now " much " and " little, " if we follow the prince of the peripatetics, signify diminution or excess of the legitimate quantity of specific kinds of things. will it then be lawful to multiply dogs, or rapacious birds, or fierce beasts, or any other monsters of nature, when even the number of horses, which are a military necessity - and serve all the useful purposes of life, is thus strictly limited in advance to a lawful quantity? concerning actors and mimes, buffoons and harlots, panders and other like human monsters, which the prince ought rather to exterminate entirely than to foster, there needed no mention to be made in the law ; which indeed not only excludes all such abominations from the court of the prince, but totally banishes them from among the people of god. under the name of horses is to be understood all things needful for the use of a household, and all its necessary equipment ; of which a legitimate quantity is that which necessity or utility reasonably requires, understanding, however, that the useful is identified with the honorable, and that the refined comfort of living is limited to honorable things. for philosophers have long ago agreed that no opinion is more pernicious than the opinion of those who distinguish the useful from the honorable ; and that the truest and most useful view is that the honorable and the useful are convertible terms. [ cicero, de officiis iii. 3. 11 ] plato, as is told in the histories of the gentiles, when he saw dionisius the tyrant of sicily surrounded by his bodyguards, asked him, " what harm have you done that you should need to have so many guards? " this in no wise behooves a prince who by the faithful performance of his duties so wins for himself the affection of all that for his sake every subject will expose his own head to imminent dangers in the same manner that by the promptings of nature the members of the body are wont to expose themselves for the protection of the head. and skin for skin, and all that a man has, he will put forward for the protection of his life. the next commandment is, " he shall not lead back the people into egypt, made proud by the number of his horsemen. " truly every precaution must be taken, and great diligence used, by all who are set in high place not to corrupt their inferiors by their example, nor by their abuse of things, nor by


the number of his horsemen. " truly every precaution must be taken, and great diligence used, by all who are set in high place not to corrupt their inferiors by their example, nor by their abuse of things, nor by following the way of pride and luxury to lead back the people into the darkness of confusion. for it often comes to pass that subjects imitate the vices of their superiors, because the people desire to be like their magistrates, and everyone will eagerly follow the appetites which he observes in another who occupies a distinguished station. there is a celebrated passage of the excellent versifier setting forth the opinion and words of the great theodosius : " if thou cost bid and decree that aught is to be commonly observed, first obey thy decree thyself ; then the people will be more observant of that which is just and not refuse to bear it when they see the author thereof himself obey his own command. the world is shaped to the model of its king, nor are edicts as effective to influence the feelings of men as is the ruler ' s way of life. the fickle people changes ever with its prince. " [ claud. iv. consul. hon. 296 - 302 ] but the means of single individuals are of course never so great as the resources of the whole body. the individual draws from his own coffers, the ruling power drains the public chest or exhausts the treasury ; and when this finally fails, then he has recourse to the means of private individuals. but private persons must be content with their own. and when this is exhausted, he who but now thirsted after the splendor of the rich and powerful, falls into poverty and disgrace, and blushes at the blackness of his confusion. therefore by the decree of the lacedemonians, a frugal use of the public funds was enjoined upon their rulers, although they were permitted to use according to the common laws their own inherited property and what they chanced to obtain by good fortune. source : the statesmans book of john of salisbury. translated by john dickinson. new york : alfred a. knopf, 1927. etext file created for a class by scott mcletchie [ firstname. lastname @ example. org ], and used by permission here. this text is part of the internet medieval source book. the sourcebook is a collection of public domain and copy - permitted texts related to medieval and byzantine history. unless otherwise indicated the


time - of - use ( tou ) pricing might seem like the ultimate solution to ensure electric vehicle charging loads won ’ t overburden the grid. but will tou rates guide drivers ’ behavior when it ’ s time to... structuring renewable agreements to survive change. the potential for a federal renewable energy standard ( res ) and carbon regulation, considered with the effect of state - imposed renewable energy standards, is fueling a strong, but challenging, market for renewable energy. utilities are competing to sign up the best new projects, the types of renewable technologies available are increasing, and there are various government stimulus programs for energy ; yet, the financial markets still are hesitant. against this backdrop, how should contracts for power from new renewable resources be shaped so that those deals will look as good five, 10 and 15 years after execution as on the day the ink dries? some market trends, creative answers and best practices are emerging in the marketplace. legislative and regulatory changes are forcing utilities to “ go green. ” the american clean energy and security act of 2009, passed in the u. s. house of representatives on june 26, 2009 ( waxman - markey bill ), proposes a federal res and roughly 30 states already have established their own standards — some mandatory, some advisory. the proposed federal res would require each utility to obtain a portion of the energy that it delivers to consumers from renewable resources, starting at 6 percent in 2012 and increasing to 20 percent by 2021 — with up to 25 percent of its obligation met by energy efficiency. a utility that fails to meet the requirement in any given year would be obligated to procure offsets or allowances from the market to cover the shortfall. of course, final federal legislation might differ or include no federal standard at all. but even so, utilities must consider the possibility of adverse financial consequences under their state programs, where such programs exist. further, the likelihood of federal carbon legislation being passed in the coming years provides another source of financial pressure. clean - tech investments in non - renewable resources, such as emerging carbon - sequestration technologies, may reduce the base amount against which renewable penetration is measured. for example, in the waxman - markey bill, a utility ’ s achievement of its annual renewable target is measured by the proportion of generation met by renewable resources and energy - efficiency measures as compared to a base amount of megawatts sold at retail. but the base amount excludes clean generation, such as from a hydroelectric plant that doesn ’ t qualify as a


advanced internet searching – how to search the internet quicker and more effectively download the print version web search engines a web search engine is a web based service that searches for information on the web. it searches documents for key words and phrases that it has been asked to look for. when a person enters their query or key words the search engine searches through its index and displays all the results that may be matched with that query. for example if you were looking for information on green tree frogs you would type “ green tree frogs ” into your search engine. the search engine will then display links to all the pages with information on green tree frogs with ones most likely to match your search listed at the top. there are a number of search engines you can use such as ; multiple or meta search tools a multiple or meta search tool is a tool that searches the internet using several search engines at the same time. you use them in the same way as a search engine by typing your request into the search box. the only difference is that instead of the search engine searching its records, the meta tool uses multiple search engines and their records and displays all the results giving you a fast and comprehensive way to cast a wide internet search. examples of meta search tools include : there are also search engines that are specific to a particular field of study or work such as medical and legal search engines. conducting a search and refining your results here are some tips which will save you time and give you better results. - to conduct a search you type key words into the search box. let ’ s say you want to buy books in adelaide. - use more precise words — instead of just typing ‘ books ’, try ‘ bookshops adelaide ’. - use quotation marks to search for a specific phrase if you are looking for an exact phrase you may not get good results by typing only the phrase into your search engine. a good tool for exact phrases is quotation marks. if you want to search for an exact phrase such as pulitzer prize winner you can enclose it in quotation marks and the search engine will only bring up pages that have that exact phrase in the exact order in which you typed it. that way you will not get hundreds of listing on pulitzer prizes or the nominees, you will only get pulitzer prize winners. - don ’ t use too many words — avoid typing in full questions, as every word will be searched for. just use the key words. if you are looking for a smaller or less known item such as a small bookshop it can be helpful to weed


’ t use too many words — avoid typing in full questions, as every word will be searched for. just use the key words. if you are looking for a smaller or less known item such as a small bookshop it can be helpful to weed out the larger businesses. this can be done using a minus – sign in your search. put a minus sign in front of terms you don ’ t want to search for. if you want to leave out shops owned by the lola bookshop company, you could put ‘ - lola ’ in your search terms so it reads “ bookshops – lola ”. if you ’ re only looking for pictures, click on the ‘ images ’ link at the top or left of the search engine page and type your topic into the search field. remember that images you find on the internet are usually copyright, meaning you can ' t use them in your own work unless you seek permission from the copyright holder. there are a number of websites where you can buy access to stock photography images such as www. bigstockphoto. com. you are able to use the stock photos in your own work. assessing a search — be careful what you read - with so much information available, it ’ s important to think about search results and the quality of the information in them. - let ’ s say you want to find out about treatments for back pain and you search for ‘ medicine back pain ’. the results may contain articles by doctors, advertisements from pharmacology companies, personal opinions by sufferers and wild claims about untested miracle cures. how can you tell which information is useful to you? an excellent approach is to think about : - currency — is the information up to date? - reliability — is the information mostly opinion? is it balanced? are there references and sources for any claims made? - authority — who wrote the information? what are their credentials? are they reputable? are there advertisements on the website? - purpose / point of view — is the information intended as opinion, fact or advertising? search tools and advanced search features there are tools available to assist with more detailed and specific searches and some of these are identified below : what is a boolean search? - boolean searches allow you to combine words and phrases using the words and, or, not and near ( known as operators ) to limit, widen, or define your search. most internet search engines default to a boolean and search, but its handy for you to know how to do a basic boolean search. -


, or, not and near ( known as operators ) to limit, widen, or define your search. most internet search engines default to a boolean and search, but its handy for you to know how to do a basic boolean search. - boolean logic is just the term used to describe certain logical operations that are used to combine search terms in many search engine databases and directories on the net. basic boolean search operator - and using and narrows a search by combining terms ; it will retrieve documents that use both the search terms that you specify, as in this example : adelaide and south australia basic boolean search operator - or using or broadens a search to include results that contain either of the words you type in. or is a good tool to use when there are several common spellings or synonyms of a word, as in this example : computer or pc basic boolean search operator - not - using not will narrow a search by excluding certain search terms. not retrieves documents that contain one, but not the other, of the search terms you enter, as in this example : adelaide not travel. keep in mind that not all search engines and directories support boolean terms. however, most do, and you can easily find out if the one you want to use supports this technique by consulting the faq ' s ( frequently asked questions ) on a search engine or directory ' s home page. further search operators include : - near means you want all the words in that specific order or the actual phrase. - nand means a combination of not and and - nor means a combination of not and or conduct a search with domain names to refine the search : if you know the website you are looking for is specific type of website, for example a website for a government agency or a school can be identified by the last part of its web address. -. com = a commercial business -. edu = an educational institution -. gov = a governmental institution -. org = a non - profit organization -. biz = a business example : to search for a south australian government website you would type “ south australia site :. sa. gov. au ” into your search engine. you can also select to search for websites from a specific country. -. au = australia -. fr = france -. co. uk = england example : for holiday websites from australia you would type “ holidays site :. au ” into your search engine.


it ’ s no secret that getting a good night ’ s sleep has tremendous health benefits such as improved learning and productivity, protection against serious illnesses, more energy and a better mood. but what you may not know is that not getting enough sleep can have a destructive impact on health, work and overall quality of life. in today ’ s fast - paced society, many people think it is ok to forego getting enough sleep. whether it ’ s due to stress, lifestyle choices or chronic sleep disorders like obstructive sleep apnea, it ’ s important to know that these problems are preventable or treatable. unfortunately, less than a third of sufferers seek professional help. sleep disorders can lead to more than just daytime drowsiness. according to a study in the journal thorax, serious consequences can occur that include health risks, economic troubles and even a higher rate of unemployment. according the national sleep foundation, the most common sleep disorders include : * circadian rhythm sleep disorders ( shift work, jet lag ) * parasomnias ( sleepwalking, night terrors, rem sleep behavior disorder, sleep - related eating ) * hypersomnia ( insufficient sleep, narcolepsy ) * obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ). osa is the most common form of sleep - disordered breathing, and affects approximately five to six percent of the adult population. individuals who suffer from this condition stop breathing repeatedly during sleep, but are generally not aware of it. more than half of all people who have sleep apnea remain undiagnosed, according the national institutes of health. osa can occur in men, women, and children of all ages ; however, it is more common in men and people who are overweight. osa is caused by a blocking of the upper airway. the collapse of the airway may be due to such factors as a large tongue, extra tissue or decreased muscle tone. each pause in breathing can last from 10 seconds to more than a minute and a drop in oxygen is associated with each event. symptoms of osa can include loud and disruptive snoring, gasping or choking during sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, memory or learning problems, feeling irritable, and not being able to concentrate on work. additional symptoms to watch for include mood swings or personality changes, waking up with dry throat and frequent urination at night. due to a lack of awareness by the public and health care professionals, the vast majority of osa suffer


to concentrate on work. additional symptoms to watch for include mood swings or personality changes, waking up with dry throat and frequent urination at night. due to a lack of awareness by the public and health care professionals, the vast majority of osa sufferers remain undiagnosed and therefore untreated. sleep - related respiratory disturbances like osa and loss of quality of sleep can lead to numerous health problems such as hypertension, heart disease, stroke and diabetes. they can also lead to lack of attention, decreased work and academic productivity and even motor vehicle accidents. in addition to all of the health implications, osa also has an economic impact on sufferers. the annual economic cost of moderate to severe osa in the united states is estimated to be $ 65 to $ 165 billion, which is greater than asthma, heart failure, stroke and hypertensive disease, according to a harvard medical school study. the same study found that unmanaged osa can also lead to poor on the job performance, unhappy marriages and even divorce, which can all impact personal finances. one of the main treatment options for osa is continuous positive airway pressure ( cpap ). the therapy provides a gentle flow of pressured air through the nose and / or mouth using a mask. the air pressure prevents airway collapse, allowing the user to breathe freely during sleep. this noninvasive therapy can alleviate the symptoms of osa when used as prescribed. as the third pillar of good health, sleep is essential to a leading a healthy life. if you think you or someone you know may suffer from obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ), visit www. philips. com / worldsleepday to get your screening and learn more.


the virigina tech transportation institute has released the results of studies it has performed on cell phone use and driver distraction. though common sense dictates that talking or texting while driving is a bad idea, these studies help to put some real numbers around just how dangerous the practice is. the studies include observations of drivers for a total of more than 6 million miles of driving. the studies also differentiated light vehicles and heavy vehicles or trucks. when it came to simply dialing on a cell phone the risk of a crash or near crash was 2. 8 times that of a non - distracted driver for light vehicles. the practice was even more dangerous for heavy vehicles or trucks since the risk was nearly twice as much at 5. 9 times. there was also a big difference between light vehicles and heavy vehicles or trucks when it came to simply reaching for an object while driving. light vehicle drivers ’ risk of a crash was 1. 4 times as high as non - distracted driving. heavy vehicle or truck drivers ’ risk rose to 6. 7 times. one of the most dangerous risks was text messaging while driving a heavy vehicle or truck. those engaging in that practice had a risk of crash that was 23. 2 times as high as non - distracted driving. a summary of the findings of the studies was that any action that took the driver ’ s eyes away from the road would result in a higher risk of an accident. read more from the virginia tech transportation institute press release ( pdf ). hmm, so let me get this straight. if something takes my eyes off the road while driving i am more likely to have an accident? seriously, there are some people that actually don ’ t see the harm in talking or texting while driving. heck, some truck drivers watch movies while driving. clearly, these are the people that need to hear the results of studies like this. unfortunately, some drivers find out the risks too late and end up hurting other people who actually are keeping their eyes on the road. the most stunning result of the studies was the fact that texting while driving a heavy vehicle or truck basically increased your chance of having an accident to about 1 in 4. that ’ s not very good odds when it comes to safe driving. it really makes you realize that there is no text message worth reading or responding to that would increase your risk of an accident like that.


| updated at : 1800 pst, monday, january 03, 2011 | london : many of you might have tasted this mouth - watering treat, or at least have seen it or heard about it. guava is very common in asian countries. it is a good looking pear shaped or round shaped seasonal fruit, light green or yellow or maroon in color from outside when ripe, with white or maroon flesh and lots of small hard seeds enveloping very soft and sweet pulp. it is eaten raw ( ripe or semi - ripe ) or in form of jams and jellies. this attractive fruit is a real storehouse of nutrients. if it is “ an apple a day keeps the doctor away ” in europe and americas, it must be “ a few guavas in the season keeps the doctor away for the whole year ” in the indian subcontinent and places where guavas grow. its scientific name is psidium guajava. diarrhea & dysentery : guava is very rich in astringents ( compounds those make your gums feel tighter and fresh after you chew guava leaves or eat a raw guava or use some toothpaste ) which binds up loose bowels in diarrhea. these astringents are alkaline in nature and have disinfectant and anti - bacterial properties, thus help cure dysentery by inhibiting microbial growth and removing extra mucus from the intestines. further, other nutrients in guava, such as vitamin - c, carotenoids and potassium strengthens and tones up the digestive system and disinfect it. guava is also beneficial in gastroenteritis due to reasons stated above. constipation : guava is one of the riches sources of dietary fiber. its seeds, if ingested whole or chewed, serve as excellent laxatives. these two properties of guava help forming bowels, retaining water and clean your intestines and excretory system thoroughly. it is said that single constipation can lead to seventy two types of ailments. it is absolutely true. every way to your total health goes through proper digestion and more importantly, proper excretion. guava ensures both of these. skin care : guavas can help improve your skin texture and avoid skin problems more than the best of beauty creams or skin toner gels can do. this is chiefly due to the abundance of astringents in its fruits ( more in immature ones


guavas can help improve your skin texture and avoid skin problems more than the best of beauty creams or skin toner gels can do. this is chiefly due to the abundance of astringents in its fruits ( more in immature ones ) and in leaves. you can benefit from it either by eating the fruits ( this help tighten your muscles apart from your skin ) or by washing your skin with the decoction of its immature fruits and leaves. it will tone up and tighten the loosened skin. in addition to the astringents, guava is very - very rich in vitamin - a, b, c and potassium which are very good anti oxidants and detoxifiers and keep your skin glowing and free from aging, wrinkles and other disorders. high blood pressure : guava helps reduce cholesterol in blood and prevents it from thickening, thereby maintaining fluidity of blood and reducing blood pressure. studies have shown that food stuffs which lack fiber ( such a refined flour ) add to blood pressure, due to quick conversion to sugar. guava, being very rich in fiber and hypoglycemic in nature, helps reduce blood pressure. weight loss : guava is very helpful for those who want to lose weight without compromising with their intake of proteins, vitamins and fiber. guava, being very high in roughage and very rich in vitamins, proteins and minerals, but with no cholesterol and less digestible carbohydrates, is very filling and satisfies appetite very easily. just have a medium sized guava in the lunch and you will not feel hungry till night. but ironically, it helps gaining weight in lean and thin people. this is probably due to its richness in nutrients, which keeps your metabolism right helping proper absorption of nutrients.


the first dairy cows arrived in georgia with james edward oglethorpe, the founder of the colony, in the early 1700s. by the 1930s the dairy industry had gained success as a commercial enterprise in georgia and has been a primary industry in the state ever since. in 2000 the value of the georgia dairy industry to the state ( including milk, cull cows, and bull calves ) was $ 254 million. little is known about the earliest period of dairying in georgia because acquiring milk was primarily a local enterprise, left to individual families. a family that produced excess dairy products — butter, cream, cottage cheese, or cheese — would trade or sell the products to neighbors. eventually, some farmers acquired an extra dairy cow or two for the purpose of producing dairy products to sell. as demand grew, such herds increased to five to ten cows. farmers processed and distributed their own milk for sale. number of cows in georgia, as well as the price per head of cow, fluctuated during the antebellum period. one reason for the fluctuations, at least until the 1820s, may have been indian raids on livestock herds in settled areas. the dairy industry slowly expanded as the population of the colony increased and spread inland from the coast. after the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ) the demand for milk products grew. cows were pastured and milked by hand. milk was cooled in cans in water tanks filled with spring or well water. ( milk was considered adequately cool at a temperature of 50 degrees fahrenheit. ) the dairies closest to communities produced fluid milk for the town ' s population. the dairy farmers were producer - processors, as they produced the milk with their small dairy herds, bottled the milk, and delivered it to their customers. dairy farms located farther away from the towns produced cream or butter, which could be stored longer and transported more easily than fluid in 1876 benjamin hunt, a banker and expert in horticulture and animal husbandry, brought a herd of jersey cows to putnam county and opened panola farm, an experimental dairy facility. he is credited with establishing the dairy industry in that county. early twentieth century 1920s were a period of great change in the dairy industry. the introduction of the automobile and the truck allowed milk to be transported across greater distances, and farms farther from population centers thus had new markets for their milk. tractors replaced horses and mules as power sources on the farm ; consequently more acreage and crops were available to be sold or to support dairy cows instead of supplying feed for horses and mules.


from population centers thus had new markets for their milk. tractors replaced horses and mules as power sources on the farm ; consequently more acreage and crops were available to be sold or to support dairy cows instead of supplying feed for horses and mules. the introduction of electricity and the milking machine allowed more cows to be milked by one person with less effort. each pail of milk was strained and placed in electrical coolers. mechanical refrigeration cooled milk more efficiently and maintained its freshness longer. all of these advances led to a rise in the number of dairy farms and dairy cows in the state of georgia as well as in the united states. at the same time, the great depression of the 1930s caused decreasing farm prices. part of farmers ' attraction to dairying during the depression was that it provided steady income over time. about 1867 to 1919 the number of dairy cows in georgia increased from about 20, 000 head to 411, 000 head, with an average price per cow of $ 16. in 1920 the average price per cow increased to $ 65. at this time dairy farmers were typically still producer - processors who owned fifteen to twenty - five cows apiece. following a decline in the dairy herd after world war i ( 1917 - 18 ) that lasted through the early years of the depression, georgia ' s dairy herd grew once again to a high of 419, 000 head in 1935, and the price per cow fluctuated until world war ii ( 1941 - 45 ), when it began to increase rapidly. in 1945 dairy cows in georgia numbered about 360, 000 head. by 1953 cows were valued at an average of $ 138 per head. pasteurization and sanitation milk production became industrialized, sanitation became a more critical issue. the french scientist louis pasteur ' s experiments in the 1860s with heating milk to destroy bacteria generated great interest in milk ' s health aspects, and studies showed that milk could be a source of such human diseases as diphtheria, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, undulant fever, and pox. nevertheless, there was much resistance to the pasteurization of milk because of its expense. in 1923 the u. s. congress passed the pasteurized milk ordinance ( pmo ), which required that all milk shipped between states be pasteurized. milk sold within a state was not covered by the pmo and was regulated by each individual state. this law ( with revisions over the years ) still governs the sale of milk in the united states. in georgia pasteurization was not


of a " one - week shelf life " was introduced in retail outlets. in time both the state regulatory agencies and a cooperating milk industry ensured a safe and reliable source of milk for the pipeline milking system and bulk tanks replaced the bucket milkers and milk cans on dairy farms in the 1960s. the introduction of silos and silage replaced pasture, and better highways and trucks meant that milk and dairy products could be transported further and faster. an effort to control mastitis, a bacterial disease found in dairy cows, also began in the 1960s. this benefited both the public and the owners of milking herds. in 1965 federal and state milk regulations established a maximum of somatic cells, which produce mastitis, for grade a milk. the wake of the georgia pasteurization law, producer - processors had a choice — they could stop producing milk, buy the expensive equipment to pasteurize, or form or join a cooperative that would collect the farmer ' s milk, pasteurize it, and sell it. only a few cooperatives, namely wells dairies cooperative in columbus and athens cooperative creamery in athens, operated in the state during the 1940s. the large group of producers that supplied the atlanta market decided to form a cooperative that became atlanta dairies. they purchased land, built a processing plant, and acquired trucks to haul the milk cows from the farm to the plant. the plant and cooperative are still operating today under different names. in the 1960s dairy farmer cooperatives grew and began helping dairy farmers earn better prices for their milk. some of the most significant cooperatives in the state were atlanta dairies, athens cooperative, miss georgia cooperative, south georgia cooperative, and well dairies cooperative. in 1970 a cooperative known as dairymen was formed from a collection of new and large cooperatives in georgia. dairymen was primarily a marketing agency for milk producers, and with its formation about 90 percent of all milk in the state was marketed through dairy cooperatives. this improved the sanitary quality, flavor, and shelf life of grade a milk. in 1972 the georgia general assembly returned all responsibility for milk sanitation and safety to a single state agency — the georgia department 1945 every county in georgia had at least one dairy farm, for a total of 6, 040 farms with 360, 000 cows producing approximately 1 billion pounds of milk ( 3, 150 pounds of milk per cow ) annually. the greatest number and concentration of dairies were in the counties surrounding atlanta and in northwest georgia. since then, the number of dairy farms and cows has steadily declined,


1 billion pounds of milk ( 3, 150 pounds of milk per cow ) annually. the greatest number and concentration of dairies were in the counties surrounding atlanta and in northwest georgia. since then, the number of dairy farms and cows has steadily declined, but milk production has increased. in 2005 there were 313 dairies in georgia with 81, 000 cows producing approximately 1. 4 billion pounds of milk ( 17, 259 pounds of milk per cow ). today, 50 percent of all milk production in georgia occurs in south several factors contributed to these changes in the industry. the dairy farms around atlanta and other cities were sold for housing as population increased. many people in farming communities left agriculture to pursue other job opportunities. technology advanced so that larger farms could be efficiently operated. through genetics and management techniques introduced in the last decades of the twentieth century, dairy cows have increased their production dramatically, so fewer cows are needed to produce a comparable supply of dairy products. a few dairy farmers in south georgia implement sustainable agriculture practices. the owners of sweet grass dairy in thomasville, for instance, abandoned conventional dairy farming in 1993 in favor of a " rotational grazing " approach, the method used by farmers in new zealand. sweet grass also produces artisanal cheeses made from cow ' s milk and goat ' s milk, which have won national awards. according to industry experts, projections for georgia through 2020 show a continued decline in milk production. georgia, along with most other southeastern states, is a milk - deficit state, meaning it does not produce enough milk to supply its own population. as of 2006 the state produces less than 300 pounds per capita, while the nation ' s average is 581 pounds per capita. ironically, about 40 percent of georgia ' s milk is shipped to florida, with georgia ' s needs being met by milk shipped from other states. as of 2006 nine companies are involved in the processing of milk and milk products in georgia. h. b. henderson, comp. and ed., a history of the dairy industry in georgia, 2 vols. ( [ n. p. ], 1981 ). melissa brown, georgia college and state university lane o. ely, university of georgia


raphael moses ( 1812 - 1893 ) major raphael moses, who pioneered the commercial growing of peaches in georgia, was chief supply officer for confederate general james longstreet, participated in most of the major battles of the civil war ( 1861 - 65 ) in the east, and ended up carrying out the last order of the confederacy. in 1851 moses helped initiated the marketing of plums and peaches in the state and is reputed to have been the first planter successfully to ship and sell peaches outside of the south. in his history of antebellum georgia, james c. bonner credits moses with being the first to succeed in preserving the flavor of shipped peaches, by packing them in champagne baskets instead of in pulverized charcoal. moses is best known as the chief commissary officer for general james longstreet, the man general robert e. lee called " my old warhorse. " moses assumed this position in november 1862, at the age of fifty, and served at chickamauga ; second manassas, virginia ; the first battle of fredericksburg, virginia ; gettysburg, pennsylvania ; and the major campaigns around chattanooga and knoxville, both in tennessee. moses had regular contact with several of the south ' s most famous generals and was especially close to robert e. lee. moses was with him during the battle of gettysburg and, on the evening of the defeat, slept near him on the ground while a heavy storm rained down upon them. lee ' s biographer douglas southall freeman called moses " the best commissary officer of like rank in the confederate service. " moses was responsible for feeding and supplying up to 54, 000 confederate troops and personnel, and his actions contrasted sharply with the union policy of looting and burning homes, farms, and entire cities full of defenseless civilians. moses had been forbidden by lee to enter private homes in search of supplies during raids into union territory, even when food was in painfully short supply, and he always paid for what he did take from farms and businesses, albeit in confederate tender. moses attended the last meeting of the confederate government, at the bank of the state of georgia ( later the heard house ), in washington in wilkes county on may 5, 1865. it was there that he carried out the confederacy ' s last order. moses was ordered by confederate president jefferson davis to take possession of $ 40, 000 in gold and silver bullion from the confederate treasury and deliver it to help feed and supply the defeated soldiers straggling home after the war — weary,


last order. moses was ordered by confederate president jefferson davis to take possession of $ 40, 000 in gold and silver bullion from the confederate treasury and deliver it to help feed and supply the defeated soldiers straggling home after the war — weary, hungry, often sick, shoeless, and in tattered uniforms. with a small group of determined armed guards, moses successfully carried out his duty, despite repeated attempts by mobs to take the bullion forcibly. moses ' s three sons also served with distinction in the civil war. one, albert moses luria ( named in honor of moses ' s ancestor luria ), was killed in 1862 in virginia after courageously throwing a live union artillery shell out of his fortification before it exploded, thereby saving the lives of many of his compatriots. luria was the first confederate jew to die in battle ; the last was his first cousin, joshua lazarus moses, of sumter, south carolina, killed on the day lee surrendered, firing the last shots in defense of mobile, alabama. moses ' s youngest son, raphael jr., at age sixteen served in the confederate navy and participated in important fights at sea. he ended the war in the twentieth georgia volunteers of lee ' s army of northern virginia, walking home from appomattox, virginia, after the surrender. the eldest son, israel moses nunez, served with captain william w. parker ' s virginia battery of artillery and fought in the trenches around petersburg, virginia. after the war moses became an active opponent of the reconstruction government in georgia and was elected to the state house of representatives, becoming chairman of its judiciary committee. when he died on october 13, 1893, on a trip to brussels, belgium, his calling card still read, " major raphael j. moses, csa. " he was buried at esquiline, his old plantation, now a family cemetery in columbus. his papers are housed at the william breman jewish heritage museum in atlanta. i. w. avery, the history of the state of georgia, from 1850 to 1881 ( new york : brown and derby, 1881 ). douglas southall freeman, lee ' s lieutenants : a study in command, 3 vols. ( new york : scribner, 1942 - 44 ). raphael jacob moses, last order of the lost cause : the true story of a jewish family in the " old south, " comp., ed., and exp. mel young ( lanham, md. : university press of america, 1995 ). robert


about 1740 as a four - room private residence by jean le poincet and later purchased by francois saucier, son of the designer of fort de chartres, the cahokia courthouse is an example of the french creole poteaux - sur - solle ( post - on - sill ) construction method which french settlers brought over their native normandy in northern france. in this method upright hewn logs are seated on a horizontal log sill and the spaces between the logs are filled with stone and mortar chinking. this type of construction is different from the more familiar horizontal anglo - american style and is quite rare with only about thirty buildings of this type left in north america. when the treaty of paris was signed in 1783 ending the american revolution, the illinois country came under control of the united states. in 1789 the northwest territory was created by the continental congress and in a ceremony in 1790 in cahokia a proclamation issued by governor arthur st. clair, the new governor of the territory, was read laying out the county that bears his name and establishing the county seat at cahokia. in that same year the judges of st. clair county began using the saucier residence for use as an administrative center and courthouse, formally purchasing the building in 1793. the largest room was used as the courtroom ( photo right, ) with the other rooms being used as a judge ' s chamber, a multipurpose room that included the post office, and a meeting room for attorneys which also doubled as schoolroom when court wasn ' t in session. originally st. clair county was an immense territory almost as large as the state of illinois, but as the years went by portions of the county were split off to form separate counties. for twenty - four years the cahokia courthouse served as a u. s. territorial courthouse and an important center of political activity in the old northwest. by 1814, with st. clair county ' s jurisdiction decreasing to its present size, demands for a centrally located county seat, and floods constantly threatening cahokia, the county seat was moved to the newly created town of belleville. lewis and clark connection “ i came to at 3 oclock at the kohokia landing, which is at the mouth of kohokia creek ¾ of a mile from the town, and in view of st. louis which is about 2½ miles distant. ” with this entry william clark signaled a six - month relationship with the village of cahokia. as cahokia was the local seat of american government in the


town, and in view of st. louis which is about 2½ miles distant. ” with this entry william clark signaled a six - month relationship with the village of cahokia. as cahokia was the local seat of american government in the region and contained the westernmost post office of the united states, the cahokia courthouse was used often by the expedition to send official communications as well as personal correspondence as noted by clark in this december 13, 1803 entry : “ … sent off c floyd to koho [ cahokia ] with letters for capt lewis to put in the post office … ” | visit our special lewis and clark section to learn more about the corps of discovery ’ s experience during their stay in the middle mississippi river valley. greatriverroad. com ’ s special coverage includes information on all of the region ’ s sites and events as well as supplemental articles relating to the expedition ’ s experience during the winter of 1803 - 04. by 1901 the former courthouse had deteriorated so badly due to floods and neglect that it was used only to store farm machinery and had been bought by an east st. louis businessman who had it dismantled and reassembled for the 1904 louisiana purchase exposition in st. louis as a classic example of early french creole architecture. the structure at the exposition was only about half the size of the original with leftover timbers reportedly made into wooden cigars and sold as souvenirs at the fair. after the exposition the chicago historical society purchased the courthouse and a small structure was constructed from the materials on wooded island in jackson park. the building stood there until 1939 when it was returned to cahokia. reconstruction of the courthouse in its current form began as a wpa project. archaeological investigations of the original site began in 1938 and uncovered the original foundations, fireplace footings, fragments of porch columns, domestic objects and fragments of ironwork. in 1939, following a study of photographs, sketches of the building, and of french creole construction methods, the courthouse was dismantled and shipped to cahokia with great care. all of the logs returned from chicago were incorporated in the reconstruction. the courthouse was dedicated may 20, 1940 as a reminder of the " splendid heritage " of the citizens of illinois. courthouse now rests on its original foundation of stone nearly two feet thick. walnut beams extend the cantilevered roof over the porch. inside, the courtroom has been refurbished to the way it would have been in the early 19th century and the other three rooms contain exhibits that illustrate french colonial life, the history of the courthouse,


walnut beams extend the cantilevered roof over the porch. inside, the courtroom has been refurbished to the way it would have been in the early 19th century and the other three rooms contain exhibits that illustrate french colonial life, the history of the courthouse, and lewis and clark ’ s experience in cahokia ( photo right, ) during the winter of 1803 - 04 and the role of post offices in colonial america. the cahokia courthouse is the centerpiece of the colonial cahokia state historic sites complex that also includes the jarrot mansion, the martin - boismenue house, and a visitors center. information can be obtained at the visitors center about the holy family log church and other area attractions. the cahokia courthouse saturday : 9 am - 5 pm closed on major there is no charge to visit the cahokia courthouse, although donations are appreciated. directions : from il - 3 south into cahokia ( mississippi avenue – will change into water street, ) take a right onto west first street, go two blocks to elm street. from il - 3 north into cahokia ( water street, ) take a take a left onto west first street, go two blocks to elm street. from il - 157 into cahokia ( st. nicholas drive ) to il - 3 ( water street ) take a left, go one block to west first street, take a right, go two blocks to elm street. w 90° 11. 554 ' more about the cahokia area. http : / / www. illinoishistory. gov / hs / cahokia _ courthouse. htm - official site of the cahokia courthouse provided by the illinois historic preservation agency.


though built in 1893 to manufacture textiles, the columbia mills ’ storied stone halls now weave tapestries of knowledge with exhibits on everything from lasers and space travel to south carolina ' s role in the civil war. boasting accolades by columbia metropolitan magazine and the smithsonian, south carolina state museum devotes each of its four floors and part of its fourth dimension to art, cultural history, natural history, and science and technology represented by more than 70, 000 artifacts. through a series of permanent exhibits, curators lead visitors on a cultural and geological voyage. guests stroll through years of traditional and contemporary art by state artists, marvel at a 43 - foot white shark display and full dinosaur skeletons, or cast imaginations back in exhibits on turn - of - the - century transportation, laser technology, and aviation. the museum also excavates the surrounding landscape to present 14, 000 years of local culture in native american tools and colonial - era lifestyle items. five galleries also house changing exhibits featuring assemblages of artifacts from civil war – era charleston or 300 years of american - made telescopes, each carefully monitored to ensure they contain just the right amount of science. while museum staffers frequently rotate their exhibits, they also host traveling displays and send others on the road through the traveling exhibits program. various education displays such as interactive children ' s labs, living - history reenactments, and lectures from visiting scholars further enrich all - ages visitors.


what is hepatitis a? | what is the hepatitis a vaccine? | who should get vaccinated and when? | what are the risks associated with the hepatitis a vaccine? | who should not get vaccinated? | what other ways can hepatitis a be prevented besides vaccination? | what happens in the event of an outbreak? what is hepatitis a? is a viral infection that strikes the liver. the virus causes the liver damage. liver function is reduced. waste that is normally eliminated by the liver builds up in the blood. jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, usually results. hepatitis a is passed from person to person through contact with infected stool. you can get the virus from an infected child by changing a diaper or by having sexual contact with an infected person. contaminated food and water can also spread the virus. the virus is very common in developing countries. it also occurs in the united states. - abdominal pain or soreness - lack of appetite - nausea and vomiting if you have been in contact with the virus and have not been vaccinated, a shot of the vaccine or immune globulin ( ig ) can prevent you from getting sick. it can also prevent you from spreading the virus. either shot should be given as soon as possible. if you do get sick, usually symptoms will resolve after rest, drinking plenty of fluids. you should also avoid medication that can damage the liver and alcohol. at times, people with hepatitis a need to be hospitalized. rarely, the infection can be fatal if the liver is severely damaged. what is the hepatitis a vaccine? the vaccine contains an inactivated form of the hepatitis a virus. it is given as an injection in the arm. a combined vaccine that protects against both hepatitis a and is also available. who should get vaccinated and when? the vaccine is recommended for all children aged 12 - 23 months. the two doses of the series are given 6 - 18 months apart. children who have not been vaccinated can receive the shot at their next doctor ' s visit. the following people should also get vaccinated : - children aged 24 months or older who are at high risk and have not been previously vaccinated. people traveling to areas where hepatitis a is prevalent. the cdc ' s traveler ' s health website shows which areas have high rates hepatitis a. - men who have sex with men. - injection drug users. - people who are at risk because of their job. - people with chronic liver disease. - people treated with


s traveler ' s health website shows which areas have high rates hepatitis a. - men who have sex with men. - injection drug users. - people who are at risk because of their job. - people with chronic liver disease. - people treated with clotting factor concentrates. - people who will have close contact with an adopted child from a medium - or high - risk area. - people who want immunity to hepatitis a. in general, people who are traveling should get the first dose at least one month before leaving the united states. getting the vaccine anytime before traveling may also result in some protection. what are the risks associated with the hepatitis a vaccine? there is a very small risk of severe allergic reaction, with symptoms such as : - difficulty breathing - skin rash - rapid heartbeat moderate side effects include : - soreness at the site of injection - loss of appetite who should not get vaccinated? the following people should not get vaccinated : - children under one year of age - anyone who has already had hepatitis a - anyone who has previously had a severe allergic reaction to the hepatitis a vaccine - anyone who has previously had a severe allergic reaction to any component of the hepatitis a vaccine, ( including alum or 2 - phenoxyethanol - anyone who is very ill what other ways can hepatitis a be prevented besides vaccination? - wash your hands with soap and water, especially after using the restroom or changing a diaper. - ig given before and after exposure is another way of preventing and treating the virus. is another vaccine that protects against both hepatitis a and b. what happens in the event of an outbreak? if a food - borne outbreak occurs, the source of the contaminated food will be identified and eliminated. in any hepatitis a outbreak, the affected community will get vaccinated to prevent the virus from spreading. where can i get more information? hepatitis a. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. updated december 19, 2012. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a faq ' s for health professionals. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / hepatitis / hav / havfaq. htm. updated november 23, 2010. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a information for health professionals. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / hepatitis


/ havfaq. htm. updated november 23, 2010. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a information for health professionals. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / hepatitis / hav / index. htm. updated november 23, 2010. accessed may 1, 2013. hepatitis a virus vaccine inactivated. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. updated january 18, 2013. accessed may 1, 2013. immunization schedules. centers for disease control and prevention website. available at : http : / / www. cdc. gov / vaccines / schedules / index. html. updated january 29, 2013. accessed may 1, 2013. workowski ka, berman s, centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. mmwr. 2010 ; 59 ( no. rr - 12 ) : 1 - 110. 9 / 25 / 2009 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : updated recommendations from the advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ) for use of hepatitis a vaccine in close contacts of newly arriving international adoptees. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 2009 ; 58 : 1006. last reviewed may 2013 by brian randall, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright © ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.


the evolutionist deceptions in the documentary the shape of life the first in the series of documentaries called the shape of life, jointly produced by the pbs and the national geographic society, was about the origin of animals ( metazoans ). the scientific deceptions contained in that documentary, which attempted to describe how the first multicellular organisms came into being, are set out below. the organization within the sponge cannot be explained by evolution at the beginning of the documentary there is an account of how one day, in some way, sponge cells living independently of one another took a decision among themselves to live together. in fact, in line with the familiar evolutionist scenario, the program even said that " somehow, cells developed a language that allowed them to work together. " yet, the fact is that this imaginary account — the product of the evolutionists ' own fantasy world — is a complete violation of the facts. the origin of the organization in living things is one of the fundamental questions for which the theory of evolution can never offer a logical explanation. there is absolutely no reason for cells that can function independently of one another to begin to act together. yet, the different cells in all multicellular organisms do work together towards a common purpose in an extremely organized manner. the sponge is one example of this flawless organization among cells. despite its very simple appearance, the sponge, an animal from the phylum porifera, actually consists of exceedingly complex cells. these cells, organized in two layers, set up a continuous flow of water inside the sponge. on the one hand, the plankton in the water are filtered and digested ; on the other, waste material is deposited into the flow and carried away. in this way, the sponge functions like a funnel in a specially established current. the cells cannot have adopted the principle of working together by themselves. that is because they come into being already in possession of the special connecting nodules that bind them together. when sponge cells approach one another, these connecting nodules grip one another and an organized, multicellular appearance emerges. in short, sponge cells were designed to work together. when they are all together, they immediately acquire a nature of their own and assume the duties regarding the particular layer they are in. with the enzymes they produce and their chemical digestion methods, sponge cells are actually very complex. sponges, which are regarded as having the simplest animal organization, are actually very complex. they attract scientists ' attention because of their unusual cellular organization ( the cells do not form tissues such as those found


is the inevitable result of the fact that this coded language employs only four letters. to put it another way, the finding of similarities in dna does not in any way show that living things had a common ancestor. this similarity is proof not of a " common ancestor, " but of " common design. " every similarity we encounter proves the common aspect of the design in living things. on the other hand, just the length of the dna in the sponge is sufficient to invalidate the evolutionists ' expectations. the dna of the sponge, put forward as the " primal animal ancestor, " consists of 1. 8 billion base pairs ( 1. 80pg. ) according to the evolutionary family tree, the dna of the tench ( species tinca tinca ) should be a great deal longer than this, whereas in fact it is only half the length of sponge dna, consisting of a mere 810 million base pairs ( 0. 81pg. ) the chicken, described as a much more advanced species than the sponge in the evolutionary family tree, also has dna that is shorter, at 1. 25 billion base pairs ( 1. 25pg. ) as we have seen, the genetic facts are at total variance with the assumptions of the theory of evolution. as the scientific findings have shown, living species did not evolve from one another, but were created separately. ( for further details regarding genetic comparisons and the theory of evolution, see http : / / harunyahya. com / en / works / 592 /. ) the flawless design in living species invalidates the idea of the evolutionary process. evolutionists are unable to account for even the emergence of a single cell by means of evolution, so it is meaningless for them to try to use evolution to explain the organization between those cells. chance and unconscious atoms cannot produce superior design. the dna in cells is a description written in the same language in all the millions of different living species. the fact that the information is written in the same language does not support the claim that these species came about by chance and evolved from one another. on the contrary, it shows that they were created according to a common design. this is a scientific expression of the fact that god created all living things.


fortunately, at harvard we have the pre - eminent school of public health, which has released the healthy eating pyramid and is what we use as our guiding principle in making menus. according to hsph, “ when it comes down to it, the best advice on what to eat is relatively straightforward : eat a plant - based diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains ; choose healthy fats, like olive and canola oil ; and red meat and unhealthy fats, like saturated and trans fats, sparingly. ” as a complement to the healthy eating pyramid, they summarize “ eight tips for eating right : - “ choose good carbs, not no carbs. whole grains are your best bet. - “ pay attention to the protein package. fish, poultry, nuts, and beans are the best choices. - “ choose healthy fats, limit saturated fat, and avoid trans fat. plant oils, nuts, and fish are the healthiest sources. - “ choose a fiber - filled diet, rich in whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. - “ eat more vegetables and fruits. go for color and variety — dark green, yellow, orange, and red. - “ calcium is important. but milk isn ' t the only, or even best, source. - “ moderate drinking can be healthy — but not for everyone. you must weigh the benefits and risks. - " a daily multivitamin is a great nutrition insurance policy. some extra vitamin d may add an extra health boost. ” that said, good carbs, lean proteins, healthy fats, no trans fats, and lots of veggies and fruits are available. hsph declines to specify portions or calories, but notes that moderation is the cornerstone of wellbeing. which leads to nutrition information on the menu cards. many of you have inquired about the decision to remove nutrition information. as you know, huds consulted with university health services, the bureau of study counsel, and the college, about limiting nutrition data to the kiosks and web. specifically, we needed to address the challenge a quiet and surprisingly large contingent of our community faces with eating disorders. those individuals can place an undue emphasis on calories and other literal food values, making their placement over every food item a real challenge. thus, we did what we felt best addressed the special health needs of those individuals, much as we support people with food allergies or religious dietary preferences. for those who would like assistance with shaping a


cheerleaders everywhere will rejoice that the activity, sometimes marginalized as a sideline commotion, may finally be upgraded to sport status to help regulate practices and prevent injuries. while many say cheerleading is not as physically challenging as other athletic pursuits, cheerleaders are disproportionately likely to suffer a life - threatening injury such as skull fracture or spine damage when compared with other high school atheletics. peditricians suspect it may be due in part to a lack of regulation on the sport. they hope to reduce these injuries by providing pre - season physicals, removing girls with injuries from competition, and giving access to experienced coaches for strength and conditioning exercises. while the american association of cheerleading coaches and administrators ( aacca ) has recommended many of these things for a while, there are a few things holding the council back from designating cheerleading a sport and converting to all of the american academy of pediatrics ’ ( aap ) requirements. first, they claim cheerleaders do not regularly compete, as many states require of other high school athletic teams. second, the aap would require that all stunts be performed on a spring or mat floor, which the aacca maintains would actually increase injury by compromising cheerleader balance. currently 29 states recognize cheerleading as a high school sport, but it is not recognized as such by the national collegiate athletic association. the hope is that seeing cheerleading in this light would lead to better facilities, practice time, and certified coaches, and create reduced injury rate as a result.


eemory university. permission is granted to download, transmit, or otherwise reproduce, distribute or display the contributions to the work claimed by emory university for non - profit educational purposes, provided this header is included in its entirety. for inquiries about commercial uses, contact either : institute for jewish studies, emory university, atlanta ga 30322 or the lewis h. beck center for electronic collections and services, woodruff library, emory university, atlanta, georgia 303222007 http : / / pid. emory. edu / ark : / 25593 / 13mkf claim : parts of anne frank ' s diary are written in ball point pen, while that technology was not available until after the war. response : anne wrote the body of her diary with a fountain pen. the only ball point pen ink traces are two loose notes written by someone else and put with the papers later and some page numbers written on the sheets during the compilation process. trial transcripts, expert witness documents and other material used in irving vs. penguin books and deborah lipstadt have been encoded in xml using the tei guidelines, and made available for scholarly research and educational purposes. - collection : learning tools - subset : myth / fact sheets - object : anne frank - frank, anne, 1929 - 1945. - irving, david john cawdell, 1938 -. - auschwitz ( concentration camp ). - holocaust, jewish ( 1939 - 1945 ). dan leshem encoder, beck center staff


so said the late francis crick, who along with james watson worked out the basic structure of dna in the early 1950s. his remark was quoted in a 1978 new yorker article on the history of dna ( sometimes i get a tad behind in my reading, and this article, yellowed with age, was close to, although not at the bottom of, my " to read " pile ). it ' s too bad the american diabetes association doesn ' t follow crick ' s sage advice. it ' s hampering their progress and destroying their reputation in the minds of many people with diabetes. real science operates as crick suggested. you have an idea, and you test it to see if it ' s true. if it is, you then try to refine your idea, or you let other people do that and you move on to a new idea. if the experimental results show you ' re wrong, you reject your first idea and try to come up with a better one. you don ' t hang on to some old theory, for example that the earth is flat, simply because you ' ve invested a lot in promoting that idea. if it ' s wrong, it ' s wrong. admit it and move on. in the early part of the 20th century, the standard treatment for all types of diabetes - - they didn ' t even know then that there were several different types, just " mild diabetes " ( type 2 ) and life - threatening diabetes ( type 1 ) - - was a low - carbohydrate, high - fat diet. then in the 1950s, when the results of ancel keys ' s studies appeared to show that diets with a lot of saturated fat increased risks of heart disease, the ada started promoting low - fat diets for people with diabetes, who are at very high risk of heart disease. because they also thought high - protein diets caused kidney disease, the only major nutrient left was carbohydrate, so the diets they supported were 60 % to 70 % carbohydrate. " make starch the star! " people were told by dieticians and ada publications. " the more carbohydrates you eat, the better, " the authors of a popular book on the glycemic index advised people with diabetes. of course, everyone knows it ' s carbohydrates that make blood glucose ( bg ) levels rise. but before the landmark diabetes control and complications trial results reported in 1993, doctors didn ' t even believe


- tanning facility law and required notice - indoor tanning health risks - if you choose to use a tanning bed or device - other laws regulating tanning devices - more information vermont law prohibits the use of tanning devices such as sunlamps, tanning booths and beds by persons under 18 years of age. the law is intended to protect youth from exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) rays, which can cause skin cancer, as well as to inform the public about the dangers of tanning. the law has three parts : - prohibition : all persons under the age of 18 are prohibited from using tanning devices. - signs : all tanning facilities must post in a conspicuous place the notice developed by the department of health to inform consumers about the age - restrictions for using tanning devices, the health risks associated with tanning and the penalty and enforcement provisions under the law. - enforcement : tanning facilities violating this law are subject to civil penalties. local law enforcement provide the enforcement for this law - download the tanning notice sign - confirm that the notice has been posted - read the law : tanning facilities ( 18 v. s. a. § 1513 ) exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation, whether from the sun or indoor tanning beds, can cause : - skin cancer - skin burns - premature skin aging - eye damage ( both short - and long - term ) skin cancer ( including melanoma and non - melanoma ) is the most common type of cancer in the united states, with more than 3. 5 million new cases diagnosed and 2. 2 million people treated each year. melanomas are the most serious form of skin cancer and despite our short summers, vermont has one of the highest incidence rates of melanoma compared to all other u. s. states. although all uv exposure has health risks, studies continue to document the risks specific to the use of indoor tanning devices, including the following : - your risk of melanoma increases by 75 percent when you use tanning beds before the age of 35. - tanning bed users are also 2½ times more likely to be diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma and 1½ times more susceptible to basal cell carcinoma. - using tanning beds increases the risk of wrinkles and eye damage, and changes skin texture. - the united states department of health and human services and the world health organization ' s ( who ) international agency of research on cancer panel has declared ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation from the sun and artificial sources, such


eye damage, and changes skin texture. - the united states department of health and human services and the world health organization ' s ( who ) international agency of research on cancer panel has declared ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation from the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, as a known carcinogens ( cancer - causing substances ). persons who choose to expose themselves to the harmful effects of uv radiation from indoor tanning devices should take the following precautions : - always wear fda - certified protective eyewear. - learn your skin type and understand the exposure limits recommended by the manufacturer of the tanning device. - seek medical attention for severe burns, allergic reactions and unusual skin lesions or sores. - report any injuries or adverse reactions promptly to the tanning facility operator or employee. the food and drug administration ( fda ) and the federal trade commission ( ftc ) share responsibilities in the federal regulation of sunlamps and tanning devices. the fda enforces regulations that lay out specific requirements for labels on the devices ; the ftc investigates false, misleading, and deceptive advertising claims about the devices. when these agencies determine that device labels don ’ t comply with the regulations or that advertisements are not truthful, they may take corrective action. the fda also can remove products from the marketplace. - fact sheet : melanoma in vermont - u. s. food and drug administration - centers for disease control and prevention please contact us if you have questions or want more information all tanning facilities must post in a conspicuous place the notice developed by the department of health. this is to inform consumers about the age - restrictions for using tanning devices, the health risks associated with tanning and the penalty and enforcement provisions under the law. please fill out the online form below to confirm that you have posted the sign as required under vermont law. you may also use the form for any questions, and to request signs or other information.


in the immediate aftermath of a diagnosis, expect your teen to ask countless questions : - “ is this going to affect the way i look? ” - “ am i going to have to miss a lot of school? ” - “ don ’ t tell me i won ’ t be able to go out for the lacrosse team this year! ” - “ what if the other kids laugh at me because the chemotherapy makes my hair fall out? ” these questions may demand thoughtful, well - informed answers. bear in mind that young people ’ s fears about medical matters may be based on misinformation. for instance, a patient recently diagnosed with hodgkin ’ s disease might sadly conclude that he doesn ’ t have long to live. after all, everyone knows that cancer is deadly ; only the year before, his favorite aunt died of ovarian cancer. what he needs to hear from both his doctor and his parents is that there are more than one hundred forms of cancer — many of them highly treatable. in addition, the outlook for children ’ s malignancies tends to be more favorable than for adult tumors. hodgkin ’ s disease happens to be the most curable pediatric cancer ; nine in ten kids live five years from the time of diagnosis, at which point they can essentially be declared cured. another frequent source of anxiety is upcoming medical tests and procedures. a fourteen - year - old boy slated to undergo magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) is utterly convinced that the scan is going to hurt. it ’ s got to : did you see the size of that machine? or what if it zaps me and i become radioactive?! the scanner is an imposing piece of equipment, to be sure. but he ’ ll be relieved to hear that an mri uses electromagnetic energy, not radiation, to visualize the body. he won ’ t feel any pain, and he most certainly won ’ t glow in the dark. a kid who is prone to claustrophobia, though, may turn panicky when the portable examining table draws her into the narrow tunnel. mom and dad, as her advocates within the medical system, should alert the doctor ahead of time about her aversion to confined spaces. he might prescribe a mild shortacting sedative to be taken prior to the test or arrange for an “ open ” mri scanner to be used. to find out what your child can expect, ask the physician or one of the nurses to describe the procedure step by step. many medical practices routinely provide informative, illustrated


to the test or arrange for an “ open ” mri scanner to be used. to find out what your child can expect, ask the physician or one of the nurses to describe the procedure step by step. many medical practices routinely provide informative, illustrated pamphlets beforehand. an adolescent should feel that he can always share what is worrying him. but as explored elsewhere in caring for your teenager, kids don ’ t always say what ’ s on their minds. in addition to being active, empathetic listeners, we need to anticipate what they may be feeling. “ honey, you seem a bit down today. i know that having diabetes is hard for you sometimes... ” “ yeah, a little down... a lot, really. " “ what is it exactly that ’ s bothering you? maybe i can help. ” “ i ’ m just scared, that ’ s all. ” “ scared about the future? ” “ yeah, that. what if one of those terrible things that happens to people with diabetes happens to me, like losing my sight? or what if the diabetes messes up my kidneys? i don ’ t want to have to go on one of those artificial kidney machines. i can ’ t believe i ’ m seventeen and have to worry about this stuff. it ’ s not fair! ” perhaps nothing we say will dispel our child ’ s sadness or resentment or rage at being saddled with a health problem. however, listening nonjudgmentally and letting our children know they can talk to us any time is beneficial. for a young person, the realization that he can express his feelings freely, without being told, “ you shouldn ’ t be ( angry, depressed, etc. ), ” is psychologically therapeutic in itself. honesty is the best policy some mothers and fathers deliberately conceal all details of the illness from the young patient, operating under the misconception that they are safeguarding their child from potentially devastating news. seriously ill teenagers instinctively know about their condition. ironically, they frequently refrain from discussing this with mom and dad for much the same reason : to protect their grief - stricken parents. how do they know? their bodies tell them. in addition, no matter how careful the adults around them are, kids glean fragments of conversations and take notice of grim expressions. ultimately, to deny a sick person the truth about his condition is an unintentionally selfish act ; all the more so in the setting of a terminal disease. children need to talk about what they


of conversations and take notice of grim expressions. ultimately, to deny a sick person the truth about his condition is an unintentionally selfish act ; all the more so in the setting of a terminal disease. children need to talk about what they ’ re feeling — including their fears, their conceptions of death and dying ; whatever is on their minds. no one should take away their right to talk about these issues. on the other hand, while it ’ s important to answer questions honestly, try to emphasize the positive whenever possible. let ’ s return to the earlier example of the adolescent diabetic who is concerned that he might develop a serious long - term complication. his mother and father might say something like this : “ the doctor doesn ’ t know for sure what ’ s going to happen years from now. but most kids with diabetes go on to live normal life spans. we ’ re confident that you will, too. the best thing we can do is to make sure that you stay healthy by keeping your blood sugars within a normal range. never think that you ’ re all alone in this ; we ’ re here to help you, and so are your brothers and sister. ” tips for reducing anxieties techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and visualization can help to soothe jangled nerves before and during medical procedures. tell your teenager about thought stopping, which will allow him to control the mind instead of the other way around. each time a negative thought comes a - knocking — about an impending needle stick, for example — the teenager literally orders his brain to switch channels. “ okay, stop it! turn off that thought right now! think about something else. ” it may sound overly simplistic, but with practice, this method can be extremely effective.


sign up now and receive the hhmi bulletin by mail or e - mail. features : one foot in front of the other page 2 of 5 for devising ways to study molecular motors in detail, ronald vale, along with colleagues michael sheetz and james spudich, received the 2012 lasker basic medical research award. beyond that, some of the goods must first be packaged and then picked up by vehicles that follow an ever - changing highway to the right destination. in the past half - century, scientists have revealed how cells build these thoroughfares, and they ’ ve uncovered specialized proteins that walk along the roads ’ lengths carrying freight. but plenty of questions remain : how does the cell control the transportation? how do the walking proteins coordinate their steps to keep grounded on their tracks? how can materials hitch a ride on cellular freeways if there isn ’ t energy to spare? “ it ’ s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell, ” says hhmi investigator ronald vale of the university of california, san francisco. “ chromosomes have to be separated, a cell has to pinch in two, materials made in one place have to be delivered to another place in the cell. all of those features of life are dependent on physical motion. ” “ it ’ s become clear that there is an enormous platter of movements that have to be executed by the cell. ” that physical motion is generated by three types of molecular motors that can walk down tracks inside cells : myosin, which walks on actin filaments, and two microtubule motors — kinesin, which carries cargo from the center of a cell outward, and dynein ( the largest and least understood ), which carries cargo from the periphery toward the cell ’ s center. most of the motors in the cell have “ two feet, ” which alternate steps as they move. but each protein also has distinct quirks in its movement, a unique form of regulation, and a different role in keeping cells alive. research by hhmi investigators and others has revealed that when any of the molecular motors fails, it causes not only traffic jams and lost messages but also faulty construction and demolition of the cells ’ roads, and that can lead to disease. understanding the process better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy


better, scientists think, can help them learn how to rev up the engines of the motors, keep their steps on track, and rebuild the transport systems that are needed to keep a cell alive. the right motor for the job since the dawn of microscopy, scientists peering into the innards of cells have seen many moving parts. the earliest experiments on mobile proteins studied muscle cells, an obvious place to look for molecular movement. more than 50 years ago, scientists isolated two proteins — myosin and actin — from muscle cells. andrew huxley and hugh huxley ( no relation ) independently proposed that actin thin filaments slide across myosin thick filaments in the presence of the cellular energy molecule atp. as this idea gained traction, it also became clear that isolated molecules of myosin could walk along actin filaments, suggesting a way that materials in the cell could be transported as well as providing a way to study myosin motors ( see sidebar, “ stepping back in time ” ). stepping back in time 2012 albert lasker basic medical research award. by the mid - 1980s, scientists at stanford university were using a microscope to watch myosin carry plastic beads along actin filaments in non - muscle cells. vale, a graduate student at stanford at the time, got caught up in the excitement of seeing cellular movement and wanted to try the same experiments on proteins from nerve cells, where materials could be seen moving through the cells ’ long axons. he expected to turn up myosin as the vehicle responsible for this transportation. instead, vale, together with mike sheetz and tom reese, isolated another molecular motor — kinesin — and they began focusing their attention on it. myosin trucks along on actin filaments, aiding in muscle contraction, vesicle transport and many other processes. within 10 years, vale and colleague robert fletterick had solved the structure of kinesin, helping to explain the molecular underpinnings of how the molecule walks along microtubules, dynamic tubes that run throughout cells. and he showed that the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms that make up kinesin was highly comparable to that found in myosin. “ by using what was known about myosin, ” says vale, “ we could bootstrap experiments and apply prior knowledge on myosin to understand the workings of kinesin, the newer kid in town. ” the microscopic motors of life ronald vale discusses efforts beginning in the early 1980s that uncovered how


< browse to previous essay | browse to next essay > lowell community church in everett burns on december 31, 1984. historylink. org essay 10263 : printer - friendly format on december 31, 1984, in the early morning hours, everett ’ s oldest church building, the lowell community church ( 5216 s. 2nd avenue ), is destroyed by fire. the structure dates back to 1892, its land and construction materials having been donated by lowell ’ s founder, eugene d. smith ( 1837 - 1909 ). the old church is considered a total loss, but the congregation will rebuild on the same site. in september 1863, eugene d. smith and otis wilson set up a logging camp on the snohomish river at a site that eventually would become the town of lowell. smith left in 1865 to try his luck in the coeur d ’ alene gold rush, but came back to the snohomish river broke and resumed logging. the smith camp at lowell was situated on a hill, about a mile and a half from the river. here smith built a timber - planked railroad to transport the huge felled trees out of the woods. a 2, 000 - foot chute allowed the logs to rapidly drop to the river below, where they were transported to regional mills. an earlier settler, reuben lowe, had operated a bordello here. in buying out lowe, smith decided to name the proposed town after lowe ’ s hometown of lowell, massachusetts. smith platted the town in 1873 and the community ’ s population continued to grow. the beginnings of the city of everett in the fall of 1891 changed lowell ’ s future, since part of the development plans included a paper mill on the lowell waterfront. lowell soon became a company town, focused around the mill. homes were built and lowell ’ s population quickly grew, although the town was never incorporated. ( it became a part of everett in 1962. ) 1891, e. d. smith donated land and materials for a community church. construction began that year and the structure was completed in 1892. over the years, it became a source of pride for lowell, and many residents attended. an addition to the structure subsequently was built, and the exterior was repainted and the interior refurbished. in the mid - 1980s - - shortly before the fire - - the church was re - sided and the interior redecorated, the work done by volunteers. year ’ s eve 1984 the everett fire department received the alarm call at 4 : 37 a. m.


1980s - - shortly before the fire - - the church was re - sided and the interior redecorated, the work done by volunteers. year ’ s eve 1984 the everett fire department received the alarm call at 4 : 37 a. m. on december 31, 1984. when firefighters arrived at the scene, the church was completely ablaze, with flames roaring out through the building ’ s large stained - glass windows and consuming the second floor. they began fighting the blaze from outside, then went inside to inspect for several minutes and withdrew to change fire lines. they watched as the church roof collapsed onto the place where they had been standing only a few minutes before. inspection the following day determined the fire to have been accidental. it appeared to have started in the sanctuary near the altar and was likely due to faulty wiring. volunteer work and contributions helped to rebuild the church. at the time of the fire, the congregation was affiliated with the united church of christ congregational and is, in 2012, the river of life jim haley, " everett ’ s oldest church burns : lowell loses landmark church, " the herald, december 31, 1984, p. 1 ; charles z. henderson, the fire boys : 100 years of everett firefighting history, p. 160, 221 ; " church at lowell gets facelifted, " the everett daily herald, september 22, travel through time ( chronological order ) : < browse to previous essay browse to next essay > licensing : this essay is licensed under a creative commons license that encourages reproduction with attribution. credit should be given to both historylink. org and to the author, and sources must be included with any reproduction. click the icon for more info. please note that this creative commons license applies to text only, and not to images. for more information regarding individual photos or images, please contact the source noted in the image credit. major support for historylink. org provided by : the state of washington | patsy bullitt collins | paul g. allen family foundation | museum of history & industry | 4culture ( king county lodging tax revenue ) | city of seattle | city of bellevue | city of tacoma | king county | the peach foundation | microsoft corporation, other public and private sponsors and visitors like you


using colors like blue you simply must i can paint – how about you? in celebrating dr. seuss ’ birthday and all the fun his books bring to our lives, we pulled out the paint brushes. the wonderful thing about seuss art is that you can create a cat in the hat, fish or thing 1 or thing 2 any way you ’ d like. there ’ s really no wrong way. for this project you will need : - 1 5×7 canvas for each painting you plan to do - acrylic paints - black, permanent marker - colored markers ( optional, for drawing activity ) - for the characters, we had a cat in the hat book close by for reference. if you don ’ t have a dr. seuss book handy, you can click over to suessville for inspiration. * details on canvas, paints and brushes are explained in acrylics plus links to tutorials you have brains in your head. you have feet in your shoes. you can steer yourself in any direction you choose. ~ dr. seuss instructions : for both characters, we sketched off the basic outline. here are the steps we followed : 1. taking a plain piece of printer paper, trace the outline of the canvas. this will help you determine the size of your seuss character. for example, middle girl ended up just drawing cat in the hat from the waist up because that is all that would fit to scale on the 5×7 canvas. the fish, however, was just a simple shape. he and his bowl fit easily into the 5×7 space. 2. sketch the basic outline of your character onto your printer paper – into the 5×7 space you sketched off. this gives you practice in sketching your character. you could also trace the shape onto your paper. 3. using a pastel chalk stick ( or a pencil is fine – just use it very lightly ), sketch the outline of your character onto the 5×7 canvas. - sketch the outline of your fish bowl onto your canvas. - sketch the outline of your fish. - mix a touch of blue paint into about a tablespoon of white paint. paint your bowl. you can add some touches around the outer part of your bowl to give it depth, like above. - paint your fish the brilliant yellow of dr. suess style. - next, paint your background red. - once your painting dries, use a black permanent marker to outline the fish and your bowl. - sketch the outline of your cat in the


paint your fish the brilliant yellow of dr. suess style. - next, paint your background red. - once your painting dries, use a black permanent marker to outline the fish and your bowl. - sketch the outline of your cat in the hat onto your canvas. - leaving the cat white, paint stripes on his body, face and tail. - add in the eyes, nose, mouth and whiskers with black paint. outline the stripes on the cat ’ s hat in black paint as well. - paint some of the stripes on your hat red. then paint your cat ’ s bow tie red. - using brilliant blue, paint your background. - you might want to mix in some white with your blue and add some modern art looking touches to your background. ( middle girl mixed in a bit of blue - gray to her background ). with both of these characters, feel free to make them your own. add touches of your favorite color to the background. the background ended up being my favorite part. just look at the modern art look of the blue brush strokes. the children enjoyed the acrylic art so much, they then pulled out the colored markers. copying, free - hand from illustrations. nana points out to the children that copying from drawings is a great exercise in concentration. it is good to see how others have drawn the scene or figure in the past. of course we always give credit to the real artist and say that we drew this “ in the manner of … ” nana says she, “ learned how to draw cartoon figures in the fourth grade ( probably when a math lesson was being taught ) and i found it to be an exercise similar to the teachings of the book, drawing on the right side of the brain. ” today you are you. that is truer than true. there is no one alive who is youer than you. ~ dr. seuss for more ways to celebrate dr. seuss ’ birthday, visit my sooo seuss pinterest board. - a note on acrylics : just like pastels, acrylics will wash off your hands easily. but if the paint gets on any fabric – it is permanent! we wear a smock and cover our painting surface. - supplies needed : all details on paint, brushes, canvases and palettes are listed in acrylics plus links to tutorials. - print this lesson : just click the green, ‘ print - friendly ’ button at the top, left of this post. you can choose to print the lesson


radiant barriers : performance revealed in the summertime, radiant barriers give attic insulation a clear advantage in cutting the demand for cooling energy. radiant barriers — sheets of aluminum foil that are normally adhered to a fiberglass mesh or a mylar bubble wrap — obstruct the transfer of heat from the attic into the conditioned space and can cut summertime cooling loads. but exactly how well do radiant barriers work in different attics with different levels of insulation? surprisingly few field data exist to help answer this question. to sort out the situations in which radiant barriers would have the most impact, i chose to investigate how the level of attic insulation would affect the performance of radiant barriers during a hot summer. i conducted the experiment in college station, texas, where hot summers and mild winters are typical of a subtropical climate. i used two identical single - room test houses with identical insulation characteristics. one of the houses was used as a control, while the other was retrofitted with a radiant barrier. both the radiant barrier and the fiberglass insulation were new at the time of installation. over the summer, i sequentially fitted both houses with three different levels of fiberglass insulation : r - 11, r - 19, and r - 30. each level was measured for seven to ten days, with air and surface temperatures taken in the attics and living spaces. to produce reliable experimental results, it is critical to control air movement in the attic. for this reason, i chose to use forced attic ventilation instead of natural ventilation. since attic ventilation flow rates greater than 0. 25 cfm / ft2 do not affect the reduction in ceiling heat flow caused by a radiant barrier, and since higher air flow rates are more accurately measured than lower rates, i ventilated the attics at a rate of 1 cfm / ft2. finally, as the results were strongly influenced by the indoor temperature of the houses, i was careful to keep the temperature inside each house as constant as possible. the average difference in indoor temperature between the two houses never surpassed 0. 3°f. my experiments confirmed that radiant barriers cut summertime heat gain through the attic floor, when the sun is shining. the average reduction in ceiling heat flow when radiant barriers were used in combination with r - 11 insulation was 42 % ( see figure 1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value


1 ). when r - 19 was used, the average reduction was 34 %. when the insulation level was r - 30, the average reduction was approximately 25 %. this reduction in ceiling heat flow contributed to maintaining the indoor temperature at a constant value without placing much demand on the air conditioner. two notable conclusions may be drawn from these data. first, radiant barriers cut air conditioning demand. second, the less insulation there is, the larger the effect produced by the radiant barrier. in attics where insulation levels are low, and installing more insulation is difficult, radiant barriers should be used, since they clearly reduce the heat gain and increase comfort levels during the summer. ( see table 1 for cost - effectiveness of materials. ) why do radiant barriers reduce heat flow less as insulation levels increase? one possible explanation is that, as insulation level increases, so does the surface temperature of the radiant barrier ( as well as other parts of the attic ). this causes the radiation exchange to occur at higher temperatures, making the relative heat flow reduction smaller. every heat transfer process is driven by a temperature difference between the bodies ( or surfaces ) that exchange heat. therefore, if the temperature difference between the “ hot ” body and the “ cold ” body is significant, the heat transfer will be significant. on the other hand, if the temperature difference between “ hot ” and “ cold ” bodies is relatively small, the heat transfer is low. in the case of the attics with r - 30, what happens is that the top of the fiberglass ( assuming that the fiberglass is installed on the attic floor ) develops a relatively high temperature. this happens because the insulation prevents the heat from traveling to the conditioned space. so now we have a “ hot ” deck and a not - so - “ cold ” top of the fiberglass ( or top of the radiant barrier ). as a result, the temperature difference that drives the heat transfer process is small, and thus the heat transfer is lower than it is with lower levels of insulation. in retrofit applications, radiant barriers are usually installed in one of two configurations. in the horizontal radiant barrier ( hrb ) configuration, the barrier is installed horizontally over the attic frame ( see figure 2 ). in the truss radiant barrier ( trb ) configuration, the barrier is attached to the rafters that support the deck ( see figure 3 ). the hrb configuration is often not recommended for residential use because dust and other particulates accumulate on the barrier, which can reduce the barrier ’ s performance. in addition