gypsies, roma and travellers this photograph depicts a group of gypsies taken in ireland in 2007 an innovative project to find out about the family histories and culture of local gypsies, roma and travellers ( grt ) began in leicestershire. working in partnership with museum colleagues in leicester, the record office for leicestershire, leicester and rutland assisted by volunteers from the local grt community, began to collect information and material. the funding was provided by renaissance east midlands and channelled through the leicester city council museum service. this project was part of a bigger enterprise “ moving here ”, hosted by the national archives, which gives access through the website www. movinghere. org. uk to migration stories from people of various backgrounds and origins who moved to britain. the undertaking had its own project worker, margot farnham, who conducted all of the interviews with the representatives of the gypsy roma and travellers community and edited them digitally. after collating all the available resources, the record office put on an exhibition called ‘ stopping places ’ in july 2008. interior of a trailer. please note it is decorated with the crown derby & silver bowl at the back gypsies and travellers leave very little trace in archives because of their nomadic lifestyle and dependence on an oral tradition rather than a written one, and little is known about them. what can be found in the record office, as in many county archives, are passing references to gypsies in parish registers or in documents such as parish constables ’ accounts, where they had brushes with the law. the picture is very one - sided. as a result of this, one of the main aims of the project was to create a resource about them, working as equal partners with members of the community to tell their stories. through cooperation with members of the travelling community, the record office now has recorded interviews, written stories, photographs and other documentation, which the public and researchers can access. another vital reason for working on this project was the request of the representatives of the gypsy group to create records about their lives and customs so that their descendants may use them in future. wagon & harnessed horses - ireland or isle of man in this section you can discover the history and customs of the grt community, read their family histories and view various photos and documents. page last updated : 12 june 2012


vincent ' s word studies previous - next chapter - index robertson ' s word pictures in the nt - greek nt when he was set ( kaqisantov ), following tyndale. rev., more literally, when he had sat down ( compare wyc., when he had set ). after the manner of the rabbis, he seated himself ere he began to teach. its root is supposed to be a word meaning great, and its earlier meaning appears to be limited to outward prosperity ; so that it is used at times as synonymous with rich. it scarcely varies from this meaning in its frequent applications to the grecian gods, since the popular greek ideal of divine blessedness was not essentially moral. the gods were blessed because of their power and dignity, not because of their holiness. " in general, " says mr. gladstone ( " homer and the homeric age " ) " the chief note of deity with homer is emancipation from the restraints of moral law. though the homeric gods have not yet ceased to be the vindicators of morality upon earth, they have personally ceased to observe its rules, either for or among themselves. as compared with men, in conduct they are generally characterized by superior force and intellect, but by inferior morality. " in its peculiar application to the dead, there is indicated the despair of earthly happiness underlying the thought of even the cheerful and mercurial greek. hence the word was used as synonymous with dead. only the dead could be called truly blessed. thus sophocles ( " oedipus tyrannus " ) : " from hence the lesson learn ye to reckon no man happy till ye witness the closing day ; until he pass the border which severs life from death, unscathed by sorrow. " and again ( " oedipus at colonus " ) : " happiest beyond compare, never to taste of life : happiest in order next, being born, with quickest speed thither again to turn from whence we came. " nevertheless, even in its pagan use, the word was not altogether without a moral background. the greeks recognized a prosperity which waited on the observance of the laws of natural morality, and an avenging fate which pursued and punished their violation. this conception appears often in the works of the tragedians ; for instance, in the " oedipus tyrannus " of sophocles, where the main motive is the judgment which waits upon even unwitting violations of natural


this conception appears often in the works of the tragedians ; for instance, in the " oedipus tyrannus " of sophocles, where the main motive is the judgment which waits upon even unwitting violations of natural ties. still, this prosperity is external, consisting either in wealth, or power, or exemption from calamity. with the philosophers a moral element comes definitely into the word. the conception rises from outward propriety to inward correctness as the essence of happiness. but in all of them, from socrates onward, virtue depends primarily upon knowledge ; so that to be happy is, first of all, to know. it is thus apparent that the greek philosophy had no conception of sin in the bible sense. as virtue depended on knowledge, sin was the outcome of ignorance, and virtue and its consequent happiness were therefore the prerogative of the few and the learned. the biblical use of the word lifted it into the region of the spiritual, as distinguished from the merely intellectual, and besides, intrusted to it alone the task of representing this higher conception. the pagan word for happiness ( eujdaimonia, under the protection of a good genius or daemon ) nowhere occurs in the new testament nor in the scriptures, having fallen into disrepute because the word daemon, which originally meant a deity, good or evil, had acquired among the jews the bad sense which we attach to demon. happiness, or better, blessedness, was therefore represented both in the old and in the new testament by this word makariov. in the old testament the idea involves more of outward prosperity than in the new testament, yet it almost universally occurs in connections which emphasize, as its principal element, a sense of god ' s approval founded in righteousness which rests ultimately on love to god. thus the word passed up into the higher region of christian thought, and was stamped with the gospel signet, and laden with all the rich significance of gospel blessedness. it now takes on a group of ideas strange to the best pagan morality, and contradictory of its fundamental positions. shaking itself loose from all thoughts of outward good, it becomes the express symbol of a happiness identified with pure character. behind it lies the clear cognition of sin as the fountain - head of all misery, and of holiness as the final and effectual cure for every woe. for knowledge as the basis of virtue, and therefore of happiness, it substitutes faith and love. for the aristocracy of the learned virtuous, it


head of all misery, and of holiness as the final and effectual cure for every woe. for knowledge as the basis of virtue, and therefore of happiness, it substitutes faith and love. for the aristocracy of the learned virtuous, it introduces the truth of the fatherhood of god and the corollary of the family of believers. while the pagan word carries the isolation of the virtuous and the contraction of human sympathy, the gospel pushes these out with an ideal of a world - wide sympathy and of a happiness realized in ministry. the vague outlines of an abstract good vanish from it, and give place to the pure heart ' s vision of god, and its personal communion with the father in heaven. where it told of the stoic ' s self - sufficiency, it now tells of the christian ' s poverty of spirit and meekness. where it hinted at the stoic ' s self - repression and strangling of emotion, it now throbs with a holy sensitiveness, and with a monition to rejoice with them that rejoice, and to weep with them that weep. from the pagan word the flavor of immortality is absent. no vision of abiding rest imparts patience and courage amid the bitterness and struggle of life ; no menace of the destiny of evil imposes a check on human lusts. the christian word blessed is full of the light of heaven. it sternly throws away from itself every hint of the stoic ' s asserted right of suicide as a refuge from human ills, and emphasizes something which thrives on trial and persecution, which glories in tribulation, which not only endures but conquers to world, and expects its crown in heaven. the poor ( oi ptwcoi ). three words expression poverty are found in the new testament. two of them, penhv and penicrov, are kindred terms, the latter being merely a poetic form of the other, and neither of these occurs more than once ( luke xxi. 2 ; 2 cor. ix. 9 ). the word used in this verse is therefore the current word for poor, occurring thirty - four times, and covering every gradation of want ; so that it is evident that the new testament writers did not recognize any nice distinctions of meaning which called for the use of other terms. luke, for instance ( xxi. 2, 3 ), calls the widow who bestowed her two mites both penicran and ptwch


new testament writers did not recognize any nice distinctions of meaning which called for the use of other terms. luke, for instance ( xxi. 2, 3 ), calls the widow who bestowed her two mites both penicran and ptwch. nevertheless, there is a distinction, recognized by both classical and eccleciastical writers. while oj penhv is one of narrow means, one who " earns a scanty pittance, " ptwcov is allied to the verb ptwssein, to crouch or cringe, and therefore conveys the idea of utter destitution, which abjectly solicits and lives by alms. hence it is applied to lazarus ( luke xvi. 20, 22 ), and rendered beggar. thus distinguished, it is very graphic and appropriate here, as denoting the utter spiritual destitution, the consciousness of which precedes the entrance into the kingdom of god, and which cannot be relieved by one ' s own efforts, but only by the free mercy of god. ( see on 2 cor. vi. 10 ; viii. 9. ) shall be comforted. see on john xiv. 16. as a human attribute, aristotle defines it as the mean between stubborn anger and that negativeness of character which is incapable of even righteous indignation : according to which it is tantamount to equanimity. plato opposes it to fierceness or cruelty, and uses it of humanity to the condemned ; but also of the conciliatory demeanor of a demagogue seeking popularity and power. pindar applies it to a king, mild or kind to the citizens, and herodotus uses it as opposed to anger. these pre - christian meanings of the word exhibit two general characteristics. the equanimity, mildness, kindness, represented by the classical word, are founded in self - control or in natural disposition. the christian meekness is based on humility, which is not a natural quality but an outgrowth of a renewed nature. to the pagan the word often implied condescension, to the christian it implies submission. the christian quality, in its manifestation, reveals all that was best in the heathen virtue - mildness, gentleness, equanimity - but these manifestations toward men are emphasized as outgrowths of a spiritual relation to god. the mildness or kindness of plato or pindar imply no sense of inferiority in those who exhibit them ; sometimes the contrary.


equanimity - but these manifestations toward men are emphasized as outgrowths of a spiritual relation to god. the mildness or kindness of plato or pindar imply no sense of inferiority in those who exhibit them ; sometimes the contrary. plato ' s demagogue is kindly from self - interest and as a means to tyranny. pindar ' s king is condescendingly kind. the meekness of the christian springs from a sense of the inferiority of the creature to the creator, and especially of the sinful creature to the holy god. while, therefore, the pagan quality is redolent of self - assertion, the christian quality carries the flavor of self - abasement. as toward god, therefore, meekness accepts his dealings without murmur or resistance as absolutely good and wise. as toward man, it accepts opposition, insult, and provocation, as god ' s permitted ministers of a chastening demanded by the infirmity and corruption of sin ; while, under this sense of his own sinfulness, the meek bears patiently " the contradiction of sinners against himself, " forgiving and restoring the erring in a spirit of meekness, considering himself, lest he also be tempted ( see gal. vi. 1 - 5 ). the ideas of forgiveness and restoration nowhere attach to the classical word. they belong exclusively to christian meekness, which thus shows itself allied to love. as ascribed by our lord to himself, see on matt. xi. 29. wyc. renders " blessed be mild men. " a candlestick ( thn lucnian ). rev., the stand. also a part of the furniture of every house, and commonly but one in the house : hence the article. the word, which occurs four times in the gospels and eight times elsewhere, means, in every case, not a candlestick, but a lamp - stand. in heb. ix. 2, the golden " candlestick " of the tabernacle is called lucnia ; but in the description of this article ( exod. xxv. 31, 39 ), we read, " thou shalt make the seven lamps thereof ; " and in zech. iv. 2, where the imagery is drawn from the sanctuary, we have a " candlestick " with a bowl on the top of it, " and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes ( for the oil ) to the lamps which are upon the top thereof. " " the pleasant valley of hi


, we have a " candlestick " with a bowl on the top of it, " and his seven lamps thereon, and seven pipes ( for the oil ) to the lamps which are upon the top thereof. " " the pleasant valley of hinnom, tophet thence and black gehenna called, the type of hell. " as fire was the characteristic of the place, it was called the gehenna of fire. it should be carefully distinguished from hades ( adhv ), which is never used for the place of punishment, but for the place of departed spirits, without reference to their moral condition. this distinction, ignored by the a. v., is made in the rev. officer ( uphreth ). denoting a subordinate official, as a herald or an orderly, and in this sense applied to mark as the " minister " or attendant of paul and barnabas ( acts xiii. 5 ). it furnishes an interesting instance of the expansion of a word from a limited and special meaning into a more general one ; and also of the influence of the gospel in lifting words into higher and purer associations. formed with the verb ejressw, to row, it originally signified a rower, as distinguished from a soldier, in a war - galley. this word for a galley - slave comes at last, in the hands of luke and paul, to stand for the noblest of all offices, that of a minister of the lord jesus ( luke i. 2 ; acts xxvi. 16 ; 1 cor. iv. 1 ).


by gary north the economist rarely uses the words " glut " and " shortage " without adding : at some price. other scholars are not equally wise. a free market theory of pricing rests on the supposition that gluts and shortages are temporary phenomena. prices adjust so as to clear a market. if this does not take place, the free market economist goes looking for evidence of state intervention. consider the problem of excess inventory. it is better to get something for unused and unwanted inventory than to pay for storage. so, selling prices adjust downward. this eventually eliminates the glut. the unpleasant experience also warns the producer not to do this again. why does a glut exist? because of an error in prior forecasting. suppliers believed that there would be buyers at a specific price. it turned out that there was an insufficient number of buyers at that expected price. then why does a glut persist? one answer : ignorance on the part of suppliers. but why should this ignorance persist? why don ' t suppliers get the picture? experienced sellers do get the picture. the problem is a continuing supply of new sellers who are unfamiliar with the market and ignorant of the past supply - demand conditions. or, as has been said so often, there ' s a sucker born every minute. there is no evidence that p. t. barnum ever said this, but it is nonetheless true. in the worldwide suckers ' market, gamblers are the only people who are slower to learn than young adults with masters ' degrees. bright graduate students possess a pair of non - marketable skills : the ability to write term papers and the ability to take academic exams. they are also economic illiterates and incurably naive. so, they become the trusting victims of the professorial class. the economics of the professorate no one ever sits down and tells a newly minted college graduate about the economics of the professorate. no one tells the student about the crucial and neglected work of the person who first blew the whistle on the economics of the ph. d., david w. breneman. he is the dean of the curry school of education at the university of virginia. he wrote his ph. d. dissertation on the economics of the ph. d. it was accepted in 1970 by the university of california, berkeley. it was based on research completed in 1968, the year prior to the beginning of the ph. d. glut. its title : " the ph. d. production process :


it was accepted in 1970 by the university of california, berkeley. it was based on research completed in 1968, the year prior to the beginning of the ph. d. glut. its title : " the ph. d. production process : a study of departmental behavior. " of all ph. d. dissertations ever written, this is the only one that one that should be read by every college student who is contemplating graduate school. of course, no one tells him. few people have ever heard of it. i read it in 1970. i do not recall how i came across it. i was completing my ph. d., so i was facing the ph. d. glut personally, which had begun in the fall of 1969. it had been predicted for the sciences by allan cartter of new york university in 1964. sometime around 1966, clark kerr, president of the university of california, had mentioned this looming problem to a group of us in an elite student organization called the california club. but i was naive. i figured, " it won ' t happen to me. " ha! as they say in those late - night ronco ads, " here ' s how it works! " academic departments grow in terms of the number of students enrolled. we know from parkinson ' s law that growth is an institutional imperative. administrators advance their careers by expanding the number of subordinates in their department. so, every academic department wants more students — students of a special kind. students are not of equal value to a department. the lower - division student ( freshman or sophomore ) does not rate highly in the currency of academic resource allocation : the full - time enrollment, or fte. the fte figure is what justifies the hiring of a full - time faculty member. the lower the ratio, the better. it may take 15 lower - division students to generate one fte. it may take only eight ph. d. - level graduate students to generate an fte. the more ph. d. students a department can attract, the faster the growth of that department. this is the iron law of academia. all other economic laws are sacrificed for it, as the economist says, other things being equal. this fact of academic economic life creates an incentive for departments to enroll lots of graduate students. it also rewards those departments that persuade m. a. students to go into the ph. d. program. also, the brightest graduate students may be asked to do unpaid or grant - paid research for senior professors. the


enroll lots of graduate students. it also rewards those departments that persuade m. a. students to go into the ph. d. program. also, the brightest graduate students may be asked to do unpaid or grant - paid research for senior professors. the professors then publish the results of this research under their own names, thereby advancing their careers. it ' s the division of labor at work. " glut? what glut? " the ph. d. glut has existed ever since the fall of 1969. the number of entry - level full - time professorial positions has remained stagnant. few new universities have been constructed. legislatures have resisted additional funding. this has led to a reduction of the number of tenure - level positions. universities and community colleges have been able to staff their entry - level positions with inexpensive instructors. those few ph. d. s who receive a full - time position at a university find that they are paid much less than tenured members of the department. they are assigned the lower - division classes, which are large — sometimes 200 to 1, 000 students. these mega - classes require lecturing skills that most professors do not possess. those untenured faculty members who perform well in mega - classes are kept on until the day of reckoning : the decision to grant them tenure, usually eight years after they go on the payroll. they are usually not re - hired unless they have published narrowly focused articles in professional journals. but mega - class professors do not have much time to do the required research. the assistant professor is now 35 years old or older. he has not made the cut. he is now relegated to the academic underworld : the community colleges. but here there is fierce competition. community colleges hire part - time instructors at $ 10 to $ 15 an hour. these people seek a full - time position at the community college. they need that initial foot in the door : night school courses for worn - out adults who are trying to earn an a. a. degree. their natural enemies are the newly dismissed assistant professors from universities. who gets an entry - level position at boonsdocksville state university, which in 1960 was a public schools teacher training college? new graduates with ph. d. s from the two - dozen major universities. then what happens to graduates with ph. d. s issued by boonsdocksville state? they go straight into the community college circuit. this has been going on ever since the fall of 1969. it is great for community college administrators, who have


then what happens to graduates with ph. d. s issued by boonsdocksville state? they go straight into the community college circuit. this has been going on ever since the fall of 1969. it is great for community college administrators, who have a never - ending supply of optimistic ph. d. - holding graduates of all but the top two - dozen universities, plus a never - ending supply of burned - out, terrified assistant professors from top universities who did not receive tenure. if you want to understand this process, watch ghostbusters : the scene after the parapsychology team has been dismissed from the university. dan ackroyd speaks for tens of thousands of ph. d. - holding rejects who did not make the cut. for over three decades, all it has taken to generate 1, 000 applicants was this ad in a professional journal in the humanities : the salary has been almost irrelevant : not more than the average salary of the average american worker with a high school diploma. if the ad said " ph. d. or abd required, " it would generate 2, 000 applicants. abd stands for " all but dissertation. " graduate students do not learn about supply and demand, and it does not pay senior professors to teach them. here is evidence. in response to the ever - growing glut of ph. d. ' s, the american university system turned out about 30, 000 ph. d. graduates per year, 1969 to about 1975. since then, it has increased the output. in 1980, it was 33, 615. in 1990, it was 38, 371. in 2000, it was 44, 808. in 2003, it was 46, 024. ( statistical abstract of the united states, 2006, table 290. ) despite this, we read on a website devoted to selling " how to get higher learning degrees " materials, the bureau of labor statistics currently predicts that the job outlook for postsecondary teachers ( a job commonly sought by ph. d. graduates ) should be much brighter than it has been in recent years. employment in that area is expected to grow by almost 40 percent by 2012, whereas overall employment is expected to grow by only 15 percent! so, if you ' re just starting down the track to a ph. d. and hope to take root in the world of academia, your timing may be just right! there ' s one born every minute... and two who will relieve him of his funds. most degree - granting universities are


to a ph. d. and hope to take root in the world of academia, your timing may be just right! there ' s one born every minute... and two who will relieve him of his funds. most degree - granting universities are funded by taxpayers. a university used to be an institution of higher learning that was authorized by a college - accrediting agency to grant the ph. d. employees of all but the most prestigious four - year colleges want to be called a university. so, title inflation has matched degree inflation and grade inflation over the last 35 years. the supply of college graduates with ever - lower academic abilities is funded by money coerced from taxpayers. the american higher education system is structured by the professorate to reward those professors who teach small classes of graduate students. so, year after year, decade after decade, the supply of ph. d. - holding students increases, despite an academic market that does not hire most of them, and hires a minority at wages that do not compensate them for the money and time invested in earning their degrees. they cannot teach at the high school level because their advanced degrees force the school districts to pay them too much. a teacher with a b. a. is paid a fraction of what a ph. d. or ed. d. is paid. the teacher unions have negotiated payment so that existing employees who attend night school and summer school at boonsdocksville state can work their way up within the system. being tenured, they cannot be fired. earning a graduate degree is a guaranteed way to earn a larger salary. but no district goes looking for ph. d. s to hire. that financial affliction is entirely generated from inside the union - dominated, tax - funded public schools. hope springs eternal ph. d. students are a lot like gamblers. they expect to beat the odds. the gambler personifies odds - beating as lady luck. the ph. d. student instead looks within. " i am really smart. these other people in the program aren ' t as smart as i am. i will get that tenure - track job. i will make the cut. i will be a beneficiary of the system. " if wishes were horses, beggars would ride. also, if ego were marketable, all ph. d. graduates would get tenure. why does any ph. d. student at any but the top graduate schools believe that he will get tenure at any university? the odds are so far against him, and


if ego were marketable, all ph. d. graduates would get tenure. why does any ph. d. student at any but the top graduate schools believe that he will get tenure at any university? the odds are so far against him, and have been for a generation, than he ought to realize that he is about to waste his most precious resource — time — on a long - shot. investing five or more years beyond the b. a. degree, except in a field where industry hires people with advanced degrees, is economic stupidity that boggles the imagination. yet at least 200, 000 graduate students are doing this at any time. of the 46, 000 who earned a ph. d. in 2003, an equal number ( or more ) got to abd status and quit. probably more than half of the others quit before they got to abd status. at $ 20, 000 or more per year in tuition and living expenses, plus the $ 35, 000 + not earned in the job market, trying to earn a ph. d. is a losing proposition. in some departments, the years invested are horrendous. breneman ' s dissertation went into the grim details, department by department. anyone seeking a degree in philosophy was almost doomed to failure, yet the ph. d. degree took on average over a decade beyond the b. a. to earn. there were almost no college teaching jobs when they finished. that was before the glut. earning a ph. d. may pay off if your goal is status, although i don ' t understand why anyone regards a ph. d. as a status symbol that is worth giving up five to ten years of your earning power in your youth, when every dime saved can multiply because of compounding. if the public understood the economics of earning a ph. d., people would think " naive economic loser " whenever they hear " ph. d. " a word to the wise is sufficient. january 24, 2006 copyright © 2006 lewrockwell. com


the mississippiana collection is a comprehensive collection of books about mississippi, by and about mississippians, and / or published in mississippi. as such, it constitutes a vital resource for the study of mississippi history and culture. these books can be accessed through the library catalog. in addition to the mississippiana book collection, the library subscribes to several serials ( magazines, journals, newsletters, and numerous other professional and organizational publications ) relating to mississippi. mccain library serves as a depository for mississippi state documents. these items provide information on virtually every facet of state government and the economic, social, and cultural characteristics of the state. many of these can be accessed via the library catalog or by asking the reference librarian. a map collection includes city, country, and state highway maps and various types of soil, mineral, drainage, topographic, nautical, historical, and specialty maps. they document mississippi and the region from 1699 to the present. vertical files consisting primarily of newspaper clippings and pamphlets contain up - to - date information about the people, events, social issues, institutions, cities, and towns of mississippi. also included is historical information on a variety of subjects. the mississippiana collection maintains copies of telephone books for the entire state, and city directories for the state ' s major cities.


what is anesthesia? anesthesia is the administration of drugs or gases to create insensitivity to pain before surgical operations. the word comes from the greek “ an ” meaning “ without, ” and “ aesthesis ” or “ sensation. ” the word anesthesia was coined by the famous 19th century physician and poet oliver wendell holmes, sr., in 1846. who are anesthesiologists and what do they do? during surgery, anesthesia is administered for pain relief or “ depression of consciousness. ” before a major surgery, anesthesiologists administer general anesthesia, which causes full loss of consciousness in the patient. the responsibility of the anesthesiologist is to manage the patient ’ s pain while monitoring vital life functions, such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate and homeostasis, as well as blood transfusions, if required. as the patient recovers from surgery, anesthesia in the form of dissociative drugs – either oral or injectable – may be administered. these drugs partially sedate the patient to ease pain and distress. anesthesiologists are extensively trained doctors specializing in human physiology, diseases and pre - operative medical evaluations, life support and pain control while a patient undergoes surgery, post - op recovery, intensive - care training and chronic and acute pain management. what are the various types of anesthesia? the different types of anesthesia include : what are the most common surgeries that use general anesthesia? - local – anesthesia in a single part of the body, such as a tooth or area of skin. local anesthesia is commonly used during dental procedures to reduce pain. it is the preferable and safer type of anesthesia for many situations, including cesarean section, since the patient still has consciousness and is not fully sedated. - regional – anesthesia in a larger part of the body than local anesthesia, such as a limb. the patient is not fully sedated. - general – anesthesia that “ puts the patient under ” into a state of unconsciousness or sedation. during general anesthesia, a patient will lose normal response to pain, memory, motor reflexes and consciousness, and will experience muscle relaxation. - dissociative – anesthesia brought on by dissociative drugs causing marked sensory loss and loss of pain and memory but not accompanied by actual loss of consciousness. a common effect of dissociative anesthesia is hallucinations. heart, lung and abdominal surgery are


the rocks that were used to build the walls were probably throw - aways, unearthed during excavation for homes built more than a century ago. each is different. each was put into place by hand. the rock walls have seep holes for drainage, preventing pressure from bringing the wall, and the garden, down. " somebody had a plan, " patricia levine said. levine is the manager of 66 center street, a bed and breakfast built in 1886 by the perkins family, who owned of the lumber mill across the street. levine also keeps the garden that climbs the slope next to the house. she doesn ' t know who built the rock walls that hold the garden to the hillside, but she can read the signs - - the walls were the work of masons who knew what they were doing. " any wall you can stand on is a good wall, " she says. the retaining wall at the back of the slope is limestone, probably built at the time of the house, levine said. the walls that hold the raised beds are made of what she calls rubble rock - - the kind she finds under the ground when working in her own garden. some are geodes - - when you break them open, there are crystals inside. some look like pieces of petrified wood. " none are stackable, " she said. levine has worked at the house for six years, and was the planner and planter, along with a former co - worker, of the garden as it is today. five yeas ago, it was covered with vinca vines. " we removed the vinca, put in the bushes and started planting, " she said. the wall builders incorporated metal garden art into the walls - - old wagon wheels, a motor part, a bed frame. the branching petunias are also recycles : being single, not hybrids, they resow themselves from seed. levine, who has greenhouses, started all the flowers from seed, including the carpet zinnias, the dwarf dahlias, the coxcomb and the salvia. " it ' s the cheapest way, if you have the time, " she said. " and it ' s second nature. i ' ve been doing it for 30 years. " to keep the garden in shape through the summer, levine arrived at the house at 6 a. m. and worked a couple of hours, pulling weeds, mulching and watering. she doesn ' t use chemical fertilizers, putting down mulch to keep the weeds in check.


desert rats test robotic rover moffett field ca ( spx ) sep 30, 2005 until earlier this year, when president bush announced an ambitious blueprint for space exploration, nasa had no plans to send humans back to the moon, or to mars. but that didn ' t stop an intrepid group of scientists, based at nasa ' s johnson space center in houston, texas, from investigating technologies that would be needed for such a mission. every year for nearly a decade, they have trekked out to remote desert locations to conduct research on equipment and procedures that might some day be used by off - world explorers. the skunkworks project, known as desert rats ( research and technology studies ), has just completed its eighth field season, on a barren cattle ranch near the rim of meteor crater, some 40 miles outside flagstaff, arizona. it ' s hard to find places on earth that simulate martian conditions. but the arizona high desert comes close enough for the experiments the desert rats team conducted during the first two weeks of september. according to joe kosmo of johnson space center, who has led the desert rats effort since its inception, meteor crater is an ideal test site because if you " strip away the vegetation, put the atmospheric pressure at 100, 000 feet, and put the sun a little farther away, essentially you ' re encountering the kind of terrain you ' d see on mars, " rough, slightly hilly desert hard pack, with an assortment of rocks and boulders strewn about. and dust ( red, of course ). dust everywhere, blowing around in heavy gusts, making dust devils and coating everything in site. this year ' s two - week field test focused on the interaction between a pair of " astronauts " ( actually, space - suited scientists ) and a rover named scout ( science crew and operations utility testbed ). when astronauts travel to the moon or mars, they will be going to do pretty much the same things a geologist does when exploring a field site on earth : walking around, observing land formations, taking pictures and collecting rock and soil samples. but unlike on earth, where even at the most remote locations, help is usually not far away, off - world explorers will have severely limited resources. moreover, they will want to investigate as much terrain as possible, so conserving energy to focus on scientific tasks will be important. " we ' re trying to augment the human - machine cooperative working relationship so that the machines can do a lot of the tedious tasks, " says frank delgado, project lead


so conserving energy to focus on scientific tasks will be important. " we ' re trying to augment the human - machine cooperative working relationship so that the machines can do a lot of the tedious tasks, " says frank delgado, project lead for scout. for example, by using scout to drive explorers " to the location where they need to do their science, when they get there, they ' re a lot fresher. " scout looks like an oversized dune buggy. its design is loosely based on the moon buggy used by astronauts on the apollo 15, 16 and 17 missions back in the 1970s. its seats are built to accommodate two passengers wearing bulky spacesuits. its joystick and computer touch screen are optimized for easy use by heavily gloved hands. and it is tricked out with an eclectic array of cameras, speakers and a host of communications gear. its maximum ground speed : 6 miles per hour. scout had its first real - world test during the 2004 desert rats field season, but in that initial shakedown it was driven under manual control. " we basically focused on having somebody drive it from onboard, " says delgado. " so if you needed to get to a crater or somewhere to collect some rocks, they would jump onboard, and they ' d drive it. " this year the rats team tried out several automated modes of operation, including tele - operation, voice commands and gesture recognition. the field tests, which were highly successful, were the first ever that involved such complex interaction between humans and a semi - autonomous robotic assistant. one type of tele - operation involved operating the rover in real - or near - real - time from a remote location. the operators used a joystick and a set of switches, knobs and buttons to control the rover as though they were onboard. delgado ' s team was able to tele - operate scout in this way both from a desert rats command center located about a half - mile from the test site and from a control center about 1200 miles away at the johnson space center in houston. this is a feasible approach for operating a robotic rover on the moon from a lunar base or even from earth. it could also be used by humans operating a rover from a local command base on mars. it wouldn ' t be possible to tele - operate a mars rover from earth in real - time, however, because it takes too long for radio - command signals to get from one planet to the other. earth - based scientists could tele - operate a rover on mars using


to tele - operate a mars rover from earth in real - time, however, because it takes too long for radio - command signals to get from one planet to the other. earth - based scientists could tele - operate a rover on mars using batch commands, however. for example, " you can say, go to waypoint 1, take a picture ; go to waypoint 2, take a panorama ; go to waypoint 3 ; and then come back home. ' and it will do that automatically, " says delgado. this is similar to the way in which mission controllers operate the spirit and opportunity rovers currently exploring mars. but sending commands to spirit and opportunity requires first going through a laborious process of translating science - team requests into a sequence of arcane commands in a specialized language that the rovers can understand. scout can understand direct voice commands. perhaps the most intriguing mode of operation that delgado ' s team successfully tested was a procedure known as " human following, " in which the rover followed one of the scientists as he explored on foot. to initiate human following, the scientist stood in front of the rover and said, " scout, follow me. " onboard the rover, delgado explains, is a pair of stereo cameras and a computerized shape - recognition system that knows " what a person should look like. it locks onto them and as they walk around in front of the vehicle, the cameras will swivel to that direction. if they walk away from the vehicle, the vehicle actually follows them, like a pack mule. so if they ' re doing some sort of geological expedition and they ' re going to go out a half mile or a mile, the vehicle will be right there for them to get back on, instead of them having to walk all the way back. " delgado ' s engineers also got scout to respond to commands issued in the form of gestures. one of the scientists stood in front of the rover and put out his arm, as though signaling for a left turn. scout recognized the gesture and turned on its lights. when the scientist bent his arm at a 90 - degree angle, scout turned the lights back off. this was only a proof of concept, but it holds great promise. for example, says delgado, an astronaut could point to an interesting rock and say, " take a picture of that. ' [ the rover ] will see where their finger ' s pointing and it ' ll turn the cameras in that direction and take a picture. " although future missions to the moon and mars will utilize vehicles with scout


, " take a picture of that. ' [ the rover ] will see where their finger ' s pointing and it ' ll turn the cameras in that direction and take a picture. " although future missions to the moon and mars will utilize vehicles with scout - like capabilities, scout was built as a testbed, and not as a prototype of a rover for a future mission. " there ' s a lot of basic functionality in the vehicle, " delgado explains, " that ' s there to support some of the concepts that we ' re trying to develop - the autonomous operations, tele - operations, obstacle avoidance, human following. " but features like rubber tires with air in them, or the rover ' s aluminum frame " would never be flown to the moon or to mars. " moreover, the computer systems on scout are built from off - the - shelf components. hardware used on vehicles intended for spaceflight have to be specially designed for protection against dust, intense radiation and other severe conditions. still, the lessons learned in testing scout will no doubt be applied to designing whatever rovers do get built to accompany humans on their return to the moon, and eventually to mars. email this article comment on this article subscribe to spacedaily express mars news and information at marsdaily. com lunar dreams and more pasadena ca ( jpl ) jan 09, 2006 last week spirit completed robotic - arm work on " el dorado. " the rover used all three of its spectrometers plus the microscopic imager for readings over the new year ' s weekend. | the content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are copyright 1995 - 2006 - spacedaily. afp and upi wire stories are copyright agence france - presse and united press international. esa portalreports are copyright european space agency. all nasa sourced material is public domain. additionalcopyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by spacedaily on any web page published or hosted by spacedaily. privacy statement |


a heart attack doesn ' t just damage heart muscle tissue by cutting off its blood supply, it also sets off an inflammatory cascade that worsens underlying atherosclerosis, actively increasing the risk for a future heart attack, a new study finds. immune response to heart attack worsens atherosclerosis, increases future risk study finds mechanism behind recognized risk, suggests new treatment strategy a heart attack doesn ' t just damage heart muscle tissue by cutting off its blood supply, it also sets off an inflammatory cascade that worsens underlying atherosclerosis, actively increasing the risk for a future heart attack. these findings from a study receiving advance online publication in nature suggest an important new therapeutic strategy for preventing heart attacks and strokes, both of which are caused when atherosclerotic plaques rupture and block important blood vessels. " we have known for a long time that heart attack patients are at increased risk for a second heart attack or a stroke, and now we know why, " says matthias nahrendorf, md, phd, of the mgh center for systems biology, senior author of the report from a team of researchers from the usa, canada, germany and the netherlands. " the immune response to the infarct – tissue damaged by lack of oxygen – can accelerate the underlying disease by actually increasing the size and inflammation of the atherosclerotic plaque. " the study was designed to test the hypothesis that systemic inflammation caused by heart muscle damage would worsen pre - existing atherosclerosis. using a mouse model genetically programmed to develop atherosclerosis, the researchers conducted a series of experiments showing that experimentally induced heart attacks led to the following : • increased activity, in atherosclerotic plaques at a distance from the induced heart attack, of enzymes that break down the fibrous plaque cap, possibly leading to future rupture, • accumulation of monocytes and other inflammatory immune cells in those atherosclerotic plaques, • increased generation in the spleen of monocyte progenitors, along with changes in the function of those immune cells, • increased release from the bone marrow of blood stem cells, which traveled to the spleen, triggered by increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system. " the ancient fight - or - flight responses to injury stimulate immune cell activities that are involved in wound healing. but when the ' wound ' is in the heart and caused by atherosclerosis, that increased activity actually accelerates the underlying disease, " nahrendorf


or - flight responses to injury stimulate immune cell activities that are involved in wound healing. but when the ' wound ' is in the heart and caused by atherosclerosis, that increased activity actually accelerates the underlying disease, " nahrendorf explains. " while most of this work was done in mice, we have hints that something similar may happen in human patients – for example, we found increased numbers of blood stem cells in the spleens of patients who had died shortly after a heart attack. " ralph weissleder, md, phd, a corresponding author of this study and director of the mgh center for systems biology where the work was performed, adds that these findings set the stage for a totally novel approach to cardiovascular disease. therapies directed to the sites of white blood cell production, including the bone marrow or the spleen, may be able to prevent immune - system exacerbation of atherosclerosis. " this gives us potential new therapeutic targets that we had not thought about before. clinically, we focus on reducing risk factors such as elevated cholesterol and blood pressure, but not inflammation. we hope our work can help change that, " he says. weissleder is a professor of radiology, and nahrendorf an assistant professor of radiology at harvard medical school. co - lead authors of the nature paper are partha dutta, phd, and gabriel courties, phd, of the mgh center for systems biology. collaborators include filip swirski, phd, mgh center for systems biology, and peter libby, md, chief of cardiology at brigham and women ’ s hospital, where the clinical data were analyzed. the study was primarily supported by grants from the national institutes of health. massachusetts general hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of harvard medical school. the mgh conducts the largest hospital - based research program in the united states, with an annual research budget of more than $ 750 million and major research centers in aids, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, transplantation biology and photomedicine. media contacts : sue mcgreevey, email @ example. com, 617 724 - 2764 u. s. news & world report ranks mass general the # 1 hospital in america based on our quality of care, patient safety and reputation in 16 different special


adoptionism, or adoptianism, was a theological doctrine propounded in the 8th century by a spanish bishop, elipandus of toledo. concerned to distinguish between the divine and human natures of christ, elipandus held that in his divinity christ was the son of god by nature, but in his humanity by adoption only. the doctrine was opposed by the english scholar alcuin and condemned as heresy by the council of frankfurt ( 794 ). similar views were held by paul of samosata and the followers of monarchianism. put most simply, adoptionism is the theory that jesus was in nature a man who became god by adoption. the earliest extant work which expresses this position is the shepherd of hermas, thought to be written by the brother of the bishop of rome about a d 150. it taught that the redeemer was a virtuous man chosen by god, and with him the spirit of god was united. he did the work to which god had called him ; in fact, he did more than was commanded. therefore he was by divine decree adopted as a son and exalted to great power and lordship. adherents of this christology who were declared heretics in the third century asserted it had at one time been the dominant view in rome and that it had been handed down by the apostles. | believe religious information source - by alphabet our list of 2, 300 religious subjects | elipandus, bishop of toledo from c. 780, in his writings on the trinity expressed the view that christ was an adopted son ; felix, bishop of urgel in the pyrenees, taught a similar position soon thereafter. numerous local churchmen opposed them ; and their teachings were condemned by three synods under charlemagne, who assumed the position of ruler of the church in his realm and who was concerned with its unity. pope adrian i also became involved, and the recantation of both men was obtained. they had a numerous following, however, and extensive efforts were required to bring these people back into the fold. the effects of the controversy lasted for decades in toledo. possibly remnants of the old arian heresy contributed to the popularity of adoptionism at this time. a sound refutation of adoptionism was never made, and leanings in that direction appeared in some scholastic writings during the late middle ages. h f vos ( elwell evangelical dictionary ) a harnack, history of dogma ; a hauck, s h e r k, i. adoptionism, in a broad sense, a christological theory


during the late middle ages. h f vos ( elwell evangelical dictionary ) a harnack, history of dogma ; a hauck, s h e r k, i. adoptionism, in a broad sense, a christological theory according to which christ, as man, is the adoptive son of god ; the precise import of the word varies with the successive stages and exponents of the theory. roughly, we have ( 1 ) the adoptionism of elipandus and felix in the eighth century ; ( 2 ) the neo - adoptionism of abelard in the twelfth century ; ( 3 ) the qualified adoptionism of some theologians from the fourteenth century on. ( 1 ) adoptionism of elipandus and felix in the eighth century this, the original form of adoptionism, asserts a double sonship in christ : one by generation and nature, and the other by adoption and grace. christ as god is indeed the son of god by generation and nature, but christ as man is son of god only by adoption and grace. hence " the man christ " is the adoptive and not the natural son of god. such is the theory held towards the end of the eighth century by elipandus, archbishop of toledo, then under the mohammedan rule, and by felix, bishop of urgel, then under the frankish dominion. the origin of this hispanicus error, as it was called, is obscure. nestorianism had been a decidedly eastern heresy and we are surprised to find an offshoot of it in the most western part of the western church, and this so long after the parent heresy had found a grave in its native land. it is, however, noteworthy that adoptionism began in that part of spain where islamism dominated, and where a nestorian colony had for years found refuge. the combined influence of islamism and nestorianism had, no doubt, blunted the aged elipandus ' s catholic sense. then came a certain migetius, preaching a loose doctrine, and holding, among other errors, that the second person of the blessed trinity did not exist before the incarnation. the better to confute this error, elipandus drew a hard and fast line between jesus as god and jesus as man, the former being the natural, and the latter merely the adoptive son of god. the reassertion of nestorianism raised a storm of protest from catholics, headed by beatus, abbot of libana, and etherius, bishop of osma. it was to maintain his


the latter merely the adoptive son of god. the reassertion of nestorianism raised a storm of protest from catholics, headed by beatus, abbot of libana, and etherius, bishop of osma. it was to maintain his position that elipandus deftly enlisted the co - operation of felix of urgel, known for his learning and versatile mind. felix entered the contest thoughtlessly. once in the heat of it, he proved a strong ally for elipandus, and even became the leader of the new movement called by contemporaries the haeresis feliciana. while elipandus put an indomitable will at the service of adoptionism, felix gave it the support of his science and also punic faith. from scripture he quoted innumerable texts. in the patristic literature and mozarabic liturgy he found such expressions as adoptio, homo adoptivus, ouios thetos, supposedly applied to the incarnation and jesus christ. nor did he neglect the aid of dialectics, remarking with subtilty that the epithet " natural son of god " could not be predicated of " the man jesus ", who was begotten by temporal generation ; who was inferior to the father ; who was related not to the father especially, but to the whole trinity, the relation in questions remaining unaltered if the father or the holy ghost had been incarnate instead of the son. elipandus ' s obstinacy and felix ' s versatility were but the partial cause of the temporary success of adoptionism. if that offspring of nestorianism held sway in spain for wellnigh two decades and even made an inroad into southern france, the true cause is to be found in islamitic rule, which practically brought to naught the control of rome over the greater part of spain ; and in the over - conciliatory attitude of charlemagne, who, in spite of his whole - souled loyalty to the roman faith, could ill afford to alienate politically provinces so dearly bought. of the two heresiarchs, elipandus died in his error. felix, after many insincere recantations, was placed under the surveillance of leidrad of lyons and gave all the signs of a genuine conversion. his death would even have passed for a repentant ' s death if agobar, leidrad ' s successor, had not found among his papers a definite retraction of all former retractions. adoptionism


of a genuine conversion. his death would even have passed for a repentant ' s death if agobar, leidrad ' s successor, had not found among his papers a definite retraction of all former retractions. adoptionism did not long outlive its authors. what charlemagne could not do by diplomacy and synods ( narbonne, 788 ; ratisbon, 792 ; frankfort, 794 ; aix - la - chapelle, 799 ) he accomplished by enlisting the services of missionaries like st. benedict of aniane, who reported as early as 800 the conversion of 20, 000 clerics and laymen ; and savants like alcuin, whose treatises " adv. elipandum toletanum " and " contra felicem urgellensem " will ever be a credit to christian learning. the official condemnation of adoptionism is to be found ( 1 ) in pope hadrian ' s two letters, one to the bishops of spain, 785, and the other to charlemagne, 794 ; ( 2 ) in the decrees of the council of frankfort ( 794 ), summoned by charlemagne, it is true, but " in full apostolic power " and presided over by the legate of rome, therefore a synodus universalis, according to an expression of contemporary chroniclers. in these documents the natural divine filiation of jesus even as man is strongly asserted, and his adoptive filiation, at least in so far as it excludes the natural, is rejected as heretical. some writers, mainly protestant, have tried to erase from adoptionism all stain of the nestorian heresy. these writers do not seem to have caught the meaning of the church ' s definition. since sonship is an attribute of the person and not of the nature, to posit two sons is to posit two persons in christ, the very error of nestorianism. alcuin exactly renders the mind of the church when he says, " as the nestorian impiety divided christ into two persons because of the two natures, so your unlearned temerity divided him into two sons, one natural and one adoptive " ( contra felicem, i, p. l. ci, col. 136 ). with regard to the arguments adduced by felix in support of his theory, it may be briefly remarked that ( 1 ) such scriptural texts as john, xiv, 28, had already been explained at the


. ci, col. 136 ). with regard to the arguments adduced by felix in support of his theory, it may be briefly remarked that ( 1 ) such scriptural texts as john, xiv, 28, had already been explained at the time of the arian controversy, and such others as rom., viii, 29, refer to our adoption, not to that of jesus, christ is nowhere in the bible called the adopted son of god ; nay more, holy scripture attributes to " the man christ " all the predicates which belong to the eternal son ( cf. john 1 : 18 ; 3 : 16 ; romans 8 : 32 ). ( 2 ) the expression adoptare, adoptio, used by some fathers, has for its object the sacred humanity, not the person of christ ; the human nature, not christ, is said to be adopted or assumed by the word. the concrete expression of the mozarabic missal, homo adoptatus, or of some greek fathers, ouios thetos, either does not apply to christ or is an instance of the not infrequent use in early days of the concrete for the abstract. ( 3 ) the dialectical arguments of felix cease to have a meaning the moment it is clearly understood that, as st. thomas says, " filiation properly belongs to the person ". christ, son of god, by his eternal generation, remains son of god, even after the word has assumed and substantially united to himself the sacred humanity ; incarnation detracts no more from the eternal sonship than it does from the eternal personality of the word. ( see nestorianism. ) ( 2 ) new - adoptionism of abelard in the twelfth century the spanish heresy left few traces in the middle ages. it is doubtful whether the christological errors of abelard can be traced to it. they rather seem to be the logical consequence of a wrong construction put upon the hypostatical union. abelard began to question the truth of such expressions as " christ is god " ; " christ is man ". back of what might seem a mere logomachy there is really, in abelard ' s mind, a fundamental error. he understood the hypostatical union as a fusion of two natures, the divine and the human. and lest that fusion become a confusion, he made the sacred humanity the external habit and adventitious instrument of the word only, and thus denied the substantial reality of " the man christ " - - " christus ut


the divine and the human. and lest that fusion become a confusion, he made the sacred humanity the external habit and adventitious instrument of the word only, and thus denied the substantial reality of " the man christ " - - " christus ut homo non est aliquid sed dici potest alicuius modi. " it is self - evident that in such a theory the man christ could not be called the true son of god. was he the adoptive son of god? personally, abelard repudiated all kinship with the adoptionists, just as they deprecated the very idea of their affiliation to the nestorian heresy. but after abelard ' s theory spread beyond france, into italy, germany and even the orient, the disciples were less cautious than the master. luitolph defended at rome the following proposition - - " christ, as man, is the natural son of man and the adoptive son of god " ; and folmar, in germany, carried this erroneous tenet to its extreme consequences, denying to christ as man the right to adoration. abelard ' s new - adoptionism was condemned, at least in its fundamental principles, by alexander iii, in a rescript dated 1177 : " we forbid under pain of anathema that anyone in the future dare assert that christ as man is not a substantial reality ( non esse aliquid ) because as he is truly god, so he is verily man. " the refutation of this new form of adoptionism, as it rests altogether on the interpretation of the hypostatical union, will be found in the treatment of that word. ( see hypostatic union. ) ( 3 ) qualified adoptionism of later theologians the formulas " natural son of god ", " adopted son of god " were again subjected to a close analysis by such theologians as duns scotus ( 1300 ) ; durandus a s. portiano ( 1320 ) ; vasquez ( 1604 ) ; francisco suarez ( 1617 ). they all admitted the doctrine of frankfort, and confessed that jesus as man was the natural and not merely the adoptive son of god. but besides that natural sonship resting upon the hypostatical union, they thought there was room for a second filiation, resting on grace, the grace of union ( gratia unionis ). they did not agree, however, in qualifying that second filiation. some called it adoptive, because of its analogy with


was room for a second filiation, resting on grace, the grace of union ( gratia unionis ). they did not agree, however, in qualifying that second filiation. some called it adoptive, because of its analogy with our supernatural adoption. others, fearing lest the implication of the word adoption might make jesus a stranger to, and alien from god, preferred to call it natural. none of these theories runs counter to a defined dogma ; yet, since sonship is an attribute of the person, there is danger of multiplying the persons by multiplying the filiations in christ. a second natural filiation is not intelligible. a second adoptive filiation does not sufficiently eschew the connotation of adoption as defined by the council of frankfort. " we call adoptive him who is stranger to the adopter. " the common mistake of these novel theories, a mistake already made by the old adoptionists and by abelard, lies in the supposition that the grace of union in christ, not being less fruitful than habitual grace in man, should have a similar effect, viz., filiation. less fruitful it is not, and yet it cannot have the same effect in him as in us, because to him it was said : " thou art my son, today have i begotten thee " ( hebrews 1 : 5 ) ; and to us, " you were afar off " ( ephesians 2 : 13 ). publication information written by j. f. sollier. transcribed by bob knippenberg. the catholic encyclopedia, volume i. published 1907. new york : robert appleton company. nihil obstat, march 1, 1907. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york this page - - - - is at this subject presentation was last updated on - - send an e - mail question or comment to us : e - mail the main believe web - page ( and the index to subjects ) is at : believe religious information source - by alphabet http : / / mb - soft. com / believe / indexaz. html


rye bread consumption in early life and reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer cancer causes and control, 05 / 04 / 2012 torfadottir je et al. – the results suggest that rye bread consumption in adolescence may be associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer ( pca ), particularly advanced disease. methods - from 2002 to 2006, 2, 268 men, aged 67 – 96years, reported their dietary habits in the ages - reykjavik cohort study. - dietary habits were assessed for early life, midlife, and current life using a validated food frequency questionnaire. - through linkage to cancer and mortality registers, the authors retrieved information on pca diagnosis and mortality through 2009. - they used regression models to estimate odds ratios ( ors ) and hazard ratios ( hrs ) for pca according to whole - grain consumption, adjusted for possible confounding factors including fish, fish liver oil, meat, and milk intake. - of the 2, 268 men, 347 had or were diagnosed with pca during follow - up, 63 with advanced disease ( stage 3 + or died of pca ). - daily rye bread consumption in adolescence ( vs. less than daily ) was associated with a decreased risk of pca diagnosis ( or = 0. 76, 95 % confidence interval ( ci ) : 0. 59 – 0. 98 ) and of advanced pca ( or = 0. 47, 95 % ci : 0. 27 – 0. 84 ). - high intake of oatmeal in adolescence ( ≥5 vs. ≥4 times / week ) was not significantly associated with risk of pca diagnosis ( or = 0. 99, 95 % ci : 0. 77 – 1. 27 ) nor advanced pca ( or = 0. 67, 95 % ci : 0. 37 – 1. 20 ). - midlife and late life consumption of rye bread, oatmeal, or whole - wheat bread was not associated with pca risk.


jake is a 15 - year - old high school student who has been participating in the model demonstration project since 2003. since the beginning, jake ' s mother and home care providers have played a critical role in helping him realize success. when the project began in 2003, jake had no formal means of communication, and his school program focused largely on developing functional skills. our efforts began with identifying a means of communication and a tool for writing. late spring 2004 we began exploring light - tech communication systems. our first efforts involved a 4 - location flip chart. in this video, you see jake using a combination of partner assisted scanning and eye - pointing to make choices. this is the first time jake and his mom have tried this system. success on day 1! watching jake use the 4 - location flip chart with eye - pointing helped us evaluate his vision and his understanding of symbols. it became clear to us that he was able to visually distinguish between symbols in the mayer johnson boardmaker sign language symbol library. while we continued to explore light - tech solutions, we started exploring switch access. jake had years of trials with single switches without much success. efforts with 2 - switch step scanning proved much more successful for him. he uses his arm to move the highlighter from one item to the next and his knee to select desired options. in this video, jake is having fun interacting with the members of his family... including the dogs. by the fall of 2004, it was quite evident that 2 - switch step scanning was going to provide jake with an important way to interact with technology and to control partner - assisted scanning interactions. based upon our understanding of jake ' s vision and his use of 2 - switch scanning we tried a number of computer - based options for accessing the alphabet and writing. in the end, a light - tech solution provided the best supports for jake in his early efforts to write. late winter 2005 the best way for jake to access the alphabet turned out to be a light - tech flip chart. using this alternative pencil, jake could indicate which letters his partner should write for him. jake used his arm to access the mover switch which lit a green light indicating that his partner should move to the next letter. when his partner pointed to a desired letter, jake used his knee to access the picker switch which lit a red light indicated that his partner should write that letter for him. throughout the year, jake engaged in self - selected writing using the alphabet flip chart at home. he selected the topics for his writing and wrote in a


the picker switch which lit a red light indicated that his partner should write that letter for him. throughout the year, jake engaged in self - selected writing using the alphabet flip chart at home. he selected the topics for his writing and wrote in a journal or wrote notes to family and friends. the flip chart displays the letters of the alphabet in groups of 4 or 6 and offers simple editing commands such as, space, new word, and delete. in all of the following writing samples, facilitators always began the writing activity by supporting jake in selecting a writing topic. choices were presented to jake via photographs, signs, and his remnant book. the remnant book was frequently his favorite as it documented the events of his life, big and small. remnant books are typically used to set a topic for communication ( beukelman & miranda, 2005 ), and are developed by collecting items from the activities and events jake experiences each day. for example, jake ’ s remnant book includes ticket stubs from a movie he saw with his brother, a plastic bag with a dead bug he found, a picture cut from the box of a game, and so on. jake selected a topic from the book by directing the facilitator to “ go to the next page ” using the switch by his arm and stop on the desired topic using the switch by his leg to say, “ that ’ s the one i want. ” home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : going to the movies home journal entry : june, 2004 topic : the bug that ruled mom ' s kitchen working with jake to help him select a topic is an important part of the writing process for him. beyond making it clear that we write for a purpose, setting a topic provides us with important information that supports our efforts to interpret his writing efforts. since jake cannot tell us what he has written, knowledge of the topic helps us carefully consider the letters jake selects and the words he attempts to spell. when we know the topic, we are able to attribute meaning to his writing attempts much more successfully. jake ’ s early writing samples reflect his exploration of working with the full alphabet and using the alternative pencil, the alphabet flip chart. while his initial attempts appear random, consistent and meaningful opportunities to write, lead to change over time. over time, jake ’ s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g,


over time, jake ’ s writing began to show evidence of his increasing understanding of print. for example, in the following note to gretchen, jake writes the first and last letter of his name ( albeit in the wrong order ) and the letter g, for gretchen. since gretchen ’ s name sign is the finger spelling version of a g moved from left to right across the forehead, it isn ’ t surprising the jake would know this initial letter. in other samples, we see more evidence of first letter knowledge. while we can ’ t know with certainty that jake intended to write the words we believe he was writing, he does eagerly confirm our inquiries one some occasions and tell us no on others. for example, in this entry jake wrote about a new friend named molly. when asked, he confirmed that he was attempting to write his own name, jk, and molly ’ s name, m. home journal entry : august, 2005 topic : going to greensboro on another occasion, he wrote about working with a psychologist, dr. m. when asked, he confirmed that he was writing about himself, j, the doctor, m, and working very hard, www. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : going to the doctor ' s with time, jake continued to show evidence of more deliberate efforts to select particular letters in his writing. in this sample, he chose to write about his mother who was away for two weeks. this was a very important topic for jake as he has never been separated from his mom long periods of time. again, he confirmed his attempts to write his name more than once “ jkkk, ” and “ jjjjk. ” he also confirmed that he was writing about his mom, mmmmuuuu. home journal entry : september, 2005 topic : mom being gone for 2 weeks within a few months of beginning to represent multiple words using initial letters, jake begins to insert spaces in his writing. he also begins to include words that are spelled correctly, dad. over time, jake ’ s writing offers useful, concrete evidence of his developing understandings of print. for students who are unable to use gestures ( pointing to individual words on the page ), words ( labeling letters and words ), and other behaviors to communicate their understandings of print, writing is essential. the alphabet flip chart provided jake with an alternative pencil that made writing every day a possibility. home journal entry : december, 2005 topic : my new remote control dinosaur ac dad jk kk m m r r rs u u uwz


monday, march 18 ( healthday news ) - - drinking low - fat or skim milk does not prevent toddlers from gaining excess weight and is actually associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children, a new study finds. the findings challenge a recommendation from the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) and the american heart association ( aha ) that all children drink low - fat or skimmed milk after age 2 to reduce their saturated fat intake and avoid excess weight gain. one expert not connected to the study said it brings up interesting questions. " for many years the message to parents has been simple : after about 2 years of age it is recommended to change your child ' s milk consumption to low - fat or skim milk, " said marlo mittler, a registered dietitian at cohen children ' s medical center of new york in new hyde park. " this latest study says we need to think this through. " in the study, researchers gathered data about the milk consumption of 11, 000 american children when they were 2 and 4 years old. they were also weighed at both ages. the number of children who were overweight / obese was 30 percent at age 2 and 32 percent at age 4. overweight / obese children were more likely to drink skimmed / semi - skimmed milk at age 2 ( 14 percent ) and age 4 ( 16 percent ) than normal weight children ( 9 percent at age 2 and 13 percent at age 4 ). the average weight of children who drank 2 percent / full - fat milk was also lower than that of children who drank skimmed / semi - skimmed milk, even after the researchers accounted for other factors, according to the study published online march 18 in the journal archives of disease in childhood. when they analyzed weight gain trends over time, the researchers found no overall differences between children who drank skimmed / semi - skimmed milk and those who drank 2 percent / full - fat milk. however, children who regularly drank skimmed / semi - skimmed milk and were not overweight / obese at age 2 were 57 percent more likely to become so by age 4, the investigators noted. logic would suggest that giving children low - fat milk would help protect them from putting on excess pounds, but the reality is more complex, explained the research team led by mark daniel deboer, an associate professor in the pediatric endocrinology division at the university of virginia school of medicine. they suggested that milk fat may increase the feeling of fullness and reduce a child ' s appetite for other fatty or calorie


deboer, an associate professor in the pediatric endocrinology division at the university of virginia school of medicine. they suggested that milk fat may increase the feeling of fullness and reduce a child ' s appetite for other fatty or calorie - dense foods. mittler agreed that the theory might have merit. " many questions come up about how much [ the children ] drink as well as the amount of consumption in general, " she said. " so while the aap and aha can stand behind their recommendation, more needs to be considered when thinking of your child ' s overall diet, " mittler said. " changing to skimmed or low - fat milk may not be the only answer to avoiding obesity. " according to the study authors, rather than giving children low - fat milk, parents might be better off using proven weight control measures, such as increasing children ' s physical activity levels and consumption of fruits and vegetables, restricting their intake of sugary drinks, and limiting the amount of time they spend in front of the television and computer, the researchers suggested in a journal news release. but one other expert stands by the aap / aha recommendations to give kids low - fat or skimmed milk after age 2. " the children in the study would have had a greater percentage of obesity if they had been on whole milk, " said dr. peter richel, chief of pediatrics at northern westchester hospital in mt. kisco, n. y. " the degree of obesity cited in the study is probably due to our western cultural habits of unnecessarily larger portions and sugar consumption, " he believes. " the children of america have far too much juice and soda, which are loaded with excess calories. " although the study found an association between consumption of skimmed / semi - skimmed milk and extra weight in preschool children, it could not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. the nemours foundation has more about your child ' s weight.


maintaining weight loss benefits of maintaining weight loss : while losing weight is difficult for many people, it is even more challenging to keep weight off. most individuals who lose a large amount of weight regain it two to three years later. one theory about regaining lost weight is that people who decrease their caloric intake to lose weight experience a drop in their metabolic rate, making it increasingly difficult to lose weight over a period of months. a lower metabolic rate may also make it easier to regain weight after a more normal diet is resumed. for these reasons, extremely low calorie diets and rapid weight loss are discouraged. losing no more than one to two pounds per week is recommended. incorporating long - term lifestyle changes will increase the chance of successful long - term weight loss. weight loss to a healthy weight for a person ' s height can promote health benefits such as lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels, lower blood pressure, less stress on bones and joints, and less work for the heart. thus, it is vital to maintain weight loss to obtain health benefits over a lifetime. keeping extra weight off requires effort and commitment, just as losing weight does. weight loss goals are reached by changes in diet, eating habits, exercise, and, in extreme circumstances, surgery. weight loss maintenance strategies : the strategies that encourage weight loss also play an important role in maintenance : support systems used effectively during weight loss can contribute to weight maintenance. a study conducted by the national weight control registry found people who lost weight and continued bi - monthly support group meetings for one year maintained their full weight loss. study participants who did not attend support group meetings regained almost half of the weight. physical activity plays a vital role in maintaining weight loss. studies show that even exercise that is not rigorous, such as walking and using stairs, has a positive effect. activity that uses 1, 500 to 2, 000 calories per week is recommended for maintaining weight loss. diet and exercise are vital strategies for losing and maintaining weight. a study by the national weight control registry found that nearly all of 784 study participants who had lost at least 30 pounds, and had maintained that loss for one year or longer, used diet and exercise to not only lose the weight, but also to maintain the weight loss. once the desired weight has been reached, the gradual addition of about 200 calories of healthy, low - fat food to daily intake may be attempted for one week to see if weight loss continues. if weight loss does continue, additional calories of healthy foods may be added to the daily diet until


gradual addition of about 200 calories of healthy, low - fat food to daily intake may be attempted for one week to see if weight loss continues. if weight loss does continue, additional calories of healthy foods may be added to the daily diet until the right balance of calories to maintain the desired weight has been determined. it may take some time and record keeping to determine how adjusting food intake and exercise levels affect weight. continuing to use behavioral strategies can help maintain weight. be aware of eating as a response to stress and use exercise, activity, or meditation to cope instead of eating. a return to old habits does not mean failure. paying renewed attention to dietary choices and exercise can help sustain behaviors that maintain weight loss. identifying situations such as negative moods and interpersonal difficulties and incorporating alternative methods of coping with such situations rather than eating can prevent relapses to old habits. weight cycling is losing and regaining weight multiple times. some studies suggest that weight cycling, also called " yo - yo dieting, " may result in some health risks such as high blood pressure, gallbladder disease, and high cholesterol. however, these studies are not conclusive. the best strategy is to avoid weight cycling and to maintain healthy weight through activity and healthy eating. one myth about weight cycling is that a person who loses and regains weight will have more difficulty losing weight again and maintaining it compared to a person who has not gone through a weight - loss cycle. most studies show that weight cycling does not affect the rate at which the body burns fuel and a previous weight cycle does not influence the ability to lose weight again. in addition, weight cycling does not increase the amount of fat tissue or increase fat distribution around the stomach. always consult your physician for more information.


in 1980, congress began passing provisions that made medicare a secondary payer to certain primary plans in particular situations. for example, medicare is the secondary payer to coverage provided by group health plans ( ghps ) if a beneficiary is employed at a company with 20 or more employees, or if a beneficiary ’ s spouse ( of any age ) is enrolled in a ghp through an employer. employees may reject coverage through a ghp, so medicare will become the primary payer, but employers will not be able to offer secondary coverage for services covered by medicare. there are exceptions, however. for example, medicare is the secondary payer for up to 30 months for people with end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) who are covered by a ghp. the period begins when the employee becomes eligible for medicare. medicare is also secondary insurance for people under 65 years old who are living with a disability and covered by a large group health plan ( lghp ) ( 100 employees or more ), or who have a family member covered by such a plan. medicare is secondary to workers ’ compensation ( wc ) plans, liability insurance and all forms of no - fault insurance, although it will make a conditional payment if one of the aforementioned plans will not pay or will not pay promptly. medicare will also make conditional payments for claims denied by an employee ’ s ghp or lghp, or if a beneficiary fails to file a proper claim due to mental or physical incapacity. medicare will not make conditional payments if a claim is denied for one of the following reasons : • ghp is alleged to be secondary to medicare ; • ghp limits payment because a beneficiary is entitled to medicare ; • ghp covers services for younger employees and spouses but not those over 65 ; • or the beneficiary fails to files a claim for any reason other than mental or physical incapacity. in general, if a beneficiary has more than one primary private insurer, the costs are coordinated between the insurers. for example, if one plan is based on retirement, then medicare is the primary payer ; if the other plan is based on employment, then medicare is the secondary payer. in this the case, the order of payment would be : ghp, medicare, retirement plan. what is the single - payer system? what are bundled payments? what is the premium support option, and how is it different from current medicare?


dr. nabili received his undergraduate degree from the university of california, san diego ( ucsd ), majoring in chemistry and biochemistry. he then completed his graduate degree at the university of california, los angeles ( ucla ). his graduate training included a specialized fellowship in public health where his research focused on environmental health and health - care delivery and management. jay w. marks, md, is a board - certified internist and gastroenterologist. he graduated from yale university school of medicine and trained in internal medicine and gastroenterology at ucla / cedars - sinai medical center in los angeles. sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a reduction or pause of breathing ( airflow ) it is common among adults but rare among children. although a diagnosis of sleep apnea often will be suspected on the basis of a person ' s medical history, there are several tests that can be used to confirm the diagnosis. the treatment of sleep apnea can be either surgical or nonsurgical. an apnea is a period of time during which breathing stops or is markedly reduced. in simplified terms, an apnea occurs when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more. if a person stops breathing completely or take less than 25 % of a normal breath for a period that lasts 10 seconds or more, this is an apnea. this definition includes complete stoppage of airflow. other definitions of apnea that may be used include at least a 4 % drop in oxygen in the blood, a direct result of the reduction in the transfer of oxygen into the blood when breathing stops. apneas usually occur during sleep. when an apnea occurs, sleep usually is disrupted due to inadequate breathing and poor oxygen levels in the blood. sometimes this means the person wakes up completely, but sometimes this can mean the person comes out of a deep level of sleep and into a more shallow level of sleep. apneas are usually measured during sleep ( preferably in all stages of sleep ) over a 2 - hour period. an estimate of the severity of apnea is calculated by dividing the number of apneas by the number of hours of sleep, giving an apnea index ( ai in apneas per hour ) ; the greater the ai, the more severe the apnea. a hypopnea is a decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a


decrease in breathing that is not as severe as an apnea. hypopneas usually occur during sleep and can be defined as 69 % to 26 % of a normal breath. like apneas, hypopneas also may be defined as a 4 % or greater drop in oxygen in the blood. like apneas, hypopneas usually disrupt the level of sleep. a hypopnea index ( hi ) can be calculated by dividing the number of hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. the apnea - hypopnea index ( ahi ) is an index of severity that combines apneas and hypopneas. combining them gives an overall severity of sleep apnea including sleep disruptions and desaturations ( a low level of oxygen in the blood ). the apnea - hypopnea index, like the apnea index and hypopnea index, is calculated by dividing the number of apneas and hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. another index that is used to measure sleep apnea is the respiratory disturbance index ( rdi ). the respiratory disturbance index is similar to the apnea - hypopnea index ; however, it also includes respiratory events that do not technically meet the definitions of apneas or hypopneas, but do disrupt sleep. sleep apnea is formally defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least 15 episodes / hour in a patient if he or she does not have medical problems that are believed to be caused by the sleep apnea. this is the equivalent of approximately one episode of apnea or hypopnea every 4 minutes. high blood pressure, stroke, daytime sleepiness, congestive heart failure ( low flow of blood to the heart ), insomnia, and mood disorders can be caused or worsened by sleep apnea. in the presence of these conditions, sleep apnea is defined as an apnea - hypopnea index of at least five episodes / hour. this definition is stricter because these individuals may be already experiencing the negative medical effects of sleep apnea, and it may be important to begin treatment at a lower apnea - hypopnea index.


primary idiopathic seborrhea is a skin disease seen in dogs and rarely in cats. it is characterized by a defect in keratinization or cornification that results in increased scale formation, occasionally excessive greasiness of the skin and hair coat, and often secondary inflammation and infection. secondary seborrhea, in which a primary underlying disease causes similar clinical signs, is more common than primary seborrhea. seborrhea in horses is usually secondary to either pemphigus foliaceus or equine sarcoidosis ( chronic granulomatous disease ). etiology, clinical findings, and diagnosis primary seborrhea is an inherited skin disorder characterized by faulty keratinization or cornification of the epidermis, hair follicle epithelium, or claws. it is seen more frequently in american cocker spaniels, english springer spaniels, basset hounds, west highland white terriers, dachshunds, labrador and golden retrievers, and german shepherds. there is usually a familial history of seborrhea, suggesting genetic factors. the disease begins at a young age ( usually < 18 – 24 mo ) and typically progresses throughout the animal ' s life. a diagnosis of generalized primary idiopathic seborrhea should be reserved for cases in which all possible underlying causes have been excluded. most seborrheic animals have secondary seborrhea, in which a primary underlying disease predisposes to excessive scaling, crusting, or oiliness, often accompanied by superficial pyoderma, malassezia ( yeast ) infection, and alopecia. the most common underlying causes are endocrinopathies and allergies. the goal is to identify and treat any underlying cause of the seborrhea. palliative therapies that do not compromise the diagnostic evaluation should be instituted concurrently to provide as much immediate relief as possible. underlying diseases may present with seborrhea as the primary clinical problem. the signalment ( age, breed, sex ) and history may provide clues in diagnosing the underlying cause. environmental allergies ( atopic dermatitis ) are more likely to be the underlying cause if age at onset is < 5 yr, whereas an endocrinopathy or neoplasia ( especially cutaneous lymphoma ) is more likely if the seborrhea begins in middle - aged or older animals. the degree of pruritus


onset is < 5 yr, whereas an endocrinopathy or neoplasia ( especially cutaneous lymphoma ) is more likely if the seborrhea begins in middle - aged or older animals. the degree of pruritus should also be noted. if pruritus is minimal, endocrinopathies, other internal diseases, or certain diseases limited to the skin ( eg, demodicosis or sebaceous adenitis ) should be excluded. if pruritus is significant, allergies and pruritic ectoparasitic diseases ( eg, scabies, fleas ) should be considered. the presence of pruritus does not exclude nonpruritic disease as the underlying cause, because the presence of a pyoderma, malassezia infection, or inflammation from the excess scale can cause significant pruritus. however, a lack of pruritus helps to exclude allergies, scabies, and other pruritic diseases as the underlying cause. other important considerations include the presence of polyuria, polydipsia, or polyphagia ; heat - seeking behavior ; abnormal estrous cycles ; occurrence of pyoderma ; the influence of seasonality ; diet ; response to previous medications ( including corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines, or topical treatments ) ; zoonosis or contagion ; and the environment. the duration and severity of disease as well as level of owner frustration are important factors in determining the aggressiveness of the diagnostic plan. a thorough physical examination, including internal organ systems and a comprehensive dermatologic examination, is the first step in identifying the underlying cause. the dermatologic examination should document the type and distribution of the lesions ; the presence of alopecia ; and the degree of odor, scale, oiliness, and texture of the skin and hair coat. the presence of follicular papules, pustules, crusts, and epidermal collarettes usually indicates the existence of a superficial pyoderma. hyperpigmentation indicates a chronic skin irritation ( such as pruritus, infection, or inflammation ), and lichenification indicates chronic pruritus. yeast ( malassezia spp ) infection should always be considered when evaluating a seborrheic animal. secondary infection plays a significant role in most cases of seborrhea. the sebum and keratinization abnormalities that are common in sebor


be appropriate. examples of such antibiotics are amoxicillin - clavulanate 13. 75 mg / kg bid, cephalexin 20 – 30 mg / kg bid - tid, cefpodoxime 5 - 10 mg / kg / day, lincomycin 20 mg / kg bid, ciprofloxacin 30 mg / kg / day, enrofloxacin 5 - 10 mg / kg / day, marbofloxacin 3 - 6 mg / kg / day, azithromycin 10 mg / kg / day, 4 days / wk, doxycycline 5 mg / kg bid, trimethoprim - sulfa 30 mg / kg bid, clindamycin 11 mg / kg bid, chloramphenicol 50 mg / kg tid ( dogs ) ; 12. 5 - 20 mg / kg bid ( cats ). because most staphylococcal infections in seborrhea cases are superficial pyodermas, they should be treated for a minimum of 4 wk. with the increase in methicillin - resistant s pseudintermedius, s aureus, and s schleiferi, it is now strongly recommended to perform a bacterial culture of any animal with pyoderma that does not begin to respond to an antibiotic after 3 – 4 wk. epidermal collarettes may be cultured using a dry sterile culturette rolled across the collarettes. while methicillin - resistant s pseudintermedius infections are more difficult to treat, they are not more virulent or visually striking than those due to methicillin - susceptible s pseudintermedius. previous ( ie, within the past year ) hospitalization, surgery, or previous antibiotic treatment are all possible risk factors for development of methicillin - resistant s pseudintermedius infections. malassezia may be treated systemically with an azole such as ketoconazole or fluconazole ( 5 mg / kg / day, for 4 wk ). in addition to addressing any secondary infections, antipruritic therapy and shampoo therapy are usually needed to help control the seborrhea and speed the return of the skin to a normal state. shampoo therapy can decrease the number of bacteria and yeast on the skin surface, the amount of scale and sebum present, and the level of pruritus ; it


##s ), normalize keratinization, solubilize fats, and decrease sebaceous secretions. these actions also result in potent antibacterial activity. in the past, dogs with moderate to severe scaling and moderate oiliness were often treated with tar - containing shampoos. however, because tar shampoos usually have an unpleasant odor and can be irritating, along with poor owner compliance, they usually are no longer recommended. in animals with severe oiliness and minimal scaling, profound odor, erythema, inflammation, and a secondary generalized pyoderma or malassezia dermatitis are often present. shampoos that contain benzoyl peroxide provide strong degreasing actions along with potent antibacterial and follicular flushing activities. because benzoyl peroxide shampoos are such strong degreasing agents, they can be irritating and drying. other antibacterial shampoos are better suited in animals that have superficial pyoderma without significant oiliness. these shampoos usually contain 2 % – 4 % chlorhexidine ( often in assoication with tris - edta ) or ethyl lactate. the follicular flushing action of benzoyl peroxide makes it helpful for animals with numerous comedones or with demodicosis. benzoyl peroxide gels ( 5 % ) are good choices when antibacterial, degreasing, or follicular flushing actions are desired for focal areas, such as in localized demodicosis, canine acne, or schnauzer comedone syndrome. however, these gels also may be irritating. last full review / revision may 2013 by stephen d. white, dvm, dacvd