transgenderism, transsexualism, & gender identity studies of employment discrimination against transgender persons in 2009, the national gay and lesbian task force action fund prepared a document titled : " passing the employment non - discrimination act : a toolkit. " the task force has formed a coalition with many lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ( lgbt ) groups in order to promote the employment non - discrimination act ( 2009 ). the groups national gay and lesbian task force action fund, national center for transgender equality ( ncte ), pride at work, the national center for lesbian rights ( nclr ), parents families and friends of lesbians and gays ( pflag ) and a number of other colleague organizations. 1 the toolkit contains the following data from studies of employment discrimination against - - and financial hardship of - - transgender persons. statistics on employment discrimination against transgender discrimination against transgender people is widespread : | nationally : a study conducted between 1996 and 1997 found that 37 percent transgender individuals surveyed had experienced employment discrimination. | | illinois : a study conducted between 1995 and 2001 found that 37 - 42 percent of gender - variant individuals surveyed experienced some type of | employment discrimination. 3 | san francisco, ca : a 2006 survey of 194 members of the san francisco transgender community found : | | 40 percent of respondents believed they were discriminated against when applying for work. | | | over 24 percent of people reported that they were sexually harassed at work. | | | 19 percent experienced trouble in advancing in their company or department. | | 18 percent were fired from a job due to gender identity | | virginia : a study conducted between 2005 and 2006 reported that 20 percent of transgender individuals were denied employment and 13 percent based on their gender identity. 5 | | | washington state : a study conducted between 2006 and 2007 found that 41. 5 percent of transgender people surveyed had been denied employment, or otherwise discriminated against on the job because of their gender and / or expression. 6 | economic hardship of many transgender employment discrimination contributes to low incomes for | | minnesota : a study conducted between 1997 and 2002 found that 22 percent of transgender people live below the poverty line. | | san francisco, ca : a study conducted in 2006 of 194 transgender individuals found a 35 percent unemployment rate, with 59 percent earning less than $ 15, 300 annually. 8 | | | philadelphia, pa : a study conducted in 1997 found that of 81 transgender people, 59 percent were unemployed and 56 percent made less than $ 15, 000 annually. 9 | | | chicago, il :


$ 15, 300 annually. 8 | | | philadelphia, pa : a study conducted in 1997 found that of 81 transgender people, 59 percent were unemployed and 56 percent made less than $ 15, 000 annually. 9 | | | chicago, il : a study conducted between 2000 and 2001 found that of 111 transgender individuals, 34 percent were unemployed and an additional 40 | percent made less than $ 20, 000 annually, with a median income of just year - - less than half the national median income. | | los angeles, ca : a 1998? 1999 study of transgender women found that 50 percent reported incomes of less than $ 12, 000 per year, and 23 percent on government assistance. 11 | | washington, d. c. : in 1999, only 58 percent of transgender respondents were employed, 29 percent reported no annual source of income, 31 percent | reported that their annual income was under $ 10, 000, and 15 percent reported that they lost a job due to employment discrimination. | | virginia : a 2005? 2006 study of 250 transgender people found between percent were unemployed and 39 percent made $ 17, 000 or less annually. 13 | | | washington state : a 2006 - 2007 study of 258 transgender people found that 39 percent of those surveyed made less that $ 20, 000 annually. - " passing the employment non - discrimination act : a toolkit, " national gay and lesbian task force action fund, 2009, at : http : / / www. thetaskforce. org / this is a pdf file. - lombardi, e. l., wilkins, r. a., priesing, d, malouf, d. ( 2001 ). gender violence : trans - gender experiences with violence and discrimination. journal of homosexuality. - plotner, b., stevens - miller, m., wood - sievers, t. ( spring 2002 ). discrimination 2002 : 6th report on discrimination and hate crimes against gender variant people. chicago : it ' s time illinois!. - ( 2006 ). good jobs now! a snap shot of the economic health of san francisco? s transgender communities. a survey from : san francisco bay and guardian and transgender law center. - xavier, j. m., hannold, j. a., bradford, j., simmons, r. ( 2007 ). the health - related needs, and lifecourse experiences of transgender virginians. richmond : division of disease prevention through the centers for disease control and prevention, virginia department of health. - ( 2008


j., simmons, r. ( 2007 ). the health - related needs, and lifecourse experiences of transgender virginians. richmond : division of disease prevention through the centers for disease control and prevention, virginia department of health. - ( 2008 ). perspectives northwest survey report : transgender and gender variant community needs assessment survey. ingersoll gender center. - bockting, w., huang, c., ding, h., robinson, b., rosser, s. ( 2005 ). are transgender persons at higher risk for hiv than other sexual minorities? a comparison of hiv prevalence and risks. international journal of transgenderism - op. cit. : ( 2006 ) good jobs now! - kenagy, g. p. ( 2005 ). the health and social service needs of transgender people in philadelphia. international journal of transgenderism. - kenagy, g. p., bostwick, w. b. ( 2005 ). health and social service needs trans - gender people in chicago. international journal of transgenderism. - op. cit. : reback, c. j. [ sic ] - xavier, j. m. ( 2000 ). the washington, dc. transgender needs assessment survey final report for phase two. washington, dc : administration for of the district of columbia. at : ( accessed april 2007 ). - ibid : xavier, j. m., hannold, j. a. - op. cit. ( 2008 ) perspectives. the toolkit is copyright © 2009 by the national gay and lesbian task force action fund. the fund "... encourages, and grants permission to, reproduce and distribute their guide 1 in whole or in part, provided that it is done so with attribution. " originally posted : 2009 - aug - 08 latest update : 2009 - aug - 22


notes on collections and events at the rihs war brings a new perspective to most things, including maps. the surveying for this map of the narragansett bay was originally undertaken in the 1760s by charles blaskowitz. at that time, the british government was contemplating the placement of a naval yard in newport. * with the onset of war in the following decade, the map came to serve other purposes. here are a few interesting details : the map ’ s text includes a description of the colony of rhode island at the time as viewed by a british functionary ( a transcription and more discussion of the map are available at the gaspee virtual archives ) : idyllic descriptions of new world fecundity ( “ fish of all kinds are in the greatest plenty and perfection. the horses are boney and strong, the meat cattle and sheep are much the largest in america, the butter and cheese excellent, and every necessary of life in attendance ” ) are balanced against cultural condescension ( “ it has a town house, market house, library and a spacious parade, but there is few private buildings in it worth notice ” ). the colony ’ s notable religious tolerance is also pointed out. the map also includes details of military importance : not exactly here be dragons, but similar in its way. the map also lists gun batteries ( with the number of guns and size of cannon balls — 18 or 24 pounds — they fired ), principal farms and farm owners in the colony and soundings throughout the bay. ( someone with the time might compare the soundings in 1764 with more recent numbers. ) a copy of the map in the david rumsey collection is, like this one, divided into 16 sections and mounted. the rumsey copy includes images of the slipcase in which the sections were originally housed.


we highly recommend this series of five videos, the seventh day : revelations from the lost pages of history, by frank holbrook, now available on the web. ( click on the image. ) each video is just over 50 minutes long, just as in the original video series still available at theseventhday website. please visit the site for extra resources, including an overview of each video, a history timeline and complete transcripts of each episode. there ’ s a reason for “ the lost pages of history ” in the title. this is history as you ’ ve not likely read or heard it before in school or through the media. however, hal holbrook takes viewers back across the centuries to trace the history of the sabbath through the evidence of ancient records as found in the archives and libraries throughout the world. fifty historians and theologians from around the world provide a careful expose of the epic battle over the biblical sabbath. we see how faithful christians throughout the long centuries of the inquisition and other repression engaged in a heroic struggle for religious liberty. you will be guided through the evidence from the cool green hills of st. patrick ’ s ireland to the steaming south american jungle, from the massacre of a thousand jews in the palestinian desert to the bloody taiping revolution in 19th - century china, and from the divisive heresies of the early christian era to the fiery executions of “ heretics ” in red square. “ i will die today because i have observed the seventh day of the week as the holy sabbath of god. ” so wrote ivan kuritsin before he was burned to death in the red square of moscow more than 500 years ago. the council accused him of honoring the seventh day, the sabbath, more than the first day, sunday. is it possible that this same seventh - day ( saturday ) sabbath for which so many faithful christians gave their lives now coincides with sunday in the south pacific island nations of tonga, wallis, futuna, kiribati, samoa and tokelau? where is the sign of distinction ( ezekiel 20 : 20 ) for those who claim that the seventh day now conveniently falls on sunday so that that they can worship on the same day as their neighbors who celebrate the resurrection on the first day of the week? the ages - long controversy over the biblical day of worship — the sabbath of the ten commandments — continues today in some of the most unlikely places, such as the south pacific islands. will the controversy gain more prominence in the rest of the world as well? time will tell


vernon smith, 240 - 638 - 6447 noaa, partners, meet to explore climate change and coastal tribes how climate change affects u. s. indigenous coastal cultures is the focus of the first stewards symposium starting today at the smithsonian national museum of the american indian in washington, d. c. the coastal treaty tribes of washington state - the hoh, makah, quileute tribes and the quinault indian nation - are hosting the event and collaborating with noaa and other partners. native leaders, including american indians, alaska natives and pacific islanders, will join climate scientists, policy - makers, and representatives of non - government organizations to discuss ways indigenous peoples and cultures may be able to increase their ability to adapt to predicted climate change. participants also will discuss how to include indigenous traditional knowledge in u. s. climate change science, education, and governance. " coastal indigenous people have thousands of years of rich, place - based knowledge of climate change and its effects on humans, and how to adjust to these changes, " said daniel j. basta, director, noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries. " their experience is extremely valuable today and can help all of us as the world looks for ways to adapt. " the office of national marine sanctuaries manages a national system of marine protected areas where local indigenous communities participate in management of marine resources. " we need everyone engaged in working on adaptations, mitigation, strategies, and solutions to climate change, " said micah mccarty, chairman of the makah and of the first stewards organizing committee. " even the polar bears and people of the arctic circle cannot escape the second - hand smoke of the vehicle tailpipe and the smokestack that leave such a large carbon footprint. " " coastal indian people are already dealing with the effects of climate change, " said billy frank jr., chairman of the northwest indian fisheries commission. " the glaciers that feed our life - giving rivers are melting. reservations are flooding more often, forcing some tribes to have to move their homes to higher ground. tribes are the natural choice to lead the nation in the response to climate change. " the symposium, which runs from july 17 through the 20th, is being held in partnership with scientific, tribal, governmental and non - governmental organizations, including the smithsonian national museum of the american indian, noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries, noaa ' s national marine fisheries service, the nature conservancy, northwest indian fisheries commission and the western


orbiting retrievable far and extreme ultraviolet spectrometer launch date : november 20, 1996 mission project home page - http : / / nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov / nmc / mastercatalog. do? sc = 1996 - 065b the orfeus - spas ii mission followed the orfeus - spas i mission flown in 1993, motivated by improvements in instrument performance and the critical need for additional observation time. the purpose of the orfeus - spas ii mission was to conduct investigations of celestial sources in the far and extreme ultraviolet spectral range, and to increase understanding of the evolution of stars, the structure of galaxies, and the nature of the interstellar medium. orfeus - spas ii was one of a series of planned joint dara ( german space agency ) / nasa missions. the name arises from the reusable astro - shuttle pallet satellite ( astro - spas ), and the orbiting retrievable far and extreme ultraviolet spectrometers ( orfeus ) telescope carried on astro - spas. orfeus - spas was a free - flying platform designed to be deployed and retrieved from the space shuttle. the astro - spas carrier was powered by batteries, and data from the instruments were stored on tape. absolute pointing was accurate to within a few arc seconds. orfeus - spas is 4. 5m in length and has a 2. 5m width base. operation of orfeus - spas was approximately 40km from the shuttle. orfeus - spas ii carried the same three spectrometers, operating over the wavelength range 400 - 1250 angstroms, as was carried on orfeus - spas i. the tubingen ultraviolet echelle spectrometer ( tues ) and the berkeley extreme and far - uv spectrometer ( befs ) were housed on the primary instrument - the orfeus 1 - m telescope. the interstellar medium absorption profile spectrograph ( imaps ) was operated independently from orfeus. the orfeus - spas ii mission was flown in november - december 1996. the mission acquired spectra of numerous celestial objects during 14 days of observations. efficiency of 62. 5 % for all instruments was achieved. last updated : april 16, 2012 - sts - 80 info - http : / / science. ksc. nasa. gov / shuttle / missions / sts - 80 / mission - sts - 80. html


some of our favourite and most useful garden plants are grown from tubers. if a tuber produces several growing points, then it can be divided for propagation. just cut through the tuber, ensuring each piece has an eye, or growing shoot. this method works well with dahlias. the only danger is that the cut surface may rot and destroy the plant. to reduce this risk, either allow the cut section to dry before planting or seal it with fine sand or ash, possibly adding a fungicidal powder too. if several tubers are formed in a season, these may be separated and used to grow new plants. in both cases the new plant will be identical to the parent. another propagation method is to start the tuber into growth on a windowsill or under glass. once new shoots appear, they can be used as cuttings. this is a good way to increase your stock of begonias. tubers bought whilst dormant will usually grow easily, the main exception to this is cyclamen. they will often die during storage or take a long time to recover and become established. for this reason, the more expensive growing plants will often prove better value than stored corms even though the initial cost seems lower. many popular garden tubers are tender plants and are lifted each year, however if planted deeply in a well drained spot, they often do survive winters outside. a tuber is a food storage organ which allows the plant to survive from one year to another ( much like a bulb or corm ). the tuber is actually a swollen root or stem base. buds or eyes form on the upper surface of the tuber and become the growing shoots. this can easily be seen on a potato which has been stored too long, particularly if it ’ s been kept in a warm and light place. with some tubers, such as the potato, the tuber will die away during the growing season, to be replaced with another – or sometimes several new tubers. in others, such as cyclamen, the tuber just grows larger each year.


genome - sequencing data indicates that sponges were preceded by ctenophores, complex marine predators also called comb jellies. the scientists presented their findings at the annual meeting for the society for integrative and comparative biology, in san francisco, california. although they are gelatinous like jellyfish, comb jellies form their own phylum ( ctenophores. ) the tree of life roots the comb jellies ’ lineage between the group containing jellyfish and sea anemones and the one containing animals with heads and rears, which includes slugs, flies, and humans. ctenophores swim through the sea with iridescent cilia, and snare prey with sticky tentacles. they have nerves, muscles, tissue layers and light sensors, all of which sponges lack. developmental biologists from the university of washington in seattle sequenced the genome of the comb jelly pleurobrachia bachei and they discovered that dna sequences place them at the base of the animal tree of life. another team presented results from the genome sequencing of the comb jelly mnemiopsis leidyi and found that the phylum lands below or as close to the base as sponges on the tree of life. it ’ s been thought that predator - prey interactions as well as sensory adaptations evolved long after the origin of sponges, states billie swalla, part of the university washington team. the ancestor of all animals might look different from modern comb jellies and sponges. gene families, cell - signaling networks, and patterns of gene expression in comb jellies support the ancient origin. ctenophores grow their nerves with unique sets of genes. it ’ s possible that they are descendants of ediacaran organisms, which appeared in the fossil record before animals. comb jellies are the only animals that lack certain genes crucial to producing microrna, states andy baxevanis, a comparative biologist at the us national human genome research institute in bethesda, maryland, and leader of the m. leidyi project. these short rna chains help regulate gene expression. sponges and comb jellies lack other gene families that all other animals possess. if ctenophores evolved before sponges, the sponges probably lost some of their ancestors ’ complexity. it ’ s also possible that sponges have a complexity that has yet to be defined.


at oracle openworld 2007, oracle announced new virtualization software, causing a firestorm of interest and a decline in competitor vmware ' s stock. oracle vm, which can be downloaded free, is based on the xen open - source hypervisor product. with it ' s back to the future for the oracle database world. the inefficient one server / one database approach of 1990s client - server technology is long gone and oracle shops are now re - consolidating their data resources, moving back to the mainframe - like centralization of the 1980s. while oracle touts vm as a latest - and - greatest solution, we need to remember that server virtualization has been around for decades. virtualization is simply the partitioning of a server in order to host multiple os environments. whether it ' s running virtual windows on your macintosh laptop or partitioning a 128 cpu mainframe, it managers are leveraging virtualization solutions to consolidate multiple os environments. at a high level, virtualization is the process of segregating server resources in a homogeneous environment, but it ' s most commonly used to host different operating systems within a single monolithic server - - and this is a step toward os independence. a brief history of oracle virtualization oracle rose to dominate the database market primarily because of its ability to run on more than 60 platforms, everything from a mainframe to a macintosh. however, oracle soon faced the challenge of running multiple os environments within the same server. in early 2005, oracle announced that their version of vmware would come pre - loaded with both linux and oracle, making it easier than ever to run linux on a ms windows server. oracle then embraced the idea of server consolidation via the 11g grid initiative. at openworld 2007, oracle claimed that 99 % of their customers run multiple instances within a single host machine and so began pushing the new vm product. although vm is free for download, support will cost $ 499 / year for 1 or 2 cpu systems and $ 999 / year for others. thus far, vm is limited to intel platforms, and will support only linux and windows servers. oracle vm also offers a gui management console ( html - based ) to allow easy management of both the overall os and the virtual machines running under the master os. oracle is incorporating virtualization along several areas : - soa - oracle plans to incorporate oracle vm into their fusion stack, allowing a method for unifying diverse applications onto a single server using soap. oracle president


virtual machines running under the master os. oracle is incorporating virtualization along several areas : - soa - oracle plans to incorporate oracle vm into their fusion stack, allowing a method for unifying diverse applications onto a single server using soap. oracle president charles phillips notes that oracle vm will help sap shops migrate from their foreign erp ' s to oracle applications. " we want to help customers integrate their software with third - party applications made in germany, " he said at openworld. - consolidating heterogeneous environments - oracle vm is useful for shops that wish to consolidate different applications onto a single hardware platform. a common example is running windows side - by - side with unix ( hp / ux, solaris, aix, linux ) on a large monolithic server. for example, instead of buying six 2 cpu servers, you can buy one 4 cpu 64 - bit server with 16 gb ram, and save a bundle of cash. for details, see my notes on the trend towards oracle server consolidation. - oracle olap consolidation - mark rittman notes the benefits of running oracle 10g r2 with virtualization with the oracle business intelligence suite ( olap ). - oracle application server - oracle application server can be run with oracle on a single server using vm. john garmany has some good notes on oracle app server and virtualization. - students - using virtualization is popular among people who want to learn rac on a personal computer, whereby vm can allow a single server to mimic several rac nodes. the second age of mainframe computing the early 21st century is seeing the second age of mainframe computing, a change away from the minicomputer hardware architectures of past decades. instead of small, independent servers, the major hardware vendors are pushing large servers with transparent sharing of hardware resources, coining the term " partitionable servers. " but how does oracle vm fit into these existing virtualization techniques? there are some shortcomings of oracle vm : - unshared resources - server resources cannot be easily shared, and it counteracts the goal of server consolidation to leverage on a massive shared computing resource. - measurable overhead - we must remember that oracle vm imposes some overhead, and a savvy dba will always perform a workload benchmark using other alternatives ( containers, para - virtualization ) before choosing virtualization. - bad for the dba job market - server consolidation is bad for the dba job market because one of the


it must be noted that a file does not have an inherent " content - type " per se. a file is a bunch of bytes, and has a name. when you download a file from a web server, the server infers a content - type ( such as " application / pdf " ) from whatever clues it can find, mostly the so - called " extension " ( the few letters at the end of the file name ; e. g. ". pdf " is assumed to indicate a pdf file ), and sometimes the file contents themselves : for instance, when a web server distributes an html file, it also looks within the file header for a " meta " tag which would override the default choice for content - type, like this : < meta http - equiv = " content - type " content = " text / html ; charset = utf - 8 " / > so you have two operations on your server : upload, and download. upload is mostly safe : the file comes, and is stored. download can be a worry : when an administrator will download a file, he will do so by clicking on some link within a web browser, and the web server will infer a content - type, as described above. the web browser will then use the content - type to decide what to do with the downloaded file, and this might not necessarily be " suggest to the user to save it somewhere ". for instance, if someone uploads a so you should filter the content - types under which you will serve the files when downloaded ; and mind the file name, too, because even if the file is just saved on the administrator system, it may still be a. exe file which the administrator will execute when clicking on it. moreover, allowing any kind of file to appear on your server may be an indirect tool to leverage an attack. there are some security holes in which the attacker can somehow force the execution of an arbitrary file on the server ; an unfiltered upload mechanism allows the attacker to first push exactly the kind of executable file he would like to see executed on the server.


what you can do about elder abuse alaina williams | jul 3, 2012, 2 : 48 p. m. in a recent study cited by the agency on aging, approximately 11 percent of us seniors surveyed had experienced some type of abuse or potential neglect during the previous year. additionally, writes the national center for victims of crime, older adults suffer greater physical, psychological, and financial loss when victimized compared with younger victims. for example, a study done by the metlife mature market institute found that older americans lose an estimated minimum of $ 2. 9 billion annually due to elder abuse. however, it is suspected that the abuse is underreported. the national center on elder abuse at american public human services association suggests that elder abuse is both under - identified and under - reported - it is possible that as few as 1 in 14 cases of elder abuse are reported. what is elder abuse? elder abuse refers to intentional or neglectful acts by caregiver or trusted individual that leads to, or may lead to, harm of a vulnerable elder, explains the national center on elder abuse. some types of elder abuse can be categorized as physical ( use of force to threaten or physically injure ), emotional ( verbal attacks, threats, rejection, isolation, or other acts that cause mental anguish or distress ), sexual abuse ( coerced sexual contact ), exploitation ( theft, fraud, misuse of authority ), neglect ( failure or refusal to provide for safety, physical, or emotional needs ), and abandonment ( deserting an older adult in need of care ). when an older adult is being abused in one of these ways, they may exhibit certain markers. physical and sexual abuse cause more apparent indicators : unexplained sexually transmitted diseases, slap marks, unexplained welts, bruises, cuts, or burns. emotional or abuse by neglect, as well as financial exploitation, have indicators as well. those suffering emotional abuse may exhibit unusual changes in behavior, like withdrawal from normal activities or decreased alertness. when neglected, a person may lack basic hygiene, sufficient food, or clean and appropriate clothing. they may also have been denied medical aids such as glasses, teeth, or a walker by their caregiver. financial exploitation may be indicated by altered wills and trusts, unusual bank withdrawals, loss of property, or any sudden change in finances. this type of abuse may mean a caregiver with primary control over a senior ’ s finances deny them amenities they can easily afford, or when an older adult has been


unusual bank withdrawals, loss of property, or any sudden change in finances. this type of abuse may mean a caregiver with primary control over a senior ’ s finances deny them amenities they can easily afford, or when an older adult has been made to sign legal documents they are unable to understand. financial abuse results when a person is somehow coerced into giving up decision - making in regards to their own money and estate. how to get support if you or someone you know is a victim of elder abuse, it is important to remember that there are resources that exist to offer you support. visit the illinois state department on aging site at www. state. il. us / aging to learn more about your rights, and the elder abuse protection act. since abuse may cause both physical and emotional wounds, seek emotional supports as well. speaking about your experience with friends or family, for example, may be helpful, or joining a local support group. you can call the eldercare location ( 800 - 677 - 1116 ) to learn about local programs and services, including support and legal assistance. you can also contact the national domestic violence hotline ( 800 - 799 - 7233 ) to be connected to social services, support resources, and legal advocacy programs. and, although it may be scary, reporting is the best way to notify the proper authorities and end the abuse.


theme : david the songwriter. scripture : 2 samuel 22 main point : sing! our god is worthy of praise! supplies : bible, play dough, blank paper, pencils / crayons, visuals from the song and a recording or video of a storm for them to listen to ( see auditory / visual center below ), cd player, red streamers, bolts of lightning made from poster board, any other props for role play. you will also need at least three teachers who are comfortable leading the three centers. teachers : take this lesson, study it, and make it your own. allow the truths of the scripture to sink into your own heart. know what you are saying and say it with confidence. passion and voice inflection are essential with preschoolers. repeat the main point over and over again. coloring sheet ( 10 minutes ) have the coloring sheets ready when the children first enter the classroom from the assembly. ask the following questions while the children are coloring : - what are the children in the picture doing? playing the drums, raising hands, and singing. - do you like to sing? what do you like to sing about? - why do we sing to god? because he is worthy of praise. story circle ( 15 minutes ) main point : sing! our god is worthy of praise! repeat this over and over again. get the kids to say it with you every time you see it written in bold. this should be the one thing that the kids remember from the day. i. hook – introduce the lesson. this is short and simple since there will be so much going on in the book section. ii. book – read the passage. divide the children into groups to experience the story in the three sensory centers. time permitting, you can allow the children to switch centers, but it may best for them to choose what they would like to do the best. iii. look – god is our ultimate rescuer through christ. he is worthy of all of our praise! * * please note : the day before, organize your room into three centers, as described below. - option one : have the children make with play - doh what they hear as you read david ’ s song to them. have several examples ready for them ( e. g., david stuck in the waves of death, a fortress that represents our god, clouds, lightning, the rescue from the deep water, arrows, lamp, shield, or even a battle scene where god rescues david from his enemies, the giants ). read the verses


in the waves of death, a fortress that represents our god, clouds, lightning, the rescue from the deep water, arrows, lamp, shield, or even a battle scene where god rescues david from his enemies, the giants ). read the verses over again to the children and let them use their creativity. - option two : let the children draw what they hear as you read the song to them with pencils or crayons. - act out the descriptions in the song ( verses 5 - 18 would work best for this. several children can play the part of david, who is in deep distress and needs to be rescued. others can act out the part of our rescuer. have props available like red streamers for fire and bolts of lightning made from poster board. - listen to the sounds of a storm. play a recording of a storm or show a video of a storm or hurricane. have a rain stick for children to play with. - look at pictures of visuals from the song : fortresses and mountains ( vv. 3 - 4 ), oceans / hurricane ( vv. 5 - 7, 16 - 20 ), earthquake and burning coals ( vv. 8 - 9 ), storms ( 10 - 15 ), lamp and shield ( vv. 29 - 31 ) - as children are looking at the visuals, describe them by reading the verses from the song. discuss how amazing and great our god is, how helpless we would be in the midst of a hurricane, and how awesome it would to see our god coming down to rescue us like david describes. hook ( grab their attention! ) have music playing softly in the background. ask : who have we been learning about this week? ( david! ) david was a shepherd, a soldier, a warrior, and a king. david was also human and sinned like you and me. but did you know that he was also a song writer? david wrote many of the psalms found in the middle of our bible ( show them ). but today we are going to learn about a certain song he wrote after god saved him from his enemies! this is a special and beautiful song that praises our god. the main point for today is sing! our god is worthy of praise! repeat this until all the kids are able to say it together. ) book ( this is where you school them! ) say : today ’ s lesson is found in 2 samuel, chapter 22 ( show them in your bible ). david had been in a great war with the philist


able to say it together. ) book ( this is where you school them! ) say : today ’ s lesson is found in 2 samuel, chapter 22 ( show them in your bible ). david had been in a great war with the philistines, with giants from gath like the champion goliath. he had grown weary! on the day when the lord saved him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of saul, david spoke to the lord the words of a beautiful song. this song is all about our great god! in this song, we see how great and mighty he is! listen closely because you will need to know all about this song in order to do our fun activities! you know that means? you need to turn up your ears and turn down your mouths so you won ’ t miss a thing! ( demonstrate. ) 3 the lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer, my god my rock, in whom i take refuge, my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold and my refuge, my savior ; you save me from violence. 4 i call upon the lord who is worthy to be praised, and i am saved from my enemies. 5 for the waves of death encompassed me, the torrents of destruction assailed me ; 6 the cords of sheol entangled me ; the snares of death confronted me. 7 in my distress i called upon the lord ; to my god i called. from his temple he heard my voice, and my cry came to his ears. 8 then the earth reeled and rocked ; the foundations of the heavens trembled and quaked, because he was angry. 9 smoke went up from his nostrils, and devouring fire from his mouth ; glowing coals flamed forth from him. 10 he bowed the heavens and came down ; thick darkness was under his feet. 11 he rode on a cherub and flew ; he was seen on the wings of the wind. 14 the lord thundered from heaven, and the most high uttered his voice. 15 and he sent out arrows and scattered them ; lightning, and routed them. 17 he sent from on high, he took me ; he drew me out of many waters. 18 he rescued me from my strong enemy, from those who hated me, for they were too mighty for me. 29 for you are my lamp, o lord, and my god lightens my darkness. 30 for by you i can run against a troop, and by my god i can leap over a


who hated me, for they were too mighty for me. 29 for you are my lamp, o lord, and my god lightens my darkness. 30 for by you i can run against a troop, and by my god i can leap over a wall. 31 this god — his way is perfect ; the word of the lord proves true ; he is a shield for all those who take refuge in him. 50 “ for this i will praise you, o lord, among the nations, and sing praises to your name. 51 great salvation he brings to his king, and shows steadfast love to his anointed, to david and his offspring forever. ” say : we have three centers that will help you learn more about who god is in this song. in one center, you can make or draw things from the song about david and god. in the second center, you can act out the neat things god does in the song as he rescues david. in the last center, you will have something special to listen to and pictures to look at from the song! do : divide the children into three groups. encourage them to pick which center they are most likely to enjoy. if time permits, you can allow them to switch centers. look ( look at your heart. what should you do? ) do : gather the children you once more, in one group. ask : why did david write this song? ( to praise god after he rescued him. ) say : david loved god. he praised him because of who he is and what he had done. god had rescued david many, many times from bad situations! he knew god was great and mighty! he knew god was worthy of all of his praise! ask : have you ever been in a hard situation that you wanted to be rescued from? ( if they need help, give an example from your own life that was hard. ) we may not get into situations like david did with giants! but hard things will come to us in life. know that god will always be there. he is our rescuer! call out to him! and when he rescues you, praise him! sing! our god is worthy of praise! say : god has already rescued all of us through sending jesus to die on the cross for our sins. because jesus died and rose from the grave, we can now be forgiven from our sins, know god deeply, and one day spend the rest of forever with him! he rescued us from our sins, and for this reason, we can always have the


because jesus died and rose from the grave, we can now be forgiven from our sins, know god deeply, and one day spend the rest of forever with him! he rescued us from our sins, and for this reason, we can always have the strength to sing! sing! our god is worthy of praise! do : praise god together through prayer snack & memory ( 15 minutes ) at the appointed point in the schedule, a team will bring snacks to your classroom. while they are passing out the snack, take time to review today ’ s memory verse, show the kids the visual illustration of the story, and review the story using the following questions : psalm 96 : 2 – “ sing to the lord, praise his name ; proclaim his salvation day after day. ” - what did david write? a song - what was the song about? how god saved david from all of his enemies. - how is god described in the song? he is like a mighty fortress. he is a hero who rescues david from the waves. he is described as david ’ s shield and protector. - why do we sing? because god is worthy of praise! bible learning activities ( 20 minutes ) say : today we have been learning about how david was a songwriter. he wrote songs to tell others about god ’ s goodness and greatness. we sing about god to tell others about the wonderful things he has done. sing! our god is worthy of praise! teachers : if you are teaching toddlers, it will be important to pre - cut as many of the microphones as possible before class time say : now, we ’ re going to decorate microphones and practice singing praises to god. have the children color the microphone, cut it out, and sing! big games ( 15 minutes ) * * three and four year - olds will not have an organized big games time, but some games have been provided below for use during playground time. kindergarten leaders will not be responsible for leading these games. the leaders at the big games area will lead big games for kindergartners. fruit basket turnover – everyone in the group should sit in a circle. they should each be given the name of a fruit. apple, orange, banana. when their fruit name is called they should run to change places with someone else that has the same fruit name. so all apples should switch with all apples. during the game the leader should shout “ fruit basket turnover!!! ” and all of the kids should change seats with someone. written by : kara jenkins coloring sheets and


mission type : flyby launch vehicle : 8k78 ( no. t103 - 16 ) launch site : niip - 5 / launch site 1 spacecraft mass : 893. 5 kg spacecraft instruments : 1 ) imaging system and 2 ) magnetometer spacecraft dimensions : 3. 3 m long and 1. 0 m in diameter ( 4 m across with the solar panels and radiators deployed ) deep space chronicle : a chronology of deep space and planetary probes 1958 - 2000, monographs in aerospace history no. 24, by asif a. siddiqi national space science data center, http : / / nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov / the second of three soviet spacecraft intended for the 1962 mars launch window, mars 1 was the first spacecraft sent by any nation to fly past mars. its primary mission was to photograph the surface. this time the upper stage successfully fired the probe toward mars, but immediately after engine cutoff, controllers discovered that pressure in one of the nitrogen gas bottles for the spacecraft ' s attitude - control system had dropped to zero ( due to incomplete closure of a valve ). on 6 and 7 november 1962, controllers used a backup gyroscope system to keep the solar panels constantly exposed to the sun during the coast phase, although further midcourse corrections became impossible. controllers maintained contact with the vehicle until 21 march 1963, when the probe was 106 million kilometers from earth. mars 1 eventually silently flew by mars at a distance of 197, 000 kilometers on 19 june 1963. prior to loss of contact, scientists were able to collect data on interplanetary space ( on cosmic - ray intensity, earth ' s magnetic fields, ionized gases from the sun, and meteoroid impact densities ) up to a distance of 1. 24 au.


seen at the air force space and missile museum at cape canaveral air force station, florida — it ’ s a model of the dinosaur dynasoar space plane : likely the most poorly - named program ever conceived, the dynasoar ( for dynamic soaring ) was an early attempt at making a reusable manned space plane — essentially a mini - shuttle, and in some sense a follow - on to the x - 15 experimental aircraft. first proposed in 1957, the u. s. air force saw this single - seat craft as their way into space — and assigned it a dizzying future array of tasks. variants were discussed for reconnaissance, long - range weapons delivery, and even in - orbit warfare ( the soviets were planning similar vehicles at the time, so this was hardly unilateral thinking ). ultimately, the program wound down in 1963, victim of an unclear mission, escalating costs, and a hostile political environment — just months away from completion of the first flight - worthy vehicle. in its early days, dynasoar was hobbled by the eisenhower administration ’ s desire to avoid military competition with nasa ’ s mission of manned orbital flight. once the kennedy administration was in place, defense secretary mcnamara ultimately cancelled dynasoar in favor of military use of the gemini spacecraft that nasa was then developing ( although it too would soon be cancelled ).


there are multiple variations of if statements : the simple if construct is used to evaluate a boolean condition and execute an appropriate set of commands. for instance the following example determines whether the current day of the week is friday : if datepart ( dw, getdate ( ) ) = 6 begin print ' tgi friday ' end we can easily extend the same construct by adding an else clause to take the alternative course of action and calculate the number of days before friday : if datepart ( dw, getdate ( ) ) = 6 begin print ' tgi friday ' end else begin select ' sorry, friday is ' + convert ( varchar ( 1 ), ( 6 - datepart ( dw, getdate ( ) ) ) ) + ' days away ' end alternatively we can determine the boolean value of a condition based on the outcome of a select statement : if ( select count ( * ) from authors ) > 20 print ' authors table contains more than 20 records ' note : if you wish to execute multiple statements depending on the value of a condition, be sure to enclose those statements within a begin end block ometimes you have to check for multiple conditions and control your program accordingly. you can do so by combining these conditions with and and or within the simple if construct. the following example demonstrates two conditions combined with and operator : if ( select count ( * ) from authors ) > 20 and ( select count ( * ) from authors where state = ' ca ' ) > 0 print ' authors table contains more than 20 records ' select cast ( ( select count ( * ) from authors where state = ' ca ' ) as varchar ( 2 ) ) + ' of them are from california ' the previous query will return the number of authors in ca only if the authors table contains any authors from that state and only if the total number of authors is greater than 20. therefore the and operator returns true only if both parts of the condition are true. you can also combine conditions with the or operator, which checks both conditions and returns true if one of them is true or if both of them are true. the or operator returns false if both parts of the condition are false. although you can use the or operator within a simple if construct it is not recommended to do so. if you have to check for multiple conditions combined with or logic, it is recommended to use either nested if statements or case operator. if exists construct checks for the existence of a record fitting a specified criterion or any records in


recommended to do so. if you have to check for multiple conditions combined with or logic, it is recommended to use either nested if statements or case operator. if exists construct checks for the existence of a record fitting a specified criterion or any records in the specified table and takes action accordingly. this is a great approach to take if you don ' t have to retrieve any values from a table. since you cannot do any data retrieval with exists, the select statement within the exists clause does not have to specify any column names - the " * " operator will suffice. in fact if exists will be more efficient than if select. the following example checks whether there are any authors from ks in the authors table : if exists ( select * from authors where state = ' ks ' ) print ' found author ( s ) from ks ' as we noted earlier, if you have to check multiple conditions you can use nested if else statements. these should be handled with care and appropriately indented to make the code readable. if you ' ve used any other programming language you ' ll find t - sql nested ifs very easy to get used to. the following example executes appropriate user stored procedures depending on the price of " abc " stocks : declare @ stock _ price smallmoney select @ stock _ price = stock _ price from high _ yield _ stock where stock _ symbol = ' abc ' if @ stock _ price > 10. 01 begin exec usp _ alert _ for _ high _ prices end else if @ stock _ price between 5. 01 and 10. 00 begin exec usp _ notify _ managers end else exec usp _ alert _ for _ price _ drop if the outer condition evaluates to true, the inner conditions will not be checked. this is especially useful if the evaluation criteria require multi - table joins or searches which are resource intensive. if not ( select count ( * ) from sales where ord _ date between ' 1 / 1 / 95 ' and ' 12 / 31 / 95 ' ) > 0 begin print ' no sales have been recorded in 1995 ' end


rabbi dovid stein, star - k israel representative when a tourist comes to israel from the diaspora one of the things he has to get used to is the mitzvos hatluot b ' aretz, the mitzvos that are unique to israel. after he gets through taking trumah and maaser, tithing, and makes sure he doesn ' t come during shmitta ( beware next year! ) he is suddenly hit with orla. and when he asks how to cope with this unfamiliar problem he is sometimes given a chart with a list of fruits and orla percentages which, if he isn ' t totally confused, the charts will certainly finish off the job. " what do all these percentages mean? and why, " he asks, " can ' t someone give me a yes or no answer instead of these percentages? " so what do the percentages on these fruit charts mean? in order to understand what the charts mean it is necessary to understand the halachic problems of orla in eretz yisroel today. fruits produced during the first three years of a trees growth are prohibited. with new agricultural advances, especially in israel, which in many ways has the most advanced agriculture in the world, trees now give good fruit in their second year of growth. furthermore, the older and taller the tree the more time and money it takes to pick. it makes economic sense, in trees like peaches, to uproot some trees every few years and plant again. other fruits that are commonly replanted are seedless grapes, where shoots are being continuously put into the ground1, and pomegranates, that have new branches coming up directly from the ground. the charts indicate the percentage of orla found in the field of each type of fruit picked. those varieties that have no orla or negligable amounts of orla, i. e, less than. 5 %, would not present a problem. those with higher percentages require halachic scrutiny. in reading the charts it is important to realize that not all types of the same fruit have the same percentages of orla. so you may have some types of peaches with 7 % and others with 1 %. the newer charts have pictures to make it easier to identify the different types of fruit. the charts come out twice a year ; one for summer fruit and one for winter.


ssi recipients with disabilities who work and participation in 1619b data note # 12 data set : ssa supplemental security income ( ssi ) is a federally funded program that provides cash assistance for basic needs. individuals with a low - income who are over the age of 65, blind, or have a disability are eligible for assistance. ssi beneficiaries typically also receive health insurance coverage through medicaid. losing medicaid benefits can be of concern for ssi recipients with disabilities who desire to work, or are currently working. section 1619b of the social security act allows individuals to work and continue to receive medicaid assistance when their earnings are too high to qualify for ssi cash payments as long as they meet other eligibility requirements for the ssi program and continue to need medicaid in order to work. researchers explored how many ssi recipients with disabilities work and how many participate in 1619b. results are displayed in the table found on page 2. in the u. s. as a whole, 25. 7 % of working ssi recipients participated in 1619bin 2006. the percentage of working ssi recipients who participate in 1619b varied from state to state. nebraska ( 20. 4 % ), south carolina ( 20. 4 % ), and ohio ( 20. 7 % ) had the lowest, and hawaii ( 36. 5 % ), the district of columbia ( 33. 5 % ), and florida ( 33. 7 % ) had the highest percentage of employed ssi recipients participating in 1619b. additionally, researchers found a moderate, negative relationship between the number of ssi recipients with disabilities who work within a state, and the percentage that are enrolled in the 1619b program ( r = -. 363, p <. 01 ). in other words, states that have more working ssi recipients with disabilities tend to have fewer participants in the 1619b program. this could be due to a variety of factors, including but not limited to the ability of individuals to access medical insurance through employers, or the capacity of states with large ssi recipient populations to communicate information about 1619b to eligible individuals. | state | | number of ssi recipients who work | | number of 1619b participants who work | | percent of ssi recipients who work participating in 1619b | a. the social security administration identifies persons as potential participants ; the state makes final medicaid determinations. b. data are not shown to avoid disclosure of information for particular individuals.


i often see new homes built on construction sites that have turned soil. some of the soil making up these new yards are soil that was once, in many cases, over five feet deep, brought up to the surface for grading purposes. this soil is not the greatest for plant growth, it wasn ' t designed to be, and may not be appropriate for plant growth with out a lot of care and maintenance. so what do we need to do to fix our soil problems? lucky for you and i, we don ' t have to have the answers. there is no book that can tell you your soil conditions as they are drastically different from site to site, and often neighbors will have completely different soil profiles, even thought they are in such close proximity! soil tests are the best and most effective way to ensure you are getting a full and accurate profile of your planting area. these tests used to be troublesome and expensive, but now you can get a professional lab to test a soil sample for mere dollars. one great resource is the university of missouri extension right here in saint peters. they offer soil testing at reasonable prices and have very clear results. a basic soil sample will usually include nutrient levels and ph, which is very important. for instance, a soil sample may show a large amount of iron in the soil, but a high ph. this high ph causes bounding of the iron to soil particles where it is not accessible to plants, so though you have plenty of it, the plant can ' t use it! so these soil samples are not always night and day. to supplement a soil sample from a reputable laboratory will often explain these things in an attached letter, and even make recommendations on how to correct your soil issues. plants, trees, and turf in general, are using reserves in their root systems from the past fall, so supplemental fertilizer is a waste in the spring! get a soil sample now to start preparing the soil for when our plants start to utilize the nutrients around them in middle to late spring, and remember, a good healthy organic soil will help sustain itself! happy spring!


" the concept that guerrilla warfare is an end in itself and that guerrilla activities can be divorced from those of the regular forces is incorrect. " - the maji maji war, in southwestern tanganyika ( 1905 - 1907 ), sparked by german efforts to confiscate tribal lands and institute forced labor on cotton plantations, left 15 europeans and 389 of their african mercenaries dead, as well as some 300, 000 tribesmen, the latter mostly from starvation and disease due to a systematic campaign to destroy their crops and carry off their cattle. - by the end of june of 1940, in the aftermath of the fall of france and the evacuation of over 330, 000 british and french troops from dunquerque, a further 150, 000 allied troops from other ports, and the surrender of france to the germans, the u. s. had initiated the shipment to britain of 500, 000 enfield rifles and 80, 000 machine guns, with 130 million rounds of ammunitions, as well as nearly 1, 000 pieces of artillery with a million rounds, along with other materiel. - during world war i approximately 14, 000 swiss citizens served in the french foreign legion, of whom half died in combat. - the last notable occasion on which elephants played a role on a “ western ” battlefield seems to have been at thapsus ( feb 5, 46 bc ) in what is now tunisia, when about thirty were employed by publius cornelius scipio salvito and king juba of numidia, though they did not prevent caesar from achieving a crushing victory. - on june 5, 1916, the second day of russia ’ s “ brusilov offensive, ” the austro - hungarian 1st ( vienna ) reserve rifle regiment lost 77 percent of its personnel killed in action and most of the rest wounded, captured, or both. - during the south african war ( 1899 - 1902 ), morning post correspondent winston churchill, officially on leave from the army, was being paid £250 month, plus expenses, arguably equal to £20, 000 today. - roman catholics, who numbered about a fifth of the u. s. population during world war i, comprised 35 percent of american servicemen. - at the time of the japanese attack on pearl harbor, on december 7, 1941, the imperial army had over one million troops in china, where ongoing combat operations since 1937 had already cost about 180, 000 dead and 425, 000 wounded, and another 700, 000 in manchuria, watching the soviets. of " al nofi ' s ci


let us now turn our attention to the theological teachings of the jahmiyya, [ who trace their name and origin to jahm ibn safwan abu muhriz ]. peculiar to jahm ibn safwan is the assertion that, although certain effects may appear to be produced by human causation, it is only in a metaphorical sense [ ' ala ' l - majaz ] that the origin of such effects can be attributed to the human being, not as a matter of reality [ la ' ala ' l - haqiqa ]. [ in other words, to attribute any action to a human being is merely a figure of speech ], just as it is when one says : " the date palm grew tall, and the fruit ripened. " he always refused to profess the doctrine that allah is cognizant of things prior to their coming into existence [ ' alim bi ' l - ashya ' i qabla kawniha ]. he maintained that the garden of paradise and the fire of hell will eventually cease to exist. he also denied the reality of the [ divine ] attributes [ sifat ]. the theological school [ madhhab ] founded by jahm was located in a town called tirmidh, or, according to some authorities, in marw. he is the author of a literary work on the negation of the [ divine ] attributes. he was put to death by muslim ibn ahwad al - marwani.


footage from the following three short newsreels were selected in order to show the prevailing anti - nuclear sentiment in parts of the japanese public during the 1950s and 1960s. at the height of the protests against the treaty of mutual cooperation and security between the united states and japan ( anpo joyaku ) in 1960, hundreds of thousands of japanese took their anger to the streets in front of the national diet. considering such background, it may be hard to grasp at first why relatively few protesters have rallied against nuclear energy during the height of the fukushima nuclear crisis so far. to put things into perspective, in the period of time immediately preceding fukushima, fewer than 50 people would have typically demonstrated at any given time ; the demonstrations of 10 april 2011, in which approximately 17, 500 people marched in tokyo and elsewhere in japan, thus marks a dramatic increase. however, comparing contemporary demonstrations with those seen in the newsreel footage shown here, or with concurrent demonstrations in germany this spring that have attracted 250, 000 protesters, japan ’ s protest movement remains comparatively small. how did what seems a largely uncritical acceptance of nuclear energy in japan come to the fore? – christian dimmer british pathe. 1957. atom fear stirs japan. video, from british pathe video film archive, http : / / www. britishpathe. com / record. php? id = 66625 opening with the remarkable line, “ radioactive rain brings new fears to atom - conscious japan, ” this snippet shows the strong public concern over british and russian nuclear tests that have caused radioactive rain in japan. over 15, 000 protest in front of the british embassy and umbrellas become a sales hit. british pathe. 1957. jap protest. video, from british pathe video film archive, http : / / www. britishpathe. com / record. php? id = 32824 “ stop the tests, ” demonstrators in tokyo demand in the aftermath of american and russian nuclear tests. the strong anti - nuclear sentiment is further heightened by britain ’ s announcement to also begin with hydrogen bomb tests. subsequently, protests by “ japs, ” as the announcer describes ( a term that gained a derogatory connotation during world war ii, now considered an ethnic slur ), are staged in front of the american, russian and british embassies in tokyo. british pathe. 1962. ban the bomb demonstration in tokyo. video, from british pathe video film archive, http : / / www. britishpathe. com


this product is a student study guide for the book the scarlet pimpernel by baroness emmuska orczy. the book is split into six units, and those are split into the five - day school week. each unit is designed to take exactly one week. the curriculum exposes the child to reading, writing, analyzing the book, vocabulary, spelling, and grammar. in the reading section, the student reads the assigned portion of the book, usually 40 - 50 pages. the same day he / she answers questions about the events in the book and analyzes the book in the enrichment / writing section. this includes questions about the author ' s style, and writing your own essay or paragraph on a certain topic in the assigned passage. in the vocabulary section, the student is first given a word in a sentence and is asked to derive the meaning of the word from context. the rest of the week, the student works on exercises to aid in remembering the meaning of the word. the spelling words and the vocabulary word are the same ; so while working on the spelling flash cards, the child can also see the vocabulary meaning on the back. the spelling section also includes the latin counterparts for the words. in the grammar section of the book, the student has passages from scripture dictated him the first two days. the third day, there is a dictation from the book itself, relating to the passages of scripture. the fourth day, the student must correct errors in a given sentence. on the fifth and final day, the student is told to write a paragraph explaining the relevance of the scripture dictations to the book dictation. this curriculum is tailored to a child between the ages of 12 and 15. this program is exclusively for a homeschooling environment, considering how it allows the student to work independently without the help of a teacher. this product is very effective for teaching spelling, vocabulary, grammar, and writing. i was very impressed by how the vocabulary, spelling and grammar sections were centered on the same set of words. instead of having three different programs to teach these things, you can have one program that uses the same words. on the other hand, the analysis part of the curriculum is slightly inadequate. instead of using the bible as the plumb line, the student is just asked to explain why certain characters did what they did. this is one of the best products for teaching the art of language. without a doubt, i would buy this product if it were not already in my possession.


note : the following is a brief six - page excerpt from a 60 page chapter on the origins of the american empire at the end of world war ii. the chapter, nearly complete, is one of several chapters in a book being funded and facilitated through the people ’ s book project, which is aimed at producing a multi - volume book on a modern history of institutions and ideas of power and resistance. included within the volumes are : the emergence of nation - states, capitalism, and central banking ; the rise of the european empires and colonization ; the emergence of new dynastic powers, namely the banking and industrial families of the rothschilds, rockefellers, morgans, et. al. ; the development of the mass education system as a means of social control ; the emergence and evolution of university education, the social sciences, and the formation of new concepts of social control and methods of social engineering ; the development, purpose, and effects of philanthropic foundations on society ; the emergence and evolution of the consumer culture, advertising, public relations, and advanced systems of propaganda ; the development of the ‘ modern institutional society ’, with an examination of the different brands in communist, fascist, and liberal democratic states ; the development and intent of the welfare state, social services, and management of the poor ; the effect of two world wars, and the formation of the american empire with its political, military, intelligence, economic, financial, and cultural apparatus and institutions of expansion, including the american foundations, think tanks, world bank, imf, un, nato, cia, pentagon, etc. ; the role of international think tanks like the bilderberg group and the trilateral commission in shaping and re - shaping world order and expanding dominance and control of the world ; the formation of an apparatus of global governance and the ideology of globalism ; population control and the environmental movement ; and finally the emergence, evolution, and role of science, technology, psychology, and psychiatry on the development of a global scientific dictatorship … and what we can do to change all of this! the above is not even an exhaustive list of the scope of this multi - volume book. over 500 pages has been written thus far, and there is a great deal more to go, at which point the end result will be broken up into relevant sections as a complete volume on the modern history of ideas and institutions of power in our world, asking and answering the questions : what is the nature of our global society? how did we get here? who brought us here? when did this begin? where


as a complete volume on the modern history of ideas and institutions of power in our world, asking and answering the questions : what is the nature of our global society? how did we get here? who brought us here? when did this begin? where are we going? why? … and what can we do to change it. the people ’ s book project is currently in need of support, as it has run out of funds. please donate to help ensure that this project can move forward and help support an effort to provide a new examination of our world, and a new understanding in how we can go about changing it! thank you. chapter excerpt : the making of the american empire the process of establishing an american empire during and after world war ii was not – as has been postulated ( by those who even admit there is such a thing as an ‘ american empire ’ ) – an ‘ accident ’ of history, something america seemingly stumbled into as a result of its unhindered economic growth and military - political position as arbiter of world peace and prosperity. a vast literature has developed in the academic realm and policy circles – particularly within political science and the think tank community, respectively – which postulates a notion of ‘ american empire ’ or ‘ american hegemony ’ as accidental, incidental, benevolent, reluctant, and desirable. robert kagan is a prominent american neoconservative historian. he is a senior fellow at the prestigious think tank, the brookings institution, was a founder of the neoconservative think tank, the project for the new american century ( pnac ), formerly worked at the state department in the reagan administration under secretary of state, george shultz, and served for over a decade as a senior associate with the carnegie endowment for international peace, and is, of course, a member of the council on foreign relations. kagan has written a great deal on the notion of american hegemony. as he wrote in the journal, foreign policy, in 1998, “ the truth about america ’ s dominant role in the world is known to most clear - eyed international observers. ” this truth, according to kagan, “ is that the benevolent hegemony exercised by the united states is good for a vast portion of the world ’ s population. ” samuel huntington, another council member and prominent american strategist, wrote that, “ a world without u. s. primacy will be a world with more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than a world where the united


population. ” samuel huntington, another council member and prominent american strategist, wrote that, “ a world without u. s. primacy will be a world with more violence and disorder and less democracy and economic growth than a world where the united states continues to have more influence than any other country shaping global affairs. ” this “ benevolent empire ” – as kagan titles his article – rests on such fundamental ideas as the notion “ that american freedom depends on the survival and spread of freedom elsewhere, ” and that, “ american prosperity cannot occur in the absence of global prosperity. ” for half a century, kagan wrote, americans “ have been guided by the kind of enlightened self - interest that, in practice, comes dangerously close to resembling generosity. ” sebastian mallaby, a senior fellow at the council on foreign relations, former editorial board member and columnist at the washington post as well as correspondent and bureau chief for the economist, wrote in the journal foreign affairs, that “ empire ’ s are not always planned, ” referring to america as “ the reluctant imperialist. ” lawrence summers, another prominent economist, politician, and policy - maker for the clinton and obama administrations, referred to america as “ history ’ s only nonimperialist superpower. ” niall ferguson, a prominent british liberal economic historian, has written extensively on the open acknowledgement of “ american empire, ” but stipulates, as he did in his book colossus, “ that the united states is an empire and that this might not be wholly bad. ” referring to america as an “ unconscious colossus, ” ferguson stressed that, “ a self - conscious american imperialism might well be preferable to the available alternatives. ” ferguson in fact stresses the need for americans to “ recognize the imperial characteristics of their own power today [ writing in 2005 ] and, if possible, to learn from the achievements and failures of past empires. ” this, ferguson felt, would reduce the so - called “ perils ” of being an “ empire in denial. ” arthur schlesinger, jr., famed american liberal historian and adviser to president kennedy, wrote that the united states enjoys “ an informal empire – military bases, status - of - forces agreements, trade concessions, multinational corporations, cultural penetrations, and other favors, ” yet, contends schlesinger, “ these are marginal to the subject of direct control, ” and instead, “ far from ruling an empire in the old sense, ” america “ has become the virtual prisoner of its


and other favors, ” yet, contends schlesinger, “ these are marginal to the subject of direct control, ” and instead, “ far from ruling an empire in the old sense, ” america “ has become the virtual prisoner of its client states. ” some other commentators referred to america as a “ virtual ” or even “ inadvertent ” imperial power. the notion of america as a “ reluctant imperialist ” or a “ benevolent empire ” is not a new one. this has been the mainstay within the academic literature and policy - planning circles to both advocate for and justify the existence of american domination of the world. the concept of the reluctant, yet benevolent great power presents an image of a dutiful personage coming to the aid of those in need, following the responsibility which is derived from great power ; that america ’ s rise to economic prominence – also seen as the product of free and democratic initiative and ideals ( thus negating america ’ s long history of being a slave state and subsequently a brutal industrial society ) – was the precursor to america being thrown the title of ‘ global power, ’ and with that title bestowed upon it – like a child - king still unsure of his own abilities to rule – took up the activities of a global power with a desire to bring the rest of the world the same altruistic truths and enlightened ideals which made america flourish so ; that america ’ s gift to the world was to spread freedom and democracy, in the economic, political, and social spheres. this myth has been a constant foundation for the advocacy and justification of empire. its importance rests most especially on the ideals and global public opinion which prevailed as the great european empires waned and ultimately collapsed through two world wars. the colonized peoples of the world had had enough of empire, had suffered so immeasurably and consistently under its tutelage, that the concept of empire was so discredited in the eyes of the world ’ s majority as to be incapable of justifying in the formal imperial - colonial sense. at home, america ’ s domestic political situation and public opinion had been largely isolationist, seeking to refrain from an expansive foreign policy, leading many american presidents and strategists to bemoan the struggle for empire beyond the continent on the reluctance of the american people and congress to pursue aggressive expansionism ( save for the expansion across the continent, wiping out native american populations for american lebensraum and the slow, increasing expression of trans - sovereign rights in latin america


continent on the reluctance of the american people and congress to pursue aggressive expansionism ( save for the expansion across the continent, wiping out native american populations for american lebensraum and the slow, increasing expression of trans - sovereign rights in latin america, long considered “ america ’ s backyard ” ). world war ii, then, presented a new opportunity, and a new challenge for america in the world. the opportunity was to become the worlds most powerful empire history had ever witnessed ; the challenge, then, was to justify it in explicitly anti - imperial rhetoric. america, thus, was not a reluctant or accidental empire, nor, for that matter, a benevolent one. america was chosen to be an empire ; it was strategised, discussed, debated, planned and implemented. the key architects of this empire were the bankers and corporations which arose out of america ’ s industrial revolution in the late 19th century, the philanthropic foundations they established in the early 20th century, the prominent think tanks created throughout the first half of the 20th century, and the major academics, strategists and policy - makers who emerged from the foundation - funded universities, institutes, think tanks, and the business community, and who dominated the corridors of power in the planning circles that made policy. no sooner had world war ii begun than american strategists began calling for a new global american empire. henry r. luce, a yale graduate and founder of time magazine, life, and fortune, was among america ’ s most influential publishers in the first half of the 20th century. a strong supporter of the republican party and virulent anti - communist, luce was also a staunch advocate of fascism in europe – notably mussolini ’ s italy and nazi germany – as a means of preventing the spread of communism. in 1941, luce wrote a famous article in life entitled, “ the american century, ” in which he stated that, “ the 20th century must be to a significant degree an american century. ” luce wrote that america has “ that indefinable, unmistakable sign of leadership : prestige. ” as such, unlike past empires like rome, genghis khan, or imperial britain, “ american prestige throughout the world is faith in the good intentions as well as the ultimate intelligence and ultimate strength of the whole american people. ” luce felt that the “ abundant life ” of america should be made available “ for all mankind, ” as soon as mankind embraces “ america ’ s vision. ” luce wrote : it must be a sharing with all peoples of our bill of


. ” luce felt that the “ abundant life ” of america should be made available “ for all mankind, ” as soon as mankind embraces “ america ’ s vision. ” luce wrote : it must be a sharing with all peoples of our bill of rights, our declaration of independence, our constitution, our magnificent industrial products, our technical skills. it must be an internationalism of the people, by the people and for the people … we must undertake now to be the good samaritan of the entire world. while luce was perhaps the first theorist to posit the specific concept of “ the american century, ” the actual work done to create this century ( or at least the latter half of it ) for america was chiefly initiated by the council on foreign relations, and the prominent strategist dean acheson, among others. as germany invaded poland in 1939, dean acheson delivered a speech at yale entitled, “ an american attitude toward foreign affairs, ” in which he articulated a vision of america in the near future, and as he later recalled, it was at the time of delivering this speech that acheson began “ work on a new postwar world system. ” acheson declared in his speech that, “ our vital interests … do not permit us to be indifferent to the outcome ” of the wars erupting in europe and asia. the causes of the war, according to acheson, were in “ the failure of some mechanisms of the nineteenth century world economy, ” which resulted in “ this break - up of the world into exclusive areas for armed exploitation administered along oriental lines. ” recreating a world peace, posited acheson, would require “ a broader market for goods made under decent standards, ” as well as “ a stable international monetary system ” and the removal of “ exclusive preferential trade agreements. ” essentially, it was an advocacy for a global liberal economic order as the means to world peace, and without a hint of irony, acheson then called for the immediate establishment of “ a navy and air force adequate to secure us in both oceans simultaneously and with striking power sufficient to reach to the other side of each of them. ” dean acheson was also closely involved in the council on foreign relations ’ plans for the shaping of the post - war world order. the council on foreign relations and the ‘ grand area ’ before america had even entered the war in late 1941, the council on foreign relations ( cfr ) was planning for america ’ s assumed entry into the war. the cfr effectively undertook a policy coup d


on foreign relations and the ‘ grand area ’ before america had even entered the war in late 1941, the council on foreign relations ( cfr ) was planning for america ’ s assumed entry into the war. the cfr effectively undertook a policy coup d ’ etat over american foreign policy with the second world war. when war broke out, the council began a “ strictly confidential ” project called the war and peace studies, in which top cfr members collaborated with the us state department in determining us policy, and the project was entirely financed by the rockefeller foundation. the war and peace studies project had come up with a number of initiatives for the post - war world. one of the most important objectives it laid out was the identification of what areas of the world america would need to control in order to facilitate strong economic growth. this came to be known as the “ grand area, ” and it included : latin america, europe, the colonies of the british empire, and all of southeast asia. southeast asia was necessary as a source of raw materials for great britain and japan and as a consumer of japanese products. the american national interest was then defined in terms of the integration and defense of the grand area, which led to plans for the united nations, the international monetary fund, and the world bank and eventually to the decision to defend vietnam from a communist takeover at all costs. in 1940, the council on foreign relations also began a wide - ranging study of the war - time economic needs of the united states ( prior to u. s. entry into the war ), called the financial and economic experts, which divided the world into four main blocs : continental europe ( which was dominated by germany at the time ), the u. s. – western hemisphere, the united kingdom and its colonial and commonwealth nations, and the far - east - pacific area, including japan, china, and the dutch east indies. the study compiled a list of each region ’ s main imports and exports. upon completion of the study in the fall of 1940, the council sent its conclusions and policy recommendations to president roosevelt and the state department. the conclusions stated that the united states needed larger export markets for its products, and specifically that the u. s. needed “ living space ” ( or as the nazi german state referred to it, lebensraum ) throughout the western hemisphere and beyond, as well as trade and “ economic integration ” with the far east and the british empire / commonwealth blocs. the report stated bluntly, “ as a minimum, the american ‘ national


lebensraum ) throughout the western hemisphere and beyond, as well as trade and “ economic integration ” with the far east and the british empire / commonwealth blocs. the report stated bluntly, “ as a minimum, the american ‘ national interests ’ involved the free access to markets and raw materials in the british empire, the far east, and the entire western hemisphere. ” this was the foundation for the grand area designs of the council in the post - war world. the grand area project emphasized that for america to manage the “ grand areas ” of the world, multilateral organizations would be needed to help facilitate “ appropriate measures in the fields of trade, investment, and monetary arrangements. ” the study further emphasized the need to maintain “ military supremacy ” in order to help facilitate control of these areas. as the council ’ s 1940 report to the u. s. state department stated : “ the foremost requirement of the united states in a world in which it proposes to hold unquestioned power is the rapid fulfillment of a program of complete re - armament, ” which would “ involve increased military expenditures and other risks. ” while the grand area project was made and designed for the united states during world war ii, it included plans for the post - war world, and included continental europe in its designs following the assumed defeat of germany. thus, as economist ismael hossein - zadeh wrote, “ making the grand area global. ” the idea behind the “ grand area ” was “ even more grandiose – one world economy dominated by the united states, ” and the study itself suggested that the grand area “ would then be an organized nucleus for building an integrated world economy after the war. ” as shoup and minter wrote in their study of the council, imperial brain trust, “ the united states had to enter the war and organize a new world order satisfactory to the united states. ” benevolent, indeed. following pearl harbor and the u. s. entry into the war, the council concluded as early as 1941 that the defeat of the axis powers was simply a matter of time. as such, they were advancing their plans for the post - war world, expanding the grand area to : include the entire globe. a new world order with international political and economic institutions was projected, which would join and integrate all of the earth ’ s nations under the leadership of the united states. the unification of the whole world was now the aim of the council [ on foreign relations ] and government planners. as a part of this planning process,


which would join and integrate all of the earth ’ s nations under the leadership of the united states. the unification of the whole world was now the aim of the council [ on foreign relations ] and government planners. as a part of this planning process, the u. s. department of state formed the advisory committee on postwar foreign policy in late december of 1941, of which the first document that was produced, “ stressed the danger of another world depression and the need to provide confidence in world economic stability. ” thus, “ the united states had to be involved with the internal affairs of the key industrial and raw materials - producing countries. ” a key question in this was, as one postwar planner articulated, “ how to create purchasing power outside of our country which would be converted into domestic purchasing power through exportation. ” the idea was about “ devising appropriate institutions ” which would fulfill this role, ultimately resting with the formation of the imf and the international bank for reconstruction and development ( later known as the world bank ). the postwar planners had to continually construct an idea of an international order, directed by the united states, which would not so easily resemble the formal colonial period or its methods of exerting hegemony. recommendations of the council suggested that such new international financial institutions were necessary in terms of “ stabilizing currencies and facilitating programs of capital investment for constructive undertakings in backward and underdeveloped regions. ” these plans included for the establishment of an international reconstruction finance corporations and an “ international investment agency which would stimulate world trade and prosperity by facilitating investment in development programs the world over. ” these plans were drafted in recommendations and given to president roosevelt and the department of state. one council member suggested that, “ it might be wise to set up two financial institutions : one an international exchange stabilization board and one an international bank to handle short - term transactions not directly concerned with stabilization. ” thus, the council drafted in 1941 and 1942 plans that would result in the formation of the world bank and the international monetary fund ( imf ), which formally emerged from the 1944 bretton woods conference, an event that is commonly acknowledged as the “ birthplace ” of the world bank and imf, thus ignoring their ideological origins at the council on foreign relations two - to - three years prior. the internal department committees established in the department of state and treasury were well represented by council members who drew up the final plans for the creation of these two major institutions. whereas the league of nations had been a major objective of the rockefeller foundation and carnegie


. the internal department committees established in the department of state and treasury were well represented by council members who drew up the final plans for the creation of these two major institutions. whereas the league of nations had been a major objective of the rockefeller foundation and carnegie corporation - funded council on foreign relations following world war i, so too was the united nations near the end of world war ii. a steering committee consisting of u. s. secretary of state cordell hull and five council on foreign relations members was formed in 1943. one of the council members, isaiah bowman, suggested a way to solve the problem of maintaining effective control over weaker territories while avoiding overt imperial conquest. at a council [ on foreign relations ] meeting in may 1942, he stated that the united states had to exercise the strength needed to assure “ security, ” and at the same time “ avoid conventional forms of imperialism. ” the way to do this, he argued, was to make the exercise of that power international in character through a united nations body. the “ secret steering committee, ” later called the informal agenda group, undertook a series of consultations and meetings with foreign governments which would be essential in creating the new institution, including the soviet union, canada, and britain, and the charter of the united nations was subsequently decided upon with the consent of president roosevelt in june 1944. the informal agenda group was made up of six individuals, including secretary of state cordell hull. all of them, with the exception of hull, were council members. president roosevelt had referred to them as “ my postwar advisers, ” and aside from formal policy recommendations, they “ served as advisers to the secretary of state and the president on the final decisions. ” by december 1943, a new member was added to the group, under secretary of state edward r. stettinius, jr., who was not only a council member, but was also a former top executive at united states steel and was the son of a partner in the j. p. morgan bank. after the group had drafted the recommendations for a united nations body, secretary hull had asked three lawyers to rule on its constitutionality. the three lawyers he chose were charles evan hughes, john w. davis, and nathan l. miller. both hughes and davis were council members, and john davis was even a former president of the council and remained as a director. john d. rockefeller jr. subsequently gifted the united nations with $ 8. 5 million in order to buy the land for its headquarters in new york city. andrew gavin marshall is an independent


even a former president of the council and remained as a director. john d. rockefeller jr. subsequently gifted the united nations with $ 8. 5 million in order to buy the land for its headquarters in new york city. andrew gavin marshall is an independent researcher and writer based in montreal, canada, writing on a number of social, political, economic, and historical issues. he is also project manager of the people ’ s book project. note : this was but a small sample from the chapter on the origins of the american empire in the post - world war ii world. the very same chapter includes the internal policy discussions relating to the formation of the cold war, the establishment of the national security state, and the advancement of policy programs aimed at securing the “ grand areas ” for american dominance around the world. the chapter also studies the emergence of the marshall plan, nato, european integration, the bilderberg group, and a number of other institutions and ideas related to establishing and expanding a ‘ new world order. ’ robert kagan, “ the benevolent empire, ” foreign policy ( no. 111, summer 1998 ), page 26. ibid, page 28. sebastian mallaby, “ the reluctant imperialist : terrorism, failed states, and the case for american empire, ” foreign affairs ( vol. 81, no. 2, march - april 2002 ), page 6. ibid, page 2. niall ferguson, “ the unconscious colossus : limits of ( & alternatives to ) american empire, ” daedalus ( vol. 134, no. 2, on imperialism, spring 2005 ), page 21. ibid, pages 21 - 22. arthur schlesinger, jr., “ the american empire? not so fast, ” world policy journal ( vol. 22, no. 1, spring 2005 ), page 45. michael cox, “ empire by denial : the strange case of the united states, ” international affairs ( vol. 81, no. 1, january 2005 ), page 18. geir lundestad, “ ‘ empire by invitation ’ in the american century, ” diplomatic history ( vol. 23, no. 2, spring 1999 ), page 189. bruce cumings, “ the american century and the third world, ” diplomatic history ( vol. 23, no. 2, spring 1999 ), page 356. ibid, pages 358 - 359. cfr, war and peace. cfr history : http : / / www. cfr. org / about / history / cfr


, no. 2, spring 1999 ), page 356. ibid, pages 358 - 359. cfr, war and peace. cfr history : http : / / www. cfr. org / about / history / cfr / war _ peace. html joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 74. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), pages 43 - 45. ibid, page 45. ibid, page 46. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), page 118. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), page 48. ibid, pages 49 - 51. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), pages 166 - 167. ibid, pages 168 - 169. joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 159. ismael hossein - zadeh, the political economy of u. s. militarism ( new york : palgrave macmillan, 2006 ), page 51. laurence h. shoup and william minter, imperial brain trust : the council on foreign relations and united states foreign policy ( authors choice press, new york : 2004 ), pages 169 - 171. joan roelofs, foundations and public policy : the mask of pluralism ( new york : state university of new york press, 2003 ), page 160.


we ’ ve been reporting on statistics from the united nations food and agriculture organization that illustrate a dire global problem : we squander nearly one third of our food through food waste ( on the consumption side ) and food losses ( on the production side ). in developed countries, over 40 % of losses come from companies and consumers throwing out perfectly good food. and on the production side, we lose enough food to feed at least 48 million people due to inefficiencies in harvesting, storage and delivery, according to the fao. the worldwatch institute is addressing the problem through its nourishing the planet project, a two - year effort to make the food system more equitable and efficient. it couldn ’ t come soon enough. — stephen lacey from the worldwatch institute : at a time when the land, water, and energy resources necessary to feed a global population of 6. 9 billion are increasingly limited — and when at least 1 billion people remain chronically hungry - food losses mean a waste of those resources and a failure of our food system to meet the needs of the poor. the worldwatch institute ’ s nourishing the planet project, a two - year evaluation of environmentally sustainable agricultural innovations to alleviate hunger, is highlighting ways to make the most of the food that is produced and to make more food available to those who need it most. according to tristram stuart, a contributing author of worldwatch ’ s state of the world 2011 : innovations that nourish the planet report, some 150 million tons of grains are lost annually in low - income countries, six times the amount needed to meet the needs of all the hungry people in the developing world. meanwhile, industrialized countries waste some 222 million tons of perfectly good food annually, a quantity nearly equivalent to the 230 million tons that sub - saharan africa produces in a year. unlike farmers in many developing countries, however, agribusinesses in industrial countries have numerous tools at their disposal to prevent food from spoiling - including pasteurization and preservation facilities, drying equipment, climate - controlled storage units, transport infrastructure, and chemicals designed to expand shelf - life. “ all this may ironically have contributed to the cornucopian abundance that has fostered a culture in which staggering levels of ‘ deliberate ’ food waste are now accepted or even institutionalized, ” writes stuart in his chapter, “ post - harvest losses : a neglected field. ” “ throwing away cosmetically ‘ imperfect ’ produce on farms, discarding edible fish at sea, over - ordering stock for supermarkets


now accepted or even institutionalized, ” writes stuart in his chapter, “ post - harvest losses : a neglected field. ” “ throwing away cosmetically ‘ imperfect ’ produce on farms, discarding edible fish at sea, over - ordering stock for supermarkets, and purchasing or cooking too much food in the home, are all examples of profligate negligence toward food. ” nourishing the planet researchers traveled to 25 countries across sub - saharan africa, meeting with 350 farmers ’ groups, ngos, government agencies, and scientists. “ this amount of loss is shocking considering that many experts estimate that the world will need to double food production in the next half - century as people eat more meat and generally eat better, ” says danielle nierenberg, nourishing the planet project director. “ it would make good sense to invest in making better use of what is already produced. ” “ humanity is approaching — and in some places exceeding — the limits of potential farmland and water supplies that can be used for farming, ” notes worldwatch institute executive director robert engelman. “ we ’ re already facing food price spikes and the early impacts of human - caused climate change on food production. we can ’ t afford to overlook simple, low - cost fixes to reduce food waste. ” nourishing the planet offers the following three low - cost approaches that can go a long way toward making the most of the abundance that our food system already produces. innovations in both the developing and industrialized worlds include : - getting surpluses to those who need it. as mountains of food are thrown out every day in the cities of rich countries, some of the poorest citizens still struggle to figure out their next meal. feeding america coordinates a nationwide network of food banks that receive donations from grocery chains. florida ’ s harry chapin food bank, one of feeding america ’ s partners, distributed 5. 2 million kilograms of food in 2010. in new york city, city harvest collects some 12. 7 million kilograms of excess food each year from restaurants, grocers, corporate cafeterias, manufacturers, and farms and delivers it to nearly 600 new york city food programs. similarly, london street foodbank utilizes volunteers to collect unused food items from london businesses and get them to food banks around the city. - raising consumer awareness and reducing waste to landfills. those who can easily afford to buy food - and throw it away - rarely consider how much they discard or find alternatives to sending unwanted food to the landfill. in 2010, however, san francisco became the first city to