' re 38 times slower than bytes and given that they ' re unicode, they would require 2 bytes per digit. also, string operations are notoriously slow. i was thinking byte arrays would work well, although they are still much too large ( 256 possible values as compared only needing 10 ). this would waste half the byte. 4 bits would work well ( 16 possible values ), but the problem would be storing and retrieving two numerical digits for individual operations. i could mathematically determine two separate digits from a value 00 - 99. correct me if i ' m wrong, but i think the first and second character of a byte in hex would return the values of the first and second group of 4 bits independently. i ' m just tossing some ideas around. thanks for any feedback! taking a number in a textbox, and finding the mean of the digits. how do you write in a number in a text, and seperate the digits of that number? i need to find the mean of a number from 1 to 99999, then find the digit in the number that is closest to the mean, but isnt larger. please help me. i ' m going to have a text box, label, and command button. basically how do i seperate digits in a number that is a string. choosing number of digits after decimal to display to display numbers according to the regional setting i used this code : nnumber = 123456. 789 and the result is 123, 456. 79 i want that i can choose how many number of digits after decimal to display, but the thousand and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46477770296704013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.269519"} {"text": "according to the regional setting i used this code : nnumber = 123456. 789 and the result is 123, 456. 79 i want that i can choose how many number of digits after decimal to display, but the thousand and decimal separator symbol remain to follow the regional setting. is it possible? edited by - zuohui on 8 / 26 / 2004 12 : 39 : 59 am solved : increment about form version number can someone explain how to increment the about form version number? it just stays at 1. 1. 0. other than not incrementing the form looks just fine. the code in the about form includes... private sub form _ load ( ) me. caption = \" about \" & app. title lblversion. caption = \" version \" & app. major & \". \" & app. minor & _ \". \" & app. revision lbltitle. caption = app. title lbldescription. caption = \" this program was written by... blah blah \" lbldisclaimer. caption = \" warning :... this program is protected.... blah \".. but there is also under - project properties - make, the version number major, minor, revision. i have them each set to 1. and, the auto increment is checked. but, i ' m not sure about under application the title and icon part. the drop down for the icon just lists all the different forms i have in this project. i don ' t think of a form as an icon what am i missing here? under version information type there are entries like comments, company name, file description and so on. what are these for? forgive my ignorance i realize this ain ' t rocket science. maybe it ' s the triptophan kicking in. thanks for any help edited by - hal on 11 / 29 / 2003 7 : 57 : 44 pm ( resolved ) ( vb6 ) auto increment number in access i use access2002 and vb6. my project is a school project. i have 2 comboboxes and one textbox. in my access database i ' ve already entered data. in combo1 i show the classes like lkg, ukg, std i, std ii, std iii etc. in combo2, i show the names of students found in that particular class which is selected in combo1. let ' s assume that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4098927494517533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.270509"} {"text": "the classes like lkg, ukg, std i, std ii, std iii etc. in combo2, i show the names of students found in that particular class which is selected in combo1. let ' s assume that the maximum strength in each class is 100. now i want to allot roll no to students of different classes in a particular way. for example : students of lkg should have roll no starting from 101. students of ukg should have roll no from 201. students of std i should have roll no from 301 like this. in the textbox if i write the first roll no of a class, can i allot roll no to all students of that class in auto increment way? hope, you got me. right? i mean, if i choose ukg and in the textbox i write 501 then roll no should be added in database against all students of that class like 501, 502, 503, 504 and each name. the roll no should be incremented till the no of students are found in the class. is it possible throught vb6 coding? thanks. edited by - pkb _ pkb on 6 / 28 / 2007 3 : 58 : 50 am reversing the digits of a number / display the day of the week for any date 1. ) how do i write a vb function / procedure that reverses the digits of a given number? i don ' t want to assume the length ( no. of digits ) of the number. that is, the user may input a 2 - digit, 3 - digit or number of any length ( less than 6 digits ). 2. ) how do i write an event procedure to display the day of the week for any given date. what functions should i use? this is not my homework. my exams are knocking on the door and so i was solving earlier year ' s question papers. i am stuck, so please help! how do i get the id ( autonumber ) to automatically increment a number sqlserver?? urge i am having a problem using the insert statement in asp. net i have a table \" information \" with the following : id ( auto number ) i have the following insert statement insert into information values ( myname, email @ my. com, mycomments ) ; how do i get the id ( auto number ) to automatically increment a number.?? i am using sql server 2000 how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4583395717253306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.271433"} {"text": "the following insert statement insert into information values ( myname, email @ my. com, mycomments ) ; how do i get the id ( auto number ) to automatically increment a number.?? i am using sql server 2000 how do i get the id ( autonumber ) to automatically increment a number sqlserver?? urge no.. sql server is not handling it.. actualyy i am doing this in asp. net in my table design i have id in the first coloumn. actually in my form design there are only 3 feilds like name, email, comments. and a submit button. so in my coding part i have written my sql statement like this : sqlinsert = insert into tbltran ( trfp _ name, ttrfp _ email, ttrfp _ comments ) so how do i get my id in the first coloumn of the datatable?? in query analyzer when initially the value of the id is showing null so how to increment this null value? generate auto - number increment in a ms access report i would like to insert a automatic number field in a report that is not bound to any table. i. e. if i wanted to insert the date or time, i would simply type \" = date ( ) \". however i would like to have every report that i generate include a auto number / random number. any suggstions? ps this is for a ms access 2000 report page. is there a way to remove digits and digits only? is there a way to remove digits and digits only? hello, i feel a little embarrassed. an acquaitance asked me a question. namely, he works for a reit company and he has to put together a project where they must retrieve various documents from the archives. by convention, the documents are stored according to the name of the street the property is on, not by the street address number, and prefixes such as \" north \" or \" south \" are ignored in ordering the he has an excel file with a list of all the properties, but sadly, the properties are input with the street number and directional prefixes ( e. g. \" east \" for \" east clinton \" street ) in the cell. so sorting them in the excel file would not at all correspond with the order they would appear while searching in the archives for them. is there a way to remove digits and digits only? i am aware of len and http :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37302754687963946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.273371"} {"text": ") in the cell. so sorting them in the excel file would not at all correspond with the order they would appear while searching in the archives for them. is there a way to remove digits and digits only? i am aware of len and http : / / office. microsoft. com / en - us / excel / ha01154901 1033. aspx? pid = cl1005705510 33 i ' m not sure if this is the right area or not, but how do i make it so that only numbers can be entered into a textbox, or if it dedects that non - digit charachters are entered, it changes the text. i have an exercise on school which involve time ( digital clock ) recording i have made my vb and un the program but when i enter the hour, minute and second in the textbox the time in the label stop i don ' t know how to make it continue working... you help will be vey much apreciated, thanks! how many digits is there a way you can tell how many digits are to the left of the deciaml point in a variable dimmed as single? and how can you tell if there are numbers to the left of the decimal point in a variable dimmed as a single? hello. i am running vb 6. 0. i am making a countdown clock for school and every time it gets one digit in seconds, like 19 : 09, it cuts off the 0 and says 19 : 9. how can i insure that the variable stays two digits? hey people do you know how i can get 4 digits to be displayed in a text box? sum of digits from memory, so no warranty of any kind function sumofdigits ( byval number as integer ) as integer dim r as integer do while number > 0 r = r + number mod 10 number = number / 10 loop sumofdigits = rend function what ' s the easiest way to find the # of digits ( or letters ) in a string or in a int? is there a built in function or do you have to do it manually? since i am new with vb i have a little question. i ' m calculating in a ppc program some numbers and i want that the result only have 2 digits after the comma. can anyone helpme? sql and ado sig digits i am retrieving a value from the database that resides as \" 10. 0 \" ( a float", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44902677655109036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.274378"} {"text": "some numbers and i want that the result only have 2 digits after the comma. can anyone helpme? sql and ado sig digits i am retrieving a value from the database that resides as \" 10. 0 \" ( a float value ) when using query analyzer i am retrieving \" 10. 0 \". when i run a stored procedure and utilize the ado object to display the value it shows a \" 10 \". \" 10 \" is not the same as \" 10. 0 \" for my application. please let me know if there are any settings to ensure that the value is returned as inputted. the alternative i have is to store the values a varchar data. note : implied decimal values will not work for this application. the significance of the data is not known prior to receiving it. getting three digits off the website the use of my program requires it being added to the startup group. i may be a throwback for even considering these types of things, but because it ' s going to be permanently running in the background, i want to minimize the footprint in every way possible. i do, however, want the program to be able to check what the latest version is on the website. all it needs is to pull down is three digits from the website, be it checking the filename of the latest version posted or reading a three character text file. my question then is can i do this without adding a control? is there some sort of api that could do this? if the control is the only way to go, would inet be the best way ( smallest footprint ) to go about it? ok, i know the solution is probably really simple but i don ' t really know what to search for when looking for a solution. i am renaming files using a number ordering system but i need the files to be numbered as follows : if the length of digits is only 2 then : 01, 02, 03, 04, 05... 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 if the length of digits is only 3 then : 001, 002, 003... 010, 011, 012, 013... 100, 101, 102, 103 obviously i can get the length of digits as len ( $ string ) so that ' s fine. i just need to know how to insert the preceding zero ' s ( this is so that windows lists them in the correct order ). thank you for any help. long to digits? is there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4226765556975254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.275432"} {"text": "rgeogan at welchlink. welch. jhu. edu mon apr 7 11 : 37 : 53 est 1997 announcing the science guide. a new internet directory and information service run by scientists and physicians for scientists and physicians. after visiting the guide, if you have any suggestion for making the guide better please let us know. ( webmaster at scienceguide. com ) the science guide consists of a number of different sections designed to help the scientist and physician find information on the internet and to sponsor communication between those interested in science : every day the science guide compiles medical and research news from national news sources around the net. most of the news articles are concerned with medicine, bioscience, and physics, but all other sciences from agriculture to zoology are commonly included. news sources currently listed include : cnn, eurekalert, hms beagle, msnbc sci - tech, science magazines sciencenow, cbs space news, usa today, the albuquerque journal, scientific american web weekly, the why files, discover magazine, scientific american, smithsonian magazine, and the technology review. the news pages also list links to news sources not compiled within the news site. we are currently working on adding a number of other sources to the site to make it even more useful. to make getting science news even easier, we send out a daily news emailer listing the articles which have been compiled on our site. anyone can subscribe to the emailer by sending an email to news at scienceguide. com with the message subscribe directory of usenet news groups and discussion lists the directory of usenet and discussion groups is compiled quarterly from different sources around the net to provide the scientist and those interested in science easy access to these invaluable sources of discourse and information. we are currently working on finding the proper subscription method for each of the discussion lists. this is taking a bit longer that we thought so please pardon our dust. the usenet portions of this section are complete. on - line journal hyperlink section the journals section contains links to peer reviewed scientific journals on the internet. each listing clearly indicates whether the journal provides only the table of contents, toc with abstracts, or the full text of the journal the jobs and positions section contains hyperlinks to the best scientific employment databases and classifieds on the net. grants and funding section the funding section contains links to the best funding and grant databases on the internet, making it very easy for scientists to quickly find funding opportunities. the featured site of the section is the community of science, a johns hopkins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5417517588725703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.278198"} {"text": "giovanni antonio scopoli ( june 3, 1723 - may 8, 1788 ) was an italian - austrian physician and naturalist. scopoli was born at cavalese in the val di fiemme, the son of a lawyer. he obtained a degree in medicine at university of innsbruck, and practiced as a doctor in cavalese and venice. much of his time was spent collecting plants and insects in the alps. he spent two years as private secretary to the count of seckan, and then was appointed as physician of the mines in idrija, a small village in slovenia, remaining there for sixteen years. in 1761 he published de hydroargyro idriensi tentamina on the symptoms of mercury poisoning among miners. scopoli spent time studying the local natural history, publishing flora carniolica ( 1760 ) as well as a major work on entomology. he also published anni historico - naturales ( 1769 - 72 ), which included descriptions of new birds from various collections. in 1769 scopoli was appointed a senior lecturer at mining academy at chemnitz, and in 1777 transferred to the university of pavia. his last work was deliciae flora et fauna insubricae ( 1786 - 88 ), which included scientific names for birds and mammals described by pierre sonnerat in the accounts of his voyages. the drug scopolamine is named after him. the standard botanical author abbreviation scop. is applied to species he described.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.368054723407137, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.280689"} {"text": "published by the smithsonian institution between the 1920s and the 1950s, the bent life history series of monographs provide an often colorful description of the birds of north america. arthur cleveland bent was the lead author for the series. the bent series is a great resource and often includes quotes from early american ornithologists, including audubon, townsend, wilson, sutton and many others. bent life history for the pine siskin - the common name and sub - species reflect the nomenclature in use at the time the description was written. spinus pinus ( wilson ) contributed by ralph s. palmer the pine siskin is a social bird the year round. breeding individuals join in social flocks away from the nesting territory, and they sometimes feed in the tree where the nest is situated. these social groups are small, up to a half dozen birds, not the large flocks commonly seen outside the breeding season. from late summer to late winter the pine siskin associates, roughly in descending order of frequency, with the redpolls, the goldfinches, the two crossbills, the purple finch, the cedar waxwing, and very occasionally, the juncos. except for the first two mentioned, the association usually is brief and may break off whenever a mixed flock takes flight. a common situation is to find the few siskins in the flocks of the other species, especially when goldfinches or redpolls are plentiful and the siskins few. the siskin is a relatively high and swift flier, often crossing from ridge to ridge or peak to peak in direct flight far above the trees in * the following subspecics are discussed in this section :, spinus pinus pinus ( wilson ) and s. p. macreplerus ( bonaparte ) the intervening area. the flocks are compact, and all members execute long undulating sweeps in unison. usually the birds fly silently, but now and again one or many may utter a sharp lisping call - note that carries well. the decision to alight seems to come abruptly, and the flock drops down into the trees to rest or feed. it is common for the birds to be more vocal on alighting, and again as they depart. often when feeding, there are no birds in flight ; at other times part of the flock may take wing and pass over those still feeding to other food trees. as the birds thus go \" leapfrogging, \" the entire mass of the flock of busy, lisping birds appears to flow through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4661447027220428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.341268"} {"text": "at other times part of the flock may take wing and pass over those still feeding to other food trees. as the birds thus go \" leapfrogging, \" the entire mass of the flock of busy, lisping birds appears to flow through the forest. then all of a sudden the lisping ceases and the flock is silent ; it takes flight with a very audible whirring of wings and flies rapidly away. by observing alders in strawberry canyon at berkeley, calif., in february, t. l. rodgers ( 1937 ) provides a description of siskin habits that applies generally : it began to appear as if the regular procedure of the birds was to alight in the top of a tree, forage down to the lower limbs, never spreading over an area more than 12 or 15 feet across, and then by means of a circular flight move to the top of another tree and forage down ii. although this was the commonest method, they were also seen to forage in a nearly horizontal line through a group of trees without foraging through any of them completely ; they foraged up through a tree, and then moved by a direct route, at times even \" flowing \" from one tree to the next after the manner of a flock of bush - tits. the direct flights of the flocks were either to trees far away or to those ten or fifteen feet off. this seems to bear out the idea that \" circle flights \" are survey flights. the siskin ' s gait seems much better adapted to climbing about tree tops than to ground feeding. on the ground it walks with very short steps interspersed with occasional little hops, and its body almost seems to cling to the ground. many authors have commented on the siskin ' s tameness and boldness in its relations with human beings. brooding females usually can be approached within inches before they leave the nest. exceptional, however, was the experience of f. h. allen ( 1888 ) at newton, mass., in late april. he observed two siskins near a heap of hops by the roadside. one flew away on his approach ; the other, though able - bodied and in good condition, allowed itself to be approached closely, stroked, and caught in the hand. allen queried : \" was this bird affected by the hops * * *? ~ 7 e. r. davis ( 1926 ) reported siskins at leominster, mass., to be remarkably tame in late fall. he says : in a short time the birds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45733501792130904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.342359"} {"text": "\" was this bird affected by the hops * * *? ~ 7 e. r. davis ( 1926 ) reported siskins at leominster, mass., to be remarkably tame in late fall. he says : in a short time the birds came to regard me as their friend, and in the days that followed grew to be exceedingly sociable and to lose every vestige of fear. whenever i would appear at the window, or step outside the door, down they would come and, settling upon my head, shoulders, and arms, would peer anxiously about for the food that they had learned to know i held concealed from them in a box, dish, or other receptacle. the moment i removed the cover or exposed the food, they would make a dash for it and the usual scrapping program would be on. nor was it at all necessary for me to go outside the door * * \". in a short time the siskins discovered this opening [ in a window pane ], and it was only necessary for me to draw the slide when one after another would come right into my kitchen, and soon one or more of them would be perched on my head or shoulder, or hopping around on the desk where i was writing, looking for the handful of seeds that they all knew was forthcoming. * * * now and then some members of the flock would elect to spend the night in the warm room, sleeping on the clothes - line, stretched across the room a little below the ceiling. on such occasions they seemed to be without fear and totally oblivious to people moving ahout the room, often within a few inches of them, turning on or snapping of! electric lights. the interested reader may want to read all of the above - quoted article by e. u. davis. he carried out a series of conditioned reflex experiments. only a paragraph about one of these ( p. 386 ) is quoted here ; it concerns a button rigged to release a small batch of seeds when pushed : for quite a while the thing remained a puzzle to them. finally, one of them happened to notice that push - button, which was a different colored wood from the rest of the contraption. he sidled up to it, looked it over for a moment, then gave it a \" bit!. \" this released the catch on the other side and down at his feet came a little handful of seeds. this frightened him, of course, and he flew away, only to return a minute later, eat the seeds that had fallen down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4677845032679152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.343326"} {"text": "bit!. \" this released the catch on the other side and down at his feet came a little handful of seeds. this frightened him, of course, and he flew away, only to return a minute later, eat the seeds that had fallen down the chute, and then tried to \" press the button \" arrangement again. it was not long before several of the flock had learned the secret, but it was quite a while before they became used to the seeds failing down at their feet, so that they were not afraid, and would proceed to eat them without first flying away a few inches. a siskin ' s life is not always easy. during severe weather in march and april, 1939, many siskins died on mount desert island, maine ( r. s. paimer, 1949 ). winter deaths, presumably from eating a poisonous chloride, are discussed under food. various authors have reported destruction of nests, eggs, or young by wind, sleet, and rain. heavy rains have killed young after they departed from the nest. several observers, on finding nests empty and sometimes damaged, have suspected predation by the red squirrel and the blue jay. the domestic cat is a known predator. the cowbird, too, is a hazard, since its egg or chick in a siskin nest is detrimental to the siskin ' s nesting success. both parent siskins treat the young cowbird as one of their own. at wenatchee, wash., u. t. congdon ' ( ms. ) found a young siskin that had died after a foot became entangled in the nest lining. e. r. davis ( 1926 ) described siskin actions at the sight of a northern shrike at leominster, mass., in winter : it was wonderful how quickly they would detect one of these birds in the vicinity, or even at a great distance. instantly, if one of them appeared in the sky or on a distant tree, all activity ceased among the siskins, and each bird, intently watching the enemy, would literally \" freeze \" to the spot where he was sitting, hardly moving a feather until the enemy had disappeared. on more than one ~ i have had them ' freeze \" on my hand, where they had been sitting when the danger threatened. aggressiveness is a marked siskin trait at feeding stations. davis ( 1926 ) placed food on a shelf 3 feet square and found that \" the bird that first reached the place seemed to consider himself the sole owner of the entire stand, and woe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48903448436159674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.344311"} {"text": "aggressiveness is a marked siskin trait at feeding stations. davis ( 1926 ) placed food on a shelf 3 feet square and found that \" the bird that first reached the place seemed to consider himself the sole owner of the entire stand, and woe to the individual that dared dispute his claim. \" when feeding with purple finches the siskins are bold and usually hold their own. generally they feed together peaceably, but now and again a siskin takes the offensive and darts at a purple finch, scaring it away. perhaps the siskin ' s sharp bill gives it authority. in feeding with evening grosbeaks, the siskins keep their distance and show pugnaciousness only among themselves. territory : siskins go in flocks containing a few to well over a thousand individuals. flocks of 50 to 200 are common. at the close of the breeding season : usually early summer : the birds generally leave the breeding localities, although the extent and often direction of this movement is unknown. then the birds may occur in or pass through the nesting area again in autumn. largescale incursions in the postbreeding period have not been noted as frequently as autumn and winter invasions. however, in alberta beginning in mid - june and lasting into august, 1921, large numbers of siskins moved into the park country of the prairie where no evergreens occur except for small patches along river bottoms. f. l. farley ( 1921 ) reports that at almost any hour of day one could see large flocks, \" whiiling here and there \" in redpoll fashion. they would feed, then take flight suddenly. in parts of the siskin ' s range near and along the pacific coast, the species occurs in many localities all year, but a goodly share of the population moves altitudinally to the lowlands in autumn and to higher elevations to breed in spring. the highest altitudinal record is for a siskin that taylor and shaw ( 1927 ) found dead at approximately 11, 000 feet on mount ranier, wash. the siskin ' s center of abundance is from the rocky mountains westward. part of the population in the interior of the continent shows a more or less northwest : southeast movement in autumn and the reverse in spring. thus it seems likely that the species may have spread eastward, as the evening grosbeak did at a later period, but before the event could be chronicled. m. h. swenk ( 1929 ) wrote : judging from the fact that in various", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43282420693842266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.347152"} {"text": "likely that the species may have spread eastward, as the evening grosbeak did at a later period, but before the event could be chronicled. m. h. swenk ( 1929 ) wrote : judging from the fact that in various falls that they have occurred in nebraska the pine siskins usually have been seen first in the more westerly and northerly parts of the state, and later in the more southeastern localities, and also from the further fact that they may reach western or central nebraska commonly in seasons when they are uncommon or absent in extreme southeastern nebraska, it is probable our pine siskin winter visitors are birds that summer in the black hills and those parts of the rocky mountains at a corresponding latitude, or northward. the fall and winter wanderings, especially in the east, are so irregular in occurrence and so variable in extent that it is difficult to define the species ' usual range as compared to its total range. at any rate there is usually some movement : vertical migration in mountains, horizontal elsewhere, both unpredictable regarding the amount or direction. in some years these movements become southward incursions of vast extent. dorothy mierow ( 1946 ) summarized as follows : some years are marked by exceptional flights of these birds southward. in 1896, enormous flocks were found in louisiana, south carolina, missouri, and flhinois. again in the year 1907, notable for its cold spring, flocks were observed in florida, tennessee, ohio, michigan and missouri. this year they nested in nebraska. the season of 1922 : 23 was characterized by an abundant crop of beech nuts and wild fruits, and again the siskins appeared in large numbers in alabama, virginia, ohio, wisconsin, north dakota, and nebraska. they were conspicuous by their absence from yosemite national park, california, in the fall of 1923. in 1925, they were seen in kentucky and michigan, and they nested in north dakota and aiso at ithaca, new york. there were abundant spruce, fir, and hemlock seeds in the great smokies of tennessee in 1937. siskins, usually rare in tennessee, appeared in thousands during november. in other years, too, there were great flights at one place or another, but in these particular years the movement was most marked. during an incursion into the southeast in the winter of 1946 : 47, r. l. weaver ( 1948 ) saw five birds in orange park, clay county, fla., probably the southeasternmost record. the pine siskin is commonly stated to wander", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43132214148908543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.348104"} {"text": "siskin are augmented by a warbled song. at this time the flocks break up into smaller ones, then into groups of three to five birds, then into pairs. there is considerable fighting and chasing when the flocks start to disintegrate. at rutherglen, ontario, mrs. lawrence notes : \" in the midst of all this sweet singing, two birds swing into the air in an extensive ' cloud chase ', their movements tightly synchronized as they alternate in the roles of pursuer and pursued. \" perhaps anticipatory to courtship - and nest - feeding is a performance observed in late april in everett, wash., by ~ m. r. thayer ( 1911 ) : \" our attention was called to three birds on a [ trellisi cross - bar about seven feet from where we stood. two were close together and the third a little apart, and all three were opening and closing their bills, stretching them wide as if yawning and closing them with a snap. before we had time to consider what it might mean, the two turned toward each other and touched their bills in a most lover - like manner. they were quiet a moment, then one opened his bill wide again and they both flew away followed by the third * * * \" courtship feeding begins while the birds are still in flocks or small groups. on feb. 5, 1948, at rutherglen, ontario, mrs. lawrence ( ms. ) noted : \" the female sat on a twig. presently the male alighted on the same twig, hopped up to her and offered her a small particle, of what i could not see. she crouched and, with trembling wings, accepted the offering. \" the birds are still in flocks or groups when courtship flight with song reaches its fullest development. two paragraphs from mrs. lawrence ' s notes describe it well : \" with a beam of sun - shine illuminating his golden flashes, the male rose into the air with tail spread wide and wings in a blur of rapid motion. to the accompamment of a flight song which seemed to express far more musical adoration than could be contained in so small a body, be described circle after circle around his chosen mate. that the female reflected none of her partner ' s emotion in no way seemed to dampen his ardor and, after he dropped on to a twig from pure exhaustion to catch his breath, a few moments later he rose again in a repeat performance no less ecstatic than the first.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4739657927904077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.350170"} {"text": "' s emotion in no way seemed to dampen his ardor and, after he dropped on to a twig from pure exhaustion to catch his breath, a few moments later he rose again in a repeat performance no less ecstatic than the first. \" none of the flight song performances i saw ended in copulation. when that took place in my presence, it was an anticlimax to what 1 had previously seen. two birds came to the salt lick and one of them perched in a bush. that very instant the male alighted directly upon the first bird by the pouncing technique without any sort of preliminaries. copulation took place with both birds trembling violently. when it was over, the female begged and the male, with nothing in the bill, performed a token feeding. the female shook herself and both birds hopped down on the ground where the male strutted a little with raised head feathers. \" formation of the pair bond involves symbolic feeding, sexual flight, and song, and it occurs while the birds are in social groups. single brood monogamy is certain, but how much longer the pair bond lasts is not known. nesting : at times siskins nest as isolated pairs. more usually, nesting is somewhat a colonial affair, with the nests rods apart. adults join in social flocks away from the nests. typically, the nest is at middie height in a conifer, well out, and concealed on a densely foliaged horizontal limb. the most frequent departure from this pattern is for the nest to be located lower down, but when this happens it is still usually above 8 feet from the ground. commonest choices for nesting are hemlock, pines, spruces, firs, cedars, redwood, cypress, and wild lilac. introduced conifers, also transplantings of native trees, are occupied in addition to natural stands. deciduous trees are used for nesting occasionally. for example, the siskin has nested in box elder in new mexico ( f. m. bailey, 1928 ) and north dakota ( r. reid, 1929 ), in maples and oaks in oregon ( c. keller, 1891 ), in maple in washington ( r. t. congdon, ms. ), in the very top of a 50 - foot eucalyptus in california ( carriger and pemberton, 1907 ), among cottonwoods in montana ( a. a. saunders, 1912, 1921 ), and two nests in lilacs in colorado ( f. m. dille, 1900", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4805196722073026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.351043"} {"text": "- foot eucalyptus in california ( carriger and pemberton, 1907 ), among cottonwoods in montana ( a. a. saunders, 1912, 1921 ), and two nests in lilacs in colorado ( f. m. dille, 1900 ). the highest nests are at about 45 to 50 feet. in manuscript notes, s. f. rathbun recorded a nest in washington only 4 ~ / ~ feet above ground in a stunted cedar. the lowest record at hand is of a nest in iowa, recorded by dales and bennett ( 1929 ) as only 3 feet up in a 4k - foot cedar on a lawn. during resting periods the birds go to tree tops. the female chooses the nest site and is accompanied by the male as she brings nesting material. at times the birds return to social life in flocks ; also, other siskins occasionally accompany the nesters on flights to the nest tree. as c. w. bowles ( 1903 ) puts it, several pairs may be \" superintending \" when one is building. the small nesting territory is used for copulating : although this occurs elsewhere, too : and nesting ; in addition, the male feeds his mate there during incubation and the period until the young attain flight. the defense of territory is developed slowly, being weak until after the nest is built. weaver and west ( 1943 ) write : during nest building the male had been quite attentive to the female and never left the nesting area for very long periods, and he did not seem to be very closely associated with any of the other siskins or flocks which fed near the nest tree. after the eggs were laid, he would leave the area for short periods, which became longer as incubation progressed. he frequently returned in company with one of several other siskins. the female would chase these birds, as would the male, if they came too close to the nest. on several occasions, he flew off with these birds after feeding her on the nest. other birds would enter the general nesting area and feed with one or both of the mated birds, unmolested. as is common with a number of early nesters, the structure that the siskin builds is rather large in proportion to the size of the builder and usually well concealed in foliage. it is fairly well put together, generally somewhat flat, and often not very securely fastened to the branch. the foundation and sides consist of such materials as twigs, rootlets, and grass ; the lining consists of fine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4512862154807361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.351923"} {"text": "and usually well concealed in foliage. it is fairly well put together, generally somewhat flat, and often not very securely fastened to the branch. the foundation and sides consist of such materials as twigs, rootlets, and grass ; the lining consists of fine rootlets, hair, fur, feathers, and other fine - textured material. the finer material, at least, is often gathered on the ground. dales and bennett ( 1929 ) saw a siskin dismantling an old goldfinch nest and using the materials in new construction. numerous photographs and descriptions of nests have been published. a good example of the latter is c. ii. morrell ' s ( 1899 ) of one found in march in nova scotia : it was saddled on the limb and radiating twigs but not attached to them. considering the size of the bird, it is quite large, rather flat, and bears no resemblance to * * * [ goldfinch nests ], measuring as follows : height, 1. 63 inches ; depth,. 75 ; outside top diameter, 4 inches ; inside top diameter, 2 inches. it is constructed mainly of dark pendulous tree - moss, with some fulvous bark from weed - stalks, plant - down, usnea, and other mosses. about the bottom of the nest is [ sic ] woven a few spruce twigs. the lining is entirely the pendulous moss. from eureka, calif., r. r. talmadge ( ms. ) writes of two nests that he considered distinct from all others he had found. the first was composed of fine grayish rootlets with a minimum of plant fiber and lined with black horsehair. the other was similar, but was lined with red hair from cattle that were in the immediate area. most of the nests discovered were similar in composition, but the lining was mixed, not distinct as in these two. according to weaver and west ( 1943 ), at hanover, n. h. : three days were required to complete the outer layers and bottom of the nest. on the fourth day, lining materials were added. several attempts to break off small twigs from the nest branch were observed. after the fifth day, materials were added to the nest sporadically until the eggs were laid. on the seventh day the female began making trips to the nebt without materials and sitting on it for short periods. this procedure continued with the trips to the nest becoming more frequent and the time spent on the nest increasing to as much as fifty minutes before the tenth day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4878729153728435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.352804"} {"text": "day the female began making trips to the nebt without materials and sitting on it for short periods. this procedure continued with the trips to the nest becoming more frequent and the time spent on the nest increasing to as much as fifty minutes before the tenth day, april 18, when the first of the two eggs was laid. the second egg was laid on the following day. eggs : the data summarized from mierow ( 1946 ) plus other available published and unpublished information through 1954, indicate that three - egg clutches predominate, about two - thirds as many have four eggs, a third as many have two, that clutches of five are rare but occur more often than those presumed complete with a single egg. c. w. bowles ( 1903 ), for example, mentions sets of one ( complete? ), three, and four in washington, and stated that three seemed most common. carriger and pemberton ( 1907 ), writing of san mateo and san francisco counties, calif., states that the \" average set seems to be three eggs, but four is also a common number. several sets of two eggs were taken in advanced stages of incubation, and also two sets of five, but these are rare. \" there seems to be no geographic variation in clutch size, but it is difficult to assess the data since most sets observed were from pacific coastal states. carriger and pemberton ( 1907 ) write : \" the eggs are a pale greenish blue several shades lighter than the eggs of astragalir & ws [ goldfinches ], and are marked with chocolate spots and irregular blotches, with a number of pale lavender blotches which appear to be beneath the surface of the shell. eggs vary from very nearly unmarked, to well marked about the larger end and sparingly over the whole surface. the average size of all eggs at hand is. 63 x. 48 inches. \" in a manuscript note, robert r. talmadge of eureka, calif., states : \" several sets which i have found had one or two unmarked eggs. the markings vary from small blackish spots to semi - elaborate scrolling of dark sepia and lavender. \" all egg data at hand indicate that complete sets of fresh eggs usually are to be found in the united states and canada from early april to early may. eggs in march, or indications of their probable occurrence then, are as follows : young nearly ready to leave the nest march 19 at woodstock, vt. ( e. h. forbush,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44918245191634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.353987"} {"text": "the united states and canada from early april to early may. eggs in march, or indications of their probable occurrence then, are as follows : young nearly ready to leave the nest march 19 at woodstock, vt. ( e. h. forbush, 1929 ) ; nest nearly completed march 15 ( had three eggs on the 3 1st ) and another started march 18, at lincoln, nebr. ( m. h. swenk, 1929 ) ; siskin gathering nesting material march 16 in san francisco county, calif. ( m. s. iray, 1916 ) ; nest completed march 11 had three eggs on march 18, also nest with two nearly fledged young on april 13, in lewis county, n. y. ( c. h. merriam, 1878 ) ; nest with two eggs and two newly hatched young march 28 or 29, at tacoma, wash. ( j. h. bowles, 1924 ) ; clutch of four on march 29 in nova scotia ( c. h. morrell, 1899 ) ; nest with two eggs taken on unstated march day in ontario ( baillie and harrington, 1937 ) ; and unstated number of eggs the last of the month in vermont ( tracy in mierow, 1946 ). fresh eggs in may and early june are common but why many fresh clutches have been found in california in early june is a matter for speculation. the set of eggs of the pine siskin varies from three to six ; sets of four and five are most frequent. they are ovate with some tendency toward short - ovate and have very little lustre. the ground color is greenish - white or bluish - white, delicately speckled and spotted with \" light cinnamon drab, \" \" cinnamon drab, \" \" warm sepia, \" or \" verona brown, \" with a few thin scrawls of black. in general, the markings are concentrated somewhat toward the large end where they often form a loose wreath ; rarely an egg is found that is almost immaculate. the measurements of 50 eggs average 16. 6 by 12. 4 millimeters ; the eggs showing the four extremes measure 18. 0 by 13. 1, and 14. 3 by 11. 3 millimeters. eggs are laid on successive days. weaver and west ( 1943 ) say that at hanover, n. h., both eggs of a two - egg clutch \" were laid before nine o ' clock in the morning. incubation began upon the laying of the first egg and the young batched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.474964374159933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.354963"} {"text": "west ( 1943 ) say that at hanover, n. h., both eggs of a two - egg clutch \" were laid before nine o ' clock in the morning. incubation began upon the laying of the first egg and the young batched thirteen days later, one day apart. * * * the danger from freezing of the eggs would appear to be lessened with incubation beginning upon the laying of the eggs. \" only the female has an incubation patch and she alone incubates. weaver and west ( 1943 ) write : \" during incubation, the female stayed very close to the nest. the longest observed period that the female was off the nest for the entire period of incubation was eight minutes. she was fed by the male during incubation, and this permitted long uninterrupted periods on the nest ; in fact, he began feeding her on the nest the day before the first egg was laid and in one instance was observed to feed her while she was off the nest before the eggs were laid. hatching is described by the same authors ( 1943 ) as follows : \" just prior to hatching, the female stood up on the edge of the nest and looked at the eggs a great many times. hatching occurred early in the morning, before 7 : 30 a. m., or possibly during the night. there was no sign of the egg shell in the nest, but later a small piece was found under the tree. young : in t. he above - mentioned nest, \" feeding of the young began very soon after hatching, possibly within the hour. \" weaver and west reported that, during the first few days after hatching, the female fed the young about every 10 to 15 minutes, but near the end of the nestling period feedings were about an hour apart. for the first 7 or 8 days the male fed the female on the nest and she fed the young ; he increased his trips with food to twice an hour, and made even three or four trips per hour toward evening. on the 7th or 8th day he began to feed the young directly. after the 10th day, the male was not seen to feed the female and she began to forage for herself and the young. the usual method of male feeding female when the young are small has been reported from berkeley, calif., by t. l. rodgers. the bird on the nest hears ti - er, ti - er from the mate in another tree, and replies ti - er.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4540803161921652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.356050"} {"text": "feeding female when the young are small has been reported from berkeley, calif., by t. l. rodgers. the bird on the nest hears ti - er, ti - er from the mate in another tree, and replies ti - er. they call back and forth three or four to a dozen times, and the food hearer ifies to a position a few feet from the nest and utters one or more plaintive pseee notes. then, while both are silent, it hops quietly toward the brooding bird. she flutters her wings and begs and the feeder regurgitates. rodgers ( 1937 ) states : \" the feeding process continued by the clasping of the bills of the two birds, the upper and lower mandibles of one just closing the complete gape of the other. three or four such contacts were made, and, between each, the bird doing the feeding gulped as if bringing more food into its mouth. the bird then flew away, and the brooding bird sat quietly for eight or ten seconds before proceeding to feed the young. \" this regurgitative feeding of the brooding female by the male was observed at close range at sioux city, iowa, by dales and bennett ( 1929 ), who pointed out that the process is a comparatively long one. their description of a feeding ends thus : \" toward the end of the feeding as the male withdrew his beak from the female ' s mouth a string of saliva - like substance stretched between the two bills ; this was immediately sucked in by the female. there must have been considerable of it, for there seemed to be a flow of it for nearly fifteen seconds. then the male flew away. \" the food - bearing male sometimes is accompanied by other siskins who do not trespass in the small defended area around the nest. they perch in the nest tree, or in nearby trees ; they also accompany the male when he departs, as several observers have noted. the female also joins social groups. weaver and west state that the young never were left unprotected more than 11 minutes, that during the first week the female ' s usual duration of absence was 3 minutes. she kept the nest clean by eating all excreta for the first 7 or 8 days ; later it became fouled because neither parent removed the droppings. t. l. rodgers ( 1937 ) observed the eating of the droppings. he states that the nest was kept clean during the first 8 days and, from the 9th day on, no droppings were taken from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45256108258847993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.359111"} {"text": "neither parent removed the droppings. t. l. rodgers ( 1937 ) observed the eating of the droppings. he states that the nest was kept clean during the first 8 days and, from the 9th day on, no droppings were taken from the nest and they accumulated there. data on the growth and development of young siskins have not been published in detail. in new hampshire, weaver and west ( 1943 ) report that the brood of two young they studied showed their first fear reactions about in their 6th day. the young became very active during the last 4 days of nest life and the female then spent little time brooding them. they took turns exercising and stretching their wings, also walking on the nest rim. in their haste to be fed, they sometimes fell over the side and grasped the outer structure and pulled themselves back again. they say that \" the adults seemed to approach the nest rather deliberately during the last 2 days, seemingly coaxing the young to such daring feats. \" both young left the nest 15 days after the first hatched ; thus one was a nestling 14 days ( it probably departed prematurely ) and the other 15, which may be the usual initial flight age. one young was seen being fed in the nest tree an hour or so after both had left the nest. other observers have indicated that the young are with the parents and fed several days, or longer, but the span of time from nest - leaving to independence remains unknown. whether our bird, like the old world siskin, spinu. s spinu ~, is double - brooded is strn a moot point. there is a strong probability that it is : at least in some years : and that the birds may change localities between nestings. e. h. forbush ( 1929 ), without direct support, says : \" one brood yearly, probably two in many cases. \" suggestive is a single sentence by william brewster ( 1938 ) relative to the siskin on aug. 9, 1873, at lake umbagog on the maine : new hampshire boundary : \" a male shot this morning was unmistakably breeding and yet full - grown young are about in considerable numbers. \" as already shown, the siskin is an early nester ; also, fresh eggs are fairly common as late as early june in some localities and seasons, especially pacific coastal states, and eggs or nestlings in july have been recorded for a number of localities widely spaced geographically. here are some late breeding records : set of five eggs july 22 in ontario (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4442498171456996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.360191"} {"text": "late as early june in some localities and seasons, especially pacific coastal states, and eggs or nestlings in july have been recorded for a number of localities widely spaced geographically. here are some late breeding records : set of five eggs july 22 in ontario ( baillie and harrington, 1937 ) ; pair of siskins seen copulating july 30 on forrester island, alaska. ( willett, in mierow, 1946 ) ; nest with young august 4 in faith valley, calif. ( bassett, in mierow, 1946 ) ; birds in breeding condition carrying nesting material, july 15 : august 14, in the porcupine mountains, mich. ( w. b. barrows, 1912 ) ; four young left the nest august 19 at bozeman, mont. ( a. a. saunders, 1921 ) ; clutch of three fresh eggs august 14 at tacoma, wash. ( c. w. bowles, 1903 ) ; and nests \" containing young in early september, \" also at tacoma ( j. h. bowles, 1924 ). omitted are various late dates for adults reported as seen \" feeding young \" ; it is assumed they are for young that have been flying, and for an unknown length of time. it seems that the very long span of breeding dates can hardly be explained in terms of replacement layings after a loss of an earlier clutch or brood. more likely, either some birds breed twice in some years or different parts of the population breed at different times. plumages : there is little sexual dimorphism although, after the juvenal stage, and presumably among birds of equal age and state of plumage wear, males are usually more brilliantly colored. this applies especially to the yellow portions of wing and tail. breeding adults are grayish brown above, heavily streaked with dusky ; the paler rump is often tinged with yellow. wings and tail are mainly dusky. the basal portions of the flight feathers are yellow, and are conspicuous in ffight but almost entirely concealed when the birds are at rest. there are two narrow whitish wing bars. underparts are whitish, heavily streaked with dusky except from the abdomen posteriorly when it is often plain. the bill is brownish or dusky at the tip, becoming paler ( flesh colored or bluish ) toward the base, especially the lower mandible. the iris is brown. legs and feet vary greatly in color, but usually are medium light to a darker shade of brown. this breeding condition is a result of wear and fading of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45544922624979767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.361269"} {"text": "the duration of molt is not known, one cannot estimate the time lapse before it began. winter flocks of incursion visitants usually are preponderantly birds of the year, but this is hardly a clue in interpreting a. t. wayne ' s ( 1906 ) comment for the period dec. 12, 1896, to the following mid - march in south carolina : \" between these dates many of the birds taken seemed to be in a state of perpetual molt. \" according to dwight ( 1900 ), there is a partial post - juvenal molt in august in eastern canada involving body plumage but not wings and tail. the first nuptial stage, therefore, is this combination in worn condition. food : the pine siskin is a tree - and groundlforaging finch. like the crossbill, it often hangs upside down when feeding in vegetation, but it is a more generalized feeder, not tied closely to cone feeding and hence independent of the varying extent of the cone crop. the results of food habits analyses were summarized by w. l. mcatee ( 1926 ) : \" the food of the siskin is principally the seeds of coniferous trees, alder, birch, ragweed, and other weeds. about one - sixth of the total food is animal, consisting chiefly of caterpillars, plant lice, scale insects, and grasshoppers. no doubt the siskin pays, in the destruction of these pests, for the forest seeds it consumes. \" two decades later dorothy mierow ( 1946 ), having more published information to summarize, wrote : they feed their young mainly on aphids and seem quite content with alder, birch, and willow seeds. as they wander farther south and over the plains, their main items of diet may become weed seeds. farther east, seeds of sweet gum,. maple, and elm, as well as buds and insects, form part of their diet. in california, where they seem to he most numerous, they often feed almost entirely on the seeds of eucalyptus, extracting them from the pods either on the trees or an the ground. they also seek after the sweet liquid in the eucalyptus flowers. the following information elaborates on the taking of some of the items already mentioned. also, in some measure, it indicates seasonal and geographical variation in food habits, plus mentioning some items taken that might not be readily identified in analysis of contents of digestive tracts. in early april in ohio, examination of a siskin revealed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4450876083152523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.366012"} {"text": "mentioned. also, in some measure, it indicates seasonal and geographical variation in food habits, plus mentioning some items taken that might not be readily identified in analysis of contents of digestive tracts. in early april in ohio, examination of a siskin revealed it had been feeding on flower buds of the slippery elm ( kemsies, 1948 ). in june in west virginia, maurice brooks ( 1943 ) saw siskins avidly eating the coated carpels of young spruces. mr. b. e. mumford writes of seeing birds feeding on jack pine cones ( pinus ban, ksiana ) during an invasion of indiana during the winter of 1952 : 1953. after oct. 4, 1889, at lake umbagog, maine, they were feeding exclusively on the seeds of birches ( brewster, 1938 ). john f. ferry ( 1907 ) writes that, in winter in northeastern illinois, \" they were observed to feed industriously on coneless branches of pines and spruces. the object sought was probably the dry resinous aments of these conifers. they frequent patches of thistle and seedbearing weeds and work very actively and in perfect silence. \" in south carolina in the winter of 1896 : 97, a time of siskin abundance there, arthur wayne ( 1906 ) observed them \" feeding on the seeds of sweet gum ( liquidam6er styraciftua ), and shortleaf pine during a winter and spring when siskins were common at san diego, calif., f. f. gander ( 1929b ) noted that their food was almost entirely seeds of various species of eucalyptus, which they obtained from pods on the trees and also among fallen leaves. in flathead county, mont., on aug. 7, 1915, a. d. dubois ( ms. ) recorded pine siskins eating thistle seeds along the railway. \" i watched one for some time. he would fly to a thistle head and, clinging to it, sometimes nearly upside down, would pull out the cottony tufts one or two at a time, very dexterously and rather rapidly, working his bill along to the seed which he removed and then threw the fluff to the breeze, immediately working out another tuft. lie pulled them part way out, a bunch at a time, afterward slipping them along until they came out one at a time or sometimes two. \" in north dakota, 0. a. stevens ( ms. ) wondered how the siskins got dandelion seeds. on investigation he found that they did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45563723633564246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.367036"} {"text": "time, afterward slipping them along until they came out one at a time or sometimes two. \" in north dakota, 0. a. stevens ( ms. ) wondered how the siskins got dandelion seeds. on investigation he found that they did not wait for the heads to open, but pulled off some of the bracts and took the seeds before they were fully ripe. in two areas, on opposite sides of the continent, the siskin has reportedly done extensive damage to vegetable and flower gardens. from independence lake, british columbia, t. and e. mccabe ( 1929 ) write regarding areas recently opened to farming : none of us who have vegetable gardens has been spared by the siskins. our own case is the most extreme, as we have attracted the species by means of amazingly effective salt and clay baits for banding purposes. it is now impossible to raise most vegetables except under wire. in rather long experience of gardens and their pests we have seen nothing to rival the instantaneous devastation which an unobtrusive flock of siskins can inflict, often before their presence in a garden has been noticed. not once, but season after season, and time after time within the same season, we have seen long rows of seedling beets, chard, lettuce, radishes, and onions, cut neatly to the ground. * * * peas and cole crops, as far as we know, are not taken, but we hear of the destruction of turnips. * * the farmers nearer the fraser [ river ] suffer as much as we do, and in spite of being further from the mountains, more than most of our nearer neighbors. we know of one ranch where for years a barn door has been used as a deadfall, and the birds fed to hogs by bucketfuls. in another case great numbers are shot, and as many as thirty - five have been picked up as the result of enfilading a row of vegetables with a single charge of shot. as the typical associations of the canadian zone are left behind, and the greater drouth and bummer heat of the river fiats approached, the nuisance decreases. from the immediate vicinity of quesnel we hear a few scattered complaints of moderate loss ~, but a short distance southward, within touch of the long arm of transition zone conditions, which stretches so far up the valley, all knowledge of the trouble seems to disappear, though we do not know where it may recur. in maine, siskins occurred in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44862986580518194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.368228"} {"text": "short distance southward, within touch of the long arm of transition zone conditions, which stretches so far up the valley, all knowledge of the trouble seems to disappear, though we do not know where it may recur. in maine, siskins occurred in thousands in the spring and summer of 1925. forbush ( 1929 ) states that they \" invaded gardens, stripped beets, beans and other plants of their leaves, and ate the blossoms of many flowering plants. \" a correspondent in fatten, maine, wrote forbush that he had seen \" as many as a thousand birds on a half acre. \" both the insect foods and ways of obtaining these are varied. in ohio during a \" most unseasonable and heavy snow in early october, these little birds surrounded our houses and literally skimmed the outer walls of all insect life. from foundation to eaves they hunted in every nook and corner, capturing spiders, flies, cocoons, * * * \" ( j. l. parsons, 1906. ) in february at alameda, calif., an oak ( quercus agrifolia ) was swarming with siskins. f. n. bassett ( 1923 ) noted that the birds were procuring their foodi from the lower surfaces of the leaves. many leaves were afflicted with the gall of a saw - fly, callirliytis bicornis. bassett reports : \" the galls were attached to the midrib or a lateral vein on the lower surfaces of the leaves. they were composed of leaf material, light green in color ( lighter than the leaf ), from two to four millimeters long and shaped somewhat like a miniature saddle, being depressed in the middle and rising to an apex at both ends. each contained a minute milky - white grub and many close views revealed the birds ' shelling ' the galls and devouring the contents exactly as a domestic canary shells its seeds. \" in february at berkeley, calif., t. l. rodgers ( 1937 ) writes about siskins feeding in monterey cypress : i was unable at first to determine, by observation, exactly what the birds were eating, so i collected one hundred cypress tips, averaging three inches long and representative of places all over the side of a tree on which i watched many siskins foraging. examination of the cypress tips showed many psocid - like insects, many scale insects, a few small green caterpillars, and many yellow larvae that were inside thin - walled cavities in enlarged green veget", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45535286424357496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.370529"} {"text": "many siskins foraging. examination of the cypress tips showed many psocid - like insects, many scale insects, a few small green caterpillars, and many yellow larvae that were inside thin - walled cavities in enlarged green vegetative tips. there were few indications of broken - off vegetative tips, but some were damaged, which probably indicated that some of the yellow larvae had been torn from their chambers. the indication was quite definite that the siskins were taking only insect food. rodgers also saw a siskin picking aphids which it fed to a young bird just out of the nest. in april at seattle, wash., s. f. rathbun ( ms. ) recorded this observation : \" i noticed that, when alighting on any older limb, the siskins would examine it closely until its extremity was reached, and this was particularly the case when any had the appearance of being dead. then the bird would clip or break off the twig ' s end. i examined one of the twigs that fell and, in breaking it, i found deeply embedded within a fat grayish - green grub, evidently the larva of a twig - boring insect. this explained the siskins ' actions. \" the mccabes ( 1929 ) mention the attraction that salt and clay have for siskins. in an earlier article ( 1928 ) they state : \" the attraction has always been some mineral food, relish, or medicament, natural or artificial. ashes, deep blue clay from a cellar hole, salt, and newly - set portland cement have all had their periods of favor. \" the habit has been noted in different seasons and at widely separated points. mierow ( 1946 ) made the general statement that a \" necessary item in the siskin ' s diet, as well as in that of other boreal finches, is some kind of mineral salt. \" d. s. farner ( 1952 ) reported this habit in crater lake national park as follows : \" although to a much lesser extent, siskins display ' salt - feeding habits ' similar to those of the red crossbills. especially during the summer of 1951 it was possible to observesiskins pecking at the powdery crusts on the andesite rocks. \" in the first half of march 1941, between saranac lake and tupper lake, n. y., the road had been treated with a mixture of sand and calcium chloride : the latter apparently added as a binder for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43145607268884306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.371486"} {"text": "andesite rocks. \" in the first half of march 1941, between saranac lake and tupper lake, n. y., the road had been treated with a mixture of sand and calcium chloride : the latter apparently added as a binder for the former. g. m. meade ( 1942 ) quotes an observer as follows : for several day8 great numbers of white - winged crossbills and small numbers of red crossbills and pine siskins settled on the road to eat the salt. the roadbed was covered with them and it was almost impossible to scare them away even by using the horn. they appeared to be too sick to rise and even though motorists drove slowly they were killed in great numbers. the surface of the snow - covered road was actually reddened by the blood and feathers of the birds. my estimate is that there were at least a thousand birds killed. from rutherglen, ontario, it is clear from the following observations for the winter of 1947 : 48 by louise de kiriline lawrence ( ms. ) that salt in some form is a real desideratum of siskins. she writes : \" at this time, the birds were encountered chiefly on the highway where they assembled in dense flocks, eating gravel mixed with chloride. soon after sun - up they began to appear in these places with their numbers reaching a peak around midday, followed by a slow decline until, just before sunset, the last flock flew away to roost. many of these birds apparently travelled considerable distances to these cherished feeding - places ; i saw birds winging their way to and from the highway from the woods at least a mile away. when disturbed, the birds swung off the road as of one accord, amid exicted twitter, to alight in the trees alongside and there continue their feeding on the seeds of the evergreens, or on the buds of the white birches and aspen trees, with the siskins showing particular liking for the seeds of the alder - bushes. the siskins were a gregarious lot, associating freely with all the other finches, especially with the goldfinches and the red crossbills. \" the pine siskins were first attracted to my feeding place under the pines, a little off the highway, by the coal ash pile. one day they dropped down from the surrounding trees by the dozens. i counted 92 before i got too mixed up by their numbers, all clustered into a little space 10 inches by 10 inches in front of my window. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44397685879606474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.372467"} {"text": "by the coal ash pile. one day they dropped down from the surrounding trees by the dozens. i counted 92 before i got too mixed up by their numbers, all clustered into a little space 10 inches by 10 inches in front of my window. they ate the ash - dusted snow mixed with slopwater. on an old cedar stump i kept a block of salt. from rain and snow and the humidity of the air, the salt had saturated the stump and this saltlick became hereafter the number one attraction. the birds crawled over the stump and picked the salt crystals from the block itself as well as from the top and the undrrparts of the stump, where the deposition of crystals was richest, and from the gravel around it, where the snow had been melted away by the salt. i put baited traps near the saltlick, hoping for some good banding, but not until i changed the bait to dried cedar seeds did my banding luck turn. these seeds proved irresistible to the siskins and when my supply ran out i put small dishes of water in the traps with the same excellent result. thus, from january 7 to may 29, i banded 337 pine siskins. \" siskins can be attracted to feeding stations by millet seed and by chaff, and forbush ( 1929 ) states that they are \" extremely fond of cracked butternuts. \" they eat many of the vegetable foods commonly used at feeding or banding stations, and eat suet occasionally. in winter at leominster, mass., e. r. davis ( 1926 ) notes that whenever \" an evening grosbeak came to the feeding - shelf and began cracking the seeds, he would be surrounded by several of the siskins. as he cracked the seeds, some particles of the kernel would scatter from his beak, and immediately the siskins would rush in and gobble them up. this act was not much relished by the grosbeaks and they would often show their displeasure by a vicious peck at the intruder * * ~ \" dishes of water, for drinking and bathing, have been used to bait siskins into traps for banding. at sioux city, iowa, a basin of water was placed under a nesting tres and both parent siskins came to drink and bathe ( hayward and stephens, 1914 ). in march at berkeley, calif., t. l. rodgers ( 1937 ) observed : several times, i saw siskins approach [ eucalyptus ] blossoms from above, lean over and reach into them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4522940708153906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.373411"} {"text": "bathe ( hayward and stephens, 1914 ). in march at berkeley, calif., t. l. rodgers ( 1937 ) observed : several times, i saw siskins approach [ eucalyptus ] blossoms from above, lean over and reach into them. i had supposed that they were after insects attracted by the flowers, but twice i noticed that after reaching into the blossoms, they raised their heads after the manner of a chicken drinking. i gathered a large bunch of the blossoms and in every one examined found several drops of clear sweet liquid, with only a slight eucalyptus flavor. later, i saw more siskins drinking from flowers, also a junco. at macon, ga., in late december, a siskin was observed at borings made by a yellow - bellied sapsucker in the trunk of a sweet gum. the sapsucker chased it away ( h. l. batts, 1953 ). field marks : it is somewhat difficult to distinguish at a distance between the pine siskin, the goldfinches, and the redpolls. not only do these various birds mingle in flocks, but their size, manner of flight, call notes, and general habits, are all quite similar. the siskin, however, is characterized in all seasons by its dusky - streaked plumage ( on grayish brown base above, more or less whitish or buffy below ) two light wing bars, and, usually, considerable yellow on the basal portions of its wing and tail flight feathers. it has no red on its crown or black on its throat as the redpolls do. siskins in juvenal plumage have the adult pattern but, for some time after they first fly, they are readily distinguished from their elders at close range by the worn plumage of the latter, the young being much bufyier, their underparts often tinged with pale yellow, and their overall appearance lighter. our siskin at any age is fairly similar in color and pattern to the female and juvenal of spirtus spinus, the siskin of the old world : a species in which the adult male is redpoll - like in having a crown patch ( which is black in the siskin ) and a blackish chin. voice : various utterances frequently are compared with those of the goldfinch, redpolls, and canary. call notes are given in chorus, especially when the birds alight or rest. descriptive words commonly used by describers of siskin call notes are : weak, thin, lispy,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4464366542004492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.374408"} {"text": "the goldfinch, redpolls, and canary. call notes are given in chorus, especially when the birds alight or rest. descriptive words commonly used by describers of siskin call notes are : weak, thin, lispy, buzzy, wheezy, and churning. in general their calls are more husky than those of the american goldfinch. ralph hoffmann ( 1904 ) describes the common call note as \" chee - es given in a husky tone ; when flying it utters a note like the syllables tit - i - til. another very sweet call, often given by a single bird to call back the flock, is identical with a note of the american goldfinch. \" in winter at anniston, ala., r. h. dean ( 1923 ) observes that, when siskins took flight, their utterances were til - i - te, tit - i - te, several times in succession ; sometimes notes were a smoother see - a - wee. on march 22 a new note was recorded, z - z - z - z - z ( a prolonged z ), weak, as are all the notes, but rather harsh. the z notes seem to be part of the song, \" a weak prolonged chittering performance interspersed with the louder z - z - z - z notes. \" a. a. saunders ( 1935 ) points out that the siskin has an \" undulatory flight, calling tit - a - til with each undulation. \" he also mentions a \" husky but sweet swi - sisee, slurring upward at the end, much like the goldfinch ' s similar note, except for the huskiness. \" he says that the siskin ' s song is uttered in choruses and that mixed choruses are heard when goldflnches and siskins flock together. the latter ' s song much resembles the former ' s, being a \" long - continued series of notes, groups of two - note phrases, or single notes and long trills. \" the quality is \" husky, and the trills fricative and like a loud long whisper. \" from rutherglen, ontario, louise de kiriline lawrence sends this observation : \" from this day [ january 291, the pine siskin ' s singing became common all over the woods. it was particularly intensive during the morning and early forenoon. the birds sang from perches, sometimes from the top of a bush along the road, at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4519702588676019, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.375516"} {"text": "[ january 291, the pine siskin ' s singing became common all over the woods. it was particularly intensive during the morning and early forenoon. the birds sang from perches, sometimes from the top of a bush along the road, at other times from the highest twig of the tallest tree. their song included some of their common notes which seemed to serve as punctuations between the more elaborate sentences and a ' vireo ' song, very like that of the purple finch, only with the performance in keeping with the siskin ' s smaller size. a ' churry ' ( not ' burry ' ) note also was interpolated often in the singing, so like that of the evening grosbeak that i several times mistakenly thought the grosbeaks were present unseen amongst the trees. the weather had no effect whatever on the siskins ' vocal ardor, be the day dull and mild, or cold and clear with the temperature far below zero. \" from camrose, alberta, f. l. farley writes me as follows of a siskin found injured on november 29 and kept in a cage : \" it is now more than two months since we have had him and we are all surprised with his musical ability. between daylight and noon every day he sings just as continuously as most of the tame canaries, and the most interesting thing we have learned is that he combines the well known notes of goldfinch and redpoll and the rich ones of the tame canary. then, in between these songs come the nasal s ~ jueez or issch so diagnostic of the siskin in its wild state. as i write now, he is singing quite steadily, and in between the songs he gives the canary e - r - e. his songs are on a low scale and cannot be heard more than a third of the distance that a tame canary ' s voice carries. enemies : friedmann ( 1963 ) writes : \" generally, the pine siskin is ecologically allopatric with the brown - headed cowbird, a fact which effectively protects it from the attentions of the parasite. however, there are places where the two species overlap and here the siskin is occasionally imposed upon. eleven such instances have come to my notice, distributed among the following states : iowa, kansas, nebraska, south dakota ; and in canada : ontario and british columbia. \" to these may be added n. j. ilnicky ' s ( 1963 ) observations of a pair of siskins feeding a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4575344160878133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.377365"} {"text": "among the following states : iowa, kansas, nebraska, south dakota ; and in canada : ontario and british columbia. \" to these may be added n. j. ilnicky ' s ( 1963 ) observations of a pair of siskins feeding a newly fledged cowbird in marquette, michigan, on july 11, 1962. spinus pinus pinus is the wide - ranging subspecies occurring in north america north of mexico. j. grinnell ( 1928a ) described it and its intergradation with the mexican subspecies thus : the birds from the northeastern united states and canada are, in massed series, dark colored, that is, with sharpest and blackest streaking ; also they include individuals showing least length of wing. the birds from arizona, and most of those from california, are of relatively pale coloration, and some of them have longer wing than in any northeastern birds i have examined. furthermore, there are many individuals, chiefly from southern california, which i cannot distinguish in any respect from mexican and lower [ = baja ] californian specimens. * * * * * * in other words, the range of variation in southwestern siskins is so great, and the possible average is so elusive, that, despite the macopterus - like individuals among them, i have come to the conclusion * * * [ that ] all north of mexico * * * [ should be called ] spinus pinus pinus * * * spinue pinus macopterus ( du bus ) is the mexican subspecies, about which relatively little is known. grinnell ( 1928a ) wrote that, compared to the northern one, it \" is stated to possess longer wings and tail, and paler, less sharply streaked style of coloration. \" sutton and burleigh ( 1940a ) found it common and noisy in pine woods at 8, 000 : 10, 000 feet, in early april, at las vigas, veracruz. they took specimens in breeding condition. for the period july 26 : 28, 1942, at 10, 500 feet at cofre de perote in the same state, w. b. davis ( 1945 ) reported that siskins \" were just entering the breeding season in late july ; females contained ova as large as 5 mm. in diameter and the testes of males were considerably enlarged. \" northern pine siskin ( s. p. pimis ) range : alaska, mackenzie, ontario, and labrador to northern mexico and gulf coast states. breeding range : the northern pine siskin breeds from central southern alaska (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4624637935452042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.381521"} {"text": "males were considerably enlarged. \" northern pine siskin ( s. p. pimis ) range : alaska, mackenzie, ontario, and labrador to northern mexico and gulf coast states. breeding range : the northern pine siskin breeds from central southern alaska ( iliamna, chitina moraine ), central western and southern yukon ( fortymile river, carcross ), central southern mackenzie ( moose island ), central saskatchewan ( flotten lake, emma lake ), southern manitoba ( lake st. martin ), northern ontario ( favourable lake ), central western and southeastern quebec ( mistassini post, anticosti island ), southern labrador ( hamilton inlet ), and newfoundland south to southern california ( san jacinto mountains ), southeastern arizona ( mount wrightson, graham mountains ), southern new mexico ( cloudcroft ), southwestern texas, western oklahoma ( cinaarron county ), central southern and northeastern kansas ( casual wichita, onaga ), northwestern iowa ( sioux city ), central minnesota ( walker, pine county ), northern wisconsin ( mercer ), central michigan ( kalkaska county ), southern ontario ( guelph ), northern pennsylvania ( hartstown, monroe county ), new york ( tompkins county, ossining ), connecticut ( hadlyme ), and massachusetts ( needham ). recorded in summer from northeastern sonora ( oposura ), eastern tennessee ( cosby ), and western north carolina ( black mountains ). winter range : winters at lower elevations, probably throughout the breeding range, north at least to southeastern alaska ( gastineau channel ), central and western british columbia ( lac la hache ), montana ( missoula ), southern ivianitoba ( brandon, hillside beach ), western and central ontario ( fort william, new liskeard ), southwestern quebec ( aylmer, ~ ' iontreal ), central new brunswick ( fredericton ), prince edward island, and central newfoundland, south to northern baja california ( nachogilero valley, rio alamo ), sonora ( nacozari ), durango ( ci ~ naga de las vacas ), coahuila ( sierra de guadalupe ), neuvo le6n ( mesa del chipinque ), tamaulipas ( galindo ), southeastern texas ( san antonio, houston ), southern louisiana ( cameron, mandeville ), mississippi ( rosedale ), ~ nd florida ( rarely south to miami ). casual records : casual in the pri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37681565790871036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.383671"} {"text": "keokuk, may 15. minnesota : red wing, june 1 ( average of 7 years for southern minnesota, may 24 ). texas : san antonio, may 21. kansas : northeastern kansas, may 29. new mexico : glenrio, june 6 ; hachita grande mountains, may 22. wyoming : casper, may 17. early dates of fall arrival are : north dakota : jamestown, september 5. kansas : northeastern kansas, october 19 ( median of 7 years, november 7 ). minnesota : fillmore county, september 14 ( average of 6 years for southern minnesota, september 29 ). iowa : sioux city, september 26. michigan : detroit, september 5. ohio : buckeye lake, october 15. indiana : wayne county, october 8. missouri : st. louis, october 5 ( median of 12 years, october 30 ). tennessee : great smoky mountains national park, october 15. new hampshire : new hampton, august 25 ( median of 19 years, october 19 ). massachusetts : martha ' s vineyard, september 1 ( median of 5 years, october 22 ).. connecticut : new haven, october 8. new york - fire island, long island, september 5 ; cayuga and oneida lake basins, september 7 ( median of 16 years, october 14 ). new jersey : cape may, october 7. pennsylvania : state college, october 1. maryland : laurel, october 3. district of columbia : october 15. virginia : arlington, october 24. north carolina : rocky mount, october 31. south carolina : charleston, october 31. georgia - athens, october 20. alabama : sand mountain, october 26. florida : tallahassee, november 8. late dates of fall departure are : washington : starbuck, novem.. ber 15. manitoba : trees bank, november 10 ( average of 14 years, october 26 ). minnesota : minneapolis, november 27 ( average of 7 years for southern minnesota, november 2 ). ohio : buckeye lake, november 29. mississippi : saucier, november 27. new hampshire : new hampton, november 30 ( median of 19 years, november 18 ). new york : cayuga and oneida lake basins, december 8 ( median of 8 years, november 24 ). maryland : laurel, december 23. south carolina : charleston, december 12. egg dates : british columbia : 5 records, may 1 to june 20. california : 48 records, april 9 to july 12 ; 24 records, may 21 to june 25. colorado : 12 records, may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41354359347373687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.389890"} {"text": ". south carolina : charleston, december 12. egg dates : british columbia : 5 records, may 1 to june 20. california : 48 records, april 9 to july 12 ; 24 records, may 21 to june 25. colorado : 12 records, may 2 to july 5 ; 8 records, may 9 to may 14. new brunswick : 2 records, june 27 and july 16. new hampshire : 2 records, april 17 and april 18. new york : 5 records, april 4 to may 25. ontario : 2 records, april 7 and april 14. washington : 11 records, april 4 to may 22 ; 6 records, april 25 to may 10. mexican pine siskin ( s. p. macropterus ) range : the mexican pine siskin is resident in northern baja california ( sierra ju ~ rez, sierra san pedro martir ) and in highlands of western and southern mexico from western chihuahua ( pacheco ) south to michoac ~ ln ( cerro de tancitaro, cerro moluca ), mexico ( mount popocatepeti ), and central western veracruz ( las vigas ). wanders locally in vicinity of breeding range. the birdzilla. comgreen guide to watching and feeding birds which bird is the fastest flyer? the professor has the answer!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37455604249227803, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.391132"} {"text": "children ' s residential care birmingham city council has 20 children ' s homes that work with children and young people. in addition, there are six children ' s homes for children with disabilities and one home known that is a community home with education ( ch ( e ) ). a children ' s home is a large house where children and young people live together as a group, with professional staff to look after them. children ' s homes aim to ensure that the needs of children are met when they cannot live with their own family. they are a place for children to develop and grow, as well as providing food, shelter, and space for play and leisure in a caring environment. children ' s homes look after children with many different needs. when children and young people come to live in a children ' s home they will have a care plan. their care plan says why a child is living in residential care, what is supposed to happen while they are living there and what is supposed to happen at the end of their stay. most children return home, but a few go to live with other families and a few go to live in other homes. older children who are not planning to return home are given help to prepare them for living on their own - this is called the careleavers service. education is important. children go to their own school if they have a school place, or we help to get them back into school. the exception to this is the ch ( e ) and in the two specialist children ' s homes where education is available on site. some young people may still attend resources in the community, for example school, college, etc. it is very important that children and young people stay in touch with their family and friends. it is only when they might be hurt, or a court order says that contact is forbidden, that some children are unable to have visits from their family or are unable to visit them. children and young people are respected as individuals. by providing for their religious and cultural needs children are encouraged to keep their sense of personal identity and community. eligibility for the servicechildren and young people have to live away from their own families for all sorts of reasons. these may include : - their parents are unwell ; - they have problems with their family and need to spend some time away from home ; eg : behaviour problems or educational difficulties ; - they may have a disability and need a break from living with their families ; - they are in the care of local authority, subject to a court order or an interim care order.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4827348574482494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.401777"} {"text": "first 400 prisoners were sent from point lookout ( enlisted men only ). the second group came on july 11th. by the 12th, the number was up to 1, 151 prisoners and by the end of july, the camp had on july 15th, a trainload of prisoners ( 844 confederates and 125 union soldiers ) left point lookout, maryland and were headed for elmira. just outside shohola, pennsylvania, the 18 - car train ran head - on into a 50 - car coal train. 40 prisoners were killed outright... another 8 died later of their injuries. 93 more prisoners were wounded in the accident... 5 prisoners escaped. the union guards suffered 17 casualties as a result of the wreck... another 16 were wounded. townspeople came and assisted with the removal of the bodies from the scene. the injured were conveyed to shohola on the wagons and carriages of farmers and villagers and the ladies of the village bestowed tender care to both southerner and northerner. a panel was organized and it was decided that because of the warm weather, the bodies should be buried as soon as possible. railroad men, assisted by rebels, dug a trench measuring 76 feet long, 8 feet wide and 6 feet deep between the track and the river. rough coffins for the rebel soldiers were thrown together... made from the wood of the smashed train cars. four confederate prisoners were placed in each coffin. the union casualties were given single pine boxes that had been brought in specifically for the burial. a record of each corpse and the position of each coffin was made. in some cases, identification was totally impossible, due to the mangled condition of some of the bodies. once this was completed, the hole was filled in and the graves marked with wooden for forty - seven years, union and confederate soldier laid side by side along that stretch of track. over the years, the wooden markers crumbled away and all signs of a burial disappeared. finally, in 1900, a local resident named john vogt pushed for the proper care of the site. it wasn ' t until 1911 however, that the u. s. government issued an order to have the bodies of the guards and rebels moved from the accident site and re - interred at the national cemetery ( woodlawn ) at elmira. because of the passage of time, it was impossible to identify individual bodies, so the government ordered that a single stone be erected to mark the spot. one side of the stone would list the confederates while the other side would carry the names of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40688583210054086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.438851"} {"text": ". because of the passage of time, it was impossible to identify individual bodies, so the government ordered that a single stone be erected to mark the spot. one side of the stone would list the confederates while the other side would carry the names of the union soldiers. the monument is located on the north side of the older section of the cemetery and the burial site of the victims is to the south and directly in front of the stone. despite the accident, the government continued the influx of prisoners to elmira. at august ' s end, there were 9, 619 prisoners. all of the camp ' s 35 buildings were full and many more were living in tents. more barracks were erected in the early fall and the camp purchased 150 coal stoves to ward off the on september 20th, colonel benjamin f. tracy of the 127th colored infantry was named commandant of the prison. tracy was white, his colored troops helped the white militia guard the october 7th was the date of the infamous tunnel escape. for weeks prior to the actual escape, approximately 10 rebel soldiers worked diligently, tunneling their way through the floor of one of their tents. on the night of the 7th, they finally broke through the topsoil of water street, just outside the fence. eight of the men traveled south, the other two made their way to auburn where they worked and saved their earnings until such time as they could afford to head back home. a total of 17 prisoners made their way out of elmira during the period of its existance. the earliest escape was in late july when a confederate sergeant bribed his way into the dead house and into a coffin. he was shipped aboard the dead wagon for woodlawn cemetery. because the coffin lid had been lightly nailed, he was able to make his way out of the coffin and make good his escape. another escape was made when one of the prisoners forged a printed pass, and by stealing an officer ' s coat, got through the gate and headed home. the winter of 1864 - 65 was one of the most severe and it definitely took its toll on the southern prisoners. a secret agent, m. m. conklin, who lived in the camp, reported that the stronger prisoners preyed on the weaker ones, stealing their clothes. although some items of clothing were distributed to the prisoners, it appears that it was too little, too late. exposure to the elements was to blame for many winter deaths. some reports would show that the prisoners were provided with the same rations as union soldiers. the accounts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41268324540876355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.440302"} {"text": "of clothing were distributed to the prisoners, it appears that it was too little, too late. exposure to the elements was to blame for many winter deaths. some reports would show that the prisoners were provided with the same rations as union soldiers. the accounts of the confederate prisoners on the other hand, stated that there was a definite lack of food. according to one source, \" rations were meager. \" although prisoners were allowed to purchase fresh vegetables from a local townsman, the privilege was soon stopped and the rations reduced in august. this was allegedly done in retaliation for the treatment of union prisoners in southern camps. bread and water would be the menu of the day and meat and vegetables would not be added to the diet again until december. this could possibly account for the overwhelming number of prisoners suffering from scurvy. by mid september 1864, there were 1, 870 cases of scurvy reported. some prisoners \" found an acceptable substitute in rats with which the place abounded. these chinese delicacies commanded an average price of four cents apiece - - in greenbacks. \" another complaint was the unsanitary conditions of foster ' s pond. although there were continual complaints to colonel hoffman regarding the unsanitary condition of the pond, nothing was done about it until october when drainage ditches were dug. finally, they complained over the lack of medicine and medical facilities for the sick. the camp surgeon was a major eugene l. sanger. according to a. w. keiley, who wrote \" in vinculis \" ( a book about his experience at elmira ), sanger \" was a club - footed little gentleman, with an abnormal head and a snaky look in his eyes... he was simply a brute, as we found when we learned the whole truth about him from his own people. \" the \" whole truth \" was allegations that necessary medicine was not getting to the sick patients that needed it. there were rumors that medicines were being sold. for example, quinine was sold for 8 cents an ounce. as well, there was a lack of proper facilities to take care of the large number of sick prisoners. many of the sick were housed in tents. some of the worse cases were placed back into the barracks. this might have been good for the patient, but they in turn would end up contaminating others in the barracks. dr. sanger finally resigned in december of 1864 to avoid a court - martial for his criminal treatment of the sick. he was replaced by dr. anthony", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4379949820025143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.441372"} {"text": "for the patient, but they in turn would end up contaminating others in the barracks. dr. sanger finally resigned in december of 1864 to avoid a court - martial for his criminal treatment of the sick. he was replaced by dr. anthony stocker and hospital conditions improved remarkably. in the spring, commandant tracy was also replaced, this time by colonel with the war ' s end in april of 1865, the prisoners began to be paroled and sent home in large numbers. the only ones left at the camp through the summer were the invalids... but they were gone by the end of september. elmira or \" hellmira \" as the rebel soldiers called it has been compared to andersonville in its treatment of prisoners of war and the number of deaths it experienced. although it was open for a shorter period of time than andersonville, the mortality percentage for elmira prison camp was 25, while at andersonville, with a total of 13, 705 deaths, the percentage of mortality was 27. not much difference if you come right down to it. woodlawn national cemetery is a constant reminder to the chemung county community that nearly 3, 000 confederate soldiers lie buried there. the present headstones were placed on the graves in 1907, replacing the wooden ones. shortly after the war, three of the confederacy ' s beloved sons were removed and taken south for reburial. around 1925, the daughters of the confederacy placed a memorial in woodlawn in remembrance of the men who had died in elmira prison camp. nothing exists of the prison camp today. there are markers however that tell a brief story of the history of the camp. i have the cemetery listing for woodlawn national cemetery. if anyone would like copies of it, please feel free to e - mail me. the next prison camp i would like to discuss is salisbury prison camp, in salisbury, north carolina. it would be the only civil war prison camp established in that state. north carolina seceded from the union on may 20, 1861. shortly thereafter, the confederate government contacted the governor of north carolina and asked him if he thought the state could house prisoners of war. the town of salisbury was chosen for this purpose, as it had an old textile mill that had been vacant for over 20 years. the first 120 prisoners were moved into the building on december 9th, 1861. by the end of may, the number was up to about 1, 400. these early prisoners lived a fairly comfortable life, passing the time by making trink", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4206397076239637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.442330"} {"text": "20 years. the first 120 prisoners were moved into the building on december 9th, 1861. by the end of may, the number was up to about 1, 400. these early prisoners lived a fairly comfortable life, passing the time by making trinkets, playing baseball and even engaging in theatrical performances. according to sergeant john l. ham of the 32nd and 31st maine, the prison was described as follows : \" the large brick building had formerly been a cotton factory. it was flanked on the northeast and north sides by six small brick boarding houses ; these were about 30 by 60 feet, and one and a half story. in this square thus formed was a fine natural grove of white - oak trees... the grove comprised about one acre in extent... immediately east and about 30 feet distant was a large wooden building, used for a prison for political prisoners of the vicinity. between these buildings was a very deep well, used formerly to supply water for steam for the factory engine. the water in this well was very nasty, and wholly unfit for use. it was bricked up - - that is, its sides were laid in brick. the cook house was at the south end of the factory and adjoining the same. the stockade ran along beside this building, and only about 30 or 50 feet distant.. \" like elmira, overcrowding wasn ' t an issue until the union government outlawed the exchange of prisoners. the numbers at salisbury gradually increased through 1863 and in october of 1864, 10, 000 prisoners came to salisbury, a prison built to hold only 2, 500 inmates. the harshest period of incarceration for these men was from october 1864 to the end of the war. during that time, every need, especially food, was in short supply. john g. weaver was with the 2nd ohio cavalry and wrote the following : \" i remembered wiggins happened to get a piece of tripe, which lauderman said was not fit to eat, and declared he would not touch piece of it for anything, but wiggins and i had been saving up odd bits of onion peel, meal, salt and flour, declaring we would have a feast when we got a sufficient quantity together to make what wiggins called a boullion. and when he got the tripe he said he was going to prepare his famous french conglomeration, for which he was noted. we borrowed a mess pan that would hold about two gallons, and we filled this with water, and after blowing the smokey green - pine fire until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4109044496375284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.443366"} {"text": "he said he was going to prepare his famous french conglomeration, for which he was noted. we borrowed a mess pan that would hold about two gallons, and we filled this with water, and after blowing the smokey green - pine fire until our eyes were almost smoked out, got it burning enough to place our precious pan on to boil. we stirred in the meal and flour, and seasoned with salt, while swimming around, as we stirred, could be seen the solitary and diminutive piece of tripe, on which all eyes were centered. finally the boiling water caused small globules of fat to float around the edge of the pan, which wiggins in ecstasy declared was just sufficient to give it flavor. well, we enjoyed that french boullion and divided up the tripe so that each one got a small piece. \" another reference to the food is by t. j. libby of the 12th maine : \" our rations were generally one pint of cob - meal, raw, and one pint of soup. the soup was about three pounds of rice boiled in one - half barrel of water, without meat or salt. the cob - meal we were obliged to eat raw more than half the time. when we could obtain fire we burned the hulls out on an old piece of tin plate. we received meat thirteen times in six months. we only got the refuse pieces that the rebels would not eat, the amount given at one time being about one - quarter pound. \" diarrhea was the most common disease and the most deadly because of overcrowding and unsanitary conditions. comrade libby wrote that he had weighed 187 pounds when he entered salisbury and at parole, weighed only 102 pounds and could \" just crawl around. \" he suffered an attack of typhoid fever, recovered and then took sick with rheumatic fever. according to libby, he never fully recuperated from these illnesses, and could not get a pension because he could not \" show any bullet holes. \" one prisoner visited the prison hospital in november of 1864 and said what he saw would \" beggar description. \" most deplorable were those so sick they could not keep the lice out of their mouths, ears and eyes. h. t. talbott, regiment unknown, writes of the hospital as follows : \" this place was the most complete slough of despondency that ever existed on this side of the infernal regions. the suffering and dying patients lay with their heads to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44040731687851203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.444331"} {"text": "talbott, regiment unknown, writes of the hospital as follows : \" this place was the most complete slough of despondency that ever existed on this side of the infernal regions. the suffering and dying patients lay with their heads to the wall in a row around the room, and with no covering save their clothes. a little straw and abundance of vermin served for a bed. there was no fire for nearly two months, and when fire was finally obtained there was about sufficient to warm one - twentieth of the interior. during the month of december, there was a continual amputating of feet, toes, legs, etc., the victims in a few days going off in the dead wagon. some were crawling around with their flesh almost dropping from the bone. others were afflicted with the dry rot, and led a fearful existence until death relieved them. some were insane, crying, and cursing, and nearly all were dying. it was one continual scene of human woe, heartrending agony, groans, curses, dismay and death. \" about 100, or 2 percent died through september 1864, but from october 1864 to february 1865, the death rate increased to a rate of 28 percent. an estimated 4, 000 or 26 percent died during the prison ' s entire existence. the dead bodies were daily collected at the \" dead house \" and hauled in a one - horse wagon to trenches in a nearby \" old cornfield. \" early on, the rebels would place the dead in pine coffins and take them out via the horse cart. but the dead became so numerous, that the prisoners began to suspect there was something wrong. to satisfy themselves the men put marks on these coffins. it soon became apprent to everybody in the prison that these same coffins were being used every day. the rebels tried to make it appear that they were furnishing new coffins for all the dead, but the marks soon showed that the coffins did duty for all the salisbury dead. after a while, even this ritual was stopped and the dead would be piled onto the cart and taken to the \" dead house. \" in the fall of 1864, all of the prison buildings were converted to hospital use. this forced all of the well prisoners and new arrivals to dig holes in the yard for shelter. some tents were provided, but the number was so few that it hardly made a dent. prisoners often bought dead bodies to get clothing. like andersonville, salisbury had its own group of \" rangers, \" who had banded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42330458057498077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.446719"} {"text": "in the yard for shelter. some tents were provided, but the number was so few that it hardly made a dent. prisoners often bought dead bodies to get clothing. like andersonville, salisbury had its own group of \" rangers, \" who had banded together to prey on other prisoners. it has been alleged that they even committed murder in order to get what they wanted. some of the prisoners made complaints to major gee, commandant of the prison, who promised that if they could arrest and prove any of the crimes against the offenders, that he would allow punishment to be doled out to them. supposedly, a vigilance committee was formed, and they captured, tried and condemned one of the \" rangers. \" however, his execution was delayed until such time as the others could be captured and tried. i have never heard of any actual executions being conducted at salisbury. an unsuccessful mass effort to escape took place on november 25, 1864. the guards at salisbury normally consisted of two separate regiments... one comprised of old men, too old for active service and the other of young boys from 14 - 16 years of age. on the morning of the 25th, the young boys were ordered to the front and were to leave by train that day. knowing that there was only a small number of old men guarding the prison, a group of prisoners broke loose and attacked the guards. it seemed for a while that the prisoners were going to succeed in their attempt, but they had failed to realize that the train had not yet left with its passengers for the front, and the young guards were double - quicked back to the prison pen. shots were fired by the guards upon the scaffolding around the prison. as well, artillery commenced to throw missiles in every direction. the shooting lasted for approximately half an hour and it is surmised that 200 men were killed. no one escaped from this attempt. tunneling was the most popular means to escape. the most famous tunnel escape took place in mid january 1865, when an estimated 100 escaped. one prisoner said the easiest way to get \" our of this cursed place \" was to defect to the confederacy. about 2, 100 are listed as having done so. besides union soldiers as prisoners, salisbury boasted some famous civilians as well. a. d. richardson and junius h. browne, correspondents of the new york tribune had been captured at vicksburg and were sent to salisbury in early 1864. much to the embarrassment of the confederacy, they made a spectacular escape on december 18, 1864, and wrote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4586122718844752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.448106"} {"text": "junius h. browne, correspondents of the new york tribune had been captured at vicksburg and were sent to salisbury in early 1864. much to the embarrassment of the confederacy, they made a spectacular escape on december 18, 1864, and wrote extensively about their imprisonment at salisbury when they got back home. a large number of prisoners were released on february 22, 1865. a total of 5, 154 left that day. the string of soldiers walking to greensboro to get a train was 2 1 / 2 miles, or so the records say. after that exodus, a few more prisoners were placed in the pen until april, when union general george stoneman came through salisbury and burned the prison to the ground. the fire consumed any records that had existed of the salisbury prison camp. in 1865, the national cemetery was established as a memorial to the union soldiers who died in the official records indicate that the prison had 3, 802 prisoners from the time it opened until june 23, 1864, and 10, 321 came from october 5, 1864 to february 1, 1865, for a total of 14, 123. records kept at the prison have been lost, but confederate prisoners and other offenders probably brought the total up to 15, 000. the u. s. government has surmised that 11, 700 union soldiers died at salisbury and claim that that many men lie buried in the national cemetery at salisbury. however, evidence would indicate that nearly 9, 000 prisoners were paroled, escaped, deserted, or left the prison during its existence. if this is true, then the actual number of burials would be less than 4, 000 soldiers. whatever the final count, it is still the largest number of unknown soldiers in any american cemetery. in december of 1994, the north carolina division of the daughters of the confederacy dedicated a bronze marker that shows exactly where the 18 trenches holding those union soldiers are and where is was in relation to the actual the information on elmira was taken from various articles that have appeared over the years in civil war times illustrated. another book published on elmira was entitled elmira prison camp by clay holmes. although a bit partial to the union, it still contains some good historical information. the bulk of the information on salisbury prison was taken from articles that i discovered in \" the national tribune. \" this newspaper was published in washington, d. c. as a paper for civil war veterans. it was begun about 1877 and eventually evolved into the present - day \" stars and stripes. \" concludes the stories on these two famous prisons during the civil war", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39177600801382395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.449654"} {"text": "david maraniss discusses rome 1960 : the olympics that changed the world. what is especially compelling about the 1960 summer what attracted me to rome, what made it special in my mind, was the uncommon combination of legendary athletes, the tension of the cold war, the beauty of the setting, and the issues that arose during the 18 days of competition. with the entire world on the same stage at the same time, i saw the opportunity to weave the drama on the playing fields with the political and cultural issues that were emerging then. you say in the book that the 1960 summer olympics marked the passing of one era and the dawning of another. what do you mean by that? in so many ways, the 1960 olympics marked a passing of one era and the birth of another. television, money and doping were bursting onto the scene, changing everything they touched. old - school notions of amateurism, created by and for upper - class sportsmen, were being challenged as never before. new countries were being born in africa and asia, blacks and women were pushing for equal rights. for better and worse, one could see the modern world as we know it today coming the berlin, munich or mexico city summer olympics were arguably more controversial or meaningful than rome. why should people care about rome? berlin was the nazi olympics. mexico city was the black power salute of tommie smith and john carlos. munich was the terrorist tragedy of the slain israelis. all important events that transcended sports. but all defined by that one event. what was so powerful about rome was the totality of it. it was a richer canvas, with more stories, more changes, more ways of looking at the modern world, than any of those others. it had not only more issues, but more how did you get the idea to write this book? the idea came to me as i was researching my last book, on the baseball player roberto clemente. an important stretch in clemente ' s career was the late summer and early fall of 1960, when his pittsburgh pirates were on their way to winning the national league pennant and the world series. as i was scouring old newspaper sports sections from that time, looking for stories on clemente, i kept seeing these amazing names cassius clay, wilma rudolph, rafer johnson all athletes who were competing at the rome olympics. my first thought was that i did not want to write another sports book, at least not then. but i could not shake the magic of those names, and that forced me to take a closer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43610938412491745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.469531"} {"text": "johnson all athletes who were competing at the rome olympics. my first thought was that i did not want to write another sports book, at least not then. but i could not shake the magic of those names, and that forced me to take a closer look at the rome olympics, and the more i looked, the more i realized that along with the athletic drama there was a much deeper story there. do you need to be a big sports fan to enjoy this book? as i ' m finishing a manuscript, i make a point of giving it to a ) experts who can check facts and catch errors, b ) sports fans who have a keen interest in the subject, and c ) someone who knows nothing about the subject and has little or no interest in sports. if i have done my job right, the book can appeal to all three. i want to write it so that people who love the sport think i got it right, but also in a way that draws people to the characters and the the book focuses on some well - known athletes like wilma rudolph, cassius clay and rafer johnson, but also on some lesser - known olympians. who are some of your favorite characters in the book? along with the legendary figures who competed in rome, the book teems with other characters. one of my favorites is ed temple, who was the coach of wilma rudolph and her tigerbelles. temple still lives in nashville not far from the campus, and is a great storyteller with a lively sense of humor, so his memories of rome help bring it alive. he worked without scholarships, without his own office, and from the threadbare facilities at little tennessee state built a powerhouse women ' s track team that changed history. i also love the story of dave sime, a medical student at duke who lost a photo - finish in the 100 - meter dash and had been recruited by the cia to try to get a soviet athlete to defect in rome. and then there is joe faust, who finished 16th in the high jump, whom i used as a typical athlete most don ' t come close to winning but an uncommon human being. when i tracked him down at his little adobe house on the edge of l. a., he still had an old mattress in his backyard that was part of his makeshift high - jump pit. of the major characters, who did you come to admire the most and why? hard to choose. i admired wilma rudolph for the courage she showed upon returning from rome and insisting that her hometown of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4311379209122999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.471762"} {"text": "was part of his makeshift high - jump pit. of the major characters, who did you come to admire the most and why? hard to choose. i admired wilma rudolph for the courage she showed upon returning from rome and insisting that her hometown of clarksville, tennessee, not hold a banquet for her unless it was integrated, the first of its kind in that city. i admired abebe bikila for the sheer courage of running the marathon through the streets of rome barefooted, and for doing it in the capital city of a country, italy, that had invaded his ethiopian homeland a few decades earlier. i admired rafer johnson perhaps most of all, just for his integrity as a human being. cassius clay was the same then, in 1960, at age 18, as he would later be as the world - renowned muhammad ali, the same personality at least ; his larger meaning was not there yet. rafer johnson is on the cover of the book and gets more attention in the book than cassius clay. do you think johnson is underappreciated? rafer johnson is one of the most underappreciated athletes in american sports history. he was the best of his era, the most revered athlete in rome, and a human being of intelligence and integrity. i am delighted to have the chance to try to give him his due. as a writer, you ' re known more for your work in the political realm than in sports. why have you written books about vince lombardi, roberto clemente and now the olympics? i love sports, just as i love politics ; but i am no more interested in writing a one - dimensional sports book than i am in writing a one - dimensional book about a political campaign. in each of my three sports books, in different ways, i saw a chance to write not just about sports, but about deeper subjects. with lombardi it was the mythology of success and the role of competition in american life. with clemente it was not just a dramatic story but a way to write about the rise of latinos and the roles of race and language in our culture. in some sense, rome 1960 represents the culmination of my work, combining all the themes of sports, politics, culture and sociology that interest me. in this book, too, there is a dramatic story on the playing fields, but so much more surrounding the games. tell us a little about how you went about researching this book. how many people did you interview? how much travel was involved? where", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4590601622052547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.474148"} {"text": "this book, too, there is a dramatic story on the playing fields, but so much more surrounding the games. tell us a little about how you went about researching this book. how many people did you interview? how much travel was involved? where did you find the best material? my first rule in writing books is : go there. wherever there is. this meant going to rome and revisiting the sites of the games, including a memorable day tracing the route of the marathon through the ancient streets of the eternal city. it was much easier to ask my wife to go to rome than to persuade her to move to green bay for the winter to start the research on the lombardi book. my second focus is on primary research documents and interviews. my search for primary documents took me not only to rome, but also to the national archives at college park, the ioc archive in lausanne, switzerland, the avery brundage archive at the university of illinois ( brundage was ioc president in 1960 ), and the la84 foundation archive in los angeles, among others. i also interviewed scores of athletes, journalists and others who were in rome for the olympics, most from the u. s. but some from italy, germany and the ussr. do you have any writing superstitions? what ' s your daily routine like when you ' re writing a book? no superstitions. i ' m lucky that i ' ve never suffered from writer ' s block. i tend to write in the morning, take a break to read, maybe exercise, then write some more until lunch break. i don ' t have a daily goal, but a weekly one. some days i can write only a few paragraphs. one day and night i wrote the entire ice bowl chapter for when pride still mattered. i often stop in the middle of a sentence or paragraph where i know exactly what comes next, so i don ' t have to worry about where i will pick it up. have you always been interested in the olympics? what are your first memories of the olympics? i loved the olympics as a kid, and it is fitting that my first memories are of the 1960 rome games, since those were the first ones televised. i remember the decathlon contest between rafer johnson and c. k. yang, and i remember the wonder of wilma rudolph ; but my strongest memory, for some odd reason you can never fully explain what strikes your fancy as a kid is of the field hockey match between india and pakistan. i was rooting for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45555821687651543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.476321"} {"text": ". yang, and i remember the wonder of wilma rudolph ; but my strongest memory, for some odd reason you can never fully explain what strikes your fancy as a kid is of the field hockey match between india and pakistan. i was rooting for pakistan, why i cannot say, and when they won, 1 - 0, i remember dancing around my living room shouting ya - hoo! ya - hoo! pak - i - stan! pak - i - stan! mimicking the celebration i saw on tv. were you surprised that issues we think of as modern ( performance - enhancing drugs, television, celebrity, sponsorships, racial and gender equality, etc. ) were so central to the story of the 1960 summer olympics? yes, at first. but the more i looked, the more i saw how much of the present you could trace back to those days in rome. that connection is what compelled me to do the book. your biographies inherently focus on one character. this book deals with many characters. what challenges does that pose? the comfort of writing a biography is that a life provides you with a natural chronology, a skeleton around which the flesh of the book can form. this story was more challenging in that sense. but i used the place, rome, and the time, 18 days, to give the story a chronological coherence. the challenge was to bring so many characters onto the stage and not make it too much, too complicated. but i look forward to challenges in writing my books, and i had dealt with that same challenge once before in they marched into sunlight, my book on vietnam and the 60s. do the olympics actually represent any sort of ideal ( then or now ) for mankind, or is it just another sporting event? i ' m of mixed minds about that question. any event that brings the entire world together in a peaceful way hints at the ideal of world peace and cooperation. and in 1960 as today, athletes can build personal friendships from sports competitions that transcend the tensions between the nations they represent. but the notion that the olympics is free from politics was untrue in 1960 and is equally unattainable today. is the city of rome a central character in this book, or could this story have taken place anywhere? rome adds a certain poignancy to the story, i think. the olympic organizers made good use of the ancient city wrestling and gymnastics were held outdoors amid the ruins ; the marathon began at the capitoline steps and ended at the arch of constantine. but beyond that, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47963536589309425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.481319"} {"text": "##ignancy to the story, i think. the olympic organizers made good use of the ancient city wrestling and gymnastics were held outdoors amid the ruins ; the marathon began at the capitoline steps and ended at the arch of constantine. but beyond that, the sensibility of the rome games ' representing a turning point in history was enhanced by the literal golden glow of those days. what ' s your favorite piece of trivia you picked up while researching that the only athlete representing surinam either overslept or was told the wrong time and missed his only race, an 800 - meter heat. poor guy. both of your parents were writers and editors. what influence did they have on your writing style? my parents, elliott and mary maraniss, were enormous influences in my writing. both were professionals, my father as a newspaperman, my mother as a book editor. though my mother was skilled in grammar, and was my best copyeditor, both she and my father emphasized that the most important rule in writing was to follow your ear. what sounded best was usually the right way to go, even if that meant breaking some picky grammatical rules. my father had an easy, natural style that was both intelligent and accessible. you dedicated this book to your wife and mentioned that she travels with you when you research your books. what ' s it like to have her by your side? linda is invaluable. she is my nose, since i lost most of my sense of smell. she is my eyes, taking pictures and videos on all our trips. she helps find documents and photocopies materials with me. wherever we go on our research trips, she makes more friends than i do and keeps up with people from around the world that we ' ve met. i couldn ' t do any of it without her. writing books can be a lonely process, but having her as a partner makes it much less so. what do you enjoy most about the process of touring the country talking about i consider it an honor to explain a book to which i ' ve devoted so much of my life. i love the stories i hear from people who have some personal connection to the events of the book. i also enjoy getting the time to talk about the book in depth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42146165435336735, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.484187"} {"text": "quiz : pp. 1 - 16 to pp. 187 - 204 | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. what did mike say first interested him in writing? a ) he wanted a teacher to like him. b ) he wanted to give others a look into his life. c ) he wanted a way to record things that happened. d ) he wanted to express himself. 2. who said, \" it was an exercise that was all analysis and no synthesis \"? a ) l. m. marrou. b ) g. t. marrou. c ) j. i. marrou. d ) h. i. marrou. 3. what color was mrs. morton ' s hair? a ) brown and gray. 4. what did rosalie suggest mike do with the students he tutored in october? a ) math exercises. b ) work with them individually. c ) writing exercises. this section contains 240 words | ( approx. 1 page at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4838205162922384, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.486739"} {"text": "the text begins with an introduction to alpine ecosystems. alpine environments are here described as those that exist above timberline, a rather rich concept in itself as five different kinds of timberline are listed : forest limit ( physiognomic forest line ), economic forest line ( above which trees cannot be economically harvested ), tree limit ( the elevation above which some species reach tree size ), tree species limit ( the elevation above which tree species are stunted but present, i. e. krummholz, elfinwood or krupelkiefer ), and historic tree line ( indicating earlier climatic regimes ). the alpine flora of the rocky mountains is limited to those species growing above the elevation where more or less continuous trees are found ( tree limit ), trees being defined as arborescent species 3 m or more in height. a few geomorphic processes such as nivation, solifluction, and frost action are then briefly outlined. next follows a compact but informative discussion of alpine environments. the general introductory material ends with a presentation of the adaptations required of plants living in the often harsh alpine milieu. following the general introduction, the middle rocky mountains themselves are examined. the area containing the middle rock mountains includes southwestern montana, wyoming, and northeastern utah. in this section of the book individual mountain ranges and drainage basins are discussed, and included are brief synopses of glacial events, tectonic activity, and mineralology. the author has chosen to include the medicine bow mountains, with the alpine - containing snowy range, as part of the middle rocky mountains. although this stance is controversial - the medicine bows are often placed in the southern rocky mountains - the author in large part includes them in the middle rocky mountains so that the book covers all of the alpine areas found in the state of wyoming ( scott, pers. comm. ). thus possibly the book covers an area defined both vegetationally / physiographically and politically. i would have liked to see a stronger biological or physiographic justification for the inclusion of the medicine bow mountains in the middle rocky mountains. in all, the material that introduces the reader to the alpine zone and to the study area in particular is quite informative and is consistent with the usual material found in large regional floras. most of the text, of course, is devoted to the flora. except for a few personal observations made by the author, this flora was assembled from voucher specimens. the bulk of the specimens examined are housed at the rocky mountain herbarium (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5133163030965735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.506294"} {"text": ". most of the text, of course, is devoted to the flora. except for a few personal observations made by the author, this flora was assembled from voucher specimens. the bulk of the specimens examined are housed at the rocky mountain herbarium ( rm ) at the university of wyoming. also consulted, but not so stated in the text, were specimens at central wyoming college ( cwc ), montana state university ( mont ), teton national park, and several small u. s. forest service herbaria ( scott, pers. comm. ). while rm is an excellent and quite complete herbarium, the flora would have been more authoritative and perhaps more complete had the author consulted at least utah state university ( utc ), brigham young university ( bry ), the university of montana ( montu ), and the university of idaho ( id ). because of this limited herbarium consultation, the dot maps in the text are fine for general distributions only. the author has approached the text as an admitted \" lumper \" and seems to be rather taxonomically conservative as well. therefore, the keys and descriptions should easily lead to an acceptable identification, although perhaps a taxonomically conservative one. this is especially true as scott defines a species as a \" good \" species if it is \" separated from other species by a gap in the variation of observable traits and a [ presumably ] corresponding barrier to interbreeding. \" we are not told, however, what \" observable \" means. is it by the unaided eye, at 10x magnification, or at some other level of magnification? the flora is user - friendly in its strictly alphabetical arrangement by family, genus, and species, and the keys are clear and easy to follow if the reader already has a grasp of botanical terminology. each species is provided with an \" accepted \" scientific name and author, a reference to the original publication of the specific epithet, a list of synonyms users of western u. s. floras and monographs are likely to encounter, a mostly non - technical description, a brief overall range and habitat description, a dot map, and a line drawing. unfortunately, the careful observer and collector will occasionally encounter specimens that do not exactly fit the species ' description as it is based on what the author deemed to be \" typical \" of the species, especially as it occurs in alpine zones. the scientific user would much prefer a description that encompasses the known morphological variation in the species, at least in alpine zones. accompanying line", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47539324917422265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.507560"} {"text": "is based on what the author deemed to be \" typical \" of the species, especially as it occurs in alpine zones. the scientific user would much prefer a description that encompasses the known morphological variation in the species, at least in alpine zones. accompanying line drawings, however, will aid both the professional and amateur botanist. these drawings range from excellent and informative ( especially those originally published by the university of washington and stanford university presses ) to rather oversimplified ( e. g., erigeron melanocephalus ), but are mostly quite good or excellent. common names have been provided for each species. mostly these names come from \" standardized \" government sources especially beetle ( 1970 ) but in some cases they are invented de novo by anglicizing the latin binomial. my personal bias is reflected in wondering why, for example, payson bladderpod is \" better \" for the general public than is lesquerella paysonii or why sticky geranium is better than geranium viscosissimum? yarrow for achillea millefolium doesn ' t bother me, however, because it is an old name that really was, and is, a common name. if it is a legitimate common name fine, if not why invent one? has the author met his objective of supplying a useful flora for both the professional and amateur botanist? as a botanist who spends a fair amount of time in alpine regions of the american west, the answer to the first part of the question is yes. the book, however, is definitely one that will not accompany me to the field. at 901 pages and an 8. 5 x 11 inch format, it is too large and heavy to be stowed in a backpack. the descriptions are perhaps a little watered down but are still very useful as long as i don ' t collect something not \" typical \" - and the synomy is fairly complete. the author has missed the mark as far as the amateur is concerned. because the amateur audience has at their disposal a host of excellent picture books and smaller format floras ( e. g. arnow et al. 1980 ; dorn 1984, 1992 ; nelson 1984 ; shaw 1989 ) that would suit their purposes much better, few amateurs are likely to pay $ 110 for a book they too cannot carry in a backpack. furthermore, amateurs may find the descriptions and keys too technical and are likely to ignore the synonymy. given its cost and bulk ( and this is just the first of a projected three volumes covering the length", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48812783685568384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.508750"} {"text": "a book they too cannot carry in a backpack. furthermore, amateurs may find the descriptions and keys too technical and are likely to ignore the synonymy. given its cost and bulk ( and this is just the first of a projected three volumes covering the length of the rocky mountains ), the author would have done well to focus the text on a scientific audience. i would, in spite of its shortcomings, recommend this text to field and herbarium taxonomists and to dedicated amateur botanists. i ' m certain that the text is destined to become dog - eared in my hands. - steve l. o ' kane, jr., department of biology, university of northern iowa, cedar falls, ia 50614 - 0421 native orchids of belize mcleish, i., n. r. pearce, b. r. adams, and j. briggs, 1995. isbn 90 - 5410 6093 xvii + 278 pp. a. a. balkema publishers, p. o. box 1875, rotterdam, netherlands - more years ago than it is wise to remember i visited the el cayo ( simply cayo in this book ) and stann creek districts in what was then british honduras. i was just starting to develop an interest in orchids and found it amazing that so many of them could be seen on trees. my guide, a british agricultural officer, kept drawing my attention to birds and iguanas which according to him made tasty pies, but i kept looking at the orchids without being able to recognize a single one. should the fates take me back to these districts they will be part of an independent country, belize. i will probably still be unable to recognize most orchids, but this time my guide will be dedicated to orchids. it will be this book which was written by four people ( mcleish, a veterinary officer ; pearce, a medical practitioner ; adams, a tree crop agronomist ; and brings, an agriculturist ; i will refer to them as mpab ) who can be best described as victorian amateurs interested in orchids. the word amateur has been debased in our time because it has been equated to hobbyist, and / or a person who dabbles superficially in something or other. on the other hand \" victorian amateurs \" were / are anything but dabblers. they were / are usually accomplished experts in an area from which they did / do not derive an income. for example many have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4875628946492669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.510052"} {"text": "- psychology & the public - what we do - member networks - careers, education & training brief interruptions can lead to crucial errors people are more prone to making mistakes when their attention is caught by even the shortest of interruptions. this is the suggestion of new research from michigan state university ( msu ), which found a person ' s ability to accurately complete a task is significantly impacted by small disturbances, such as taking the time to silence a ringing phone. published in the journal of experimental psychology : general, the findings, which were gathered from more than 300 participants, revealed error rates doubled when individuals performing a sequence - based task on a computer were disrupted for just three seconds. erik altmann, associate professor of psychology at msu, said : \" what this means is that our health and safety is, on some level, contingent on whether the people looking after it have been interrupted. \" the authors explained the findings show interruptions - of which there are often many in people ' s daily lives - can have serious consequences, especially for professionals such as emergency room doctors. professor john davies from the university of strathclyde, a fellow of the british psychological society, comments : \" the research from msu confirms similar findings from a number of previous studies. distraction is a major cause of the ' attentional lapse ', which increases the probability of subsequent error. although there are several reasons as to why this happens, one of the simplest to understand is that sometimes people forget where they left off the task at hand, prior to the interruption. this can lead to missing out a crucial step ( such as leaving something in a wound for example ) or alternatively duplicating something they have already done. \" - most read - most comments - register of applied psychology practice supervisors - raising awareness of adult autism", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5374093626628258, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.520438"} {"text": "healthy living with glaucoma for people with glaucoma or at risk of developing it, a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a nutritious diet is especially important. in addition to benefiting overall physical and mental well - being, it promotes eye health. maintaining mental and emotional health is also important. recommendations for physical well - being : - eat a varied and healthy diet. there is no scientific evidence suggesting that certain vitamins and minerals prevent glaucoma or delay its progress. however, carotenoids ( especially lutein and zeaxanthin ), antioxidants ( such vitamins c and e ), vitamins a and d, zinc, and omega - 3 fatty acids may all contribute to better vision. - carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin, are found in dark green, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables, including : spinach, collard greens, kale, broccoli, okra, brussels sprouts, egg yolks, mango, green beans, lima beans, squash, sweet potatoes, orange peppers, green peppers, yellow corn. - vitamin c is found in : green peppers, citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, white potatoes, and leafy greens. - vitamin e is found in : whole grains, fortified cereals, fruit, wheat germ, leafy greens, nuts / nut oils, eggs, and vegetable oils. - vitamin a is found in : liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, mangoes, milk, and egg yolks. - the main dietary sources of vitamin d are : cod liver oil \u201c oily \u201d fish, cereal, egg yolks, and fortified milk. - foods with zinc include : oysters, red meat, poultry, certain seafoods, nuts, dairy, beans, and fortified cereals. - good sources of omega - 3 fatty acids are : wild salmon, sardines, walnuts, and flaxseed oil. - limit caffeine intake to moderate levels. some evidence suggests that high amounts of caffeine may increase eye pressure. - try to exercise daily. some studies indicate that exercise can lower eye pressure. aerobic activities such as walking, swimming, or even working in the yard are recommended. ( however, some aerobic activity may increase pressure, so always consult a doctor before beginning any exercise program. ) - maintain a healthy weight. - keep blood pressure at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4610412564251578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.530075"} {"text": "moses maimonidesarticle free pass essay on the calendar \u201d ( hebrew title : ma\u02beamar ha\u02bfibur ). the first of maimonides \u2019 major works, begun at the age of 23, was his commentary on the mishna, kitab al - siraj, also written in arabic. the mishna is a compendium of decisions in jewish law that dates from earliest times to the 3rd century. maimonides \u2019 commentary clarified individual words and phrases, frequently citing relevant information in archaeology, theology, or science. possibly the work \u2019 s most striking feature is a series of introductory essays dealing with general philosophic issues touched on in the mishna. one of these essays summarizes the teachings of judaism in a creed of thirteen articles of faith. he completed the commentary on the mishna at the age of 33, after which he began his magnum opus, the code of jewish law, on which he also laboured for 10 years. bearing the name of mishne torah ( \u201c the torah reviewed \u201d ) and written in a lucid hebrew style, the code offers a brilliant systematization of all jewish law and doctrine. he wrote two other works in jewish law of lesser scope : the sefer ha - mitzwot ( book of precepts ), a digest of law for the less sophisticated reader, written in arabic ; and the hilkhot ha - yerushalmi ( \u201c laws of jerusalem \u201d ), a digest of the laws in the palestinian talmud, written in hebrew. his next major work, which he began in 1176 and on which he laboured for 15 years, was his classic in religious philosophy, the dalalat al - ha\u02beirin ( the guide for the perplexed ), later known under its hebrew title as the moreh nevukhim. a plea for what he called a more rational philosophy of judaism, it constituted a major contribution to the accommodation between science, philosophy, and religion. it was written in arabic and sent as a private communication to his favourite disciple, joseph ibn aknin. the work was translated into hebrew in maimonides \u2019 lifetime and later into latin and most european languages. it has exerted a marked influence on the history of religious thought. maimonides also wrote a number of minor works, occasional essays dealing with current problems that faced the jewish community, and he maintained an extensive correspondence with scholars, students, and community leaders. among his minor works those considered to be most important are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45043438224681176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.540880"} {"text": ". maimonides also wrote a number of minor works, occasional essays dealing with current problems that faced the jewish community, and he maintained an extensive correspondence with scholars, students, and community leaders. among his minor works those considered to be most important are iggert teman ( epistle to yemen ), iggeret ha - shemad or ma\u02beamar qiddush ha - shem ( \u201c letter on apostasy \u201d ), and iggeret le - qahal marsilia ( \u201c letter on astrology, \u201d or, literally, \u201c letter to the community of marseille \u201d ). he also wrote a number of works dealing with medicine, including a popular miscellany of health rules, which he dedicated to the sultan, al - afdal. a mid - 20th - century historian, waldemar schweisheimer, has said of maimonides \u2019 medical writings : \u201c maimonides \u2019 medical teachings are not antiquated at all. his writings, in fact, are in some respects astonishingly modern in tone and contents. \u201d maimonides complained often that the pressures of his many duties robbed him of peace and undermined his health. he died in 1204 and was buried in tiberias, in the holy land, where his grave continues to be a shrine drawing a constant stream of pious pilgrims. maimonides \u2019 advanced views aroused opposition during his lifetime and after his death. in 1233 one zealot, rabbi solomon of montpellier, in southern france, instigated the church authorities to burn the guide for the perplexed as a dangerously heretical book. but the controversy abated after some time, and maimonides came to be recognized as a pillar of the traditional faith \u2014 his creed became part of the orthodox liturgy \u2014 as well as the greatest of the jewish philosophers. maimonides \u2019 epoch - making influence on judaism extended also to the larger world. his philosophic work, translated into latin, influenced the great medieval scholastic writers, and even later thinkers, such as benedict de spinoza and g. w. leibniz, found in his work a source for some of their ideas. his medical writings constitute a significant chapter in the history of medical science. what made you want to look up \" moses maimonides \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42743962391274015, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.542621"} {"text": "a column about history, culture, policy, and things in between. st. augustine was not just a theologian ; the 5th century bishop was one of the great philosophers of western antiquity. in his epic work the city of god, he wrote of how the human capacity of memory, the power to first recall and then reflect upon things past, was one of the singular capabilities things that set man apart form the beasts. the origin of memorial day lies in the war torn confederacy when in may of 1862, a group of confederate widows spent a day decorating the graves of their fallen husbands. the tradition took hold and became known throughout the south as decoration day. by the 1880 \u2019 s this practice evolved into memorial day, and ever since, may 30 has been the day established to recognize and remember our nation \u2019 s fallen veterans. i take the name of this article from the ancient lines of the greek poet simonides : \u201c go tell the spartans, those that passeth by, that here, obedient to their laws, we lie \u201d. these lines refer to king leonidas and his heroic group of three hundred spartans who blocked the pass of thermopylae, protecting their homeland from the advance of xerxes \u2019 persian army. they knew they would die and yet chose to stay. they did so because they were raised to believe some things were worth more than their lives. on memorial day of 2008 i think of many people. i think first of my father, father - in - law, and two uncles, world war two veterans all. and i think of brookfield central lancer and us army sergeant scott brown, and remember his young family. i think of the signers of the declaration of independence, who penned their names to a document ending with the words \u201c and to this declaration we pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor \u201d. for their audacity in signing, many would dangle at the end of a british rope. today, as we watch the pathetic saga of john edward ' s trial unfold, we remember an age in which the political leaders of our yet unformed nation actually believed that. i think of winston churchill, alone and magnificent, defying hitler as he proclaimed to the imperiled free world, \u201c we shall never surrender \u201d. i think of douglas macarthur, america \u2019 s greatest soldier and a distant relative of churchill ' s. i envision him in his eighties on the plain of west point where brookfield east graduate jon lehman now marches, jaw still firm and shoulders square", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4493178477418386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.550276"} {"text": "plodia interpunctella ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) by doug johnson, extension entomologist university of kentucky college of agriculture indianmeal moth larvae are secondary pests, which means that they prefer to feed on fines or damaged kernels. infestations are most common in the upper four to six inches of grain in a bin. they become active in early spring because surface grain is usually the first to warm. the larvae produce silken threads which result in \" caking \" or \" crusting \" of the surface grain. their frass ( waste ), cast exoskeletons ( exterior skin - like covering ) and silk contaminate the grain. indianmeal moths ( pictured left ) rest with their wings folded over their backs. they are about 0. 4 inch long with a wingspan of about 0. 6 inch. the outer portion of the front pair of wings is coppery ; however, this color may be lost as the moth loses its scales. the inner half of the wing near the body is light gray. the hind wings are gray with no distinctive markings. the larval or feeding stage is a caterpillar ( shown below right ) that may range from yellow - white to pink to light green with a light brown head. full grown larvae are about 0. 7 inch long. female moths deposit from 60 to 300 eggs, singly or in groups on or within the upper surface of the grain mass. the larvae move about in the upper grain mass, feeding on fines and cracked kernels and producing a silken webbing. full grown caterpillars may leave their food source and climb up walls to pupate. the life cycle from egg to adult takes about six to eight weeks during warm weather. there are usually four to six generations per year depending on food supply and temperature conditions. prevention is always the most economical and efficient method of controlling these pests. however, because infestations are usually limited to the top few inches of grain, control can be obtained without fumigation. producers need to remove the surface crust and spoiled grain. the exposed grain surface then can be treated with an approved insecticide. if available, \" no pest \" strips containing dichlorvos can be hung in the head space to aid in preventing an infestation. however, registration of this product may soon end and the strips are very difficult to find. for specific insecticide recommendations for individual crops see : - corn, field - insecticides for corn, ent - 16 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46695756351487167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.556230"} {"text": "carbohydrates are the body \u2019 s primary energy source. overall, it is recommended that calories from carbohydrates, specifically complex carbohydrates, make up about half of the calories you consume daily. types of carbohydrates carbohydrates are classified as simple or complex based upon their chemical structure, which affects how quickly the sugar is digested and absorbed. simple carbohydrates such as fructose in fruit juice or sucrose in table sugar consist of one sugar molecule or two sugar molecules bonded together. because they are so small, simple sugars require little digestion and are rapidly absorbed. although this can be beneficial for a quick burst of energy, food and beverages containing simple carbohydrates are often lacking in nutrients and frequent consumption of these foods can contribute to insulin resistance. complex carbohydrates such as the carbohydrate chains in fiber have three or more sugar molecules and must be broken down into simple carbohydrates before the body can absorb and metabolize the energy. foods high in complex carbohydrates are recommended because they provide sustained energy and are often higher in nutrients and fiber, which provide additional health benefits. refined carbohydrates such as white flour have been milled to remove bran and germ. although they contain complex carbohydrates, many of the benefits have been removed through processing, and most contain added simple carbohydrates, such as sugar. - table sugar ( sucrose ) - high fructose corn syrup - fruit sugar ( fructose ) * - milk sugar ( lactose ) * while fruit does contain simple sugar, it is also a rich source of other nutrients and should be included in your diet. - whole grains such as brown rice, oat, whole wheat, quinoa, whole corn, whole grain pastas, and cereals, bulgur, and bran - beans and legumes - starchy vegetables such as potatoes and corn - other vegetables also contain complex carbohydrate, just in smaller amounts, when compared to more starchy vegetables - white bread - baked goods with white flour - white rice glucose is critical for all body cells and needs to be in constant supply in the blood stream. carbohydrates break down into glucose, are absorbed into the bloodstream and then are transported throughout the body. blood glucose levels rise after a meal and then fall back after the glucose is delivered to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48858234783686527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.563299"} {"text": "\u00a9 2005 - 2012 american society of clinical oncology ( asco ). all rights reserved worldwide. fatigue is a common symptom in people with cancer that causes a lack of energy for many usual activities. most people receiving cancer treatment experience fatigue, and some cancer survivors have fatigue for months and even years after finishing their treatment. cancer - related fatigue is different than other types of fatigue, like what happens when you don \u2019 t get enough sleep, because this feeling of exhaustion does not improve with rest. fatigue ' s effect on quality of life fatigue can have negative effects on the overall physical, psychological, social, and economic well - being of people with cancer. for some it can be slightly bothersome, while for others the experience can be devastating. fatigue can influence a person ' s : - daily activities - hobbies and other enjoyable activities - social relationships - mood and emotions - job performance - feeling of well - being and sense of joy - attitude toward the future - ability to undergo treatment identifying the causes of fatigue there are multiple causes of cancer fatigue, but not all of them are well understood. in situations where many different reasons contribute to a sense of exhaustion, it is still important to develop effective strategies to help deal with this symptom. some of the common causes of fatigue include : - the cancer itself - appetite loss - cancer - related treatment - anemia ( low red blood cell count ) - uncontrolled pain - lack of sleep - lack of regular exercise - inadequate nutrition - co - existing medical conditions strategies to help cope with fatigue exercising and eating healthy. researchers now think that a regular exercise program is the best strategy to help relieve cancer - related fatigue. athletes and physically fit individuals may continue a program of modified regular exercise while undergoing some cancer treatments. however, most people with cancer will experience some degree of deconditioning, making their regular exercise routine more difficult and, in some cases, even dangerous. exercise helps prevent muscle loss and once lost, resistance training can help to rebuild it. talk with your doctor about modifying your exercise program to meet your needs. a gradual program will increase muscle tone and lead to a sense of well - being. even people who are weak benefit from getting out of bed and walking around the house. read more about physical activity and cancer. eating well and drinking enough fluids are important to maintaining an adequate weight and meeting your body \u2019 s nutritional requirements. read more about the importance of hydration. if available, consider talking with a nutrition counselor or registered dietitian ( rd ) at your treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5374666526008928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.580102"} {"text": "well and drinking enough fluids are important to maintaining an adequate weight and meeting your body \u2019 s nutritional requirements. read more about the importance of hydration. if available, consider talking with a nutrition counselor or registered dietitian ( rd ) at your treatment center. he or she can provide helpful hints on eating a well - balanced diet, as well as tips on eating when there is a lack of taste and during times of nausea and vomiting. find nutrition recommendations for during and after treatment. conserving your energy. many people who complete treatment expect an immediate return to normal functioning. however, fatigue may take some time to resolve, so it is important to prioritize tasks and schedule periods of rest whenever possible. plan your days so you are able to use the time when you have the most energy for the most important tasks. this includes exercise. some people may be able to maintain the same lifestyle by scheduling activities when they feel their best. it is important to get the rest you need, which may mean altering the times you sleep and the amount of sleep you need. some people also experience mental fatigue, making it difficult to concentrate. it may also contribute to feelings of being overwhelmed and frustrated because your lifestyle has been disrupted. talk with your doctor, nurse, or social worker about these concerns. sharing responsibilities with family and friends. it may be helpful to seek assistance with everyday activities and delegate some of these tasks to others. maintaining certain household and family responsibilities, such as childcare, meal preparation, and food shopping, may become difficult. some online communities offer tools to help coordinate caregiving tasks among family members and friends. health care professionals, such as social workers, will often counsel patients to ask for help from friends and family members. read about how an oncology social worker can help. treating fatigue related to anemia. many patients with cancer have anemia, which is a decrease in the amount of circulating red blood cells. anemia may be caused by the cancer or cancer - related treatments. patients who have anemia also report a feeling of extreme and overwhelming fatigue. the treatment for anemia may include nutritional supplements, drugs, and / or blood transfusions. managing other causes of fatigue ( such as pain, depression, and lack of sleep ). living with constant pain will almost always make a person feel exhausted. many of the medications usually prescribed for the treatment of pain also cause drowsiness, sleepiness, and fatigue. your doctor can help you understand the options available and give you information about common side effects of pain medications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47375688292822016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.583261"} {"text": "make a person feel exhausted. many of the medications usually prescribed for the treatment of pain also cause drowsiness, sleepiness, and fatigue. your doctor can help you understand the options available and give you information about common side effects of pain medications. learn more about managing and treating cancer pain. in addition to physical reasons that contribute to fatigue, the situation itself can lead to feelings of distress and depression. this can elevate the feeling of exhaustion and complicate treatment. if a person feels exhausted all the time, he or she may be unable to perform at work or at home. the first step in treating depression is to recognize it as a condition and then talk about ways to resolve it with your doctor. treatment for depression can make a huge difference and is regularly offered to patients who experience extreme sadness or hopelessness. learn more about depression. sleep is necessary for normal function and performance. stress, pain, and worry can interfere with a person ' s ability to sleep through the night. in some cases, medications can also disturb normal sleep patterns. for those who are chronically tired, sleep may come in spurts at different times of the day or evening. what is important to remember is that if you are not refreshed by sleep or simply unable to sleep more than one to two hours, it will contribute to feelings of exhaustion and will likely affect your mood and performance. talk with your doctor and nurse about any sleep problems, and read these strategies for a better night \u2019 s sleep. coping with fatigue in the workplace. cancer - related fatigue can also affect a person ' s ability to work. it is common for most people undergoing cancer treatment to make changes to their work schedule and / or responsibilities. even long - term survivors of cancer who still experience some fatigue may require changes in their work routine. if you are comfortable with your employer knowing about your cancer, talk with a human resources representative about the effects fatigue has had on your ability to maintain your job responsibilities and about any adjustments or accommodations that can be made. you may need to take prolonged sick leave or disability leave in some situations. it is important that you know your company ' s policy on sick leave and to understand the americans with disabilities act and family medical leave act so you know your rights. read more about cancer and the workplace and going back to work after cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4769769467191285, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.584622"} {"text": "watering bees keeps hives buzzing monday, october 8, 2012 california imports more than half the 1. 5 million bee hives it uses to pollinate almonds, avocados and other crops. the bees come from all over the country, and may spend three or four days in a truck. that ' s why beekeepers and the state are coordinating to set up five watering stations at agricultural inspection stops along california ' s border. jackie park burris is with the california state beekeepers association. she says water helps cool and calm the bees. park burris : \" ( it ' s ) like being stuffed in a elevator with a whole bunch of people, because those beehives are put on that truck, and then they ' re all tight together. and a beehive will regulate it ' s own temperature to 93 degrees, and if it has water it can do that. \" the watering stations are essentially hose hook - ups which beekeepers can connect to their soaking systems. they ' re being installed in truckee, blythe, needles, yermo, and benton. funding for the project comes from the california state beekeepers association, project apis m, the almond board of california and the california state apiary board. the california department of food and agriculture is assisting with the permitting and installation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.443402247860382, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.586519"} {"text": "what to feed birds in winter know what to feed birds in winter to help wild birds survive the coldthe chilly evenings in autumn are signs that winter, and cold weather, are approaching. while you might not feel the need to feed the wild birds who come to visit your yard in the spring and summer, you may want to help them survive the hardships of winter by setting up a feeding program for late - fall through early spring. forget about your late - fall yard maintenance project and leave your withered annuals and late - blooming berries where they are. birds and small animals will eat the dried fruits, seeds and flower heads from your summer and autumn plants, and can find shelter in the brush. you ' ll want to supplement this forage feed with seed mixes, fruits, suet, peanut butter and meal worms, which will give the fats, protein and energy that birds need in the harsh conditions of winter. seeds, cracked corn and nuts seed mixes are the basic staples for bird - feeding in the winter. seeds are rich in fats and protein. black - oil sunflower seeds appeal to many bird species and should be the major ingredient in your wild bird seed mix. these seeds are easily hulled by most birds, and those birds who have trouble cracking them open will often scour the ground underneath the feeders to catch the pieces dropped by other birds. bill thompson, editor of \" bird watcher ' s digest \" and author, calls these seeds \" the hamburger of the bird world \". safflower seeds and white proso millet also appeal to a wide variety of birds. smaller birds such as finches enjoy thistle seed. cracked corn and peanuts are also important feeding items. shelled peanuts are high in fat and are a good energy and protein source. sprinkle peanut - pieces in the brush around your yard and where branches meet the trunks of evergreen trees as well as incorporating them into your seed mix. the cornell ornithology lab recommends a winter mix of 25 pounds of black - oil sunflower seed, 10 pounds of white proso millet and 10 pounds of cracked corn. be sure to store your mixes in a waterproof, mouse - proof container. be wary of commercial bird mixes as they are often filled with cheap filler seeds that are not eaten by wild birds. birds that normally avoid feeders, such as robins and thrushes, may be tempted by berries, cherries, raisins, grapes, apples and raisins. if you leave out grapes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40303814333937976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.591198"} {"text": "that are not eaten by wild birds. birds that normally avoid feeders, such as robins and thrushes, may be tempted by berries, cherries, raisins, grapes, apples and raisins. if you leave out grapes and raisins, make sure that dogs will not have access to them as they are toxic to dogs.. make sure to remove any spoiled or moldy fruit as it can make birds sick. suet and peanut butter suet is beef fat. you can find suet bags in feed and grain stores or pet stores or make your own. get fat from the butcher and put it in an onion bag. thompson suggests melting suet in the microwave and pouring into ice - cube trays to harden. drop in seeds, fruit and nuts to make special suet cakes. the washington department of fish and wildlife recommends a homemade suet formula containing cornmeal, water, brown sugar and melted suet. peanut butter is a favorite wintertime treat. spread it over pine cones or make peanut butter caches in tree holes and on the bark of branches. it provides concentrated energy for birds and is useful for feeding those birds that are wary of feeders. meal worms make some people squeamish, but they are a good source of protein and fat. these beetle larvae are a good high - protein replacement for the worms birds enjoy in the warmer months. you can get meal worms from your local pet store place them in a heavy flat bowl for easy feeding. make sure to provide fresh water for your visiting birds. natural water sources are often frozen in the winter. locations for feeders and maintenance thompson recommends having extra feeders available for the winter to cut down on your refilling chores and accommodate the extra birds who may need wintertime fuel. sprinkle seeds and nuts in out - of - the - way places on your property for winter birds who will not use a feeder. he suggests that you keep the bird food dry by using tubes and feeders that protect the seed and \" dole out \" the servings. keep the feeders clean by scrubbing them down every two weeks. remove old shells and any moldy material as it could spread infection and illness. manually check the feeders to make sure no sharp edges and areas develop that can injure the birds as they are feeding. cornell lab of ornithology : bird notes : winter feeding humane society : bird feeding tips washington department of fish and wildlife : winter bird feeding bird watcher ' s digest : top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38342679040553185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.592633"} {"text": "mary joseph butler first irish abbess of the irish benedictine abbey of our lady of grace, at ypres, flanders, b. at callan, county kilkenny, ireland, in dec., 1641 ; d. at ypres, 22 dec., 1723. sent to be educated under the care of her aunt, lady abbess knatchbull of the english benedictine dames at ghent, she petitioned, when twelve years old, to be received into the order, a request granted two years later. she made her religious profession 4 nov., 1657 at the english benedictine convent at boulogne, at the age of sixteen. in 1665 the mother - house of ghent made another foundation, at ypres, with dame beaumont as abbess, but as the house did not thrive under her auspices, it was decided, upon her death in 1682, to convert the house at ypres into a national foundation for the irish benedictine nuns of the various houses founded from ghent. dame butler accordingly was sent to ypres in 1683, and, on the death of the second abbess, in 1686, was elected abbess of the irish dames of ypres, 29 august. soon after her election she was called upon to take a leading part in a new benedictine foundation in dublin, set on foot by king james ii. by letters - patent or charter, which is dated in the sixth year of his reign, and still preserved in the convent of ypres, king james confers upon this his \" first and chief royal monastery of gratia dei \", an annuity of one hundred pounds sterling to be paid forever out of his exchequer, and appoints his \" well - beloved dame mary butler \" first abbess. her brother was king james ' s chief cupbearer for ireland, a title hereditary in the butler family, as their name implies. having overcome many difficulties abbess butler set out for dublin in the year 1688, and in passing through london was presented with her nuns in the benedictine habit to the queen at whitehall. towards the end of the year she arrived in the irish capital, and took up her abode in a house in great ship street. here the divine office and regular observance were at once begun and a school opened. about thirty young girls of the first families were entrusted to the nuns for their education and no less than eighteen of them expressed a wish to become religious. but the good work was rudely interrupted by the entry of the usurper william ' s forces into dublin, after the battle of the boyne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3607155825486483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.599005"} {"text": "to the nuns for their education and no less than eighteen of them expressed a wish to become religious. but the good work was rudely interrupted by the entry of the usurper william ' s forces into dublin, after the battle of the boyne ( 1 or 11 july, 1690 ). the convent was sacked by his soldiery, and the nuns forced to seek refuge in a neighbouring house, but the church plate and other treasures were saved by the presence of mind of a lay sister, placida holmes, who disguised herself in secular clothes, and mingled with the plunderers. on the closing of the dublin convent, the duke of ormonde assured his cousin, abbess butler, of his special protection, should she consent to remain in ireland, but she decided to return to ypres, upon which the duke procured for her, from the prince of orange, a passport ( still preserved at ypres ) permitting her and her nuns to leave the country without molestation. on her arrival at ypres she resumed conventual life in extreme poverty with only a few lay sisters to assist her. so great indeed was their destitution that the bishop strongly urged her to sell the house and retire whithersoever she pleased, but she would not abandon the work, and her faith was rewarded, for at length in the year 1700, she had the happiness of professing several new subjects ( among them two irish ladies from the french court ) who assisted her in keeping up the choir and regular observance. she continued to govern her flock with much wisdom and discretion until the year 1723, when she died in the sixty - sixth year of her religious profession, and the thirty - sixth year of her abbatial dignity. king james ii, and more especially his queen, mary of modena, were great benefactors and friends of abbess butler, and of the irish convent of ypres, which she saved from extinction and which has survived ever since. it enjoys the distinction of being the only religious house in all the low countries which remained standing during the storms of the french revolution and of being the only irish abbey of the benedictine order. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4167425969881209, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.600070"} {"text": "in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright \u00a9 catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright \u00a9 catholic online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49985572147412294, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.600901"} {"text": "( or d omnus ). son of a roman called mauricius ; he was consecrated bishop of rome 2 nov., 676, to succeed adeodatus ii, after an interval of four months and seventeen days ; d. 11 april, 678. of his life and acts but little is known. the \" liber pontificalis \" informs us that he paved the atrium or quadrangle in front of st. peter ' s with great blocks of white marble. he also restored the church of st. euphemia on the appian way, and repaired the basilica of st. paul outside the walls, or, according to duchesne ' s conjecture, the little church on the road to st. paul ' s, which marks the spot where sts. peter and paul are said to have parted on their way to martyrdom. during the pontificate of donus, reparatus, the archbishop of ravenna, returned to the obedience of the holy see, thus ending the schism created by archbishop maurus who had aimed at making ravenna autocephalous. in the time of this pope a colony of nestorian monks was discovered in a syrian monastery at rome \u2014 the monasterium boetianum. the pope is said to have dispersed them through the various religious houses of the city, and to have given over their monastery to roman monks. after a brief reign of one year, five months, and ten days, donus died and was buried in st. peter ' s. his portrait in mosaic was at one time to be seen in the church of st. martina in the forum. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4057700866144316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.604184"} {"text": "how do you maintain control when handling pallets? ensure that forks are : - high enough to go into the pallet - the proper width to provide even distribution of the weight - all the way under the load how do you maintain control when lifting, tilting, and stacking a load? - lift the load straight until it is clear, then tilt back. - watch that the load does not catch on adjacent loads or obstructions. - do not raise or lower the forks before you stop the lift truck and set the brakes. - ensure that the forks are free of the load before backing up. how do you maintain control when traveling? - tilt loads backwards. - travel with forks as low as possible from the floor and tilted back. - match speed to driving, load and workplace conditions. - obey posted traffic signs. - decrease speed at all corners, sound horn and watch the swing of both the rear of the lift truck and the load. - watch for pedestrians. - avoid sudden stops. - travel in reverse when a load blocks your vision and always look in the direction of travel. - check for adequate overhead clearance when entering an area or when raising the forks. - watch out for the following dangers on the floor or roadway : oil spots, wet spots, loose objects, or holes, rough surfaces, people, and other vehicles. - approach at an angle when crossing railroad tracks. - maintain a safe working limit from all overhead power lines how should you steer to maintain control? - has the load carried by the front wheels. - turn with the rear wheels. - do not turn a lift truck steering wheel sharply at fast speeds. - do not overload a lift truck. it can cause a loss of steering control. - do not add extra weight to a counterweight to improve steering. how do you maintain control when driving in reverse? - face the rear. - sound horn before moving. - go slowly. - stop when vision is limited or blocked. sound the horn and go slowly. how do you maintain control when traveling up or downhill? - keep the forks pointed downhill without a load. - keep the forks pointed uphill with a load. - do not turn until on level ground. how should you park the forklift truck? - secure lift truck when left unattended. - park in an approved location. - set the brakes. - lower the forks or load to the floor. - neutralize the controls. - turn off the motor switch. - disconnect battery or go through propane shut - down procedures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.432548578499008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.607487"} {"text": "motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teenagers in america. mile for mile, teenagers are involved in three times as many fatal crashes as all other drivers. according to the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ), in 2010 there were 4, 585 15 - 20 year old drivers involved in fatal crashes, 30 % of which were killed in drunk driving crashes. alcohol is just one of the many factors that contribute to fatal traffic crashes. in fact, distracted driving is a major contributor to car crashes, especially among young drivers. as part of our involvement with teen driver safety, in 2011 the century council partnered with the virginia supreme court to develop the iknoweverything teen driver safety resource. virginia is the only state in the nation that requires a formal ceremony for teens, their parents and a judge before new drivers can be handed a license. we are expanding the iknoweverything program to other states across the nation to be used by a broad audience of teen driver safety practictioners. iknoweverything includes a facilitator \u2019 s guide that pulls together current facts on teen driver safety, tips for parents and teens as they embark on the freedom of driving, a dynamic video on key safe driving messages and general resources for further information. the materials included in the facilitator \u2019 s guide are comprehensive and research - driven. the program research included focus groups with virginia teens, interviews with virginia judges, online surveys with teens and their parents and collaboration with virginia judicial educators. all of the materials, including the video, can be viewed and downloaded from the iknoweverything website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4881154588286115, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.609205"} {"text": "gastritis is an inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining and is associated with a variety of conditions. it develops when the stomach ' s powerful protective layer - the mucous - bicarbonate barrier - is overwhelmed and the stomach lining is exposed to the caustic gastric acids the body uses to break down food. while gastritis is often caused by a bacterial infection, it can also occur as a result of too much alcohol, long - term use of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( such as aspirin ), or even stress. it can be a painful condition that, left untreated, may lead to more serious problems such as blood loss, ulcers, or an increased risk of cancer. in most cases, however, patients will see a rapid improvement with the proper medical care. gastritis is most commonly associated with recurrent stomach pain and upset. other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, indigestion, bloating, loss of appetite, and a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen. more serious signs such as vomiting blood and black or bloody stools indicate that your stomach lining may be bleeding and call for immediate medical attention. causes and risk factors a number of conditions can lead to gastritis including : - bacterial infections such as helicobacter pylori, e. coli, or salmonella - excessive alcohol consumption or cocaine use - regular or prolonged use of pain relievers and anti - inflammatory drugs - major surgery - severe injury or burns - certain diseases such as pernicious anemia, bile reflux, and autoimmune disorders your physician will discuss your medical history and symptoms with you, which is usually enough to identify gastritis. however, additional testing may be necessary to isolate the underlying cause that is triggering gastritis, particularly to determine if an infection is the root problem. procedures may include : - blood test - stool culture - upper gastrointestinal x - ray - upper gastrointestinal endoscopy - breath test for h. pylori infection reducing the amount of acid in your stomach will help alleviate gastritis and allow the stomach lining to heal. medications such as over - the - counter antacids, prescription acid blockers, and proton - pump inhibitors can all be effective in lowering stomach acid levels. if an underlying infection is triggering gastritis, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics as well. treating other illnesses that may be causing your gastritis will generally lead to a reduction in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4421387418047313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.623608"} {"text": "- pump inhibitors can all be effective in lowering stomach acid levels. if an underlying infection is triggering gastritis, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics as well. treating other illnesses that may be causing your gastritis will generally lead to a reduction in your symptoms. you may also find that avoid certain foods, beverages, or medications ( such as aspirin ) will ease your condition. peptic ulcer disease a peptic ulcer is an open sore on the inner lining of the stomach ( gastric ulcer ) or upper small intestine / duodenum ( duodenal ulcer ). it is a common condition that affects one in 10 americans at some point in their lives. peptic ulcers develop when the protective barrier of the stomach or intestine breaks down, often due to a bacterium called helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ). this breach allows digestive fluids, which contain strong chemicals like hydrochloric acid and an enzyme called pepsin, to damage the sensitive underlying tissues. peptic ulcers can lead to serious complications if left untreated, including internal bleeding, perforation ( when the ulcer eats a hole through the stomach wall or intestine ), and narrowing and obstruction ( when the ulcer occurs where the stomach and duodenum meet and blocks food from leaving the stomach ). a burning abdominal pain, located anywhere from the breastbone to the navel, is the most common symptom of peptic ulcers. this pain may last for minutes or for hours, and is usually experienced a few hours after a meal or during the night when the stomach is empty. the pain can usually be calmed through eating or taking an antacid. you may find that the pain comes and goes over the course of several days or weeks. other symptoms include bloating or nausea after eating, vomiting, weight loss, and appetite loss. if you experience bloody vomit, vomit that looks like coffee grounds, or black or bloody stools, seek medical treatment immediately as these could signal a serious condition. causes and risk factors long thought to be caused by stress or spicy food, peptic ulcers are most commonly the result of an h. pylori infection ; 80 - 90 % of all ulcer cases can be attributed to this bacterium. long - term use of anti - inflammatory medications also accounts for some ulcer cases. smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress can all contribute to the development of ulcers and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.417282850182122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.624832"} {"text": "- 90 % of all ulcer cases can be attributed to this bacterium. long - term use of anti - inflammatory medications also accounts for some ulcer cases. smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress can all contribute to the development of ulcers and slow healing, although they are unlikely to cause ulcers on their own. in addition to a medical history and symptom interview, diagnostic tests for peptic ulcer disease might include : - upper gi, or gastrointestinal, series ( also known as a barium swallow ) - endoscopy ( which will sometimes include a biopsy ) once an ulcer has been discovered, it is important for your physician to pinpoint its underlying cause in order to determine the best course of treatment. testing the blood, breath, or biopsied stomach tissue can detect presence of h. pylori if h. pylori is found to be contributing to your ulcers, your doctor will prescribe a combination of two antibiotics found to be effective in eradicating the organism. it generally takes about two weeks for the antibiotics to get rid of the infection. it is important that you follow dosing instructions precisely in order for the treatment to work. medications such as h2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors, and antacids, are another component of treatment. they will help lower the levels of stomach acids and promote healing of the affected area. for those patients who have ulcers without the presence of h. pylori, you doctor will advise you to stop taking nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) such as aspirin and naproxen, which can sometimes cause ulcers with prolonged use. all people will ulcers should consider lifestyle changes that will promote healing, such as quitting smoking, limiting caffeine and alcohol, and avoiding stress. while most ulcers respond to medication quickly and heal completely, some ulcers resist initial treatment. if your condition fails to heal, your physician may increase your dosage or try new medications. in extreme cases, surgery is sometimes necessary if the ulcers resist aggressive drug treatments. helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ) is a spiral - shaped bacterium found in the stomach and duodenum ( the upper small intestine found just under the stomach ). it lives in the thick layer of protective mucus that lines the stomach and intestine, weakening this defensive barrier and exposing the sensitive lining below to harsh and co", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42458013135964096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.625900"} {"text": "duodenum ( the upper small intestine found just under the stomach ). it lives in the thick layer of protective mucus that lines the stomach and intestine, weakening this defensive barrier and exposing the sensitive lining below to harsh and corrosive digestive fluids. this damage can lead to gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. in fact, researchers believe that h. pylori is responsible for the vast majority of peptic ulcers ( 80 % of gastric ulcers and 90 % of duodenal ulcers ). research also indicates that the presence of this bacterium leads to a significant increase in the risk of stomach cancer. h. pylori is common, appearing in about 50 % of people over 50 years of age and 20 % of people under 40 in the united states. it is thought that people contract the bacteria through food and drink, although it has been found in the saliva of infected people and may spread through mouth - to - mouth contact ( such as kissing ). h. pylori commonly diagnosed through blood tests, and can also be detected through breath tests. other diagnostic tools include stool cultures and tissue tests using biopsy samples taken from the affected areas during an endoscopy. the most effective current treatment for h. pylori is a triple therapy that combines two antibiotics with either an acid suppressor or a drug that shields the lining of the stomach and intestine. this therapy does require patients to follow a precise dosing schedule with sometimes up to 20 pills per day. however, it has been found to be the most successful at eradicating the infection. because some strains of h. pylori are resistant to antibiotics, it is important to test for the bacterium after you have finished your course of treatment to ensure that all traces of it are gone from your system. stomach polyps are small growths on the lining of the stomach. they occur infrequently, showing up in less than 1 % of patients who undergo an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. because they don ' t often generate any symptoms, they are usually only discovered during other procedures such as endoscopies. while stomach polyps are generally benign, some types can be a precursor to stomach cancer. stomach polyps usually do not present any symptoms, but if they grow quite large they may cause pain, bleeding, nausea, or vomiting. the polyps may also develop ulcers on their surfaces or block the opening between the stomach and small duo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45811807779822095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.627079"} {"text": "stomach polyps usually do not present any symptoms, but if they grow quite large they may cause pain, bleeding, nausea, or vomiting. the polyps may also develop ulcers on their surfaces or block the opening between the stomach and small duodenum. causes and risk factors gastritis, and the damage it can cause to the stomach lining, may contribute to the development of some types of stomach polyps. another factor may be an autoimmune condition that leads to vitamin b - 12 deficiency anemia, which is found in many patients with stomach polyps. age certainly plays a role, as most cases are found in people over 60 years old. because people with stomach polyps rarely present symptoms, they are most often discovered during other procedures, such as upper gi endoscopies or x - rays. polyps are usually easy to treat : they are removed and biopsied during an endoscopy with no further treatment necessary most of the time. however, if gastritis is a contributing factor to your polyps, your doctor will determine whether h. pylori, a bacterium that commonly causes gastritis, is present. if so, you should also undergo antibiotic treatment to eradicate the infection and reduce the chance of developing more polyps in the future. stomach ( or gastric ) cancer is a disease in which malignant cells or tumors develop in the stomach. the stomach is a core component of the digestive system, the place where foods are broken down, nutrients are processed, and waste products are passed on to be eliminated from the body. the stomach wall consists of five layers ; most tumors begin in the innermost layer and spread to the outer strata as they grow. researchers also believe that stomach cancers develop slowly over the course of several years, beginning as precancerous changes to the lining of the stomach that show few initial symptoms. any form of cancer is a serious disease, and stomach cancer is no different. although rates of stomach cancer have declined significantly in the united states, over 21, 000 americans will be diagnosed with this disease in 2007, according to the american cancer society. recovery from stomach cancer is certainly possible, and the odds of that increase the earlier the cancer is detected. early detection is also important to halt stomach cancer from metastasizing, or spreading to nearby organs such as the liver or to the lymph system. stomach cancer may cause symptoms such as indigestion, abdominal discomfort, bloating, nausea, weight loss, diminished appetite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4122633076615347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.629284"} {"text": "cancer from metastasizing, or spreading to nearby organs such as the liver or to the lymph system. stomach cancer may cause symptoms such as indigestion, abdominal discomfort, bloating, nausea, weight loss, diminished appetite, dysphagia, and jaundice. because it causes microscopic internal bleeding, signs might also include black or bloody stools as well as the vomiting of blood. people with stomach cancer may also feel fatigued from anemia caused by the internal bleeding. these symptoms are also caused by other diseases, so it is important to work with your physician to determine their cause. if you have any of the risk factors listed below and your symptoms are persistent, your doctor will want to check for stomach cancer as a possibility. any sign of internal bleeding should receive immediate medical attention. causes and risk factors an exact cause of stomach cancer is not known. however, there are several risk factors that been linked to increased rates of gastric cancer including : - age ( two - thirds of people diagnosed with stomach cancer are over age 65 ) - dietary choices such as eating large amounts of red meat and smoked & salted foods or not eating enough fruits, vegetables, and fiber - alcohol and tobacco use - prior stomach surgery - helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach ( as sometimes seen with gastritis or peptic ulcers ) - a family history of stomach or related cancers - a history of stomach polyps - type a blood - gender ( men are twice as likely to develop stomach cancer ) - pernicious anemia after taking a complete medical history and discussing your symptoms, your physician may order the following tests : - upper gastrointestinal endoscopy - upper gastrointestinal x - ray series ( sometimes known as a barium swallow ) - blood chemistry tests and blood counts - fecal occult blood test ( to test the stool for microscopic amounts of blood ) once a stomach cancer diagnosis has been established, further tests may be required in order to determine the extent of the cancer including diagnostics such as endoscopy ultrasounds, computerized tomography ( ct ) scans, magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ), and chest x - rays. treatment protocols for stomach cancer will depend on the stage of the cancer and whether or not the tumors have metastasized, or spread to other parts of the body. standard options include : - surgery ( which may involve removing part or all of the stomach ) - chemotherapy ( cancer - fighting drugs ) - radiation ( high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43227303813106016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.630720"} {"text": "whether or not the tumors have metastasized, or spread to other parts of the body. standard options include : - surgery ( which may involve removing part or all of the stomach ) - chemotherapy ( cancer - fighting drugs ) - radiation ( high - energy rays that kill or shrink cancer cells ) chemoradiation, which combines chemotherapy and radiation to increase the effectiveness of both treatments, may also be a treatment option. drug therapy has been approved by the fda for certain forms of stomach cancer and may be an alternative depending on the type of tumor you have. for patients with advanced stage gastric cancer, clinical trials offer experimental treatments such as new surgical interventions, new drugs, and gene therapy. while these novel treatments are not guaranteed to be successful, they are monitored by the fda and are based on some evidence that the new therapy may prove useful. the stomach. we offer treatments for patients residing in chicago ( lincoln park, lake view, bucktown, west town, logan square, hermosa, belmont cragin, belmont gardens, avondale, north center, irving park, portage park, albany park lincoln square, near west side, east garfield park, humboldt park, pilsen, downtown ) and chicago suburbs ( oak park, cicero, harwood heights, norridge, elmwood park, river grove, river forest, berwy, skokie, morton grove, park ridge, franklin park, melrose park, maywood, stone park schiller park ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4000149062685331, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.631394"} {"text": "vascular anomalies surgery ( abnormalities involving blood vessels ) surgical repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome surgical repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome for children born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( hlhs ), there are two known treatment options : - a heart transplant. - a series of three surgeries that takes place over the first year of the child ' s life. in the three surgeries ( called the norwood, glenn, and fontan procedures ), the heart is reconstructed to compensate for the otherwise - fatal defects. in 1985, children ' s became one of a handful of pediatric hospitals nationwide to pioneer the three - part surgical treatment for hlhs. today, children ' s has performed more of the three - stage surgeries than any other health care organization in minnesota, with a 92 % survival rate on the three - part surgeries performed between 2003 - 2007. review a study on outcomes of patients with hlhs at children ' s ( pdf ). for detailed information on how hlhs is diagnosed and treated, review this fact sheet. for a consultation with a pediatric cardiologist or pediatric cardiac surgeon about a patient with hlhs, call children ' s heart clinic at 1 - 800 - 938 - 0301 hypoplastic left heart syndrome fact sheet what is hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( hlhs )? hypoplastic left heart syndrome ( hlhs ) is a complex and rare heart condition. children with hlhs have a combination of related heart problems a healthy heart is a strong, muscular pump that pushes blood through the circulatory system to carry oxygen and nutrients to the body. the heart has four chambers - - two on the right and two on the left. blood is pumped through these chambers and regulated by valves that open and close like tiny doors, so that blood can move in only one direction. after its trip through the body to deliver oxygen, blood is a blue color because it ' s no longer oxygen - rich. the blue blood returns to the heart through the right chambers and is pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. in the lungs, it picks up more oxygen and becomes bright red. it then goes back through the pulmonary vein to the left chambers and is pumped through the aorta and out into the body again. if your baby is born with hlhs, the chambers and arteries on the left side of the heart are small and underdeveloped with valves that don ' t work properly. since the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4317338795560438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.638954"} {"text": "through the aorta and out into the body again. if your baby is born with hlhs, the chambers and arteries on the left side of the heart are small and underdeveloped with valves that don ' t work properly. since the left side can ' t pump effectively, the right side of the heart must take on double the work and pump to both the lungs and the rest of the body. a newborn baby with hlhs may appear to be well during the first hours or even days of life. however, a day or two after birth, the natural openings between the right and left sides of the heart close. that is normal, but in a baby with hlhs, it can be fatal because it leaves the overworked right side of the heart no way to pump blood to the body. what causes hlhs? hypoplastic left heart syndrome occurs during the first eight weeks of fetal growth when the baby ' s heart is developing. the cause is unknown. however, if your family has one child with hlhs, the risk of having another with the same condition is higher than the recurrence rate for other congenital heart defects. this may mean genetics play a role. it ' s possible for a fetus to be diagnosed with hlhs through an ultrasound exam as early as the first trimester. hlhs comprises 4 - 8 % of all congenital heart defects. it occurs in up to four out of every 10, 000 live births. hlhs appears slightly more often in boys than in girls. beyond family history, there are no clear risk factors for it, and no known way to prevent it. what are the signs and symptoms? usually, babies born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are critically ill right away. signs and symptoms vary, but may commonly include : - cyanosis : a blue ( or gray ) tone to the skin, lips, or nails - pale, cool or clammy skin - difficulty breathing - accelerated heart rate - fainting or loss of consciousness - poor feeding - cold hands and feet if the natural connections between the heart ' s left and right sides are allowed to close naturally a day or two after birth, the child may go into shock. symptoms of shock include : - dilated pupils ; eyes that seem to stare blankly - slow and shallow ( or very rapid ) breathing - a weak and accelerated pulse - pale, cool, and clammy skin a baby in shock may be either conscious or unconscious. if you suspect your baby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46239021534914626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.640586"} {"text": "pupils ; eyes that seem to stare blankly - slow and shallow ( or very rapid ) breathing - a weak and accelerated pulse - pale, cool, and clammy skin a baby in shock may be either conscious or unconscious. if you suspect your baby is in shock, dial 911 right away. how is it diagnosed? a clear diagnosis is the first step to treatment. a pediatric cardiologist ( a children ' s heart doctor ) can use several tests to confirm your child ' s diagnosis. these tests may include : - chest x - ray : a beam of electromagnetic energy creates images on film that show the inside structures of your baby ' s body. - cardiac magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) : this test produces a three - dimensional image of the heart so you ' re your child ' s doctors can examine blood flow and functioning of the heart as it is working. - electrocardiogram ( ecg or ekg ) : this test, conducted by attaching patches with wires ( electrodes ) to your baby ' s skin, records the heart ' s electrical activity. it will show if there are abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmias or dysrhythmias ) and / or stress on the heart muscle. - echocardiogram ( echo ) : this test uses sound waves to make a moving image of the heart on a video screen. it is similar to an ultrasound, if your baby has hlhs, the echocardiogram may show a smaller than normal left ventricle and aorta, as well as a reversed blood flow. the echo can also identify any related heart defects. - cardiac catheterization : during this procedure, your doctor inserts a thin flexible tube ( a catheter ) into a blood vessel in the groin, then guides it up to the inside of the heart. a dye injected through the catheter makes the heart structures visible on x - ray pictures. the catheter also measures blood pressure and oxygen levels. how is it treated? due to the advances in medical science in recent years, babies born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome today have a much improved outlook. once diagnosed, your child ' s specific treatment may vary, depending on his or her individual needs. your child will probably be admitted to the intensive care unit ( icu ) or special care nursery and may be placed on oxygen or a ventilator to help with breathing. intravenous ( iv ) medications may be given to assist heart and lung function and stop the two sides of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49025602233694426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.641875"} {"text": "the intensive care unit ( icu ) or special care nursery and may be placed on oxygen or a ventilator to help with breathing. intravenous ( iv ) medications may be given to assist heart and lung function and stop the two sides of the heart from closing naturally. your baby ' s doctor may also recommend an atrial septostomy, which is a procedure to create a helpful opening between the heart ' s upper chambers. for babies born with hlhs, there are two treatment options : a heart transplant, or far more commonly, a series of surgeries to reconstruct the heart to compensate for the otherwise - fatal defects. the procedures, which children ' s helped pioneer, are : - a norwood operation : performed within two weeks of birth, this surgery reconstructs and reconnects the aorta and the lower right chamber of the heart. your baby ' s skin will still have a blue tone, as oxygen - rich and oxygen - poor blood continue to mix in the heart. - a bi - directional glenn or hemi - fontan : performed between four to six months of age, this surgery reduces the burden on the heart ' s right chamber. after the surgery, blood with more healthy oxygen will be pumped to organs and tissues throughout the body. - the fontan procedure : performed between 18 months and three years of age, this surgery stops oxygen - rich and oxygen - poor blood from mixing in the heart. after the surgery, your child ' s skin will no longer look blue. the second surgical option is a complete heart transplant. babies with hlhs may need special medications while waiting for a donor heart to become available. after surgery or a transplant, your baby will need lifelong follow - up care with a heart doctor who specializes in congenital heart disease. some medication may be necessary to regulate heart function. if your baby receives a heart transplant, he or she will need to take anti - rejection medication for the rest of his or her life to combat rejection of the new heart. later in life, children who have had either treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome sometimes tire easily from exercise, experience heart rhythm abnormalities or blood clots, or have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). your child ' s cardiologist may also recommend that your child limit physical activity and take antibiotics before dental procedures to prevent infections. about treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome at children ' s hypoplastic left heart syndrome is treated through children ' s cardiovascular program one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4475850117642042, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.643042"} {"text": "safety issues for oxygen therapy - oxygen on its own will not explode, but it will feed a flame. therefore, it is important that extra care is taken when using and storing oxygen in the home, and when using portable oxygen outside. - no oil or grease should be applied to any part of the oxygen equipment. - no oil \u2013 based moisturisers should be used on the skin of the nose or face, such as petroleum jelly ; instead a water - based product should be used, such as aqueous cream. - there should be no smoking around oxygen by anyone as clothing and hair can easily be ignited. - oxygen should be stored in a well \u2013 ventilated room, away from open or gas fires, water heaters or any other source of heat or flame. - oxygen cylinders should be stored upright and if possible in stands ( available through your dolby service engineer ). cylinders are under high pressure and a crack in them can be dangerous. - when travelling with an oxygen cylinder in your car it should be safely secured in an upright position. - if you are intending to travel on public transport ( e. g. buses, taxis, aeroplanes or ferries ) with your oxygen you must check their regulations before travelling as different transport methods have different regulations. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44318721554048346, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.646790"} {"text": "prepare and protect your pets published on : oct 27 2011 03 : 19 : 38 pm cdt updated on : may 26 2009 11 : 40 : 18 am cdt the following information was provided by the houston spca and the houston humane society. - identification : make sure your pet wears a collar and i. d. tag with up - to - date information. - vaccinations : all pets should be current on their shots. keep a copy of the vaccination records in a sealed / waterproof plastic bag. - sleeping quarters : help your animals avoid shattering glass and falling objects. don ' t place a pet ' s bed below windows or shelving. - have crate ready : every animal in your house should have a crate - - a molded plastic carrying kennel. familiarize your pet with the crate before disaster strikes. - check the yard make sure all fencing is secure and all holes and potential escape routes blocked. - plan ahead : identify animal shelters ( in case your pet becomes lost ), local boarding facilities, veterinarians, motels, and friends or relatives that may temporarily house your pet after a disaster. - evacuate : if you evacuate, take your pet. disaster preparedness checklist : ( use this as a guide for building your own disaster preparedness kit for your pets. ) - molded plastic pet carrier - copy of your pet ' s rabies and vaccination records sealed in a plastic bag - pet first aid book and kit - two - week supply of pet food - three - day supply of bottled water - one - month supply of your pet ' s regular medications - non - spill food and water bowls - cat litter - cat litter pan - plastic bags ( for pet waste disposal ) - sheets ( one to cover each pet carrier ) - non - electric can opener - paper towels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4184767573443608, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.649033"} {"text": "5 things about friday ' s space events nasa says objects traveling in different directions at least 1, 000 people have been injured in russia as the result of a meteor exploding in the air. the energy of the detonation appears to be equivalent to about 300 kilotons of tnt, said margaret campbell - brown of the department of physics and astronomy at the university of western ontario. meanwhile, an asteroid approached earth but did not hit it, coming closest at about 2 : 25 p. m. et. you probably have some questions about both of those events, so here ' s a brief overview : 1. are these events connected? the meteor in russia and the asteroid that passed by on friday afternoon are \" completely unrelated, \" according to nasa. the trajectory of the meteor differs substantially from that of asteroid 2012 da14, nasa said. estimates on the meteor ' s size are preliminary, but it appeared to be about one - third the size of 2012 da14. the term \" asteroid \" can also be used to describe the rock that exploded over russia, according to the european space agency and nasa, although it was a relatively small one. 2. what ' s the difference between an asteroid and a meteorite and other space rocks? according to nasa, here ' s how you tell what kind of object is falling from the sky : asteroids are relatively small, inactive rocky bodies that orbit the sun. comets are also relatively small and have ice on them that can vaporize in sunlight. this process forms an atmosphere and dust and gas ; you might also see a \" tail ' of dust or gas. meteoroids are small particles from comets or asteroids, orbiting the sun. meteors are meteoroids that enter the earth ' s atmosphere and vaporize, also known as shooting stars. meteorites are meteoroids that actually land on the earth ' s surface. the pieces of the meteor that exploded in russia are meteorites. generally meteorites are smaller than grains of sand and vaporize on passage through the atmosphere. but there are also larger meteorites. comets and asteroids are left over from when the solar system formed. there used to be more of them, but over time they ' ve collided to form major planets, or they ' ve got booted from the inner solar system to the oort cloud or have been ejected from the solar system entirely. 3. why didn ' t we see the russian meteor coming? only one space rock that impacted the planet has ever been observed before it hit the earth, campbell - brown said. that ' s because objects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48398994784096994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.653722"} {"text": "have been ejected from the solar system entirely. 3. why didn ' t we see the russian meteor coming? only one space rock that impacted the planet has ever been observed before it hit the earth, campbell - brown said. that ' s because objects that do hit the earth tend to be smaller, and it ' s too hard to see them. the one sighting before impact happened in 2008, a day before a meteor exploded over sudan. current estimates suggest that the russian meteor was about 15 meters ( 49 feet ) across, which is too small for telescopic surveys. \" unfortunately the objects of this size have to be very close to earth for us to be able to see them at all, \" campbell - brown said. the asteroid that approached earth today, which nasa has been tracking, is about 45 meters long, which is relatively small for an asteroid. 4. how does this compare to other earth impacts? the earth picks up tons of meteoric debris every day, but big pieces are fairly uncommon, said david dundee, astronomer at tellus science museum in cartersville, georgia. an object the size of the russian meteor comes in about once every 50 years, but none has been recorded since 1908, when an asteroid exploded and leveled trees over an area of 820 square miles - about two - thirds the size of rhode island - in tunguska, russia. \" this is the largest event that we know of that ' s happened since tunguska, \" campbell - brown said. the tunguska event did not leave a crater. if there are craters as a result of friday ' s meteor, they would be very small, resulting from the debris from the midair explosion. \" it ' s unfortunate that this occurred over a populated area, \" campbell - brown said. over a desert or ocean, it would have done very little damage. this is much smaller than the event thought to have wiped out the dinosaur population, she said. the meteor was moving through space at about 33, 000 miles per hour. when it suddenly decelerated above russia, the energy was converted into heat and sound, which resulted in a shock wave of energy and a sonic boom, dundee said. about three years ago, a woman in cartersville, georgia, discovered a baseball - sized meteorite in her home, which had flown straight through the roof. it is now at the tellus museum, dundee said. 5. why shouldn ' t you touch a meteorite? as a meteor comes through the atmosphere, it gets very hot, but this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4459672306765833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.654684"} {"text": "30 january 2012 sister cincy joseph, msj, a medical sister of st. joseph, visits with daisy choorakattu, a cancer patient in the pain and palliative care center at st. george \u2019 s hospital. daisy and her family have been forced to sell their home to pay for her treatment, a last resort option for kerala \u2019 s poor. ( photo : peter lemieux ) countless cancer patients around the world seek solace and intercession from a special patron, the seventh - century abbess st. aldegonde ( sometimes called aldegunais ), whose feast is 30 january. aldegonde herself reportedly died from cancer at the age of 54. today, those battling this disease find a more earthly kind of help from modern - day religious, like the medical sisters of st. joseph working in kerala. these sisters work to provide care and comfort, often under difficult circumstances. we told their story in the september 2011 issue of one : with limited resources, the sisters do what they can. these days, the hospital mostly cares for terminally ill cancer patients. sister cincy enters one such patient \u2019 s room. she walks to the bed and takes the woman \u2019 s hand, checking her vitals. the woman, daisy john, hardly notices. she is in her final hours. around the bed stand mr. john, the couple \u2019 s son and extended family members. the room is itself spartan : no sophisticated medical equipment, just an assortment of basic medical supplies. sister cincy visits with the family briefly and then exits the room. \u201c after their treatment elsewhere \u2014 chemotherapy and radiation \u2014 they suffer a great deal of pain, \u201d sister cincy explains. \u201c we give them free accommodations and medication. we try to help relieve their suffering. \u201d you can read more at this link. and visit this page to learn some of the ways you can help support the work of the church in india. tags : india sisters poor / poverty leave a comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4045008428827228, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.657609"} {"text": "george barton simpson compiled by columbian staff in 1989 george barton simpson, who opened a law office in vancouver in 1907 and went on to become chief justice of the washington state supreme court, was a man who never could seem to do enough for his community. simpson ' s list of achievements went far beyond the legal field. during his almost half - century of residency here, he was at various times a founder of the local boy scout movement, founder and president of the clark county golf and country club, first chairman of the clark county game commission and a leader in numerous other civic and service organizations. because of his long work with the boy scouts, simpson was awarded the silver beaver, scouting ' s highest honor. another indication of his interest in youth was the fact as juvenile court judge he helped reduce the rate of juvenile appearances in court from 12 percent in 1932 percent to 3. 2 percent in 1936. simpson also is credited with having initiated the local trout hatchery. born aug. 12, 1881, in pomeroy, wash., simpson came to vancouver in 1907 right after graduation from the willamette university school of law. he was elected vancouver city attorney in 1915 and in three years in that position never lost a case. in 1920, simpson became a judge of the superior court and held this position until 1937 when he was appointed to the state supreme court. he was elected in 1938 and again in 1944 and served two terms as chief justice. in the election of 1950, simpson finally was defeated for re - election. he returned to vancouver, where he practiced law with his son donald, until his death in june of 1954 at age 72.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41152483530267714, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.659312"} {"text": "most children associate sand with fun with on the beach or happy times in the sandpit. but for basanta, age 12, and his younger brother karma, sand is part of a gruelling day \u2019 s work. despite his young age, basanta is a sand miner - which means he spends his days shovelling and filtering sand so it can be used for building materials. it \u2019 s dusty, sweaty, back - breaking work \u2013 and can be extremely dangerous too. recently, a mother and child were killed when a makeshift mine collapsed. basanta and his brother are just two of the estimated 215 million children around the world who have to work to make ends meet. without the extra cash he brings in, his family simply could not afford to eat. unfortunately, they still don \u2019 t have enough money to pay for basanta to go to school. but thanks to the help of the child welfare scheme, which is funded by comic relief, things are starting to change for basanta. the project has provided him and his brother with a dedicated social worker who makes sure they know how to keep safe at work. she \u2019 s also supporting their mother to cut down on the children \u2019 s working hours, so they can get a vital education as well as having time out just to play. basanta is now working less and studying more, giving him the chance to turn his life around so he can look forward to a much brighter and more secure future. \u201c before, i used to work all day ; now i have time to rest and learn. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4267372648675424, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.660761"} {"text": "from physics research archive - page 4 the physics classroom : total internal reflection - sep 16, 2010 the optical fiber in the photo above doesn ' t just guide the beam - - the fiber produces the beam. instead of a tube of helium and neon gas, or a piece of ruby, the \" active medium \" of this laser is added to the glass in the fiber. since the mirrors are just the polished ends of the fiber, there is nothing to go out of alignment, and maintenance is easy. network theory : a key to unraveling how nature works - sep 1, 2010 you are looking at a network diagram that shows the interconnectedness of the world economy. to learn more about this network, visit mapping the world economy. making a supersonic jet in your kitchen - aug 16, 2010 what exactly happens when an object makes a splash in water? the disk shown above was pulled into water in a reproducible way to investigate the splash. the real sea monsters : on the hunt for rogue waves - aug 1, 2010 this \" rogue wave \" broke over the deck of an oil tanker, and was much taller than the other waves on the ocean at the time. see freak waves, rogue waves for graphs of rogue waves building up in the ocean, and for the measurement of one that struck an oil platform in the north sea. from soap bubbles to technology - jul 16, 2010 the soap film you see here, made in between two metal rings, is called a catenoid, and it uses the minimum area to enclose a given volume. click on the image to see another example of a \" minimal surface \" soap film. about dust - jul 1, 2010 this satellite image shows a recent dust storm in china that was so large it spread out to neighboring countries. for more on this storm, see this time magazine article and also about dust. shock diamonds and mach disks - jun 16, 2010 when the speed of the gases in a jet or rocket exhaust exceeds the speed of sound, a dazzling pattern results called \" shock diamonds \" or \" mach disks, \" as shown in this photo of the sr - 71 blackbird. the diamonds are created by crisscrossing shock waves in the exhaust. image credit : nasa, esa, h. bond ( stsci ), r. ciardullo ( penn state ), and the hubble heritage team ( aura / stsci ) ; image source ; larger image stellar evolution - jun 1, 2010 when the sun reaches the end of its life, its outer layers will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6433676682902442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.666605"} {"text": "you might guess that the carbon footprint from a carton of orange juice is largely due to packaging, transportation and disposal, but the findings from a recent pepsico study may surprise you. when the entire life cycle of orange juice was included, growing the oranges turned out to contribute the most to the carbon footprint \u2014 mainly due to the production and application of nitrogen based fertilizers. it ' s important for designers to recognize the impact made in every phase of a product ' s life cycle. in this case, shifting agricultural practices may result in the most significant emission reductions, but designers are far from powerless to make improvements. the same study states that packaging and distribution represented 37 % of the carbon footprint. with that in mind, how could a designer accurately test new scenarios to create an orange juice distribution strategy that has fewer impacts on the environment? how would he or she know if a plastic bottle is better than a gable - top carton or not? how do concentrated juice products size up? these types of questions are challenging because of the complexity of real world factors ; the formulation of appropriate answers requires powerful analyses, databases and tools. fortunately, within the last year, applying life cycle thinking has come within the reach of any designer. we now have the tools to help us assess the life cycle environmental impacts of our designs before they are produced and to improve upon products that already exist. this gives us insight into the orange juice delivery problem, at least for a start. life cycle assessment in brief, life cycle assessment ( lca ) is a way to quantify the human and environmental impacts of products from raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, use, maintenance, recycling and end - of - life. every stage in the product ' s life cycle has potential impacts on the environment ; lca gives designers the ability to make informed decisions to reduce those impacts. for an in - depth background on lca, the united nations environment program ' s life cycle initiative provides a training kit. as lca continues to evolve, so too do its key issues. to gain a better understanding of these, i interviewed consultants in the life cycle field and asked them to share stories from their work. the resulting case studies follow ; after that, i ' ll introduce several tools designers can use to systematically assess the environmental impacts of their products. an example of timberland ' s green index label. image : the lazy environmentalist. timberland ' s green index tom gloria of industrial ecology consultants has worked with timberland to determine the impacts of footwear production and track improvements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4592608380760935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.682112"} {"text": "of their products. an example of timberland ' s green index label. image : the lazy environmentalist. timberland ' s green index tom gloria of industrial ecology consultants has worked with timberland to determine the impacts of footwear production and track improvements for the company. they now maintain a green index rating system for their footwear products \u2014 a ' nutritional label ' to quantify the impacts of every pair of shoes they sell. each shoe is rated from best to worst in three environmental areas : climate impact, chemical use and resource consumption. after setting a baseline green index score, timberland set targets for reductions in energy use, waste generation and solvent use. they have goals to increase the use of organic cotton, renewable materials, recycled content and improve the environmental performance of their factories. gloria says that most consumers still evaluate a companies ' products by performance, function and price, but a growing number of customers want to know a company is making progress in environmental areas. the green index labeling can help show this progress. well before timberland ' s customers started to see the green index rating system and corporate - wide, quarterly key performance indicators, there were internal discussions about the most significant environmental aspects as a company. questions were raised about the data sources in lca tools. was the data representative of the factories that timberland sourced material from? after investigating, timberland decided to use average industry data to calculate the climate impact of raw material production and factory - specific data on energy use that accounts for the power delivered from the regional electricity grid. according to gloria, using industry averages in lca as a proxy definitely has its benefits due to the relatively low costs of obtaining the data. yet, when it comes to making some large capital expenditures to change materials, processes or suppliers, the argument is much better if you ' ve got the factory - specific data to back it up. seventh generation detergent is specially formulated for equal effectiveness in both cold and hot water washing. tim greiner of pure strategies talked about his work on detergents with seventh generation, specifically addressing the company ' s initiative to advocate greener products and behaviors. greiner looked closely at the life cycle impacts of seventh generation ' s detergent. he had greenhouse gas factors for nearly all of the product formula and transport stages. data had to be calculated for the use and disposal phases, including : washing machine use, hot water heating, drying and treatment of the waste water generated by washing. greiner found that the consumer use phase \u2014 washing machine use, heating hot water and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4676088486573212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.683363"} {"text": "had to be calculated for the use and disposal phases, including : washing machine use, hot water heating, drying and treatment of the waste water generated by washing. greiner found that the consumer use phase \u2014 washing machine use, heating hot water and drying the load \u2014 used the most energy and had the highest greenhouse gas impact \u2014 roughly 95 % of the greenhouse gas emissions generated for an average load of laundry in the us. with these findings and the strong communication channels seventh generation had with their customers, it became clear that changing customer behavior was a top priority, as the detergent is specially formulated to have the same cleaning effectiveness in both hot and cold water cycles. greiner also touched on his experiences with data sources in lca tools. to help determine data quality requirements for materials, he often considers the percentage of a total product ' s weight. for example, a material that makes up 40 % versus 1 % of a product ' s weight may need greater attention. the company could then take this information to its suppliers to determine if the data was representative of their operations or if there were marked differences. he pointed out that there many limitations to gathering better data, and the further a company goes up its supply chain, the less leverage it has. for commodity materials such as detergent surfactants, a purchaser generally only knows the region, and in some cases may not even know that. regional specificity and thresholds for emissions and water use from production processes are not usually available. when a number of companies are interested in the attributes of a specific commodity material - palm oil, for instance \u2014 greiner believes industry standards can play a role, much like we buy ' green ' power. when a number of companies collaborate on industry standards, the benefits become more compelling for suppliers. products from biomass - based crops melissa hamilton of earthshift, an organization focused on lca capacity building within corporations, talked about the different methodologies used in lca and results that often surprise clients. according to hamilton, companies that create products from biomass - based crops often think their products are naturally better than the petrochemical - based alternatives, but discover the impacts from intensive land use, fertilizer use and pesticide application are much higher than expected. this depends on the resources used in growing those plants, and lca can help identify critical areas to focus on during the production of these products. she also points out that there is variability produced by the impact methodologies within lca. these are consensus - based approaches decided upon by life cycle practitioners", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5079587894194052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.684835"} {"text": "plants, and lca can help identify critical areas to focus on during the production of these products. she also points out that there is variability produced by the impact methodologies within lca. these are consensus - based approaches decided upon by life cycle practitioners and scientists that convert emissions into human and environmental impacts. there are many to choose from, but each yields different results depending on value choices and the emissions measured. it is important for companies to select one that is relevant for the product studied, and to compare results across methods. treatment of biomass - based crops might produce either favorable or unfavorable results for a product depending on the selected methodology, for example. the control of this variability grows with the sophistication of the lca tool. in more advanced systems, the user may specify how emissions are translated into impacts. summary of the uses of lca to summarize, key uses of lca by practitioners include determining and monitoring the most significant environmental aspects ; establishing a baseline for comparison, labeling impacts and setting corporate goals ; and considering all life cycle impacts, including changing customer behavior in the use phase. these same practitioners are making important contributions to lca by seeking industry standards to create more compelling benefits for suppliers to change practices ; mastering the selection of appropriate data sources ( industry - averages versus factory - specific ) ; and becoming aware of the need for and developing transparent methodology. in a design studio i taught at pratt institute last fall, i used one of the new lca tools called sustainable minds. with no download needed, the students signed in to the web - based tool and quickly got into testing their design concepts. projects ranged from a vertical grow - light system for plants to a vermicomposting bin. after establishing which elements each product should be evaluated and compared by ( e. g., providing light for indoor plants or the material for containment of food scraps ), users also indicate how long this service will be delivered. next, data pertaining to material selection, production methods, transport distances and end - of - life assumptions are entered. sustainable minds makes it easy to upload a bill of materials from autodesk ' s inventor ( as well as other 3d modeling programs ), so no manual entry is necessary for the material selection stage. once the life cycle stages are filled in, the results are broken down in easy - to - read to charts, giving a quick idea about where the impacts are in the product life cycle. add as many concepts as you want and compare any two of them side by side.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.513708894318472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.685911"} {"text": "are filled in, the results are broken down in easy - to - read to charts, giving a quick idea about where the impacts are in the product life cycle. add as many concepts as you want and compare any two of them side by side. sustainable minds also has an expansive section of the website dedicated to helping designers understand eco - design strategies that may help reduce the impacts revealed by the software. sustainable minds screenshot in sustainable minds, the impact methodology is limited to one approach, in which all the environmental impacts are rolled into a single number, or single - indicator. this simplifies the results and provides clear information to act on, which is very handy for lca beginners or students. more detail on this impact method can be found at sustainable minds. what might one learn from sustainable minds? in the simple case of the vermicomposting bin, for instance, my student had to make an argument for the extra materials and processes that went into her more user - friendly, visually pleasing design. do - it - yourself worm bins simply use a plastic bin with a lid and some holes cut out. she designed her bin to be left out in the kitchen instead of tucked away in a closet. but would her worm bin last longer before being tossed out? though her design was relatively worse for the environment, she used sustainable minds to show when things would tip in her favor due to a long - lasting product that people wanted to keep. greenfly is another web - based tool with a user - friendly interface that allows one to specify key attributes for life stages. scenarios are viewed individually and charts are broken down into results for a product ' s carbon footprint, energy demand, water use and solid waste generation, but there is no way to compare two scenarios side - by - side to view relative differences. greenfly includes a set of design guidelines that prompt users to think about goals related to : dematerialization, low impact material selection, cleaner production, optimized distribution, design for durability, use phase impact reduction, and design for waste avoidance and resource recovery. next, solidworks has taken another direction by including an add - on called sustainabilityxpress directly in the modeling environment. in this version individual parts are assessed with the environmental impacts shown right within the ' impact factor dashboard '. a more advanced version, solidworks sustainability, is available for purchase. it allows users to assess entire assemblies, enter data on the use phase and transport modes, and determine components with the highest impacts from the bill of materials.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4857554334168037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.687031"} {"text": "impact factor dashboard '. a more advanced version, solidworks sustainability, is available for purchase. it allows users to assess entire assemblies, enter data on the use phase and transport modes, and determine components with the highest impacts from the bill of materials. both versions allow users to set baselines for comparison and generate reports in a couple key impact areas. the products mentioned above are relatively new when compared to simapro from pre consultants and gabi from pe international. these sophisticated software products have been around for many years, and are widely used by life cycle assessment professionals. the user interface for both of these products is challenging and there is a steeper learning curve than sustainable minds and the solidworks tools. as i learned how to use these two programs \u2014 both equally challenging \u2014 it became clear that many features are for people that want to go deeper into a product ' s life cycle. gabi requires users to build a ' process - tree ' to connect materials, energy and processes to parts. after building the product system in gabi, users can check if inputs and outputs match up for the assemblies. in simapro, after data for the product system is entered in, users can switch to a flow chart view to easily see the relative impacts from materials and processes. both tools can display inputs / outputs and impacts in what appears to be every conceivable format. training and / or tutorials are available for gabi through pe international and simapro through earthshift. both packages utilize data sets made up of industry averages for thousands of processes ; industry - specific and custom data sets are also available. simapro pulls information from numerous external sources, while gabi builds datasets from internal client sources as well \u2014 pe international is also an lca consultancy. pricing for both vary based on the customer ' s individual selection of data sets. simapro and gabi allow users to select from a number of impact methodologies. the single - indicator systems, like the one used in sustainable minds, can also be utilized here, along with common individual impact categories such as global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, etc. the bottom line on lca tools sustainable minds works well for students, design firms and manufacturers that need to compare a range of product systems in any design stage, and for benchmarking existing product systems. at $ 10 per month for students and $ 58 per month for professionals, plus a free 30 - day trial, it ' s also highly accessible. greenfly remains free, though there are plans to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47890691871738916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.688452"} {"text": ", and for benchmarking existing product systems. at $ 10 per month for students and $ 58 per month for professionals, plus a free 30 - day trial, it ' s also highly accessible. greenfly remains free, though there are plans to move to subscription - based licensing. however, its interface doesn ' t presently allow a comparison of two scenarios side - by - side. for schools or companies with a solidworks license, the advanced version, which allows users to specify projections for the use phase, is more useful than the xpress version. contact your local reseller for a price. both gabi and simapro are ideal for companies or graduate students requiring access to larger databases of materials and processes, different impact methodologies, and increased options to view impact results. pricing greatly depends on the size of the databases included, so it ' s best to check the company ' s website. temporary licenses are available and educational versions are discounted ( or free in the case of gabi ). whatever your preference, all of these tools offer greater access to information at critical points in the design process. they empower designers to make meaningful changes that reduce the impacts of products on humans and our environment, at all scales. this helps bring lca to the fore of the discipline, promoting its adoption as an important practice in the design process. lloyd hicks is the founder of new leaf strategic consulting. he teaches part - time at the new school and pratt institute.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46135047705186005, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.689220"} {"text": "microsoft office 2010 ( 5 courses ) microsoft office 2010 improves on office 2007 to make your working day even more efficient and effective. new image - editing tools help you design documents that stand out from the crowd. new social networking tools help you connect with colleagues. you can post documents to the internet, and then view or edit those documents through a web browser or mobile phone. you can embed and edit videos within slide presentations, and turn slide presentations into videos themselves. you can track trends in spreadsheet data with new filtering and visualization tools. flash and audio provide animated, interactive lesson introductions, activities, and simulations. audio accompanies each lesson page throughout the course. mindnotes provide printable quick - reference sheets and other files to be used as learners apply their skills on the job. show me hows allow learners to access instructional demonstrations from all courses in the series. simulations teach learners to perform specific tasks in applications through guided, multi - step exercises. activities allow learners to apply course concepts in an interactive questioning environment. full - page images allow learners to experience an application as if it were open on their computer. exercises allow learners to practice in the actual application being studied. a course topics list contains active hyperlinks, permitting quick access to specific topics. find - a - word allows learners to look up an unfamiliar term in the glossary, on the web, or in a dictionary. in addition, it lets them find other occurrences of the term in the same course. search text enables learners to rapidly search all text within a course to easily retrieve information required. courses challenge the learner with a variety of question formats, including multi - step simulations, true / false, multiple choice, and fill - in - the - blank. a skill assessment generates a customized learning path based on the results of a pre - test. a glossary provides a reference for definitions of unfamiliar terms. bookmarking tracks the learner ' s progress in a course.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5024402076594298, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.692313"} {"text": "the battle of stones river : the soldiers ' story - - by looking at the battle of stones river : the soldiers ' story, students recall one of the civil war ' s bloodiest battles as told in eyewitness and personal accounts. those interested in learning more will find that the internet offers a variety of interesting materials. battle of stones river resources : stones river national battlefield stones river national battlefield is a unit of the national park system. visit the park ' s web pages for more information about the park and stones river national cemetery. the civil war preservation trust the civil war preservation trust web pages provide an account of the of stones river, including links to extensive biographies on both confederate gen. braxton bragg and union gen. william s. rosecrans. civil war resources : the american battlefield protection program : the american battlefield protection program, a division of the national park service, provides detailed on - line publications featuring different topics in the civil war. included is a battle summary of the battle of stones river. national park service civil war website visit the official national park service civil war web site. offering the current generation of americans an opportunity to know, discuss, and commemorate this country ' s greatest national crisis, while at the same time exploring its enduring relevance in the present, the website includes a variety of helpful features and links such as the about the civil war page that offers a timeline and stories from various perspectives. also included are links to civil war parks, nps education programs, and much more. historic places honoring those who served the national register of historic places online itinerary civil war era national cemeteries : honoring those who served commemorates the 150th anniversary of the civil war. this itinerary explains where the idea of national cemeteries came from and their meaning today. civil war soldiers & sailors system the national park service ' s civil war soldiers & sailors system is a recently created database containing facts about civil war servicemen, lists of civil war regiments, and descriptions of significant civil war battles. also on this site is a descriptive history of african - americans in the civil war. library of congress the library of congress created a selected civil war photographic history in their \" american memory \" collection. included on the site is a photographic timeline of the civil war covering major events for each year of the war. the united states civil war center louisiana state university maintains a civil war center that locates, indexes, and makes available all appropriate private and public data on the internet regarding the civil war. the site features over 4, 500 links that promote the study of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.394176023266171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.696321"} {"text": "\" during the earthquake i couldn ' t walk, i couldn ' t stand. i held on to a tree as the ground swayed, \" says murni, a 51 - year - old woman living in a village in west sumatra, indonesia. \" my head hurt from the shaking. \" though murni and her family made it through the september 2009 quake alive, their house collapsed. for weeks they lived in their yard under plastic sheeting. across the palm - dotted countryside, thousands of villagers were doing the same. all in all, the earthquake affected almost a million indonesians, many of whom make a meager living farming rice or coconuts. some villagers ' houses were still standing, and looked okay. but telltale diagonal cracks and falling plaster showed that the homes were unsafe. the government determined that 249, 000 were damaged. few villagers were willing to risk sleeping in the old structures. living next to the ruins of their houses, villagers tried to salvage materials like doors to build new homes. but they rarely had enough to make a safe, livable building. knowing that their needs would vary based on which scrap materials they could save, catholic relief services ' partner walhi designed an innovative shelter program to help villagers help themselves. building safe homes the program gives cash grants to eligible villagers so they can create a \" pondok \" \u2014 a small transitional shelter that is durable and comfortable. beneficiaries can use the money for roofing, walls, cement, carpentry work and more. the program also ensures that the pondoks can withstand future shocks. in the island nation of indonesia, where minor and major tremors strike every few months, constructing quakeproof homes is a straightforward matter of life and death. the first few feet of a house can be built with concrete or bricks, but the upper half of the walls should be made out of lightweight material like wooden planks or tough woven reeds. bracing the corners of the house and creating a stable foundation are also critical. the home of anise, 44, is a stark reminder of why building materials matter. she was cooking when the quake struck, and immediately ran out of her kitchen, whose walls were made entirely of stone. the kitchen crumbled down, along with a brick wall that might have buried her son if he had woken up from his nap five minutes later than he did. much of the rest of her house \u2014 the wooden parts \u2014 stayed standing, though the house is still not safe enough to live in. rebuilding entire communities anise didn '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4536110905921415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.815415"} {"text": "son if he had woken up from his nap five minutes later than he did. much of the rest of her house \u2014 the wooden parts \u2014 stayed standing, though the house is still not safe enough to live in. rebuilding entire communities anise didn ' t take advantage of the crs shelter program just for her own family ; she joined a committee that helps her neighbors apply for pondok grants and ensures the money is spent as intended. outside her new wooden home hangs a large crs banner, telling villagers how to get started with the program. \" if it weren ' t for crs, my family would still be living in a tent, \" she says. she wants the families around her to have better options too. when families are identified as eligible \u2014 meaning their house is unsafe \u2014 they receive the first installment of cash, plus instructions on how to build sturdy pondoks. when they ' ve made progress, they receive the second installment. the total amount is slightly over $ 250. at one cash distribution, a crowd of more than 100 people chatters as crs staff arrive. one by one, villagers come forward with their id cards and vouchers, sign their names or leave a thumbprint, and receive the money and a poster about safe shelters. jawiya, an 80 - year - old grandmother, is using the cash to pay for cement, timber and labor. her husband is disabled \u2014 when the quake struck, he crawled out of their old house because his legs are paralyzed. jawiya herself is frail, so help from construction workers is a necessity. safety and security midway through the building process, crs staff visit homes and run down a checklist of questions, including \" are the walls and frame plumb? \" and \" are the corners braced? \" people ' s attitudes have been changing about brick houses, which were once seen as a status symbol. \" they know now to pick wood and not bricks, \" says wahyu widayanto, crs ' community mobilization manager. more than 11, 000 quake - affected families have roofs over their heads as a result of the crs program. no longer forced to choose between sleeping in an unstable ruin or sleeping exposed in their yards, \" they feel safer, \" says widayanto. ramuni, a disabled woman who walks with great difficulty, managed to hobble out of her house when the quake hit. after three months in a tent and time at her in - laws ' house, she now has a home she doesn ' t need to be afraid of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4595628858982095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.827042"} {"text": "foreign students are an economic asset to the american educational system. they also introduce a welcomed diversity to the lives of their peers. students pursuing academic degrees are generally given f - 1 visas. those enrolled in vocational institutions receive m - 1 visas. spouses and children of these visa holders may be eligible for visas and entry for the same length of time as the student. admission to the united states as an f - 1 student will generally be for the amount of time they ' re pursuing a full course of study in any educational program. this time period will also include an additional 60 days to give the student time to leave the united states. an m - 1 student will be admitted to the u - s for the period of time necessary to complete the course of study plus 30 days, or for a period of one year, whichever is less. students who are part of an exchange program involving study, receive j - 1 visas. often, there ' s a two - year home residence requirement for anyone who ' s in the united states on a j - 1 visa. this means that the student must return to his or her home country for at least two years before applying for a different immigration status in the united states. to obtain a student visa, you must first be accepted by an accredited institution, get an i - 20 - a - b form from the institution, and document your financial ability to attend the school without employment. there ' s a relatively complex set of rules which apply only to foreign students. these rules must be followed in order to maintain your status. usually, your foreign student advisor at school can help you. for more information, contact an attorney qualified as a specialist, in this area of the law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45020788906334147, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.832452"} {"text": "heat rash is an annoying condition that occurs when a person is exposed to extremely warm temperatures. people who work outdoors or reside in humid, warm climates are more prone to getting heat rash. as the skin begins to sweat under clothing, the layers of garment may disrupt this process, causing sweat to become trapped and skin to chafe as it rubs against damp clothes. the result can be prickly, red bumps that rise up on the skin ' s surface. there are several ways to avoid heat rash, and ways to treat it at home, if you have to contend with this condition. one of the best ways to avoid a rash is to avoid heat and sweating. whenever possible, stay indoors during the summer, especially during the hottest part of the day. when it ' s not possible to stay indoors, dress in light layers. sweating is the body ' s natural cooling mechanism, and allowing this process to occur with minimal interruption will help. if heat rash occurs, thankfully, it will heal on its own given time. there are, however, several things you can do to relieve the discomfort and aid in faster healing in the meantime. - cool skin down by showering in cool water, applying ice packs, or sitting in air conditioned spaces. - soothe skin by taking a bath with colloidal oatmeal, which has soothing properties. - air dry skin rather than towel dry to minimize irritation. - apply a powder, such as gold bond, talcum, or baking soda to absorb moisture and soothe chafed skin. - apply a healing lotion or gel, such as calamine or aloe vera. once heat rash has developed, it will usually dissipate quickly, but individuals with more sensitive skin may take longer to see complete relief. during the healing process, follow the above regimen daily and avoid scratching the skin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4635420697173447, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.852991"} {"text": "emeka barclay, a seventh - and eighth - grade language arts teacher, and scott smith, a seventh - grade civics teacher, teamed up to involve their students in a project based learning project. project based learning is a teaching tool that incorporates four skills \u2013 collaboration, communication, creativity and critical thinking, and requires students to work together to produce a presentation that reflects what they have learned. \u201c pbl takes major elements in curriculum standards and objectives and use them to answer questions about what they have learned to produce projects, \u201d barclay said, \u201c and to see relevance of what they have learned and apply it in life. \u201d smith \u2019 s students took part in the project by producing public service announcements and airing them on local media outlets. students also were responsible for writing thank you notes, smith said. the student - led program featured students welcoming and explaining pbl. student logan lackey introduced a video capturing students involved in their project. the video showcased the skills employed to produce the project and how they were able to apply the principles they learned in their studies into what the video described as \u201c real life experience \u201d and results. while responsible for planning the presentation, students also brought canned goods, clothing and toys, and encouraged others to make contributions. students named the canned food drive \u201c tiny tim \u2019 s kitchen \u201d after the main character in charles dickens \u2019 \u201c a christmas carol. \u201d \u201c anne \u2019 s toy chest \u201d is taken from lucy maud montgomery \u2019 s book \u201c anne of green gables. \u201d anne shirley is an orphan and is the central character. barclay announced to students, teachers, parents and guests gathered in the school auditorium that over 700 canned goods, over 200 toys and over 200 clothing items were donated. \u201c this exceeded my expectations, \u201d barclay said. \u201c this will be a yearly thing. we will contribute to our community every year. \u201d as student chance butts presented the canned goods he said, \u201c no one should have to lay their head down and be hungry. \u201d on behalf of safe, lecia whiteside said, \u201c i am so happy to receive these donations. your gracious giving will help a lot of children in talladega county. \u201d care house representative lisa wood thanked the students for their generosity and said, \u201c with your hard work we will start 2013 with full shelves. \u201d principal judson warlick said he appreciated the hard work of the seventh - and eighth - graders and thanked them for their effort. after the presentation, smith said the driving need of the project was to involve students in helping others. \u201c we wanted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4472775461517515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.856281"} {"text": "oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s ( noaa ) most of the climate report, released on september 8, claims that the summer of 2010 was the summer on record for the united states. noaa has been conducting the state of the climate report since 1895, taking factors into account such as storm patterns, precipitation and temperature. results are compiled at noaa ' s national climatic data center in the lower 48 states, only seven had normal temperatures through the months of june, july and august. 10 were classified as \" above normal, \" 29 were \" much above normal, \" and two were the summer of 2010, 10 states experienced their warmest summer ever. these states were alabama, georgia, south carolina, tennessee, north carolina, virginia, maryland, delaware, new jersey and rhode island. the southeast had their warmest summer ever while the northeast had their fourth warmest and the central states had their third warmest. above normal warmth occurred mostly on the eastern side of the country, setting temperature records in cities like asheville, nc, tallahassee, fl, wilmington, de, tenton, nj, philadelphia and new trends were off as well. for the first five months of the year, the upper midwest received no rainfall. when the summer months hit, heavy rainfall swarmed the area. states like minnesota, south dakota, nebraska, illinois, iowa and michigan had their wettest summer in the top 10 this year, while wisconsin experienced their wettest yet with 6. 91 inches of rainfall above average. on the other hand, the mid - atlantic and southeast experienced below average levels of precipitation due to a lack of tropical weather activity and a high far as weather goes, minnesota is set to break its record of 74 tornado ' s from 2001 while wildfires have settled down in the western states due to milder weather. of the climate report for august can be seen here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4277707663848388, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.859378"} {"text": "we have run numerous articles about school districts banning chocolate - and strawberry - flavored milk on lunch lines. against this backdrop, it is interesting to note what is happening in los angeles. last fall, the los angeles unified school district eliminated flavored milk in an effort to promote better eating habits in children. besides flavored milk, the district eliminated chicken nuggets, corn dogs, nachos and other foods perceived to be high in sodium, fat or sugar. the initiative flopped. according to this item by two professors at cornell university, instead of making kids healthier by substituting in healthy items like fresh pears and vegetable curry, \u201c there have been reports of a thriving trade in black - market junk food, of pizzas delivered to side doors and of family - sized bags of chips being brought from home. \u201c garbage cans are filling up with the more nutritious food, even if kids aren \u2019 t, \u201d say the professors, who are co - directors of the cornell center for behavioral economics in child nutrition programs. now there is word that los angeles officials are relenting a bit and allowing some foods back in, such as hamburgers and pizza. flavored milk won \u2019 t be returning, however. regardless of where flavored milk fits into the equation, there is a larger point : you can \u2019 t force kids to eat foods they don \u2019 t like. \u201c as the los angeles example makes clear, trying to teach students to eat more healthful foods by removing other choices can backfire, \u201d say the cornell professors, david just and brian wansink. \u201c when children ( or even adults ) feel restricted or forced into a decision, they naturally rebel, \u201d the professors said. it will be interesting to watch how this plays out as the u. s. department of agriculture implements new standards for school meals, which were announced in late january. the government will require schools to offer 8 ounces of milk with each school lunch or breakfast. but low - fat flavored milks are out. any flavored milk needs to be fat - free. \u201c eliminating low - fat flavored milks, which kids like, and still allowing a wide variety a la carte beverages like juice beverages, sports drinks and soda at schools will reduce milk consumption, \u201d says connie tipton, ceo of the international dairy foods association. certainly, there are unintended consequences when you start telling people what they can or cannot eat or drink.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4173381283046955, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.864101"} {"text": "year end is always a time of forecasts and predictions, and technology giant ibm is wading in with its fifth annual \u201c next five in five, \u201d its list of innovations that have the potential to change the way people work, live and play over the next five years. the list, according to ibm, is based on market and societal trends as well as on emerging technologies percolating in ibm \u2019 s global labs. here \u2019 s what big blue sees in our future as part of its drive towards a \u201c smarter planet \u201d : hanging out in 3 - d. in the next five years, ibm says 3 - d interfaces, like those in the movies, will let people interact with 3 - d holograms in real time. the trend, enabled by more sophisticated and miniaturized 3 - d holographic cameras finding their way into cell phones as well as new video chat capabilities along the lines of 3 - d telepresence, will let give people new ways of interacting with photos, browsing the web or chatting with friends. scientists at ibm research are working on new ways to visualize 3 - d data, including technology that would allow engineers to step inside designs of everything from buildings to software programs, running simulations of how diseases spread across interactive 3 - d globes, and visualizing trends happening around the world on twitter \u2013 all in real time and with little to no distortion. battery power. ibm says scientific advances in transistors and battery technology over the next five years will allow devices to last about 10 times longer than they do today. in some cases, ibm predicts batteries may disappear altogether in smaller devices. how can that happen? the way ibm explains it, in lieu of the heavy lithium - ion batteries used today, scientists are working on batteries that use the air we breath to react with energy - dense metal, eliminating a key inhibitor to longer lasting batteries. if successful, the result will be a lightweight, powerful and rechargeable battery capable of powering everything from electric cars to consumer devices. ibm prognosticators are even going as far as to suggest the elimination of batteries all together by rethinking the basic building block of electronic devices, the transistor. ibm is aiming to reduce the amount of energy per transistor to less than 0. 5 volts, making batteries obsolete in some devices like mobile phones or e - readers. these devices could leverage a concept called energy scavenging, used today in some watches, which would let them charge by simple movements like shaking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5305622796909222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.873416"} {"text": "than 0. 5 volts, making batteries obsolete in some devices like mobile phones or e - readers. these devices could leverage a concept called energy scavenging, used today in some watches, which would let them charge by simple movements like shaking. we \u2019 re all data collectors. ibm says that in five years, sensors in phones, cars, wallets and even tweets will collect data that will give scientists a real - time picture of the environment. this data will be leveraged to fight global warming, save endangered species or track invasive plants or animals that threaten ecosystems around the world. in the next five years, ibm says a whole class of \u201c citizen scientists \u201d will emerge, using simple sensors that already exist to create massive data sets for research. personalized commutes. in the next five years, advanced analytics technologies will provide personalized recommendations that get commuters where they need to go in the fastest time. adaptive traffic systems will intuitively learn traveler patterns and behavior to provide more dynamic travel safety and route information to travelers than is available today. specifically, ibm researchers are developing new models that will predict the outcomes of varying transportation routes to provide information that goes well beyond traditional traffic reports, which ibm researchers say only indicate where you are already located in a traffic jam, and web - based applications that only give estimated travel time in traffic. using new mathematical models and ibm \u2019 s predictive analytics technologies, the researchers will analyze and combine multiple possible scenarios that can affect commuters to deliver the best routes for daily travel, including many factors, such as traffic accidents, commuter \u2019 s location, current and planned road construction, most traveled days of the week, expected work start times and local events, including weather, that may impact traffic. computers : the new energy source. ibm is working innovations in computers and data centers, including its novel on - chip - water - cooling systems, which will enable the excessive heat and energy that data centers give off to be redeployed to do things like heat buildings in the winter and power air conditioning in the summer. ibm officials point to a pilot project in switzerland involving a computer system fitted with the technology as a prime example. the project is expected to save up to 30 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, the equivalent of an 85 percent carbon footprint reduction.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5763228686321866, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.876057"} {"text": "in isis unveiled, h. p. blavatsky wrote : if the pythagorean metempsychosis should be thoroughly explained and compared with the modern theory of evolution, it would be found to supply every \" missing link \" in the chain of the latter. but who of our scientists would consent to lose his precious time over the vagaries of the ancients. notwithstanding proofs to the contrary, they not only deny that the nations of the archaic periods, but even the ancient philosophers had any positive knowledge of the heliocentric system. the \" venerable bedes, \" the augustines and lactantii appear to have smothered, with their dogmatic ignorance, all faith in the more ancient theologists of the pre - christian centuries. but now philology and a closer acquaintance with sanskrit literature have partially enabled us to vindicate them from these unmerited imputations. in the vedas, for instance, we find positive proof that so long ago as 2000 b. c., the hindu sages and scholars must have been acquainted with the rotundity of our globe and the heliocentric system. hence, pythagoras and plato knew well this astronomical truth ; for pythagoras obtained his knowledge [ [ vol. 1, page ] ] 10 the veil of isis. in india, or from men who had been there, and plato faithfully echoed his teachings. we will quote two passages from the aitareya brahmana : in the \" serpent - mantra, \" * the brahmana declares as follows : that this mantra is that one which was seen by the queen of the serpents, sarpa - rajni ; because the earth ( iyam ) is the queen of the serpents, as she is the mother and queen of all that moves ( sarpat ). in the beginning she ( the earth ) was but one head ( round ), without hair ( bald ), i. e., without vegetation. she then perceived this mantra which confers upon him who knows it, the power of assuming any form which he might desire. she \" pronounced the mantra, \" i. e., sacrificed to the gods ; and, in consequence, immediately obtained a motley appearance ; she became variegated, and able to produce any form she might like, changing one form into another. this mantra begins with the words : \" ayam gauh pris ' nir akramit \" ( x., 189 ). the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5341845566764666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.884086"} {"text": "became variegated, and able to produce any form she might like, changing one form into another. this mantra begins with the words : \" ayam gauh pris ' nir akramit \" ( x., 189 ). the description of the earth in the shape of a round and bald head, which was soft at first, and became hard only from being breathed upon by the god vayu, the lord of the air, forcibly suggests the idea that the authors of the sacred vedic books knew the earth to be round or spherical ; moreover, that it had been a gelatinous mass at first, which gradually cooled off under the influence of the air and time. so much for their knowledge about our globe ' s sphericity ; and now we will present the testimony upon which we base our assertion, that the hindus were perfectly acquainted with the heliocentric system, at least 2000 years b. c. in the same treatise the hotar, ( priest ), is taught how the shastras should be repeated, and how the phenomena of sunrise and sunset are to be explained. it says : \" the agnishtoma is that one ( that god ) who burns. the sun never sets nor rises. when people think the sun is setting, it is not so ; they are mistaken. for after having arrived at the end of the day, it produces two opposite effects, making night to what is below, and day to what is on the other side. when they ( the people ) believe it rises in the morning, the sun only does thus : having reached the end of the night, it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below, and night to what is on the other side. in fact the sun never sets ; nor does it set for him who has such a knowledge.... \" * * this sentence is so conclusive, that even the translator of the rig - veda, dr. haug, was forced to remark it. he says this passage contains \" the denial of the existence of sunrise and sunset, \" and that the author supposes the sun \" to remain always in its high position. \" * * * * from the sanskrit text of the aitareya brahmanam. rig - veda, v., ch. ii., verse 23. * * aitareya brahmanam, book iii., c. v., 44. * * * ait. brahm., vol. ii.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5107714379975035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.885164"} {"text": "veda, v., ch. ii., verse 23. * * aitareya brahmanam, book iii., c. v., 44. * * * ait. brahm., vol. ii., p. 242. [ [ vol. 1, page ] ] 11 ancient astronomical calculations. in one of the earliest nivids, rishi kutsa, a hindu sage of the remotest antiquity, explains the allegory of the first laws given to the celestial bodies. for doing \" what she ought not to do, \" anahit ( anaitis or nana, the persian venus ), representing the earth in the legend, is sentenced to turn round the sun. the sattras, or sacrificial sessions * prove undoubtedly that so early as in the eighteenth or twentieth century b. c., the hindus had made considerable progress in astronomical science. the sattras lasted one year, and were \" nothing but an imitation of the sun ' s yearly course. they were divided, says haug, into two distinct parts, each consisting of six months of thirty days each ; in the midst of both was the vishuvan ( equator or central day ), cutting the whole sattras into two halves, etc. \" * * this scholar, although he ascribes the composition of the bulk of the brahmanas to the period 1400 - 1200 b. c., is of opinion that the oldest of the hymns may be placed at the very commencement of vedic literature, between the years 2400 - 2000, b. c. he finds no reason for considering the vedas less ancient than the sacred books of the chinese. as the shu - king or book of history, and the sacrificial songs of the shi - king, or book of odes, have been proved to have an antiquity as early as 2200, b. c., our philologists may yet be compelled before long to acknowledge, that in astronomical knowledge, the antediluvian hindus were their masters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48002016788052504, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.885980"} {"text": "i know i say it and i \u2019 m sure you have heard others say it, \u201c when eating fruits and veggies, pick the colorful produce because they are the most nutrient - dense. \u201d while this statement is very true, it unfortunately leaves out a very plainly colored, but healthy veggie, the mushroom. people enjoy mushrooms for its versatility in foods, from a pizza topping, to an ingredient in soup, pastas, meat dishes, and more. mushrooms offer many essential nutrients ( a nutrient required for normal body functioning that cannot be synthesized by the body and thus must be obtained from a dietary source ), including : - b vitamins riboflavin and niacin - pantothenic acid - plus antioxidants selenium and ergothioneine - a good amount of potassium - white button mushrooms are a surprising and commonly unrecognized source of vitamin d the mushroom provides you with all these great nutrients and only 20 calories! as mentioned above, mushrooms provide you with selenium, but according to the american dietetic association, mushrooms are actually the leading source of selenium in the fruit and veggie aisle. this powerful antioxidant ( selenium ) helps fight off dangerous free radicals that are responsible for cellular damage, which contributes to cancer and other chronic diseases. to incorporate this nutrient - dense veggie, try some of the following recipe ideas : - slice and saute mushrooms to top a pizza, pasta dish, omelet or have a mushroom quesadilla - sauteed veggies go great with cooked poultry, beef, or veggie dishes - in place of a hamburger, try a portabella cap veggie burger remember there are a variety of mushrooms to pick from and add to your meals. some include white button mushrooms, brown ( crimini ) mushrooms, portabellas, enoki mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, maitakes, and shiitake mushrooms. try them all to find your favorites. more information on mushrooms can be found in a pdf from the american dietetic association website. march 20th, 2009", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4707531395549699, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.889107"} {"text": "zombie fungus rears its ugly head photograph courtesy david hughes a stalk of the newfound fungus species ophiocordyceps camponoti - balzani, grows out of a \" zombie \" ant ' s head in a brazilian rain forest. originally thought to be a single species, called ophiocordyceps unilateralis, the fungus is actually four distinct species \u2014 all of which can \" mind control \" ants \u2014 scientists announced wednesday. the fungus species can infect an ant, take over its brain, and then kill the insect once it moves to a location ideal for the fungi to grow and spread their spores. ( related pictures : \" \" zombie \" ants controlled, decapitated by flies. \" ) all four known fungi species live in brazil ' s atlantic rain forest, which is rapidly changing due to climate change and deforestation, said study leader david hughes, an entomologist at penn state university. hughes and colleagues made the discovery after noticing a wide diversity of fungal growths emerging from ant victims, according to the march 2, 2011 study in the journal plos one. \" it is tempting to speculate that each species of fungus has its own ant species that it is best adapted to attack, \" hughes said. \" this potentially means thousands of zombie fungi in tropical forests across the globe await discovery, \" he said. \" we need to ramp up sampling \u2014 especially given the perilous state of the environment. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44326380998292647, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.890584"} {"text": "graph the asymptote of a tangent function an asymptote is a line that helps give direction to a graph of a trigonometry function. this line isn \u2019 t part of the function \u2019 s graph ; rather, it helps determine the shape of the curve by showing where the curve tends toward being a straight line \u2014 somewhere out there. asymptotes are usually indicated with dashed lines to distinguish them from the actual function. the asymptotes for the graph of the tangent function are vertical lines that occur regularly, each of them \u03c0, or 180 degrees, apart. they separate each piece of the tangent curve, or each complete cycle from the next. the equations of the tangent \u2019 s asymptotes are all of the form where n is an integer. under that stipulation for n, the expression 2n + 1 always results in an odd number. by replacing n with various integers, you get lines such as the reason that asymptotes always occur at these odd multiples of is because those points are where the cosine function is equal to 0. as such, the domain of the tangent function includes all real numbers except the numbers that occur at these asymptotes. the preceding figure shows what the asymptotes look like when graphed alone. the first figure isn \u2019 t all that exciting, but it does show how many times the tangent function repeats its pattern. now take a look at the second preceding figure, which shows one cycle of the tangent function on a graph. the tangent values go infinitely high as the angle measure approaches 90 degrees. the values go infinitely low as the angle measure approaches \u2013 90 degrees. in the third figure, there is more of the tangent on a graph, asymptotes included, to give you a better idea of what \u2019 s going on. as you can see, the tangent function repeats its values over and over. the main difference between this function and the sine and cosine functions is that the tangent has all these breaks between the cycles. as you move from left to right, the tangent appears to go up to positive infinity. it actually disappears at the top of the graph and then picks up again at the bottom, where the values come from negative infinity. graphing calculators and other graphing utilities don \u2019 t usually show the graph disappearing at the top, so it \u2019 s up to you to know what \u2019 s actually happening, even though the picture may not look exactly that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5173957526653874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.895703"} {"text": "banders are responsible for ensuring that they have all valid permits and licences, in addition to their federal scientific permit to capture and band birds, that may be necessary for their project. federal banding permits will be issued without confirmation that all authorizations have been obtained, but the permits are valid only if the other necessary permits or authorizations have been obtained. additional permits which you may require include but are not limited to the following : - provincial or territorial banding permits : some migratory birds such as owls, hawks, falcons, and eagles require provincial banding permits in addition to federal scientific permits to capture and band migratory birds. ptarmigan, quail, pheasants, and grouse are excluded from the north american bird banding program because they are non - migratory. contact your local provincial or territorial authority regarding these species. - other provincial and territorial permits : many of canada ' s provinces and territories have wildlife legislation that requires those who work with wildlife to hold appropriate permits. it is advisable to check with the provincial or territorial authorities where you will be banding to ensure that you have all necessary permits in place. - protected areas banding permit : banding in a provincial / territorial park or protected area may require approval or permits from the provincial / territorial government. authorization to band in provincial or territorial protected areas may be obtained through provincial conservation officers. if you will be banding in a national park, please contact the local park superintendent for a research permit. authorization to band in federal migratory bird sanctuaries or national wildlife areas may be requested from your cws regional office. telemetry : applicants wishing to use radio - telemetry must have a permit from industry canada. contact your nearest regional office for more information. federal scientific permits : if the project involves collection of biological material such as blood samples or eggs, banders must hold a federal scientific permit specifically for these activities as well as a federal scientific permit to capture and band migratory birds. contact your cws regional permits officer for more permit details. species at risk : applicants wishing to band a threatened or endangered migratory bird listed under the species at risk act must apply for a sara permit from the bird banding office. animal care committee approval : all banding projects involving fitted collars, nasal saddles, patagial / wing tags, or radio and satellite transmitters or other auxiliary markers other than colour bands must be approved by an animal care committee. banding permits outside of north america : the bird banding office issues permits to canadians conducting banding projects on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4618345738704159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.900997"} {"text": "with 40 - hour - plus work weeks the norm and no signs of that trend reversing, seeing well in the office at any time of day or night is necessary to get the job done. illumination in the office can mean a combination of different types of light, artificial and natural. but the big story in lighting centers on new products and control systems that bring the discipline to the forefront of commercial integration. just as heating, ventilating and air - conditioning ( hvac ) has become one with building management and energy savings, lighting has stepped up to take its place as part of the integrated control environment. it makes perfect sense. most of a building \u2019 s energy costs come from the use of lighting. statistics continue to show uncon - trolled lighting can raise the temperature inside the building and cause hvac systems to operate more frequently. lighting also has become closely tied to energy efficiency and the green building movement, epitomized in the leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) program administered by the u. s. green building council, washington, d. c. there are other drivers of widespread changes in lighting. depending on the location and the type of facility, local or state energy codes may be mandated, and usage must be curbed inside and out \u2014 such as the case with the dark - sky initiatives, which are part of a movement to avoid the effects upward lighting has on the environment. up to the task lighting for commercial offices takes many different forms and performs multiple functions. the end application for deployed lighting is critical. task areas require high illumination, both direct and indirect, but the amount of light, of course, depends on the nature of the business. lighting should not interfere with computer screens by causing unwanted glare. close work on production tables or other processing areas must illuminate clearly and evenly. office areas with displays or showrooms need task lighting and illumination, which puts light on key areas of the facility. proper deployment of lighting is a science. the key performance characteristic of a light source is its output or lumen rat - ing. the intensity distribution or candle power also must be known, and many variables must be considered. numerous re - sources are available to the electrical contractor ( see box on page 92 ). one study of task lighting in offices conducted by the national research council ( nrc ) canada suggests office workers prefer to have light on all room surfaces, not just on their desks, which may be due to low levels of ambient lighting and high levels of task lighting, creating uncomfortable lighting conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5281194795979728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.907737"} {"text": "by the national research council ( nrc ) canada suggests office workers prefer to have light on all room surfaces, not just on their desks, which may be due to low levels of ambient lighting and high levels of task lighting, creating uncomfortable lighting conditions. according to nrc, it found no link between organizational productivity and vertical surface brightness. however, their studies have demonstrated that when lighting conditions differ from occupant preferences, there can be a negative impact on comfort and satisfaction. task or ambient light for office buildings has been a staple of design for many decades ; fluorescent or metal halide use has been the primary components of these markets. they still hold their own, providing lighting integral to work spaces and buildings. but these disciplines have evolved into lamps, ballasts and controls that can save energy by being dimmable or being able to shut down quickly and return to service at a moment \u2019 s notice or within a preset time. a ballast supplies the ini - tial electricity that creates the light and then regulates the amount of electricity flowing through the appliance, so the lamp emits the right amount of light. ballasts also are integral to the use of occupancy sensors, and instant - start types are not rec - ommended for use with these detectors. new developments in fluorescent and high - intensity discharge ( hid ) ballast technology focus on improved system perform - ance, control capability for dimming, daylighting integration, energy management functions, and solutions to some long - standing problems that occur when certain lamps reach end of life, such as those containing mercury. the most energy - efficient fixtures, according to the american council for an energy efficient economy, are t8 or t5 fluorescent lamps, low - wattage and ceramic metal halide lamps, white leds or electronic ballasts. according to tom leonard, director of marketing and product management, leviton lighting management systems, tuala - tin, ore., fluorescent lighting is still the unsung hero of efficiency. \u201c fluorescent lighting is definitely not a \u2018 shop light \u2019 anymore, \u201d he said. \u201c users need to know that it \u2019 s not just cool white bulbs anymore. there \u2019 s a perception on the part of many that all fluorescents look like that. fluorescent lighting provides high performance and a reasonable cost and a wide array of different tones, \u201d he said. because fluorescent lamps don \u2019 t use heat to create light, they are far more energy - efficient than incandescent bulbs. but how do they compare to leds? \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5260793780898616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.909122"} {"text": "a reasonable cost and a wide array of different tones, \u201d he said. because fluorescent lamps don \u2019 t use heat to create light, they are far more energy - efficient than incandescent bulbs. but how do they compare to leds? \u201c leds will become more cost - effective once efficiency targets are reached on a production scale and economies of scale are realized, \u201d leonard said. \u201c in office lighting, leds are the next advancement. their high efficiency makes them perfect for task lighting, \u201d he said. continued production is needed for the price to drop to lower levels, leonard said. ge consumer & industrial, cleveland, is working on a number of next - generation products, including white leds, which are near the illumination strength of incandescent and provide a true white light versus blue. they are smaller - than - ever t2 com - pact fluorescents and high efficiency incandescent lighting comparable to cfls, which ge plans to roll out in 2009, accord - ing to michael petras, vice president of lighting and electrical distribution. in leds, there are downlight and cove light appli - cations, and these products will see more application in task operations, especially as their price tumbles. lighting, like many other solutions, is definitely driven by the use of the computer in the office environment. \u201c if it \u2019 s done right, you can direct lighting properly for the application, \u201d petras said. \u201c there \u2019 s a lot of indirect lighting be - ing used with task and direct. there \u2019 s even task lighting built into office furniture. a key trend is that you don \u2019 t need to put everything in the ceiling to get the right lighting. \u201d another trend, he said, is the development of fixtures that produce more daylight - like light, such as ceramic metal halide. another growing trend in the area of commercial office building lighting is the use of lighting control subpanels, according to scott jordan, product marketing manager - lighting controls for square d / schneider electric, nashville. these panels can be installed in an out - of - the - way place, such as a ceiling. best of both worlds \u201c outfitting a conference room or suite with a light - level sensor, for example, allows a lighting control subpanel to automati - cally dim lights to capitalize on available natural light. plus, using lighting control subpanels can reduce cost for wire / conduit and can make labor easier for a contractor by being able to run circuits to the subpan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4586960276883682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.910487"} {"text": "##mati - cally dim lights to capitalize on available natural light. plus, using lighting control subpanels can reduce cost for wire / conduit and can make labor easier for a contractor by being able to run circuits to the subpanel and not all the way back to the panelboard. \u201d jordan said another trend is load shedding. load shedding, he said, is a concept where selected electrical loads, including lighting, in a commercial building are reduced during various times of a day because of a desire to save energy or due to a utility request. \u201c for example, lighting can be dimmed a certain percentage during times when traffic is lighter, thus reducing energy costs. in more extreme circumstances, the local power utility may demand that a building owner / facility manager reduce loads due to a strain on the power grid and the possibility of a brownout or blackout. \u201c multiple technologies are appropriate to achieve load shedding for commercial buildings, \u201d he said. \u201c whole - building, sched - ule - based lighting control system that are web - enabled provide perhaps the best opportunity to dim or turn off selected lighting loads because a facility manager is able to access the lighting control system via a common web browser, no matter the time of day or week. occupancy sensors can also play a significant role in load shedding due to the ability to automatically turn off lights in non - essential areas when no one is present. \u201d lighting is critical in office environments, but the real challenge is controlling it to raise energy efficiency while giving the user options in its operation. innovation by manufacturers continues to provide the right product that performs in an effi - cient manner and meets the application end use. ec o \u2019 mara is the president of dlo communications in park ridge, ill., specializing in low - voltage. she can be reached at 847. 384. 1916 or email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48836178359151616, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.912856"} {"text": "this lesson introduces the concept of monopoly. it calls upon students to consider how monopoly power might affect the quality and price of goods and services offered to consumers. in light of what they learn about the history of trusts and the sherman antitrust act, the students write editorials, stating and explaining their views about laws prohibiting monopolies. finally, students consider the effect that the internet has had on the potential of companies to become entrenched as monopolies in our national and global economies. - define monopoly. - explain the market power that monopolies can exert. - evaluate american laws prohibiting monopolies. this lesson is intended to help students will develop an understanding of economic monopolies. it introduces the sherman anti - trust act, which forbade the establishment and practices of economic monopolies in the united states. working as newspaper editorialists, students explain whether or not they believe that monopolies should be prohibited in free market economic systems. the students also consider the ways in which today ' s technological infrastructure has influenced the capacity of companies to establish themselves as monopolies. finally, the students create radio broadcasts explaining the nature of monopolies today. monopoly : this econedlink glossary provides a large number of definitions of economic concepts. monopoly defined : this page provides a print - out for students that defines monopolies. monopoly defined handout standard oil and the sherman anti - trust act : this econedlink worksheet provides information and questions for students to answer related to monopolies. student responses to editorials : this worksheet allows students to write if they felt that the editorial that they read was well - written or not. student responses to editorials edublogs : at this site, students and teachers can set up their own blogs and post their own editorials. technology and monopolies : this worksheet helps students to understand how advances in technology are related to monopolies. technology and monopolies odeo enterprise : this site allows students to create their own podcasts. creating a monopoly : this econedlink worksheet asks students to develop their own monopoly. creating a monopoly to begin this lesson, tell the students that you want to purchase a pen from somebody. ask whether any of them would be pen that they would be willing to sell. after the students have completed this short exercise ask them what they wrote willing to sell you a pen. tell them to write down on a piece of paper the price that they would charge for a pen - - using the down", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.556680693846062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.921754"} {"text": "would be willing to sell. after the students have completed this short exercise ask them what they wrote willing to sell you a pen. tell them to write down on a piece of paper the price that they would charge for a pen - - using the down. also ask them to help you decide which pen to purchase : what information should you think about in making your decision about which pen to purchase? the students may suggest that you should think about which pen you want, and that you should try to purchase it for the lowest possible price. if the students do not suggest these ideas on their own, raise them for the students. ask them to explain why these ideas make sense. now tell the students to imagine that one student in the class owned all of the pens in the classroom. and you have decided that you would buy a pen only from somebody in the class. ask them how this scenario might influence the price of the pen and the quality of the pen being sold. here you would like to thear the students state that if one person owned all of the pens, that person could charge more money for them and sell lower - quality pens. ask the students to explain why this is true. they should recognize that since only one person was selling pens, this individual would not have to worry about either the price set by other people or the quality of the pens that other people were selling. tell the students that this scenario is an example of a monopoly. now show the students the definition of monopoly and use it as a transparency. ask the students to explain this definition in their own words. then shift the discussion : ask the students if they think it is fair for monopolies to exist. urge them to support their opinions. as the students share their opinions take notes on the board. encourage the students to express ideas that both support and oppose monopolies. now tell students that they should learn how the u. s. government views economic monopolies. invite them to read and complete the worksheet entitled standard oil and the sherman anti - trust laws, available here. after the students have completed this work, reconvene the class. call on students to share their answers with one another. click here to view possible answers to the standard oil and sherman anti - trust laws worksheet. ask the students why companies might to be monopolies. help them understand that in a free - market economic system, people work to make money and companies exist to make profit : individual companies want to make as much profit as possible. certainly companies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.509555950201643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.922813"} {"text": ". ask the students why companies might to be monopolies. help them understand that in a free - market economic system, people work to make money and companies exist to make profit : individual companies want to make as much profit as possible. certainly companies would love to be monopolies if this meant that they could make greater profits, as it most certainly would. ask the students how companies might try to become monopolies. there are several possible answers. companies might lower their prices in order to attract customers away from their competition. companies might also try to produce the best product or service available at the lowest cost in order to attract new customers. companies can also become monopolies by inventing new products and acquiring a patent to prevent others from copying their products. at times the government establishes monopolies when policy makers believe it is in the public ' s best interest. for example, municipalities typically grant monopoly status to electric companies since it would be too expensive for several electric companies to compete in the same community. when the government does establish monopolies, it typically regulates them to insure that they do not unfairly raise prices or lower quality. help the students understand that, without government regulation, companies that become monopolies may lower the quality of their products or services ( perhaps by spending less money producing them ), or they may raise the price of the goods and services that they sell. ask the students why companies might do this. the students should recognize that companies can reduce quality or raise prices if they no longer face competition. as appropriate refer to the pen - selling example to underscore this point. introduce the point that the u. s. government seeks in various ways to foster competition. help the students understand that while individual firms might want to be monopolies and enjoy the benefits of monopoly status u. s. government does not think that monopolies are good for our nation since monopolies can raise prices and lower the quality of goods and services. now introduce a writing assignment. tell the students that for the next part of this assignment they should pretend they are newspaper editorialists. to clarify the task, ask the students what they know about the job of a newspaper editorialist. if anybody states that editorialists write opinion pieces for the newspaper, underscore that response. if the students do not know this, tell them. remind the students, however, that editorialists cannot simply write their opinion and expect others to accept it. they must justify their opinions with high quality reasoning. remind the students that editors write", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4772639086551491, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.923989"} {"text": "response. if the students do not know this, tell them. remind the students, however, that editorialists cannot simply write their opinion and expect others to accept it. they must justify their opinions with high quality reasoning. remind the students that editors write for the public. on this assignment, therefore, classmates will read one another ' s editorials, and comment on them, upon completion. ask the students to respond to the interactive question below. - pretend that you are an editorialist, and write an editorial considering whether or not you believe that monopolies should be illegal. after the students have completed this work, tell them to form groups of three. explain that in these groups they should read one another ' s opinions and respond to them. they should state whether the agree or disagree with the writer ' s conclusion. they also should explain why they agree or disagree by commenting on how the writer uses facts and reasons to support his or her conclusion. the student responses to editorials can be used as a handout. be sure to encourage the students to read the comments that their group mates write about their opinions. [ note : as an alternative to the above interactive you may choose to have the students work in a \" blog \" setting. using the website edublogs or another \" blog \" site of your choice set up a \" blog \" and have the students create their editorials. once each student has created an editorial have the students comment on one another ' s editorial piece so they can complete the group work portion of the class. ] now remind the students that the u. s. government outlawed monopolies at the end of the nineteenth century. suggest that much has changed in american society between the 1890s and today. ask the students what they can think of that has changed. among many other things, the students may mention an infusion of computer technology. they should recognize that not all of the innovations we take for granted today - - the personal computer, the world wide web, e - mail, instant text messaging, podcasts, open - source materials, etc. - - were widely available 10 years ago, let alone 110 years ago. ask the students to complete the worksheet entitled technology and monopolies, working in groups of two to three. this worksheet asks the students to consider whether or not they think recent technological advances would make it easier and cheaper to start businesses. they are then asked how these advances might affect the ability of individual companies to establish themselves as monopolies. after the students have completed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45412442968600664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.925154"} {"text": "asks the students to consider whether or not they think recent technological advances would make it easier and cheaper to start businesses. they are then asked how these advances might affect the ability of individual companies to establish themselves as monopolies. after the students have completed this work, reconvene the class and invite students to share their answers with one another. lead a discussion in which students consider the influence that the technology available in recent years has had on firms seeking to establish themselves as monopolies. during this discussion, ask the students if they think it is important for the u. s. government to continue to still have a law prohibiting the establishment of monopolies. during this discussion, urge the students to support their opinions thoughtfully. in this lesson, students have learned about the role that monopolies play in economies. they have learned that monopolies are outlawed by the u. s. government. they have learned why companies would want to be monopolies - - i. e., because monopoly power sometimes enables companies to charge higher rates for their products / services, generating greater profit. in addition to considering their own perspectives on monopolies, the students have thought about their classmates ' perspectives. finally, the students have examined the influence of today ' s technology has on the ability of companies to establish themselves as monopolies. tell the students that in order to demonstrate their knowledge of monopolies, they should develop a radio interview, working in groups of two or three, in which the participants explain the nature of monopolies, the ways in which today ' s technological infrastructure has influenced the establishment of monopolies and whether or not they think monopolies should be illegal today. the students might particularly enjoy making podcast interviews. if you choose to have them make podcasts, consider using odeo, an excellent resource. you can link to the odeo site from here. the odeo website has very user - friendly directions. students can even call into odeo via telephone to create their podcasts. if you would prefer not to use podcasts, you can simply ask the students to develop presentations which they can perform before the class. if you choose to do the activity in this way, ask the students who are not performing to write down one idea they learn from each presentation. assign the students to develop a plan to create their own monopoly. having created their palns, they should also analyze their plans to determine what effect the plans might have on the greater economy. to begin this step, ask the students, working", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4942877614121364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.926214"} {"text": "what we ship things in makes a difference. take the banana, for example. in 1876, at the philadelphia centennial exposition, the banana was a delicacy ( and very black ). millions of bunches could only be sent to u. s. shores if they were refrigerated. by 1901, as i describe in econ 101 1 / 2, united fruit was distributing 14 million bunches of bananas in the u. s. one reason, in addition to the railroad and the steamboat, was a banana vessel that could maintain a 53 degree temperature for its cargo. just like refrigerated banana vessels transformed world trade, so too has the cargo container. introduced in 1956, now one ship can carry 3, 000 forty foot containers with 100, 000 tons of shoes, electronics and clothing. imagine the potential efficiency. put everything in the container, arrive at a port, and just slip it onto a truck or a railroad car for it to move to its next stop. journalist marc levinson says the result is more variety for consumers, lower freight bills, less shipping time, lower inventory costs and longer supply chains. this takes us back to yesterday \u2019 s supership post and the expansion of the panama canal. larger ships mean more containers on board. the ny times said that the newest generation of superships could hold 15, 000 containers that are 20 feet long. the economic lesson adam smith would have been delighted to see his ideas about mass production and regional specialization extend around the world. describing the productivity of factory pin production in the wealth of nations, he told us that one worker, functioning alone, could produce 1 pin per day. however, when that worker specialized through a division of labor in a factory, 4, 800 pins per worker per day were made. adam smith used the term \u201c distant sale \u201d to explain the transport of goods from a factory to a distant market. he could have been describing a container ship moving from china to the u. s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5205467549384657, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.929252"} {"text": "are dandelions as effective as commonly prescribed antibiotics against bacteria? to determine whether dandelion roots, which are used in many parts of the world for therapeutic purposes, can be used as an antibiotic against the bacteria serratia marcescens and escherichia coli, and to determine whether they are as effective as commonly prescribed antibiotics. - dandelion roots - food processor - 5 cups - sterile distilled water - dandelion capsules ( can be obtained from a health food store ) - sterile pin - penicillin tablets ( 250 mg ) ( can be obtained from a medical doctor ) - erythromycin tablets ( 250 mg ) ( can be obtained from a medical doctor ) - tetracycline tablets ( 250 mg ) ( can be obtained from a medical doctor ) - sterile applicators - 12 petri dishes : tryptic soy agar with 5 % sheep ' s blood - serratia marcescens culture - escherichia coli culture - masking tape - marking pen - sterile filter paper disks tests will be carried out to determine whether dandelion roots can be used as effective antibiotics. dandelion roots taken directly from the ground as well as dandelion root capsules will be tested on selected bacteria to see if they have any effect. control tests will also be conducted using three common antibiotics as well as distilled water on the same bacteria. the results of both tests will be analyzed and compared. part i \u2014 prepare the dandelion and the antibiotic tablet solutions. - thoroughly wash several dandelion roots and pulverize them in the food processor until they are liquefied. - filter the liquefied roots through the cheesecloth and into a sterile cup. add enough distilled water to the liquid to form a one - to - one ratio. - pierce one dandelion capsule with a sterile pin and squeeze the contents into another cup holding \u00bd cup ( 0. 12 liter ) of distilled water. - dissolve one penicillin tablet in \u00bd cup ( 0. 12 liter ) of water. similarly, dissolve one erythromycin and one tetracycline tablet separately into \u00bd cup ( 0. 12 liter ) of water. part ii \u2014 test the solutions on the bacteria strains. - with a sterile applicator, streak six tryptic soy agar ( tsa ) petri dishes with the serratia marcescens. with another sterile applicator and six tsa petri dishes, repeat this procedure with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41284191681994975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.934236"} {"text": "strains. - with a sterile applicator, streak six tryptic soy agar ( tsa ) petri dishes with the serratia marcescens. with another sterile applicator and six tsa petri dishes, repeat this procedure with the escherichia coli. label the dishes and incubate them for 48 hours at 95 degrees fahrenheit ( 35 degrees celsius ). carefully note the growth of bacteria in each dish. - using the forceps, dip a sterile filter paper disk into the dandelion root solution and place it onto one of the petri dishes containing s. marcescens. dip another sterile filter paper disk into the dandelion capsule solution and place it onto the second petri dish containing s. marcescens. continue this procedure by placing sterile filter paper disks soaked in the three antibiotic solutions onto the next three petri dishes containing s. marcescens. place a sterile filter paper disk soaked only in sterile distilled water onto the remaining dish containing s. marcescens. label all dishes accordingly. - repeat step 2 with those dishes containing e. coli. - incubate all the petri dishes for 48 hours at 95 degrees fahrenheit ( 35 degrees celsius ). carefully note the amount of bacteria in each dish and compare those results against the amount of bacteria found in each dish before it was treated. compare the amount of bacteria between those dishes treated with the dandelion solutions to those treated with the antibiotic solutions and the untreated dishes. record your observations. - were either the dandelion root or capsule solutions effective in inhibiting bacterial growth? if so, did their effectiveness vary with the type of bacteria used? was one dandelion solution more effective than the other? - were the antibiotic tablets successful in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria used in the experiment? - how did the dandelion solutions compare to the antibiotic solutions? warning is hereby given that not all project ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. implementation of any science project idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings and with appropriate parental or other supervision. reading and following the safety precautions of all materials used in a project is the sole responsibility of each individual. for further information, consult your state \u2019 s handbook of science safety.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45733413382592575, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.935282"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. tuberculosis ( tb ) is a disease caused by a bacteria ( germ ). it is spread from person to person through the air. tb may scar the lungs and other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, bones, or the brain. tb can even be fatal. there are two forms of tb : latent tb infection and tb disease. latent tb infection is also called inactive tb. if you have latent tb infection : you \u2019 ve been exposed to tb, but you have no symptoms and are not sick. the only way to know if you have tb infection is to have a skin test or a blood test for tb. you can \u2019 t spread tb to others. you may develop tb disease ( active tb ) if your immune system is weakened. this can happen if you are elderly or have hiv, for example. tb disease is also called active tb. if you have tb disease : symptoms include a lasting cough, fatigue, coughing up blood, a fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. you can spread active tb to others. your family, friends, and people you work with closely should be tested. take all medication until it \u2019 s gone. tb disease can almost always be cured. but you may become sick again if you don \u2019 t take all of your medication, even if you feel better. anyone who has ever had contact with a person with active tb can get tb. groups of people who are considered to be at high risk of tb include : people from countries with high rates of tb residents and employees of long - term care facilities ( such as nursing homes and prisons ) people who don \u2019 t get medical care ( including the poor and the homeless ) people who use illegal injected drugs people who have hiv infection or other medical risk factors ( such as diabetes and end - stage renal disease ) if you think you \u2019 re at high risk of tb or have been exposed to someone with the disease, get tested!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45049547460565387, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.941844"} {"text": "growth and development, ages 6 to 10 years ( cont. ) promoting healthy growth and development although your child between the ages of 6 and 10 may seem very independent at times, he or she still needs your constant guidance. being present is the most important thing you can do to help your child grow in healthy ways. knowing that you are \" around \" and available provides him or her with a sense of security. although your child ' s world is expanding, you remain his or her primary influence. you can do many things to help your child grow and develop. - promote physical development by encouraging and modeling healthy eating habits. also, foster a healthy body image by talking about and showing how it is important to accept people of all colors, shapes, and sizes. for more information, see the topic healthy habits for kids. - promote cognitive development \u2014 thinking and reasoning skills \u2014 by being involved in your child ' s school. volunteer if possible, cultivate good relationships with teachers and other staff members, and show your interest in what your child is learning. also, work on skills at home, such as simple math problems, money handling, reading, and writing. age - appropriate workbooks are widely available. but be careful not to pressure your child. simply spending time with him or her is an important part of setting a foundation for cognitive growth. - promote language development by reading to your child every day. make reading a routine, even as he or she gets older and seems to lose interest. set aside time that you and your child can look forward to and talk about stories, words, and ideas. visit your local library and try finding books with new subjects that you think might interest your child. - promote social and emotional development by being aware of sibling rivalry, which can become a problem around this age. also help your child learn social skills, such as by showing your acceptance of others and not gossiping or saying mean things about other people. - promote sensory and motor skill development by encouraging exercise every day. it doesn ' t have to be highly structured : the main point is to move around. practicing somersaults, playing catch, going to the park, or riding a bike are all helpful in developing muscular skill and endurance. also, encourage your child to create art projects, such as drawing, cutting with safety scissors, gluing, and stringing beads. these and similar activities help improve eye - hand coordination and fine motor skills. for more information, see the topic physical activity for children and teens. also, you can help", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43506361023038176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.952003"} {"text": "drawing, cutting with safety scissors, gluing, and stringing beads. these and similar activities help improve eye - hand coordination and fine motor skills. for more information, see the topic physical activity for children and teens. also, you can help your child in other general ways. - deal with fears. understand that your child may become extremely interested in scary subjects or images as a way to overcome them. help your child as much as you can by answering questions and providing reassurance as needed. - discourage physical violence and show your child ways to deal with anger without being violent. protect your child from violent media as much as you can. some tv programs, movies, video games, and websites show a lot of violent acts. children who watch a lot of this violence may come to believe that such behavior is okay. this can make them more likely to act violently themselves. it can also lead to nightmares, aggression, or fears of being harmed. 1 music lyrics affect children ' s behavior and emotions, too. 2 monitor the type of music that your child is exposed to, and be aware of the music your child buys. - establish limits. set limits for your children to show them that you love and care about them. make sure your rules are reasonable and that your child understands them. it is important to follow through on any consequences you have established for failing to follow rules. - recognize and develop special talents. help your child discover interests and practice skills. for example, kick a soccer ball around the yard with your child or help him or her practice printing letters. - recognize his or her curiosity about the body and sexuality. you can help your child gain basic knowledge and a healthy attitude toward these issues by showing a willingness to listen and discuss them. - before your child starts middle school, teach him or her how to resist using tobacco and other drugs. you can also help your child through each stage of development by evaluating your relationship from time to time. in many ways, you have to \" get to know \" your child over and over again. think about : - what do i like most about my child? - what could be triggering bad behavior? are any of these new triggers? - what new skills has my child developed within the past year? six months? three months? - what tasks can i encourage my child to do for himself or herself? how can i encourage him or her? - when am i happy about how i treat my child? - what don ' t i like about some of our interactions? when do these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4310986211325323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.953530"} {"text": "what tasks can i encourage my child to do for himself or herself? how can i encourage him or her? - when am i happy about how i treat my child? - what don ' t i like about some of our interactions? when do these episodes tend to occur? as a parent or caregiver of children, it is also important for you to : - learn and use effective parenting and discipline techniques and avoid the use of corporal punishment. parenting classes are offered in most communities. ask your doctor or call a local hospital for more information. - learn healthy techniques to resolve conflicts and manage stress. for more information, see the topic stress management. - ask for help when you need it. call a family member or friend to give you a break if you feel overwhelmed. find out about community resources that are available to help you with child care or other necessary services. call a doctor or local hospital to find out about a place to start. some communities have respite care facilities for children, which provide temporary child care during times when you need a break. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4289849123726885, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.954711"} {"text": "selenium is a trace mineral found in water, soil, and some plants. the body requires it to get energized and to function normally. a deficiency of this trace mineral is rare but some of its manifestations include fatigue and muscular weakness. an oversupply of selenium on the other hand, can cause nervousness, nausea, vomiting, depression, baldness and bad odor of the fingernails. here are some of the health benefits of selenium : 1. it helps to nourish your thyroid glands. selenium is an important component for the health and nourishment of your thyroid glands. it helps to regulate the secretion of thyroid hormones, and it stimulates the production of t3 hormone which is the most active form of thyroid hormone in the body. 2. it helps to reduce the risk of joint inflammation. selenium works to reduce oxidative stress around the joints. this will result in the reduced risk of inflammation. selenium deficiency is one of the contributing causes of rheumatoid arthritis and the deterioration of joint tissues. 3. it helps to prevent cancer. according to the world health foods website, selenium may play an active part in the preventing cancer by supporting dna repair and synthesis in damaged cells. this can help to prevent the growth of cancer cells. the website added that selenium may play a role in inducing cancer cells to self destruct. this process is called apoptosis. the body uses it as a self - destruct mechanism to eliminate abnormal cells. 4. it helps to stimulate antibodies. selenium may help to stimulate antibodies after a person gets vaccinated. antibodies are your body \u2019 s defenses against infectious organisms. these are some of the known health benefits of selenium. you can get selenium from natural food sources which include beef, broccoli, brown rice, fish, egg, ham, lobster, mushroom, oyster, and tuna. tags : infectious organisms, trace mineral, dna repair, health medical pharma filed under : vitamins about the author : the energize team is comprised of sam green, a health conscious super blogger, and his tireless staff who ' s main purpose is to provide useful and helpful information to the public. leading a healthy and happy life begins with knowledge and learning. they hope to have visitors apply what they learn here in their everyday lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5159036438380976, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.959237"} {"text": "hearing to probe climate change and inuit rights toronto - - the inuit of arctic canada and alaska are bearing the brunt of global warming and their way of life is in peril, an international human rights body will be told next month. inuit activists hope a hearing on arctic climate change by the inter - american commission on human rights will lead to reduced emissions and will help to protect the culture of the northern native people. \" in the arctic, things are happening first and fastest and it ' s a way of life that ' s being jeopardized here, \" said canadian inuit activist sheila watt - cloutier, who submitted a petition for a hearing on how climate change infringes on inuit human rights to the commission in 2005 on behalf of inuit in canada and alaska. the commission, which is an arm of the organization of american states, rejected cloutier ' s request to rule on the rights violations caused specifically by u. s. emissions, deciding instead to hold a general hearing on march 1 to investigate the broad relationship between climate change and human rights. officials at the washington - based commission said it will be the body ' s first such hearing. climate change \" very much connects to rights because no where else in the world do you see ice and snow representing life and mobility like it does for us, \" watt - cloutier, a nobel peace prize nominee for her work on the issue, said from the northern canadian territory of nunavut. the human rights commission has scant powers and can do little more than publicize its findings and propose a resolution to the 35 - member oas. about 10 percent of petitions to the commission receive a hearing, said ariel dulitzky, the assistant executive secretary. he would not comment on why watt - cloutier ' s first petition was rejected by the seven - member board. watt - cloutier said her group ' s legal team will submit findings from studies including the 2004 arctic climate impact assessment, which concluded the arctic is extremely vulnerable to global warming and is now experiencing some of the most rapid changes on earth. average annual arctic temperatures are increasing more than twice as fast as temperatures in the rest of the world, the study found, causing a decrease in snow and ice and a transfigured landscape. \" for inuit, warming is likely to disrupt or even destroy their hunting and food - sharing culture as reduced sea ice causes the animals on which they depend to decline, become less accessible, or possibly go extinct, \" the study said. watt - cloutier said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4598747232624106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.966914"} {"text": "rhenium is a rare, silvery - white metallic element. its atomic number is 75 and its symbol is re. rhenium was discovered in 1925 by a team of german scientists named walter noddack, ida tacke - noddack, and otto berg. they discovered rhenium as a trace element in platinum ores and the mineral columbite. it is very dense. it has a melting temperature of 3, 186 degrees celsius ( 5, 767 degrees fahrenheit ). it is not known to have any health benefit for animals or plants. rhenium does not form minerals of its own, but it does occur as a trace element in columbite, tantalite and molybdenite. these minerals are the principal sources of columbium ( commonly called niobium ), tantalum and molybdenum metals. rhenium is a very rare element that is produced principally as a by - product of the processing of porphry copper - molybdenum ores. because it is scarce, very little rhenium is actually processed and isolated each year as compared to the millions of tons of copper and millions of pounds of molybdenum that are extracted from these same porphry copper deposits. as a result, the processing of rhenium poses no environmental threat. the equipment that reduces sulfur dioxide in these processing plants also removes any rhenium that may escape through the smokestacks. | previous element : tungsten | next element : osmium | phase at room temp. | | solid | | melting point ( k ) | | 3453. 2 | | boiling point ( k ) | | 5923 | | heat of fusion ( kj / mol ) | | 33. 054 | | heat of vaporization ( kj / mol ) | | 707 | | heat of atomization ( kj / mol ) | | 770 | | thermal conductivity ( j / m sec k ) | | 48 | | electrical conductivity ( 1 / mohm cm ) | | 51. 813 | | number of isotopes | | 45 ( 2 natural ) | | electron affinity ( kj / mol ) | | 14 | | first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5168584924385504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.972327"} {"text": "| first ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | 760 | | second ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | third ionization energy ( kj / mol ) | | - - - | | atomic volume ( cm3 / mol ) | | 8. 9 | | ionic radius2 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius1 - ( pm ) | | - - - | | atomic radius ( pm ) | | 137 | | ionic radius1 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius2 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | ionic radius3 + ( pm ) | | - - - | | common oxidation numbers | | + 4 | | other oxid. numbers | | - 3, - 1, + 1, + 2, + 3 + 5, + 6, + 7 | | in earth ' s crust ( mg / kg ) | | 7. 0x10 - 4 | | in earth ' s ocean ( mg / l ) | | 4. 0x10 - 6 | | in human body ( % ) | | 0 % | | regulatory / health | | osha permissible exposure limit ( pel ) | | no limits | | osha pel vacated 1989 | | no limits | | niosh recommended exposure limit ( rel ) | | no limits | university of wisconsin general chemistry mineral information institute jefferson accelerator laboratory rhenium was named after the greek word for the rhine river, rhenus. rhenium is obtained almost exclusively as a by - product of the processing of a special type of copper deposit known as a porphyry copper deposit. specifically, it is obtained from the processing of the mineral molybdenite ( a molybdenum ore ) that is found in porphyry copper deposits. a porphyry copper deposit is a valuable copper - rich deposit in which copper minerals occur throughout the rock. the copper in these deposits occurs as primary chalcopyrite ( cufes2 ) or the important secondary copper mineral chalcocite ( cu2s ). the identified rhenium resources in the united states are estimated to total 5 million kilograms. these resources are found in the southwestern united states. the identified rhenium resources in the rest of the world are estimated to total 6 million kilograms. countries producing rhenium include armenia, canada, chile, kazakhstan, mexico, peru, russia, and uzbekistan. even", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5320418942352106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.973329"} {"text": "in the southwestern united states. the identified rhenium resources in the rest of the world are estimated to total 6 million kilograms. countries producing rhenium include armenia, canada, chile, kazakhstan, mexico, peru, russia, and uzbekistan. even though the united states has significant rhenium resources, the majority of the rhenium consumed in the u. s. is imported. chile and kazakhstan provide the majority of the imported rhenium. the rest is imported from mexico and other nations. because of its very high melting point, rhenium is used to make high temperature alloys ( an alloy is a mixture of metals ) that are used in jet engine parts. it is also used to make strong alloys of nickel - based metals. rhenium alloys are used to make a variety of equipment and equipment parts, such as temperature controls, heating elements, mass spectrographs, electrical contacts, electromagnets, and semiconductors. an alloy of rhenium and molybdenum is a superconductor of electricity at very low temperatures. these superalloys account for the majority of the rhenium use each year. rhenium is also used in the petroleum industry to make lead - free gasoline. in this application, rhenium compounds act as catalysts. ( a catalyst is a chemical compound that takes part in a chemical reaction, and can often make the reaction proceed more quickly, but the chemical is not consumed in the chemical reaction. ) substitutes and alternative sources substitutes for rhenium as a catalyst are being researched. iridium and tin have been found to be a good catalyst for at least one reaction. cobalt, tungsten, platinum and tantalum can be used in some of the other applications for rhenium. - common minerals and their uses, mineral information institute. - more than 170 mineral photographs, mineral information institute. disclaimer : this article is taken wholly from, or contains information that was originally published by, the mineral information institute. topic editors and authors for the encyclopedia of earth may have edited its content or added new information. the use of information from the mineral information institute should not be construed as support for or endorsement by that organization for any new information added by eoe personnel, or for any editing of the original content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4935572298287542, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.974561"} {"text": "| table 1. tissue weighting factors ( wt ) for individual tissues and organs | | tissue or organ | | tissue weighting factor ( wt | | gonads ( testes or ovaries ) | | 0. 20 | | red bone marrow | | 0. 12 | | * * the remainder is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenal, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. | the tissue weighting factor ( wt ) is an important unit of radiation measurement that weights the equivalent dose in a particular tissue or organ in terms of its relative contribution to the total deleterious effects resulting from uniform irradiation of the whole body. this weighting factor takes account of the probability of fatal cancer, the probability of nonfatal cancer, weighted for severity, and the average length of life lost due to an induced cancer. the values shown in table 1 were developed from a reference population of equal numbers of both sexes and a wide range of ages. in the definition of effective dose they apply to workers, to the whole population, and to either sex. when an equivalent dose to an organ is multiplied by the ( wt ) for that organ, the result is the effective dose to that organ : - effective dose = sum of [ organ doses x tissue weighting factor ] the unit of effective dose is the sievert ( sv ). according to the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) \" for purposes of calculation, the ' remainder ' category in table 1 is composed of the following additional tissues and organs : adrenals, brain, upper large intestine, small intestine, kidney, muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus and uterus. the list includes organs which are likely to be selectively irradiated. some organs in the list are known to be susceptible to cancer induction. if other tissues and organs subsequently become identified as having a significant risk of induced cancer they will then be included either with a specific wt or in this additional list constituting the remainder. the latter may also include other tissues or organs selectively irradiated. \" in those exceptional cases in which a single one of the remainder tissues or organs receives an equivalent dose in excess of the highest dose in any of the twelve organs for which a weighting factor is specified, a weighting factor of 0. 025 should be applied to that tissue or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.542050146430156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.977342"} {"text": "earth observing laboratory ( eol ) field deployments eol supports the observing needs of research programs in the following categories : become a fan on watch us on follow us on - climate science - atmospheric chemistry - atmospheric physics - atmospheric dynamics earth science, or geoscience, is an all encompassing term used for the sciences that relate to the earth ' s processes ; atmospheric, geological, geophysical, glacial, and oceanic. the atmosphere is one component of many that make up earth ' s intricate system. atmospheric science is a broad discipline, within which there are several more specific areas of study ( ie - climate, ocean / air interactions, atmospheric chemistry, societal impacts ). the national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ) is charged with, among other things, providing the atmospheric science community with expertise, oversight and observing systems to carry out research projects on the field. ncar : : earth observing laboratory : : field projects field project categories : field projects are designed to develop a more complete understanding of the complex interactions between the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, oceans, land, ice masses, and biosphere. the impact of human activities on the earth \u2019 s physical, chemical, and biological processes is a major focus of our national center. the earth observing laboratory ( eol ) is tasked primarily with developing technologically advanced instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and overseeing scientific field campaigns that enable the collection of data for innovative scientific research. eol field projects contribute directly to ncar \u2019 s goal of improving society ' s understanding of the atmosphere and earth ' s systems, specifically by investigating atmospheric processes and examining interactions between the atmosphere and other environmental components. eol ' s field projects can be categorized into 5 areas of study : severe weather, climate processes, atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric cycles, and ocean systems. many of the projects can be included in multiple categories, due to the nature of the project. for example, the main goal of a study may be to examine severe weather, which is likely a subset of a natural atmospheric cycle or climate process, and could be exacerbated by air pollution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5380414422817557, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.982576"} {"text": "this modules contains the interface to the heart process. heart sends periodic heartbeats to an external port program, which is also named heart. the purpose of the heart port program is to check that the erlang runtime system it is supervising is still running. if the port program has not received any heartbeats within heart _ beat _ timeout seconds ( default is 60 seconds ), the system can be rebooted. also, if the system is equipped with a hardware watchdog timer and is running solaris, the watchdog can be used to supervise the entire system. an erlang runtime system to be monitored by a heart program, should be started with the command line flag - heart ( see also erl ( 1 ). the heart process is then started automatically : % erl - heart... if the system should be rebooted because of missing heart - beats, or a terminated erlang runtime system, the environment variable heart _ command has to be set before the system is started. if this variable is not set, a warning text will be printed but the system will not reboot. however, if the hardware watchdog is used, it will trigger a reboot heart _ beat _ boot _ delay seconds later nevertheless ( default is 60 ). to reboot on the windows platform heart _ command can be set to heart - shutdown ( included in the erlang delivery ) or of course to any other suitable program which can activate a reboot. the hardware watchdog will not be started under solaris if the environment variable hw _ wd _ disable is set. the heart _ beat _ timeout and heart _ beat _ boot _ delay environment variables can be used to configure the heart timeouts, they can be set in the operating system shell before erlang is started or be specified at the command line : % erl - heart - env heart _ beat _ timeout 30... the value ( in seconds ) must be in the range 10 < x < = 65535. it should be noted that if the system clock is adjusted with more than heart _ beat _ timeout seconds, heart will timeout and try to reboot the system. this can happen, for example, if the system clock is adjusted automatically by use of ntp ( network time protocol ). in the following descriptions, all function fails with reason badarg if heart is not started. sets a temporary reboot command. this command is used if a heart _ command other than the one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4995877229545215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.986712"} {"text": "front page ddblock logic & problem solving have never been such fun! active engagement is the name of the game in these 72 word - problem challenges for any computer or interactive whiteboard. students drag and drop 4 kinds of beans to solve problems visually, developing both logic and number sense. one volunteer can demonstrate on an interactive whiteboard while others follow along with manipulatives at their seats and the teacher guides the discussion. then the learning can continue at centers. as students progress through increasing levels of difficulty, the skills and the enthusiasm grow! these challenges can be used with a singapore math program or with any other math curriculum to make math come alive for students. ( 3 - 5 ) get ready to spill the beans! get ready to \" spill the beans \" about math with these hands - on cards. students reinforce number sense, logic, and problem - solving skills as they work with real beans from your classroom to determine the answers to the problems on the cards. the interactive cards are numbered for easy differentiation and designed to keep students at all levels engaged, challenged, and motivated. ideal for centers, too. ( 3 - 5 ) 84 cards. also available for grades 4 - 6, spill the beans challenge level click here for free stories, poems, crafts and puzzles from highlights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5216642735425927, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.988073"} {"text": "the word \u201c please \u201d is to be used when you want something : to ask rather than to demand. that \u201c magic word, \u201d as it is often referred to for children, changes the tone of the sentence. an ultimatum begins to resemble a request, and the demeanor between the involved parties relaxes. a person is more willing to get the job done ( with far less under - the - breath muttering ) should that word be included. the results of this poll should show just how hard it is to enforce that 1 word into daily vocabulary. although it is amazing that more than half of the pollers are diligent about regularly enforcing the use of the word please, the 16. 7 % were brutally honest in their \u201c not as often as i should \u201d answers. from an article on parents connect, nanny stella gives great advice for teaching children to use the word please ( and thank you ) in 3 steps : \u201c 1 ) show by example, 2 ) praise the pleases, and 3 ) be a broken record. \u201d children truly learn from behavior being modeled, meaning, they learn by watching those around them. control the market by showing them the behaviors that you want them to exhibit in public. if you want a child to hand you the cup of water instead of spill it, you should say, \u201c please hand me the water. \u201d when the child uses the language on his / her own, praise him / her repeatedly. positive reinforcement, is a highly effective way to teach children behaviors that you wish for them to continue without negative repercussions. finally, if the child doesn \u2019 t use the word please, do not provide them with what they want until the magic word is said. for children, their new language can become innate with a bit of consistent practice. they will get it. children love challenges, so provide them the opportunity to rise to the occasion. count how many people said, \u201c please \u201d when they asked for something, whether in a restaurant, in a classroom, in a store. let the kids listen for the magic word, and let them watch people \u2019 s reactions when it is and is not used. children can learn from their own recognition skills : why politeness matters. please is the most basic of social etiquette ; the politeness displayed by the courtesy will open doors with its usage. teaching children this social skill at a young age will ensure mastery and give them the tools to succeed as grownups.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4403075029058892, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.992535"} {"text": "cells rely on tiny molecular motors to deliver cargo, such as mrna and organelles, within the cell. the critical nature of this transport system is evidenced by the fact that disruption of motors by genetic defects leads to fatal diseases in humans. although investigators have isolated these motor to study their function in a controlled environment outside the cell, it has been difficult for researchers to follow these fascinating molecular transporters in their natural environment, the living cell. now, two articles published by cell press in biophysical journal, make use of incredibly tiny, glowing \" quantum dots \" to track the miniscule motions of myosin v in living cells. interestingly, both research groups independently report that myosin v molecules carry their quantum dot cargo either in a straight line or in a manner akin to a drunken walk. myosin v is a motor molecule that \" walks \" in a fashion similar to humans by stepping along actin filament tracks that are assembled in a dense, criss - crossing network inside the cell. a critical feature of these motors is their ability to walk long distances without falling off their tracks. however, this has never been observed within cells. through the binding of quantum dots directly to a single myosin v molecule, both investigative teams used sophisticated microscopes and sensitive cameras to witness the 72 nanometer strides ( equivalent to 1 millionth of an inch ) taken by these motors for the first time in cells. in results published in the may 20th 2009 issue of biophysical journal, dr. giovanni cappello from the institut curie in paris, france tracked the movement of single myosin v molecules with inside living hela cells. dr. cappello and colleagues reported that the myosin v can transport cargo for long distances without falling off its track at velocities higher than would be expected based on earlier studies. \" our approach goes beyond conventional experiments on organelles and opens interesting perspectives for studying intracellular transport pathways and how motors behave in complex filament networks, \" says dr. cappello. dr. david warshaw and colleagues from the university of vermont college of medicine used quantum dots to follow the activity of myosin v in cos - 7 cells. their findings, published in the july 22nd 2009 issue of the journal, suggested that myosin v ' s apparent drunken walk is in fact the motor taking turns at almost every intersection it encounters along the dense and randomly oriented intracellular actin highway. \" cargo delivery in cells can ' t totally be a random process, therefore,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6151268389397333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:44.997581"} {"text": "a professor with the university of houston cullen college of engineering has won a $ 2. 1 million grant to study the best ways to modify human immune cells to fight against cancer. navin varadarajan, an assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering, won the grant from the national institutes of health ( nih ) and its national cancer institute to conduct this immunotherapy study. immunotherapy, one of the most promising avenues of cancer research and treatment, involves a process in which human immune cells are modified and trained to fight hard - to - treat tumors. varadarajan ' s research focuses on engineered t cells, immune cells that, among other functions, recognize and attack disease cells. one immunotherapy approach involves modifying naturally occurring t cells to fight cancer cells. known as chimeric antigen receptor t cells, or car t cells for short, these cells have proven effective in combating some cancers that are particularly difficult to treat. \" in response to tumor recognition, car t cells can proliferate within the patient. unlike traditional drugs that are removed from the body, these cells can multiply. the better these car t cells proliferate and survive within the host, the better the chances of getting rid of the tumor, \" said varadarajan. among the cancers that have been responsive to car t cell therapy are b - cell lymphomas such as leukemia. this therapy, in combination with other immunotherapy techniques, has achieved impressive clinical successes in fighting b - cell lymphomas that are otherwise considered untreatable outside of stem cell transplantation. researchers and clinicians, though, don ' t know exactly what properties of these car t cells are responsible for their clinical success. varadarajan will use a novel research tool of his own design to study individual car t cells. the tool, dubbed the nanowell array, is a polymer slide containing tens of thousands of individual chambers, each 125 picoliters. at this size, the chambers are the perfect size to isolate and study individual cells. in this project, varadarajan will expose car t cells used to fight these lymphomas to a nanowell array. the individual cells trapped in the array ' s chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5152250166463517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.001900"} {"text": "chambers will then be studied to determine their individual properties relating to their ability to fight cancer, such as their ability to kill tumor cells and what molecules they produce to communicate with other immune cells. cells from the same batches will also be infused into patients, allowing researchers to correlate car t cell properties with clinical outcomes over the course of months, effectively allowing them to identify which modified t cells are most effective at fighting cancer. the research won ' t stop with this identification, though. three to six months after infusion, varadarajan and his collaborators will take blood from their patients and isolate their car t cells. once again using the nanowell array, varadarajan will isolate and study these cells, most of which will be several generations removed from the cells the patients originally received. he will then determine how well those daughter cells maintain the properties that make them effective cancer fighters. by singling out those car t cells that are most effective and most long - lived, varadarajan said researchers should be able to design better treatment regimens. \" immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment and research. in some cases it has actually resulted in complete remission, \" he said. \" to help the most people, though, we ' ve got to understand exactly what properties of engineered cells are most effective at fighting cancer. this research will help us quickly identify those properties so they can be included in the future rounds of research and clinical trials. \" varadarajan ' s collaborators on this project include laurence cooper, a physician and researcher at the university of texas md anderson cancer center who will create the car t cells being studied ; badrinath roysam, chairman of uh ' s electrical and computer engineering department, who will use his farsight histopathology software suite to track cell movement inside the chambers of the nanowell array ; and peng qiu, an assistant professor of bioinformatics and computational biology at md anderson who will perform data analysis. varadarajan also emphasized the key role cullen college graduate students in both his and roysam ' s labs will play in this project. not only will they be involved in the research itself, it was through their efforts that the investigation earned funding in the first place, he said. \" the ability of our graduate students and postdocs to work together and to address scientific and engineering challenges was essential in generating the data required to successfully apply for this grant. their efforts demonstrate the ability of uh graduate students to lead cutting - edge research projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5390261705383967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.002986"} {"text": "a much neglected part of the obesity epidemic is that it has resulted in more overweight / obese women before and during pregnancy. their offspring also tend to have higher birth weights and more body fat, and carry an increased risk of obesity and chronic diseases later in life. however, the nutritional factors and mechanisms involved pre and during pregnancy that may influence child obesity remain uncertain. a recent publication by ilsi europe identifies and discusses key contributing factors leading to obesity. in an article recently published in annals of nutrition and metabolism, potential key contributors to obesity, including nutrition, during and after pregnancy were identified. prenatal factors may include maternal diet, gestational weight gain and metabolic perturbations during pregnancy. postnatal diet and feeding practices along with activity patterns and family lifestyle may also modify or determine the long - term health risks. a majority of clinical studies have examined maternal dietary information in isolation. combining the large number of current maternal and infant studies and including analysis of both sets of nutritional data would be a great step forward. the publication indicates that \" this introduces the challenge of how to unify the findings made, as each study varies considerably in the breadth and depth of dietary data collected \". in addition, with regard to gestational weight gain, prof michael symonds, university of nottingham, uk highlighted that it \" should not be used on its own but in a larger context. it should be complemented by measures of body composition, metabolic and endocrine responses in the mother and offspring \". better knowledge of these contributors and the mechanisms involved could result in more targeted nutritional advice to women, especially those that are obese, to improve nutrition and health status before, during or after pregnancy. it is vitally important to prevent ( the development of ) excess fat mass to both the mother ' s own, and their infant ' s future health. the publication summarises the conclusions of a workshop organised by the international life sciences institute ( ilsi ) europe in october 2011. this work has been commissioned by the metabolic imprinting task force of ilsi europe. to read the publication, click here : http : / / www. ilsi. org / europe / pages / viewitemdetails. aspx? webid = 84d7fa4a - 0fd5 - 40cd - a49a - 2da6fcdfd654 & listid = 0348eb34 - df85 - 49dd - 9ade - 77ed136643f1 & itemid = 332", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4798792928596425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.005747"} {"text": "february 24, 2010 the real have - nots in confederation : british columbia, alberta and ontario this policy study analyzes canada \u2019 s equalization program to compare government services in the have and have - not provinces to discover if the residents in recipient provinces end up with more - generous public services than those who pay part of the bill, i. e., those in the have provinces whose tax transfers subsidize the former. for the purposes of a longer - term look at equalization, ontario is treated as a have province in this analysis despite the fact that it is receiving equalization payments in 2009 - 2010. this study considers it a have province because these payments are small relative to population and, taken together with other transfers, ontario still contributes substantially more money to the federation than it receives in transfers and federal services. similarly, while newfoundland has technically not received any equalization payments since the 2007 - 2008 budget year, it receives payments akin to equalization under a 1985 accord that will total $ 465 - million in the current fiscal year ( 2009 - 2010 ). in broad terms, over the last three decades, british columbia, alberta and ontario have been the main contributors to equalization ( with a further qualification that british columbia briefly received equalization early in this century ). the other provinces have been the recipients. how the have provinces lose out under equalization the evidence presented in this paper strongly suggests that, in many important areas, levels of government service in the traditional and largest have provinces such as british columbia, alberta and ontario are significantly below those that exist in most recipient provinces. specifically, the data suggest that large transfers allow recipient provinces to spend more freely on a range of government services including health and education. a comparison between british columbia, alberta and ontario on the one hand and quebec on the other in terms of government service levels helps to illustrate this point. quebec is the largest recipient of equalization money ; it will receive almost $ 8. 4 - billion in 2009 - 2010 out of a total equalization budget of $ 14. 2 - billion for the six receiving provinces, or 59 per cent of all equalization transfers. the billions of dollars in equalization transfers received by quebec each year from taxpayers in british columbia, alberta and ontario ( and as of late, saskatchewan and newfoundland ) are used to provide service levels far beyond what is provided in the paying provinces. view entire study as pdf ( 39 pages ) is assistant research director and senior policy analyst at the frontier centre for public policy. ben holds a masters degree in public policy from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42811370751054745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.010218"} {"text": "when it comes to stretches prior to a sporting event, many athletes choose forms of dynamic stretching to get their muscles and limbs ready for intense activity. stretching plays a vital role in preparing the body for many sports, but athletes generally have to walk a fine line between the kinds of stretches that adequately utilize the body ' s response, and those that may invite injury. dynamic stretching represents a \" middle of the road \" option that is usually safe for most players. the term dynamic stretching refers to a stretch that is an extension of a normal motion. by contrast, static stretching is when the person doing the stretch is not in motion, except for the targeted, steady motion of the stretch. on the other extreme, there ' s ballistic stretching, where athletes force limbs and joints to try to grow a range of motion. although opinions differ, trainers generally know that ballistic stretching just prior to an event can be a cause of injury. dynamic stretching is often the way to go for getting geared up for many sports. here are some of the athletes who can benefit from dynamic stretching. dynamic stretching for soccer soccer players can use dynamic stretching with leg activities that will prepare them for some of their roles on the field. these can include knee raises or heel kicks, where slow, steady extension of a range of motion can help get the legs used to the flexibility they will need for driving the ball toward a goal. dynamic stretching for basketball basketball players often use a varied menu of dynamic stretching exercises to fit what they will be doing on the court. these can include forward or backward lunges, knee raises, a raised leg walk ( where legs go up with each step to touch the extended arms, for more leg flexibility during play ), and much more. dynamic stretching for tennis high steps, arm circles and jogging in place are some of what tennis players may do with dynamic stretching before a match. dynamic stretching for boxing trunk rotations and arm swings are among the most popular stretching exercises for this sport. many trainers recommend including dynamic training in boxing prep, because the targeted movements are specific to the demands placed on the body during a bout. dynamic stretching for football due to the rough nature of the sport, football players often subject themselves to a battery of stretches before venturing on the field. any and all of the above might make up a football warm - up regimen, as many of the body ' s muscle groups are used in the sport, and many parts of the body are vulnerable. many other sports use dynamic stretching exercises. a lot of these are generally the same and focus on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48610891937426787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.015444"} {"text": "fletcher allen, a vermont university hospital and medical center, serves all of vermont and the northern new york region. located in burlington, fletcher allen is a regional, academic healthcare center and teaching hospital in alliance with the university of vermont. national organization for rare disorders, inc. it is possible that the main title of the report pediatric cardiomyopathy is not the name you expected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report. - arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy ( arvc ) - asymmetrical septal hypertrophy - familial congestive cardiomyopathy - familial dilated cardiomyopathy ( fdc ) - hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy ( hocm ) - idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy - idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis - non - obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ( arvd ) - dilated cardiomyopathy - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ( hcm ) - restrictive cardiomyopathy pediatric cardiomyopathy is a rare heart condition that affects infants and children. specifically, cardiomyopathy means disease of the heart muscle ( myocardium ). several different types of cardiomyopathy exist and the specific symptoms vary from case to case. in some cases, no symptoms may be present ( asymptomatic ) ; in many cases, cardiomyopathy is a progressive condition that may result in an impaired ability of the heart to pump blood ; fatigue ; heart block ; irregular heartbeats ( tachycardia ) ; and, potentially, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. cardiomyopathy may be termed ischemic or nonischemic. ischemic cardiomyopathy refers to cases that occur due to a lack of blood flow and oxygen ( ischemia ) to the heart. such cases often result from hardening of the arteries ( coronary artery disease ). nonischemic cardiomyopathy refers to cases that occur due to structural damage or malfunction of the heart muscle. nearly all cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy are nonischemic. this report deals with nonischemic pediatric cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy may also be termed primary or secondary. primary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where cardiom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4796292334316363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.020604"} {"text": "nearly all cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy are nonischemic. this report deals with nonischemic pediatric cardiomyopathy. cardiomyopathy may also be termed primary or secondary. primary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where cardiomyopathy occurs by itself or for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). secondary cardiomyopathy refers to cases where the disease occurs secondary to a known cause such as heart muscle inflammation ( myocarditis ) caused by viral or bacterial infections ; exposure to certain toxins such as heavy metals or excessive alcohol use ; or certain disorders that affect the heart and / or additional organs systems. according to the pediatric cardiomyopathy registry, approximately 79 percent of pediatric cardiomyopathy cases occur for unknown reasons ( idiopathic ). nonischemic cardiomyopathy may be further divided into four subtypes based upon the specific changes within the heart. these subtypes are : dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. american heart association 8200 brookriver drive dallas, tx 75247 nih / national heart, lung and blood institute p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20892 - 0105 montgomery heart foundation for cardiomyopathy 1830 e. monument st. / suite 7300 baltimore, md 21205 chiltern court, unit 10 bucks, intl hp5 2px tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 791224 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1494 797199 tel : 0800 018 1024 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy association 328 green pond rd p. o. box 306 hibernia, nj 07842 cardiac arrhythmias research and education foundation, inc. ( c. a. r. e ) 427 fulton street p. o. box 69 seymour, wi 54165 kids with heart ~ national association for children ' s heart disorders, inc. p. o box 12504 green bay, wi 54307 - 2504 little hearts, inc. p. o. box 171 110 court street, suite 3a cromwell, ct 06416 congenital heart information network ( c. h. i. n. ) 101 n washington ave, suite 1a margate city, nj 08402 - 1195 children ' s cardiomyopathy foundation po box 547 tenafly, nj 07670 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5242469501612175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.021475"} {"text": ") 101 n washington ave, suite 1a margate city, nj 08402 - 1195 children ' s cardiomyopathy foundation po box 547 tenafly, nj 07670 genetic and rare diseases ( gard ) information center po box 8126 gaithersburg, md 20898 - 8126 irish heart foundation 4 clyde road tel : + 353 1 6685001 fax : + 353 1 6685896 for a complete report this is an abstract of a report from the national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). a copy of the complete report can be downloaded free from the nord website for registered users. the complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational therapies ( if available ), and references from medical literature. for a full - text version of this topic, go to www. rarediseases. org and click on rare disease database under \" rare disease information \". the information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. it is provided for informational purposes only. nord recommends that affected individuals seek the advice or counsel of their own personal physicians. it is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. please check the synonyms listing to find the alternate name ( s ) and disorder subdivision ( s ) covered by this report this disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. since nord ' s resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the rare disease database completely current and accurate. please check with the agencies listed in the resources section for the most current information about this disorder. for additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please contact the national organization for rare disorders at p. o. box 1968, danbury, ct 06813 - 1968 ; phone ( 203 ) 744 - 0100 ; web site www. rarediseases. org or email email @ example. com last updated : 8 / 26 / 2010 copyright 2003, 2010 national organization for rare disorders, inc. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49733743186510704, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.022395"} {"text": "the fatal connection between a flock of american white pelicans and a cessna citation 500 business jet at 3, 100ft over a lake in oklahoma in march 2008 is the fuel behind some new safety recommendations issued by the us national transportation safety board yesterday. the collision with one or more of birds, which tend to weigh on average about 20lb according to the smithsonian ' s natural museum of history, took out the right engine but more crucially, damaged the aircraft ' s wings to the point that it was uncontrollable. the resulting spiral, simulated by the ntsb below, sent the two pilots and three passengers to their deaths. after some rehashing of radar data, investigators determined which clutter was most likely the flock of pelicans in the vicinity at the time. blue dots indicate pelicans while the aircraft ' s track after it departed the wiley post airport in oklahoma is in yellow. here ' s the ultimate result of the collision... first, an image from a surveillance video camera in the vicinity. then the final outcome... what can be done? the ntsb made 10 new recommendations, some dealing with how the aircraft was operated, but others focused on mitigating the increasing frequency with which birds and aircraft are meeting. the simplest strategy, other than see - and - avoid, is to give pilots an understanding of the bird strike energy for which their aircraft are certified. under part 25 certification rules, a cessna citation 500 must be able to sustain a hit to the wing of a 4lb bird at cruise speed and be able to continue flying. and perform a safe landing. the image below shows the damage caused by a 4lb bird at a cruise speed of 287kt... the empennage must be able to handle an 8lb bird at cruise speeds. the trick is to figure out how fast the airplane can then hit a 20lb pelican, assuming the pilot obtains information that such birds are in the area. based in the laws of physics ( kinetic energy = 1 / 2 * mass * velocity - squared ), the equivalent energy of the 4lb at 287kt is 14, 586 ft - lb, according to the ntsb. to stay below that energy, the aircraft would have to be traveling at 128kt or slower when it hits a 20lb pelican, according to my calculations. it ' s a large decrease in speed, but one that might be worth considering an aircraft ' s brief duration at such low altitudes, given the consequences.. what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4665253490752324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.024905"} {"text": "greg whiteley, managing director of whiteley corporation, provides some advice on ensuring effective office washroom hygiene. there are two key occupational health and safety ( ohs ) issues with maintaining washrooms. first, the transmission of infection, which results in increased sick leave and may lead to serious health issues. second, floors that are not cleaned properly can become slippery, which can lead to slip accidents. germs and bacteria \u2013 including bacteria, pathogens, viruses, prions and fungi \u2013 thrive in moist areas and can be found in every public washroom. many workplaces have shower blocks and additional care is needed to prevent staff from catching and spreading infections. bacteria can be spread into the air every time a toilet is flushed and settle onto any surface in the washroom. in fact, recent work supports the view that the toilet should always be flushed with the lid down. the bacteria typically encountered in washrooms include staphylococcus, salmonella and e. coli. other bacteria, including multi - resistant organism ( mro ) superbugs are also prevalent in washrooms. in addition, shower blocks are a key area for the transmission of tinea. blood and body fluid are less likely to be found, but if present can harbour viruses such as hiv and hepatitis b. bacteria and fungi thrive in soiled conditions and within any soap scum, so clean surfaces are essential for good hygiene. combating the transmission of infection unfortunately, not all office employees follow the basics of hygiene, such as washing their hands after using the toilet. an infected person can transfer these bugs onto any surface they touch, including toilets, shower handles, sink faucets and doors. the \u2018 high touch objects \u2019 and surfaces in bathrooms, especially doors, are extreme high risk areas for picking up germs and bugs. even though users of the lavatory may wash their hands, they may pick up unwanted bacteria on the door when they leave the washroom. it is very easy for germs and bacteria to be spread from bathrooms into the workplace without proper hand hygiene. hand hygiene is recognised as the single most important factor of an effective infection prevention and control program. effective hand hygiene practices help to reduce infections in the workplace. along with washing hands after using a bathroom, instant hand hygiene products that can be used anywhere without the need of water dramatically improve hand hygiene and help prevent the spread of workplace illness including colds, flu and diarrhoea. a new generation of instant hand hygiene products has become available that improves hand hygiene and reduces infection risks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45783180532642265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.029478"} {"text": "be used anywhere without the need of water dramatically improve hand hygiene and help prevent the spread of workplace illness including colds, flu and diarrhoea. a new generation of instant hand hygiene products has become available that improves hand hygiene and reduces infection risks. alcohol - free, non - flammable, non - toxic, non - hazardous, instant hand sanitisers that kill 99. 9 percent of germs have been developed to be used by workers where traditional alcohol - based hand rubs present a significant ohs risk. alcohol - based hand rubs are classified as dangerous goods, as a potential fuel source, and require special storage conditions that increase risk in the workplace. a proper cleaning routine new products also available in the marketplace for a proper cleaning routine use a mildly acidic ( non - chlorinated ) heavy - duty bathroom disinfectant / cleaner. these products are designed to remove soiling, kill germs and sanitise surfaces, therefore improving the overall hygiene of the bathroom and, in turn, significantly reducing the incidence of infection. large scale application can be conducted via a foaming gun to save labour. facilities managers who want to improve cleaning standards need to review current methods and products being used to ensure they are obtaining the best ohs outcomes for an office facility \u2019 s staff. product choice should be made on the basis of proven bug - killing results, which are regulated by the australian therapeutic goods administration. the right product and method choice should leave washrooms clean and stop the transmission of infections between staff.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47963581056224025, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.030558"} {"text": "brian domitrovic, contributor i write about history, economics, and the supply - side revolution every nation has its \u201c founding myth, \u201d as we are apt to hear from post - modern quarters. but is this ever true when it comes to our economic history. in curricula from k - 12 to history graduate school, it is staple fare that as a new nation in the early nineteenth century, the united states nurtured its \u201c infant industry \u201d into adulthood by having a protective tariff that kept out cheap mass - made european goods. after a century of trade protectionism, the story goes, u. s. industry was so strong that it was the most productive in the world. you can find this argument everywhere in historical scholarship and commentary, from textbook to shining sea. there is no need to name names ; if you \u2019 re someone in american historiography, you \u2019 ve made or otherwise acquiesced to this argument. and yet it has never rung true in economics. free trade is a major verity in that discipline, and for good reason. the case for it has been made nine ways to sunday. in 1936, for example, the adam smith contention that tariffs make the domestic economy poorer got a powerful analytical lift in the elaboration of the \u201c lerner symmetry. \u201d the point \u2013 proven geometrically by economist abba lerner \u2013 is that tariffs hurt exporters as much as they help home industries. when a tariff raises the price level, enabling marginal domestic producers to survive, it also raises the cost of inputs to exporters. the whole thing is a wash as goes trade, and things are more expensive. so how did the tariff nurture infant industries back in the old days again? it didn \u2019 t, as has been the consensus in economics for decades. but given that economists can draw ( as in graphs ) and mark up equations better than they can write, the word never really got out. historians, untutored in economics, and more interested in politics, society, and culture, followed the path of least resistance and associated the prodigious growth of the american economy in the 19th century with the fact that there was a tariff all the while. well, this holiday is about to come to an end. the dissertation recently completed by political scientist phillip w. magness ( of the institute for humane studies and american university ) lays out the whole thing. magness shows that it is nonsensical to hold that a reduction in aggregate real income \u2013 the necessary result of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45007860780201897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.033559"} {"text": "of the difference between a prince and a tyrant and of what is meant by a prince. between a tyrant and a prince there is this single or chief difference, that the latter obeys the law and rules the people by its dictates, accounting himself as but their servant. it is by virtue of the law that he makes good his claim to the foremost and chief place in the management of the affairs of the commonwealth and in the bearing of its burdens ; and his elevation over others consists in this, that whereas private men are held responsible only for their private affairs, on the prince fall the burdens of the whole community. wherefore deservedly there is conferred on him, and gathered together in his hands, the power of all his subjects, to the end that he may be sufficient unto himself in seeking and bringing about the advantage of each individually, and of all ; and to the end that the state of the human commonwealth may be ordered in the best possible manner, seeing that each and all are members one of another. wherein we indeed but follow nature, the best guide of life ; for nature has gathered together all the senses of her microcosm or little world, which is man, into the head, and has subjected all the members in obedience to it in such wise that they will all function properly so long as they follow the guidance of the head, and the head remains sane. therefore the prince stands on a pinnacle which is exalted and made splendid with all the great and high privileges which he deems necessary for himself. and rightly so, because nothing is more advantageous to the people than that the needs of the prince should be fully satisfied ; since it is impossible that his will should be found opposed to justice. therefore, according to the usual definition, the prince is the public power, and a kind of likeness on earth of the divine majesty. beyond doubt a large share of the divine power is shown to be in princes by the fact that at their nod men bow their necks and for the most part offer up their heads to the axe to be struck off, and, as by a divine impulse, the prince is feared by each of those over whom he is set as an object of fear. and this i do not think could be, except as a result of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5482999725313458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.067830"} {"text": "of the will of god. for all power is from the lord god, and has been with him always, and is from everlasting. the power which the prince has is therefore from god, for the power of god is never lost, nor severed from him, but he merely exercises it through a subordinate hand, making all things teach his mercy or justice. \" who, therefore, resists the ruling power, resists the ordinance of god, \" [ romans 13 : 2 ] in whose hand is the authority of conferring that power, and when he so desires, of withdrawing it again, or diminishing it. for it is not the ruler ' s own act when his will is turned to cruelty against his subjects, but it is rather the dispensation of god for his good pleasure to punish or chasten them. thus during the hunnish persecution, attila, on being asked by the reverend bishop of a certain city who he was, replied, \" i am attila, the scourge of god. \" whereupon it is written that the bishop adored him as representing the divine majesty. \" welcome, \" he said, \" is the minister of god, \" and \" blessed is he that cometh in the name of the lord, \" and with sighs and groans he unfastened the barred doors of the church, and admitted the persecutor through whom he attained straightway to the palm of martyrdom. for he dared not shut out the scourge of god, knowing that his beloved son was scourged, and that the power of this scourge which had come upon himself was as nought except it came from god. if good men thus regard power as worthy of veneration even when it comes as a plague upon the elect, who should not venerate that power which is instituted by god for the punishment of evil - doers and for the reward of good men, and which is promptest in devotion and obedience to the laws? to quote the words of the emperor, \" it is indeed a saying worthy of the majesty of royalty that the prince acknowledges himself bound by the laws. \" [ justinian, codex i. 14. 4 ] for the authority of the prince depends upon the authority of justice and law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503603086768565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.068807"} {"text": "law ; and truly it is a greater thing than imperial power for the prince to place his government under the laws, so as to deem himself entitled to do nought which is at variance with the equity of justice. what the law is ; and that although the prince is not bound by the law, he is nevertheless the servant of the law and of equity, and bears the public person, and sheds blood blamelessly. princes should not deem that it detracts from their princely dignity to believe that the enactments of their own justice are not to be preferred to the justice of god, whose justice is an everlasting justice, and his law is equity. now equity, as the learned jurists define it, is a certain fitness of things which compares all things rationally, and seeks to apply like rules of right and wrong to like cases, being impartially disposed toward all persons, and allotting to each that which belongs to him. of this equity the interpreter is the law, to which the will and intention of equity and justice are known. therefore crisippus asserted that the power of the law extends over all things, both divine and human, and that it accordingly presides over all goods and ills, and is the ruler and guide of material things as well as of human beings. to which papinian, a man most learned in the law, and demosthenes, the great orator, seem to assent, subjecting all men to its obedience because all law is, as it were, a discovery, and a gift from god, a precept of wise men, the corrector of excesses of the will, the bond which knits together the fabric of the state, and the banisher of crime ; [ digest i. 3. 1 - 2 ] and it is therefore fitting that all men should live according to it who lead their lives in a corporate political body. all are accordingly bound by the necessity of keeping the law, unless perchance there is any who can be thought to have been given the license of wrong - doing. however, it is said that the prince is absolved from the obligations of the law ; but this is not true in the sense that it is lawful for him to do unjust acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5342746385183786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.069917"} {"text": "acts, but only in the sense that his character should be such as to cause him to practice equity not through fear of the penalties of the law but through love of justice ; and should also be such as to cause him from the same motive to promote the advantage of the commonwealth, and in all things to prefer the good of others before his own private will. who, indeed, in respect of public matters can properly speak of the will of the prince at all, since therein he may not lawfully have any will of his own apart from that which the law or equity enjoins, or the calculation of the common interest requires? for in these matters his will is to have the force of a judgment ; and most properly that which pleases him therein has the force of law, because his decision may not be at variance with the intention of equity. \" from thy countenance, \" says the lord, \" let my judgment go forth, let shine eyes look upon equity \" ; [ psalm 17 : 2 ] for the uncorrupted judge is one whose decision, from assiduous contemplation of equity, is the very likeness thereof. the prince accordingly is the minister of the common interest and the bond - servant of equity, and he bears the public person in the sense that he punishes the wrongs and injuries of all, and all crimes, with even - handed equity. his rod and staff also, administered with wise moderation, restore irregularities and false departures to the straight path of equity, so that deservedly may the spirit congratulate the power of the prince with the words, \" thy rod and thy staff, they have comforted me. \" [ psalm 23 : 4 ] his shield, too, is strong, but it is a shield for the protection of the weak, and one which wards off powerfully the darts of the wicked from the innocent. those who derive the greatest advantage from his performance of the duties of his office are those who can do least for themselves, and his power is chiefly exercised against those who desire to do harm. therefore not without reason he bears a sword, wherewith he sheds blood blamelessly, without becoming thereby a man of blood, and frequently puts men to death without incurring the name or guilt of homicide. for if we believe the great augustine, david was called a man of blood not because of his wars, but because of uria. and samuel is nowhere described as a man of blood or a homicide, although he slew agag,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51585166482693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.071369"} {"text": "homicide. for if we believe the great augustine, david was called a man of blood not because of his wars, but because of uria. and samuel is nowhere described as a man of blood or a homicide, although he slew agag, the fat king of amalech. truly the sword of princely power is as the sword of a dove, which contends without gall, smites without wrath, and when it fights, yet conceives no bitterness at all. for as the law pursues guilt without any hatred of persons, so the prince most justly punishes offenders from no motive of wrath but at the behest, and in accordance with the decision, of the passionless law. for although we see that the prince has lictors of his own, we must yet think of him as in reality himself the sole or chief lictor, to whom is granted by the law the privilege of striking by a subordinate hand. if we adopt the opinion of the stoics, who diligently trace down the reason for particular words, \" lictor \" means \" legis ictor, \" or \" hammer of the law, \" because the duty of his office is to strike those who the law adjudges shall be struck. wherefore anciently, when the sword hung over the head of the convicted criminal, the command was wont to be given to the officials by whose hand the judge punishes evil - doers, \" execute the sentence of the law, \" or \" obey the law, \" to the end that the misery of the victim might be mitigated by the calm reasonableness of the words. that the prince is the minister of the priests and inferior to them ; and of what amounts to faithful performance of the prince ' s ministry. this sword, then, the prince receives from the hand of the church, although she herself has no sword of blood at all. nevertheless she has this sword, but she uses it by the hand of the prince, upon whom she confers the power of bodily coercion, retaining to herself authority over spiritual things in the person of the pontiffs. the prince is, then, as it were, a minister of the priestly power, and one who exercises that side of the sacred offices which seems unworthy of the hands of the priesthood. for every office existing under, and concerned with the execution of, the sacred laws is really a religious office, but that is inferior which consists in punishing crimes, and which therefore seems to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607457485013091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.072399"} {"text": "offices which seems unworthy of the hands of the priesthood. for every office existing under, and concerned with the execution of, the sacred laws is really a religious office, but that is inferior which consists in punishing crimes, and which therefore seems to be typified in the person of the hangman. wherefore constantine, most faithful emperor of the romans, when he had convoked the council of priests at nicaea, neither dared to take the chief place for himself nor even to sit among the presbyters, but chose the hindmost seat. moreover, the decrees which he heard approved by them he reverenced as if he had seen them emanate from the judgment - seat of the divine majesty. even the rolls of petitions containing accusations against priests which they brought to him in a steady stream he took and placed in his bosom without opening them. and after recalling them to charity and harmony, he said that it was not permissible for him, as a man, and one who was subject to the judgment of priests, to examine cases touching gods, who cannot be judged save by god alone. and the petitions which he had received he put into the fire without even looking at them, fearing to give publicity to accusations and censures against the fathers, and thereby incur the curse of cham, the undutiful son, who did not hide his father ' s shame. wherefore he said, as is narrated in the writings of nicholas the roman pontiff, \" verily if with mine own eyes i had seen a priest of god, or any of those who wear the monastic garb, sinning, i would spread my cloak and hide him, that he might not be seen of any. \" also theodosius, the great emperor, for a merited fault, though not so grave a one, was suspended by the priest of milan from the exercise of his regal powers and from the insignia of his imperial office, and patiently and solemnly he performed the penance for homicide which was laid upon him. again, according to the testimony of the teacher of the gentiles, greater is he who blesses man than he who is blessed ; [ hebrews 7 : 7 ] and so he in whose hands is the authority to confer a dignity excels in honor and the privileges of honor him upon whom the dignity itself is conferred. further, by the reasoning of the law it is his right to refuse who has the power to grant, and he who can lawfully bestow can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4197223019735353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.073336"} {"text": "a dignity excels in honor and the privileges of honor him upon whom the dignity itself is conferred. further, by the reasoning of the law it is his right to refuse who has the power to grant, and he who can lawfully bestow can lawfully take away. [ digest i. 17. 3 ] did not samuel pass sentence of deposition against saul by reason of his disobedience, and supersede him on the pinnacle of kingly rule with the lowly son of ysai? [ jesse ] but if one who has been appointed prince has performed duly and faithfully the ministry which he has undertaken, as great honor and reverence are to be shown to him as the head excels in honor all the members of the body. now he performs his ministry faithfully when he is mindful of his true status, and remembers that he bears the person of the universitas of those subject to him ; and when he is fully conscious that he owes his life not to himself and his own private ends, but to others, and allots it to them accordingly, with duly ordered charity and affection. therefore he owes the whole of himself to god, most of himself to his country, much to his relatives and friends, very little to foreigners, but still somewhat. he has duties to the very wise and the very foolish, to little children and to the aged. supervision over these classes of persons is common to all in authority, both those who have care over spiritual things and those who exercise temporal jurisdiction. wherefore melchisedech, the earliest whom the scripture introduces as both king and priest ( to say nought at present concerning the mystery wherein he prefigures christ, who was born in heaven without a mother and on earth without a father ) ; of him, i say, we read that he had neither father nor mother, not because he was in fact without either, but because in the eyes of reason the kingly power and the priestly power are not born of flesh and blood, since in bestowing either, regard for ancestry ought not to prevail over merits and virtues, but only the wholesome wishes of faithful subjects should prevail ; and when anyone has ascended to the supreme exercise of either power, he ought wholly to forget the affections of flesh and blood, and do only that which is demanded by the safety and welfare of his subjects. and so let him be both father and husband to his subjects, or, if he has known some affection more tender still, let", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.41091924858049056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.074261"} {"text": "the affections of flesh and blood, and do only that which is demanded by the safety and welfare of his subjects. and so let him be both father and husband to his subjects, or, if he has known some affection more tender still, let him employ that ; let him desire to be loved rather than feared, and show himself to them as such a man that they will out of devotion prefer his life to their own, and regard his preservation and safety as a kind of public life ; and then all things will prosper well for him, and a small bodyguard will, in case of need, prevail by their loyalty against innumerable adversaries. for love is strong as death ; and the wedge [ a military formation ] which is held together by strands of love is not easily broken. when the dorians were about to fight against the athenians they consulted the oracles regarding the outcome of the battle. the reply was that they would be victorious if they did not kill the king of the athenians. when they went to war their soldiers were therefore enjoined above all else to care for the safety of the king. at that time the king of the athenians was codrus, who, learning of the response of the god and the precautions of the enemy, laid aside his royal garb and entered the camp of the enemy bearing faggots on his back. men tried to bar his way and a disturbance arose in the course of which he was killed by a soldier whom he had struck with his pruninghook. when the king ' s body was recognized, the dorians returned home without fighting a battle. thus the athenians were delivered from the war by the valor of their leader, who offered himself up to death for the safety of his country. likewise ligurgus in his reign established decrees which confirmed the people in obedience to their princes, and the princes in just principles of government ; he abolished the use of gold and silver, which are the material of all wickedness, he gave to the senate guardianship over the laws and to the people the power of recruiting the senate ; he decreed that virgins should be given in marriage without a dowry to the end that men might make choice of wives and not of money ; he desired the greatest honor to be bestowed upon old men in proportion to their age ; and verily nowhere else on earth does old age enjoy a more honored station. then, in order to give perpetuity to his laws, he bound the city by an oath to change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4809160347427328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.075530"} {"text": "to be bestowed upon old men in proportion to their age ; and verily nowhere else on earth does old age enjoy a more honored station. then, in order to give perpetuity to his laws, he bound the city by an oath to change nothing of his laws until he should return again. he thereupon set out for crete and lived there in perpetual exile ; and when he died, he ordered his bones to be thrown into the sea for fear that if they should be taken back to lacedaemon, they might regard themselves as absolved from the obligation of their oath in the matter of changing the laws. these examples i employ the more willingly because i find that the apostle paul also used them in preaching to the athenians. that excellent preacher sought to win entrance for jesus christ and him crucified into their minds by showing from the example of many gentiles that deliverance had come through the ignominy of a cross. and he argued that this was not wont to happen save by the blood of just men and of those who bear the magistracy of a people. carrying forward this line of thought, there could be found none sufficient to deliver all nations, to wit both jews and gentiles, save one to whom all nations were given for his inheritance, and all the earth foreordained to be his possession. but this, he asserted, could be none other than the son of the all - powerful father, since none except god holds sway over all nations and all lands. while he preached in this manner the ignominy of the cross to the end that the folly of the gentiles might gradually be removed, he little by little bore upward the word of faith and the tongue of his preaching till it rose to the word of god, and god ' s wisdom, and finally to the very throne of the divine majesty, and then, lest the virtue of the gospel, because it has revealed itself under the infirmity of the flesh, might be held cheap by the obstinacy of the jews and the folly of the gentiles, he explained to them the works of the crucified one, which were further confirmed by the testimony of fame ; since it was agreed among all that they could be done by none save god. but since fame frequently speaks untruth on opposite sides, fame itself was confirmed by the fact that his disciples were doing marvellous works ; for at the shadow of a disciple those who were sick of any infirmity were healed. why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49574296894536407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.076600"} {"text": "god. but since fame frequently speaks untruth on opposite sides, fame itself was confirmed by the fact that his disciples were doing marvellous works ; for at the shadow of a disciple those who were sick of any infirmity were healed. why should i continue? the subtlety of aristotle, the refinements of crisippus, the snares of all the philosophers he confuted by rising from the dead. how the decii, roman generals, devoted themselves to death for their armies, is a celebrated tale. julius caesar also said, \" a general who does not labor to be dear to his soldiers ' hearts does not know how to furnish them with weapons ; does not know that a general ' s humaneness to his troops takes the place of a host against the enemy. \" he never said to his soldiers, \" go thither, \" but always \" follow me \" ; he said this because toil which is shared by the leader always seems to the soldier to be less hard. we have also his authority for the opinion that bodily pleasure is to be avoided ; for he said that if in war men ' s bodies are wounded with swords, in peace they are no less wounded with pleasures. he had perceived, conqueror of nations as he was, that pleasure cannot in any way be so easily conquered as by avoiding it, since he himself who had subdued many nations had been snared in the toils of venus by a shameless woman. that it is established by authority of the divine law that the prince is subject to the law and to justice. but why do i thus resort to begging instances from the history of the gentiles, although they are at hand in countless numbers, seeing that men can be moved to deeds more directly by laws than by examples? that you may not, then, be of opinion that the prince is wholly absolved from the laws, hear the law which is enjoined upon princes by the great king who is terrible over all the earth and who takes away the breath of princes : [ deuteronomy 17 : 14ff ] \" when thou art come, \" he says, \" into the land which the lord thy god shall give to thee, and shalt possess it and shalt dwell therein and shalt say, ' i will set over me a king such as all the nations that are round about me have over them ' ; thou shalt appoint him king over thee whom the lord thy god shall choose from the number of thy brethren. thou", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.471833087673974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.077908"} {"text": "shalt say, ' i will set over me a king such as all the nations that are round about me have over them ' ; thou shalt appoint him king over thee whom the lord thy god shall choose from the number of thy brethren. thou mayst not set over thee for thy king a man of another nation, who is not thy brother. and when he is made thy king, he shall not multiply the number of his horses, nor lead back the people into egypt, made proud by the number of his horsemen ; for the lord hath enjoined upon thee that no more shalt thou return by that way. he shall not have many wives to turn away his heart, nor a great weight of silver and gold. and it shall be when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom that he shall write him a copy of this law of the deuteronomy in a book, taken from the copy which is in the hands of the priests of the tribe of levi, and he shall keep it with him and read therein all the days of his life, that he may learn to fear the lord his god and to keep his words and the rites of his worship which are prescribed in the law. and his heart shall not be lifted up in pride above his brethren, nor incline to the right hand nor to the left, to the end that his reign and his son ' s reign may be long over israel. \" need i ask whether one whom this law binds is restrained by no law? surely this law is divine and cannot be broken with impunity. every word thereof is a thunderclap in the ears of princes if they would be wise. i say nought concerning election, and the form thereof which is prescribed for the creation of a prince ; rather attend with me for a little to the rule or formula of living which is enjoined upon him. when there has been appointed, it is written, a man who professes himself a brother of the whole people in the practice of religion and in affection and charity, he shall not multiply unto himself horses, by the number whereof he may become a burden unto his subjects. for to multiply horses is to collect, from vainglory or some other error, more than need requires. now \" much \" and \" little, \" if we follow the prince of the peripatetics, signify diminution or excess of the legitimate quantity of specific kinds of things. will it then be lawful to multiply dogs, or rap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47727805903596676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.081813"} {"text": "now \" much \" and \" little, \" if we follow the prince of the peripatetics, signify diminution or excess of the legitimate quantity of specific kinds of things. will it then be lawful to multiply dogs, or rapacious birds, or fierce beasts, or any other monsters of nature, when even the number of horses, which are a military necessity - and serve all the useful purposes of life, is thus strictly limited in advance to a lawful quantity? concerning actors and mimes, buffoons and harlots, panders and other like human monsters, which the prince ought rather to exterminate entirely than to foster, there needed no mention to be made in the law ; which indeed not only excludes all such abominations from the court of the prince, but totally banishes them from among the people of god. under the name of horses is to be understood all things needful for the use of a household, and all its necessary equipment ; of which a legitimate quantity is that which necessity or utility reasonably requires, understanding, however, that the useful is identified with the honorable, and that the refined comfort of living is limited to honorable things. for philosophers have long ago agreed that no opinion is more pernicious than the opinion of those who distinguish the useful from the honorable ; and that the truest and most useful view is that the honorable and the useful are convertible terms. [ cicero, de officiis iii. 3. 11 ] plato, as is told in the histories of the gentiles, when he saw dionisius the tyrant of sicily surrounded by his bodyguards, asked him, \" what harm have you done that you should need to have so many guards? \" this in no wise behooves a prince who by the faithful performance of his duties so wins for himself the affection of all that for his sake every subject will expose his own head to imminent dangers in the same manner that by the promptings of nature the members of the body are wont to expose themselves for the protection of the head. and skin for skin, and all that a man has, he will put forward for the protection of his life. the next commandment is, \" he shall not lead back the people into egypt, made proud by the number of his horsemen. \" truly every precaution must be taken, and great diligence used, by all who are set in high place not to corrupt their inferiors by their example, nor by their abuse of things, nor by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.554355327871425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.083316"} {"text": "the number of his horsemen. \" truly every precaution must be taken, and great diligence used, by all who are set in high place not to corrupt their inferiors by their example, nor by their abuse of things, nor by following the way of pride and luxury to lead back the people into the darkness of confusion. for it often comes to pass that subjects imitate the vices of their superiors, because the people desire to be like their magistrates, and everyone will eagerly follow the appetites which he observes in another who occupies a distinguished station. there is a celebrated passage of the excellent versifier setting forth the opinion and words of the great theodosius : \" if thou cost bid and decree that aught is to be commonly observed, first obey thy decree thyself ; then the people will be more observant of that which is just and not refuse to bear it when they see the author thereof himself obey his own command. the world is shaped to the model of its king, nor are edicts as effective to influence the feelings of men as is the ruler ' s way of life. the fickle people changes ever with its prince. \" [ claud. iv. consul. hon. 296 - 302 ] but the means of single individuals are of course never so great as the resources of the whole body. the individual draws from his own coffers, the ruling power drains the public chest or exhausts the treasury ; and when this finally fails, then he has recourse to the means of private individuals. but private persons must be content with their own. and when this is exhausted, he who but now thirsted after the splendor of the rich and powerful, falls into poverty and disgrace, and blushes at the blackness of his confusion. therefore by the decree of the lacedemonians, a frugal use of the public funds was enjoined upon their rulers, although they were permitted to use according to the common laws their own inherited property and what they chanced to obtain by good fortune. source : the statesmans book of john of salisbury. translated by john dickinson. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1927. etext file created for a class by scott mcletchie [ firstname. lastname @ example. org ], and used by permission here. this text is part of the internet medieval source book. the sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy - permitted texts related to medieval and byzantine history. unless otherwise indicated the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45915451505886395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.084332"} {"text": "time - of - use ( tou ) pricing might seem like the ultimate solution to ensure electric vehicle charging loads won \u2019 t overburden the grid. but will tou rates guide drivers \u2019 behavior when it \u2019 s time to... structuring renewable agreements to survive change. the potential for a federal renewable energy standard ( res ) and carbon regulation, considered with the effect of state - imposed renewable energy standards, is fueling a strong, but challenging, market for renewable energy. utilities are competing to sign up the best new projects, the types of renewable technologies available are increasing, and there are various government stimulus programs for energy ; yet, the financial markets still are hesitant. against this backdrop, how should contracts for power from new renewable resources be shaped so that those deals will look as good five, 10 and 15 years after execution as on the day the ink dries? some market trends, creative answers and best practices are emerging in the marketplace. legislative and regulatory changes are forcing utilities to \u201c go green. \u201d the american clean energy and security act of 2009, passed in the u. s. house of representatives on june 26, 2009 ( waxman - markey bill ), proposes a federal res and roughly 30 states already have established their own standards \u2014 some mandatory, some advisory. the proposed federal res would require each utility to obtain a portion of the energy that it delivers to consumers from renewable resources, starting at 6 percent in 2012 and increasing to 20 percent by 2021 \u2014 with up to 25 percent of its obligation met by energy efficiency. a utility that fails to meet the requirement in any given year would be obligated to procure offsets or allowances from the market to cover the shortfall. of course, final federal legislation might differ or include no federal standard at all. but even so, utilities must consider the possibility of adverse financial consequences under their state programs, where such programs exist. further, the likelihood of federal carbon legislation being passed in the coming years provides another source of financial pressure. clean - tech investments in non - renewable resources, such as emerging carbon - sequestration technologies, may reduce the base amount against which renewable penetration is measured. for example, in the waxman - markey bill, a utility \u2019 s achievement of its annual renewable target is measured by the proportion of generation met by renewable resources and energy - efficiency measures as compared to a base amount of megawatts sold at retail. but the base amount excludes clean generation, such as from a hydroelectric plant that doesn \u2019 t qualify as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4641457086158545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.087711"} {"text": "advanced internet searching \u2013 how to search the internet quicker and more effectively download the print version web search engines a web search engine is a web based service that searches for information on the web. it searches documents for key words and phrases that it has been asked to look for. when a person enters their query or key words the search engine searches through its index and displays all the results that may be matched with that query. for example if you were looking for information on green tree frogs you would type \u201c green tree frogs \u201d into your search engine. the search engine will then display links to all the pages with information on green tree frogs with ones most likely to match your search listed at the top. there are a number of search engines you can use such as ; multiple or meta search tools a multiple or meta search tool is a tool that searches the internet using several search engines at the same time. you use them in the same way as a search engine by typing your request into the search box. the only difference is that instead of the search engine searching its records, the meta tool uses multiple search engines and their records and displays all the results giving you a fast and comprehensive way to cast a wide internet search. examples of meta search tools include : there are also search engines that are specific to a particular field of study or work such as medical and legal search engines. conducting a search and refining your results here are some tips which will save you time and give you better results. - to conduct a search you type key words into the search box. let \u2019 s say you want to buy books in adelaide. - use more precise words \u2014 instead of just typing \u2018 books \u2019, try \u2018 bookshops adelaide \u2019. - use quotation marks to search for a specific phrase if you are looking for an exact phrase you may not get good results by typing only the phrase into your search engine. a good tool for exact phrases is quotation marks. if you want to search for an exact phrase such as pulitzer prize winner you can enclose it in quotation marks and the search engine will only bring up pages that have that exact phrase in the exact order in which you typed it. that way you will not get hundreds of listing on pulitzer prizes or the nominees, you will only get pulitzer prize winners. - don \u2019 t use too many words \u2014 avoid typing in full questions, as every word will be searched for. just use the key words. if you are looking for a smaller or less known item such as a small bookshop it can be helpful to weed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506975280599791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.093968"} {"text": "\u2019 t use too many words \u2014 avoid typing in full questions, as every word will be searched for. just use the key words. if you are looking for a smaller or less known item such as a small bookshop it can be helpful to weed out the larger businesses. this can be done using a minus \u2013 sign in your search. put a minus sign in front of terms you don \u2019 t want to search for. if you want to leave out shops owned by the lola bookshop company, you could put \u2018 - lola \u2019 in your search terms so it reads \u201c bookshops \u2013 lola \u201d. if you \u2019 re only looking for pictures, click on the \u2018 images \u2019 link at the top or left of the search engine page and type your topic into the search field. remember that images you find on the internet are usually copyright, meaning you can ' t use them in your own work unless you seek permission from the copyright holder. there are a number of websites where you can buy access to stock photography images such as www. bigstockphoto. com. you are able to use the stock photos in your own work. assessing a search \u2014 be careful what you read - with so much information available, it \u2019 s important to think about search results and the quality of the information in them. - let \u2019 s say you want to find out about treatments for back pain and you search for \u2018 medicine back pain \u2019. the results may contain articles by doctors, advertisements from pharmacology companies, personal opinions by sufferers and wild claims about untested miracle cures. how can you tell which information is useful to you? an excellent approach is to think about : - currency \u2014 is the information up to date? - reliability \u2014 is the information mostly opinion? is it balanced? are there references and sources for any claims made? - authority \u2014 who wrote the information? what are their credentials? are they reputable? are there advertisements on the website? - purpose / point of view \u2014 is the information intended as opinion, fact or advertising? search tools and advanced search features there are tools available to assist with more detailed and specific searches and some of these are identified below : what is a boolean search? - boolean searches allow you to combine words and phrases using the words and, or, not and near ( known as operators ) to limit, widen, or define your search. most internet search engines default to a boolean and search, but its handy for you to know how to do a basic boolean search. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4799741030766318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.096415"} {"text": ", or, not and near ( known as operators ) to limit, widen, or define your search. most internet search engines default to a boolean and search, but its handy for you to know how to do a basic boolean search. - boolean logic is just the term used to describe certain logical operations that are used to combine search terms in many search engine databases and directories on the net. basic boolean search operator - and using and narrows a search by combining terms ; it will retrieve documents that use both the search terms that you specify, as in this example : adelaide and south australia basic boolean search operator - or using or broadens a search to include results that contain either of the words you type in. or is a good tool to use when there are several common spellings or synonyms of a word, as in this example : computer or pc basic boolean search operator - not - using not will narrow a search by excluding certain search terms. not retrieves documents that contain one, but not the other, of the search terms you enter, as in this example : adelaide not travel. keep in mind that not all search engines and directories support boolean terms. however, most do, and you can easily find out if the one you want to use supports this technique by consulting the faq ' s ( frequently asked questions ) on a search engine or directory ' s home page. further search operators include : - near means you want all the words in that specific order or the actual phrase. - nand means a combination of not and and - nor means a combination of not and or conduct a search with domain names to refine the search : if you know the website you are looking for is specific type of website, for example a website for a government agency or a school can be identified by the last part of its web address. -. com = a commercial business -. edu = an educational institution -. gov = a governmental institution -. org = a non - profit organization -. biz = a business example : to search for a south australian government website you would type \u201c south australia site :. sa. gov. au \u201d into your search engine. you can also select to search for websites from a specific country. -. au = australia -. fr = france -. co. uk = england example : for holiday websites from australia you would type \u201c holidays site :. au \u201d into your search engine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6028622572976443, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.097593"} {"text": "it \u2019 s no secret that getting a good night \u2019 s sleep has tremendous health benefits such as improved learning and productivity, protection against serious illnesses, more energy and a better mood. but what you may not know is that not getting enough sleep can have a destructive impact on health, work and overall quality of life. in today \u2019 s fast - paced society, many people think it is ok to forego getting enough sleep. whether it \u2019 s due to stress, lifestyle choices or chronic sleep disorders like obstructive sleep apnea, it \u2019 s important to know that these problems are preventable or treatable. unfortunately, less than a third of sufferers seek professional help. sleep disorders can lead to more than just daytime drowsiness. according to a study in the journal thorax, serious consequences can occur that include health risks, economic troubles and even a higher rate of unemployment. according the national sleep foundation, the most common sleep disorders include : * circadian rhythm sleep disorders ( shift work, jet lag ) * parasomnias ( sleepwalking, night terrors, rem sleep behavior disorder, sleep - related eating ) * hypersomnia ( insufficient sleep, narcolepsy ) * obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ). osa is the most common form of sleep - disordered breathing, and affects approximately five to six percent of the adult population. individuals who suffer from this condition stop breathing repeatedly during sleep, but are generally not aware of it. more than half of all people who have sleep apnea remain undiagnosed, according the national institutes of health. osa can occur in men, women, and children of all ages ; however, it is more common in men and people who are overweight. osa is caused by a blocking of the upper airway. the collapse of the airway may be due to such factors as a large tongue, extra tissue or decreased muscle tone. each pause in breathing can last from 10 seconds to more than a minute and a drop in oxygen is associated with each event. symptoms of osa can include loud and disruptive snoring, gasping or choking during sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, memory or learning problems, feeling irritable, and not being able to concentrate on work. additional symptoms to watch for include mood swings or personality changes, waking up with dry throat and frequent urination at night. due to a lack of awareness by the public and health care professionals, the vast majority of osa suffer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4441729501405489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.101309"} {"text": "to concentrate on work. additional symptoms to watch for include mood swings or personality changes, waking up with dry throat and frequent urination at night. due to a lack of awareness by the public and health care professionals, the vast majority of osa sufferers remain undiagnosed and therefore untreated. sleep - related respiratory disturbances like osa and loss of quality of sleep can lead to numerous health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, stroke and diabetes. they can also lead to lack of attention, decreased work and academic productivity and even motor vehicle accidents. in addition to all of the health implications, osa also has an economic impact on sufferers. the annual economic cost of moderate to severe osa in the united states is estimated to be $ 65 to $ 165 billion, which is greater than asthma, heart failure, stroke and hypertensive disease, according to a harvard medical school study. the same study found that unmanaged osa can also lead to poor on the job performance, unhappy marriages and even divorce, which can all impact personal finances. one of the main treatment options for osa is continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ). the therapy provides a gentle flow of pressured air through the nose and / or mouth using a mask. the air pressure prevents airway collapse, allowing the user to breathe freely during sleep. this noninvasive therapy can alleviate the symptoms of osa when used as prescribed. as the third pillar of good health, sleep is essential to a leading a healthy life. if you think you or someone you know may suffer from obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ), visit www. philips. com / worldsleepday to get your screening and learn more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4591704508875606, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.102019"} {"text": "the virigina tech transportation institute has released the results of studies it has performed on cell phone use and driver distraction. though common sense dictates that talking or texting while driving is a bad idea, these studies help to put some real numbers around just how dangerous the practice is. the studies include observations of drivers for a total of more than 6 million miles of driving. the studies also differentiated light vehicles and heavy vehicles or trucks. when it came to simply dialing on a cell phone the risk of a crash or near crash was 2. 8 times that of a non - distracted driver for light vehicles. the practice was even more dangerous for heavy vehicles or trucks since the risk was nearly twice as much at 5. 9 times. there was also a big difference between light vehicles and heavy vehicles or trucks when it came to simply reaching for an object while driving. light vehicle drivers \u2019 risk of a crash was 1. 4 times as high as non - distracted driving. heavy vehicle or truck drivers \u2019 risk rose to 6. 7 times. one of the most dangerous risks was text messaging while driving a heavy vehicle or truck. those engaging in that practice had a risk of crash that was 23. 2 times as high as non - distracted driving. a summary of the findings of the studies was that any action that took the driver \u2019 s eyes away from the road would result in a higher risk of an accident. read more from the virginia tech transportation institute press release ( pdf ). hmm, so let me get this straight. if something takes my eyes off the road while driving i am more likely to have an accident? seriously, there are some people that actually don \u2019 t see the harm in talking or texting while driving. heck, some truck drivers watch movies while driving. clearly, these are the people that need to hear the results of studies like this. unfortunately, some drivers find out the risks too late and end up hurting other people who actually are keeping their eyes on the road. the most stunning result of the studies was the fact that texting while driving a heavy vehicle or truck basically increased your chance of having an accident to about 1 in 4. that \u2019 s not very good odds when it comes to safe driving. it really makes you realize that there is no text message worth reading or responding to that would increase your risk of an accident like that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4570202438749684, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.106317"} {"text": "| updated at : 1800 pst, monday, january 03, 2011 | london : many of you might have tasted this mouth - watering treat, or at least have seen it or heard about it. guava is very common in asian countries. it is a good looking pear shaped or round shaped seasonal fruit, light green or yellow or maroon in color from outside when ripe, with white or maroon flesh and lots of small hard seeds enveloping very soft and sweet pulp. it is eaten raw ( ripe or semi - ripe ) or in form of jams and jellies. this attractive fruit is a real storehouse of nutrients. if it is \u201c an apple a day keeps the doctor away \u201d in europe and americas, it must be \u201c a few guavas in the season keeps the doctor away for the whole year \u201d in the indian subcontinent and places where guavas grow. its scientific name is psidium guajava. diarrhea & dysentery : guava is very rich in astringents ( compounds those make your gums feel tighter and fresh after you chew guava leaves or eat a raw guava or use some toothpaste ) which binds up loose bowels in diarrhea. these astringents are alkaline in nature and have disinfectant and anti - bacterial properties, thus help cure dysentery by inhibiting microbial growth and removing extra mucus from the intestines. further, other nutrients in guava, such as vitamin - c, carotenoids and potassium strengthens and tones up the digestive system and disinfect it. guava is also beneficial in gastroenteritis due to reasons stated above. constipation : guava is one of the riches sources of dietary fiber. its seeds, if ingested whole or chewed, serve as excellent laxatives. these two properties of guava help forming bowels, retaining water and clean your intestines and excretory system thoroughly. it is said that single constipation can lead to seventy two types of ailments. it is absolutely true. every way to your total health goes through proper digestion and more importantly, proper excretion. guava ensures both of these. skin care : guavas can help improve your skin texture and avoid skin problems more than the best of beauty creams or skin toner gels can do. this is chiefly due to the abundance of astringents in its fruits ( more in immature ones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4487101646861445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.115513"} {"text": "guavas can help improve your skin texture and avoid skin problems more than the best of beauty creams or skin toner gels can do. this is chiefly due to the abundance of astringents in its fruits ( more in immature ones ) and in leaves. you can benefit from it either by eating the fruits ( this help tighten your muscles apart from your skin ) or by washing your skin with the decoction of its immature fruits and leaves. it will tone up and tighten the loosened skin. in addition to the astringents, guava is very - very rich in vitamin - a, b, c and potassium which are very good anti oxidants and detoxifiers and keep your skin glowing and free from aging, wrinkles and other disorders. high blood pressure : guava helps reduce cholesterol in blood and prevents it from thickening, thereby maintaining fluidity of blood and reducing blood pressure. studies have shown that food stuffs which lack fiber ( such a refined flour ) add to blood pressure, due to quick conversion to sugar. guava, being very rich in fiber and hypoglycemic in nature, helps reduce blood pressure. weight loss : guava is very helpful for those who want to lose weight without compromising with their intake of proteins, vitamins and fiber. guava, being very high in roughage and very rich in vitamins, proteins and minerals, but with no cholesterol and less digestible carbohydrates, is very filling and satisfies appetite very easily. just have a medium sized guava in the lunch and you will not feel hungry till night. but ironically, it helps gaining weight in lean and thin people. this is probably due to its richness in nutrients, which keeps your metabolism right helping proper absorption of nutrients.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43355460251103833, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.116254"} {"text": "the first dairy cows arrived in georgia with james edward oglethorpe, the founder of the colony, in the early 1700s. by the 1930s the dairy industry had gained success as a commercial enterprise in georgia and has been a primary industry in the state ever since. in 2000 the value of the georgia dairy industry to the state ( including milk, cull cows, and bull calves ) was $ 254 million. little is known about the earliest period of dairying in georgia because acquiring milk was primarily a local enterprise, left to individual families. a family that produced excess dairy products \u2014 butter, cream, cottage cheese, or cheese \u2014 would trade or sell the products to neighbors. eventually, some farmers acquired an extra dairy cow or two for the purpose of producing dairy products to sell. as demand grew, such herds increased to five to ten cows. farmers processed and distributed their own milk for sale. number of cows in georgia, as well as the price per head of cow, fluctuated during the antebellum period. one reason for the fluctuations, at least until the 1820s, may have been indian raids on livestock herds in settled areas. the dairy industry slowly expanded as the population of the colony increased and spread inland from the coast. after the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ) the demand for milk products grew. cows were pastured and milked by hand. milk was cooled in cans in water tanks filled with spring or well water. ( milk was considered adequately cool at a temperature of 50 degrees fahrenheit. ) the dairies closest to communities produced fluid milk for the town ' s population. the dairy farmers were producer - processors, as they produced the milk with their small dairy herds, bottled the milk, and delivered it to their customers. dairy farms located farther away from the towns produced cream or butter, which could be stored longer and transported more easily than fluid in 1876 benjamin hunt, a banker and expert in horticulture and animal husbandry, brought a herd of jersey cows to putnam county and opened panola farm, an experimental dairy facility. he is credited with establishing the dairy industry in that county. early twentieth century 1920s were a period of great change in the dairy industry. the introduction of the automobile and the truck allowed milk to be transported across greater distances, and farms farther from population centers thus had new markets for their milk. tractors replaced horses and mules as power sources on the farm ; consequently more acreage and crops were available to be sold or to support dairy cows instead of supplying feed for horses and mules.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4305050921361918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.124843"} {"text": "from population centers thus had new markets for their milk. tractors replaced horses and mules as power sources on the farm ; consequently more acreage and crops were available to be sold or to support dairy cows instead of supplying feed for horses and mules. the introduction of electricity and the milking machine allowed more cows to be milked by one person with less effort. each pail of milk was strained and placed in electrical coolers. mechanical refrigeration cooled milk more efficiently and maintained its freshness longer. all of these advances led to a rise in the number of dairy farms and dairy cows in the state of georgia as well as in the united states. at the same time, the great depression of the 1930s caused decreasing farm prices. part of farmers ' attraction to dairying during the depression was that it provided steady income over time. about 1867 to 1919 the number of dairy cows in georgia increased from about 20, 000 head to 411, 000 head, with an average price per cow of $ 16. in 1920 the average price per cow increased to $ 65. at this time dairy farmers were typically still producer - processors who owned fifteen to twenty - five cows apiece. following a decline in the dairy herd after world war i ( 1917 - 18 ) that lasted through the early years of the depression, georgia ' s dairy herd grew once again to a high of 419, 000 head in 1935, and the price per cow fluctuated until world war ii ( 1941 - 45 ), when it began to increase rapidly. in 1945 dairy cows in georgia numbered about 360, 000 head. by 1953 cows were valued at an average of $ 138 per head. pasteurization and sanitation milk production became industrialized, sanitation became a more critical issue. the french scientist louis pasteur ' s experiments in the 1860s with heating milk to destroy bacteria generated great interest in milk ' s health aspects, and studies showed that milk could be a source of such human diseases as diphtheria, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, undulant fever, and pox. nevertheless, there was much resistance to the pasteurization of milk because of its expense. in 1923 the u. s. congress passed the pasteurized milk ordinance ( pmo ), which required that all milk shipped between states be pasteurized. milk sold within a state was not covered by the pmo and was regulated by each individual state. this law ( with revisions over the years ) still governs the sale of milk in the united states. in georgia pasteurization was not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5028103250865443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.125843"} {"text": "of a \" one - week shelf life \" was introduced in retail outlets. in time both the state regulatory agencies and a cooperating milk industry ensured a safe and reliable source of milk for the pipeline milking system and bulk tanks replaced the bucket milkers and milk cans on dairy farms in the 1960s. the introduction of silos and silage replaced pasture, and better highways and trucks meant that milk and dairy products could be transported further and faster. an effort to control mastitis, a bacterial disease found in dairy cows, also began in the 1960s. this benefited both the public and the owners of milking herds. in 1965 federal and state milk regulations established a maximum of somatic cells, which produce mastitis, for grade a milk. the wake of the georgia pasteurization law, producer - processors had a choice \u2014 they could stop producing milk, buy the expensive equipment to pasteurize, or form or join a cooperative that would collect the farmer ' s milk, pasteurize it, and sell it. only a few cooperatives, namely wells dairies cooperative in columbus and athens cooperative creamery in athens, operated in the state during the 1940s. the large group of producers that supplied the atlanta market decided to form a cooperative that became atlanta dairies. they purchased land, built a processing plant, and acquired trucks to haul the milk cows from the farm to the plant. the plant and cooperative are still operating today under different names. in the 1960s dairy farmer cooperatives grew and began helping dairy farmers earn better prices for their milk. some of the most significant cooperatives in the state were atlanta dairies, athens cooperative, miss georgia cooperative, south georgia cooperative, and well dairies cooperative. in 1970 a cooperative known as dairymen was formed from a collection of new and large cooperatives in georgia. dairymen was primarily a marketing agency for milk producers, and with its formation about 90 percent of all milk in the state was marketed through dairy cooperatives. this improved the sanitary quality, flavor, and shelf life of grade a milk. in 1972 the georgia general assembly returned all responsibility for milk sanitation and safety to a single state agency \u2014 the georgia department 1945 every county in georgia had at least one dairy farm, for a total of 6, 040 farms with 360, 000 cows producing approximately 1 billion pounds of milk ( 3, 150 pounds of milk per cow ) annually. the greatest number and concentration of dairies were in the counties surrounding atlanta and in northwest georgia. since then, the number of dairy farms and cows has steadily declined,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47463287944450766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.128996"} {"text": "1 billion pounds of milk ( 3, 150 pounds of milk per cow ) annually. the greatest number and concentration of dairies were in the counties surrounding atlanta and in northwest georgia. since then, the number of dairy farms and cows has steadily declined, but milk production has increased. in 2005 there were 313 dairies in georgia with 81, 000 cows producing approximately 1. 4 billion pounds of milk ( 17, 259 pounds of milk per cow ). today, 50 percent of all milk production in georgia occurs in south several factors contributed to these changes in the industry. the dairy farms around atlanta and other cities were sold for housing as population increased. many people in farming communities left agriculture to pursue other job opportunities. technology advanced so that larger farms could be efficiently operated. through genetics and management techniques introduced in the last decades of the twentieth century, dairy cows have increased their production dramatically, so fewer cows are needed to produce a comparable supply of dairy products. a few dairy farmers in south georgia implement sustainable agriculture practices. the owners of sweet grass dairy in thomasville, for instance, abandoned conventional dairy farming in 1993 in favor of a \" rotational grazing \" approach, the method used by farmers in new zealand. sweet grass also produces artisanal cheeses made from cow ' s milk and goat ' s milk, which have won national awards. according to industry experts, projections for georgia through 2020 show a continued decline in milk production. georgia, along with most other southeastern states, is a milk - deficit state, meaning it does not produce enough milk to supply its own population. as of 2006 the state produces less than 300 pounds per capita, while the nation ' s average is 581 pounds per capita. ironically, about 40 percent of georgia ' s milk is shipped to florida, with georgia ' s needs being met by milk shipped from other states. as of 2006 nine companies are involved in the processing of milk and milk products in georgia. h. b. henderson, comp. and ed., a history of the dairy industry in georgia, 2 vols. ( [ n. p. ], 1981 ). melissa brown, georgia college and state university lane o. ely, university of georgia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46574028389486516, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.129961"} {"text": "raphael moses ( 1812 - 1893 ) major raphael moses, who pioneered the commercial growing of peaches in georgia, was chief supply officer for confederate general james longstreet, participated in most of the major battles of the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ) in the east, and ended up carrying out the last order of the confederacy. in 1851 moses helped initiated the marketing of plums and peaches in the state and is reputed to have been the first planter successfully to ship and sell peaches outside of the south. in his history of antebellum georgia, james c. bonner credits moses with being the first to succeed in preserving the flavor of shipped peaches, by packing them in champagne baskets instead of in pulverized charcoal. moses is best known as the chief commissary officer for general james longstreet, the man general robert e. lee called \" my old warhorse. \" moses assumed this position in november 1862, at the age of fifty, and served at chickamauga ; second manassas, virginia ; the first battle of fredericksburg, virginia ; gettysburg, pennsylvania ; and the major campaigns around chattanooga and knoxville, both in tennessee. moses had regular contact with several of the south ' s most famous generals and was especially close to robert e. lee. moses was with him during the battle of gettysburg and, on the evening of the defeat, slept near him on the ground while a heavy storm rained down upon them. lee ' s biographer douglas southall freeman called moses \" the best commissary officer of like rank in the confederate service. \" moses was responsible for feeding and supplying up to 54, 000 confederate troops and personnel, and his actions contrasted sharply with the union policy of looting and burning homes, farms, and entire cities full of defenseless civilians. moses had been forbidden by lee to enter private homes in search of supplies during raids into union territory, even when food was in painfully short supply, and he always paid for what he did take from farms and businesses, albeit in confederate tender. moses attended the last meeting of the confederate government, at the bank of the state of georgia ( later the heard house ), in washington in wilkes county on may 5, 1865. it was there that he carried out the confederacy ' s last order. moses was ordered by confederate president jefferson davis to take possession of $ 40, 000 in gold and silver bullion from the confederate treasury and deliver it to help feed and supply the defeated soldiers straggling home after the war \u2014 weary,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38550278418062417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.135301"} {"text": "last order. moses was ordered by confederate president jefferson davis to take possession of $ 40, 000 in gold and silver bullion from the confederate treasury and deliver it to help feed and supply the defeated soldiers straggling home after the war \u2014 weary, hungry, often sick, shoeless, and in tattered uniforms. with a small group of determined armed guards, moses successfully carried out his duty, despite repeated attempts by mobs to take the bullion forcibly. moses ' s three sons also served with distinction in the civil war. one, albert moses luria ( named in honor of moses ' s ancestor luria ), was killed in 1862 in virginia after courageously throwing a live union artillery shell out of his fortification before it exploded, thereby saving the lives of many of his compatriots. luria was the first confederate jew to die in battle ; the last was his first cousin, joshua lazarus moses, of sumter, south carolina, killed on the day lee surrendered, firing the last shots in defense of mobile, alabama. moses ' s youngest son, raphael jr., at age sixteen served in the confederate navy and participated in important fights at sea. he ended the war in the twentieth georgia volunteers of lee ' s army of northern virginia, walking home from appomattox, virginia, after the surrender. the eldest son, israel moses nunez, served with captain william w. parker ' s virginia battery of artillery and fought in the trenches around petersburg, virginia. after the war moses became an active opponent of the reconstruction government in georgia and was elected to the state house of representatives, becoming chairman of its judiciary committee. when he died on october 13, 1893, on a trip to brussels, belgium, his calling card still read, \" major raphael j. moses, csa. \" he was buried at esquiline, his old plantation, now a family cemetery in columbus. his papers are housed at the william breman jewish heritage museum in atlanta. i. w. avery, the history of the state of georgia, from 1850 to 1881 ( new york : brown and derby, 1881 ). douglas southall freeman, lee ' s lieutenants : a study in command, 3 vols. ( new york : scribner, 1942 - 44 ). raphael jacob moses, last order of the lost cause : the true story of a jewish family in the \" old south, \" comp., ed., and exp. mel young ( lanham, md. : university press of america, 1995 ). robert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4214024139603198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.136345"} {"text": "about 1740 as a four - room private residence by jean le poincet and later purchased by francois saucier, son of the designer of fort de chartres, the cahokia courthouse is an example of the french creole poteaux - sur - solle ( post - on - sill ) construction method which french settlers brought over their native normandy in northern france. in this method upright hewn logs are seated on a horizontal log sill and the spaces between the logs are filled with stone and mortar chinking. this type of construction is different from the more familiar horizontal anglo - american style and is quite rare with only about thirty buildings of this type left in north america. when the treaty of paris was signed in 1783 ending the american revolution, the illinois country came under control of the united states. in 1789 the northwest territory was created by the continental congress and in a ceremony in 1790 in cahokia a proclamation issued by governor arthur st. clair, the new governor of the territory, was read laying out the county that bears his name and establishing the county seat at cahokia. in that same year the judges of st. clair county began using the saucier residence for use as an administrative center and courthouse, formally purchasing the building in 1793. the largest room was used as the courtroom ( photo right, ) with the other rooms being used as a judge ' s chamber, a multipurpose room that included the post office, and a meeting room for attorneys which also doubled as schoolroom when court wasn ' t in session. originally st. clair county was an immense territory almost as large as the state of illinois, but as the years went by portions of the county were split off to form separate counties. for twenty - four years the cahokia courthouse served as a u. s. territorial courthouse and an important center of political activity in the old northwest. by 1814, with st. clair county ' s jurisdiction decreasing to its present size, demands for a centrally located county seat, and floods constantly threatening cahokia, the county seat was moved to the newly created town of belleville. lewis and clark connection \u201c i came to at 3 oclock at the kohokia landing, which is at the mouth of kohokia creek \u00be of a mile from the town, and in view of st. louis which is about 2\u00bd miles distant. \u201d with this entry william clark signaled a six - month relationship with the village of cahokia. as cahokia was the local seat of american government in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4027338391307993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.150931"} {"text": "town, and in view of st. louis which is about 2\u00bd miles distant. \u201d with this entry william clark signaled a six - month relationship with the village of cahokia. as cahokia was the local seat of american government in the region and contained the westernmost post office of the united states, the cahokia courthouse was used often by the expedition to send official communications as well as personal correspondence as noted by clark in this december 13, 1803 entry : \u201c \u2026 sent off c floyd to koho [ cahokia ] with letters for capt lewis to put in the post office \u2026 \u201d | visit our special lewis and clark section to learn more about the corps of discovery \u2019 s experience during their stay in the middle mississippi river valley. greatriverroad. com \u2019 s special coverage includes information on all of the region \u2019 s sites and events as well as supplemental articles relating to the expedition \u2019 s experience during the winter of 1803 - 04. by 1901 the former courthouse had deteriorated so badly due to floods and neglect that it was used only to store farm machinery and had been bought by an east st. louis businessman who had it dismantled and reassembled for the 1904 louisiana purchase exposition in st. louis as a classic example of early french creole architecture. the structure at the exposition was only about half the size of the original with leftover timbers reportedly made into wooden cigars and sold as souvenirs at the fair. after the exposition the chicago historical society purchased the courthouse and a small structure was constructed from the materials on wooded island in jackson park. the building stood there until 1939 when it was returned to cahokia. reconstruction of the courthouse in its current form began as a wpa project. archaeological investigations of the original site began in 1938 and uncovered the original foundations, fireplace footings, fragments of porch columns, domestic objects and fragments of ironwork. in 1939, following a study of photographs, sketches of the building, and of french creole construction methods, the courthouse was dismantled and shipped to cahokia with great care. all of the logs returned from chicago were incorporated in the reconstruction. the courthouse was dedicated may 20, 1940 as a reminder of the \" splendid heritage \" of the citizens of illinois. courthouse now rests on its original foundation of stone nearly two feet thick. walnut beams extend the cantilevered roof over the porch. inside, the courtroom has been refurbished to the way it would have been in the early 19th century and the other three rooms contain exhibits that illustrate french colonial life, the history of the courthouse,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4098795222585976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.152145"} {"text": "walnut beams extend the cantilevered roof over the porch. inside, the courtroom has been refurbished to the way it would have been in the early 19th century and the other three rooms contain exhibits that illustrate french colonial life, the history of the courthouse, and lewis and clark \u2019 s experience in cahokia ( photo right, ) during the winter of 1803 - 04 and the role of post offices in colonial america. the cahokia courthouse is the centerpiece of the colonial cahokia state historic sites complex that also includes the jarrot mansion, the martin - boismenue house, and a visitors center. information can be obtained at the visitors center about the holy family log church and other area attractions. the cahokia courthouse saturday : 9 am - 5 pm closed on major there is no charge to visit the cahokia courthouse, although donations are appreciated. directions : from il - 3 south into cahokia ( mississippi avenue \u2013 will change into water street, ) take a right onto west first street, go two blocks to elm street. from il - 3 north into cahokia ( water street, ) take a take a left onto west first street, go two blocks to elm street. from il - 157 into cahokia ( st. nicholas drive ) to il - 3 ( water street ) take a left, go one block to west first street, take a right, go two blocks to elm street. w 90\u00b0 11. 554 ' more about the cahokia area. http : / / www. illinoishistory. gov / hs / cahokia _ courthouse. htm - official site of the cahokia courthouse provided by the illinois historic preservation agency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.353053456308443, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.153083"} {"text": "though built in 1893 to manufacture textiles, the columbia mills \u2019 storied stone halls now weave tapestries of knowledge with exhibits on everything from lasers and space travel to south carolina ' s role in the civil war. boasting accolades by columbia metropolitan magazine and the smithsonian, south carolina state museum devotes each of its four floors and part of its fourth dimension to art, cultural history, natural history, and science and technology represented by more than 70, 000 artifacts. through a series of permanent exhibits, curators lead visitors on a cultural and geological voyage. guests stroll through years of traditional and contemporary art by state artists, marvel at a 43 - foot white shark display and full dinosaur skeletons, or cast imaginations back in exhibits on turn - of - the - century transportation, laser technology, and aviation. the museum also excavates the surrounding landscape to present 14, 000 years of local culture in native american tools and colonial - era lifestyle items. five galleries also house changing exhibits featuring assemblages of artifacts from civil war \u2013 era charleston or 300 years of american - made telescopes, each carefully monitored to ensure they contain just the right amount of science. while museum staffers frequently rotate their exhibits, they also host traveling displays and send others on the road through the traveling exhibits program. various education displays such as interactive children ' s labs, living - history reenactments, and lectures from visiting scholars further enrich all - ages visitors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4879212856464539, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.155435"} {"text": "what is hepatitis a? | what is the hepatitis a vaccine? | who should get vaccinated and when? | what are the risks associated with the hepatitis a vaccine? | who should not get vaccinated? | what other ways can hepatitis a be prevented besides vaccination? | what happens in the event of an outbreak? what is hepatitis a? is a viral infection that strikes the liver. the virus causes the liver damage. liver function is reduced. waste that is normally eliminated by the liver builds up in the blood. jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, usually results. hepatitis a is passed from person to person through contact with infected stool. you can get the virus from an infected child by changing a diaper or by having sexual contact with an infected person. contaminated food and water can also spread the virus. the virus is very common in developing countries. it also occurs in the united states. - abdominal pain or soreness - lack of appetite - nausea and vomiting if you have been in contact with the virus and have not been vaccinated, a shot of the vaccine or immune globulin ( ig ) can prevent you from getting sick. it can also prevent you from spreading the virus. either shot should be given as soon as possible. if you do get sick, usually symptoms will resolve after rest, drinking plenty of fluids. you should also avoid medication that can damage the liver and alcohol. at times, people with hepatitis a need to be hospitalized. rarely, the infection can be fatal if the liver is severely damaged. what is the hepatitis a vaccine? the vaccine contains an inactivated form of the hepatitis a virus. it is given as an injection in the arm. a combined vaccine that protects against both hepatitis a and is also available. who should get vaccinated and when? the vaccine is recommended for all children aged 12 - 23 months. the two doses of the series are given 6 - 18 months apart. children who have not been vaccinated can receive the shot at their next doctor ' s visit. the following people should also get vaccinated : - children aged 24 months or older who are at high risk and have not been previously vaccinated. people traveling to areas where hepatitis a is prevalent. the cdc ' s traveler ' s health website shows which areas have high rates hepatitis a. - men who have sex with men. - injection drug users. - people who are at risk because of their job. - people with chronic liver disease. - people treated with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4525733424081133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.164572"} {"text": "s traveler ' s health website shows which areas have high rates hepatitis a. - men who have sex with men. - injection drug users. - people who are at risk because of their job. - people with chronic liver disease. - people treated with clotting factor concentrates. - people who will have close contact with an adopted child from a medium - or high - risk area. - people who want immunity to hepatitis a. in general, people who are traveling should get the first dose at least one month before leaving the united states. getting the vaccine anytime before traveling may also result in some protection. what are the risks associated with the hepatitis a vaccine? there is a very small risk of severe allergic reaction, with symptoms such as : - difficulty breathing - skin rash - rapid heartbeat moderate side effects include : - soreness at the site of injection - loss of appetite who should not get vaccinated? the following people should not get vaccinated : - children under one year of age - anyone who has already had hepatitis a - anyone who has previously had a severe allergic reaction to the hepatitis a vaccine - anyone who has previously had a severe allergic reaction to any component of the hepatitis a vaccine, ( including alum or 2 - phenoxyethanol - anyone who is very ill what other ways can hepatitis a be prevented besides vaccination? - wash your hands with soap and water, especially after using the restroom or changing a diaper. - ig given before and after exposure is another way of preventing and treating the virus. is another vaccine that protects against both hepatitis a and b. what happens in the event of an outbreak? if a food - borne outbreak occurs, the source of the contaminated food will be identified and eliminated. in any hepatitis a outbreak, the affected community will get vaccinated to prevent the virus from spreading. where can i get more information? hepatitis a. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. updated december 19, 2012. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a faq ' s for health professionals. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / hepatitis / hav / havfaq. htm. updated november 23, 2010. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a information for health professionals. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / hepatitis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41049632316218143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.168151"} {"text": "/ havfaq. htm. updated november 23, 2010. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a information for health professionals. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / hepatitis / hav / index. htm. updated november 23, 2010. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a virus vaccine inactivated. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. updated january 18, 2013. accessed may 1, 2013. immunization schedules. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / schedules / index. html. updated january 29, 2013. accessed may 1, 2013. workowski ka, berman s, centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. mmwr. 2010 ; 59 ( no. rr - 12 ) : 1 - 110. 9 / 25 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : updated recommendations from the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ) for use of hepatitis a vaccine in close contacts of newly arriving international adoptees. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 2009 ; 58 : 1006. last reviewed may 2013 by brian randall, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40787274420290565, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.169446"} {"text": "the evolutionist deceptions in the documentary the shape of life the first in the series of documentaries called the shape of life, jointly produced by the pbs and the national geographic society, was about the origin of animals ( metazoans ). the scientific deceptions contained in that documentary, which attempted to describe how the first multicellular organisms came into being, are set out below. the organization within the sponge cannot be explained by evolution at the beginning of the documentary there is an account of how one day, in some way, sponge cells living independently of one another took a decision among themselves to live together. in fact, in line with the familiar evolutionist scenario, the program even said that \" somehow, cells developed a language that allowed them to work together. \" yet, the fact is that this imaginary account \u2014 the product of the evolutionists ' own fantasy world \u2014 is a complete violation of the facts. the origin of the organization in living things is one of the fundamental questions for which the theory of evolution can never offer a logical explanation. there is absolutely no reason for cells that can function independently of one another to begin to act together. yet, the different cells in all multicellular organisms do work together towards a common purpose in an extremely organized manner. the sponge is one example of this flawless organization among cells. despite its very simple appearance, the sponge, an animal from the phylum porifera, actually consists of exceedingly complex cells. these cells, organized in two layers, set up a continuous flow of water inside the sponge. on the one hand, the plankton in the water are filtered and digested ; on the other, waste material is deposited into the flow and carried away. in this way, the sponge functions like a funnel in a specially established current. the cells cannot have adopted the principle of working together by themselves. that is because they come into being already in possession of the special connecting nodules that bind them together. when sponge cells approach one another, these connecting nodules grip one another and an organized, multicellular appearance emerges. in short, sponge cells were designed to work together. when they are all together, they immediately acquire a nature of their own and assume the duties regarding the particular layer they are in. with the enzymes they produce and their chemical digestion methods, sponge cells are actually very complex. sponges, which are regarded as having the simplest animal organization, are actually very complex. they attract scientists ' attention because of their unusual cellular organization ( the cells do not form tissues such as those found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088006378848297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.179742"} {"text": "is the inevitable result of the fact that this coded language employs only four letters. to put it another way, the finding of similarities in dna does not in any way show that living things had a common ancestor. this similarity is proof not of a \" common ancestor, \" but of \" common design. \" every similarity we encounter proves the common aspect of the design in living things. on the other hand, just the length of the dna in the sponge is sufficient to invalidate the evolutionists ' expectations. the dna of the sponge, put forward as the \" primal animal ancestor, \" consists of 1. 8 billion base pairs ( 1. 80pg. ) according to the evolutionary family tree, the dna of the tench ( species tinca tinca ) should be a great deal longer than this, whereas in fact it is only half the length of sponge dna, consisting of a mere 810 million base pairs ( 0. 81pg. ) the chicken, described as a much more advanced species than the sponge in the evolutionary family tree, also has dna that is shorter, at 1. 25 billion base pairs ( 1. 25pg. ) as we have seen, the genetic facts are at total variance with the assumptions of the theory of evolution. as the scientific findings have shown, living species did not evolve from one another, but were created separately. ( for further details regarding genetic comparisons and the theory of evolution, see http : / / harunyahya. com / en / works / 592 /. ) the flawless design in living species invalidates the idea of the evolutionary process. evolutionists are unable to account for even the emergence of a single cell by means of evolution, so it is meaningless for them to try to use evolution to explain the organization between those cells. chance and unconscious atoms cannot produce superior design. the dna in cells is a description written in the same language in all the millions of different living species. the fact that the information is written in the same language does not support the claim that these species came about by chance and evolved from one another. on the contrary, it shows that they were created according to a common design. this is a scientific expression of the fact that god created all living things.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5523687355359206, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.184083"} {"text": "fortunately, at harvard we have the pre - eminent school of public health, which has released the healthy eating pyramid and is what we use as our guiding principle in making menus. according to hsph, \u201c when it comes down to it, the best advice on what to eat is relatively straightforward : eat a plant - based diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains ; choose healthy fats, like olive and canola oil ; and red meat and unhealthy fats, like saturated and trans fats, sparingly. \u201d as a complement to the healthy eating pyramid, they summarize \u201c eight tips for eating right : - \u201c choose good carbs, not no carbs. whole grains are your best bet. - \u201c pay attention to the protein package. fish, poultry, nuts, and beans are the best choices. - \u201c choose healthy fats, limit saturated fat, and avoid trans fat. plant oils, nuts, and fish are the healthiest sources. - \u201c choose a fiber - filled diet, rich in whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. - \u201c eat more vegetables and fruits. go for color and variety \u2014 dark green, yellow, orange, and red. - \u201c calcium is important. but milk isn ' t the only, or even best, source. - \u201c moderate drinking can be healthy \u2014 but not for everyone. you must weigh the benefits and risks. - \" a daily multivitamin is a great nutrition insurance policy. some extra vitamin d may add an extra health boost. \u201d that said, good carbs, lean proteins, healthy fats, no trans fats, and lots of veggies and fruits are available. hsph declines to specify portions or calories, but notes that moderation is the cornerstone of wellbeing. which leads to nutrition information on the menu cards. many of you have inquired about the decision to remove nutrition information. as you know, huds consulted with university health services, the bureau of study counsel, and the college, about limiting nutrition data to the kiosks and web. specifically, we needed to address the challenge a quiet and surprisingly large contingent of our community faces with eating disorders. those individuals can place an undue emphasis on calories and other literal food values, making their placement over every food item a real challenge. thus, we did what we felt best addressed the special health needs of those individuals, much as we support people with food allergies or religious dietary preferences. for those who would like assistance with shaping a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4445983890747903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.189669"} {"text": "cheerleaders everywhere will rejoice that the activity, sometimes marginalized as a sideline commotion, may finally be upgraded to sport status to help regulate practices and prevent injuries. while many say cheerleading is not as physically challenging as other athletic pursuits, cheerleaders are disproportionately likely to suffer a life - threatening injury such as skull fracture or spine damage when compared with other high school atheletics. peditricians suspect it may be due in part to a lack of regulation on the sport. they hope to reduce these injuries by providing pre - season physicals, removing girls with injuries from competition, and giving access to experienced coaches for strength and conditioning exercises. while the american association of cheerleading coaches and administrators ( aacca ) has recommended many of these things for a while, there are a few things holding the council back from designating cheerleading a sport and converting to all of the american academy of pediatrics \u2019 ( aap ) requirements. first, they claim cheerleaders do not regularly compete, as many states require of other high school athletic teams. second, the aap would require that all stunts be performed on a spring or mat floor, which the aacca maintains would actually increase injury by compromising cheerleader balance. currently 29 states recognize cheerleading as a high school sport, but it is not recognized as such by the national collegiate athletic association. the hope is that seeing cheerleading in this light would lead to better facilities, practice time, and certified coaches, and create reduced injury rate as a result.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4251837353313678, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.191772"} {"text": "eemory university. permission is granted to download, transmit, or otherwise reproduce, distribute or display the contributions to the work claimed by emory university for non - profit educational purposes, provided this header is included in its entirety. for inquiries about commercial uses, contact either : institute for jewish studies, emory university, atlanta ga 30322 or the lewis h. beck center for electronic collections and services, woodruff library, emory university, atlanta, georgia 303222007 http : / / pid. emory. edu / ark : / 25593 / 13mkf claim : parts of anne frank ' s diary are written in ball point pen, while that technology was not available until after the war. response : anne wrote the body of her diary with a fountain pen. the only ball point pen ink traces are two loose notes written by someone else and put with the papers later and some page numbers written on the sheets during the compilation process. trial transcripts, expert witness documents and other material used in irving vs. penguin books and deborah lipstadt have been encoded in xml using the tei guidelines, and made available for scholarly research and educational purposes. - collection : learning tools - subset : myth / fact sheets - object : anne frank - frank, anne, 1929 - 1945. - irving, david john cawdell, 1938 -. - auschwitz ( concentration camp ). - holocaust, jewish ( 1939 - 1945 ). dan leshem encoder, beck center staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47355443270468023, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.193624"} {"text": "so said the late francis crick, who along with james watson worked out the basic structure of dna in the early 1950s. his remark was quoted in a 1978 new yorker article on the history of dna ( sometimes i get a tad behind in my reading, and this article, yellowed with age, was close to, although not at the bottom of, my \" to read \" pile ). it ' s too bad the american diabetes association doesn ' t follow crick ' s sage advice. it ' s hampering their progress and destroying their reputation in the minds of many people with diabetes. real science operates as crick suggested. you have an idea, and you test it to see if it ' s true. if it is, you then try to refine your idea, or you let other people do that and you move on to a new idea. if the experimental results show you ' re wrong, you reject your first idea and try to come up with a better one. you don ' t hang on to some old theory, for example that the earth is flat, simply because you ' ve invested a lot in promoting that idea. if it ' s wrong, it ' s wrong. admit it and move on. in the early part of the 20th century, the standard treatment for all types of diabetes - - they didn ' t even know then that there were several different types, just \" mild diabetes \" ( type 2 ) and life - threatening diabetes ( type 1 ) - - was a low - carbohydrate, high - fat diet. then in the 1950s, when the results of ancel keys ' s studies appeared to show that diets with a lot of saturated fat increased risks of heart disease, the ada started promoting low - fat diets for people with diabetes, who are at very high risk of heart disease. because they also thought high - protein diets caused kidney disease, the only major nutrient left was carbohydrate, so the diets they supported were 60 % to 70 % carbohydrate. \" make starch the star! \" people were told by dieticians and ada publications. \" the more carbohydrates you eat, the better, \" the authors of a popular book on the glycemic index advised people with diabetes. of course, everyone knows it ' s carbohydrates that make blood glucose ( bg ) levels rise. but before the landmark diabetes control and complications trial results reported in 1993, doctors didn ' t even believe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5297615859091207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.198772"} {"text": "- tanning facility law and required notice - indoor tanning health risks - if you choose to use a tanning bed or device - other laws regulating tanning devices - more information vermont law prohibits the use of tanning devices such as sunlamps, tanning booths and beds by persons under 18 years of age. the law is intended to protect youth from exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) rays, which can cause skin cancer, as well as to inform the public about the dangers of tanning. the law has three parts : - prohibition : all persons under the age of 18 are prohibited from using tanning devices. - signs : all tanning facilities must post in a conspicuous place the notice developed by the department of health to inform consumers about the age - restrictions for using tanning devices, the health risks associated with tanning and the penalty and enforcement provisions under the law. - enforcement : tanning facilities violating this law are subject to civil penalties. local law enforcement provide the enforcement for this law - download the tanning notice sign - confirm that the notice has been posted - read the law : tanning facilities ( 18 v. s. a. \u00a7 1513 ) exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation, whether from the sun or indoor tanning beds, can cause : - skin cancer - skin burns - premature skin aging - eye damage ( both short - and long - term ) skin cancer ( including melanoma and non - melanoma ) is the most common type of cancer in the united states, with more than 3. 5 million new cases diagnosed and 2. 2 million people treated each year. melanomas are the most serious form of skin cancer and despite our short summers, vermont has one of the highest incidence rates of melanoma compared to all other u. s. states. although all uv exposure has health risks, studies continue to document the risks specific to the use of indoor tanning devices, including the following : - your risk of melanoma increases by 75 percent when you use tanning beds before the age of 35. - tanning bed users are also 2\u00bd times more likely to be diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma and 1\u00bd times more susceptible to basal cell carcinoma. - using tanning beds increases the risk of wrinkles and eye damage, and changes skin texture. - the united states department of health and human services and the world health organization ' s ( who ) international agency of research on cancer panel has declared ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation from the sun and artificial sources, such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46719744998618573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.204466"} {"text": "eye damage, and changes skin texture. - the united states department of health and human services and the world health organization ' s ( who ) international agency of research on cancer panel has declared ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation from the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, as a known carcinogens ( cancer - causing substances ). persons who choose to expose themselves to the harmful effects of uv radiation from indoor tanning devices should take the following precautions : - always wear fda - certified protective eyewear. - learn your skin type and understand the exposure limits recommended by the manufacturer of the tanning device. - seek medical attention for severe burns, allergic reactions and unusual skin lesions or sores. - report any injuries or adverse reactions promptly to the tanning facility operator or employee. the food and drug administration ( fda ) and the federal trade commission ( ftc ) share responsibilities in the federal regulation of sunlamps and tanning devices. the fda enforces regulations that lay out specific requirements for labels on the devices ; the ftc investigates false, misleading, and deceptive advertising claims about the devices. when these agencies determine that device labels don \u2019 t comply with the regulations or that advertisements are not truthful, they may take corrective action. the fda also can remove products from the marketplace. - fact sheet : melanoma in vermont - u. s. food and drug administration - centers for disease control and prevention please contact us if you have questions or want more information all tanning facilities must post in a conspicuous place the notice developed by the department of health. this is to inform consumers about the age - restrictions for using tanning devices, the health risks associated with tanning and the penalty and enforcement provisions under the law. please fill out the online form below to confirm that you have posted the sign as required under vermont law. you may also use the form for any questions, and to request signs or other information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49978848777384166, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.205648"} {"text": "in the immediate aftermath of a diagnosis, expect your teen to ask countless questions : - \u201c is this going to affect the way i look? \u201d - \u201c am i going to have to miss a lot of school? \u201d - \u201c don \u2019 t tell me i won \u2019 t be able to go out for the lacrosse team this year! \u201d - \u201c what if the other kids laugh at me because the chemotherapy makes my hair fall out? \u201d these questions may demand thoughtful, well - informed answers. bear in mind that young people \u2019 s fears about medical matters may be based on misinformation. for instance, a patient recently diagnosed with hodgkin \u2019 s disease might sadly conclude that he doesn \u2019 t have long to live. after all, everyone knows that cancer is deadly ; only the year before, his favorite aunt died of ovarian cancer. what he needs to hear from both his doctor and his parents is that there are more than one hundred forms of cancer \u2014 many of them highly treatable. in addition, the outlook for children \u2019 s malignancies tends to be more favorable than for adult tumors. hodgkin \u2019 s disease happens to be the most curable pediatric cancer ; nine in ten kids live five years from the time of diagnosis, at which point they can essentially be declared cured. another frequent source of anxiety is upcoming medical tests and procedures. a fourteen - year - old boy slated to undergo magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is utterly convinced that the scan is going to hurt. it \u2019 s got to : did you see the size of that machine? or what if it zaps me and i become radioactive?! the scanner is an imposing piece of equipment, to be sure. but he \u2019 ll be relieved to hear that an mri uses electromagnetic energy, not radiation, to visualize the body. he won \u2019 t feel any pain, and he most certainly won \u2019 t glow in the dark. a kid who is prone to claustrophobia, though, may turn panicky when the portable examining table draws her into the narrow tunnel. mom and dad, as her advocates within the medical system, should alert the doctor ahead of time about her aversion to confined spaces. he might prescribe a mild shortacting sedative to be taken prior to the test or arrange for an \u201c open \u201d mri scanner to be used. to find out what your child can expect, ask the physician or one of the nurses to describe the procedure step by step. many medical practices routinely provide informative, illustrated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49910613332319664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.215580"} {"text": "to the test or arrange for an \u201c open \u201d mri scanner to be used. to find out what your child can expect, ask the physician or one of the nurses to describe the procedure step by step. many medical practices routinely provide informative, illustrated pamphlets beforehand. an adolescent should feel that he can always share what is worrying him. but as explored elsewhere in caring for your teenager, kids don \u2019 t always say what \u2019 s on their minds. in addition to being active, empathetic listeners, we need to anticipate what they may be feeling. \u201c honey, you seem a bit down today. i know that having diabetes is hard for you sometimes... \u201d \u201c yeah, a little down... a lot, really. \" \u201c what is it exactly that \u2019 s bothering you? maybe i can help. \u201d \u201c i \u2019 m just scared, that \u2019 s all. \u201d \u201c scared about the future? \u201d \u201c yeah, that. what if one of those terrible things that happens to people with diabetes happens to me, like losing my sight? or what if the diabetes messes up my kidneys? i don \u2019 t want to have to go on one of those artificial kidney machines. i can \u2019 t believe i \u2019 m seventeen and have to worry about this stuff. it \u2019 s not fair! \u201d perhaps nothing we say will dispel our child \u2019 s sadness or resentment or rage at being saddled with a health problem. however, listening nonjudgmentally and letting our children know they can talk to us any time is beneficial. for a young person, the realization that he can express his feelings freely, without being told, \u201c you shouldn \u2019 t be ( angry, depressed, etc. ), \u201d is psychologically therapeutic in itself. honesty is the best policy some mothers and fathers deliberately conceal all details of the illness from the young patient, operating under the misconception that they are safeguarding their child from potentially devastating news. seriously ill teenagers instinctively know about their condition. ironically, they frequently refrain from discussing this with mom and dad for much the same reason : to protect their grief - stricken parents. how do they know? their bodies tell them. in addition, no matter how careful the adults around them are, kids glean fragments of conversations and take notice of grim expressions. ultimately, to deny a sick person the truth about his condition is an unintentionally selfish act ; all the more so in the setting of a terminal disease. children need to talk about what they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4915330237606093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.216664"} {"text": "of conversations and take notice of grim expressions. ultimately, to deny a sick person the truth about his condition is an unintentionally selfish act ; all the more so in the setting of a terminal disease. children need to talk about what they \u2019 re feeling \u2014 including their fears, their conceptions of death and dying ; whatever is on their minds. no one should take away their right to talk about these issues. on the other hand, while it \u2019 s important to answer questions honestly, try to emphasize the positive whenever possible. let \u2019 s return to the earlier example of the adolescent diabetic who is concerned that he might develop a serious long - term complication. his mother and father might say something like this : \u201c the doctor doesn \u2019 t know for sure what \u2019 s going to happen years from now. but most kids with diabetes go on to live normal life spans. we \u2019 re confident that you will, too. the best thing we can do is to make sure that you stay healthy by keeping your blood sugars within a normal range. never think that you \u2019 re all alone in this ; we \u2019 re here to help you, and so are your brothers and sister. \u201d tips for reducing anxieties techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and visualization can help to soothe jangled nerves before and during medical procedures. tell your teenager about thought stopping, which will allow him to control the mind instead of the other way around. each time a negative thought comes a - knocking \u2014 about an impending needle stick, for example \u2014 the teenager literally orders his brain to switch channels. \u201c okay, stop it! turn off that thought right now! think about something else. \u201d it may sound overly simplistic, but with practice, this method can be extremely effective.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47311077714616345, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.217480"} {"text": "sign up now and receive the hhmi bulletin by mail or e - mail. features : one foot in front of the other page 2 of 5 for devising ways to study molecular motors in detail, ronald vale, along with colleagues michael sheetz and james spudich, received the 2012 lasker basic medical research award. beyond that, some of the goods must first be packaged and then picked up by vehicles that follow an ever - changing highway to the right destination. in the past half - century, scientists have revealed how cells build these thoroughfares, and they \u2019 ve uncovered specialized proteins that walk along the roads \u2019 lengths carrying freight. but plenty of questions remain : how does the cell control the transportation? how do the walking proteins coordinate their steps to keep grounded on their tracks? how can materials hitch a ride on cellular freeways if there isn \u2019 t energy to spare? \u201c it \u2019 s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell, \u201d says hhmi investigator ronald vale of the university of california, san francisco. \u201c chromosomes have to be separated, a cell has to pinch in two, materials made in one place have to be delivered to another place in the cell. all of those features of life are dependent on physical motion. \u201d \u201c it \u2019 s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell. \u201d that physical motion is generated by three types of molecular motors that can walk down tracks inside cells : myosin, which walks on actin filaments, and two microtubule motors \u2014 kinesin, which carries cargo from the center of a cell outward, and dynein ( the largest and least understood ), which carries cargo from the periphery toward the cell \u2019 s center. most of the motors in the cell have \u201c two feet, \u201d which alternate steps as they move. but each protein also has distinct quirks in its movement, a unique form of regulation, and a different role in keeping cells alive. research by hhmi investigators and others has revealed that when any of the molecular motors fails, it causes not only traffic jams and lost messages but also faulty construction and demolition of the cells \u2019 roads, and that can lead to disease. understanding the process better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5375018411265786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.221978"} {"text": "better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy, scientists peering into the innards of cells have seen many moving parts. the earliest experiments on mobile proteins studied muscle cells, an obvious place to look for molecular movement. more than 50 years ago, scientists isolated two proteins \u2014 myosin and actin \u2014 from muscle cells. andrew huxley and hugh huxley ( no relation ) independently proposed that actin thin filaments slide across myosin thick filaments in the presence of the cellular energy molecule atp. as this idea gained traction, it also became clear that isolated molecules of myosin could walk along actin filaments, suggesting a way that materials in the cell could be transported as well as providing a way to study myosin motors ( see sidebar, \u201c stepping back in time \u201d ). stepping back in time 2012 albert lasker basic medical research award. by the mid - 1980s, scientists at stanford university were using a microscope to watch myosin carry plastic beads along actin filaments in non - muscle cells. vale, a graduate student at stanford at the time, got caught up in the excitement of seeing cellular movement and wanted to try the same experiments on proteins from nerve cells, where materials could be seen moving through the cells \u2019 long axons. he expected to turn up myosin as the vehicle responsible for this transportation. instead, vale, together with mike sheetz and tom reese, isolated another molecular motor \u2014 kinesin \u2014 and they began focusing their attention on it. myosin trucks along on actin filaments, aiding in muscle contraction, vesicle transport and many other processes. within 10 years, vale and colleague robert fletterick had solved the structure of kinesin, helping to explain the molecular underpinnings of how the molecule walks along microtubules, dynamic tubes that run throughout cells. and he showed that the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms that make up kinesin was highly comparable to that found in myosin. \u201c by using what was known about myosin, \u201d says vale, \u201c we could bootstrap experiments and apply prior knowledge on myosin to understand the workings of kinesin, the newer kid in town. \u201d the microscopic motors of life ronald vale discusses efforts beginning in the early 1980s that uncovered how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5171448805729273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.223073"} {"text": "< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > lowell community church in everett burns on december 31, 1984. historylink. org essay 10263 : printer - friendly format on december 31, 1984, in the early morning hours, everett \u2019 s oldest church building, the lowell community church ( 5216 s. 2nd avenue ), is destroyed by fire. the structure dates back to 1892, its land and construction materials having been donated by lowell \u2019 s founder, eugene d. smith ( 1837 - 1909 ). the old church is considered a total loss, but the congregation will rebuild on the same site. in september 1863, eugene d. smith and otis wilson set up a logging camp on the snohomish river at a site that eventually would become the town of lowell. smith left in 1865 to try his luck in the coeur d \u2019 alene gold rush, but came back to the snohomish river broke and resumed logging. the smith camp at lowell was situated on a hill, about a mile and a half from the river. here smith built a timber - planked railroad to transport the huge felled trees out of the woods. a 2, 000 - foot chute allowed the logs to rapidly drop to the river below, where they were transported to regional mills. an earlier settler, reuben lowe, had operated a bordello here. in buying out lowe, smith decided to name the proposed town after lowe \u2019 s hometown of lowell, massachusetts. smith platted the town in 1873 and the community \u2019 s population continued to grow. the beginnings of the city of everett in the fall of 1891 changed lowell \u2019 s future, since part of the development plans included a paper mill on the lowell waterfront. lowell soon became a company town, focused around the mill. homes were built and lowell \u2019 s population quickly grew, although the town was never incorporated. ( it became a part of everett in 1962. ) 1891, e. d. smith donated land and materials for a community church. construction began that year and the structure was completed in 1892. over the years, it became a source of pride for lowell, and many residents attended. an addition to the structure subsequently was built, and the exterior was repainted and the interior refurbished. in the mid - 1980s - - shortly before the fire - - the church was re - sided and the interior redecorated, the work done by volunteers. year \u2019 s eve 1984 the everett fire department received the alarm call at 4 : 37 a. m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4032139848100752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.227385"} {"text": "1980s - - shortly before the fire - - the church was re - sided and the interior redecorated, the work done by volunteers. year \u2019 s eve 1984 the everett fire department received the alarm call at 4 : 37 a. m. on december 31, 1984. when firefighters arrived at the scene, the church was completely ablaze, with flames roaring out through the building \u2019 s large stained - glass windows and consuming the second floor. they began fighting the blaze from outside, then went inside to inspect for several minutes and withdrew to change fire lines. they watched as the church roof collapsed onto the place where they had been standing only a few minutes before. inspection the following day determined the fire to have been accidental. it appeared to have started in the sanctuary near the altar and was likely due to faulty wiring. volunteer work and contributions helped to rebuild the church. at the time of the fire, the congregation was affiliated with the united church of christ congregational and is, in 2012, the river of life jim haley, \" everett \u2019 s oldest church burns : lowell loses landmark church, \" the herald, december 31, 1984, p. 1 ; charles z. henderson, the fire boys : 100 years of everett firefighting history, p. 160, 221 ; \" church at lowell gets facelifted, \" the everett daily herald, september 22, travel through time ( chronological order ) : < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public and private sponsors and visitors like you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4020431894521813, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.228682"} {"text": "using colors like blue you simply must i can paint \u2013 how about you? in celebrating dr. seuss \u2019 birthday and all the fun his books bring to our lives, we pulled out the paint brushes. the wonderful thing about seuss art is that you can create a cat in the hat, fish or thing 1 or thing 2 any way you \u2019 d like. there \u2019 s really no wrong way. for this project you will need : - 1 5\u00d77 canvas for each painting you plan to do - acrylic paints - black, permanent marker - colored markers ( optional, for drawing activity ) - for the characters, we had a cat in the hat book close by for reference. if you don \u2019 t have a dr. seuss book handy, you can click over to suessville for inspiration. * details on canvas, paints and brushes are explained in acrylics plus links to tutorials you have brains in your head. you have feet in your shoes. you can steer yourself in any direction you choose. ~ dr. seuss instructions : for both characters, we sketched off the basic outline. here are the steps we followed : 1. taking a plain piece of printer paper, trace the outline of the canvas. this will help you determine the size of your seuss character. for example, middle girl ended up just drawing cat in the hat from the waist up because that is all that would fit to scale on the 5\u00d77 canvas. the fish, however, was just a simple shape. he and his bowl fit easily into the 5\u00d77 space. 2. sketch the basic outline of your character onto your printer paper \u2013 into the 5\u00d77 space you sketched off. this gives you practice in sketching your character. you could also trace the shape onto your paper. 3. using a pastel chalk stick ( or a pencil is fine \u2013 just use it very lightly ), sketch the outline of your character onto the 5\u00d77 canvas. - sketch the outline of your fish bowl onto your canvas. - sketch the outline of your fish. - mix a touch of blue paint into about a tablespoon of white paint. paint your bowl. you can add some touches around the outer part of your bowl to give it depth, like above. - paint your fish the brilliant yellow of dr. suess style. - next, paint your background red. - once your painting dries, use a black permanent marker to outline the fish and your bowl. - sketch the outline of your cat in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45106693443936197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.234592"} {"text": "paint your fish the brilliant yellow of dr. suess style. - next, paint your background red. - once your painting dries, use a black permanent marker to outline the fish and your bowl. - sketch the outline of your cat in the hat onto your canvas. - leaving the cat white, paint stripes on his body, face and tail. - add in the eyes, nose, mouth and whiskers with black paint. outline the stripes on the cat \u2019 s hat in black paint as well. - paint some of the stripes on your hat red. then paint your cat \u2019 s bow tie red. - using brilliant blue, paint your background. - you might want to mix in some white with your blue and add some modern art looking touches to your background. ( middle girl mixed in a bit of blue - gray to her background ). with both of these characters, feel free to make them your own. add touches of your favorite color to the background. the background ended up being my favorite part. just look at the modern art look of the blue brush strokes. the children enjoyed the acrylic art so much, they then pulled out the colored markers. copying, free - hand from illustrations. nana points out to the children that copying from drawings is a great exercise in concentration. it is good to see how others have drawn the scene or figure in the past. of course we always give credit to the real artist and say that we drew this \u201c in the manner of \u2026 \u201d nana says she, \u201c learned how to draw cartoon figures in the fourth grade ( probably when a math lesson was being taught ) and i found it to be an exercise similar to the teachings of the book, drawing on the right side of the brain. \u201d today you are you. that is truer than true. there is no one alive who is youer than you. ~ dr. seuss for more ways to celebrate dr. seuss \u2019 birthday, visit my sooo seuss pinterest board. - a note on acrylics : just like pastels, acrylics will wash off your hands easily. but if the paint gets on any fabric \u2013 it is permanent! we wear a smock and cover our painting surface. - supplies needed : all details on paint, brushes, canvases and palettes are listed in acrylics plus links to tutorials. - print this lesson : just click the green, \u2018 print - friendly \u2019 button at the top, left of this post. you can choose to print the lesson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43450651023018017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.235602"} {"text": "radiant barriers : performance revealed in the summertime, radiant barriers give attic insulation a clear advantage in cutting the demand for cooling energy. radiant barriers \u2014 sheets of aluminum foil that are normally adhered to a fiberglass mesh or a mylar bubble wrap \u2014 obstruct the transfer of heat from the attic into the conditioned space and can cut summertime cooling loads. but exactly how well do radiant barriers work in different attics with different levels of insulation? surprisingly few field data exist to help answer this question. to sort out the situations in which radiant barriers would have the most impact, i chose to investigate how the level of attic insulation would affect the performance of radiant barriers during a hot summer. i conducted the experiment in college station, texas, where hot summers and mild winters are typical of a subtropical climate. i used two identical single - room test houses with identical insulation characteristics. one of the houses was used as a control, while the other was retrofitted with a radiant barrier. both the radiant barrier and the fiberglass insulation were new at the time of installation. over the summer, i sequentially fitted both houses with three different levels of fiberglass insulation : r - 11, r - 19, and r - 30. each level was measured for seven to ten days, with air and surface temperatures taken in the attics and living spaces. to produce reliable experimental results, it is critical to control air movement in the attic. for this reason, i chose to use forced attic ventilation instead of natural ventilation. since attic ventilation flow rates greater than 0. 25 cfm / ft2 do not affect the reduction in ceiling heat flow caused by a radiant barrier, and since higher air flow rates are more accurately measured than lower rates, i ventilated the attics at a rate of 1 cfm / ft2. finally, as the results were strongly influenced by the indoor temperature of the houses, i was careful to keep the temperature inside each house as constant as possible. the average difference in indoor temperature between the two houses never surpassed 0. 3\u00b0f. my experiments confirmed that radiant barriers cut summertime heat gain through the attic floor, when the sun is shining. the average reduction in ceiling heat flow when radiant barriers were used in combination with r - 11 insulation was 42 % ( see figure 1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5487566433410127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.242880"} {"text": "1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value without placing much demand on the air conditioner. two notable conclusions may be drawn from these data. first, radiant barriers cut air conditioning demand. second, the less insulation there is, the larger the effect produced by the radiant barrier. in attics where insulation levels are low, and installing more insulation is difficult, radiant barriers should be used, since they clearly reduce the heat gain and increase comfort levels during the summer. ( see table 1 for cost - effectiveness of materials. ) why do radiant barriers reduce heat flow less as insulation levels increase? one possible explanation is that, as insulation level increases, so does the surface temperature of the radiant barrier ( as well as other parts of the attic ). this causes the radiation exchange to occur at higher temperatures, making the relative heat flow reduction smaller. every heat transfer process is driven by a temperature difference between the bodies ( or surfaces ) that exchange heat. therefore, if the temperature difference between the \u201c hot \u201d body and the \u201c cold \u201d body is significant, the heat transfer will be significant. on the other hand, if the temperature difference between \u201c hot \u201d and \u201c cold \u201d bodies is relatively small, the heat transfer is low. in the case of the attics with r - 30, what happens is that the top of the fiberglass ( assuming that the fiberglass is installed on the attic floor ) develops a relatively high temperature. this happens because the insulation prevents the heat from traveling to the conditioned space. so now we have a \u201c hot \u201d deck and a not - so - \u201c cold \u201d top of the fiberglass ( or top of the radiant barrier ). as a result, the temperature difference that drives the heat transfer process is small, and thus the heat transfer is lower than it is with lower levels of insulation. in retrofit applications, radiant barriers are usually installed in one of two configurations. in the horizontal radiant barrier ( hrb ) configuration, the barrier is installed horizontally over the attic frame ( see figure 2 ). in the truss radiant barrier ( trb ) configuration, the barrier is attached to the rafters that support the deck ( see figure 3 ). the hrb configuration is often not recommended for residential use because dust and other particulates accumulate on the barrier, which can reduce the barrier \u2019 s performance. in addition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5413632223747296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.243972"} {"text": "is attached to the rafters that support the deck ( see figure 3 ). the hrb configuration is often not recommended for residential use because dust and other particulates accumulate on the barrier, which can reduce the barrier \u2019 s performance. in addition, this type of installation eliminates attic space that might otherwise be used for storage purposes. however, the first problem can be minimized by using a radiant barrier with low emissivity on both sides. most of the heat transfer from the bottom side of the radiant barrier to the insulation occurs via radiation. this radiation heat transfer is affected by surface emissivity. the surface emissivity of the bottom side of the radiant barrier is relatively low because this side faces down. therefore, very little or no dust and other particulates accumulate on it. in comparing the performance of the trb and hrb configurations in attics equipped with r - 19 insulation, i found that they showed similar profiles and almost identical heat flux reductions. however, the trb showed a significantly greater reduction in attic air temperature than the hrb, because of the location of the radiant barrier. in the trb configuration, the radiant barrier is above the attic space ; in the hrb, the attic space is above the radiant barrier. in the trb, there is therefore less heat transfer from the deck to the rest of the attic. this is because the hrb reflects a significant amount of the heat from the deck that arrives at the barrier, thus making the attic hotter. the temperatures of the shingles were nearly identical in both cases. the temperature probe was located where the shingles overlap, where the temperature is greatly influenced by the solar flux and convection from the shingles to the ambient air rather than by what is beneath the roof layers. i used my measurements to calibrate an attic heat flow model. the model accurately predicted the reductions in ceiling heat flows in preretrofit as well as in retrofit cases for both hrb and trb configurations. the weather data used to drive the simulations were from typical meteorological year ( tmy ) tapes for the city of austin, texas. the modeling agreed with the experimental findings that reductions in heat flow differed depending on the level of insulation ( see figures 4 and 5 ). that is, there were more relative savings in the low - insulation case than in the highinsulation case. the modeling results for yearly aggregates \u2014 excluding the swing season months of march, april, october, and november \u2014 revealed that the radiant barrier produced the greatest reduction in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5336498821066882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.246223"} {"text": "more relative savings in the low - insulation case than in the highinsulation case. the modeling results for yearly aggregates \u2014 excluding the swing season months of march, april, october, and november \u2014 revealed that the radiant barrier produced the greatest reduction in heat flows ( 44 % ) in attics insulated with r - 11. i excluded the swing season months because, in subtropical climates, little cooling or heating is done during these months. reductions in ceiling heat flows, in the range of 28 % and 23 %, were realized by the use of radiant barriers in combination with insulation levels of r - 19 and r - 30, respectively. these results are aggregated over the year. my experimental results differed slightly from the simulation results. in the field, i had obtained summertime reductions in ceiling heat flow of 42 %, 34 %, 25 % for insulation levels of r - 11, r - 19, and r - 30, respectively. one possible reason for the discrepancies in savings between the experiments and the simulations could be the number of days used in the two cases. during the experiments, the data were produced in seven - to ten - day increments, while yearly simulations using a tmy took into account every day in an eight - month period. the model predicted negative savings of less than 10 % in the heating season for an attic with a radiant barrier and either of two levels of insulation ( r - 11 or r - 30 ) compared to an attic with no radiant barrier. it is not known why the middle level of insulation did not follow the same pattern as the other two in this regard. one of the reasons for these losses is weather related. in austin, winters are mild with significant sunshine. in monthly simulations in subtropical regions, the heating energy savings would either be low \u2014 next to insignificant \u2014 or negative. sunshine is desirable during the heating season because it reduces the load on heating equipment. radiant barriers, on the other hand, limit the amount of solar radiation, which is carried to the conditioned space through the attic. this blockage of solar radiation from the attic deck is undesirable during the winter season, and helps to explain the negative savings produced. in warmer regions, wintertime savings could be realized. in subtropical ( hot and humid ) climates, more energy is used for cooling than for heating. therefore, even with this detrimental effect, the net annual savings in subtropical climates are still positive, because of the energy reductions that are realized in the summer. radiant barriers cut cooling energy demand in every situation that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5763527731595326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.247421"} {"text": "after the flood - there ' s hope homes that are damaged by flooding can be repaired and made more durable. flooding is a fact of life that results in more damage to buildings throughout the united states than any other single natural cause. residential buildings are especially hard hit during floods ; the lives of the residents are disrupted and precious possessions are lost. while homeowners are discouraged or prohibited from building new homes in floodprone areas, existing homes, when damaged, must be repaired. builders can minimize damage to these homes from future flooding by repairing or renovating them using materials and methods that are resistant to flood damage. researchers at oak ridge national laboratory ( ornl ) and tuskegee university have been working to identify and evaluate building materials, systems, and methods that can be used to repair houses after flooding and that make the envelope of a house more resistant to future flood damage ( see \u201c after the flood, \u201d he jan / feb \u2019 03, p. 12 ). we were also interested in providing a scientific basis for certifying building materials and systems that are resistant to flood damage, so that that information can inform future building code development. the department of homeland security, emergency preparedness and response directorate defines flood damage resistance as the ability of materials, components, and systems to withstand direct and prolonged contact with floodwater without sustaining degradation that requires more than cosmetic repair to restore it to its original condition. cosmetic repair includes cleaning, sanitizing, and resurfacing material ; resurfacing includes sanding, repairing joints, and repainting. repair should be less costly than simply replacing the affected materials and systems. as a result of our materials testing, we have identified another key attribute of flood damage resistance. individual materials that are considered flood damage resistant must not cause the degradation of adjacent materials, or the systems of which the material is a part. a 2 - ft flood our test facility is located on the experimental farm near an agricultural lake at tuskegee university, in tuskegee, alabama. initially, two test modules were built with typical home construction materials and methods. the modules were flooded to a level of 2 ft above the floor with water from an agricultural lake that reasonably represented typical riverine floodwater. the test modules were allowed to dry for 30 days. detailed information was collected to determine how these construction materials and systems were affected during and after flooding. test results from these materials and systems provided a baseline against which other materials and systems could be compared. based on what we learned in those tests, we conducted a second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5079246987182418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.260969"} {"text": "was collected to determine how these construction materials and systems were affected during and after flooding. test results from these materials and systems provided a baseline against which other materials and systems could be compared. based on what we learned in those tests, we conducted a second set of tests. the second set of tests introduced materials and systems that we expected to be more flood damage resistant than typical construction materials and systems. in the second tests, unlike the first ones, we sanitized the materials and systems while they were drying, and cosmetically restored them after the drying period, in order to assess their performance after exposure to a flood. samples of the various materials were taken for testing and observation, and the test modules were then demolished and autopsied. the initial results of our research were reported in the article cited above. we built a third pair of modules to attempt dry floodproofing \u2014 constructing a building in such a way that no water enters the structure during flooding \u2014 and to test additional materials and systems for resistance to flood damage. in all of our testing, we employed relative humidity transmitters ; thermocouples that measured temperature ; and moisture sensors installed in wall studs, wall surfaces, floor joists, and floor surfaces ( see figure 1 ). a weather station provided data on ambient conditions during the test. we used a hand - held moisture meter to measure material moisture content during the postflood drying period. mold was sampled from the modules and tested in a laboratory to identify its type. flexural strength and modulus were determined for various types of siding and wallboard. we also developed detailed protocols for visual observation. while visual observation is subjective, the protocols were developed to systematize these observations and make them as detailed and consistent as possible throughout the series of tests. we made extensive photographic and video records as well. flood - damage - resistant materials and systems the ornl / tuskegee experiments tested only for resistance to physical degradation that results from the wetting and drying cycle associated with flooding. the testing did not address the structural impact on the envelope of externally applied hydrostatic pressures. postflooding mold growth was documented and selected specimens were analyzed. some test modules were also cleaned and sanitized to determine if mold growth could be controlled. however, bacteriological and toxic materials testing were not performed during this series of tests. and we did not test for the residual health effects of flooding on otherwise flood - damage - resistant materials and systems. such testing could potentially change our conclusions. the following conclusions should be viewed as preliminary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5061232640789411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.263263"} {"text": "materials testing were not performed during this series of tests. and we did not test for the residual health effects of flooding on otherwise flood - damage - resistant materials and systems. such testing could potentially change our conclusions. the following conclusions should be viewed as preliminary, since the purpose of our project was to provide a scientific basis for certifying materials and systems for flood damage resistance for use in building codes, and as yet there is no accepted certifying test procedure. newly installed and painted plywood and hardboard lap siding maintained reasonable dimensional stability and mechanical properties after they were dried. the siding materials that we tested were washable after flooding and drying, but these materials remained discolored. however, older, weathered plywood and hardwood siding, or siding made of the same materials that is repeatedly wetted and dried over several cycles, could significantly degrade and require more than cosmetic repair to restore it to its original condition. both vinyl and fiber cement siding could be restored to preflood conditions through washing the portion below flood level. the corner boards, which were made from nominal 1 - inch sawn lumber, cracked and warped. vinyl corner trim showed no evidence of deterioration from flooding. fiberock sheathing, a water - resistant, fiber - reinforced gypsum panel manufactured by usg, maintained its integrity and mechanical properties. the fiberock dried to preflood conditions during the drying period. plywood sheathing maintained its integrity and mechanical properties. however, it had not dried to preflood conditions after 30 days. because water does not tend to escape quickly from behind plywood siding, we do not consider the combination of plywood siding and sheathing to be a good flood - damage - resistant system. lap siding tends to let moisture escape more quickly. if a flood - damage - resistant lap siding is employed, the use of plywood as sheathing is likely to make an acceptable flood - damage - resistant system. we experimented with 15 # felt under both vinyl and fiber cement lap siding and found that the sheathing had dried to preflood conditions at the time of autopsy. we will perform a test using tyvek house wrap at press time. according to the manufacturer, tyvek inhibits the passage of liquid water and it breathes, so water vapor from drying can pass through the material. we \u2019 ll know experimentally how it performs under flood conditions in a couple of months. the moisture content in wood studs above the flood line returned to preflood levels within the drying period. the portion of the stud", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4712523889776117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.266755"} {"text": "pass through the material. we \u2019 ll know experimentally how it performs under flood conditions in a couple of months. the moisture content in wood studs above the flood line returned to preflood levels within the drying period. the portion of the studs below the flood line did not, in most cases, dry to preflood levels during the drying period. we considered wood studs to be flood damage resistant as long as the wall system will permit them to continue to dry to normal moisture levels. fiberglass batt insulation appeared to retain moisture in the exterior wall cavities and below the floor ( see figure 2 ). the moisture on the fiberglass fibers appeared to keep adjacent walls and floor materials wetter longer ; this could potentially cause long - term damage to the subflooring, to the floor and wall framing, and to the gypsum board walls. when spray polyurethane foam ( spuf ) insulation was used in the wall cavities, the wallboard and wood studs in exterior walls dried at nearly the same rate as in the interior walls with empty cavities ( see figure 3, p. 22 ). spuf absorbs water very slowly and was undamaged by flooding. spuf did not retain moisture ; thus it did not reduce the flood damage resistance of the materials around it. when conventional paper - faced gypsum board was used with fiberglass batt insulation on exterior walls, the gypsum board lost about 50 % of its flexural strength ; at the end of the drying period, it remained wetter than the gypsum board on uninsulated interior walls. interior gypsum board walls dried out and regained flexural strength during the test period. the gypsum board could be restored to preflood conditions with cosmetic restoration ( see the article cited above for details ). conventional drywall supported mold growth during several tests, but it was cleaned and sanitized, which eliminated the mold stains. fiberock interior wallboard, a non - water - resistant gypsum product without paper facings by usg, regained about 70 % \u2013 78 % of its initial strength when tested ( see table 1 ), and it dried out during the 30 - day drying period. although it supported mold growth, it could be cleaned, sanitized, and restored. fiberock exterior sheathing was applied to some interior walls. it regained 82 % \u2013 87 % of its initial strength on an exterior wall insulated with spuf and 101 % \u2013 130 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48106077815999787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.267757"} {"text": "it could be cleaned, sanitized, and restored. fiberock exterior sheathing was applied to some interior walls. it regained 82 % \u2013 87 % of its initial strength on an exterior wall insulated with spuf and 101 % \u2013 130 % of its initial strength on an interior, hollow - cavity wall. ( the strength actually increased in one instance after exposure to flooding. this happens occasionally with gypsum products, since complete hydration of all of the gypsum does not always occur in manufacturing, and subsequent exposure to water completes the process. ) the fiberock exterior sheathing applied to interior walls also dried out during the drying period. it did not support mold growth and its surfaces were easily cleaned and restored. ceramic tile performed well under flood conditions and showed no longterm deterioration. both latex flat paint and latex semigloss enamel paint peeled, blistered, and stained. mold grew on both types of paint. high - and low - permeability paints were tested. both types of paint had to be sanded and new coats of paint applied to restore the walls to preflood conditions. we also compared waterbased flat latex and oil - based enamel paint. the water - based latex flaked and blistered. oil - based flat enamel paint performed better than any other paint that we tested. it flaked and blistered very little and was much easier to restore than other paints. of all the paints tested, oil - based flat enamel paint was found to be the most flood damage resistant. however, we did not completely investigate the impact of oil - based enamel on the drying of adjacent materials and systems in this testing. vinyl wall covering blistered, peeled, and debonded after flooding. it damaged the surface of the gypsum board, and it may inhibit the drying of the substrate or wall system. exterior wood - paneled doors in a wood frame, and exterior prehung metal - clad doors in a wood frame were stained slightly, but could be washed and restored. foam - filled fiberglass and foam - filled metal were restored to preflood conditions with minimal effort. the fiberglass and metal doors used in the second modules were reused in the third modules and once again were easily restored. all the interior doors that we tested were severely stained after flooding and drying, and some warped, split, and peeled. considering the relatively low cost of replacement, we did not consider it economically feasible to restore any of these doors. all vinyl and aluminum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5011697196414123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.268915"} {"text": "all the interior doors that we tested were severely stained after flooding and drying, and some warped, split, and peeled. considering the relatively low cost of replacement, we did not consider it economically feasible to restore any of these doors. all vinyl and aluminum window frames could be restored to preflood conditions with minimal effort. the sealed - concrete floor slab in all the slab - on - grade modules remained undamaged during and after flooding. the wood subflooring retained very high moisture content throughout the drying period when unfaced fiberglass batt insulation was installed underneath the subflooring. ( two 8 inch x 18 inch foundation vents were installed on opposite walls in the test modules. these were open throughout the drying period. the area of these vents exceeded code minimum requirements for a structure of this size, 64 ft2. ) when no floor insulation was used, the subflooring returned to preflood moisture levels during the drying period. wood subflooring and framing insulated with fiberglass batts could experience long - term moisture - related problems. at press time another module was being tested using spray polyurethane insulation under the subflooring. ceramic tile and quarry tile performed very well under flooding conditions and required only cleaning to be restored. all carpeting and padding became dirty and smelly after flooding. it also retained large amounts of moisture, which would slow the overall drying rate throughout the house. even if the carpet is able to withstand the flood, it should be removed for cleaning and drying, and to promote drying within the home. simulated wood flooring, a composite wood fiber and plastic material, warped and had open joints when it was left in place after flooding. this flooring had much less warping and shrinkage when it was removed, washed, and stacked to dry after flooding, but the process of removal damaged some of the pieces. the operable flood vents ( smart vent ) were closed prior to flooding and opened by themselves during the filling and draining of the floodwater. they operated as designed. these vents were blocked open throughout the drying period. the crawlspace humidity reached 100 % and remained high during the drying period. this humidity level is unacceptable in the long term, since it could contribute to both mold and wood decay. we believe that the high humidity level in the crawlspace resulted from the test module being placed in a basin that collected a significant amount of rainwater throughout the drying period. in order to keep it from providing a path for mold to enter the house, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4800715474250198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.269886"} {"text": "believe that the high humidity level in the crawlspace resulted from the test module being placed in a basin that collected a significant amount of rainwater throughout the drying period. in order to keep it from providing a path for mold to enter the house, the crawlspace area must be effectively sealed from the interior of the building. procedures for responding to flood damage along with evaluating materials for their flood - damage - resistant properties, we tested the effectiveness of some procedures for dealing with flood damage. punching holes in walls punching holes above the floor molding of the interior walls does not drain any water, nor does it dry the wall any faster, especially if floodwater has receded for several hours. in some instances, if holes are not punched in the walls, the gypsum board can easily be repaired and restored. punching holes in gypsum board walls to promote drainage is not an appropriate flood recovery procedure. the cleaning protocols that we followed used a clear - water rinse that did remove some dirt and staining, but not mold. a second washing with soap and water on selected materials ( vinyl and fiber cement siding, fiberglass doors and window frames ) did restore them to preflood conditions. after sanitizing with a solution of bleach ( trisodium phosphate ) and water, most elements that were not physically damaged could be restored to preflood conditions. severe mold growth occurred in the first tests when no attempt was made to clean or sanitize surfaces during the drying period. mold growth also occurred on exposed interior surfaces in most subsequent tests, and efforts were made to sanitize surfaces and remove mold. after sanitization, there was no visible mold for the remainder of the testing period. although no mold reappeared throughout the test period, we cannot verify the long - term elimination of mold. after demolition and autopsy of these units, it was determined that there was very little or no mold growth in the nonexposed ( hidden ) portions of the structure that were not sanitized. sanitizing appeared to work on the exposed surfaces of the modules to eliminate mold growth, and it is therefore a recommended procedure in the restoration of flood - damaged homes. sanitizing the nonexposed portions of the structure for mold control does not appear warranted, based on what we saw during the autopsy. all exterior siding tested could be restored, as could interior wallboards when spuf was the insulation used. ceramic tile floors and the sealed - concrete slab were easily restored. all windows and exterior doors tested could be restored. we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4727935253665591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.271011"} {"text": "saw during the autopsy. all exterior siding tested could be restored, as could interior wallboards when spuf was the insulation used. ceramic tile floors and the sealed - concrete slab were easily restored. all windows and exterior doors tested could be restored. we did not achieve dry floodproofing in two attempts ( see photo ). while the door and window dams that were designed and built were effective in preventing the entry of water through doors and windows, water entered the units through other paths, such as the joint between the interior partition and the exterior walls at floor level. although the joint between the sill plate and the concrete slab had been caulked, water entered there as well. additional steps were taken in the second attempt ; the external joint between the sill and the slab and other potential leak pathways on the exterior were sealed. despite these efforts, floodwater entered the modules. based on these failures, dry floodproofing is not considered an appropriate approach to flood damage resistance. more work is needed the primary purpose of our project was to identify and evaluate materials, systems, and methods that will make the envelope of a house more resistant to flood damage. these materials, systems, and methods are primarily intended for use to repair houses subsequent to flooding. then if the house floods again, damage will be reduced and restoration costs and efforts will be minimized. besides identifying flood - resistant materials, the purpose of our project was to develop a method to collect representative, measured, and reproducible data on how various materials and systems respond to flooding conditions, so that future recommendations for repairing flood - damaged houses can be based on scientific data. this methodology can then be used to develop a standard test procedure to certify which building materials and systems are resistant to flood damage ; the use of these materials and systems for repairing and rebuilding flood - damaged homes in flood - prone areas could be required by future building codes. a certifying test procedure must be developed and adopted by a certifying agency before the identification of materials as \u201c flood damage resistant \u201d will satisfy the requirement for the use of such materials by a building code group or local jurisdiction. this project, and other related activities at ornl and tuskegee, are contributing to the development of that certifying test procedure. - first page - previous page enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4686003543438376, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.272146"} {"text": "swallowing small batteries is a big danger for children dec. 15 - small children are at serious risk of swallowing \" button batteries \" which can get stuck in their throats, causing choking or even worse, severe throat burns and possibly death. hurley and safe kids greater flint are spearheading local efforts for \u201c the battery controlled, \u201d a national partnership between safe kids worldwide and energizer that shares life - saving information with parents and caregivers about the potential risks of swallowing coin lithium batteries. in 2010 alone, more than 3, 500 \" button batteries \" swallowing cases, including 18 deaths, were reported to u. s. poison control centers, according to the national capital poison center. the most serious injuries are usually associated with the 20 mm diameter coin lithium battery. in the majority of swallowing incidents among children, the batteries are from remote control devices. dr. rima jibaly, hurley children \u2019 s hospital gastroenterologist, said, \u201c these coin - sized button batteries can get stuck in the throats of children. the saliva immediately triggers an electrical current that causes a chemical reaction that can severely burn the esophagus in as little as two hours. in some cases, children have died from their injuries. \" \u201c once the burning reaction begins, it can continue even after the battery is removed, \" said dr. brian nolan, director, hurley pediatric critical care unit. \" this can paralyze vocal chords or form an abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea ( wind pipe ). repairing that damage is painful and can require feeding tubes, breathing tubes and multiple surgeries. \u201d lew moquin, safe kids greater flint coordinator, explained that \" parents and other caregivers often don \u2019 t realize that coin - sized button batteries are included in devices they buy. too often, these devices are left within reach of young children. car keys with electronic fobs, for example, are often shared with children for their amusement. the batteries inside, if swallowed, can get stuck in a child \u2019 s throat and cause serious injury or death. \u201d these batteries can be found in just about any device coin - sized button batteries, approximately the size of a nickel, are found in everyday devices such as : - mini remote control devices that unlock car doors and control portable dvd players, mp3 speakers and other devices - bathroom scales - reading lights - flameless candles - talking and singing books and greeting cards don ' t let children play with electronic devices many of these potentially - deadly batteries are often inside compartments within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45105549597297645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.278087"} {"text": "and control portable dvd players, mp3 speakers and other devices - bathroom scales - reading lights - flameless candles - talking and singing books and greeting cards don ' t let children play with electronic devices many of these potentially - deadly batteries are often inside compartments within electronic devices. however, because many of these devices are not children \u2019 s toys, the battery compartments are easy to open. small children often have easy access to these devices and enjoy playing with them, and many parents do not know there is a risk. in a recent survey by the battery controlled, 66 % of parents responded that they have not read, seen or heard anything about the risks of coin - sized button batteries and 56 % said their children seem to like electronic devices more than their own toys. serious complications and deaths are increasing the number of cases where children have been seriously hurt or have died as a result of swallowing a button battery has more than quadrupled in the past five years ( 2006 - 2010 ) compared to the five years prior ( 2001 - 2005 ). preventative steps for parents and caregivers - examine devices and make sure the battery compartment is secure. strong tape is one option. - keep button batteries and devices that use them out of reach of small children if the battery compartments aren \u2019 t secure. - go to the emergency room immediately if swallowing is suspected. - tell others about this threat and share these steps. call the national battery ingestion hotline at ( 202 ) 625 - 3333 for additional treatment information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44811960413059193, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.292735"} {"text": "national survey on drug use and health, 2010 ( icpsr 32722 ) alternate title : nsduh 2010 principal investigator ( s ) : united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. center for behavioral health statistics and quality summary : the national survey on drug use and health ( nsduh ) series ( formerly titled national household survey on drug abuse ) primarily measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions included age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for... ( more info ) this data is freely available. warning : this study is over 150mb in size and may take several minutes to download on a typical internet connection. united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. center for behavioral health statistics and quality. national survey on drug use and health, 2010. icpsr32722 - v3. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2012 - 10 - 19. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr32722. v3 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr32722. v3 this survey was funded by : - united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. center for behavioral health statistics and quality ( 283 - 2004 - 00022 ) scope of study summary : the national survey on drug use and health ( nsduh ) series ( formerly titled national household survey on drug abuse ) primarily measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions included age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug classes : marijuana, cocaine ( and crack ), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. the survey covered substance abuse treatment history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46137291321401425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.338997"} {"text": "income, inhalants, marijuana, mental health, mental health services, methamphetamine, pain relievers, pregnancy, prescription drugs, sedatives, smoking, stimulants, substance abuse, substance abuse treatment, tobacco use, tranquilizers, youths geographic coverage : united states date of collection : unit of observation : individual universe : the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older, including residents of noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, group homes, shelters, rooming houses, and civilians dwelling on military installations. data types : survey data data collection notes : data were collected and prepared for release by research triangle institute, research triangle park, north carolina. since 1999, the survey sample has employed a 50 - state design with an independent, multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the district of columbia. prior to the 2002 survey, this series was titled national household surveys on drug abuse. although the design of the 2010 survey is similar to the design of the 1999 through 2001 surveys, there are important methodological differences since 2002 that affect the 2010 estimates. each nsduh respondent since 2002 has been given an incentive payment of $ 30. this change resulted in an improvement in the survey response rate. in addition, since 2002 new population data from the 2000 decennial census became available for use in nsduh sample weighting procedures. therefore the data from 2002 and later should not be compared with data collected in 2001 or earlier to assess changes over time. for selected variables, statistical imputation was performed following logical inference to replace missing responses. these variables are identified in the codebook as \"... logically assigned \" for the logical procedure, or by the designation \" imputation - revised \" in the variable label when the statistical procedure was also performed. the names of statistically imputed variables begin with the letters \" ir \". for each imputation - revised variable, a corresponding imputation indicator variable indicates whether a case ' s value on the variable resulted from an interview response or was imputed. missing values for some demographic variables were imputed by the unweighted hot - deck technique used in previous surveys. beginning in 1999, imputation of missing values for many other variables was accomplished using predictive mean neighborhoods ( pmn ), a new procedure developed specifically for this survey. both the hot - deck and pmn imputation procedures are described in the codebook. to protect the privacy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025159990342594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.351368"} {"text": "of missing values for many other variables was accomplished using predictive mean neighborhoods ( pmn ), a new procedure developed specifically for this survey. both the hot - deck and pmn imputation procedures are described in the codebook. to protect the privacy of respondents, all variables that could be used to identify individuals have been encrypted or collapsed in the public use file. to further ensure respondent confidentiality, the data producer used data substitution and deletion of state identifiers and a subsample of records in the creation of the public use file. previously published estimates may not be exactly reproducible from the variables in the public use file due to the disclosure protection procedures that were implemented. the setup and dictionary files for stata are designed to be compatible with statase, version 8. this is a large data file requiring that approximately 400 megabytes of random access memory be allocated to stata. operations within stata, including conversion of the ascii data to stata format, are likely to be slow. analysts may wish to download subsets of data from the samhda survey documentation and analysis ( sda ) system for use with stata. in the income section, which was interviewer - administered, a split - sample study had been embedded within the 2006 and 2007 surveys to compare a shorter version of the income questions with a longer set of questions that had been used in previous surveys. this shorter version was adopted for the 2008 nsduh and will be used for future nsduhs. sample : a multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 states and the district of columbia has been used since 1999. a coordinated sample design was developed for the 2005 through 2009 nsduhs. the 2010 nsduh is an extension of the 5 - year sample design. although there is no overlap with the 1999 - 2004 samples, the coordinated design for 2005 through 2009 facilitated a 50 percent overlap in second - stage units ( area segments [ see below ] ) between each two successive years from 2005 through 2009. the 2004 nsduh continued the 50 percent overlap by retaining approximately half of the first - stage sampling units from the 2003 survey. the 2010 nsduh continues the 50 percent overlap by retaining half of the second - stage units from 2009. this design was intended to increase precision of estimates in year - to - year trend analyses because of the expected positive correlation resulting from the overlapping sample between successive survey years. the 2010 design allows for computation of estimates by state in all 50 states plus the district of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48475266008879425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.354207"} {"text": "design was intended to increase precision of estimates in year - to - year trend analyses because of the expected positive correlation resulting from the overlapping sample between successive survey years. the 2010 design allows for computation of estimates by state in all 50 states plus the district of columbia. states may therefore be viewed as the first level of stratification as well as a reporting variable. eight states, referred to as the large sample states, had a sample designed to yield 3, 600 respondents per state for the 2010 survey. this sample size was considered adequate to support direct state estimates. the remaining 43 states ( which include the district of columbia ) had a sample designed to yield 900 respondents per state in the 2010 survey. in these 43 states, adequate data were available to support reliable state estimates based on sae methodology. within each state, sampling strata called state sampling ( ss ) regions were formed. based on a composite size measure, states were partitioned geographically into roughly equal - sized regions. in other words, regions were formed such that each area yielded, in expectation, roughly the same number of interviews during each data collection period. the eight large sample states were divided into 48 ss regions each. the remaining states were divided into 12 ss regions each. therefore, the partitioning of the united states resulted in the formation of a total of 900 ss regions. unlike the 1999 through 2004 surveys, the first stage of selection for the 2005 through 2009 nsduhs was census tracts. the first stage of selection began with the construction of an area sample frame that contained one record for each census tract in the united states. if necessary, census tracts were aggregated within ss regions until each tract had, at a minimum, 150 dwelling units in urban areas and 100 dwelling units in rural areas. these census tracts served as the primary sampling units ( psus ) for the coordinated five - year sample. in advance of the survey period, specially trained listers had visited each area segment and listed all addresses for housing units and eligible group quarters units in a prescribed order. systematic sampling was used to select the allocated sample of addresses from each segment. beginning in 2002, each respondent who completed a full interview was given a $ 30 cash payment as a token of appreciation for his or her time. to improve the precision of the estimates, the sample allocation process targeted five age groups : 12 to 17 years, 18 to 25 years, 26 to 34 years, 35 to 49 years, and 50 years or older. the size measures used in selecting the area segments were coordinated with the dwelling unit and person selection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4767655709922028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.358680"} {"text": "process targeted five age groups : 12 to 17 years, 18 to 25 years, 26 to 34 years, 35 to 49 years, and 50 years or older. the size measures used in selecting the area segments were coordinated with the dwelling unit and person selection process so that a nearly self - weighting sample could be achieved in each of the five age groups. the achieved sample size for the 2010 survey was 68, 487 persons. the public use file contains 57, 873 records due to a subsampling step used in the disclosure protection procedures. a key step in the data processing procedures established the minimum item response requirements in order for cases to be retained for weighting and further analysis ( i. e., \" usable \" cases ). these requirements, as well as full sampling methodology, are detailed in the codebook. due to various adjustments, such as those for nonresponse and post - stratification, the 2010 nsduh sample design is not self - weighting. analysts are advised to use the final sample weight when attempting to use the 2010 nsduh data to draw inferences about the target population or any subdomains of the target population. all estimates published in samhsa reports ( such as the results from the 2010 nsduh ) are weighted using the final analysis weight for the full sample. for the public use file, the corresponding final sample weight is denoted as analwt _ c, with the \" c \" denoting confidentiality protection. this sample weight represents the total number of target population persons each record on the file represents. note that the sum of analwt _ c, over all records on the data file, represents an estimate of the total number of people in the target population. in the 2008 nsduh ' s mental health module, the adult sample was split into a sample a who received the whodas questions liremem through liad68 and a sample b who received the sds questions mhad66a through mhad68. in the 2009 nsduh, however, all of the adults in the sample received the whodas questions. therefore, there is no need to have a separate adult mental health weight beginning in the 2009 nsduh because the person - level analysis weight can be used to produce the adult mental health estimates. mode of data collection : audio computer - assisted self interview ( acasi ), computer - assisted personal interview ( capi ), computer - assisted self interview ( casi ) response rates : strategies for ensuring high rates of participation resulted in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4914686337056291, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.365044"} {"text": "health estimates. mode of data collection : audio computer - assisted self interview ( acasi ), computer - assisted personal interview ( capi ), computer - assisted self interview ( casi ) response rates : strategies for ensuring high rates of participation resulted in a weighted screening response rate of 88. 8 percent and a weighted interview response rate for the cai of 74. 7 percent. ( note that these response rates reflect the original sample, not the subsampled data file referenced in this document. ) extent of processing : icpsr data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. icpsr also routinely creates ready - to - go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - performed consistency checks. - standardized missing values. - created online analysis version with question text. - checked for undocumented or out - of - range codes. original icpsr release : 2011 - 12 - 05 - 2012 - 11 - 21 the nsduh public - use data files have been updated with a corrected variable label. - 2012 - 10 - 19 the data files have been updated by omitting extraneous variables. - 2012 - 10 - 18 the 2010 nsduh public - use data file has been updated to include 12 new variables related to adult and adolescent depression, and a weight variable post stratified to the 2010 census. please view table 4 of the codebook for more information on these variables. - list all ~ 70 citations associated with this study - view citations for the entire series most recent publications - citations exports are provided above. export study - level metadata ( does not include variable - level metadata ) if you ' re looking for collection - level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our metadata records page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4794438416777598, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.367789"} {"text": "lean, mean and green heating, cooling and powering the 2012 olympics in a sustainable way some modern olympic games have been branded as extravagant and a waste of public money. installations are costly and facilities in service for only a short period during the event \u2013 but are unsuitable for later use by the general public. mindful of this, the london 2012 organizers placed sustainability firmly at the core of this year ' s olympics. the provision of heating, cooling and power in a sustainable way is at the very centre of this effort and should ensure a positive legacy long after the games are over. many iec tcs ( technical committees ) and scs ( subcommittees ) prepare international standards for components and systems that are being installed on the olympic park. early green commitment when bidding to host the games the locog ( london organising committee of the olympic and paralympic games ) made a commitment to meet 20 % of the olympic park electricity requirements with new local renewable energy sources. these include advanced waste - to - energy technologies, pv ( photovoltaic ) panels, small scale wind turbines, bio - diesel generators and micro - co - generation for public lighting, venues, accommodation and electric vehicle power. all additional site electricity demand is to be met with off - site renewables, supplied by wind farms and marine current turbines. three iec tcs prepare international standards for renewable energy sources proposed for the 2012 games. they are tc 82 : solar photovoltaic energy systems, tc 88 : wind turbines and tc 114 : marine energy \u2013 wave, tidal and other water current converters. the commitment to renewable sources was restated in the london 2012 sustainability plan. furthermore, the oda ( olympic delivery authority ) set an overall target of cutting carbon emissions by 50 % across the olympic park, in comparison with schemes constructed and operated using more conventional means. to achieve this it adopted a ' lean, mean, green ' approach : - lean \u2013 minimizing energy demand by building energy - efficient venues - mean \u2013 supplying heat, cooling and power from on - site energy centres, further reducing their carbon emissions - green \u2013 generating heat and power from renewable sources. the right mean and green tools to provide heat, cooling and power on site, the organizers chose to build two flexible modular energy centres at kings yard ( olympic park ) and stratford city. each is equipped with a natural gas - fired cchp ( combined cooling, heat and power ) unit and bio - mass fired boilers. using zero carbon renewable energy sources such as biomass will provide savings in carbon emissions of more than 1 000 tonnes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5345134173183922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.386731"} {"text": "city. each is equipped with a natural gas - fired cchp ( combined cooling, heat and power ) unit and bio - mass fired boilers. using zero carbon renewable energy sources such as biomass will provide savings in carbon emissions of more than 1 000 tonnes per year in comparison with schemes employing fossil fuels. chp ( combined heat and power ) plants are up to 30 % more energy efficient than those using traditional means of generation. basic demand for heat during winters will be met through the bio - boilers that burn sustainable biomass such as woodchips and pulp. iec tc 5 : steam turbines, has been asked by the smb ( standardization management board ) to carry out a study of standardization needs for chp. the energy centres have a flexible modular design that will avoid overcapacity in the first phase of development but allow future technologies to be incorporated in the buildings as they are developed and as demand grows after 2012. they will provide an efficient, low - carbon heating and cooling system across the site for the games and for the new community and housing projects that will be developed after 2012. between them the two centres currently produce 92, 7 mw of heating, 55 mw of cooling and 10 mw of electrical power. eventually they will be able to supply a total of 194, 9 mw of heating, 64 mw of cooling and 30 mw of electrical power to tens of thousands of homes and businesses. the centres are interconnected and electrical power is distributed by 200 km of underground cables running through two 6 km tunnels. this underground network has replaced 52 pylons and 130 km of overhead cables. iec tc 20 prepares international standards for electric cables. a primary electrical substation forms the central part of the utilities network. it takes power from the upstream 132 kv electrical network outside the park, ' stepping it down ' to 11 kv to supply venues and buildings across the olympic park and stratford city. each 132 / 11 kv transformer is supported by 11 000 items of switchgear and auxiliary equipment. standardization for power transformers is the task of iec tc 14, whilst tc 17 and its scs prepare international standards for high - and low - voltage switchgear and controlgear and associated assemblies. to minimize primary energy use, both centres exploit recovered waste heat for their operation. they use energy - efficient systems and mechanisms to reduce the costs of heat supply. ammonia - based chillers and electrical and absorption chillers enable the centres to meet the demand for cooling, while the site - wide heat network generates hot water and heats the aquatics centre swimming pools and other venues and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5617799002670826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.391121"} {"text": "to reduce the costs of heat supply. ammonia - based chillers and electrical and absorption chillers enable the centres to meet the demand for cooling, while the site - wide heat network generates hot water and heats the aquatics centre swimming pools and other venues and buildings. the roof of the olympic park copper box, the venue for various events, is fitted with 88 light pipes that allow natural light inside, reducing the demand for electric lights and achieving annual energy savings of up to 40 % in comparison with a more conventional structure. as with any major project, some adjustments were required late on in the process. as time constraints caused the installation of the preferred wind turbine system to be abandoned, the oda had to revise down its target for cutting carbon emissions, from 50 % to 43 %. however, energy efficiency schemes in boroughs surrounding the park have been introduced to make up for the shortfall and some small renewable sources, such as pv panels on the media centre and its car park and some micro wind turbines, have been added. further efforts will also be made to deliver additional carbon savings by reducing electricity consumption during the games. electrical installations at the core power generation and distribution are essential for the olympic and paralympic games and will provide a beneficial legacy for the local communities. they are just two of the countless electrical systems deployed during the event that rely on iec international standards for proper and safe operation. a successful, lean, mean and green london 2012 implies an iec success \u2013 albeit a discreet one.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5433196804881331, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.393230"} {"text": "the pathways from economic and social policies to improved food security and nutrition for the poor often are not well understood. yet each day governments decide on policies that ultimately affect their well - being. how households increase their incomes, acquire food, improve health, or cope with insecurity are important concerns that need to be examined in order to devise policies to help eradicate poverty. nearly all attempts to study these issues have used snapshot approaches \u2014 those that look at one point in time. these approaches are limited in that they do not reveal anything about the actual dynamics of poverty, food security, and their consequences for nutrition and health. in poverty, household food security, and nutrition in rural pakistan, research report 96, harold alderman and marito garcia address these concerns by looking at longitudinal data for a three - year period, 1986 - 89, and analyzing fluctuations in incomes, consumption, savings, nutrition and health - seeking behavior of 800 households in five districts in rural pakistan ( faisalabad and attock in punjab province, badin in sind, dir in north - west frontier province, and mastung / kalat in baluchistan ). the report examines income sources and wage formation in rural pakistan and investigates the level and distribution of income in poor households. it contributes to analysis of the temporal dimensions of poverty and thus adds to the literature on coping strategies of households. although the three - year panel of data analyzed is too short to model fully the dynamics of poverty, it is sufficient to indicate the fluidity of the economic environment that households in pakistan face. the report also traces the efficiency by which household incomes are converted to better nutritional well - being and the influence of other intervening factors such as health and education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.512475819212156, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.400496"} {"text": "z94. 15 - organization planning and theory the new editors added to the excellent list of terms that previous editors had compiled. there have been some changes which have been added to the list and in addition, some of the new terms of quality management have been added because of the effect of tqm ( total quality management ) on organizational structure and culture. approximately 60 definitions have been added to the list to bring it more up - to - date and to make it more comprehensive. hopefully the more than 50 years experience will contribute to the needs of the users of the terms. dr. anita l. callahan, ph. d. dr. paul e. givens, ph. d. industrial & management systems department college of engineering university of south florida | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | adhocracy. a structure that is flexible, adaptive, and responsive ; organized around unique problems to be solved by groups of relative strangers with diverse professional skills. administration. ( 1 ) usually synonymous with the term management. however, it sometimes refers to the portion of management exclusive of establishing goals and policies. ( 2 ) that group of people who perform the process of administration. attribution theory. when individuals observe behaviors, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. authoritarianism. the belief that here should be status and power differences among people in organizations. authority. the right to exercise power and to extend jurisdiction over others for the attainment of performance. ( 1 ) the \" legitimate \" ' right to direct or influence the performance of others under the condition of applying rewards and penalties. authority lies in the position in an organization, not in the man. this authority derived from institutionalized power should be distinguished from other authority concepts. ( 2 ) authority by subordinate acceptance - authority is a function of the degree to which subordinates accept decisions and direction and is derived from the group of subordinates. ( 3 ) authority of person - authority is derived from superior ability or knowledge or charismatic qualities. ( 4 ) authority by legal decree - authority invested by law to enforce statutes. ( see delegation, responsibility. ) autocratic leader. one who tends to control in an absolute manner through the use of personal domination and application of coercive measures. ( compare to participative management. ) autonomous work - group design.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5892967818566315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.403749"} {"text": "al sharpton, jr. civil rights activist and minister born : oct. 3, 1954 birthplace : new york, n. y. a flamboyant and controversial african american political activist, sharpton was fully ordained as a pentocostal minister by the time he was 10. born into a middle class black family in brooklyn, the sharptons descended into poverty after al sharpton sr. abandoned the family around the same time. in 1969, when he was just 14, he became youth director of the new york branch of operation breadbasket, organized by activist jesse jackson, which distributed food in poor black communities. his teenage years were spent involved in a number of civil rights causes, and in 1970 he founded the national youth movement, an organization devoted to the problems of black urban youth. from 1973 to 1980, sharpton worked as soul singer james brown ' s tour manager. he remarked that brown became \u201c like the father i never had. \u201d in the 1980s sharpton became involved in a series of high profile, racially charged court cases. he received national attention for organizing protests surrounding the 1985 bernard goetz case, in which goetz, a white subway rider, shot four black youths whom he thought were going to rob him, and in the 1986 howard beach case, which involved in the death of black man named michael griffith, who was hit by a car and killed in howard beach, queens, after being chased by the white mob. sharpton ' s reputation as a tough defender of civil rights was badly tarnished, however, by the notoriety of the 1987 tawana brawley case, in which a black teenager claimed she was raped repeatedly by six white men over the course of several days. her wild and elaborate claims were eventually exposed as a hoax, and sharpton, who served as one of brawley ' s spokesmen, fanned the flames of the fraud with further reckless and unfounded accusations. critic stanley crouch called sharpton ' s tactics \u201c an ethnic version of mccathyism. \u201d he was successfully sued for defamation by one of the falsely accused rapists, a white assistant district attorney named steven pagones. decades later, sharpton still refuses to admit the case was a hoax, or to apologize for the damage and racial divisiveness the case generated. sharpton has been involved in a series of other causes celebres, including the \u201c central park jogger \u201d case ( 1990 ), crown heights case ( 1991 ), and the amadou diallo case ( 1999 ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3823670652990545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.526459"} {"text": "case generated. sharpton has been involved in a series of other causes celebres, including the \u201c central park jogger \u201d case ( 1990 ), crown heights case ( 1991 ), and the amadou diallo case ( 1999 ), among others. in 1991, sharpton founded his own civil rights organization, the national action network, which he continues to run today. he has run for political office in several unsuccessful bids : as a candidate for the new york state senate ( 1978 ), the u. s. senate ( 1992 and 1994 ) ; the mayoralty of new york city ( 1997 ), and the u. s. presidency ( 2004 ). a fiery and charismatic speaker known for his incisive wit and unapologetic dandyism, sharpton has been criticized for his relentless self - promotion, which sometimes overshadows his causes. while his supporters view him as an eloquent and fearless spokesman for african americans, his critics contend that his demagogic tactics have bred alienation and mistrust, and have in fact been destructive to black civil rights. in recent years, sharpton has attempted to transform himself into a more mainstream political figure, and has toned down his image and rhetoric. information please\u00ae database, \u00a9 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. more on al sharpton jr from infoplease :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3997967526328606, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.530677"} {"text": "the purpose of the conversation is nothing more than the following : advice to each other to correct a certain shortcoming ; ask a question to each other ; ask each other to complete a task ; to understand the idea to the work for each other ; familiar with each other ' s psychological characteristics. to this end, you should prevent to leave the conversation purpose. first, you should be good to use polite language. courtesy is the reveal of the feelings to respect others, and the guide wire of the conversation for each other. people are very keen to feel the politeness. there is an excellent conductor, and in each trip, she always first says please, and ends with thank. in this way, the entire carriages of passengers feel warm, and in the harmonious atmosphere, nobody fights or robs the seat. second, you should be patient to listen to the conversation, and express the interest. when you talk with others, you should be good at using your own attitude, facial expressions, inserted language and exclamations. for example, a slight smile, endorsed by nodding and so on will make the conversation more harmonious. never look around, be absent - minded, or from time to time to see watches, or do other things. third, you should be good to reflect each others feelings. if the other side of the conversation worries about something, you should begin with a sympathetic to say : i understand your feelings, if it was me, i will also so. this will make each other feel you respect his feelings, so that forming a sympathetic and an atmosphere of trust, so, your advice is also easy to work. fourth, you should be good to make your own equivalent to each other. human beings have a tendency to believe that the insiders, an experienced talker always commensurate with each other, even for the sitting posture, he always tries to give each other psychologically compatible with a sense of tone, volume, rhythm. for example, sat side by side is more common with sitting relatively on the psychological sense. standing upright with lumbar sitting becomes more respect for others than sitting sideways body. fifth, you should be good to choose a conversation opportunity. a person in their own or their familiar environment is more convincing than the conversation in an unfamiliar environment ; you can use the home advantage in his spare time, but also in the mental state of others with no alert naturally speak, even a few words, but also may get unexpected results. the donatello ninja turtles, is the perfect game which covers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4976855124703583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.536905"} {"text": "; you can use the home advantage in his spare time, but also in the mental state of others with no alert naturally speak, even a few words, but also may get unexpected results. the donatello ninja turtles, is the perfect game which covers one and all, with its potential viewers, and also it helps to get more fans who are said to be addicts, and try to watch the latest editions too in a well versed manner.. readby : alan expert | 2013 - 05 - 14 content being the king, it is important for a website to have unique, fresh, crisp and informative content for its success. this is possible by hiring a content writing company that can make a difference. content writing services india has the ability of doing so for online success of a business.. readby : dimensioniseo | 2013 - 05 - 08 psychology expert shijing jie said around us you can often hear some middle - aged man said they were old. from the physiological structure point of view, their physical condition is ager than the young people ; it not means that they are really old.. readby : toryyang | 2013 - 05 - 02 content writing services are extensively used these days for promoting the product of the company on the internet. so for the reason, the content is developed after rigorous research and deep analysis of the product.. readby : dimensioniseo | 2013 - 04 - 29 today, it ' s still a time that people turn pale at the mention of cancer. because of some bad living habits in life, it is likely to lead to cancer. there are several common cancer - causing foods around you, and you definitely have eaten.. readby : toryyang | 2011 - 10 - 07 | food and beverage many people often feel throat itching, dryness, burning, painful and cough. these are the typical symptoms of chronic pharyngitis. there are several bad habits in our daily life will lead to this disease.. readby : toryyang | 2011 - 05 - 04 | health during spring and summer, office ladies have few exercise and they often turn on the air conditioning, which is easy to make them feel tired. some experts said women are more prone to fatigue as 3 times as men.. readby : toryyang | 2011 - 04 - 30 | wellness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4899245986117361, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.537932"} {"text": "how our information is produced : our methods \" evidence - based \" means : supported by scientific evidence and proof. most people who are interested in evidence - based health information already know this. yet : how is our evidence - based health information actually produced in detail? what individual steps are necessary? who reviews or tests the contents? how does the information stay up - to - date? we explain our methods using an easy - to - read diagram. read more here to find out about how we produce evidence - based information the basic principles of evidence - based medicine do you know the trick with the spoon in the top of the champagne bottle? a spoon put into an opened champagne bottle is supposed to keep the champagne fresh and bubbly for longer. how can you test if that is true? and what has that got to do with evidence - based medicine? read more here about the basics of evidence - based medicine why is it important for people to be \" randomized \" in trials? the story of an important large randomized trial from 1954 shows the importance of \" randomizing \" people in trials. the trial tested the use of high levels of oxygen in incubators for preterm babies and found that it was causing blindness in many babies. this was used for many years without being adequately tested. a cautionary tale of medically - caused blindness is it possible to find out in trials whether a treatment has a benefit based solely on measured data? readings like blood pressure or cholesterol levels are important in the field of medicine. but can they also predict how a particular treatment affects events that are critical to patients, like heart attacks or broken bones? you can read more here about the use of readings in testing treatments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.53150990252995, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.539729"} {"text": "about 4, 200 athletes from about 165 countries competed for medals at the london 2012 paralympic games impressively demonstrating the high standards of international disabled sport. one example of this was the 24 : 50, 22 minutes that it took former formula 1 racing driver alessandro zanardi to cover the specified 16km in the hand bike time trial to win the gold medal. whereas sports equipment such as hand bikes are individually built and totally customised to the specific requirements of the athletes and their physical impairment, as far as their clothing is concerned they frequently only have access to the ready - made clothes for able - bodied athletes. within the framework of the research project ( aif - nr. 17377 n ), scientists at the hohenstein institute in bonnigheim are aiming to optimise functionality and comfort of sportswear for wheelchair users. project leader anke klepser ascertained the physical dimensions of male wheelchair basket ball players and hand bikers : \u201c by choosing these particular sports we are covering both indoor and outdoor sports which means that our research results can also be adapted to other sports disciplines. a further benefit is that we are examining two different body postures, the more horizontal body position of the hand bikers and the upright sitting position of the wheelchair basketball players and this enables any results to be easily transferred to other sports. \u201d the test persons were measured once in a stationary 3d bodyscanner in their usual wheelchair and then also with a handscanner in their respective sports wheelchair. back in the 1980s clothing technology experts had already captured the physical dimensions of wheelchair users in order to improve the fit of everyday clothing. with the assistance of today ' s 3d scanner technology first of all the body can be captured in full and then a virtual twin ( avatar ) can be compiled which can be used to measure on the computer, as required, individual body measurements such as the back, legs or arms. an important objective of the project is to use the measurement data to optimise the cuts and seam lines of sportswear. but also the physiological comfort, or in other words, the ability of the textiles to absorb body sweat and divert it away from the body as well as the heat insulation of the materials should also be adapted to the specific requirements of the athletes. skin irritations caused by mechanical actions such as intensive friction of the arms on the upper body should be minimised in the demonstration / functional samples that are to be developed. the sitting position of wheelchair users in particular creates specific requirements for clothing cuts. in order to achieve a horizontal waistband fit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5206468760932796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.550538"} {"text": "as intensive friction of the arms on the upper body should be minimised in the demonstration / functional samples that are to be developed. the sitting position of wheelchair users in particular creates specific requirements for clothing cuts. in order to achieve a horizontal waistband fit, the back part of the trousers must be cut longer than the front. the horizontal position of the handbikers on the other hand requires the exact opposite in functionalities if the sportswear is to sit in the optimum position. in the majority of wheelchair athletes the upper body and arms are very muscular which must be taken into consideration in the design of shirts and jackets. to create a good fit with extensive freedom of movement, the clothing items should therefore have adapted seam lines. in addition to the anatomical specifics, as part of their project, the researchers also collated those special requirements which arise from the sports commitment of the athletes. therefore, in addition to the 3d scanner measurements, anke klepser has also conducted a survey to collate the optimisation wishes of the test persons. for instance, the hand bikers said that they would like to see a narrow lower leg trouser width which would offer them better head wind protection. the scientists also had to consider the specific requirements of disabled athletes in relation to the diversion of body sweat, also known as clothing moisture management. due to the position of the back or back of the thigh which is in close contact with the hand bike or wheel chair, moisture can very quickly get trapped. this could be avoided through the use of various suitable materials and functional designs in these areas ( comfort - mapping ) in contrast to this, depending on the type and degree of the spinal cord injury, for the majority of wheelchair athletes, the paralysis of the extremities is also linked to a restricted functionality of the body ' s own temperature control. for example, quadriplegics whose legs and arms are affected to a greater or lesser extent by the paralysis, do not sweat or only sweat to a limited extent and run the risk, especially in the case of very high external temperatures and / or high physical exertion, of suffering a circulatory collapse due to the body overheating. water applied externally to the clothing can help in such cases by ensuring the necessary cooling through evaporation. anke klepser and her team also had to consider other specific aspects in their research work. \" the clothing requirements for wheelchair athletes are extremely variable and complex. we hope that our data and information will form the basis for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5236679593724012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.551826"} {"text": "evaporation. anke klepser and her team also had to consider other specific aspects in their research work. \" the clothing requirements for wheelchair athletes are extremely variable and complex. we hope that our data and information will form the basis for many optimised products which will make life easier for the athletes and will support them appropriately in their outstanding achievements. it is expected that the results of the project will be available for interested manufacturers from early 2014. phone : + 49 7143 271 - 325 rose - marie riedl | source : hohenstein institute further information : www. hohenstein. de more articles from materials sciences : stacking 2 - d materials produces surprising results 17. 05. 2013 | massachusetts institute of technology engineered biomaterial could improve success of medical implants 15. 05. 2013 | university of washington researchers have shown that, by using global positioning systems ( gps ) to measure ground deformation caused by a large underwater earthquake, they can provide accurate warning of the resulting tsunami in just a few minutes after the earthquake onset. for the devastating japan 2011 event, the team reveals that the analysis of the gps data and issue of a detailed tsunami alert would have taken no more than three minutes. the results are published on 17 may in natural hazards and earth system sciences, an open access journal of... a new study of glaciers worldwide using observations from two nasa satellites has helped resolve differences in estimates of how fast glaciers are disappearing and contributing to sea level rise. the new research found glaciers outside of the greenland and antarctic ice sheets, repositories of 1 percent of all land ice, lost an average of 571 trillion pounds ( 259 trillion kilograms ) of mass every year during the six - year study period, making the oceans rise 0. 03 inches ( 0. 7 mm ) per year.... about 99 % of the world \u2019 s land ice is stored in the huge ice sheets of antarctica and greenland, while only 1 % is contained in glaciers. however, the meltwater of glaciers contributed almost as much to the rise in sea level in the period 2003 to 2009 as the two ice sheets : about one third. this is one of the results of an international study with the involvement of geographers from the university of zurich. second sound is a quantum mechanical phenomenon, which has been observed only in superfluid helium. physicists from the university of innsbruck, austria, in collaboration with colleagues from the university of trento, italy, have now proven the propagation of such a temperature wave in a quantum", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.544912627356791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.552997"} {"text": "so when is a chicken not a chicken? when it ducks! you might be wondering how in the world that pathetic old joke is relevant to those spinning little ( or big ) fans in your computer case. if you \u2019 re a custom pc builder, be it for the sweet sound of silence, or for some rage against the machine overclocking, if there \u2019 s one thing that you know, it \u2019 s fans. electronics don \u2019 t like to be hot, and whether it \u2019 s moving air over a heatsink or moving air over a liquid cooling radiator, at some point you just have to transfer the heat that computer parts generate into the air. that means you need ye olde whirling dervish, aka a fan. but fans are tricky. you \u2019 re often limited to the size of the fan that you can use, which reduces their efficiency. the speed that they run at and the design of the fan blades determine all sorts of factors from the amount of air moved, to the pressure of the air, to the focus cone of how the air moves, to the amount of power the fans consume, to the noise that they make as the blades spin around going whir whir whir. and then there \u2019 s the bearing design. how long will the fan really last? when it comes to pcs, fans are a tricky business! but what if your fan \u2026 wasn \u2019 t a fan? general electric has developed an interesting novel approach to moving air in consumer electronics, which they based not on ye olde whirling dervish, but on a bellows. taking a concept from their commercial jet engines, ge used tiny ceramic piezoelectronics and two 40mm x 40mm metal plates to make what they call a dual piezo cooling jet ( dcj ). the little buggers are smaller than fans, move more air, use less electricity, and make so little noise as to be virtually inaudible. and with no bearings to grind, in theory they \u2019 ll last longer too! allegedly they don \u2019 t even gather dust. in theory they \u2019 re better all - around than any fan. now, you \u2019 re probably thinking, \u201c sounds great! where can i get a dcj? \u201d that \u2019 s where problems start to come in. because ge isn \u2019 t really interested in manufacturing and selling the dcjs themselves. they \u2019 re only promoting the intellectual property. ge is presently demonstrating dcjs to manufacturers and so far have licensed the design to only one company :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5494111842661201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.560615"} {"text": "start to come in. because ge isn \u2019 t really interested in manufacturing and selling the dcjs themselves. they \u2019 re only promoting the intellectual property. ge is presently demonstrating dcjs to manufacturers and so far have licensed the design to only one company : fujikura ltd of japan. so it may be some time yet before you can buy one. there \u2019 s also another problem : the way that they work. as you watch their video, you realize one really important thing, dcjs are thin. like really really thin. sure, they create a jet of air, but how often in a big pc case do you need a really tiny jetstream? if you want a big fan, or need to cover a lot of area, the dcj may not be for you. they look to create a very concentrated little jetstream. sure, it moves air, but how many of the little buggers do you need to cover as much area as you want? and in the case of an exhaust fan, what \u2019 ll it feel like to be the person who dares to walk behind the computer? so there may be a few features that need tweaking for pc use. it \u2019 s a design that \u2019 ll work great in super - thin devices, like smartphones, tablets, and ultrabooks. i \u2019 m not so convinced about larger consumer electronics though. not without a serious rethink of how air moves in the device. i don \u2019 t see someone fitting a dcj into any traditional fan slot. they just work too differently, moving air along a completely different axis. i \u2019 m also not sure that i like the idea of my cellphone having a fan. still, it \u2019 s interesting, isn \u2019 t it? we could find that five years from now the dual piezo cooling jet may just have completely revolutionized consumer electronics airflow designs. i can already see a few of my old theoretical computer case designs that i \u2019 d been thinking about for silence that didn \u2019 t work well with traditional spinning fans would work quite the treat with dcjs. they \u2019 d finally become reasonable designs. makes me wish i had the money to patent a few case designs and manufacture them. it also makes me wonder, if they can move air so much more efficiently, and air is just a fluid ( as far as the physics of fluid dynamics are concerned ) how about an adaptation to water? and if that works, what about other liquids? from better water cooling rigs in pcs to fuel injection in cars, just how many things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5509446211186785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.563205"} {"text": "interrupt the execution of an expression and allow the inspection of the environment where browser was called from. browser ( text = \" \", condition = null, expr = true, skipcalls = 0l ) - a text string that can be retrieved once the browser is invoked. - a condition that can be retrieved once the browser is invoked. - an expression, which if it evaluates to truethe debugger will invoked, otherwise control is returned directly. - how many previous calls to skip when reporting the calling context. a call to browser can be included in the body of a function. when reached, this causes a pause in the execution of the current expression and allows access to the r interpreter. the purpose of the condition arguments are to allow helper programs ( e. g. external debuggers ) to insert specific values here, so that the specific call to browser ( perhaps its location in a source file ) can be identified and special processing can be achieved. the values can be retrieved by calling the purpose of the expr argument is to allow for the illusion of conditional debugging. it is an illusion, because execution is always paused at the call to browser, but control is only passed to the evaluator described below if expr evaluates to true. in most cases it is going to be more efficient to use an if statement in the calling program, but in some cases using this argument will be simpler. skipcalls argument should be used when the browser ( ) call is nested within another debugging function : it will look further up the call stack to report its location. at the browser prompt the user can enter commands or r expressions, followed by a newline. the commands are - ( or just an empty line, by default ) exit the browser and continue execution at the next statement. - synonym for - enter the step - through debugger if the function is interpreted. this changes the meaning of c : see the documentation for debug. for byte compiled functions nis equivalent to - print a stack trace of all active function calls. - exit the browser and the current evaluation and return to the top - level prompt. ( leading and trailing whitespace is ignored, except for an empty line ). anything else entered at the browser prompt is interpreted as an r expression to be evaluated in the calling environment : in particular typing an object name will cause the object to be printed, and ls ( ) lists the objects in the calling frame. ( if you want to look at an object", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5430023328402431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.566515"} {"text": "last reviewed by faculty of harvard medical school on january 24, 2013 by harvey b. simon, m. d. harvard medical school regular exercise has enormous health benefits. most importantly, it reduces the risk of heart attack, stroke and premature death. and that ' s not all. many studies link physical activity to protection against : - high blood pressure - osteoporosis and fractures - colon cancer, breast cancer and possibly prostate cancer. despite all these benefits, only about one in four american adults gets the exercise they need to promote health. people have many excuses for not exercising. one excuse concerns the belief that exercise causes arthritis. is this true or not? back to top excuses, excuses, excuses couch potatoes have many excuses to explain their sedentary ways. lack of time is the most common. the belief that exercise is too hard is a close second. but neither excuse is very convincing. all it takes is 30 minutes of moderate exercise nearly every day to promote health. what about the arthritis excuse? recent studies show that exercise can be safe for joints, both in older, overweight folks and in athletes. even if it were true, it might be wise to accept aching knees as the price for a healthy heart, brain and metabolism ( cholesterol, blood sugar, body fat and muscle ). back to top should runners worry? running, in particular, is considered to be hard on the body. unlike walking, running is a high - impact exercise. it ' s simply a matter of gravity : what goes up must come down. walkers have one foot on the ground at all times, while joggers and runners are entirely airborne for part of every stride. each time a foot hits the ground, it puts a stress equal to eight times the body ' s weight on a person ' s feet, legs, hips and neck. in just one mile, a runner ' s legs will have to absorb tons and tons of force from the impact. running actually causes relatively few physical problems. it ' s a testament to the wonderful construction of the human body. the faster the pace, however, the greater the impact and the greater the risk of injury. but that doesn ' t mean that running will cause arthritis. in fact, new studies provide reassurance that exercise, and particularly running, are safe for healthy joints. exercise may even help joints stay healthy. back to top what the research shows framingham offspring cohort in 1948, more than 5, 200 residents of framingham, ma volunteered for the framingham heart study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5016224563582414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.571694"} {"text": "running, are safe for healthy joints. exercise may even help joints stay healthy. back to top what the research shows framingham offspring cohort in 1948, more than 5, 200 residents of framingham, ma volunteered for the framingham heart study. this study has given us major insights into the causes of heart attack and stroke. in 1971, scientists began a new study of the children of the original volunteers and the spouses of those children. between 1993 and 1994, 1, 279 members of the framingham offspring cohort enrolled in a study of exercise and arthritis. the average age of participants was 53. all of the volunteers were free of arthritis when the study began. each answered detailed questions about their patterns of exercise, including walking, jogging, being active enough to work up a sweat and their overall exercise level. everyone provided information about knee injuries and symptoms of knee pain and stiffness. in addition, participants were weighed and measured, and had a full series of knee x - rays. between 2002 and 2005, the subjects again answered questions about knee pain and injury and had another set of x - rays. all the x - rays were independently evaluated by two experts who didn ' t know the subjects ' exercise histories. when the results were tallied, the researchers found no link between exercise and arthritis of the knee. the most active people had the same risk of arthritis as the least active, both in terms of symptoms and x - ray abnormalities. exercise was as friendly to the knees of joggers as walkers, even though jogging subjects the lower body to much higher impact and stress than walking. and even though obesity is an important risk factor for arthritis, physically active overweight members of the study group fared just as well as their slim peers. high - tech australian study the framingham study goes a long way toward dispelling the idea that exercise causes arthritis. but it did not confirm the hope that exercise might actually be good for joints. in osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, the cartilage that cushions the joints starts to wear away. because cartilage does not have its own blood supply, it must get its nutrients from the joint fluid that bathes it. exercise compresses joints, forcing more nutrient - rich fluid into cartilage. perhaps, then, repetitive exercise is good for joints. australian researchers studied 297 men and women who were between the ages of 40 and 69 when the study began in the early 1990s. all were healthy and had no histories of knee injuries or disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43237941110416234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.572709"} {"text": ". perhaps, then, repetitive exercise is good for joints. australian researchers studied 297 men and women who were between the ages of 40 and 69 when the study began in the early 1990s. all were healthy and had no histories of knee injuries or disease. the volunteers were weighed and measured, and they provided detailed information about their exercise habits and joint symptoms. the evaluations were repeated between 2003 and 2004 ; each subject also had a knee mri. the results showed that people who performed the most vigorous weight - bearing exercise had the thickest, healthiest knee cartilage. back to top the knees of long - distance runners the framingham study is important because it evaluated a group of ordinary people just like many of us : middle - aged, often overweight, and not overly athletic adults. but how about serious long - distance runners? a 2008 study that compared 284 dedicated runners with 156 non - runners found little evidence that exercise causes arthritis. after a remarkably long 21 - year follow - up period, the runners actually experienced significantly less musculoskeletal disability than did their sedentary peers and the runners also enjoyed a 39 % lower mortality rate. the new research is impressive and confirms earlier studies. former varsity runners, for example, are no more likely to develop arthritis in their legs than former college swimmers. champion runners are no more likely to end up with arthritic hips than non - athletes. if exercise is so safe for joints, why do so many retired football players appear in advertisements for arthritis medication? the answer is traumatic injury. a joint injury can seem to heal completely, but residual damage can slowly progress to arthritis later in life. a study of 1, 321 johns hopkins medical school graduates proves the point. nearly 14 % of doctors who suffered hip injuries during their student years developed hip arthritis by age 65. only 6 % of those without hip injuries developed arthritis. a knee injury in youth was even more significant, producing a fivefold increase in the risk of arthritis of the knee in adults. with care, jogging and running can be safe and enjoyable. the main rules are familiar : start slowly, build up gradually, alternate harder and easier work outs, and listen to your body. here are a few additional tips :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44055679860666536, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.573630"} {"text": "| | | | diseases and conditions what is it? a phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or situation. it is a type of anxiety disorder. a person with a phobia either tries to avoid the thing that triggers the fear, or endures it with great anxiety and distress. some phobias are very specific and limited. for example, a person may fear only spiders ( arachnophobia ) or cats ( galeophobia ). in this case, the person lives relatively free of anxiety by avoiding the thing he or she fears. some phobias cause trouble in a wider variety of places or situations. for example, symptoms of acrophobia ( fear of heights ) can be triggered by looking out the window of an office building or by driving over a high bridge. the fear of confined spaces ( claustrophobia ) can be triggered by riding in an elevator or by using a small restroom. people with these phobias may need to alter their lives drastically. in extreme cases, the phobia may dictate the person ' s employment, job location, driving route, recreational and social activities, or home environment. there are three major types of phobia : - specific phobia ( simple phobia ). with this most common form of phobia, people may fear specific animals ( such as dogs, cats, spiders, snakes ), people ( such as clowns, dentists, doctors ), environments ( such as dark places, thunderstorms, high places ) or situations ( such as flying in a plane, riding on a train, being in a confined space ). these conditions are at least partly genetic ( inherited ) and seem to run in families. - social phobia ( social anxiety disorder ). people with social phobia fear social situations where they may be humiliated, embarrassed or judged by others. they become particularly anxious when unfamiliar people are involved. the fear may be limited to performance, such as giving a lecture, concert or business presentation. or it may be more generalized, so that the phobic person avoids many social situations, such as eating in public or using a public restroom. social phobia seems to run in families. people who have been shy or solitary as children, or who have a history of unhappy or negative social experiences in childhood, seem more likely to develop this disorder. - agoraphobia. agoraphobia is a fear of being in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5779930935799447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.583122"} {"text": "families. people who have been shy or solitary as children, or who have a history of unhappy or negative social experiences in childhood, seem more likely to develop this disorder. - agoraphobia. agoraphobia is a fear of being in public places where it would be difficult or embarrassing to make a sudden exit. a person with agoraphobia may avoid going to a movie or a concert, or traveling on a bus or a train. in many cases, he or she also has repeated, unexpected panic attacks ( intense fear and a set of uncomfortable physical symptoms - - trembling, heart palpitations and sweating ). childhood phobias occur most commonly between the ages of 5 and 9, and tend to last a short while. most longer - lasting phobias begin later in life, especially in people in their 20s. adult phobias tend to last for many years, and they are less likely to go away on their own. without proper treatment, phobia can increase an adult ' s risk of other types of psychiatric illness, especially other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse. the symptoms of phobia are : - excessive, unreasonable, persistent feelings of fear or anxiety that are triggered by a particular object, activity or situation. the feelings are either irrational or out of proportion to any actual threat. for example, while anyone may be afraid of an unrestrained, menacing dog, most people do not run away from a calm, quiet animal on a leash. - anxiety - related physical symptoms. these can include tremors, palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea or other symptoms that reflect the body ' s \" fight or flight \" response to danger. - avoidance of the object, activity or situation that triggers the phobia. because people who have phobias recognize that their fears are exaggerated, they are often ashamed or embarrassed about their symptoms. to prevent anxiety symptoms or embarrassment, they avoid the triggers for the phobia. a mental health professional is likely to ask about current symptoms and family history, particularly whether other family members have had phobias. you may want to report any experience or trauma that may have set off the phobia - - for example, a dog attack leading to a fear of dogs. it may be helpful to discuss how you react - - your thoughts, feelings and physical symptoms - - when you are confronted with the thing you fear. also, describe what you do to avoid fearful situations, and how the phobia affects your daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5290060297846886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.584210"} {"text": "it may be helpful to discuss how you react - - your thoughts, feelings and physical symptoms - - when you are confronted with the thing you fear. also, describe what you do to avoid fearful situations, and how the phobia affects your daily life, including your job and your personal relationships. your doctor will ask about depression and substance use because many people with phobias have these problems as well. in children, specific phobias can be short - term problems that disappear within a few months. in adults, about 80 % of new phobias become chronic ( long - term ) conditions that do not go away without proper treatment. there is no way to prevent a phobia from starting. however, treatment can reduce the negative impact of the disorder. treatment usually includes some combination of psychotherapy and medication : - specific phobia. cognitive - behavioral therapy can help, especially a procedure called either desensitization therapy or exposure therapy. this technique involves gradually increasing your exposure to the thing you fear, at your own pace, under controlled circumstances. as you are exposed to the object, you are taught to master your fear through relaxation, breathing control or other anxiety - reducing strategies. for short - term treatment of phobias, your doctor may prescribe an antianxiety medication. if the phobia is confronted only occasionally, as in a fear of flying, the use of medication can be limited. - social phobia. if your social phobia centers on one particular performance ( for example, giving a lecture or playing in a concert ), your doctor may prescribe a medication called a beta - blocker such as propranolol ( inderal ). this medicine can be taken just prior to the performance. it dampens the physical effects of anxiety ( pounding heart or trembling fingers ), but usually does not affect the mental sharpness needed for speaking or the physical dexterity needed for playing an instrument. for more generalized or long - term forms of social phobia, your doctor may prescribe an antidepressant, usually an ssri ( selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ) such as sertraline ( zoloft ), paroxetine ( paxil ) or fluoxetine ( prozac ). if an ssri is not effective, your doctor may prescribe an alternative antidepressant or antianxiety medication. cognitive - behavioral therapy also works well for many people with social phobia, in both individual and group settings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4700499310967129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.585214"} {"text": "). if an ssri is not effective, your doctor may prescribe an alternative antidepressant or antianxiety medication. cognitive - behavioral therapy also works well for many people with social phobia, in both individual and group settings. - agoraphobia. the treatment for this disorder is similar to the treatment for panic disorder. drug treatment includes ssri antidepressants or older antidepressants, such as clomipramine ( anafranil ) and imipramine ( tofranil ) and benzodiazepine antianxiety medications, such as clonazepam ( klonopin ), diazepam ( valium ) and lorazepam ( ativan ). psychotherapy is also helpful, particularly cognitive - behavioral therapy. when to call a professional make an appointment to see your doctor as soon as possible if you are troubled by fears or anxieties that are disturbing your peace of mind ; interfering with your personal relationships ; or preventing you from functioning normally at home, school or work. the outlook is very good for people with specific phobia or social phobia. according to the u. s. national institute of mental health, about 75 % of people with specific phobias overcome their fears through cognitive - behavioral therapy, while 80 % of those with social phobia find relief from medication, cognitive - behavioral therapy or a combination. when agoraphobia occurs with panic disorder, the prognosis is also good. with appropriate treatment, 30 % to 40 % of patients become free of symptoms for extended periods, while another 50 % continue to experience only mild symptoms that do not significantly affect daily life. american psychiatric association 1000 wilson blvd. arlington, va 22209 - 3901 national institute of mental health science writing, press, and dissemination branch 6001 executive blvd. room 8184, msc 9663 bethesda, md 20892 - 9663 tty toll - free : 1 - 866 - 415 - 8051 american psychological association 750 first st., ne washington, dc 20002 - 4242 national mental health association 2000 n. beauregard st., 6th floor alexandria, va 22311 last updated february 17, 2011 a phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or situation. intelihealth medical content 8876, 9475, 10541, 31038, 31348,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4633934948197643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.586198"} {"text": "stocks are commonly touted as being safe ( real returns greater than 0 ) over the long run. if you look only at the united states over the past century, this has been the case for any period greater than 20 years. however, in many other countries, stocks needed to be held for a much longer period in order for this statement to hold true. furthermore, social and economic conditions in the u. s. today are very different from those at the beginning of the last century. in the future, the u. s. may have more difficulty claiming that stocks are safe over the long run - an issue that has important implications for building portfolios in the twenty - first century. in this article, we examine the reasons behind this change and discuss what it means for the equity premium ( defined as equity return - cash return ). ( for further reading, see the equity risk premium - part 1 and part 2. ) the u. s. and uncommon returns all too often, investors look at historical u. s. returns as a gauge for future returns. given that the u. s. saw the largest economic and market growth of any country in the twentieth century, this might not be a prudent strategy, as countries, just like sectors, eventually rotate in and out of favor. because of its success, however, the u. s. has been the most researched market ; more long - term quality financial data exists on it than on any other market. this resulting success bias has strongly influenced investors ' projected returns. the bull market of 1982 to 2000 also had an effect on investors ' expectations, but given that it was the greatest combined bull market ( equities and fixed income ) in history, it may be difficult to repeat any time soon. at the beginning of the twenty - first century, valuation levels on stocks were higher and, therefore, not as compelling as they were at the start of the previous century, and investors hurt during the last bubble may be much less likely to pay such high premiums in the future. ( for background info, read digging deeper into bull and bear markets other countries did not share the unprecedented degree of success enjoyed by the u. s. over the twentieth century. according to elroy dimson, paul marsh and mike staunton in their book \" triumph of the optimists : 101 years of global investment returns \" ( 2002 ), the u. s. has seen positive real equity returns for every 20 - year period in the last century. the same cannot be said for many other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5027493402113707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.593952"} {"text": "book \" triumph of the optimists : 101 years of global investment returns \" ( 2002 ), the u. s. has seen positive real equity returns for every 20 - year period in the last century. the same cannot be said for many other markets ; countries such as japan, france and italy required 50 to 75 years before the same statement could hold true, while the markets of russia, china and germany saw total collapse through confiscation, nationalization and hyperinflation in the same period. ( see what is an emerging market economy? ) even though these countries were ravaged by events that were no longer common at the beginning of the twenty - first century, we can ' t assume that a future global catastrophe ( i. e. war, depression or pandemic ) could not seriously disrupt the world markets again. ( for insight, read the biggest market crashes in history the graph below charts the relative risk for various countries in the twentieth century : it all comes down to the equity premium considering the historical information, what will happen to the equity premium going forward? a strong case can be made for a lower equity premium in the future. valuations for stocks in the twenty - first century, which far exceed those that existed at the beginning of the last century, provide some evidence of this. for instance, according to dimson, marsh and staunton, the global dividend yield in 1900 was 4. 5 % - very different from the 1. 5 % recorded at the end of 2005. although some of this can be attributed to a shift away from dividend - paying companies, this difference in valuation could explain the high equity premiums realized in the last century, as higher valuations worked their way into those returns. there is also the possibility that valuations could creep back to the lower, historical levels, which would be devastating for future returns. statistically, sampling errors exist when return data is limited to only 100 years. for example, there are only five non - overlapping 20 - year periods sampled over the last century, and because the data only accounts for one 100 - year period, there is no other data to which we can compare it. in other words, 100 years ' worth of data may not be enough to be statistically confident about the predictive use of long - term returns from the last century. finally, proceeding with a lower equity premium and the same historical amount of volatility will mean longer periods before stocks can be considered safe over the long run. according to dimson, marsh and st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49995159870667744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.595974"} {"text": "of long - term returns from the last century. finally, proceeding with a lower equity premium and the same historical amount of volatility will mean longer periods before stocks can be considered safe over the long run. according to dimson, marsh and staunton, the equity premium in the second half of the twentieth century was twice that of the first half. the post - war years saw unprecedented growth and trade in the global economy, while central bankers came to better understand the intricacies of monetary policy. during this time, global investing was a true \" free lunch \", where you could pick up additional return with little additional risk. this was due to the poor correlation of financial market returns. the financial markets and the world economy were not as integrated as they are today ; this has changed dramatically since the 1970s, and global market returns have become more closely correlated. therefore, this \" free lunch \" may be harder to realize now. ( for further reading see, broadening the borders of your portfolio and investing beyond your borders some argue that long - term equity returns can even be more certain than bond returns. according to peter l. bernstein in his article \" what rate of return can you reasonably expect... or what can the long run tell us about the short run? \" ( 1997 ), stock market returns are historically mean reverting ( returns ultimately coming back to their long - run averages ), while bonds have not been mean reverting on either a nominal or a real basis. for example, the bond market in the twentieth century was basically two secular bull markets and bear markets - there was no mean reversion about it. despite this argument, the yields on inflation - protected securities ( another basis for calculating equity premium ) were actually dramatically compressed at the beginning of this century, as a glut of global savings resonated throughout the world. since that time, the world has generally become a much safer place to invest. shouldn ' t this relative safety be reflected in lower equity premiums required by investors? at any rate, it certainly helps to explain the increase in valuations in the last half of the twentieth century. assuming a lower equity premium in the future, people will need to change the way they invest. personal savings will have to increase to offset lower real returns and real assets may offer a more viable alternative to financial assets. finally, sector and stock selection will become even more important. conclusion in terms of market returns, the twentieth century was more favorable to the u. s. than to most other countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5087700158886348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.597224"} {"text": "the near east. led by the dominican friar ascelin, this embassy reached bayju \u2019 s encampment at sisian, south of the araxes, on 24 may 1247 and infuriated the mongols by its claims concerning papal authority and its refusal to perform the triple genuflection to bayju as the great khan \u2019 s representative. bayju meditated executing the envoys but was restrained by members of his household, and the mission finally left him on 25 july, bearing an edict from the great khan guyug and a letter from bayju himself for the pope ( for this, and innocent \u2019 s reply of 22 november 1248, see k. e. lupprian, die beziehungen der papste zu islamischen und mongolischen herrschern im 13. jahrhundert, vatican city, 1981, nos. 33, 35 ). during the interregnum following the death of ogedei in 639 / 1241 bayju appears to have been subordinated to the late sovereign \u2019 s nephew batu ( ebn al - \u02bfamid, ed. cl. cahen in bulletin d \u2019 etudes orientales de l \u2019 institut francais dedamas 15, 1955 - 57, p. 130 ), guyug \u2019 s rival, who dominated the steppes north of the caucasus ( see golden horde ). for this reason guyug transferred overall military command in the near east to eljigidei ( ilcikaday ) and bayju was thereby demoted. eljigidei \u2019 s envoys to st. louis, who arrived in cyprus around this time in preparation for the seventh crusade, were at pains to explain bayju \u2019 s attitude toward ascelin \u2019 s party on the grounds that bayju, unlike their new master, was a pagan and was surrounded by muslim advisers ( l. d \u2019 achery, spicilegium sive collectio veterum aliquot scriptorum, new ed. e. baluze et al., paris, 1723, iii, p. 627 ) ; but there is little doubt that bayju had been acting in the customary fashion and that eljigidei was simulating friendship toward the franks in order to deflect the crusade from any campaign near mongol - occupied territory. in any event, guyug having died in april, 1248, eljigidei was arrested and executed on batu \u2019 s orders in 649 / 1251 for his opposition to the election", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3922900960982487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.605350"} {"text": "from any campaign near mongol - occupied territory. in any event, guyug having died in april, 1248, eljigidei was arrested and executed on batu \u2019 s orders in 649 / 1251 for his opposition to the election of the new great khan mongke ( mangu ), and bayju was restored to his command. all we know of his military activities during this period is that he conducted a punitive campaign in georgia in 647 / 1249 ( galstyan, p. 35 ) and in rabi\u02bf i, 650 / may - june, 1252, invested mayyafareqin, only to raise the siege on batu \u2019 s instructions ( ebn saddad, al - a\u02bflaq al - katira, bodleian library ms marsh 333, fols. 111v f. ). when hulegu ( hulagu ) advanced westward, bayju was among the generals placed under his orders. rasid - al - din ( ed. \u02bfalizada, pp. 38 - 39 ) depicts him as waiting upon hulegu near hamadan in the early spring of 655 / 1257 and being sharply upbraided for his slothfulness, in particular for his failure to move against the caliph at baghdad. the interview is doubtless apocryphal and the date certainly incorrect, for bayju had already been obliged by this juncture to relinquish to hulegu \u2019 s forces his habitual camping grounds in the mugan ( mogan ) steppe and had been sent forward into anatolia. here the saljuq sultan kaykavus ii was routed in 654 / 1256 at aqsaray and fled into byzantine territory, while bayju razed the fortifications of the saljuq capital at qonya. kaykavus was shortly restored to his throne on orders from the great khan mongke, jointly with his more amenable brother qilij arslan iv, on whose behalf we find bayju in the autumn of 655 / 1257 reducing the fortress of malatya ( bar hebraeus, p. 426 ). later that year bayju was recalled by hulegu to participate in the campaign which took baghdad in safar, 656 / february, 1258, and in which he appears to have distinguished himself. bayju is last mentioned in the context of hulegu \u2019 s preparations in ramazan, 657 / september, 1259, for the invasion of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39426193886693706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.606834"} {"text": ", 656 / february, 1258, and in which he appears to have distinguished himself. bayju is last mentioned in the context of hulegu \u2019 s preparations in ramazan, 657 / september, 1259, for the invasion of syria ( rasid - al - din, ed. \u02bfalizada, p. 68 ). in his history of the turkish and mongol tribes rasid - al - din says that he was executed and his command given to cormagun \u2019 s son siremun ( ed. romaskevic, p. 561 ). no date is supplied for this event, but it may be connected with hulegu \u2019 s move against the contingents from the golden horde which were operating in iran alongside his own, and with the consequent outbreak of war in the caucasus between himself and berke khan in 659 / 1261 ( see jackson, central asiatic journal 22, pp. 232 - 33 ). bayju must take the credit for the consolidation of mongol rule in azerbaijan, the area that was later to constitute the heartlands of the empire of the il - khans, and his campaigns in anatolia, effectively destroying the saljuqs \u2019 power, were responsible for dramatic political changes which ultimately facilitated the rise of ottomans. primary sources : ascelin \u2019 s mission is narrated in simon de saint - quentin. histoire des tartares, ed. j. richard, paris, 1965, pp. 93 - 117. bar hebraeus, tr. e. a. wallis budge, the chronography of gregory abu \u2019 l - faraj, oxford and london, 1932, i, pp. 424 - 30. a. g. galstyan, armyanskie istochniki o mongolakh, moscow, 1962, passim. rasid - al - din, jame\u02bf al - tawarika\u00b2, moscow, i, pp. 561 - 62 ( russ. tr. l. a. khetagurov, sbornik letopisei, moscow and leningrad, i / 1, 1952, pp. 195 - 96 ) ; baku, iii, passim. secondary sources : g. altunian, die mongolen und ihre eroberungen in kaukasischen und kleinasiatischen landern im xiii. jahrhundert, berlin, 1911, pp. 38 - 43. j. a. boyle, in camb. hist. iran v, pp. 346 - 48", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3550034057220418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.607945"} {"text": "high blood pressure | integrative therapy quick links : | - aneroid monitor, aneurysms, angina, angiogenesis, angiogram, antihypertensive, aneurysm, aorta, aortic coarctation, artery, arteriogram, atherosclerosis, blood clot, cholesterol, chronic heart failure ( chf ), coronary heart disease ( chd ), cushing ' s disease, diabetes, diastolic, digital monitor, endocrine, endothelial dysfunction, endothelium, erectile dysfunction ( ed ), essential, high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ), hyperaldosteronism, hyperlipidemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypertension, hypotension, idiopathic, impotence, isolated systolic hypertension, low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ), malignant hypertension, metabolic syndrome, myocardial infarction, obesity, palpitation, pheochromocytoma, pre - eclampsia, pre - hypertension, primary, pulmonary hypertension, renal, secondary, silent ischemia, smoking, sphygmomanometer, stress, stroke, syndrome x, systolic, tinnitus, vertigo. - blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries ( blood vessels ). each time the heart beats, it pumps blood through blood vessels, supplying the body ' s muscles, organs and tissues with the oxygen and nutrients that they need to function. over the course of a day, an individual ' s blood pressure rises and falls transiently many times in response to various stimuli. elevated blood pressure over a sustained period of time is a condition referred to as hypertension ( htn ). - the american heart association estimates that nearly one in three american adults has high blood pressure. approximately two - thirds of people over the age of 65 have high blood pressure. of those people with high blood pressure, 71. 8 % are aware of their condition. of all people with high blood pressure, 61. 4 % are under current treatment, 35. 1 % have it under control, and 64. 9 % do not have it controlled. - the cause of 90 - 95 % of the cases of high blood pressure is not known ; however, high blood pressure is easily detected and usually controllable. - from 1994 to 2004 the death rate from high blood pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.533466001561346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.683804"} {"text": "not have it controlled. - the cause of 90 - 95 % of the cases of high blood pressure is not known ; however, high blood pressure is easily detected and usually controllable. - from 1994 to 2004 the death rate from high blood pressure increased 15. 5 % and the actual number of deaths rose 41. 8 %. - non - hispanic blacks are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure than are non - hispanic whites. - within the african - american community, those with the highest rates of hypertension are more likely to be middle aged or older, less educated, overweight or obese, physically inactive, and diabetic. - in 2004, the death rates per 100, 000 people from high blood pressure were 15. 6 for white males, 49. 9 for black males, 14. 3 for white females and 40. 6 for black females. - the world health organization ( who ) estimates that the prevalence of hypertension exceeds 10 % in developed nations. - high blood pressure increases the risk of coronary heart disease ( chd ) and stroke ( lack of blood and oxygen to the brain ), which are the leading causes of death among americans. signs and symptoms - hypertension is called the silent killer because an individual can have it for years without knowing it. hypertension rarely causes symptoms at first but is a risk factor for many other conditions including kidney disease and coronary heart disease, which may lead to heart attack and / or stroke ( lack of blood and oxygen to the tissues ). - although it rarely happens, hypertension occasionally causes symptoms such as vertigo ( dizziness ), tinnitus ( ringing in the ears ), dimmed vision, fatigue ( tiredness ), palpitations ( irregular heart beat ), impotence ( inability of males to achieve or maintain erection ), and fainting. extremely elevated blood pressure can cause a headache upon awakening or, even more rarely, nosebleed, nausea, or vomiting. - hypertensive emergency ( malignant hypertension ) can be life threatening and has recognizable symptoms that require immediate treatment. symptoms include blurred vision, headache, confusion, anxiety, drowsiness, fatigue ( tiredness ), nausea, vomiting, chest pain ( angina ), shortness of breath, cough, decreased urinary output, and weakness or numbness in the arms, legs, face, or other areas. - if symptoms of malignant hypertension are noticed, call 911 emergency immediately. - blood pressure is measured with a stethoscope ( device", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46396641607863537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.685045"} {"text": "during pregnancy, is diagnosed through blood pressure checks, which are routine at prenatal visits. a doctor will also order a test to determine whether protein is in the urine ( albumin test ). a rapid increase in blood pressure is a sign that the individual may be developing pre - eclampsia. - endothelial dysfunction : endothelial dysfunction is a malfunction of the endothelium, the cells that line the inner surface of all blood vessels including arteries and veins. normal functions of endothelial cells include helping with coagulation ( blood clotting ), platelet adhesion ( also involved in clotting ), immune function, control of fluid and electrolyte content in and out of the cells. endothelial dysfunction can result from high blood pressure. high blood pressure causes the blood vessels to become stiff and less able to constrict ( narrow ) and dilate ( expand ). other causes include septic shock ( inability of the tissues to get blood and oxygen ), hypercholesterolemia ( high cholesterol ), diabetes, and environmental factors such as cigarette smoking. endothelial dysfunction is thought to be a key event in the development of atherosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries ), leading to heart attacks. - treating high blood pressure can help prevent serious and life - threatening complications. a doctor also may suggest steps to control conditions that can contribute to high blood pressure, such as diabetes and high cholesterol. - evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 to 6mmhg can decrease the risk of stroke by 40 %, of coronary heart disease by 15 - 20 %, and reduces the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from vascular disease. - blood pressure goals are not the same for everyone. although everyone should strive for blood pressure readings below 140 / 90mmhg, doctors recommend lower readings for people with certain conditions. the goal is 130 / 80mmhg if the patient has or has had chronic kidney disease or diabetes. - diuretics : these medications act on the kidneys to help the body eliminate sodium and water, thereby reducing blood volume. thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide ( hctz or hydrodiuril\u00ae ), is often the first choice of medicine in treating high blood pressure. in a 2006 study, diuretics were a key factor in preventing heart failure associated with high blood pressure. adverse effects of thiazide diuretics include", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48185769571245285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.688502"} {"text": "' s workload. ccbs include amlodipine ( norvasc\u00ae ), felodipine ( plendil\u00ae ), nicardipine ( cardene\u00ae, carden sr\u00ae ), and nifedipine ( procardia\u00ae, adalat\u00ae ). physicians often recommend ccbs to treat high blood pressure in women who have pregnancy - induced high blood pressure, elderly patients, patients who have a history of angina ( chest pain ), or patients of african or caribbean descent. ccbs are not a good choice for patients who have had a heart attack or who have congestive heart failure. adverse effects of ccbs include constipation, swelling of the lower part of the legs, flushing, or headache. - alpha blockers : alpha blockers ( also called alpha - adrenergic blocking agents ) block alpha receptors in vascular smooth muscle ( including blood vessels ), preventing the uptake of catecholamines ( brain hormones such as epinephrine ), which are produced in response to stress. this blocking mechanism permits blood vessel dilation ( relaxing ) and allows blood to flow more freely. alpha blockers are not advised for those who have a history of ( or are at risk for ) congestive heart failure ( chf ). alpha blockers include doxazosin ( cardura\u00ae ), prazosin ( minipress\u00ae ), and terazosin ( hytrin\u00ae ). alpha blockers tend to interfere with the blood pressure regulating adjustments the body has to make when a person goes from sitting or lying down to standing. individuals using alpha blockers may experience a drop in blood pressure ( called orthostatic hypotension ) when they go from sitting or lying down to standing. other common adverse effects include stuffy nose and dizziness. - alpha - beta blockers : in addition to reducing nerve impulses to blood vessels, alpha - beta blockers slow the heartbeat to reduce the amount of blood that must be pumped through the vessels ( acting like both alpha blockers and beta blockers ). alpha - beta blockers include carvedilol ( coreg\u00ae ) and labetolol ( normodyne\u00ae and trandate\u00ae ). side effects include those similar to both alpha and beta blockers. - centrally acting agents : central alpha agonists lower blood pressure by stimulating alpha - receptors in the brain that open peripheral arteries easing blood flow. central alpha agonists include clonidine (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40945158513604984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.691385"} {"text": "include those similar to both alpha and beta blockers. - centrally acting agents : central alpha agonists lower blood pressure by stimulating alpha - receptors in the brain that open peripheral arteries easing blood flow. central alpha agonists include clonidine ( catapres\u00ae ), guanabenz ( wytensin\u00ae ), and methyldopa ( aldomet\u00ae ). adrenergic neuron blockers decrease the amount of brain neurochemicals ( epinephrine, dopamine ) available, and include reserpine ( serpasil\u00ae ) and guanethedine ( ismelin\u00ae ). both centrally acting drugs are usually prescribed when all other anti - hypertensive medications have failed. - vasodilators : these medications work directly on the muscles in the walls of the arteries, preventing the muscles from tightening and the arteries from narrowing. oral vasodilators include hydralazine ( apresoline\u00ae ). the vasodilators only used in medical emergency hypertension include sodium nitroprusside ( nipride\u00ae ) and nitroglycerin. - once the blood pressure is under control, a doctor may add low dose aspirin ( 81 milligrams ) to the therapy to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease ( chd ). aspirin is a platelet inhibitor and helps platelets from \" clumping \" together and blocking blood vessels, which could increase blood pressure. - to reduce the number of doses needed a day, which can reduce side effects, a doctor may prescribe a combination of low - dose medications rather than larger doses of one single drug. these are commonly used antihypertensive drugs ( such as ace inhibitor and beta blockers ) combined with the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide ( hctz ). companies manufacture drugs that combine hctz and ace inhibitors, including prinizide ( lisinopril plus hctz ) and capozide ( captopril plus hctz ). studies report that using an antihypertensive drugs combined with a thiazide diuretic reduces costs and may increase effectiveness against high blood pressure. - lifestyle changes : lifestyle changes can help control and prevent high blood pressure. even if the individual is diagnosed with high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can still help prevent further damage to blood vessels and the heart. - healthy foods : experts recommend using the dietary approaches to stop hypertension ( dash )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4058540237367999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.693068"} {"text": "control and prevent high blood pressure. even if the individual is diagnosed with high blood pressure, lifestyle changes can still help prevent further damage to blood vessels and the heart. - healthy foods : experts recommend using the dietary approaches to stop hypertension ( dash ) diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low - fat dairy foods. get plenty of potassium ( as in bananas and green leafy vegetables such as spinach ), which can help prevent and control high blood pressure. eat less saturated fat ( animal fat ) and total fat. limit the amount of sodium ( salt ) in the diet. limiting sodium intake to 1, 500 milligrams a day will have a more dramatic effect on blood pressure. look at the food labels to determine sodium content. if cooking at home, use less salt or a salt substitute ( contains potassium iodide, which does not increase blood pressure ). - healthy body weight : if an individual is overweight, losing even five pounds can lower blood pressure. eating healthy and exercising regularly can help lower weight. no eating between meals and late at night also help decrease weight gain. - physical activity : regular physical activity can help lower blood pressure and keep weight under control. individuals should strive for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity a day. - alcohol consumption : excessive alcohol consumption can raise the blood pressure even in a healthy person. if an individual chooses to drink alcohol, they should do so in moderation. moderate alcohol consumption, however, may reduce blood pressure by up to 4 mmhg. one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men should not be exceeded. consumption of red wine, which has heart - healthy components, is better than other types of spirits. - smoking cessation : tobacco injures blood vessel walls and speeds up the process of hardening of the arteries. a doctor can help an individual choose the right method of smoking cessation ( stopping ). - stress management : reduce stress as much as possible. practice healthy coping techniques, such as muscle relaxation and deep breathing. getting plenty of sleep can help, too. practice slow, deep breathing. in various clinical trials, regular use of resperate\u00ae, an over - the - counter device approved by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) to analyze breathing patterns and help guide inhalation and exhalation, significantly lowered blood pressure. it is used for fifteen minutes daily several times a week. - changing the lifestyle can help control high blood pressure. but sometimes lifestyle changes are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4285080597692057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.694608"} {"text": "fda ) to analyze breathing patterns and help guide inhalation and exhalation, significantly lowered blood pressure. it is used for fifteen minutes daily several times a week. - changing the lifestyle can help control high blood pressure. but sometimes lifestyle changes are not enough. in addition to diet and exercise, a doctor may recommend medication to lower blood pressure. which category of medication the doctor prescribes depends on the stage of high blood pressure and whether there are other medical conditions. - strong scientific evidence : - magnesium : intravenous magnesium sulfate ( mgso4 ) is commonly administered in cases of preeclampsia and eclampsia. mgso4 is a superior drug for the prevention of the recurrence of seizures in eclampsia and in seizure prevention in preeclampsia. - a common but not serious side effect of mgso4 therapy is flushing. use cautiously in patients with bleeding disorders, or in those taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents, antidiabetic agents, or antihypertensive agents. use intravenous magnesium sulfate with extreme caution in patients with eclampsia. avoid in patients with atrioventricular heart block, renal failure, or severe renal disease. avoid intravenous magnesium in women with toxemia during the first few hours of labor. - omega - 3 fatty acids : omega - 3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids found in some plants and fish. there should be a balance of omega - 6 and omega - 3 fatty acids for health. multiple human trials report small reductions in blood pressure with intake of omega - 3 fatty acids. dha, or docosahexaenoic acid, may have greater benefits than epa, or eicosapentaenoic acid. however, high intakes of omega - 3 fatty acids per day may be necessary to obtain clinically relevant effects, and at this dose level, there is an increased risk of bleeding. there is strong scientific evidence from human trials that omega - 3 fatty acids from fish or fish oil supplements significantly reduce cholesterol levels, which may also help patients with hypertension. - omega - 3 supplements can cause an increase in bleeding in susceptible individuals including those taking blood thinning medications such as warfarin ( coumadin\u00ae ). avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to fish, omega - 3 fatty acid products that come from fish, nuts, linolenic acid, or omega - 3 fatty acid products that come from nuts. use cautiously before surgery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4606415418936728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.696900"} {"text": "this research indicates that a calcium intake at the recommended level may be helpful in preventing and treating moderate hypertension. treatment of hypertension should only be done under supervision of a qualified healthcare professional. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to calcium or lactose. high doses taken by mouth may cause kidney stones. avoid with high levels of calcium in the blood, high levels of calcium in urine, hyperparathyroidism ( overgrowth of the parathyroid glands ), bone tumors, digitalis toxicity, ventricular fibrillation ( rapid, irregular twitching of heart muscle ), kidney stones, kidney disease, or sarcoidosis ( inflammatory disease ). calcium supplements made from dolomite, oyster shells, or bone meal may contain unacceptable levels of lead. use cautiously with achlorhydria or irregular heartbeat. calcium appears to be safe in pregnant or breastfeeding women. a healthcare provider should be consulted to determine appropriate dosing during pregnancy and breastfeeding. - coenzyme q10 ( coq10 ) : coenzyme q10 ( coq10 ) is produced by the human body and is necessary for the basic functioning of cells. coq10 levels are reported to decrease with age and to be low in patients with some chronic diseases such as heart conditions, muscular dystrophies, parkinson ' s disease, cancer, diabetes, and hiv / aids. some prescription drugs may also deplete coq10 levels, such as hmg co - a inhibitors, or statin drugs, for high cholesterol. preliminary research suggests that coq10 causes small decreases in blood pressure ( systolic and possibly diastolic ). low blood levels of coq10 have been found in people with hypertension, although it is not clear if coq10 deficiency is a cause of high blood pressure. well - designed long - term research is needed. - allergies associated with coenzyme q10 supplements have not been reported in the available literature. however, rash and itching have been reported rarely. stop use two weeks before and immediately after surgery / dental / diagnostic procedures with bleeding risks. use cautiously with a history of blood clots, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart attack, or stroke. use cautiously if taking anticoagulants ( blood thinners ) or anti - platelet drugs, blood pressure drugs, blood sugar drugs, cholesterol drugs, or thyroid drugs. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - hibiscus : hibiscus (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47457390837868685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.698937"} {"text": "least 4, 000 years old. there are two main types of qi gong practice : internal and external. internal qi gong is a self - directed technique that involves the use of sounds, movements, and meditation. internal qi gong actively engages people in their own health and well - being, and can be performed with or without the presence of a master instructor. it may be practiced daily to promote health maintenance and disease prevention. several human trials suggest benefits of qi gong in the treatment of high blood pressure, particularly when added to conventional treatments such as prescription drugs. there is early evidence that there may be lower death rates in people with high blood pressure who practice qi gong. some studies report that high blood pressure associated with pregnancy may be partially controlled through internal qi gong relaxation exercises. although this research is promising, a major problem is that the way qi gong is practiced is not always clear in these studies, and may not be similar to the way qi gong is practiced in the community. - qi gong is generally considered to be safe in most people when learned from a qualified instructor. use cautiously with psychiatric disorders. - stevia : stevia ( stevia rebaudiana ) standardized extracts are used as natural sweeteners and dietary supplements. stevioside is a natural plant component isolated from stevia that has demonstrated blood pressure lowering effects. despite evidence of benefits in some human studies and support from laboratory and animal studies, more research is warranted to compare stevia ' s effectiveness for hypertension with the current standard of care. - caution is advised when taking stevia, as numerous adverse effects including blood sugar lowering have been observed. stevia should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - unclear or conflicting scientific evidence : - acupressure, shiatsu : the practice of applying finger pressure to specific acupoints throughout the body has been used in china since 2000 bc, prior to the use of acupuncture. acupressure techniques are widely practiced internationally for relaxation, wellness promotion, and the treatment of various health conditions. small studies in men and women report that acupressure may reduce blood pressure. study results on the effect of acupressure on heart rate have yielded mixed results. large, well - designed studies are needed to better understand the role of acupressure in treatment of hypertension. - with proper training, acupressure appears to be safe if self - administered or administered by an experienced therapist. no serious long - term complications have been reported,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5490572723177246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.701112"} {"text": "to better understand the role of acupressure in treatment of hypertension. - with proper training, acupressure appears to be safe if self - administered or administered by an experienced therapist. no serious long - term complications have been reported, according to scientific data. hand nerve injury and herpes zoster ( \" shingles \" ) cases have been reported after shiatsu massage. forceful acupressure may cause bruising. - acupuncture : the practice of acupuncture originated in china 5, 000 years ago. today it is widely used throughout the world and is one of the main pillars of chinese medicine. it involves the insertion of needles in various point of the body to help move the \" chi \" or energy. although used for centuries to lower blood pressure, human trials are lacking. more studies are needed to determine what can be expected in the use of acupuncture for hypertension. - needles must be sterile in order to avoid disease transmission. avoid with valvular heart disease, infections, bleeding disorders, medical conditions of unknown origin, or neurological disorders. avoid if taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding ( e. g. anticoagulants ). avoid on areas that have received radiation therapy and during pregnancy. use cautiously with pulmonary disease ( e. g. asthma or emphysema ). use cautiously in elderly or medically compromised patients, diabetics, or with history of seizures. avoid electroacupuncture with arrhythmia ( irregular heartbeat ) or in patients with pacemakers because therapy may interfere with the device. - acustimulation : acustimulation is the mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. a low intensity electrical current is used to penetrate just slightly below the surface of the skin. it may be delivered by acupuncture needles attached to electrodes or, more commonly, by battery - powered appliances that can be worn on the body ( touching the surface of the skin ). acustimulation has been examined in the treatment of high blood pressure in one small study of patients diagnosed with diastolic hypertension. a set of four different acupuncture points were used, with results showing an immediate reduction of diastolic blood pressure. at this time, the evidence is insufficient for use of acustimulation in high blood pressure. - a known side effect of acustimulation devices is slight skin irritation under the electrodes when the wristband is used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.506071735293657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.702058"} {"text": "or diabetes. use cautiously in low birth weight infants and individuals on hemodialysis. use cautiously if taking anticoagulants ( blood thinners ), beta - blockers, or calcium channel blockers. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - ayurveda : ayurveda is a form of natural medicine that originated in ancient india more than 5, 000 years ago. ayurveda is an integrated system of techniques that uses diet, herbs, exercise, meditation, yoga, and massage or bodywork to achieve optimal health on all levels. in india, ayurveda involves the eight principal branches of medicine : pediatrics, gynecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, geriatrics, otolaryngology ( ear, nose, and throat ), general medicine, and surgery. evidence indicates that ayurveda ' s comprehensive purification and detoxification regime, known as panchakarma, in heart disease patients may lead to increased vip ( a vasodilator ), acute reduction in total cholesterol, reduction in lipid peroxide ( a measure of free radical damage ), and a significant reduction in anxiety. abana is a combination herbal and mineral formulation that has been traditionally used in ayurveda for heart health. early studies show that abana may be of benefit for high blood pressure. further research is needed to confirm these results. - ayurvedic herbs can interact with other herbs, foods, and drugs. a qualified healthcare professional should be consulted before taking. ayurvedic herbs should be used cautiously because they are potent and some constituents can be potentially toxic if taken in large amounts or for a long time. some herbs imported from india have been reported to contain high levels of toxic metals. avoid ayurveda with traumatic injuries, acute pain, advanced disease stages, and medical conditions that require surgery. - beta glucan : beta - glucan is a soluble fiber derived from the cell walls of algae, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plants. it is commonly used for its cholesterol - lowering effects. a study found that the addition of oat cereals to the normal diet of patients with hypertension significantly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. soluble fiber - rich whole oats may be an effective dietary therapy in the prevention and adjunct treatment of hypertension. - beta - glucan has a generally regarded as safe ( gras ) status in the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4784100530298362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.705056"} {"text": "been published in this area. although some studies are suggestive, overall the existing evidence remains debatable. better research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - use extra caution during cervical adjustments. use cautiously with acute arthritis, conditions that cause decreased bone mineralization, brittle bone disease, bone softening conditions, bleeding disorders, and migraines. use cautiously with the risk of tumors or cancers. avoid with symptoms of vertebrobasilar vascular insufficiency, aneurysms, unstable spondylolisthesis, or arthritis. avoid if taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. avoid in areas of para - spinal tissue after surgery. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding due to a lack of scientific data. - chlorella : ingestion of chlorella may somewhat reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients. as the results of available studies are not significant, chlorella cannot be recommended for hypertension at this time. - avoid in patients with known allergy / hypersensitivity to chlorella, its constituents, mold, or members of the oocystaceae family. avoid in patients using warfarin or other anticoagulant therapy. use cautiously in patients with hypotension or taking antihypertensives. use cautiously in patients taking immunomodulators or with altered immune function, or cancer. use cautiously in patients with photosensitivity, taking photosensitizers, or exposed to the sun. - color therapy : in humans, color therapy has been studied as a possible treatment for hypertension. further research is needed before a recommendation can be made. - color therapy is generally considered safe. exposure to bright light may cause eye injury, such as retinopathy. strobe lights may cause seizures in susceptible individuals. avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding. - evening primrose oil : evening primrose oil is proposed to have effects on chemicals in the blood called prostaglandins, which may play a role in pre - eclampsia. however, more studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn. - avoid if allergic to plants in the onagraceae family ( e. g. willow ' s herb or enchanter ' s nightshade ) or gamma - linolenic acid. avoid with seizure disorders. use cautiously with mental illness drugs. stop use two weeks before surgery with anesthesia. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - flaxseed : fl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5075590414793634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.707014"} {"text": "s nightshade ) or gamma - linolenic acid. avoid with seizure disorders. use cautiously with mental illness drugs. stop use two weeks before surgery with anesthesia. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - flaxseed : flaxseed ( linum usitatissimum ) and its derivative flaxseed oil / linseed oil are rich sources of the essential fatty acid alpha - linolenic acid, which makes omega - 3 essential fatty acids in the body. omega - 3 fatty acids have been associated with a decreased risk of heart disease. in animals, diets high in flaxseed have mixed effects on blood pressure. one study in humans suggests that for hypertension, flaxseed, not flaxseed oil, might lower blood pressure. the evidence in this area is not clear, and more research is needed. - flaxseed has been well - tolerated in studies for up to four months. avoid if allergic to flaxseed, flaxseed oil, or other plants of the linaceae family. avoid with prostate cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, or endometriosis. avoid ingestion of immature flaxseed pods. avoid large amounts of flaxseed by mouth and mix with plenty of water or liquid. avoid flaxseed ( not flaxseed oil ) with a history of esophageal stricture, ileus ( loss of bowel motility ), gastrointestinal stricture or bowel obstruction. avoid with a history of acute or chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis ( bowel inflammation ), or inflammatory bowel disease. avoid topical flaxseed in open wounds or abraded skin surfaces. use cautiously with a history of a bleeding disorders, high triglyceride levels, diabetes, mania, seizures, or asthma. use cautiously if taking drugs that increase the risk of bleeding or nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ). avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - folate ( folic acid ) : study results are inconclusive on the use of folate in patients with high blood pressure associated with pregnancy. further research is needed in this area before a strong recommendation can be made. - avoid if allergic to folate or any folate product ingredients. it is recommended that pregnant women consume 400 micrograms daily in order to reduce the risk of fetal defects. folate is likely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45655255148310375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.707915"} {"text": "this area before a strong recommendation can be made. - avoid if allergic to folate or any folate product ingredients. it is recommended that pregnant women consume 400 micrograms daily in order to reduce the risk of fetal defects. folate is likely safe if breastfeeding. - gamma linolenic acid ( gla ) : gla is an omega - 6 essential fatty acid. preliminary study has investigated gla on blood pressure changes. the evidence suggests that gla may offer benefits in terms of blood pressure reduction ; however, better - designed trials are required before definite conclusions can be made for the use of gla for blood pressure control. a study of gla plus fish oil suggests there is a potential for benefit of edema ( sweeling ) in pregnancy. clinical trials investigating the effects of gla alone is required to better understand its specific effects for pre - eclampsia. - caution is advised when taking gla supplements, as numerous adverse effects including an increased risk of bleeding and drug interactions are possible. gla should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - garlic : garlic ( allium sativum ) is traditionally used for heart health. numerous human studies report that garlic can lower blood pressure by a small amount, but larger, well - designed studies are needed to confirm the benefits of garlic for patients with hypertension. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to garlic or other members of the lilaceae ( lily ) family ( e. g. hyacinth, tulip, onion, leek, or chive ). avoid with a history of bleeding problems, asthma, diabetes, low blood pressure or thyroid disorders. stop using supplemental garlic two weeks before and immediately after dental / surgical / diagnostic procedures with bleeding risks. avoid in supplemental doses if pregnant or breastfeeding. - ginseng : asian ginseng, or panax ginseng, has been used for more than 2, 000 years in chinese medicine for various health conditions. preliminary research suggests that ginseng may lower blood pressure ( systolic and diastolic ). however, it is not clear what doses may be safe or effective. well - conducted studies are needed to confirm the effects of ginseng on hypertension. - caution is advised when taking ginseng supplements, as adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. ginseng supplements should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - green tea : green tea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47098371013154444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.709022"} {"text": "hypnosis, hypnotherapy : hypnosis is a trance - like state in which a person becomes more aware and focused and is more open to suggestion. hypnotherapy has been used to treat health conditions or to change behaviors. early study suggests that hypnosis may have short and long - term effects for patients with mild high blood pressure. additional research is needed to confirm these findings. - use cautiously with mental illnesses ( e. g. psychosis, schizophrenia, manic depression, multiple personality disorder, or dissociative disorders ) or seizure disorders. iridology is the study of the iris ( colored part of the eye ) with the intention of gaining information about underlying diseases. iridologists believe that the degrees of light and darkness in the iris give clues to the body ' s general health. preliminary studies by a south korean team of researchers using a computerized approach suggest that iridology may assist in the identification of individual predispositions for vascular diseases such as hypertension. further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of iridology as a diagnostic tool for hypertension, and further teams of researchers would need to conduct parallel work in order for these methods to become validated. - iridology should not be used alone to diagnose disease. studies of iridology have reported incorrect diagnoses, and thus, potentially severe medical problems may go undiagnosed. in addition, research suggests that iridology may lead to inappropriate treatment. iridology is therefore not recommended as a sole method of diagnosis or treatment for any condition. - lutein : lutein and zeaxanthin are found in high levels in foods, such as green vegetables, egg yolk, kiwi fruit, grapes, orange juice, zucchini, squash, and corn. preliminary evidence suggests that pre - eclampsia risk may decrease with increasing concentrations of lutein. additional human studies are needed before a firm recommendation can be made. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to lutein or zeaxanthin. use cautiously if at risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - lycopene : lycopene is a carotenoid, which is a naturally occurring class of fat - soluble pigments ( coloring ) found mainly in plants and algae. lycopene is present in human serum, liver, adrenal glands, lungs, prostate, colon, and skin at higher levels than other carote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6000166252524446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.713818"} {"text": "occurring class of fat - soluble pigments ( coloring ) found mainly in plants and algae. lycopene is present in human serum, liver, adrenal glands, lungs, prostate, colon, and skin at higher levels than other carotenoids. there is some evidence that short - term treatments of lycopene may reduce blood pressure. lycopene may also reduce the development of pre - eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation in women having their first child. more research is needed, especially to examine the long - term effects of lycopene in patients with high blood pressure. - avoid if allergic to tomatoes or to lycopene. due to a lack of conclusive data, avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - magnesium : controversy exists whether oral magnesium ( mg ) supplementation can lower blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate hypertension or prevent the onset of hypertension. several studies have reported a small but not significant decrease in blood pressure with mg. further research is indicated for the use of mg in the treatment of hypertension. - use cautiously in patients with bleeding disorders, or in those taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents, antidiabetic agents, or antihypertensive agents. use intravenous magnesium sulfate with extreme caution in patients with eclampsia. avoid in patients with atrioventricular heart block, renal failure, or severe renal disease. avoid intravenous magnesium in women with toxemia during the first few hours of labor. - massage : various forms of therapeutic superficial tissue manipulation have been practiced for thousands of years across cultures. chinese use of massage dates to 1600 bc, and hippocrates made reference to the importance of physicians being experienced with \" rubbing \" as early as 400 bc. based on early study, massage may decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension. more high - quality studies are needed. - avoid with bleeding disorders, low platelet counts, or if taking blood - thinning medications ( such as heparin or warfarin / coumadin\u00ae ). areas should not be massaged where there are fractures, weakened bones from osteoporosis or cancer, open / healing skin wounds, skin infections, recent surgery, or blood clots. use cautiously with history of physical abuse or if pregnant or breastfeeding. massage should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for medical conditions. massage should not cause pain to the client. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5081378516891365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.714832"} {"text": "surgery, or blood clots. use cautiously with history of physical abuse or if pregnant or breastfeeding. massage should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for medical conditions. massage should not cause pain to the client. - melatonin : melatonin is a hormone produced in the brain by the pineal gland, from the amino acid tryptophan. the synthesis and release of melatonin are stimulated by darkness and suppressed by light, suggesting the involvement of melatonin in circadian rhythm and regulation of diverse body functions. levels of melatonin in the blood are highest prior to bedtime. synthetic melatonin supplements have been used for a variety of medical conditions, most notably for disorders related to sleep and as an antioxidant. several controlled studies in patients with hypertension report small reductions in blood pressure when taking melatonin by mouth ( orally ) or inhaled through the nose ( intranasally ). better - designed research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be reached. - caution is advised when taking melatonin, as adverse effects including drowsiness and drug interactions are possible. melatonin should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. melatonin is for short - term use only ( one to two weeks ). - omega - 3 fatty acids : several studies of fish oil do not provide enough reliable evidence for use of this supplement for pre - eclampsia. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to fish, omega - 3 fatty acid products that come from fish, nuts, linolenic acid, or omega - 3 fatty acid products that come from nuts. avoid during active bleeding. use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, low blood pressure or drugs, herbs or supplements that treat any such conditions. use cautiously before surgery. pregnant and breastfeeding women should not consume doses that exceed the recommended dietary allowance ( rda ). - onion : onion - olive oil capsules may help lower blood pressure. high quality clinical research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of onion for treatment of hypertension. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to onion ( allium cepa ), its constituents, or members of the lilaceae family. use cautiously with hematologic ( blood ) disorders, diabetes, hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ), and hypotension ( low blood pressure ). use cautiously if taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets ( blood thinner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5207862980659903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.715748"} {"text": "hematologic ( blood ) disorders, diabetes, hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ), and hypotension ( low blood pressure ). use cautiously if taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets ( blood thinners ). avoid medicinal doses if pregnant or breastfeeding. - peony : studies in humans have used peony for the treatment of high blood pressure that occurs during pregnancy ( gestational hypertension ). more evidence is needed in this area. - avoid if allergic or sensitive to peony. avoid with bleeding disorders or if taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that increase bleeding risk. use cautiously with estrogen - sensitive cancers or if taking drugs, herbs, or supplements with hormonal activity. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - pet therapy : animal companionship has been used as an informal source of comfort and relief of suffering across cultures throughout history. there is evidence that pet ownership may have additive value in patients with hypertension who are taking conventional blood pressure medication. - avoid if allergic to animal dander. use only animals that have had veterinary screening, particularly in situations involving young children, frail elderly patients, or patients who are immuno - compromised or with medical conditions making them vulnerable to infection. avoid unsupervised use of animals with the severely mentally ill and very young children. avoid with fear of animals or traumatic history with animals. - physical therapy : the goal of physical therapy, or physiotherapy, is to improve mobility, restore function, reduce pain, and prevent further injury. there is insufficient available evidence regarding the use of physical therapy for hypertension. additional research is needed. - not all physical therapy programs are suited for everyone, and patients should discuss their medical history with their qualified healthcare professionals before beginning any treatments. based on the available literature, physical therapy appears generally safe when practiced by a qualified physical therapist ; however, complications are possible. persistent pain and fractures of unknown origin have been reported. physical therapy may increase the duration of pain or cause limitation of motion. pain and anxiety may occur during the rehabilitation of patients with burns. both morning stiffness and bone erosion have been reported in the literature, although causality is unclear. erectile dysfunction has also been reported. all therapies during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be discussed with a licensed obstetrician / gynecologist before initiation. - pomegranate : pomegranate juice may lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension. additional research is needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49533528534651183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.716808"} {"text": "may increase the risk of bleeding, hypertensive ( high blood pressure ) medications, or immune stimulating or inhibiting drugs. avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - reishi mushroom : reishi ( ganoderma lucidum ) is a fungus ( mushroom ) that grows wild on decaying logs and tree stumps. reishi has been used in traditional chinese medicine for more than 4, 000 years to treat liver disorders, high blood pressure, arthritis and other ailments. preliminary data suggest that reishi may exert a blood pressure lowering effect ; however, currently available evidence in this area is weak. future studies are warranted to validate the results of these small studies and to provide clinical usefulness of reishi as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. - caution is advised when taking reishi supplements, as adverse effects including an increase in bleeding and drug interactions are possible. reishi supplements should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - relaxation therapy : relaxation techniques include behavioral therapeutic approaches that differ widely in philosophy, methodology, and practice. the primary goal is usually non - directed relaxation. relaxation techniques have been associated with reduced pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, lower perception of stress, and enhanced perception of health. further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of relaxation therapy for high blood pressure. - avoid with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia / psychosis. jacobson relaxation ( flexing specific muscles, holding that position, and then relaxing the muscles ) should be used cautiously with illnesses, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or musculoskeletal injury. relaxation therapy is not recommended as the sole treatment approach for potentially serious medical conditions and should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques. - rhubarb : chinese herbalists have relied on rhubarb ( rheum palmatum ) for thousands of years. the rhizomes and roots contain powerful anthraquinones ( components with laxative properties ) and tannins ( components that tonify tissue ). studies on rhubarb ' s effect on pre - eclampsia indicate that it may be a helpful treatment to decrease blood pressure. more high quality trials are needed to confirm this hypothesis. - avoid if allergic / hypersensitive to rhubarb, its constituents, or related plants from the polygonaceae family. avoid using rhubarb for more than two weeks because it may induce tolerance in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5046903483638091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.720266"} {"text": "to confirm this hypothesis. - avoid if allergic / hypersensitive to rhubarb, its constituents, or related plants from the polygonaceae family. avoid using rhubarb for more than two weeks because it may induce tolerance in the colon, melanosis coli, laxative dependence, pathological alterations to colonic smooth muscles, and substantial loss of electrolytes. avoid with atony, colitis, crohn ' s disease, dehydration with electrolyte depletion, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, insufficient liver function, intestinal obstruction or ileus, irritable bowel syndrome, menstruation, pre - eclampsia, kidney disorders, ulcerative colitis, or urinary problems. avoid handling rhubarb leaves, as they may cause contact dermatitis. avoid rhubarb in children younger than age 12 due to water depletion. use cautiously with bleeding disorders, cardiac conditions, coagulation therapy, constipation, or with a history of kidney stones or thin or brittle bones. use cautiously if taking anti - psychotic drugs or oral drugs, herbs, or supplements ( including calcium, iron, and zinc ). avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. - riboflavin : riboflavin or vitamin b2 is a water - soluble vitamin, which is involved in vital metabolic processes in the body, and is necessary for normal cell function, growth, and energy production. limited study has reported an association between low riboflavin levels and an increased risk of pre - eclampsia ( high blood pressure in pregnancy ). however, it is not clear if low riboflavin levels are a cause or consequence of this condition or if additional supplementation is warranted in pregnant women at risk of pre - eclampsia / eclampsia beyond the routine use of prenatal vitamins. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to riboflavin. since the amount of riboflavin a human can absorb is limited, riboflavin is generally considered safe in recommended dosages. riboflavin is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. the u. s. recommended daily allowance ( rda ) for riboflavin in pregnant women is higher than for non - pregnant women, and is 1. 4 milligrams daily ( 1. 6 milligrams for breastfeeding women ). - rutin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4608498328031211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.721432"} {"text": "allowance ( rda ) for riboflavin in pregnant women is higher than for non - pregnant women, and is 1. 4 milligrams daily ( 1. 6 milligrams for breastfeeding women ). - rutin : rutin is an antioxidant that naturally occurs in various plants ( apple peels, black tea, rue, tobacco, and buckwheat ). quercetin ( a flavonoid found in rutin ) and rutin are used as vasoprotectants ( blood vessel protective ) and are ingredients of numerous multivitamin preparations and herbal remedies. the flavonoids found in rutin have documented effects on capillary permeability ( leakage ) and edema ( swelling ) and have been used for the treatment of disorders of the venous and microcirculatory ( capillary ) systems. overall the results of clinical studies suggest a benefit of rutin for venous hypertension. well - designed studies are required. - rutin is safe in recommended dosages. nausea and stomach upset may occur. avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to o - ( beta - hydroxyethyl ) - rutosides or plants that rutin is commonly found in, such as rue, tobacco, or buckwheat. use cautiously in elderly patients. use cautiously with skin conditions. use cautiously if taking medications for edema, diuretics, or anticoagulation medications ( e. g. heparin or warfarin ). use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. - safflower : based on preliminary evidence, safflower oil may be involved in synthesis of prostaglandins, which are responsible for vascular regulation and inflammatory responses and may affect blood pressure. however, clinical studies have shown that safflower oil ingestion decreases or does not affect blood pressure. due to the conflicting evidence, additional study is needed to confirm the effects of safflower oil in patients with hypertension. - avoid if allergic / hypersensitive to safflower, carthamus tinctorius, safflower oil, daisies, ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, or any related constituents. use parenteral safflower oil emulsions cautiously in newborns. use cautiously if taking anticoagulants ( blood thinners ) or anti - platelet drugs, immunosuppressants, or pen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47342258483533656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.723153"} {"text": "any related constituents. use parenteral safflower oil emulsions cautiously in newborns. use cautiously if taking anticoagulants ( blood thinners ) or anti - platelet drugs, immunosuppressants, or pentobarbital. use cautiously with diabetes, hypotension, inadequate liver function, hypercoagulability, or skin pigmentation conditions. use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. - sea buckthorn : sea buckthorn ( hippophae rhamnoides ) is found throughout europe and asia, particularly eastern europe and central asia. early study has been conducted in patients with high blood pressure ( hypertension ). additional clinical research is needed in this area. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to sea buckthorn, its constituents, or members of the elaeagnaceae family. use cautiously if taking angiotensin converting enzyme ( ace ) inhibitors, anticoagulants, anti - platelet agents, antineoplastic agents, cyclophosphamide, or farmorubicin. avoid higher doses than food amounts if pregnant or breastfeeding. - selenium : selenium is a mineral found in soil, water, and some foods. some studies have reported that low serum selenium levels may be related to increased blood pressure. preliminary study in women with pregnancy - induced hypertension has reported reduced edema, without significant impact on birth outcomes. no clear conclusion can be drawn for use of selenium for hypertension or pre - eclampsia in the absence of additional well - designed research. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to products containing selenium. avoid with a history of non - melanoma skin cancer. selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. however, animal research reports that large doses of selenium may lead to birth defects. - soy : soy ( glycine max ) has been a dietary staple in asian countries for at least 5, 000 years. large - scale soybean cultivation began in the united states during world war ii, and currently, midwestern u. s. growers produce approximately half of the world ' s supply of soybeans. soy and components of soy called isoflavones have been studied scientifically for numerous health conditions. although soy products have not been proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure in humans, laboratory and some human studies do support the use of soy in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49033292625778074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.724128"} {"text": ". soy and components of soy called isoflavones have been studied scientifically for numerous health conditions. although soy products have not been proven to be effective in lowering blood pressure in humans, laboratory and some human studies do support the use of soy in reducing the risk of developing coronary artery disease ( cad ). additional research is needed to better understand the role of soy in hypertension. - caution is advised when taking soy, as adverse effects including drug interactions are possible. soy supplements should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. experts recommend that individuals with breast cancer not use soy products unless under the supervision of a doctor. - spiritual healing : there is limited research on the use of spiritual healing for treatment of hypertension. - spiritual healing should not be used as the only treatment approach for medical or psychiatric conditions, and should not delay the time it takes to consider more proven therapies. - tai chi : tai chi techniques aim to address the body and mind as an interconnected system. early study shows that tai chi may help to reduce blood pressure, cholesterol, and anxiety in patients with high blood pressure ( hypertension ). - avoid with severe osteoporosis or joint problems, acute back pain, sprains, or fractures. avoid during active infections, right after a meal, or when very tired. some believe that visualization of energy flow below the waist during menstruation may increase menstrual bleeding. straining downwards or holding low postures should be avoided during pregnancy, and by people with inguinal hernias. some tai chi practitioners believe that practicing for too long or using too much intention may direct the flow of chi ( qi ) inappropriately, possibly resulting in physical or emotional illness. tai chi should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for potentially serious conditions. advancing too quickly while studying tai chi may increase the risk of injury. - taurine : taurine is a non - essential amino acid ( building blocks of protein ) and is important in several metabolic processes of the body, including stabilizing cell membranes in electrically active tissues, such as the brain and heart. it also has functions in the gallbladder, eyes, and blood vessels, and may have some antioxidant and detoxifying effects. in early study, taurine has been reported to result in decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension. well - designed and reported clinical trials are still needed. - caution is advised when taking taurine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5038324616980333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.725216"} {"text": "antioxidant and detoxifying effects. in early study, taurine has been reported to result in decreased blood pressure in patients with hypertension. well - designed and reported clinical trials are still needed. - caution is advised when taking taurine supplements, as adverse effects including an increase in bleeding and drug interactions are possible. taurine supplements should not be used if pregnant or breastfeeding, unless otherwise directed by a doctor. - therapeutic touch : therapeutic touch has been suggested to relieve anxiety and stress, which may help to lower blood pressure. however, there is currently insufficient evidence that therapeutic touch is effective in treating hypertension. more research is needed. - therapeutic touch is believed to be safe for most people. therapeutic touch should not be used for potentially serious conditions in place of more proven therapies. avoid with fever or inflammation, and on body areas with cancer. - vitamin d : vitamin d is found in numerous dietary sources such as fish, eggs, fortified milk, and cod liver oil. the sun is also a significant contributor to our daily production of vitamin d, and as little as 10 minutes of exposure is thought to be enough to prevent deficiencies. the term \" vitamin d \" refers to several different forms of this vitamin. two forms are important in humans : ergocalciferol ( vitamin d2 ) and cholecalciferol ( vitamin d3 ). vitamin d2 is made by plants. vitamin d3 is made by humans in the skin when it is exposed to ultraviolet - b ( uvb ) rays from sunlight or the diet. low levels of vitamin d may play a role in the development of hypertension. it has been noted that blood pressure is often elevated during the winter season, further distance from the equator, and dark skin pigmentation ( color ), all of which are associated with lower exposure to vitamin d via sunlight. however, evidence is not clear and comparison with more proven methods to reduce blood pressure has not been conducted. - avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin d or any of its components. vitamin d is generally well tolerated in recommended doses. doses higher than recommended may cause toxic effects. individuals with hyperparathyroidism ( overactive thyroid ), kidney disease, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, or histoplasmosis have an increased risk of experiencing toxic effects. vitamin d is generally considered safe for pregnant women. - blood pressure should be a systolic reading of 120 and a diastolic reading of 80 ( 120 / 80 millimeters of mercury", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47337086856606697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.726259"} {"text": "- exercise : an inactive lifestyle makes it easier to become overweight and increases the chance of high blood pressure. it has been found that physical inactivity increases the risk of hypertension by 30 %. exercise can lower blood pressure, increase the level of hdl cholesterol ( good cholesterol ), and improve the overall health of blood vessels and the heart. it also helps control weight, control diabetes and reduce stress. thirty minutes of daily exercise is normally recommended. - stress management : stress can cause an increase in blood pressure along with increasing the blood ' s tendency to clot. chronic stress can lead to an increase in the release of the stress hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands. researchers believe that this increase in cortisol leads to increased blood pressure. managing stress can be vital to keeping a heart healthy. - sodium reduction : salt ( or sodium chloride ) contains sodium, which may cause fluid retention and thereby cause pressure around the blood vessels which can lead to hypertension. it is noted that approximately 60 % of the essential hypertension population may decrease blood pressure ( bp ) by decreasing sodium ( salt ) intake. - limiting alcohol consumption : in some studies, moderate use of alcohol ( particularly red wine ) has been linked with increasing levels of hdl cholesterol and slight reductions in blood pressure. however, excessive drinking can have a negative impact on cholesterol levels, actually raising triglyceride levels and increasing blood pressure. it has been found that chronic ( long - term ) use of alcohol can increase blood pressure dramatically by placing stress on the heart and blood vessels. - this information has been edited and peer - reviewed by contributors to the natural standard research collaboration ( www. naturalstandard. com ). - american heart association.. - national heart, lung, and blood institute.. - national institutes of health.. - natural standard : the authority on integrative medicine.. - u. s. food and drug administration.. - essential or primary hypertension : there is no known cause of essential hypertension. however, there are risk factors that contribute to developing high blood pressure. a number of environmental factors have been implicated in the development of high blood pressure, including salt intake, obesity, race, physical activity level, heredity, diet, and stress level. - secondary hypertension : secondary hypertension accounts for approximately 5 - 10 % of all cases of high blood pressure, with the remaining being essential or primary hypertension. secondary hypertension has an identifiable cause, unlike essential hyper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4411078852102781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.729001"} {"text": "diet, and stress level. - secondary hypertension : secondary hypertension accounts for approximately 5 - 10 % of all cases of high blood pressure, with the remaining being essential or primary hypertension. secondary hypertension has an identifiable cause, unlike essential hypertension. there are many known conditions that can cause secondary hypertension. regardless of the cause, pressure in the arteries becomes elevated either due to an increase in how much blood the heart pumps to the body ( cardiac output ), an increase in the resistance of the blood vessels in the body, or both. - individuals with secondary hypertension are best treated by controlling or removing the underlying disease or cause, although they may still require antihypertensive ( blood pressure lowering ) drugs. - causes of secondary hypertension can be broken down into renal ( kidney related ), endocrine ( hormonally related ), neurological ( of the nervous system ), and miscellaneous. - renal disorders : the kidneys regulate fluid ( water ) and electrolyte ( including sodium, potassium, and chloride ) levels in the body. renal causes ( related to the kidneys ) of high blood pressure include radiation damage of the kidneys, renal artery stenosis ( the narrowing of the main artery to the kidneys ) and chronic renal disease such as diabetic neuropathy ( damage to nerves cause by high blood sugar levels ) and polycystic kidney disease ( many cysts or closed sacs ). - endocrine disorders : hormonal ( estrogen, progesterone, testosterone ) changes or imbalances can cause increases in blood pressure. oral contraceptives ( birth control pills ) can also cause hypertension. other conditions that can cause high blood pressure include diseases of the adrenal glands ( located on top of the kidneys ), such as pheochromocytoma ( tumor of the adrenal gland ), acromegaly ( a disease caused by the secretion of excessive amounts of growth hormone ), hyper - or hypothyroidism ( high or low thyroid hormone ), hyperparathyroidism ( too much calcium in the blood, which raises blood pressure ), cushing ' s disease ( release of excess stress hormone from the adrenal glands ), insulin resistance ( inability of insulin to control blood sugar levels ) and primary hyperaldosteronism ( an increased release of adrenal hormones that control fluid and electrolyte balance ). - neurological disorders : some disorders of mental or emotional origin, including anxiety (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4595300021284236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.730764"} {"text": "inability of insulin to control blood sugar levels ) and primary hyperaldosteronism ( an increased release of adrenal hormones that control fluid and electrolyte balance ). - neurological disorders : some disorders of mental or emotional origin, including anxiety ( nervousness ) and mania ( hyperactivity ), may cause high blood pressure. damage to the central nervous system, such as damage to the spinal cord, increased intracranial pressure ( pressure around the brain ), or nervous system tumors may also cause hypertension. - medications : medications such as amphetamine analogues including cocaine, dextroamphetamine ( dexedrine\u00ae ), and mixed amphetamine salts ( adderall\u00ae ), nasal decongestants ( pseudoephedrine ), non - sterodal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) including ibuprofen ( motrin\u00ae, advil\u00ae ), monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( maois ) including phenelzine ( nardil\u00ae ), adrenergic stimulants including clonidine ( catapres\u00ae ), and birth control pills ( in about 5 % of users ) can cause hypertension while in use. - alcohol use : chronic ( long - term ) alcohol use can also lead to hypertension. - other causes : other causes of high blood pressure include aortic coarctation ( genetic narrowing of the aorta, the largest artery of the body leading from the heart to the body ), sleep apnea ( disorder where people stop breathing for short periods of time in their sleep, licorice ( when consumed in excessive amounts, can cause hyperaldosteronism ), scleroderma ( formation of scar tissue in organs ), neurofibromatosis ( genetic disorder that causes tumors to grow along the nerves ), pregnancy ( causing pre - eclampsia ), cancers ( tumors can interfere with blood flow ). - obesity : individuals with a body mass index ( bmi, or body fat content ) of 30. 0 or higher are more likely to develop high blood pressure. an individual is considered underweight if their bmi is less than 18. 5. a bmi of 18. 5 to 24. 9 is considered a \" normal \" weight. a bmi of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight. individuals who fall into the bmi range of 25 or higher may have some health risk concerns, such as the development of diabetes, hypertension ( high blood pressure ), and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4566854617571512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.732047"} {"text": ". a bmi of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight. individuals who fall into the bmi range of 25 or higher may have some health risk concerns, such as the development of diabetes, hypertension ( high blood pressure ), and heart disease. specifically those who have a waist size of more than 40 inches for men, or 35 inches for women, have a higher risk for obesity - related health problems. a bmi of 30 or more qualifies as individual as obese. a bmi over 40 indicates that a person is morbidly obese. the greater the bmi, the greater the chances of developing health concerns. - salt sensitivity : salt ( or sodium chloride ) contains sodium, which may cause fluid retention and thereby cause pressure around the blood vessels which can lead to hypertension. it is noted that approximately 60 % of the essential hypertension population may decrease blood pressure ( bp ) by decreasing sodium ( salt ) intake. - drinking too much alcohol : chronic ( long - term ) use of alcohol can increase blood pressure dramatically by placing stress on the heart and blood vessels. - lack of physical activity : an inactive lifestyle makes it easier to become overweight and increases the chance of high blood pressure. physical inactivity increases the risk of hypertension by 30 %. - smoking : cigarette smoking can repeatedly produce a temporary rise in blood pressure ( bp ) of approximately 5 - 10mmhg. this effect may be most prominent with the first cigarette of the day in habitual smokers. however, research indicates that habitual or chronic ( regular ) smokers in general have lower bp than non - smokers, possibly due to weight loss associated with smoking. experts agree that smoking should be avoided in any person with high blood pressure because it can substantially increase the risk of secondary cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries ) and appears to enhance the progression of kidney disease. cigarette smoking also increases the chances of men having erectile dysfunction ( ed ), or the inability to get or maintain and erection. - stress : stress is a normal part of everyday life. responses to stress vary from person to person, but chronic ( regular ) stress can lead to an increase in the release of the stress hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands ( above the kidneys ). cushing ' s disease can also cause too much cortisol to be released. scientists think that excess cortisol can lead to an increase in blood pressure, an inability of insulin to control blood sugar (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4684841578508384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.734207"} {"text": "glands ( above the kidneys ). cushing ' s disease can also cause too much cortisol to be released. scientists think that excess cortisol can lead to an increase in blood pressure, an inability of insulin to control blood sugar ( insulin insensitivity or insulin resistance ), inflammation, and weight gain. - ethnicity ( race ) : african americans develop high blood pressure more often than caucasians, and it tends to occur earlier in life and be more severe. compared to other groups, african americans tend to get high blood pressure earlier in life, usually have more severe high blood pressure, and have a higher death rate from stroke ( lack of blood and oxygen to the brain ), coronary heart disease chd, or the lack of blood and oxygen to the heart ), and kidney failure. - heredity : having a parent or other close blood relatives with high blood pressure increases the chances of developing it. - age : in general, blood pressure increases with age, occurring most often in people over age 35. men seem to develop it most often between age 35 and 55. women are more likely to develop it after menopause. over half of all americans aged 60 and older have high blood pressure. - diet : a diet poor in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and high in sodium ( salt ), high fat foods such as dairy ( milk, cheese, sour cream ), animal fat, and fried foods ( potato chips, french fries, fried chicken ) can lead to high cholesterol levels in the blood, which can lead to high blood pressure. - hypertension ( high blood pressure ) can be mild, moderate, or severe. the national heart, lung, and blood institute classifies blood pressure as normal, pre - hypertension, hypertension stage 1, and hypertension stage 2. normal blood pressure ( bp ) is a systolic pressure of less than 120 mmhg and a diastolic pressure less than 80 mmhg ( 120 / 80 mmhg ). - pre - hypertension is when the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is higher than normal ( 120 / 80 mm / hg ) but not high enough to be considered high blood pressure ( 140 / 90 mm / hg ). pre - hypertension is a systolic ( top number ) between 120 and 139 or a diastolic ( bottom number ) between 80 and 89. for example, blood pressure readings of 138 / 82, 128 / 70, or 115 / 86 are all in the \" pre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4564097002955486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.735302"} {"text": "systolic ( top number ) between 120 and 139 or a diastolic ( bottom number ) between 80 and 89. for example, blood pressure readings of 138 / 82, 128 / 70, or 115 / 86 are all in the \" pre - hypertension \" range. - stage 1 hypertension is a systolic pressure between 140 and 159mmhg, or a diastolic pressure between 90 and 99 mmhg or higher. - stage 2 hypertension is a systolic pressure of 160mmhg or higher, or a diastolic pressure of 100 or higher. - both increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures can increase the risk for congestive heart failure ( chf, or problems with the heart pumping blood to the body ), heart attack, kidney disease, stroke ( neurological damage to the brain due to a lack of oxygen ), erectile dysfunction ( inability of males to get an erection ), amputation of the legs, and blindness. - as people become older, the diastolic pressure will begin to decrease and the systolic blood pressure will begin to increase, which may lead to high blood pressure. this disorder is called isolated systolic hypertension - hypertensive emergency : hypertensive emergency is a life - threatening form of high blood pressure, also known as malignant or accelerated hypertension, and is extremely rare. uncontrolled blood pressures lead to progressive target organ dysfunction ( tod ), or organ damage. kidneys, brain, and heart can be damaged. hypertensive emergency affects less than 1 % of individuals with high blood pressure. unlike the more common form of high blood pressure that usually develops over a number of years, this condition is marked by a rapid rise in blood pressure ( called a hypertensive emergency ), with the diastolic pressure shooting to 120mmhg or higher. hypertensive emergencies must be treated immediately. hypertensive emergencies can be caused by a history of kidney disorders, pheochromocytoma ( tumor of the adrenal glands ), and spinal cord disorders. hypertensive urgency is a severe elevation of blood pressure, without evidence of organ damage. - medications that may cause a hypertensive emergency include cocaine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( maois, used in depression ), dopamine ( an injectable blood pressure raising drug ), and oral contraceptives. the abrupt withdrawal of beta - blockers ( including propranolol, metoprolol, and am", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4701098448692469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.736266"} {"text": "maois, used in depression ), dopamine ( an injectable blood pressure raising drug ), and oral contraceptives. the abrupt withdrawal of beta - blockers ( including propranolol, metoprolol, and amlodipine ) and alpha - stimulants ( including clonidine ), or alcohol may also cause a hypertensive emergency. an intravenous ( iv, into the veins ) drug called sodium nitroprusside ( nipride\u00ae ) is used in hypertensive emergencies. - pre - eclampsia : pre - eclampsia is a condition characterized by high blood pressure during pregnancy along with protein in the urine. it can cause serious complications for the mother and baby. pre - eclampsia can decrease the supply of blood and oxygen available to the mother and developing child. this may result in conditions such as a lower birth weight and neurological ( nervous system ) damage. the mother is at risk for kidney problems, seizures, strokes, breathing problems, and even death, in rare instances. the cause of pre - eclampsia is not known. pre - eclampsia usually occurs during the second half of the pregnancy, and affects about 5 % of pregnant women. - pulmonary hypertension : when pressure in the pulmonary circulation ( blood flow to and from the lungs ) becomes abnormally elevated, it is referred to as pulmonary hypertension. pulmonary hypertension results from constriction, or tightening of the blood vessels that supply blood to the lungs. as a result, it becomes difficult for blood to pass through the lungs, making it harder for the heart to pump blood forward. this stress on the heart leads to enlargement of the heart and eventually fluid can build up in the liver or tissues, such as in the legs. affected patients can sometimes notice increasing shortness of breath and dizziness. pulmonary hypertension can be caused by diseases of the heart and the lungs, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) or emphysema, sleep apnea ( a sleeping disorder characterized by pauses in breathing ), failure of the left heart ventricle, recurrent pulmonary embolism ( blood clots traveling from the legs or pelvic veins obstructing the pulmonary arteries ), or underlying diseases such as scleroderma ( scar tissue in the organs ). copyright \u00a9 2011 natural standard ( www. naturalstandard. com ) the information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46344642573205763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.737473"} {"text": "for 70 - year - old may quan woo, being born and raised in el centro meant that celebrating the chinese new year was extra special because it was a way for her and her family to stay tied to their chinese roots. \u201c culture is very important. if we don \u2019 t continue the chinese traditions, it will be lost, \u201d woo said. as a child, the chinese new year, or lunar year as it \u2019 s known in china, was a time for woo and her siblings to embrace their chinese heritage by participating in traditional rituals and superstitions, as well as preparing symbolic meals as part of the new year celebration. growing up, as a chinese american, new year \u2019 s day was the only day woo \u2019 s parents would make their children eat their meals with the traditional chinese chopsticks, a difficult task for woo to manage having used the common american utensils on a regular basis. \u201c i remember having to use the chopsticks and being afraid because my father would tell us, \u2018 you kids better not drop those chopsticks ; it \u2019 ll bring bad luck, \u2019 \u201d woo said. now, as a grandmother, woo still celebrates the chinese new year and continues the many traditional activities she once did as a child. \u201c in china, people celebrate the whole month, but here, we will celebrate for about three days ; new year \u2019 s eve, new year \u2019 s day and the day after the new year. it \u2019 s fun to keep up the tradition in the valley because this is my home, \u201d woo said. to enter the new year on a positive note, woo and many other chinese americans in the valley have begun preparing days in advance. the house is first spotlessly cleaned to bring the home and family a good new year beginning, with all the sharp knives and cutting tools hidden away to avoid cutting oneself and bringing bad luck, woo explained. children are also decorated in new clothes with bright, brilliant colors, that are then put aside to be worn on new year \u2019 s day, she said. \u201c the clothes are typically red or other bright colors ; never black or dark, \u201d woo said. children are also given new year \u2019 s day gifts of \u201c good luck \u201d money wrapped in red envelopes and decorated in gold symbols that translate to wishes for a happy, prosperous and successful new year. \u201c it \u2019 s a really happy day for the whole family, \u201d woo said. having cooked days before today \u2019 s celebration, woo and her family will be gathering together this evening to feast on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3891646894964767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.742009"} {"text": "for a happy, prosperous and successful new year. \u201c it \u2019 s a really happy day for the whole family, \u201d woo said. having cooked days before today \u2019 s celebration, woo and her family will be gathering together this evening to feast on a traditional chinese dinner so grand it is often compared to the american thanksgiving day meal. \u201c we make a lot of traditional chinese food, in honor of the new year. my husband and i already bought some of the food and we \u2019 ve began preparing some of the meals, \u201d woo said friday morning. one of the dishes common this time of year in woo \u2019 s family is \u201c jai, \u201d also known as buddha \u2019 s delight, a vegetarian dish. the dish contains about nine different ingredients all symbolizing something you want to have in the coming year, woo said. some ingredients include long rice threads for long life, oysters or \u201c ho see \u201d for happiness, chinese red dates or \u201c hoong joe \u201d for good luck, gold vegetables or \u201c gum choy \u201d for wealth and \u201c fat choy, \u201d for prosperity. \u201c we also cook chicken, but we make sure to keep the head and feet attached as a symbol of completeness, \u201d woo said. having learned most of her new year \u2019 s dishes from her grandmother, woo hopes to keep many of the chinese traditions alive by passing on her culture \u2019 s values, rituals, and even meals to her own grandchildren. \u201c we believe in education and tradition ; both are very important for our children to know, \u201d woo said. combining both themes seamlessly, san diego state university - imperial valley campus held an early lunar year celebration for many of its students and faculty, thursday evening. led by the instructors of the chinese language and culture classes at sdsu - iv campus, partygoers celebrated the new year by singing greeting songs, playing games, watching a gongfu demonstration and loading their bellies full of tasty chinese dishes, while embracing the traditions and spirit of the chinese culture. throughout the festivities, students and family members wished each other all the best, \u201c wan shi ru yi, \u201d as well as prosperity and wealth to one another, \u201c gong xi fa cai, \u201d as many northern chinese families and friends would say this time of year. staff writer celeste alvarez can be reached at 760 - 337 - 3442 or at email @ example. com join the discussion and add your comments to this story! scroll down or click here and tell us what you think.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4154769888762416, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.743136"} {"text": "minerva ( micro / nano experimental robot vehicle for asteroid ), japan ' s first planetary exploration rover, traveled to the itokawa asteroid aboard hayabusa. it is a 16 - sided prism measuring 12 cm in diameter and 10 centimeters in height, and weighing 591 grams. minerva was released from hayabusa during its descent to itokawa. it was designed to move around on the asteroid autonomously, by hopping, and to perform observations with a camera and thermometer. minerva was deployed on november 12, 2005, two - and - a - half years after hayabusa ' s launch on may 9, 2003. unfortunately, it did not make the landing on itokawa. however, it was able to take an image of hayabusa ' s solar paddle during deployment, which is the world ' s first image of a deep - space explorer taken from outside the spacecraft while in space. maintaining stable function after release, minerva also succeeded in demonstrating many new engineering technologies. q. minerva is designed to travel by hopping. how did this idea come about? originally, hayabusa was supposed to carry only a nasa rover, but in 1998 we initiated a project to develop an original japanese one. later, nasa canceled its rover plan, so minerva was the only one on board. we wanted to make our robot different from nasa ' s wheeled version, in part out of pride. we wanted to build an original japanese robot. and after considering it theoretically and experimentally, we also came to the conclusion that a hopping transportation method made sense. no matter what direction minerva descends from, it can hop. q. what was the greatest challenge in developing minerva? the first obstacle was the extremely low gravity on the asteroid itokawa. low gravity makes a rover hop no matter what, so with that in mind i came up with a design where the rover would move by hopping. it was necessary to make it hop horizontally because if it hopped only vertically, it would stay in one place. we tested the rover for direction and speed in a simulated zero - gravity environment, and also looked at its response on hard surfaces such as rocks, and soft surfaces such as sand. minerva ' s data was to be transmitted to earth via hayabusa. but itokawa is about 300 million kilometers from earth, and it takes approximately 40 minutes for communication signals to travel back and forth between them. it ' s not very efficient if it takes that much time to send a command from earth to hayabusa and wait for confirmation of its receipt. so, we needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5155757764183498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.751653"} {"text": "it takes approximately 40 minutes for communication signals to travel back and forth between them. it ' s not very efficient if it takes that much time to send a command from earth to hayabusa and wait for confirmation of its receipt. so, we needed to make minerva capable of assessing its environment and taking action on its own, but the development of the software for this was very difficult. minerva is powered by solar cells on its body, which generate about 2 watts of electricity. with higher computer processing speeds, more electricity is consumed, so we couldn ' t increase minerva ' s processing speed because of its limited amount of consumable energy. as a result, the performance of its onboard computer is less than one per cent that of ordinary, everyday computers we use. adding many functions to such a computer caused delays and crashes, and we had a tough time solving these problems. q. what do you remember most vividly among all hayabusa operations thus far? it ' s the deployment of minerva. minerva was released from hayabusa during a rehearsal descent on november 12, 2005. a command was transmitted to hayabusa to separate minerva, and i waited in front of the monitor to hear back from hayabusa. forty minutes later, the deployment of minerva was confirmed. i was so happy and informed everyone of the success. but three hours later we realized something was wrong. itokawa ' s rotation period is 12 hours. minerva should have landed on the asteroid around noon itokawa time. the shift from noon to night there takes about three hours, and at night communication with minerva stops, as its solar cells cannot get any sunlight. however, the communication remained active for more than three hours, which indicated that the rover had not landed on itokawa ' s surface. we learned from subsequent inspection that minerva had actually been released at a distance of 200 meters from the asteroid, instead of 70 meters. in addition, hayabusa was flying away from itokawa at a speed of 15 centimeters per second, which was the most severe problem. minerva might still have been able to make a landing, even from 200 meters away, if the probe had been moving towards the asteroid. even though minerva flew away from itokawa without landing on it, stable communication lasted for 18 hours after the release. after communication stopped, i waited with the transmitter on for two weeks, just in case minerva sent a signal. however, in the end, no radio waves from the probe were detected. minerva had become the world ' s smallest satellite, at 591 grams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5315864268580965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.752878"} {"text": "communication stopped, i waited with the transmitter on for two weeks, just in case minerva sent a signal. however, in the end, no radio waves from the probe were detected. minerva had become the world ' s smallest satellite, at 591 grams. its electronic devices may have been damaged by temperature fluctuations in the last year or so, but i still believe that minerva is alive somewhere. q. what went through your mind when you learned that minerva hadn ' t landed on the asteroid itokawa? i thought, \u201c well, that ' s life. \u201d there was nothing much i could do about it. there were many stages to clear before sending minerva to the asteroid : making sure that the rocket launch would be successful, that the explorer would arrive safely at the asteroid, and that it would descend carefully. then, it was finally minerva ' s turn. each phase was challenging enough and carried a risk of failure. so, if minerva didn ' t go well, it didn ' t go well. i thought i ' d start working hard again for the next goal. q. did your impression of itokawa change during hayabusa ' s stay there? before arrival, i thought the surface of itokawa would be relatively monotonous. but it turned out to have more variety, with sandy and rocky areas, for example. this confirmed for me that it was worth making a robot like minerva. if itokawa had a monotonous surface, it would have been enough to perform a detailed study in just one spot, and it would not have been necessary to survey the surface by traveling over it. so when i saw itokawa ' s surface, i was relieved that we had built a robot as mobile as minerva. q. what have you learned through the hayabusa mission? i joined the minerva research team in 1997, when i was still a graduate student, and got a job in 2000 at isas, the former institute of space and astronautical science ( now jaxa / isas ), as part of the development team. i got involved in hayabusa after 2000. the hayabusa mission is the first and only space exploration mission i ' ve ever been involved in, so hayabusa has taught me everything i know about space missions. especially with minerva, there were many things we had to do by ourselves, and it gave me a sense that we were making a satellite with our own hands. core parts of a satellite or an explorer are hard for us to build by ourselves, but it is possible for us", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4982072879755328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.754156"} {"text": "were many things we had to do by ourselves, and it gave me a sense that we were making a satellite with our own hands. core parts of a satellite or an explorer are hard for us to build by ourselves, but it is possible for us to make a certain level of instruments, such as those used for observation, and in fact, that is what people at isas do. i realized that we should build what we can by ourselves, even if it ' s a spacecraft. i ' ve gained some confidence in hand - crafting. i ' ve also learned not to give up, not to compromise, no matter what, until the end, always trying to make the situation the best you can at that time. i think that space exploration requires creative ideas and pushing boundaries, and the hayabusa mission has taught me the ideal way of working on a space project. q. what do you think about hayabusa ' s return? i hope that propulsion by the ion engines, which is the initial step for coming back, will go well at first. but the return journey will take about three years, so we cannot relax for a while. as a member of the development team, i don ' t see that my agitation will stop soon. it will turn into joy if hayabusa returns successfully, but i think that our trial will continue until then. q. what is your dream for the future? i ' ve been interested in robots since i was a child, so i ' m basically keen on using them for unmanned exploration. i ' d like to send various types of robotic explorers not only to asteroids but also to other celestial bodies, such as the moon, mars and comets. q. do you have a message for children who wish to be part of future space development? space is surely easy to get interested in, but i don ' t think it necessarily has to be space. as a kid myself, i preferred robots and automobiles, if anything, to space. whatever it is, i think it ' s wonderful for children to be interested in something that gets them using their own hands. education reform and children ' s dislike of science have been issues of concern, but it ' s not easy to like science simply because you are told to do so. if children find it fun to work on things related to science with their own hands, their interest in science and mathematics will inevitably grow. so i ' d like children to have opportunities to create things themselves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5289288727367669, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.755303"} {"text": "hebrew language : root words most hebrew words are derived from three - letter root words the vast majority of words in the hebrew language can be boiled down to a three - consonant root word that contains the essence of the word ' s meaning. even if you cannot read hebrew, you will find that you can get some insight into the meaning of the bible by identifying the roots of words. if you see the same english word in two different places, but different hebrew roots are used, this may indicate that there is a different shade of meaning. if the same hebrew root is used in two different places, the words and their meanings are probably substantial amount of rabbinical interpretation of the bible is derived from the relation between root words. for example, the rabbis concluded that g - d created women with greater intuition and understanding than men, because man was \" formed \" ( yitzer, gen. 2 : 7 ) while woman was \" built \" ( yiben, gen. 2 : 22 ). the root of \" built, \" beit - nun - hei, is very similar to the word \" binah \" ( beit - yod - nun - hei ), meaning understanding, insight or intuition. a familiar talmudic teaching notes the similarity of the words banayikh ( your children ) and bonayikh ( your builders ), and suggests that isaiah 54 : 13 ( and all your children / builders will be students of g - d, and great shall be the peace of your children / builders ) indicates that those who study torah are the builders of peace. formation of hebrew words from roots hebrew words are formed from roots by changing vowels and by adding a wealth of prefixes and suffixes to that root. prefixes can be prepositions ( in, on, of, to, etc. ), articles ( the ), or other things. suffixes can be pronouns ( he, you, our, etc. ), possessives ( ' s ), or can indicate gender and number ( female singular ; male plural, etc. ). because of the way these prefixes and suffixes are added to the root, a single word in hebrew might be translated into english as several words. example, the first word of the torah, \" bereishit, \" is usually translated as \" in the beginning. \" the root is reish - alef - shin, which means \" head \" or \" first. \" ( see hebrew alphabet to learn the letters ). it is the same root as the \" rosh \" in \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49756023671911787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.763579"} {"text": "\" in the beginning. \" the root is reish - alef - shin, which means \" head \" or \" first. \" ( see hebrew alphabet to learn the letters ). it is the same root as the \" rosh \" in \" rosh hashanah \" ( first of the year, i. e., jewish new year ). we add the prefix beit, a preposition meaning \" in, \" \" on, \" and a number of other things. the word \" the \" is implied. more complicated example is the hebrew word \" shehecheyanu, \" the name of a popular prayer recited on holidays and at other times. the single word \" shehecheyanu \" means \" who has kept us alive. \" the root of this word is cheit - yod - hei, a verb meaning \" to live. \" it ' s the same root as the hebrew word \" chai \" ( life or living ) which you commonly see on jewish jewelry, and the jewish toast \" l ' chayim! \" ( to life! ) the shin prefix turns the verb into a noun indicating a person who does the thing ( \" who \" ). the next letter is hei, which normally turns a verb into a causative form ( \" has kept \" ). the nun - vav suffix is a first person plural pronoun ( \" us \" ). thus, shehecheyanu means \" who has kept us are surprisingly few root words in biblical hebrew, but we get a lot of mileage out of the ones we have. for example, from the root word qof - dalet - shin, meaning \" holy, \" \" sacred \" or \" sanctified, \" we get kedushah ( holiness ), kiddush ( a prayer over wine sanctifying shabbat or a kaddish ( an important prayer commonly thought of as a mourning prayer ), aron kodesh ( holy cabinet - the place in synagogue where the torah scrolls are kept ), and obviously, from the root samekh - dalet - reish, meaning \" order, \" we get siddur ( the daily prayer book, which sets for the order of prayers ), passover family ritual, which must be performed in a specified order ) and sidrah ( the weekly torah reading, also called a parshah ). prefixes and suffixes here are some common prefixes and suffixes you will find on hebrew words : | | comments and examples | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4971815417839528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.764499"} {"text": "performed in a specified order ) and sidrah ( the weekly torah reading, also called a parshah ). prefixes and suffixes here are some common prefixes and suffixes you will find on hebrew words : | | comments and examples | | vav used as a prefix can make the \" v \" sound or the \" u \" sound. when used with other prefixes, this is always the first prefix. v ' ahavta ( and you shall love ) ; u ' vayom ( and on the day ). | | in, on, with, by, etc. | | beit as a prefix sometimes makes the soft sound ( v ). bereishit ( in the beginning ) ; u ' vayom ( and on the day ). | | when hei used with other prefixes, this is always the last prefix before the root. it is often absorbed into the beit or lamed prefix. haolam ( the universe ) ; u ' vayom ( and on the day ; note that the v ' ( on ) combines with the ha ( the ) to become va ( on the ) ). | | mi kamokha ( who is like you? ). | | l ' chayim ( to life ). | | from ; also turns a verb into a noun | | mimitzrayim ( from egypt ) ; mitzvah ( commandment, a noun derived from the root verb tzavah meaning command ) | | turns a verb into the person who does it | | shehecheyanu ( who has kept us alive ) ; sheasah | | comments and examples | | b ' khol l ' vavikha uv ' khol naf ' shikha uv ' khol m ' odekha ( with all your heart and with all your soul and with all | | we, us, our | | avinu malkeynu ( our father, our king ) ; asher kidishanu ( who has sanctified us ) ; ashamnu ( we have if you are interested in hebrew root words, an interesting book to look at, is jewish lexicon, which looks at a lot of important jewish concepts and idioms through their root words. be aware that this book is written from a \u00a9 copyright 5756 - 5771 ( 1995 - 2011 ), tracey r rich if you appreciate the many years of work i have put into this site, show your appreciation by linking to this page, not copying it to your site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48780116206741425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.765358"} {"text": "what sustainability education is to me james pittman \u2019 s \u201c living definition of sustainability \u201d forms the foundation for my definition of optimal sustainability education in that it offers an integrated vision for sustainability that focuses on the health and integrity of human / nature systems. pittman defines living sustainability as \u201c the long - term equilibrium of health and integrity maintained dynamically within any individual system ( organism, organization, ecosystem, community, etc. ) through a diversity of relationships with other systems. \u201d pittman \u2019 s definition of living sustainability describes what i call \u201c socio - ecological living sustainability. \u201d i use \u201c socio - ecological \u201d in addition to \u201c living \u201d because \u201c ecology \u201d \u2014 the study of the earth household \u2014 is inherently concerned with relationships \u2014 with systems views \u2014 and these views are central to exploring social power and exploitation. using the term \u201c ecology \u201d highlights the fact that the systems referenced in the definition include both living and nonliving components of earth systems. this definition is \u201c socio - ecological \u201d because society is embedded within ecology, and the definition is \u201c living \u201d because, like all life, it is open to change driven by historical and natural forces. this openness to change points to an important aspect of the definition : it is place specific ; what might be sustainable in a given context is not necessarily so in every context. the appropriateness of changes to and adaptations of the definition is therefore place - specific in the same way that the appropriateness of life adaptations is in many ways determined by the specific context. the definition, to remain viable, must take form and evolve in living situations. sustainability, then, is a set of lifeways lived within specific, historical circumstances. within these lifeways, considerations of the \u201c long - term equilibrium of health and integrity \u201d remain the central focus for communities. my focus as a sustainability educator is in higher education as a critical pedagogical process that, at its best, is capable of engaging students, faculty members, and the community in sustainability praxis. the purposes and goals of this transformative praxis depart from those dominant in higher education today in that they involve students in the process of naming the world and defining desired action. this praxis seeks to ( re ) integrate our fractured identities and worldviews. it is counterhegemonic in orientation so that it directly confronts the political economy of late capitalism and its means of production as primary drivers in the sustainability crisis. it takes a transdisciplinary approach to integrating the academic disciplines and seeks to heal dichotomous and destructive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5539784442526797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.769793"} {"text": "provided by networx. com the cold month of february is the time to start seeds, and to start preparing planters for your container plants. building cute and functional planters is a way to make the best of chilly days spent indoors. whether you are planting annuals in a window box, or vegetables in a vertical garden, there are so many awesome ways to make cheap, environmentally friendly planters that don ' t require you to be a professional carpenter in order to make them. for totally low budget planters, think old two liter soda bottles or plastic milk jugs. large plastic bottles or jugs can simply be washed thoroughly and cut in half. drill holes in the bottom for drainage, and fill with potting soil. this is a super cheap diy planter solution, although it is not perhaps the most aesthetically pleasing. an advantage to it is that it ' s easy to hang upcycled plastic bottle or jug planters from railings. urban gardeners, who only have access to a fire escape, can utilize the outer and inner sides of their fire escape raiings by affixing these planters at alternating heights, to essentially make a vertical garden. pickle buckets are awesome as diy planters. grocery stores and restaurants receive bulk pickles in four or five gallon buckets. sometimes they return them to the distributor, but sometimes they throw the pickle buckets out. when in doubt as to whether a stack of pickle buckets behind a store or cafe is waiting to be picked up by the garbage collector or the distributor, do the right thing and ask the store ' s manager. when you are sure that the pickle buckets are destined for the dump or the recycling facility, then grab a few and use them as planters. you can make self - watering planters from pickle buckets, or you can drill drainage holes into the bottoms. you can grow quite a lot of food in a pickle bucket. large cans are another awesome free diy planter idea. while small supermarket - sized vegetable cans don ' t have enough room for a plant with a substantial root ball to grow, industrial sized cans are a sure bet. check the garbage ( dumpster diving! ) of cafes. if you are on friendly terms with your office cafeteria workers, or your local barista, or the waitress at your local diner, don ' t be afraid to ask them for large cans from the kitchen. they very well might be able to locate a few that are headed to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.395346714453211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.773324"} {"text": "with your office cafeteria workers, or your local barista, or the waitress at your local diner, don ' t be afraid to ask them for large cans from the kitchen. they very well might be able to locate a few that are headed to the garbage. poke drainage holes into the bottom of the can with a hammer and a nail. smaller cans are great for starting seedlings or small transplants in. not everyone has one of these hanging around, but they ' re perfect containers for a garden. large troughs or barrels give you plenty of room to plant bigger crops. scour yard sales and local flea markets for plastic, wood, or galvanized metal tubs. planting in troughs is an excellent way to grow pounds of food in a tiny garden. you can also make a hanging planter from an old tire. if you ' re handy, do as blogger pamela, a diy painter in schenectady, from pink hammers and sippy cups did. the project involves cleaning, cutting, and painting an old tire. the result is a sturdy planter that looks a bit like a flower. it can be suspended as a hanging planter, or it can be placed on the ground. what ' s your favorite way to make your own planters? have you figured out an amazing and awesome, cheap diy planter solution. please tell us in the comments! chaya kurtz writes for networx. com. view original post.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.36589475406771216, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.775055"} {"text": "washington ( cnn ) - - at its essence, the presidential inaugural symbolizes american democracy ' s peaceful transition or extension of power. every four years, the winner of the preceding november election swears to defend the constitution. cannons boom and bands play. it all unfolds outside in public, usually before a massive throng that thunders its approval. the simple practice and symbolism of inaugurating a president has remained consistent throughout american history - - 56 times before sunday - - although the date, the pomp and the ceremony have changed since george washington took the first oath 224 years ago. thirteen years after the declaration of independence and more than a year and a half after the constitution was ratified, washington was sworn in on april 20, 1789, at federal hall in new york. the capital city later named for washington was just a swamp at the time. he set the precedent of kissing the bible after the oath. franklin pierce broke the tradition of kissing the bible. he placed his left hand on it instead in 1853. washington is also credited with creating other traditions. for instance, he started the inaugural parade when government officials, members of congress, army units, and prominent citizens escorted him to the ceremony. the oath of office is specified in article ii, section 1 of the constitution. the oath for other federal officials, including the vice president, is not in the constitution. the oath of office reads, \" i do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that i will faithfully execute the office of president of the united states, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the united states. the \" ( or affirm ) \" allows the president - elect to choose to affirm or to swear the oath of office. only pierce and herbert hoover chose to affirm rather than swear their oath. the words \" so help me god \" do not appear in the constitutional oath. that phrase was supposedly ad - libbed by washington, setting a precedent for future presidents. president barack obama has requested his oath include the phrase. a personal aspect of the inauguration is the bible. john f. kennedy was the first catholic president - - his religious identity was a contentious issue in his run for office. only three presidents did not use a bible : john qunicy adams opted for a volume of law ; theodore roosevelt used no bible or book at his first inauguration in 1901. lyndon johnson used john f. kennedy ' s roman catholic missal during his hastily arranged swearing - in aboard air force one en route to washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3932632602966524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.780857"} {"text": "adams opted for a volume of law ; theodore roosevelt used no bible or book at his first inauguration in 1901. lyndon johnson used john f. kennedy ' s roman catholic missal during his hastily arranged swearing - in aboard air force one en route to washington following kennedy ' s assassination in dallas on nov. 22, 1963. like fingerprints, no inaugural address is the same - - they come in all lengths, tones and with all kinds of different motives. some aim to set the agenda for the president ' s term, others aim to define how the president will govern. washington delivered the shortest address at his second inauguration in philadelphia. it totaled 135 words. the longest was about 8, 500 words and delivered by william henry harrison, who refused to wear coat on the cold march day in 1841. he caught a cold and died from pneumonia a month later. some memorable lines from inaugural addresses : \" with malice toward none, with charity for all. \" - abraham lincoln, march 1865. \" let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. \" - franklin d. roosevelt, march 1933. \" and so, my fellow americans : ask not what your country can do for you - - - ask what you can do for your country. \" - john f. kennedy, january 1961. january 20 falls on a sunday this year as it did in 1917, 1957 and 1985. as a result, obama will take the official oath in a private ceremony that day at the white house. he will follow up with the public ceremony on monday at the capitol. obama will be the first president to have two oaths administered publicly and privately. in 2009, chief justice john roberts flubbed the oath as he read it obama during the public ceremony. they did it again the next day at the white house to leave no question thomas jefferson was the first president inaugurated in washington, march 1801. the first inauguration on january 20 by decree of the 20th amendment was in 1937. andrew jackson was the first to take the oath on the east front of the capitol. ronald reagan of california was the first to be inaugurated on the west front of the capitol in 1980. jimmy carter, in 1976, was the first to walk from the capitol to the white house. the first inaugural streamed live on the internet was bill clinton ' s second ceremony in 1997. cnn ' s connor finnegan and robert yoon contributed to this report", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3781095083184045, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.781896"} {"text": "user : oh, how the sea calls if you have questions ask on my talk page. quick references for common japanese - a little bit on the japanese language to possibly act as a reference guide for the wiki. - more verbs, common nouns, asking questions, and a little bit more order to follow soon. important particles ' ga ' - subject marker. ex. - sasuke ga naruto o hanasu. sasuke ( subject marker ) naruto ( d. o. marker ) hanasu ( speaks ). ' o ' - direct object marker. shows what the subject is doing the action to. ex. sasuke ga naruto o hanasu. sasuke ( subject marker ) naruto ( direct object marker ) hanasu ( speaks ). ' no ' - shows possession, or is as a modifying phrase. ex ( possession ) - sora no kiiburedo ( keyblade ). sora ' s keyblade. ex ( modifying phrase ) - nihongo ( japanese language ) no hon ( book ). japanese language book. ' wa ' - denotes the subject of the sentence. - clarifies what you are talking about. - add ' wa ' after the topic of the sentence. - any noun can be the topic, if it is the d. o., replace ' o ' with ' wa ', and if it is the subject, replace ' ga ' with ' wa. ' ex. - kinou wa ( as for yesterday ) sensei ( teacher ) ga ( subj. mark ) jon ( john ) o ( d. o. marker ) shikatta ( scolded ). ' ka ' - lists choices like the english word ' or. ' ame ka yumi. ( rain or water ). ' to ' - lists items, or specifies the co - agent. ex ( lists items ) - ame to yumi ( rain and water ). ex ( specifies co - agent - sasuke ga ( subj mark. ) naruto to ( co - agent specifier ) tabeta ( ate ). - always at the end of a sentence. - comes in four forms ; the dictionary, negative, stem ( i will post these forms later ) and ' te ' form ( also, later ). - info on past tense will follow with the ' te ' form. dictionary - the one you would see if you looked it up in a dictionary. the present tense and affirmative form of the verb. ex - tab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5044246494024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.786927"} {"text": "form ( also, later ). - info on past tense will follow with the ' te ' form. dictionary - the one you would see if you looked it up in a dictionary. the present tense and affirmative form of the verb. ex - taberu - to eat negative - the opposite of the dictionary form. ex - tabenai - to not eat common verbs da - is ( informal ) desu - is ( formal ) ja nai - is not ( inf. ) ja arimasen - is not ( for. ) datta - was ( inf. ) deshita - was ( for. ) ja nakatta - was not ( inf. ) ja arimasendeshita - was not ( for. ) aru - to exist / to have. used by the japanese to show possession of inanimate objects. ( this one is a tad bit strange, as is it ' s counterpart, iru ) nai ( neg. ) ex - sora wa ( topic marker ) munni ( munny ) ga aru. as for sora, munni exists. or sora has money. iru ( dict. ) - to exist / to have. used by the japanese to show possession of animate objects. inai ( neg. ) ex - sora wa ( topic marker ) tori ( bird ) o ( d. o. marker ) aru ( exists ). as for sora, a bird exists. or sora has a bird. taberu ( dict. ) - to eat. tabenai ( neg. ) hanasu ( dict. ) - to speak. hanasanai ( neg. ) shinu ( dict. ) - to die. shinanai ( neg. ) kaku ( dict. ) - to write. kakanai ( neg. ) toru ( dict. ) - to take toranai ( neg. ) kau ( dict. ) - to buy kawanai ( neg. ) miru ( dict. ) - to watch minai ( neg. ) iku ( dict. ) - to go ikanai ( neg. ) kuru ( dict. ) - to come konai ( neg. ) suru ( dict. ) - to do shinai ( neg. ) yes / no and content questions to follow soon. users i consider to be friends - lapis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4764909157096805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.787730"} {"text": "with stores like rogers video open every day of the year, some of us know what it ' s like to work on christmas day. the difference between working now and back in medieval times is significant. back then, servants had to wait hand and foot on lords and ladies - some of them were not so nice, i might add. while the family feasted on large meals and joyfully opened up presents, the paid staff worked their butts off. this doesn ' t mean servants had to go without christmas and presents though. the day after christmas faithful servants or employees would get a christmas box. the first boxing day is believed to have started in the middle ages. this is just a guess cuz the exact date isn ' t known. how boxing day started is a question as well. some say it started with the giving of christmas boxes, like the story above. others think it was named for the tradition of opening charity boxes placed in churches during the christmas season. the contents were given out to the poor. only in the last century has boxing day become a holiday. by having christmas day and boxing day as holidays people could take trips or get together with family members for christmas. boxing day is a holiday celebrated in britain, australia, new zealand, and canada. if december 26 falls on saturday or sunday the public dedicates the following monday to boxing day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.410222163090819, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.790995"} {"text": "quite an informative blog post from our local surfing site what we ' re talking about is something surfers really don \u2019 t want to know about, but should, because if you ' re a surfer, you ' re taking part in a sport where surfer ' s ear is one of the most common problems and a price you may have to pay for being a surf - aholic. so, let ' s talk about the history of surfer ' s ear, what causes it and what can, and should, be done about it. being ignorant on such a relevant topic is not smart, it ' s plain dumb. and that \u2019 s not something the surfer community should be. surf kings and queens for sure, but not dummies. if you ' re a smoker, you know the small print. the same should apply to surfers and their ears. so at the end of this chat, i hope to have you better informed. having started with a sexual innuendo, i think it only fair to mention that in 1891, when \u201c surfer ' s ear \u201d was first described, syphilis was suspected as a possible cause. the first described surgery took place in 1877. the operation took seven hours using chloroform anaesthesia. they also used leeches to facilitate blood flow. but relax. just as technology for surfboards and wetsuits has flourished, so have modern surgical techniques and anaesthesia. so chill... you ' re safe from leeches. what causes surfer ' s ear? i worked in london for sir donald harrison who found the reason. he found ear canal skin temperature increased after swimming in cold water. this increase was due to dilatation of the blood vessels. irrigating the ear with 15\u00b0c seawater for 15 seconds caused blood vessels to swell and increase the warmth for some 45 minutes. and in those who already had surfer ' s ear, the same exposure caused 80 minutes of reflex warming due to vessel dilatation. so the colder the water, the greater the duration of the reflex dilation and heating up. basically increased vascular temperature can cause new bone formation because there ' s no insulating layer of subcutaneous tissue between the lining of the ear canal and the underlying bone. this theory has been found to be true. in terms of history, a relatively small number of people engaged in long - term cold - water activities as an occupation, but with invention in the 1950s of the neoprene suit, everything changed and one could spend prolonged periods of time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4539909428535227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.801031"} {"text": "be true. in terms of history, a relatively small number of people engaged in long - term cold - water activities as an occupation, but with invention in the 1950s of the neoprene suit, everything changed and one could spend prolonged periods of time in what had previously been uncomfortably cold water. unless the ear canal was protected from cold - water exposure, the price for greater participation in cold - water activities increased, as did formation of surfer ' s ear. the sport predominantly affected by these trends was surfing : so you ' re at risksurfers are people who continually have their heads under water and participate in their sport for hundreds of hours per year and, what ' s more, many for decades. in fact the term \u201c surfer ' s ear \u201d first appeared in medical literature in 1977. since then most discussions on surfer ' s ear describe mainly surfing populations since this is the group with the highest incidence of the condition. essentially, a surfing generation was born. a generation of water buddies who spend hundreds of hours in cold water with uncovered ears. some for decades. all surfers are potentially at risk, so if you ' re sensible, responsible and all those other boring things, you ' d have your ears checked out by someone who understands this condition... not an amateur..., firstly to see whether you have them, and what, if anything, needs be done. certainly protection is top of the list. how many surfers get surfer ' s ear this varies depending on whether you ' re susceptible, the water temperature and how often and for how long you surf, always repeating the bottom line as to whether you wear protection. this makes a huge difference. what i mean is, \u201c wear an ear condom. \u201d it needn \u2019 t be a rough rider or equivalent, just a hood, doc ' s pro plugs or prestik, recalling the mantra of \u201c keep it covered. \u201d in this case, both of them. a californian study with water temperature 19 - 20\u00b0c found 86 % of surfers to have a degree of canal closure from surfer ' s ear. interestingly, more involvement in the right ear than left. most didn \u2019 t wear protection because, either they didn \u2019 t think of it, or it was uncomfortable and unglamorous. japanese professional surfers have an 80 % incidence with canal closure of between 50 \u2013 80 %. again the colder the water, the greater the incidence. in new zealand the incidence was some 73 % with 40 % having 50 % or more closure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47578872240762016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.802223"} {"text": ", have it done before you get to this extreme state. every ent surgeon has a case or two of these extensive osteoma where complications occurred because of surgical difficulty. the current surgical techniques make use of sophisticated binocular microscopes, micro instruments and safe anaesthesia. the combination makes for delicate surgery. the most frequently used technique is high - speed drill, drilling the osteoma away often utilising tiny 1 \u2013 2mm osteotome chisels as adjuncts. incision is either straight through the canal, or behind the ear. it depends on the surgeon ' s preference. it ' s day case surgery and pain not usually a significant factor. the osteoma are removed and an as normal as possible canal recreated by removing the obstruction. absolutely vital to swift recovery is preservation of the very thin and sensitive skin lining to the canal. if you can retain this, the surfer is back in the water within 4 \u2013 6 weeks. sometimes sooner. however, if you present with huge osteoma, then keeping that skin cover can be exceeding difficult and sometimes impossible. in that case, and we ' ve all heard about those that had to stay out of the water for a couple of month ' s after surgery, because they delayed the procedure and reaped the consequences. the main thing is don \u2019 t allow them to get to a massive size by running away and then blame the surgeon when your recovery is prolonged. also, in terms of regular surfing, recall outer ear infections are not uncommon and, just as there ' s no such thing as clean air, the same applies to much of the ocean in which you surf. the bacteria involved here are often bowel related with all that that implies. surgical follow up getting a surfer to accept surgery is required is, in itself, especially difficult because of the denial factor. the \u201c running away \u201d syndrome is substantial and largely based on misplaced fear and lack of awareness. the same applies to coming for regular follow up. remember surgery will have reduced the osteoma, but the possibility of recurrence is real as the cause of the osteoma formation is dilation of blood vessels, something that cannot be surgically removed. it ' s a physiologic reaction to cold water. one report on a 10 year follow up showed there was more than 60 % closure in 25 %, 30 - 60 % closure in 31 % and less than 30 % closure in the remaining 42 %. so you need follow up. not surprisingly, those who surf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42269129595395355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.805479"} {"text": "on a 10 year follow up showed there was more than 60 % closure in 25 %, 30 - 60 % closure in 31 % and less than 30 % closure in the remaining 42 %. so you need follow up. not surprisingly, those who surf all year round, recurred quicker as did those who were older at the time of their initial surgery. and here ' s a vital fact. ear protection reduced the chance of regrowth 5 fold. so what ' s the bottom line? firstly you ' re in a sport, which constantly exposes you to cold water. a fair number of you will be in a group where this causes the blood vessels to dilate, stimulating new bone formation hence \u201c surfer ' s ear. \u201d just as you shouldn \u2019 t drink and drive, so you shouldn \u2019 t surf without having your ears checked to get the bottom line. recall, by no means every surfer ' s ear needs surgery, but every surfer should protect. that \u2019 s not a big price to pay, all things considered. now you see the connection between hiv and surfer ' s ear. it pays to protect. i recently saw a beautiful young fish hoek surfer with significant surfer ' s ear. she was 14, but wasn \u2019 t keen on wearing protection because of the aesthetics. i ' ve also operated on a matric girl with massive surfer ' s ear. she too wasn \u2019 t keen on protection. the chances of her osteoma recurring are enormous. please wear protection! that \u2019 s a plea from someone very involved in the surfer ' s ear syndrome situation. we ' ll talk further, but this is what you might call an opening round. get back to the surf, but as they say in the classics \u201c keep it covered. \u201d.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4369676466667821, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.806467"} {"text": "posted : may 8, 2012 5 : 54 pm by andy koen updated : may 8, 2012 6 : 02 pm a local start - up company is on the cutting edge of renewable energy development by designing and building machines that make electricity by harnessing the power of ocean waves. atargis energy corporation was founded in 2010 by air force academy aeronautics professor dr. stefan siegel, ph. d. the company is currently building a 1 / 10th scale prototype in their facility on janitell road for testing at tested at the hydromechanics laboratory at texas a & m university next month. \" the vision is to really produce electricity at the utility scale and feed that electricity to the power grid to communities in the vicinity of the ocean shore, \" siegel said. dr. siegel says a single generator can produce five megawatts of electricity, enough to power a community roughly the size of falcon. the generators would also create electricity at a similar cost per kilowatt hour as non - renewable sources like oil, gas and coal. so, why would an aeronautics professor start a wave energy company in a land locked state? siegel says the science is virtually the same. \" water and air are basically just fluids, \" he explained. \" the same laws of motion and physics apply to both of them. \" using a 1 / 300th scale model, siegel demonstrated that the same forces that create lift under an airplane wing are also at work spinning the blades of his generator with passing ocean waves. as for the location, siegel says the design of the machine is such that a large manufacturing plant isn ' t necessary. instead, the various components can easily be mass produced by existing manufacturers. the generators would then be assembled at shipyards near the coasts before installation. another unique attribute of the design is that it operates completely submerged, protected from heavy winds and storms on the surface of the water. \" if you go below the water surface you already don ' t have the impact of the wind, if you go down a little bit further, you ' re actually losing the impact of the wave as well and that is how our device survives storms, \" siegel explains. atargis plans to build quarter - scale and full - size prototypes for ocean testing in the next two years. they hope to begin selling them in 2015.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.52256857829537, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.812382"} {"text": "the finish line is almost here. americans have weighed a plethora of questions in choosing their presidential candidate. but amid the quadrennial explosion of political ads, bumper stickers and debates, some questions still baffle : why is the republican mascot an elephant? why are democrats linked to the color blue? and what happens if the candidates tie? below, a voter ' s guide to such perpetually confounding riddles : q. why are presidential elections always in november, and always on tuesdays? it all comes down to weather, harvests and worship. back when voters traveled to the polls by horse, tuesday was an ideal day because it allows people to worship on sunday, ride to their county seat on monday and vote on tuesday - all before market day, wednesday. and the month of november fit nicely between harvest time and brutal winter weather - - which can be especially bad when you ' re trudging along by horse and buggy. but since many voters now travel by horsepower instead of live horses, some people - - like the group why tuesday? - - are pushing to move election day to a weekend day to increase the country ' s historically dismal voter turnout. according to the group, 15 states do not allow early voting, and 27 percent of non - voters said the main reason why they didn ' t vote was because they were too busy or couldn ' t get time off to vote. q. why do republicans have an elephant and democrats have a donkey? back in 1874, cartoonist thomas nast used an elephant to depict the republican vote in his drawing \" the third - term panic. \" the cartoon was published in harper ' s weekly after the owner of the new york herald reportedly criticized the notion of republican president ulysses s. grant running for a third term. ( grant didn ' t end up running in the next election ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3914854772972965, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.817642"} {"text": "korean needs 4. 6 hectares of land for living by yi whan - woo korea \u2019 s ecological footprint, or its demand on the ecosystem, is 1. 7 times greater than the global average, according to the world wide fund for nature ( wwf ). each korean requires 4. 6 hectares of land to live on, exceeding the world \u2019 s average of 2. 7 hectares, the wwf said in the \u201c living planet report. \u201d the nation placed 29th on the ecological footprint list of 149 countries. an ecological footprint is a measure of how much biologically productive land and sea people require in order to absorb their waste and produce all the resources they consume. the higher the necessary amount, the longer it takes to regenerate biologically productive land and fishing grounds. the major components of korea \u2019 s footprint were the amount of land and sea needed to offset carbon emissions and fishing. the country with the highest footprint with 11. 85 hectares per person was qatar, followed by kuwait with 9. 72 hectares and the united arab emirates with 8. 44 hectares. the global average is expected to go up as china is undergoing rapid economic development. the country was ranked 72nd with 2. 1 hectares per person. the wwf report said the rate has increased since 1970s. the five biggest challenges the earth faces are the loss of certain natural habitats, overexploitation of wild species \u2019 populations, pollution, climatic change and the increase of specific wildlife species. it also said the earth would need to be 1. 5 times bigger to produce the resources people are consuming to avoid running out of them, adding it may need to be three times bigger by 2050.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40495022449643275, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.819521"} {"text": "most active stories krwg. org - the region ' s home page wed january 2, 2013 pakistan ' s ' patriot act ' could target politicians originally published on wed january 2, 2013 9 : 16 am earlier this month, pakistan ' s powerful lower house of parliament passed what analysts have dubbed pakistan ' s patriot act. its name here is \" investigation for fair trial bill. \" it has been presented to the pakistani people as a way to update existing law and usher the rules for investigation in pakistan into the 21st century. among other things, it makes electronic eavesdropping admissible as evidence in court. to american ears, the argument for the new law should sound vaguely familiar. pakistani officials say that in order to fight the war against terror, they need to be allowed to capture emails, listen in on cellphone calls, and track suspects so they can stay one step ahead of the terrorists. that ' s the same argument fbi director robert mueller made before members of congress when the fbi sought changes in the patriot act. already a common practice the difference is that the pakistani version has been introduced into an entirely different societal context. to begin with, it is an open secret that security agencies in pakistan already tape phones and monitor email with impunity. they are supposed to get warrants to do this, but they rarely do. the bill is seen as legal cover for what is already common practice. another difference : this being pakistan, the feeling among those who are following the bill is that the investigative powers won ' t be limited to terrorists. politicians, they believe, are likely to be the main targets. \" there are two sides of the argument. one is that this is a country at war \u2014 a war within and war in the region \u2014 so you need certain laws to protect people from terrorist activity, \" says harris khaliq, a poet and columnist in islamabad. \" at the same time, pakistan has a checkered political history and we as citizens are really wary of a situation where these laws or such policies could be actually used to oppress political opponents of whoever is in power. \" it is common to use criminal charges as a brickbat against powerful politicians. bribery and corruption charges are routinely filed and then dismissed. smear campaigns are frequent. democracy in pakistan is too fragile to allow these kinds of sweeping powers, says aasim sajjad, a professor of political economy at quaid - e - azam university in islamabad. \" frankly, to be honest, it is not as if this act per se would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4820638196242204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.826078"} {"text": "allow these kinds of sweeping powers, says aasim sajjad, a professor of political economy at quaid - e - azam university in islamabad. \" frankly, to be honest, it is not as if this act per se would be required for this sort of big - brother apparatus to operate. i think it operates in any case, \" sajjad says. \" the worry is that the state and the intelligence apparatus here has historically been so powerful and so unaccountable that there is a feeling that we would be totally surrendering every last remaining bit of independence or civil liberties \" by passing the law. limited opposition to date while sajjad ' s concern about civil liberties would be common in the united states, in pakistan it is unusual. aside from university professors and the liberal elite, opposition to the bill has been, at best, muted. while its passage in the lower house made the front pages of the english - language papers here, there was barely a whisper about it in the urdu - language press. \" amongst a fairly limited circle \u2014 activists and observers \u2014 there has been concern, \" sajjad says. \" but it hasn ' t generated or garnered the kind of response that i think would be necessary for some sort of countervailing pushback to prevent something like this from going through. it will pass the senate and the president will sign it. \" mohman hussein baluch is a ph. d. candidate in pakistani studies at the university, and his reaction is typical of the students there. he says if he isn ' t doing anything wrong, he has nothing to fear. \" i am a peaceful citizen of pakistan. i bleed in peace, so i am not worried about this, \" he says. the senate is more conservative than the lower house in pakistan, and it is expected to approve the bill and send it to the president for his signature early in the new year. steve inskeep, host : on top of their concerns about terrorism, sectarian violence, the taliban and their painful relationship with the united states, people in pakistan are talking about privacy. the lower house of pakistan ' s parliament passed what ' s called the investigation for fair trial bill. it is the pakistani version of the patriot act. it clears the way for intelligence and law enforcement agencies to tap phones, monitor internet traffic and follow people they suspect are terrorists. of course, it ' s an open secret that security agencies in pakistan already do this, but the new bill will give them legal cover. npr ' s dina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5123573648005817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.827009"} {"text": "law enforcement agencies to tap phones, monitor internet traffic and follow people they suspect are terrorists. of course, it ' s an open secret that security agencies in pakistan already do this, but the new bill will give them legal cover. npr ' s dina temple raston - raston reports from islamabad. dina temple - raston, byline : the investigation for fair trial bill has been presented to the pakistani people as a way to update existing law and bring the rules for investigation in pakistan into the 21st century. officials say that in order to fight against terror, they need to be allowed to capture emails, listen in on cell phone calls and track internet searches so they can root out terrorists. harris khaliq : i ' m harris khaliq and i ' m a poet and columnist. temple - raston : khaliq has been watching the bill wind its way through parliament. khaliq : there are two sides to the argument. one, is that this is a country at war, a war within a war within the region. so, you need certain laws to protect people from terrorist activity. temple - raston : that side of the argument should sound familiar, but it is the other side of the argument that makes it distinctly pakistani. the concern is not that ordinary citizens might get caught up in this, the worry is that security agencies in pakistan will use the new powers to blackmail politicians. harris khaliq explains. khaliq : pakistan has a checkered political history, and we, as citizens, are really wary of a situation where these laws or such policies are actually used to oppress political opponents, or whoever is in power. temple - raston : aasim sajjad is a professor of political economy at quaid - e - azam university in islamabad. aasim sajjad : frankly, to be honest, you know, it ' s not as if this act, per se, would be required for this sort of, sort of big brother apparatus to operate. i mean, if they can operate in any case... temple - raston : he ' s worried the security agencies will use the law as an excuse to go even further. sajjad : the state, the intelligence apparatus is historically been so powerful and so unaccountable that there ' s a feeling that, you know, this is sort of - we ' re just totally - would be surrendering every last remaining bit of independence of civil liberties. temple - raston : still, aside from university professors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4931852027608946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.828246"} {"text": "##ccountable that there ' s a feeling that, you know, this is sort of - we ' re just totally - would be surrendering every last remaining bit of independence of civil liberties. temple - raston : still, aside from university professors and the liberal elite, opposition to the bill has been muted. while news of the bill made the front pages of the english language papers here, there was barely a whisper about it in the urdu press. sajjad : amongst a fairly limited circle, you know, activists and observers, there ' s been concern... temple - raston : again, aasim sajjad of quaid - e - azam university : sajjad :... but it hasn ' t generated or garnered the kind of response that, you know, i think would be necessary for there to be actually some kind of countervailing push - back to prevent something like this from going through. temple - raston : mohman hussein baluch is a ph. d. candidate in pakistani studies as the university, and his reaction was typical. if he isn ' t doing anything wrong, he said, he has nothing to fear. mohman hussein baluch : if i ' m not doing anything wrong - i ' m a peaceful citizen of pakistan - i believe in peace, that i ' m not worried about this. temple - raston : the bill passed the lower house of parliament and is awaiting approval from the senate. that ' s expected to happen in the next week or so, and the president is expected to sign it into law. dina temple - raston, npr news, islamabad. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4559802079368222, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.829053"} {"text": "flood of 1951 july 13, 1951 has been called by some black friday. it was on this day that one of the most costly floods in kansas \u2019 history swept down the kansas river valley into the missouri river basin. the kansas river valley had flooded before but not with this magnitude and damage. during the period of july 9 - 13, some areas in the kansas river basin received 18. 5 inches of rain. the eastern half of the basin averaged 8 inches. the flooding started above manhattan on the big blue river. the manhattan business district was eventually covered with eight feet of water. downstream flooding continued in topeka, lawrence, and kansas city. in topeka alone about 7, 000 buildings were damaged or destroyed. the rising river waters caused transportation throughout the river basin to come to a halt. roads were washed away and railroad tracks moved. communication lines were downed. altogether one hundred sixteen cities and towns were affected ; 85, 000 persons had to be evacuated from their homes ; 22, 000 residences in the river basin were flooded and nearly 2, 500 completely demolished ; 336 businesses were destroyed and more than 3000 flooded. the flood didn \u2019 t just affect just the towns and cities, 10, 000 farms also suffered damage. topsoil from fertile fields was removed by the flood waters, while heavy deposits of sediment and sand were left in its place. the flood claimed 28 lives as more than 1 million acres were flooded. total losses in the kansas river basin and in kansas city missouri and kansas city kansas exceeded $ 725, 000, 000. during the depression of the 1930 \u2019 s the federal government had proposed building flood control dams along tributaries of major rivers in kansas. part of the new deal programs, these projects would have provided jobs for unemployed workers and perhaps prevented downstream flooding. the flood control act of 1938 had authorized construction of tuttle creek reservoir, but no action had been taken. the flood control act of 1944, known as the pick - sloan plan had authorized the u. s. army corps of engineers and the bureau of reclamation to coordinate plans along the entire missouri river basin. lack of funding had delayed action on the building of tuttle creek reservoir. the flood of 1951 would change that. business men and residents living downstream along the kansas river increased the pressure on government officials to protect them from another flood. on the other hand vigorous opposition was directed at officials from the local to national levels. five small kansas towns were to be inundated ( garrison, stockdale, randolph, cleburne and bigelow ). at least four other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3818991157555302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.833650"} {"text": "flood. on the other hand vigorous opposition was directed at officials from the local to national levels. five small kansas towns were to be inundated ( garrison, stockdale, randolph, cleburne and bigelow ). at least four other towns would lose substantial earning power ( frankfort, irving, manhattan, and marysville ). three thousand residents of the blue river valley would be affected by the dam. fifteen hundred of these were farm families. many of these had cultivated these family farms for more than 85 years. transportation facilities, including two railroads would have to be abandoned or moved. numerous state highways, county and township roads would need relocated. schools, churches, cemeteries, and public utilities were to be moved. approximately 55, 000 acres of the fertile farm land would be inundated. the people of the valley fought to maintain their existence but in the end tuttle creek dam and reservoir was built. construction was completed and operation began july 1, 1962. total cost was $ 80, 051, 031. the army corps of engineers estimates that since opening, tuttle creek lake has prevented over three billion dollars in flood damages. however, the building of reservoirs along the drainage area did not bring a stop to the flooding. again in 1993, the kansas river and the missouri river basins flooded. this time however, no lives were lost. the struggle between man and nature continues. photos of irving and construction on tuttle creek dam spillway courtesy of u. s. army corps of engineers, kansas city district, manhattan, ks. entry : flood of 1951 author : kansas historical society author information : the kansas historical society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state ' s history. date created : june 2011 date modified : july 2011 the author of this article is solely responsible for its content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.395847359749987, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.834396"} {"text": "( ara ) - graphic design isn ' t only about creating logos, advertisements or promotional materials. graphic design is a creative process that involves developing a targeted visual communication through words and images. this means there are numerous skills that aspiring or seasoned graphic design professionals - or career changers - can develop to keep up with the latest industry trends. \" there has never been a more exciting time for careers in graphic design, especially with the advancement of digital media, \" says don french, owner of graphic design firm french & associates and program director of graphic design at brooks institute, a leading provider of higher education for film, visual journalism, graphic design and photography. \" with the evolution of both traditional and digital design, graphic designers or those who want to pursue this career must continually develop their skills to stay relevant in the changing media landscape. \" based on his experience as a working professional and educator, french notes the following key skills that graphic design professionals, career changers or students should consider developing for today ' s marketplace : * learn the visual arts. proficiency in visual arts like drawing and photography give graphic designers a more diverse portfolio. photography skills, for example, may not only expand designers ' resumes but allow them to take images of their work for portfolios or for use in print and website projects. sketching and drawing skills may be transferrable for design work on paper and on a computer screen, which is a great way to work out concepts quickly and especially important given the increased emphasis on digital design. designers seeking additional experience in the visual arts can read industry publications and blogs, continue their education at colleges with specialized visual arts programs, like brooks institute, or volunteer their services to non - profit organizations. * embrace digital media. as digital media continues to grow, graphic designers may discover opportunities with website design - related careers, which may incorporate elements such as typography, layout, visual design and even online copywriting. in addition to understanding design software programs such as adobe photoshop, illustrator and indesign, web design positions usually require proficiency in user interface and experience as well as some knowledge of html, xhtml and css. training courses, whether online or in person, are available to learn these skills. it ' s also important to participate in social media sites like facebook and twitter to gain hands - on experience. building skills in search engine optimization and online marketing can further diversify resumes. * become business - savvy. no matter whether you ' re working at an agency, a company ' s creative department, or even free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4381121346801504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.837325"} {"text": "a sculptural narrative of the heroic bravery of the people of naga city \" oragon \" is a two - part visual display that captures the heroism of naguenos by portraying two forms of bravery, with a central tapestry dividing the two juxtaposed narratives. crafted by artist jose barcena, jr., grandson of federico barcena who carved the monument to the 15 bicol martyrs at plaza quince martires, it was commissioned by the city government of naga under the leadership of mayor jesse robredo. \" bravery in peace \" depicts naga ' s native ruler and warrior in full battle regalia, standing valiantly to face rather than run away from spanish forces, a powerful reminder that naguenos are gifted with courage and strength to face any challenge in life. beside him sits babaylan, a priestess signifying the esteemed position of women. a native boy symbolizes simplicity and trust in himself. the adolescent boy, pointing to the ruler, portrays reverence and obedience to their leaders. facing them is the spanish conquistador capt. juan de salcedo who brings with him two instruments of colonization : the use of force symbolized by the spanish soldier, and the evangelization of catholic faith by the spanish missionary. the ancient naguenos welcomed the latter and resisted the former, a testimony to their wisdom and capacity to withstand threats and welcome goodness. \" bravery in times of war \" portrays the naguenos indomitable courage to fight freedom, exemplified by figures of two prominent revolutionaries : corporals elias angeles and felix plazo. on the third night of the penafrancia triduum on september 18, 1898, they mounted a surprise attack on the spanish government, forcing the governor and the castillian community to seek refuge in church premises and eventually capitulate to the triumphant native forces the next day. \" bravery in life \" is depicted by a tapestry at the center of the monument : a powerful symbol of the naguenos courage to measure all experiences - good or bad, happy or sad, up or down - and see them as singular reality called life. it is also an invitation to realize that in spite of diversity, they remain united as one because of shared history and common vision. the oragon was unveiled on the 18th day of june, 2010 during the 62nd charter day celebration of naga city. to have a virtual tour of amazing places around the world, please click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40689121249545607, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.841285"} {"text": "they came to georgetown : the french sulpicians georgetown magazine : july, 1977 by george m. barringer in its first two decades, georgetown drew heavily on the abilities \u2014 and availability \u2014 of french sulpician priests and seminarians. ( sulpicians were members of the society of saint - sulpice, founded in 1642 primarily for the purpose of training priests to administer seminaries and to engage in pastoral work. - ed. ) led by fr. francois charles nagot, the first band of sulpicians came to baltimore in 1791 to open a seminary for the diocese of baltimore and to establish a haven for their society in the event of religious persecution in france. georgetown college was to supply candidates for the priesthood to the seminary in baltimore. as it turned out, by 1801 only one candidate, michael cuddy, had gone from georgetown to the seminary ; but the college had profited greatly from the presence of the sulpicians as administrators and teachers. and the sulpicians, perceiving their original mission as a failure, were contemplating complete removal from the diocese. the ex - jesuits who were by then once again in control of georgetown : english, irish and american, were not entirely unhappy to see them go. georgetown ' s first teacher, according to the account left in his memoirs, was the sulpician seminarian jean edouard de mondesir, born in or near chartres and then about 22 years old. sent to georgetown in july, 1791, shortly after he arrived in baltimore, mondesir found the college building unfinished and no students yet enrolled. mondesir claimed to be the first to sleep in the building, and the first to teach there. in two stretches of about two years each between 1791 and 1797 he taught french and latin ( in the process acquiring a knowledge of english ) and prepared himself, though he does not tell us how, with a knowledge of greek. he was ultimately ordained by bishop carroll in 1789. mondesir ' s memoirs ( really a rambling series of letters and discourses ) afford us a good deal of first - hand knowledge about life in clerical circles in baltimore. one of his finest stories concerns fr. nagot ' s hilariously unsuccessful attempt to introduce gregorian chant to cathedral services, an event which ended with bishop carroll losing his episcopal decorum to laughter. only two anecdotes, however, tell us of life at georgetown. the first recounts the annoying presence and habits of fr. john thayer, the famous convert, who insisted on saying matins aloud at the stroke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.358351202159203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.851454"} {"text": "episcopal decorum to laughter. only two anecdotes, however, tell us of life at georgetown. the first recounts the annoying presence and habits of fr. john thayer, the famous convert, who insisted on saying matins aloud at the stroke of midnight, pacing the corridors of the college with prayer book in one hand and a candle in the other. the other anecdote chronicles mondesir ' s adventures in escorting three brothers to new york for vacation, including a formal presentation of them to bishop carroll and some first - hand experience ( almost shocking to the frenchman ) of american religious toleration via visits to protestant households. fr. louis guillaume valentin dubourg, a sulpician from cap francois, santo domingo, became georgetown ' s third president at the age of 30 in 1796. it was chiefly on him that the antagonism of the exjesuits and their allies centered. fr. dubourg, later to be the first bishop of new orleans and finally archbishop of besancon, brought a number of changes to the college. he donated books to establish a library, and he published a french prayer book ( probably la journee de chretien, baltimore, 1796 ), copies of which he sold to the georgetown students. he spent a very large sum of money for a set of silver candlesticks and a monstrance for the college altar and another sum, not so large, for a piano. he hired frenchmen whenever possible. besides the established french professors, mondesir and fr. flaget, there was a monsieur duclaracq who instructed the young gentlemen in dancing and fencing and a number of others as well, including two women retained as nurses, mrs. justine dau ( or douat ) and one known only as \" alzire, \" who were sufficiently well off to lend the college money from time to time. under fr. dubourg ' s presidency some aspects of college life that we think of as essential first took shape. a more formally organized board of directors assumed overall control of the college in 1797. among its first acts was the issuing of a directive to fr. dubourg to publish a prospectus of the college in three languages : english, french, and spanish. this prospectus, which was printed in baltimore in january, 1798, was the college ' s first catalog, albeit a brief one. the french and spanish versions, printed somewhat later, recognized the large number of georgetown students who came from louisiana and the caribbean and the importance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.402021743585549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.852536"} {"text": "was printed in baltimore in january, 1798, was the college ' s first catalog, albeit a brief one. the french and spanish versions, printed somewhat later, recognized the large number of georgetown students who came from louisiana and the caribbean and the importance of assuring a continued flow of students from those regions. unfortunately, fr. dubourg and the board of directors could not get along. at a time when american sentiment was becoming strongly anti - french, and when the american navy was fighting an undeclared war with french naval forces in the caribbean, fr. dubourg ' s emphasis on a strong french influence at georgetown was not politically feasible. in december, 1798, fr. dubourg resigned the presidency in favor of fr. leonard neale, under whose direction the college took on a much more american flavor. one other sulpician who contributed much to georgetown in the 1790 ' s was fr. benoit - joseph flaget, a native of the auvergne, later to become the first bishop of bardstown. fr. flaget was 32 when he was recalled from his missionary work at vincennes, indiana, to become vice - president and professor at georgetown in september, 1795. mondesir has much to say about fr. flaget ' s goodness and amiability, but nothing at all about what he did. certainly he spent much effort at learning english, in which he was barely competent when he arrived. he shared with fr. dubourg a taste for the theatre, which he attended in the company of justine douat. fr. flaget shared with fr. dubourg the distinction of being the first georgetown professor to dine with the president of the united states. along with two students, john law of washington and garrett barry of baltimore, frs. flaget and dubourg visited mount vernon on july 10, 1798. law ' s father and barry ' s uncle were friends of washington, and it seems likely that the two sulpicians functioned as escorts rather than as guests of honor. fr. ambrose marechal, a sulpician later to become archbishop of baltimore, served briefly at georgetown in 1801. but after 1798 the french presence at the college never approached the level it attained in the middle of the decade. the sulpicians stayed on in baltimore and elsewhere, but georgetown was to find its strength henceforward in the ranks of the ex - jesuits and those who would become jesuits following the restoration of the society. georgetown would become increasingly more american.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38357038134506727, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.853639"} {"text": "tulip and reformed theology : an introduction just a few years before the pilgrims landed on the shores of new england in the mayflower, a controversy erupted in the netherlands and spread throughout europe and then around the world. it began within the theological faculty of a dutch institution that was committed to calvinistic teaching. some of the professors there began to have second thoughts about issues relating to the doctrines of election and predestination. as this theological controversy spread across the country, it upset the church and theologians of the day. finally, a synod was convened. issues were squared away and the views of certain people were rejected, including those of a man by the name of jacobus arminius. the group that led the movement against orthodox reformed theology was called the remonstrants. they were called the remonstrants because they were remonstrating or protesting against certain doctrines within their own theological heritage. there were basically five doctrines that were the core of the controversy. as a result of this debate, these five core theological issues became known in subsequent generations as the \u201c five points of calvinism. \u201d they are now known through the very popular acrostic tulip, which is a clever way to sum up the five articles that were in dispute. the five points, as they are stated in order to form the acrostic tulip, are : total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. i mention this historical event because it would be a serious mistake to understand the essence of reformed theology simply in light of these five doctrines \u2014 the reformed faith involves many other elements of theological and ecclesiastical confession. however, these are the five controversial points of reformed theology, and they are the ones that are popularly seen as distinctive to this particular confession. over the next five posts, we are going to spend some time looking at these five points of calvinism as they are spelled out in the acrostic tulip. - tulip and reformed theology : an introduction - tulip and reformed theology : total depravity - tulip and reformed theology : unconditional election - tulip and reformed theology : limited atonement - tulip and reformed theology : irresistible grace - tulip and reformed theology : perseverance of the saints", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47481598619227006, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.856077"} {"text": "- \" what is a wiki? \" questions questions about using this wiki - finding and accessing information in the wiki - adding information to the wiki - adding other document formats to the wiki - installation & configuration - administering the wiki \" what is a wiki? \" questions what is a ' ' wiki ' '? the term wiki is a shortened form of wikiwikiweb. a wiki is a database of pages that can be collaboritively edited using a web browser. what is a ' ' moinmoin ' '? a moinmoin is a wiki provided by the python wiki program moinmoin. what is this good for? to be honest, it is good for whatever you use it for. at lineo we have put up a wiki on our internal web site with very many pages, which describe various projects, architectures, ideas, etc. for people to comment on. some pages just sit there and convey information. other pages are an open invitation for discussion and commentary. we also have set up a wiki for a very simple skills database. in general, a wiki is very much a free - form tool, whose value derives from the use to which it is put. for instance, a page in a wiki can serve the same purpose as a discussion thread. you could use a wiki page to collaboratively work on a project. wikis are used internally by the guys who write zope to manage their ideas and projects. what are the major features of a wiki? here are some important wiki features : - editability by anyone - a wiki page is editable by anyone with a web browser - ability to view recent changes - ability to search pages ( several ways ) - ability to very easily add new pages - ability to see the change history for a document - ability to add new information or modify existing information how does this compare to other collaboration tools, like notes? a wiki can accomplish certain things very easily, but there are some things it cannot do. the biggest missing feature is some kind of access control, to allow only certain groups to see and manipulate informatin. what about wiki security? isn ' t a wiki subject to complete wipeout or nastiness from a saboteur? this is an important question. in general, wiki ' s have no security. ( that ' s right! ) because of this, the possibility exists for accidental or conscious destruction or corruption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5445768497053567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.866599"} {"text": "wipeout or nastiness from a saboteur? this is an important question. in general, wiki ' s have no security. ( that ' s right! ) because of this, the possibility exists for accidental or conscious destruction or corruption of part of all of the wiki. there are two main ways to devalue a wiki. one is through erasure and the other is through corruption. dealing with erasure is not terribly difficult, because there is a change log ( and back versions ) of every page maintained in a location inaccessible to web users. thus, when page deletions or major content erasures are detected ( which should be fairly quickly ), pages can be restored quite easily to their previous good state. explicit and intentional corruption is more difficult to deal with. the possibility exists that someone can enter incorrect information onto a page, or edit pages to intentionally change the information so it is incorrect ( for example, people can change the attributions on a page to make it look like a different person made a particular comment, or someone can change the content of a paragraph to alter its meaning in a detrimental way ). pretty much any collaborative system has this problem. a wiki is just more wide open to it, since it lacks any security at all. in practice, wiki corruption is an extremely rare event, and one that can be dealt with ( if needed ) with the notification feature ( to a fixed auditor ) for new material submission. in other words, the philosophy of wiki is one of dealing manually with the rare ( exception ) case of a saboteur, rather than designing in features and overhead ( both in implementation and in usage ) to avoid the damage caused by a saboteur. questions about using this wiki finding and accessing information in the wiki how can i search the wiki? there are already more ways to search and / or scan the wiki than you can \" shake a stick at \" : click on the magnifying glass icon. this brings you to the findpage page, where you can search by keyword in title, by full text, with normal words or wildcards ( regular expressions ). click on titleindex. this will show you an alphabetized list of all pages by title. click on wordindex. this shows an alphabetized list of every word in every title ( ie, the bluetooth page is under, b, bluetooth ). click on likepages at the bottom of the page. this shows pages that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48873353500609307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.867810"} {"text": "click on wordindex. this shows an alphabetized list of every word in every title ( ie, the bluetooth page is under, b, bluetooth ). click on likepages at the bottom of the page. this shows pages that have words in their titles that are similar to the current page. - click on the page title at the very top of the page. this shows what pages link to the current page ( which may help you find related pages ). how do i see what ' s been going on recently in the wiki? click on the recentchanges link at the top of any page. what are these weirdredlinks i keep finding all over the place? any mixed case name that doesn ' t have a page will show up as a red link. adding information to the wiki how do add something to the wiki, or change something that ' s wrong? if you see something you ' d like to comment on, add to, or change, just click on the edittext link at the bottom of the page, or click on the icon at the top of the page. the page is brought up in a text - edit pane in your browser, and you simply make the changes. the wiki formatter will generally \" do the right thing \" with any text you enter. if you want to get fancy, you can do most of the same types of formatting that html allows you to do. see the helponformatting page for some tips and examples. are there any conventions i should follow when adding information? not very many. it helps to keep certain types of information formatted in a consistent way. one important convention that will help with consistency is the use of \" template \" pages. the wiki has a feature called \" templates \" which show up when you create a new page. if you click on one of these when creating a new page, then that page will have a structure similar to others of the same type. for example, when creating your own wiki homepage, you should use the homepagetemplate page, which is available when you create a new page in the wiki. how can i add non - text information to the wiki? if the content already exists on a web site, then just add a link to a wiki page. follow these steps : - get the url for the document, edit the wiki page ( go to the wiki page and click the edittext link ) - type in the url", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4687194771546023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.868945"} {"text": ", then just add a link to a wiki page. follow these steps : - get the url for the document, edit the wiki page ( go to the wiki page and click the edittext link ) - type in the url where you want it in the document - save the changes. the wiki will automatically make a hypertext link from the text you type in. you can make the link \" prettier \" by putting \" cover \" wording for the link in brackets. the cover wording will appear on the page, but the link will take the user to the url when clicked on. here ' s an example : [ http : / / your. link. here / foo. html this will be the link text ] how do i add an image to a page? you can include a url to the image in the page. example : adding documents in an intranet if you ' re using moinmoin on an intranet, it may be useful to make links to documents on file shares available to everyone reading your wiki. for example : [ file : / / servername / full / path / to / file / filename. txt click here to read filename. txt ] you can also link to files with spaces in the filenames by manually entering the url encoding for spaces ( % 20 ) : [ file : / / servername / full / path / to / file / filename % 20with % 20spaces. txt click here to read filename with spaces. txt ] another obvious and maybe better option is to use the attachfile action, which was added with version 0. 11. should i ' ' sign ' ' my changes? if they are significant, or you want people to know that you made them, then yes. just put your name or email address after your comment. it is not uncommon to indent your comment under the statement your are commenting on. also, it helps to italicize your comment to make it stand off from the main body of the page you are commenting on. however, in some cases it may be appropriate to just make your change anonymously. correcting spelling, formatting, or trivial word changes are some examples where it is not necessary ( and even discouraged ) for you to sign your modification. adding other document formats to the wiki can i add html to the wiki? if you want to add a single line of html, use the html macro. this is done", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4202405242112905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.869856"} {"text": "not necessary ( and even discouraged ) for you to sign your modification. adding other document formats to the wiki can i add html to the wiki? if you want to add a single line of html, use the html macro. this is done by putting your html text as a parameter to the html macro, like so : [ [ html ( < font size = + 12 > this is large font < / font > ) ] ] this would show up on the page as : html ( < font size = + 12 > this is large font < / font > ) it ' s also possible to place an html document into a page by adding # format html as the first line in the page. if that line is there then the whole page will be interpreted as html ( thus making links to other pages becomes a bit more difficult! ) make sure that you only add the body portion of the page ( not the html headers or anything else outside of the body, including the < body > tag itself ). all of this only works if the html extensions ( html macro and parser ) are installed. installation & configuration see helponadministration for general help on this topic why is the \" diff \" feature not working? diffs need two things to work properly : the directory \" datadir / backup \" must exist. - you need a gnu diff executable in your webserver ' s path. note that the path of your webserver might be much shorter than the path you are used to from your shell. how do i activate the \" deletepage \" option? \" deletepage \" is not active by default, since it ' s most often used in intranets only and is somewhat dangerous in public wikis. to allow this and other dangerous actions, add them like this to moin _ config. py : administering the wiki how do i administer the wiki? there is a lot of administration information on the recentchanges page, including the number of pages, and the macros and actions that are installed. i usually set up an \" adminpage \", where i put macros for these, as well as information about the real physical location of the pages, and macros for orphan pages or other things an adminstrator for the wiki might want to look at. can i restore a page from an older version? not directly. it ' s easy to do ( if you have permissions where the actual wiki data files are kept", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4229137841071591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.870723"} {"text": "things an adminstrator for the wiki might want to look at. can i restore a page from an older version? not directly. it ' s easy to do ( if you have permissions where the actual wiki data files are kept ). but usually, you must request the wiki administrator to restore the page for you. this is done as a hedge against the improbable case of someone trying to sabotage the wiki. for people reading this faq page ( which is probably not your average attacker ), there is this way to restore a page : click on the little \" i \" in the top - right corner ( pageinfo ). - click on \" view \" of the version you want to restore. - in the \" location \" bar of your browser, replace \" action = recall \" with \" action = raw \". cut & paste the text into the edit box of that page, after clicking \" editpage \". how do i create a new template page? templates are pages that show up automatically as options when you create a blank page. any page that ends in the word template will automatically show up in the list. hence, if you want certain types of pages to have a similar format ( similar headings, organization, etc. ), you just define a page that ends in template, and when creating pages of this type, select that template and edit it. the wiki fills in the starting content for you. templates are editable wiki pages like any other. to create a template page, just create a new page called < something > template", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.445012138175956, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.871277"} {"text": "video games help astronauts prepare for deep - space missions venturing into deep space is an unprecedented challenge for humanity, both in terms of technology and human psychology. starting this week, six people will prepare to face that challenge with the help of three video games. as part of the european space agency ' s ( esa ) preparations for future missions to mars and beyond, six astronauts are entering an isolation unit in moscow this week. they ' ll remain there for 520 days, testing hardware, software and their own responses to being in such close quarters for more than a year. in the process, esa researchers hope to refine \" e - partners, \" or electronic systems that will monitor human crew and assist in the event of an emergency. that ' s where the video games come in. in a deep - space mission, \" the teams are out there alone, \" mikael wolff of esa ' s software systems division told technewsdaily. \" we want to improve the communication between them and the electronic agents. \" to do so, the team developed three games for the astronauts to play on a biweekly basis. the first is a module that will simulate the kind of on - the - job training astronauts will need to refresh their knowledge during long missions. in this module, the astronauts work in groups of three, with one as the teacher and two as the students. the next game is a social networking activity in which the astronauts have to work together to move around on - screen colored trails. by monitoring the astronauts ' cooperative behaviors, the researchers hope to learn how individual team members interact and whether those interactions change over time. these group dynamics are important in a high - pressured, isolated environment, said mark neerincx of the netherlands organization for applied scientific research, who is overseeing the project. \" one important question in this situation is whether we can generalize [ the game ] to normal operations and whether we see specific patterns in their communications with each other, \" neerincx said. finally, the astronauts will get a chance to relax by playing a lunar landing game. the hope is that leisure - time gaming will boost the astronauts ' moods, wolff said. the astronauts will fill out questionnaires about their emotions and moods before and after all of the games, and their game performance will be recorded. they ' ll also be monitored by web cam to test how well crews on the ground can gauge the emotions of the crew in space. unlike current space missions, where ground control and astronauts are in near - constant communication, deep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4488335827164898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.874677"} {"text": "performance will be recorded. they ' ll also be monitored by web cam to test how well crews on the ground can gauge the emotions of the crew in space. unlike current space missions, where ground control and astronauts are in near - constant communication, deep space exploration will take astronauts far outside the realm of easy contact. signals will take hours to reach earth, neerincx said, so astronauts have to be able to solve problems on their own. to do so, they ' ll need software that ' s easy to use, supportive and responsive to changing situations. the software being tested has already gone through one 105 - day isolation trial, said wolff. using data from that study, researchers were able to improve their communications network and add more realistic tasks to their modules. this time around, they hope to gather enough data from the training module to automate the system so that the computer would do the training without a human instructor. they also hope to monitor the astronaut ' s performance to better understand how to allocate the day - to - day tasks of running a deep - space mission. next year, the team hopes to take the experiments one step further by re - testing the software at europe ' s concordia base in the antarctic, where astronauts will be asked to carry out real scientific tasks, not just simulations. eventually, they hope to test the system on the international space station. \" our experiments mainly look very similar, but the people are going to be in another environment, \" wolff said. \" the results may be different. \" more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5033055884441151, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.875569"} {"text": "tectonic shoving match formed caribbean island arc the image shows how the caribbean plate is pushed to the east relative to the south american plate, causing the caribbean islands ' distinctive arc shape. credit : courtesy of meghan miller and thorsten becker the movement of earth ' s viscous mantle against south america has pushed the caribbean islands east over the last 50 million years, according to a study published monday ( aug. 20 ) in the journal nature geoscience. the university of southern california, in announcing the study, said the findings upend previous hypotheses of the seismic activity beneath the caribbean sea and provide an important new look at the unique tectonic interactions that are causing the caribbean plate to tear away from south america. the caribbean plate is being pushed eastward due to a thick section of the south american plate called a \" cratonic keel. \" this section of crust is three times thicker than its surroundings. meanwhile, part of the south american plate is being pushed beneath the caribbean plate, a process called subduction. intense heat and pressure gradually force water - containing magma to rise into the earth ' s mantle and fuel the many active volcanoes in the region. all of this pushing and pulling formed the distinctive arc shape of the caribbean islands and has created a very complex system of faults between the two plates, in northern south america, according to the usc statement. the study mapped several of these strike - slip faults, which are similar to california ' s san andreas fault. recent earthquakes in the area helped the two researchers develop an image of the earth ' s deep interior. the earthquake waves move slower or quicker depending on the temperature and composition of the rock. \" studying the deep earth interior provides insights into how the earth has evolved into its present form, \" researcher meghan s. miller said in the statement. for their study, the researchers used earthquake data to develop 176 computer models, usc said. more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4503224654350706, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.877606"} {"text": "chronic myeloid leukemia the information in this section about chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) can help you talk with members of your healthcare team and take an active role in your treatment. knowing what to expect and being able to make informed decisions about your cancer treatment are important aspects of coping with your disease. you can skim sections to find what you want to read now - and continue reading whenever you ' re ready for more information. what you should know - cml is one of four main types of leukemia. - hematologists and oncologists are specialists who treat people who have cml or other types of blood cancer. - most cml patients are treated with daily oral drug therapy. what you should do - talk with your doctor about your diagnostic tests and what the results mean. - make sure your doctor continually monitors your response to medication, which is essential to bringing your cml under control. what is cml? chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood. cml is usually diagnosed in its chronic phase when treatment is very effective for most patients. cml has three phases. cml is also called : - chronic myelogenous leukemia - chronic granulocytic leukemia - chronic myelocytic leukemia. source : chronic myeloid leukemia. reviewed by neil p. shah, md, phd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4849805576022287, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.879877"} {"text": "word lists and pronunciation guides this page contains links to pdf ' s of the words, phrases, and sentences used in some of the locutour software titles. the manuals usually contain more information on the guidelines we used when selecting words and writing sentences. it also contains our pronunciation guide which is useful for understanding how we placed words into different categories. locutour guide to sounds these guides are meant to be used as a reference when using locutour software. they show how we categorize the sounds that are in words. for each sound we show how we : spell it, label it, classify it, and produce it. we show the ipa representation, spelling, and give examples. articulation i - consonant phonemes the artic words lists contain the words, sounds, phrases, and sentences used in the game. you can download the complete list or just specific sounds or categories. articulation ii - consonant clusters these lists contain the words, sounds, phrases, and sentences used in the game. you can download the complete list or just a specific letter sound. articulation iii - vowels + r and r clusters these lists contain the words, sounds, phrases, and sentences used in the game. you can download the complete list or just specific categories. articulation iv - r, s, l, th this list contains the words, sounds, phrases, and sentences used in the game and the app. artic games and more this list contains the words, sounds, phrases, and sentences used in articulation portion of the word practice game and in the artic practice app. and a one, two, three and a one, two, three is included on several cds. this file contains the words and the syllables for the english version. basic words for children and palabras basicas para los ninos these are the words, sentences, and phrases from 100 words for children, wild, woolly, wonderful critters and and a one, two, three!. the spanish versions are 100 palabras basicas, \u00a1 animales fantasticos! and \u00a1 uno, dos, y tres! - 100 basic words for children \u2014 words and sentences - wild, woolly, wonderful critters - and a one, two, three! \u201c it \u2019 s a... safari \u201d these are the words, sentences, and phrases from \u201c it \u2019 s a... safari \u201d. look! listen! and learn language! these files have the words, sentences, and phrases from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46507393118976803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.883457"} {"text": "it \u2019 s a... safari \u201d these are the words, sentences, and phrases from \u201c it \u2019 s a... safari \u201d. look! listen! and learn language! these files have the words, sentences, and phrases from the let ' s talk about it and word practice games and the words and sentences from show me. the word practice and show me \u2026 apps use the same word lists as the games on the cd. literacy has three cds : phonemic awareness, rules, rules, rules ; and \u201c spelling test on friday! \u201d. the phonology word list is used in both phonology i and ii. it shows how we classify the words and how we split the target pattern. minimal pairs is a game on the phonology i cd as well as an app. these lists can help you navigate through the dvd and app. the train talk! app has the same content as the train talk game on the cd. - sights and sounds around me videos - sights and sounds around me - photo detail - cut ups - and a one, two, three syllables - train talk fonologia en espanol \u2014 spanish phonology these word lists are used in both spanish phonology cds. - \u00a1 uno, dos, y tres! \u2014 and a one, two, three - \u00bf que es diferente? \u2014 what ' s different - escuchar y repetir y sonidos combinados \u2014 word practice and word blending - escuchar y repetir for iphone and ipad show me \u2026 apps for iphone\u00ae and ipad\u00ae show me \u2026 apps use the content of our cds in a different way for use on mobile devices. the original show me \u2026 is a direct port of the show me game on look! listen! and learn language!. because it is so popular, we made four more apps that use the content from artic games and more - word practice in a show me \u2026 format. - show me \u2026 - show me \u2026 actions - show me \u2026 animals, food, and more - show me \u2026 people, places, and things - show me \u2026 social who, what, when, where, why for iphone\u00ae and ipad\u00ae this app uses the content from artic games and more - word practice but organized into who, what, when, where, why questions instead of by phoneme. show me \u2026 colors, numbers, and shapes indicar \u2026 colores, numeros y formas for iphone\u00ae and ipad\u00ae these apps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4972278881285146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.884473"} {"text": "is warming - up more important than stretching before physical activity? it almost goes without saying that athletes should stretch before playing or working out. but, a surprising amount of new research is questioning that belief and challenging the notion that stretching is effective in improving performance. surprisingly, there is little scientific evidence to support that supports the performance benefits theory of stretching. in fact, recent research has begun to demonstrate that stretching prior to physical activity actually decreases researchers at california state university, chico observed the effects stretching had on vertical jump technique and performance. after a 3 minute warm - up on a stationary bike, one half the subjects rested while the other half performed a series of stretches. results indicated that over half the subjects in the stretching group decreased jumping performance following stretching. the researchers note that decreasing muscle stiffness is primarily related to increased muscle temperature and not the effect of stretching. furthermore, stretching during the warm - up period for dynamic physical activity may be counterproductive to vertical jump performance. it was concluded that warming up the muscles prior to activity was more beneficial than stretching before activity. knudson, d., bennett, k., corn, r., leick, d., and smith, c, acute effects of stretching are not evident in the kinematics of the vertical jump, jscr vol. 15 ( 1 ), 2001, p. 98 - 101.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47641359853706067, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.885869"} {"text": "purchase over $ 125. 00 with your credit card from our internet store and pay no shipping on orders shipped within the united states or to u. s. territories. opening doors to the future / grades 6 - 12 a 12 - session support group for middle - and high - school students who are at - risk due to discipline problems resulting from in - school and out - of - school suspensions and involvement with the court system. the support group gives facilitators a step - by - step, methodical plan that is divided into three specific phases : locating each person ' s control, choices and consequences, and goal - setting. this program ' s methodical format is what makes it successful. no new concept is introduced until the former one is understood. for example, choices and consequences are not considered until the students realize who they are and that they do have control over their lives. goal setting is not introduced until the students have a full realization of choices and consequences and what they mean to their lives. this is a proven program with a high rate of success. topic : at - risk students due to discipline problems includes : 12 sessions, reproducible activity sheets, complete leader ' s guide grade levels : 6 - 12 ages : 12 - 18 for use with : small groups author : anna jean gaissert recommended for : middle - school counselors, high - school counselors, social workers, psychologists, at - risk counselors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4892382769297605, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.889092"} {"text": "phoenix ( dec. 21, 2012 ) \u2013 maricopa county air quality department announced today, the release of a new coloring book entitled \u201c winter in the desert. \u201d the 16 - page book is designed to be used as a tool for students to learn about air pollution, how to help prevent air pollution and become good environmental stewards. the book is a collaborative effort among mcaqd, arizona department of environmental quality and phoenix center for the arts. the coloring book can be downloaded at \u201c winter in the desert \u201d is being released at this time because the phoenix metropolitan area typically has its highest levels of smoke from woodburning fireplaces, stoves and chimineas during the holiday season. as a result of the high smoke levels, repeated high pollution advisories and health watches are issued this time of the year by adeq and \u201c no - burn days \u201d by maricopa county air quality department. \u201c everyone, including children understands the importance of clean air, \u201d maricopa county air quality department director bill wiley said. \u201c through the characters in \u201c winter in the desert \u201d children and adults will learn more about the air and how to protect it and also have fun. \u201d for more information, on what you can do to keep the air clean in maricopa county go to www. cleanairmakemore. com. adeq air quality forecasts for the phoenix metropolitan area are available at http : / / www. azdeq. gov / environ / air / ozone / ensemble. pdf and to find out if a no - burn day has been issued, go to http : / / www. maricopa. gov / aq /. the maricopa county air quality department is a regulatory agency whose goal is to ensure federal clean air standards are achieved and maintained for the residents and visitors of maricopa county. the department is governed by the maricopa county board of supervisors and follows air quality standards set forth by the federal clean air act. the department offers air quality information and resources on its clean air make more website. please visit www. cleanairmakemore. com to learn more. contact : bob huhn \u2013 ( 602 ) 506 - 6713 desk / ( 602 ) 526 - 7307 cell. the arizona department of environmental quality ( adeq ) provides a daily forecast for air quality. when conditions exist, adeq will issue high pollution advisories or health watches. please visit www. azdeq. gov / environ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42812765159083466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.891617"} {"text": "san francisco - - construction workers at the future site of the transbay transit center in downtown san francisco on monday unearthed a columbian mammoth tooth and part of a jaw from about 11, 000 years ago buried about 110 feet below ground. a spokesman for the transbay joint powers authority, which is leading the project, called the tooth and partial jaw an \" unlikely, extraordinary find. \" the tooth was intact and well preserved, spokesman adam alberti said. the project ' s on - call paleontologist is assisting with the tooth and jaw excavation and will help move the ancient artifacts to the california academy of sciences in golden gate park, where they will eventually be on display. the jawbone is more deteriorated than the nearly 2 - foot long tooth that still has enamel ridges preserved on the side and top of the tooth, he said. alberti said previous finds at the construction site have included human relics, mostly from the gold rush era in the mid - 19th century when settlers were living in the area. the tooth and jaw come from a much earlier time in bay area history when now - extinct species like the columbian mammoth roamed the area. the closely related woolly mammoth had a furry coat and lived further north. during the icy pleistocene epoch about 1. 8 million to 11, 000 years ago, the san francisco area was a grassy valley where, along with mammoths, saber - tooth cats, giant sloths, mastodons, elk, tapirs and bison lived. the ancient bones were found at the eastern end of the site between minna and natoma streets at first street, which is under construction for the $ 4 billion transportation project. the first phase of the center is expected to be completed by 2017.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4183096254125942, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.897461"} {"text": "math10131 - 2006 / 07 - title : calculus and vectors - unit code : math10131 - credits : 15 - prerequisites : a - level mathematics - co - requisite units : this course unit can only be taken with math10131 sets, numbers and functions - school responsible : mathematics - member of staff responsible : dr. jack williams the programme unit aims to provide an introduction to the basic elements of calculus. brief description of the unit this lecture course introduces the basic ideas of complex numbers relating them the standard transcendental functions of calculus. the basic ideas of the differential and integral calculus are revised and developed. vectors in two and three dimensions are introduced and this leads on to the calculus of functions of more than one variable and the beginnings of vector calculus. on successful completion of this module students will have acquired an active knowledge and understanding of some basic concepts and results in calculus. future topics requiring this course unit almost all mathematics course units will rely on material in this course unit. - numbers and functions. basic algebra of real and complex numbers ; real line and complex plane ; graphs and curve sketching ; functions, domain and range, inverse functions ; standard functions and inverse functions ; basic algebra of real and complex numbers. - limits and differentiation. basic notion of limit and continuity ; discontinuities, left and right limits ; finding some limits ; definition of derivative ; derivatives of standard functions and their inverses ; sums, products, quotients and the chain rule ; implicit functions ; logarithmic differentiation ; higher derivatives ( use in curve sketching ). - infinite series. notation, basic notions of convergence, radius of convergence ; infinite taylor ' s series ; expansions for standard functions. - more on complex numbers. euler ' s theorem and de moivre ' s theorem ; polar form of complex numbers ( polar representation of the plane ) ; roots of unity ; complex forms of sin and cos, relationship to trigonometric identities. - integration. definite and indefinite integrals ; fundamental theorem of calculus ; techniques : linearity, integration by parts, partial fractions, substitution ; lengths of curves, surfaces and volumes of revolution. - vectors in 2 and 3 dimensions. representation as directed line segments ( magnitude, direction ) ; choice of axes, components, cartesian representation ; basic properties, addition, subtraction, polar representation and relationship with complex numbers in 2 dimensions ; scalar and vector product ; representation of lines, planes, curves and surfaces. - functions of more than one variable. partial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5826979015576115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.904645"} {"text": "what is sea buckthorn, hippophae rhamnoides l, sea buckthorn berry, argousier, sanddorn, finbar, homokt? seabuckthorn and its history? - basic botanical data of sea buckthorn. - sea - buckthorn ( hippophae rhamnoides l. ). - phytochemicals and properties of sea - buckthorn berries. - nutritional values of sea - buckthorn berries. - what is the secret of sea - buckthorn berries?. - wonder - working berries, antioxidant and wide uses. - typical composition of the sea buckthorn fruit extract. - history of sea buckthorn. - research update : sea buckthorn or hippophae rhamnoides. applications and properties : colds and exhaustion. stomach and intestinal disorders. sea buckthorn ( hippophae rhamnoides ) is a very thorny shrub or small tree native to eastern europe and asia. it has nitrogen fixing properties and is very tolerant of drought and poor soils, so has been introduced as a shelter belt plant in some of the plains states and canada. in eastern europe and the former soviet union the berries are commonly harvested for juice, which has nutritious and other healthful properties. medicinal uses of extracted plant oils are also well documented in europe and asia. the relatively recent interest in sea buckthorn production is due to the fact that the berries are among the most nutritious and vitamin - rich fruits found. the berry can contain up to ten different vitamins as well as trace elements, fruit acid, sugar and oil. sea buckthorn is rich in proteins, and contains up to 18 amino acids. there are over 24 chemical elements present in the juice, including calcium, iron, and manganese. nutritional values : sea buckthorn is rich in proteins, 18 amino acids. elements including calcium, iron, and manganese. vitamin c, carotene, vitamin e ( mixed tocopherols ), folic acid, carotenoids ( including beta carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthine ), high in flavonoids, water soluble vitamins, fatty acids ( oils ) ; main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid ( omega - 9 ), palmitoleic acid ( omega - 7 ), palmitic acid and linoleic acid ( omega - 6 ), and linolenic acid ( omega", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46909774658627507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.909836"} {"text": "; main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid ( omega - 9 ), palmitoleic acid ( omega - 7 ), palmitic acid and linoleic acid ( omega - 6 ), and linolenic acid ( omega - 3 ) ; there are also saturated oils and sterols ( mainly beta - sitosterol ) ; organic acids including ascorbic acid, quinic acid, malic acid, flavonoids mainly isorhamnetin, quercetin glycosides, and kaempferol, the same flavonoids as found in ginkgo biloba. beautify birds and animals. dosage : total flavonoids 10 mg three times daily 6 weeks decrease in cholesterol level and improved cardiac function. safety and toxicity : - 1. what is sea buckthorn, hippophae rhamnoides l, sea buckthorn berry, argousier, sanddorn, finbar, homokt? seabuckthorn and its history? \u2665the article and literature was edited by herbalist of mdidea extracts professional. it runs a range of online descriptions about the titled herb and related phytochemicals, including comprehensive information related, summarized updating discoveries from findings of herbalists and clinical scientists from this field. the electronic data information published at our official website www. mdidea. com and www. mdidea. net, we tried best to update it to latest and exact as possible. \u2663 last edit date :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4473891076449491, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.910401"} {"text": "in this article what is the prognosis of ards? some people fully recover from ards. others continue to have health problems. after you go home from the hospital, you may have one or more of the following problems : you can take steps to recover from ards and improve your quality of life. for example, ask your family and friends for help with everyday activities. if you smoke, quit. smoking can worsen lung problems. talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. also, try to avoid secondhand smoke and other lung irritants, such as harmful fumes. go to pulmonary rehabilitation ( rehab ) if your doctor recommends it. a rehab program can show you how to return to normal activities and stay active. rehab may include exercise training, education, and counseling. your rehab team may include doctors, nurses, and other specialists. they will work with you to create a program that meets your needs. emotional issues and support living with ards may cause fear, anxiety, depression, and stress. it ' s important to talk about how you feel with your health care team. talking with a professional counselor also can help. if you ' re very depressed, your doctor may recommend medicines or other treatments that can improve your quality of life. joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with ards. you can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. talk to your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center. support from family and friends also can help relieve stress and anxiety. let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you. last editorial review : 2 / 1 / 2010 viewers share their comments ards ( acute respiratory distress syndrome ) - treatment question : what kinds of treatment, therapy, or medication did you receive for ards? ards ( acute respiratory distress syndrome ) - experience question : do / did you or someone you know have ards? please share your experience. ards ( acute respiratory distress syndrome ) - signs question : what were your signs and symptoms associated with ards? ards ( acute respiratory distress syndrome ) - diagnosis question : describe the events that led to a diagnosis of ards. were you being treated for another condition? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37816371183650027, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.915901"} {"text": "journal of great waters association of vol. x, no. 2, issue 20 dayton \u2019 s flags salute aviation pioneers dayton \u2019 s two flags, both the current and the former ones, recall that wilbur and orville wright, the inventors of the first airplane to fly, were dayton residents, the former having been born in millville, indiana, in 1867, and the latter, in dayton, in 1871. both flags feature one of their airplanes : one that flew famously ( and briefly ) at kitty hawk, north carolina, on december 17, 1904, and another that flew in 1917. today both ohio and north carolina remind us of the part the wright brothers played in each state with the mottos on their license plates. ohio boasts that it is \u201c the birthplace of aviation, \u201d while north carolina is proud to be \u201c first in flight. \u201d dayton \u2019 s current flag was adopted on june 11, 1958, in ordinance # 19061, which amends the code of general ordinances, section 153, as follows : the following design is hereby adopted as the official flag of the city of dayton, ohio : material : it shall be made of bunting or silk. dimensions : the standard size shall be three ( 3 ) feet in width and five ( 5 ) feet design : the flag shall be hung with the width fastened to the staff. the entire field shall be of royal blue color. at a distance of six ( 6 ) inches from the staff the word \u201c dayton \u201d shall be superimposed in white on the field in a vertical position. the word shall consist of block serif letters three and one - half ( 3 - 1 / 2 ) inches high and seven ( 7 ) inches wide. centered on the field thirty - eight and one - half ( 38 - 1 / 2 ) inches from the staff shall be a white gear. this gear shall consist of thirty - two ( 32 ) beveled teeth. the gear shall have an outside diameter of twenty - nine and one - half ( 29 - 1 / 2 ) inches, with teeth cut to a depth of two ( 2 ) inches. centered within the gear shall be a gray globe. the globe shall have an outside diameter of nineteen and one - half ( 19 - 1 / 2 ) inches. superimposed upon the gear in royal blue shall be a representation of the original wright brothers aeroplane, \u201c the kitty hawk \u201d in flight. this plane shall have a wingspan of eighteen and one - half ( 18 - 1 / 2 ) inches. the plane shall be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4189484320690263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.921648"} {"text": "the gear in royal blue shall be a representation of the original wright brothers aeroplane, \u201c the kitty hawk \u201d in flight. this plane shall have a wingspan of eighteen and one - half ( 18 - 1 / 2 ) inches. the plane shall be flying away from the staff. the width of the tape or binding at the staff shall not be counted in any dimensions. flags manufactured in other sizes shall be in the same proportions as outlined above. the gray globe represents the influence that aviation has had around the world ; the gear stands for dayton \u2019 s industry. the flag was developed from designs submitted by michael j. spahr and karen kress, winners of a contest sponsored by the dayton chamber of commerce. they and the incumbent mayor, william patterson, were each presented with the new city flag by kenneth p. morse, president of the dayton chamber of commerce on the day the flag was adopted. this flag replaced an earlier flag, adopted august 15, 1917, in ordinance # 10570, which is entitled \u201c an ordinance adopting designs for a city flag and pennant, \u201d the provisions of which follow : section 1. the following design is hereby adopted as a design of the official flag of the city. material shall be ( american made ) bunting or silk. dimensions. the standard size shall be 10 feet in length and 6 feet in width, or in proportions thereto. design. the flag shall be parted perpendicularly into three parts or bars, the first and third bars to be each 30 inches wide, the second or center bar to be 60 inches wide. the first and third bars to be of a deep orange color and the second or middle bar to be white. superimposed upon the middle bar or white field, shall be a circle of navy blue 2 inches wide and 50 inches in diameter, outside measurement, located on the field within 5 inches of the top right and left - hand edges of the white field, and 17 inches from the bottom edge. within the blue circle and 1 inch removed from it a circle in deep orange 1 inch wide. the two circles shall be broken at two places by a flying aeroplane of the 1917 wright model, with a spread of the plane of 54 inches ; height of aeroplane, over all, 17 inches ; distance from upper edge of upper plane to lower edge of lower plane, at center 11 inches, each plane to show height of inches, leaving 4 inches clear between planes. in the upper left - hand corner of the white field, the end of the upper plane to be within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44410955358228354, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.924170"} {"text": "plane to lower edge of lower plane, at center 11 inches, each plane to show height of inches, leaving 4 inches clear between planes. in the upper left - hand corner of the white field, the end of the upper plane to be within 14 inches of the upper edge of the flag, while the other end of the upper plane, on the right hand side, to be 28 inches from the upper edge of the flag, the whole effect to be that of the aeroplane flying towards the observer, through and overlapping and extending beyond the beneath the aeroplane and in a curved line the word \u201c dayton \u201d in plain block letters 4 inches high, in navy blue color, the bottom of letters to be within one inch of the inner circle. all superimposed designs shall be applied upon both sides of the flag. the width of tape next to staff shall not be deducted from the first or orange bar, the width of 30 inches being maintained. section 2. the city pennant shall be triangular in shape. the standard size shall be 30 inches in length and 12 inches in width next to the staff, or in proportions thereto. it shall consist of three parts, the first part next to the staff to be 5 inches long, the next or middle part to be 15 inches, the third part to be 10 inches. the first and third parts shall be of deep orange color and the same as the city flag, and the middle part white. on the middle or white field the word \u201c dayton \u201d to be shown in plain block letters of navy blue color, ranging from the letter \u201c d \u201d, 6 inches high to the letter \u201c n \u201d, 3 inches high. section 3. authority to display flags or other decorations on, in or about the city hall or other public buildings is hereby vested in the city manager unless otherwise ordered by vote of the commission. ( jp )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4323525223008733, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.925072"} {"text": "a parenting perspective on the latest headlines jan 7, 2013 tv, furniture tip - overs cause injury, death in young children the u. s. consumer product safety commission found 2011 had the highest number of deaths due to these accidents. how can southeast michigan parents prevent this? families who got a new flat screen tv for the holidays may be ready to boot their clunky old cathode ray tube set and swap it for the cutting - edge set. but for families with toddlers and small children, it ' s imperative the switcheroo is done safely. in december 2012, the united states consumer product safety commission released a data report revealing that 2011 was the highest year for deaths caused by tv and furniture tip - overs, with 41 deaths on record. according to the cpsc, some of these incidents show that when families move their crt tubes elsewhere in the home, they don ' t anchor them to furniture properly. the cpsc estimates \" more than 43, 000 consumers are injured each year in tip - over incidents, \" with 59 percent of the injured consumers being children under 18. falling tvs account for more than half of tip - over deaths, cpsc reports. what are the statistics, and how can you ensure your child is safe from tip - overs at home? the cpsc found that one child dies every two weeks when a tv or other furniture falls on them. most of these children are between the ages of 1 and 5 years old. about 70 percent of the time, a tv accompanied with furniture \u2013 such as a dresser \u2013 falls on the child, they say. in december 2012, safe kids worldwide also released a research report titled \" a report to the nation on home safety : the dangers of tv tip - overs. \" toddlers climbing furniture is the cause of many of the recorded injuries and fatalities, they report. \" large, heavy and old cathode ray tube ( crt ) televisions placed on dressers or high furniture could also slide off when a child tries to climb the drawers to reach the television or whatever else may be on top, \" safe kids worldwide reports. \" because of its weight, a 36 - inch crt television falling three feet creates the same momentum as a 1 - year - old child falling 10 stories. \" keeping kids safe when safe kids worldwide surveyed parents for their report, they found that three of four parents didn ' t know about tvs toppling and causing injury to kids. once parents are aware of the dangers, they can childproof against these toppling tv or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4600766669074046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.930882"} {"text": "when safe kids worldwide surveyed parents for their report, they found that three of four parents didn ' t know about tvs toppling and causing injury to kids. once parents are aware of the dangers, they can childproof against these toppling tv or furniture injuries, however. diane saincome, co - owner of d & m toddler inc., a childproofing and child safety company in novi, says that she recommends parents use straps to mount their televisions to the wall or secure them on stands. but, she notes, securing tvs \" to the wall is your better option. \" saincome says these straps can be found on the internet \u2013 and d & m toddler inc. installs them, too. other furniture such as bookcases or chests with drawers that can be climbed on \" should all be secured to the wall, \" she adds. cpsc also recommends that families keep remote controls or toys off of tv stands and furniture, which could deter them from climbing. all cords should be out of reach, too. safe kids worldwide suggests families check the stability of the tvs in their home and place crt tvs on low pieces of furniture. parents should install drawer stops on dressers so they cannot be pulled far out, and heavy items should be kept in low drawers and on low shelves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42684723886600434, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.931720"} {"text": "the mexican revolution : a nation in flux - part 2 villa broke jail on christmas eve and was in el paso when huerta engineered the coup that overthrew madero. in february 1913 huerta staged a fake 10 - day artillery duel with a fake rival, felix diaz, nephew of the old dictator. the battle was phony only in the sense that huerta and diaz were secretly in cahoots - - the loss of life to civilians was all too real. purpose of the spurious engagement was to create a state of confusion in which huerta could seize power from madero. madero was deposed on the 18th and four days later he and his vice - president, jose pino suarez, were shot to death after being removed from their jail cells. nobody believed huerta ' s story that the two men had been killed in the crossfire when a rescue was attempted. a particularly sinister role in madero ' s overthrow was played by the u. s. ambassador, henry lane wilson. an aggressive advocate of dollar diplomacy who was temperamentally drawn to huerta - - both were alcoholics - - wilson detested madero and was involved up to his neck in huerta ' s consiracy to overthrow him. huerta set himself up as a military dictator but soon faced a challenge from the north. his enemies were pancho villa, a former federal senator named venustiano carranza and an ambitious, iron - willed ex - schoolteacher from sonora named alvaro obregon ( link obregon. ) adding to huerta ' s troubles was the u. s. occupation of veracruz. this action stemmed from mexico ' s refusal to give a twenty - one gun salute as an apology for having arrested nine american bluejackets who allegedly entered a prohibited zone in tampico. throughout 1913 - 14 huerta ' s forces were steadily driven back toward the capital. the campaign ' s most memorable engagement was the june 23, 1914 capture of zacatecas by villa ' s superbly equipped division del norte ( \" division of the north \" ). zacatecas finished huerta. he resigned june 15 and two days later he was on a german freighter bound for spain. victory over huerta did not bring peace but a new clash between revolutionary leaders that pitted villa and zapata against carranza and obregon. at first villa - zapata had the upper hand, with the leaders holding an epic december 4, 1914 meeting in mexico city following an abortive convention in aguascalientes. then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41906098154165045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.937932"} {"text": "it was this charter, ( link 1917 constitution ) that so infuriated catholics with its anticlerical provisions. although the 1917 constitution also contained provisions to improve the lot of workers and peasant farmers, these were ignored by the carranza government. corruption was endemic and strikes were mercilessly broken. but carranza did manage to rid himself of a major enemy : emiliano zapata. zapata was slain april 10, 1919, being led into a trap by col. jesus guajardo, a federal officer who set up the ambush by pretending to defect to the zapatistas. obregon had gone into temporary retirement, returning to his native sonora to raise chick peas. but on june 1, 1919, he declared his candidacy for the june 1920 presidential election. in the fall of 1919 carranza announced that he would be supporting ignacio bonillas, then mexican ambassador in washington. it was a disastrous choice. bonillas, an m. i. t. graduate, had spent so little of his life in mexico that political enemies claimed he had difficulty speaking the language of his ancestors. they derisively called him \" meester \" bonillas and the clever obregon lost no time tapping into this sentiment. during the campaign pro - obregon railroad workers kept bonillas from making a scheduled appearance by derailing his train. deliberately fabricated rumors then went out that bonillas had canceled the appearance because it interfered with a spanish lesson he was taking. carranza retaliated with a reign of terror against obregon campaign workers. obregon, fearing that he was about to be arrested, fled mexico city and took refuge in chilpancingo, capital of guerrero state. on april 20 he announced that he was giving up the presidential campaign and would take arms against carranza. the carranza regime collapsed like a house of cards. while generals went over to obregon en masse, carranza and his corrupt followers loaded up an eight - car \" golden train \" with all the money and valuables they could lay their hands on and prepared to leave for veracruz. during the journey, attacks on the \" golden train \" caused carranza to abandon it in an attempt to escape on foot. on may 20, in a hut near the puebla village of tlaxcalantongo, he was treacherously murdered in his sleep by followers of a local bandit - turned - general named rodolfo herrero. herrero had previously welcomed carranza and promised him refuge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40192741747653105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.939911"} {"text": "does the state protect us? foremost among the services which the state claims to render society is its protection from other predatory states. this is a considerable service, to be sure. in former times, when political morals were differently phrased, the state prosecuted war with the avowed purpose of adding glory to its name by way of real - estate acquisitions, to say nothing of the ancillary purpose of bringing civilization to barbarians ; napoleon ' s avowed ambition was to impose on his victims the blessing of \" liberty, fraternity, equality. \" this is out of fashion these days ; wars are now waged to protect the nation from the aggressor, which is the name each side gives to the other. however, it is still de rigueur for the victorious state to add to its exploitable territory at the expense of the conquered. but we are not here concerned with the aims of war, nor with its causes or its avoidability ; what interests us is the effect on society ' s economy. does the housewife have more in her pantry, or less, as a result of the glorious adventure? does society acquire shortages or abundances? what is the economic profit of the military protection afforded by the state? putting this economic consideration aside, there is the inescapable fact that paying homage to a foreigner goes against the grain of tradition. until he made his accommodation to the inevitable, no decent saxon would have any truck with his norman overlords, and the indians always resented the british raj. it is this abhorrence of rule by foreigners that makes it easier to stir up a revolt against a state so composed than against an indigenous one. yet, on balance, are the indians better off, economically, under their own state than when the british ruled the roost? and the canadians, who did not emulate the americans in getting rid of the british crown, nevertheless enjoy a comparable standard of living. that is to say, regardless of the nationality of the state, society has to make its way by the usual process of laying labor to raw materials, and the vaunted protection of the state neither promotes nor facilitates that process. since society puts so high a value on independence from a foreign state, it should not demur at the cost of maintaining this independence. one must pay for what one wants. however, when we examine the most approved method of financing war we find that it is based on a general reluctance to foot the bill. every war is fought with current production \u2014 there is no way of shooting off guns", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4824218971616544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.944148"} {"text": "must pay for what one wants. however, when we examine the most approved method of financing war we find that it is based on a general reluctance to foot the bill. every war is fought with current production \u2014 there is no way of shooting off guns that have not yet been made or of feeding soldiers with food that will be raised by the next generation \u2014 and in a real sense every war is conducted on a pay - as - you - fight basis. but the producers of the means of war seem to put a lower value on it than do the management, for they demand receipts for what is taken from them to prosecute the war, receipts which become a claim on future production, not only as to their face value but also as to the interest which patriotism demands ; it is possible that if the state raised all the costs of war by taxes, issued no bonds or even issued only non - interest - bearing bonds, the war might be called off, which would be proof enough that society puts little worth on its political purposes. the economic consequence of the most approved method of financing wars is that a lien on the future production of the nation is established, and nearly always it is a permanent lien. that is, for all time to come, or as long as the state stays in business, the housewives ' pantries must contribute to the cost of a nation ' s past \" protective \" wars. but war, and the preparations for it, is attended with a charge that has nothing to do with protection and is a load that increasingly hampers society in its search for a better life. that is the power which the state acquires during war and does not relinquish when it is over. when the enemy is at the city gates, or there is a general fear that he is coming, the individual abdicates his self - reliance and places himself unreservedly under the direction of the captain ; he gives up his freedom in order to attain freedom. or so he thinks. but it is a matter of record that what he gives up is never fully returned to him, that he must fight his own captain to get back his natural heritage. the state jealously guards the power over society which it has acquired during a climate of fear. to prove the point, we need not review the history of ancient rome, where a succession of protective wars ended up in the servitude of the people to the emperors ; we need only list and add up the interventionary powers acquired by the american state during the wars it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5014487889066681, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.947366"} {"text": "owl or nothing : an endangered northern spotted owl perches in a tree in an old - growth forest on bureau of land management property near roseburg, ore. ( photo : zuma press ) could the endangered species act itself become endangered? many conservation advocates think so, pointing to a recently proposed policy change that could make it harder for wildlife to receive protection under the 39 - year - old law. and on monday, gop presidential candidate rick santorum added fuel to the fire, criticizing the esa as a \" radical ideology \" that puts \" critters above people \" ( see video below ). the policy - change debate began late last year, when the u. s. fish and wildlife service and the national marine fisheries service proposed a new way of re - interpreting a five - word phrase in the esa. the esa currently defines an endangered species as one that ' s \" in danger of extinction in all or a significant portion of its range, \" but it doesn ' t clearly define \" significant portion of its range. \" that phrase, sometimes abbreviated as \" spoir, \" is important because it means a species doesn ' t need to be at risk of dying off everywhere to receive protection. but under the obama administration ' s proposed changes, spoir would be redefined as a portion of habitat so vital that the overall species \u2014 not just its local population \u2014 would be in danger of extinction without it. \" this policy is like ignoring an injured patient in the emergency room and jumping into action only when he ' s at death ' s door, \" noah greenwald of the center for biological diversity said in a recent press release. \" if this policy had been in place when the endangered species act was passed, the bald eagle would never have been protected in any of the lower 48 states, because there were still a lot of eagles up in alaska. \" ( bald eagles were nearly wiped out of the contiguous u. s. last century, but the esa helped them recover. they were removed from the endangered species list in 2007. ) the center for biological diversity was one of 89 environmental groups that sent a letter of protest to the fws last week, along with a similar letter signed by 97 conservation scientists. the conservation groups ' letter expressed two main concerns : \" ( 1 ) the proposed definition of ' significant, ' which specifies that a portion of range can be considered significant only if loss of the species from that portion would threaten the species as a whole with extinction, and ( 2 ) the determination that lost historic range cannot qualify as a significant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44922616632230034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.952556"} {"text": "of ' significant, ' which specifies that a portion of range can be considered significant only if loss of the species from that portion would threaten the species as a whole with extinction, and ( 2 ) the determination that lost historic range cannot qualify as a significant portion of range. \" the scientists ' letter cited the same qualms, arguing that \" if finalized, the draft policy will... result in fewer imperiled species getting the protection they need to survive and recover. \" these letters echoed an earlier sentiment from u. s. rep. ed markey, d - mass, who wrote in january that the proposal sets the bar for protecting species \" at much too high a threshold, \" and that it ' s inconsistent with congress ' original intent for the esa. in a joint statement issued in december, however, the obama administration claimed the policy change would actually help federal agencies protect endangered species. \" this proposed interpretation will provide consistency and clarity for the services and our partners, while making more effective use of our resources and improving our ability to protect and recover species before they are on the brink of extinction, \" said fws director dan ashe. while scientists and conservationists battle the obama administration over how to interpret the esa, santorum suggested monday that the law itself is the problem. speaking to supporters at the gulf coast energy summit in mississippi, santorum repeated his criticisms of what he calls the administration ' s \" truly radical environmental agenda, \" highlighting the esa as an example of how he differs not only from president obama, but also from his republican rivals. \" and again, a very clear contrast between me and the other candidates in this race \u2014 i was someone who supported, for example, changes to the endangered species act, whereas speaker [ newt ] gingrich blocked changes to the endangered species act, \" santorum said. \" he believes it was a valuable piece of legislation, and it may have been, but it has been absolutely abused.... there are so many places that we put critters above people. it ' s a radical ideology that says we are here to serve the earth instead of man having dominion over the earth to serve him and to be a good steward of that earth. \" the opinions expressed by mnn bloggers and those providing comments are theirs alone, and do not reflect the opinions of mnn. com. while we have reviewed their content to make sure it complies with our terms and conditions, mnn is not responsible for the accuracy of any of their information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4363294942880721, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.953758"} {"text": "after a flood has swept through your community, keep yourself and your family safe by following these important flood safety tips : do not walk through flowing water. drowning is the number one cause of flood deaths. most of these drownings occur during flash floods. six inches of moving water can knock you off your feet. use a pole or stick to make sure that the ground is still there before you go through an area where the water is not flowing. do not drive through a flooded area. more people drown in their cars than anywhere else. don ' t drive around road barriers ; the road or bridge may be washed out from the flood waters. stay away from power lines and electrical wires. electrocution is also a major killer in floods. electrical current can travel through water. report downed power lines to your utility company or local emergency manager. turn off your electricity when you return home. some appliances, such as television sets, can shock you even after they have been unplugged. don ' t use appliances or motors that have gotten wet from the flood unless they have been taken apart, cleaned and dried. watch for animals, especially snakes. small animals that have been flooded out of their homes may seek shelter in yours. use a pole or stick to poke and turn items over and scare away small animals that have invaded your home after a flood. look before you step. after a flood, the ground and floors are covered with debris, including broken bottles and nails. floors and stairs that have been covered with mud left over from the flood can be very slippery. be alert for gas leaks. use a flashlight to inspect for damages caused by the flood. for your own safety, do not smoke or use candles, lanterns or open flames after a flood unless you are sure that the gas has been turned off and the flooded area has been aired out. carbon monoxide exhaust kills. use a generator or other gasoline powered machine outdoors. the same goes for camping stoves. charcoal fumes are especially deadly. only cook with charcoal outdoors. clean everything that got wet. flood waters pick up sewage and chemicals from roads, farms, factories and storage buildings. spoiled food, wet cosmetics and medicines are health hazards. when in doubt, throw them out. take good care of yourself. recovering from a flood is a big job. it is tough on both the body and the spirit. a disaster may have long lasting effects on you and your family. after a flood, rest often and take good care of yourself and your family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4232541885694808, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.958266"} {"text": "lower elementary - grades 1 - 3 the elementary montessori curriculum builds upon the student ' s early childhood experience. the montessori materials continue to play an important role as the child transitions from the concrete to the abstract. lessons involve exploration and hands - on experiences. as the child in the elementary classroom learns by doing, the classroom is rich in materials, resources, movement and conversation. the curriculum is individualized. the needs, ability, interests and skills of each child are taken into consideration when lessons are planned and knowledge assessed. the montessori student will receive extra help or direction in areas where she needs it and can move rapidly through other areas where she excels. the elementary program teaches the student how to think clearly, how to research and how to express herself in writing and in speech. the program fosters independent work as well as group effort. multi age groupings - elementary montessori classrooms are comprised of multi age groupings. this allows younger students to be mentored by older children, who in turn benefit from serving as tutors and role models, which helps them in their own mastery. each child learns at her own pace and will be ready for any given lesson in her own time, not on the teacher ' s schedule of lessons. in a mixed - age class, children can always find peers who are working at their current level. children normally stay in the lower elementary class for three years and, with two - thirds of the class typically returning each year, the classroom culture tends to remain quite stable. working in one class for three years allows students to develop a strong sense of community with their classmates and teachers. the age range also allows gifted children the stimulation of intellectual peers, without requiring that they skip a grade or feel emotionally out of place. materials - the wealth of materials in each area allows the children to follow their own interests. materials are arranged so as to allow sequential progress in skills. usually there is only one of each material to encourage turn taking and patience. materials and their activities vary from individual work to partner work and group activities. many of the materials employ an internal control of error so as to encourage self - monitoring and foster independence in the elementary student. reason & imagination - the inquisitive nature of the elementary student provides the fuel for the research and exploration focus of elementary montessori. the elementary student wants to know the \" why? \" and \" how? \", and is able to use both reason and imagination to explore and understand increasingly abstract concepts. exploring society - while the early childhood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4807351899741113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.964763"} {"text": "and exploration focus of elementary montessori. the elementary student wants to know the \" why? \" and \" how? \", and is able to use both reason and imagination to explore and understand increasingly abstract concepts. exploring society - while the early childhood student was primarily focused on the construction of the individual, the elementary student begins to explore his place in society. opportunities continuously present themselves in the montessori classroom for the student to observe or participate, moments to lead or follow. a need for togetherness - this is the age of clubs and groups. the elementary child explores friendship and cooperation ; he learns how to be a leader, a partner and a follower. while collaboration is encouraged, individual contribution and strength is also valued. exploring right and wrong - the elementary student is actively developing his moral conscience. \" that ' s not fair! \" is heard over and over again in the elementary classroom. every child may know the rules but keeping them is another matter. problem solving techniques are modeled and fostered in the montessori environment. community brainstorming for solutions and rules helps for the elementary montessori classroom ' s code of conduct. freedom and discipline - independence and inner discipline continue to develop in the elementary years. the elementary child is capable of increasingly complex and numerous responsibilities and needs opportunities to exercise judgment and to demonstrate self control. everything from classroom management to the student ' s work stems from the child ' s freedom to choose and think. mistakes are viewed as learning opportunities. homework in montessori - home assignments in an elementary montessori class rarely involve busy work assignments. rather, they serve as an extension and an enrichment of the curriculum. they challenge the students to think and explore. tests and grades in montessori - montessori elementary promotes individually paced academic progress. we do not assign grades or rank students within each class or age group according to their achievement. teachers assess and monitor performance through detailed recordkeeping, daily observation of each child ' s work and student meetings to assess progress, as well as formal presentations and assignments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4786942109631388, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.965810"} {"text": "definitions of solace v. t. - comfort in grief ; alleviation of grief or anxiety ; also, that which relieves in distress ; that which cheers or consoles ; relief. 2 v. t. - rest ; relaxation ; ease. 2 n. - to cheer in grief or under calamity ; to comfort ; to relieve in affliction, solitude, or discomfort ; to console ; - - applied to persons ; as, to solace one with the hope of future reward. 2 n. - to allay ; to assuage ; to soothe ; as, to solace grief. 2 v. i. - to take comfort ; to be cheered. 2 the word \" solace \" uses 6 letters : a c e l o s. no direct anagrams for solace found in this word list. words formed by adding one letter before or after solace ( in bold ), or to acelos in any order : d - coleads solaced h - loaches i - celosia j - cajoles l - callose locales p - escalop r - claroes coalers escolar oracles recoals solacer s - solaces t - lactose locates talcose v - alcoves coevals shorter words found within solace : ace aces ae al ale alec alecs ales aloe aloes als also as calo calos case cel cels close coal coals col cola colas cole coles cols cos el els es la lac lace laces lacs las lase lea leas lo loca lose oca ocas oe oes ole olea oles os ose sac sae sal sale scale sea seal sec sel sloe so socle sol sola sole list shorter words within solace, sorted by length all words formed from solace by changing one letter browse words starting with solace by next letter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49399657291245497, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.967665"} {"text": "what is it? in normal pregnancies, after the egg gets fertilised, it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the wall of the womb. however, in ectopic / tubal pregnancy, the fertilised egg implants itself outside the womb ( normally in the fallopian tubes but rarely in abdominal cavity, ovary or cervix ) instead of the womb wall itself. the growing embryo eventually runs out of blood supply and may cause the tube to rupture. when? ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed and treated by the end of the eighth week of pregnancy, if not earlier. * previous infection in fallopian tubes * pelvic inflammatory disease * damaged / blocked fallopian tubes * severe abdominal pain ( usually on one side and lower down ) * shoulder pain * heavy vaginal bleeding or brown discharge * feeling faint / dizzy risk : whether ectopic pregnancy is diagnosed early or late, the embryo cannot survive. sometimes, you may ' miscarry ' the embryo without your knowledge. if diagnosed early, a drug can be given which helps the body to reabsorb the embryo, thus avoiding surgery. in cases where the fallopian tube has burst and there is internal bleeding, your life may be at risk, so immediate surgery is carried out to remove the embryo. sometimes only the fallopian tube is removed while in extreme cases the entire ovary may be removed surgically. although your fallopian tube and ovary may be healthy after the pregnancy, the chances of conception are somewhat reduced after an ectopic pregnancy. what is it? epilepsy is the tendency to have fits ( or convulsions or seizures ) due to bursts of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. in pregnancy : if you are epileptic and are planning a pregnancy, it is a good idea to consult the doctor as your medication may need to be changed or the dosage adjusted. this is because certain epileptic medicines may have an undesirable effect on the unborn baby, especially in the first 3 months. also, the doctor may need to prescribe some additional supplements for you. if your pregnancy was unplanned and you are epileptic, talk to your doctor as soon as possible. epilepsy is not inherited and you should not worry that your baby may be born with it. remember never to stop taking your medicine for epilepsy without consulting your doctor. having a fit can be more dangerous for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44741083011206695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.970191"} {"text": "personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions in which a person has a long - term pattern of behaviors, emotions, and thoughts that is very different from his or her culture ' s expectations. these behaviors interfere with the person ' s ability to function in relationships, work, or other settings. causes, incidence, and risk factors causes of personality disorders are unknown. genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. mental health professionals categorize these disorders into the following types : symptoms vary widely depending on the type of personality disorder. in general, personality disorders involve feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that do not adapt to a wide range of settings. these patterns usually begin in adolescence and may lead to problems in social and work situations. the severity of these conditions ranges from mild to severe. signs and tests personality disorders are diagnosed based on a psychological evaluation that assesses the history and severity of the symptoms. at first, people with these disorders usually do not seek treatment on their own. they tend to seek help once their behavior has caused severe problems in their relationships or work. they may also seek help when they are struggling with another mental health problem, such as a mood or substance abuse disorder. although personality disorders take time to treat, certain forms of talk therapy are helpful. in some cases, medications are a useful addition. outlook varies. some personality disorders improve greatly during middle age without any treatment. others only improve slowly even with treatment. problems with relationships problems with school or work other mental health disorders calling your health care provider see your health care provider or mental health professional if you or someone you know has symptoms of a personality disorder. blais ma, smallwood p, groves je, rivas - vazquez ra. personality and personality disorders. in : stern ta, rosenbaum jf, biederman j, rauch sl, eds. massachusetts general hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry. 1st ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier mosby ; 2008 : chap 39. david b. merrill, md, assistant clinical professor of psychiatry, department of psychiatry, columbia university medical center, new york, ny. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49230530115345594, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.972543"} {"text": "national sustainability strategy in the autumn of 2010, the federal government began the consultation process for the next progress report. this time all members of the general public were able to contribute to the discussion and the report online at www. dialog - nachhaltigkeit. de. the first round of dialogue in the summer of 2010 comprised a debate on the key issues in the report, the second round of discussion in the summer of 2011 revolved around the draft for the 2012 progress report. on 15 february 2012, the federal cabinet approved the finalised report. for more information, see strategy 2012. in april 2002, the german government adopted the national sustainability strategy. the results of consultations with social groups and the proposals of the council for sustainable development were incorporated into this document. for more detailed information, see section strategy 2002. in the following years, the german sustainability strategy was repeatedly refined with the input of so - called progress reports. in november 2004, the federal government presented the first revision of its sustainability strategy with the 2004 progress report. aside from the results of a public consultation process, the report included the council \u2019 s verdicts on sustainable development, which had previously been published under the title of \u201c nachhaltigkeit im visier \u201d ( targeting sustainability ). additionally, the results of a dialogue project organised by the council on minimising land consumption were included in the report. for more information, see strategy 2004. in its \" wegweiser nachhaltigkeit 2005 \", the federal government described its current sustainability policy at the national and international level. the german council for sustainable development contributed two independent chapters to the document. read more about it in landmark sustainability 2005. in 2008, the federal cabinet presented the next progress report. prior to this, engaged citizens, associations and institutions were able to participate in a consultation process and assist in appraising the current state of affairs and in further developing the sustainability strategy. for more detailed information, see strategy 2008. since 2006, by order of the federal government, the federal statistical office tracks the course of sustainable development in germany. the agency presented its first so - called indicator report in 2006, followed by further reports in 2008, 2010 and 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43606693299232285, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.977850"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. engineering and environmental challenges : technical symposium on earth systems engineering the term lupang pangako means promised land \u2014 the sardonic name given to a garbage dump outside the city of manila inhabited by almost 100, 000 people. i visited lupang pangako about 15 years ago in a different life as a geologist, and the place really is hell on earth. as you drive through the promised land, you see stygian mists rising from the hillsides, the mountains of garbage, and if you look closely you see movement everywhere in the distance. you soon realize that the mountains are covered with people scavenging for their livelihoods. you may remember that in july 2000 torrential typhoon rains caused a huge landslide in the promised land that buried more than 200 people under a mountain of garbage. to me, this horrific event provides a powerful indicator of how we should be thinking about the impacts of climate on people and about human adaptation. the problem was not whether the typhoon was an above - average or below - average event. it was not a problem whose root causes could be revealed through a better understanding of anthropogenic climate change. the problem was that 100, 000 people were living in poverty so deep that they could survive only by culling garbage. the results of humanity \u2019 s mistreatment of the environment fall disproportionately on poor people, on developing countries, and on tropical regions. although these impacts are most severe in their chronic forms, they are most spectacular in their catastrophic versions, such as this landslide. as figure 1 shows, the number of disasters has risen sharply throughout the world in the last 30 years, most markedly in the developing world. this trend does not reflect a changing climate ; it reflects changing demographics \u2014 growing numbers of poor people living in urban areas, living in coastal regions, living on garbage dumps. unlike changes in climate, this trend is something we can control. these are not natural disasters ; these are intersections of natural phenomena and complex sociopolitical and socioeconomic processes. the number of disasters will continue to rise because we know that demographic trends are pointing toward more urbanization and greater numbers of impoverished people moving from agrarian areas to cities \u2014 often to areas in harm \u2019 s way. megacities like jakarta and manila that have nearly 10 million people apiece are subject to typhoons, volcanoes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5113134676060187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-17T23:54:45.984709"}