s. mill in ' attributes ', three essays in religion ( 1874 ) and edgar brightman in his a philosophy of religion ( 1940, chap. 8 - 10 ) the third explanation is found within christianity. " in the first centuries of christianity there raged a battle over the integration of evil into the image of god " ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). for an answer to this anomaly christianity developed a distinctive combination of monism and dualism, a dualism which is posed as ethical within the framework of metaphysical monism. " beneath the surface of monotheism lies a concealed dualism of good and evil, and beneath that, even a polydemonism " ( ribi, 1989, p. 26 ). in this attempt, the early christian writers hoped to answer the main objection created by the introduction of evil in the world. " to many, the most powerful positive objection to belief in god is the fact of evil " ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). the problem of evil creates a theoretical problem. " if god is perfectly loving, he must wish to abolish evil ; and if he is all powerful, he must be able to abolish evil. but evil exists ; therefore god cannot be both omnipotent and perfectly loving " ( hick, 1982, p. 330 ). in answer to this problem, one can accept that god is not powerful enough to create a world that does not contain evil, or he may state that god created only good so that evil must have been generated by some other power. he may still find this inadequate and may state that god is all powerful but morally imperfect and made a decision to create an imperfect universe. most christians would find this solution objectionable in the fact that it ignores the basis of religious belief " thus the problem of evil is both real and acute. there is a clear prima facie case that evil and god are incompatible both cannot exist " ( mcclosky, 1982, p. 315 ). in christianity, the goodness and the greatness of god and the reality of evil are affirmed, but the origin of evil is still a mystery. " whatever is relegated to the unconscious, whatever is without some kind of representation in consciousness, threatens to become a demon " ( ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify


ribi, 1989, p. 3 0 ). one affirmation is through theodicies. a theodicy is a rational attempt by theists to exonerate god as the source of evil. basically, these attempts try to modify one or more of the problems of evil. there are two different foci that could be viewed in this situation. the first one is those who modify the nature of god. they believe that god is limited, and evil is a reality. this view is known as process theology and is found in liberal protestantism and liberal judaism. this view sees god as finite and in the process of struggling with evil. the other view is from those who re - define the nature of evil. these people see evil as being good. evil and suffering bring out the good in people ; therefore, evil is good. they also believe that evil comes from satan. this results in dualism, which teaches that good and evil are equal. these are two different views, but both are considered a solution in the problem with evil ( silvester, 1981 ). christians give many reasons why god has allowed evil, even if the reasons are a mystery of their own. " every communication with the divine and every religious feeling comes to consciousness only via the psyche. the psyche is thus the bearer of the imago dei ( image of god ), although we are not in a position to affirm scientifically what causes this image " ( ribi, 1989, p. 20 ). christianity and other religions usually have five basic answers to the question concerning evil. the first one is that there is not a god at all. this a common answer, but not a ' christian ' answer. the next answer is that evil is not actual. in other words, everything evil that has been done has brought some good somewhere and somehow. the next solution is that evil is just one big mystery. these are the people that feel that evil should not be questioned. then there is the solution that god is not in fact all powerful. god has many enormous powers, but there are powers that roam the earth that god has no control over. the last solution is that god is not always entirely good, god, eke humans can also have a negative side ( silvester, 1981 ). " theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but


). " theodicy, as many modem christian thinkers see it, is a modest enterprise, negative rather than positive in its conclusions. it does not claim to explain, nor to explain away, every instance of evil in human experience, but only to point to certain considerations which prevent the fact of evil ( largely incomprehensible though it remains ) from constituting a final and insuperable bar to rational beliefs in god " ( hick, 1982, p. 3 31 ). christian rationale has always considered evil in its relations to human freedom and responsibility. since man is a finite center, he possesses relative freedom, which in turn makes him / her a self - directing agent responsible for his / her decisions. " free will is not a constant or a priori quantity ; rather it is that libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness " ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). evil a theoretical foundation at this point it becomes necessary to lay a foundation for the discussion of evil in purely theoretical terms. if one begins with the pythagorean y which signified choice ( free - will ), it becomes evident how the concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem concept of good and evil takes on meaning. the central stem separates into two parts : one section flowing to the right and the other section flowing to the left. the right branch signifies divine wisdom and the other symbolizes earthly wisdom. man ( being ) in his growth ( becoming ) symbolizes the central stem of y. it is at the junction of the branches, where man must choose or not choose his path. the left - hand path follows the dictates of mans lower nature ( earthly plane ) which leads to stagnation or remaining at the same level of development. the right - hand path, signifying divine wisdom, leads to the ultimate regaining of unity with the superior sphere or totality. given that individuals are governed by the law of free will, in that every person has absolute freedom of choice and that decisions on those choices make an individual responsible for the results, then individuals, if they were not meant to make mistakes, would not subscribe to the free will system. it is the existence of free will which helps one to grow. " free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement " ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding


one to grow. " free will is mankind ' s main tool in each incarnation for learning lessons for evolvement " ( bletzer, 1986, p. 844 ). the solution to the inquiry of good and evil then lies in the understanding about the truth in human nature. according to robert ellwood in theosophy " human nature has a destiny that is only tangential to external nature, though at present painfully intertwined with it " ( ellwood, 1986, p. 151 ). the stoic chrysippus maintained that good and evil being contrary, both are necessary since each sustains the other. the idea is not that good and evil were created in some past time in static form, but that their growth is a continuous process, a continuous process and evolution from imperfection to perfection, from worst to best. therefore, one cannot say that beings are essentially evil, they are merely less perfect or evolved. we now begin to see the gradient of imperfection. if one is on a certain level, then everything below that level must be imperfect, less desirable. to lower ' standards or submit to desires is then a loss of perfection and therefore becomes a state of evil. the state of evil therefore becomes a state of imperfection in growth. " imperfect beings living in an imperfect state because of their imperfect evolutionary unfolding, or their imperfect development while this is so ; giving constant hope to imperfect beings to grow better, nevertheless hearken : this does not mean that imperfect things or beings are essentially good " ( purucker, 1973, p. 154 ). in reality, one can rationalize on a conscious level ' " evil ' thoughts, actions, or lack of actions, yet karmic law requires justification. karma adjusts each effect to its cause. it gives back to each individual the actual consequences of his own actions. we become responsible for these actions, and karma impartially returns their results to us. whenever imperfection imbalance is produced in the self, there is no quantitative duration for this experience ; each is dependent upon the individual. therefore, " evil abstractly consists of transitory states or conditions however long they may last in which monads pass during certain phases of their endless peregrinations upwards and outwards " ( purucker, 1973, p. 155 ). within this context, karma is seen as the law of readjustment which even works to restore equilibrium in the physical and harmony in the moral world. karma is then the limitation set for individuals at their present


no function. man would no longer need opposing principles and each contrasting principle would not need to contain the potential of the opposing principle. since all would be ruled by a universal force of determinism, no one could be other than what he is. therefore, individuals would be justified in their actions, decisions, and fife cycles resulting from the premise that for them there could be no other. in maintaining this structure, one ' s actions could not be compared to another because such a comparison would be non - existent. as a result of determinism, the being ( man ) would have a structure, a blur print, if you like, to follow. since this structure would be the only existence, therefore an opposition of polarity could not exist since non - being cannot create being. " what is permanent must remain forever the same. it is what it is, and to become something other than this would involve the contradiction that it became what it is not " ( popkin and stroll, 1956, p. 71 ). the changing world, therefore, must become that which the permanent world is not. the only aspect of the universe, if determined, is that it exists. in reality then, the changing aspect ( polarity ) cannot be part of existence since it does not belong to the real unchanging aspect ( determined ) and must, therefore, be non - existence. as william james insisted in his essay on " the dilemma of determination, " there are striking features of our moral experience which can be known only if we assume that men are free agents ( free will ). the attribution of responsibility for our actions makes no sense if we are governed under the law of determinism. if one is predetermined to act in a given manner then responsibility for that action is not his, and the action can therefore not be judged on any standards available. the individual therefore would be incapable of manifestation, for as long as there is manifestation, there is imperfection. " to illustrate : take any one of us, a human being, we are beings in manifestation, therefore we are imperfect, and throughout beginningless and endless time we shall in various hierarchies and in different degrees of imperfection, on lower or on higher planes, be running the external cyclical round of developing and unfolding ever more and more " ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will


of developing and unfolding ever more and more " ( purucker, 1973, p. 157 ). polarity therefore becomes imperative for if imperfection is a given, so then must its counter part, perfection, be a given. free will and the concept of evil take on a new meaning. although free will always allows the individual the opportunity to change their future course, this does not mean acting contrary to the future because that is an impossibility. free will allows one to modify their own conduct in regards to that future which is the unity with totality. growth then is seen as the manifestation of the interplay between the polar opposites good and evil. " if a complete human being is a feeling being, then evil must be allowed to exist for this feeling nature of ours to live and grow " ( stanford, 1981, p. 10 ). since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human being species seed then all events become manifestations of a basic oneness. this does not imply that all things are equal. opposites are abstract concepts belonging to the realm of thought and as stated earlier concerning good and evil relative. when one becomes aware of good, he must out of necessity also be aware of evil. the ancient chinese philosopher chu hsi believed, " good and evil have no existence in themselves, but are terms applied to things according to their advantage or injury to oneself or to mankind " ( standford, 1981, p. 7 ). one who wishes to grow may be placed in a situation of pain and suffering, which to some may seem evil. however for that individuals growth it is a necessary good. one must be aware of the relativity and polarity of all o pposites. these experiences of good and evil, pleasure and pain, are not experiences belonging to different categories. they are only two sides of the same reality, oppositions of the phenomenon, manifestation of the interplay of the two. it becomes necessary therefore to see polarity as the weights placed upon the dynamic balance of karma. for true growth is not to strive for good, for good ' s sake, or to eliminate evil ; it is rather following the path of balance. one must strive to maintain the balance between opposites. they are never static but a dynamic interplay between two extremes. nietzsche stated that the individual could not become conscious of the beautiful and the good without also having a conscious development of ugly and evil. in reality therefore, " evil is purposeful


libido charge that is at the free disposal of consciousness " ( jung, 1969a, p. 201 - 204 ). kant and others in their philosophical inquiries of evil have just touched the edge of the concept of evil and man ' s relation to it. in the study of kabbalah literature, a break - through to this relationship was slowly accomplished. it is the being - man, the inner self which is in a constant state of becoming ( growth ), self - induced and independent of creation. the essence of man is contained in man. the potential for free will has given man ( being ) a path or options of paths and being must choose individually. upon this choice the basis of man ' s growth or regression is dependent. the growth or stagnation is self fulfilled by the individual. the spirit of creation doesn ' t interfere, but allows one to make the decision on his own. if the individual makes a decision not in accordance with the perfection of creation the individual must re - learn or relieve this incident. it is through this process that the individual is made whole again in accordance with the perfection of creation. this is the process of becoming. man is the inner universe, the essence of being ( creation ), becoming and unfolding to unite with the whole in an unending process till perfection and union are achieved. in a discussion of the relative position of good and evil in man ' s unfoldment, the first consideration to be made is the absolute value of each. since good is not and cannot be an absolute value in creation due to the consideration of free will, an alternative must exist which becomes known or identified as evil. the converse is that absolute evil cannot exist, for then there would be no concept of good. based on this fact, a neutral ground must exist, a ground of balance and harmony. this neutral ground must, by the knowledge of free will, contain the potential for both good, which yields growth ( becoming ), and evil, which is stagnation or non - becoming. man, having the capacity of choice, becomes responsible for his decisions. in so much as we are given a process of free, will we also as a result of that free will become responsible for the direction we take in its application. since the essence of man is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. " there is no single substance in the world whether it be that


is the human species seed, and its intention as potential is becoming, it must in reality move or evolve to a higher state. man cannot be less than that from which he began. " there is no single substance in the world whether it be that which we experience through the senses or that which we perceive through the mind, that is not comprised or contained in the creator or origin. which is to say, in the ' seed ' " ( berg, 1983, p. 25 ). just as a child grows and learns through trial and error, the essence of man due to the possession of free will must grow through trial and error. if man was predestined, the concept of good and evil could not exist. for to have one ' s destiny totally laid out would preclude action ; therefore, we could not choose to be ' good ' or regress and choose evil. man would be polarized in a position which could not be judged due to the fact that control was not given to him. since life is not linear in nature, going from one point to another, with no deviations ( pre - destined ), man alone becomes the creator of his own destiny. because of man ' s limited nature, his rational mind, he cannot see the full pattern of unfoldment but only his relative position in time. the mind, working in a logical / rational fashion, must have neat little compartments of classification. therefore what is judged by the individual becomes the definition of good and evil. as a result of this, an understanding of man ' s position in relation to his fellow man ( society ) must be established. to accomplish this, one must devise standards and norms by which the world becomes more understandable. since man ( being ) is in a constant state of flux ( becoming ), due to the nature of the human species seed, this becoming cannot exist in a state of evil. rather it resides in a state of change, moving from one level to another. evil then can only be seen as a blockage to becoming or as a barrier to the growth potential. " according to zohar, evil can never be part of this universe, this world view of evil would then imply that the creator of the light and vessel must, of necessity, be inclusive of this characteristic called evil " ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework,


of this characteristic called evil " ( berg, 1983, p. 98 ). it is then man who must decide his future. if man has free will then he chooses his own fulfilment or denies himself the same. in this framework, does man thus create being and non - being within the same thought? if man has one, man must either acknowledge or deny the other. being is the unfoldment of the human species potential, which is oneness with the whole. this reality to be that which we were, which is true essence, the good that is all potential and reality. non being then becomes the negation of one ' s potential, a movement away from the good or a movement to evil. if man is the creator of his own reality through choice, then all that is created must be accepted. in denial, one would in fact deny existence. to deny self is to deny existence. therefore, to choose, one must have existence and that existence must be reality, even if it exists only in the moment of thought. man must accept the reality which he creates, and to deny that reality or the outcome of that reality fife loses all meaning. what results then is man ' s categories of good and evil based upon the premise that it is one ' s choice that creates the existence of this polarity. human evolvement requires the maximization of good and the minimization of evil. " the enlightenment is correct in its view that we can depend only on ourselves, and christianity is correct in its view that we are weak vessels " ( kekes, 1990, p. 236 ). there is a reaction to all positive and negative thoughts and deeds. " all acts of evil stem from the root of unfulfillment " ( berg, 1981, p. 80 ). good begets good ; evil begets evil ( law of attraction ). this concept becomes clear when one looks at the symbolism interwoven in the story of adam ' s fall. the tree of life in kabbalistic literature is seen as a spiritual ladder. the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is considered the middle pillar of the ten sefiroth. this spiritual ladder is made up of the ten sefiroth which are in essence a ladder for spiritual growth ( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the


( becoming ) it was from the tree of knowledge that adam was instructed ' do not eat or you shaft surely die ' ( genesis ). the problem in grasping a true understanding of this event results in the translation of the word knowledge. in hebrew the word translated is death, a literal translation of the word meaning ' to join. ' from this translation, we now understand that this middle pillar was a tree of ' joining ' which has far reaching implications. to the kabbalist, adam knew the difference between good and evil, but with the eating of the fruit he became joined to good and evil. until this act, evil or its concept was outside or apart from mans nature. once joined, it became a part of man ' s nature. the self of adam became attached to the physical world. " god is all powerful and beyond our understanding of good and evil " ( sheinkin, 1986, p. 130 ). it is through our individual free will that man, from his divine essence, became joined to the base matter of the world. in that choice, man opened the door of his being to good and evil. it is a loss of god on the rational level a feeling of isolation that must be negated. the inner being of man, the soul so to speak, is separated from man the rational being. man must remove these false walls of separation and again commune with his higher inner mind or cosmic consciousness. man must move from the lower base consciousness of his earthly attachments to a higher level of consciousness the god head. it is the high level of consciousness where a universal oneness will take place and the illusion of evil will fade. evil then becomes man ' s baseness, his denial of his higher self. it is man ' s inability to comprehend that god is within, not an abstract concept locked outside the realms of reality. through inner development of the cosmic consciousness, man and god are one and evil loses its power. " epicureans, skeptics and stoics therefore reject the idea of cosmic good and evil in form of strictly human responsibilities, explaining evil either as an illusory, a mere human construct, or the futile endeavor to thwart the will of the one " ( russel, 1988, p. 158 ). but if " goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter " ( sweeney,


goodness involves the presence of due perfections, which actually exist within whatever is perfected ; but presence and actual existence are co - terminous with being and reality ; therefore, the former is simultaneously also an increase in the latter " ( sweeney, 1965, p. 167 ). given the concept of evil, which has been previously stated as an absence of good, this would mean that there is a loss of perfection. " but absence and nonexistence are co - terminous with non - being and unreality ; therefore, evil is also co - terminous with non - being or unreality. accordingly, to become more evil is simultaneously a decrease in being and reality, as well as in perfection " ( sweeney, 1965. p. 167 ). given this definition, then evil becomes equivalent to imperfection in perfection. with christian science, evil is a nothing, an absence. yet even being nothing it affects its subject. " metaphysics teaches us that in god the distinction between essence and existence is a distinction rationis, a purely ideal distinction, but that in all created objects there is a real distinction between them " ( jacques, 1948, p. 65 ). plotinus outlined the results of joining good and evil in his explanation of descending into matter and becoming an individual man. " because something else other than the all [ - - the sum total of true reality ] added itself to you, you became less by the addition, for the addition did not come from real being [ you can not add anything to that ], but from that which is not, you have become a particular person by the addition of non - being " ( armstrong, 1953, p. 160 ). the road back to oneness, to becoming truly real, occurs only when man totally identifies with the one, the one whom he was separated from when adam joined with the concept of good and evil. this can only be accomplished by the development of the higher self. evil then becomes not an aspect of sin, but a separation, a disunion from the one. evil the final analysis " if there is one human experience ruled by myth it is certainly that of evil. one can understand why : the two major forms of experience moral evil and physical evil both contain an enigmatic element in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish " eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within


in whose shadow the difference between them tends to vanish " eliade, 1987, p. 199 ). moral evil can be seen as the by - product of man ' s actions, his self love. to overcome this, man has to look within. man has lost touch with the inner self, the divine essence which is god, which can only be united with oneness by the act of becoming evil then becomes a personal responsibility that an individual must overcome from within. the existence of evil is in a sense a blockage of ones true being. this blockage will not allow the individual conscious mind to realize the higher self or cosmic conscious ( god - mind ). negativity brings only negativity, a stagnation of the growth process. " as christ stated, ' know the truth and the truth shall set you free, ' he was referring to the realization of oneness with the creator through which the negativity vanishes. at the same time, one ' s conscious mind is able to receive the kingdom of heaven within, or in other words, experience the conscious reality of your spiritual self " ( masters, vol. 1 1989, p. 2 - 3 ). one cannot doubt the psychological fear of terror or the unknown. society has substituted what man creates within himself for an unknown evil that exists externally. although no man feels that he initiates evil, he feels that he inherited the legacy of an ancient evil handed down from one generation to another. until man realizes that evil is created from within the confine of the collective unconsciousness, he will never be free. only through the development of the inner self, man ' s cosmic consciousness, can the shadows of darkness and evil be brought to light. in that moment of realization, man will begin his unfoldment to his higher self. when the mind or consciousness of the individual relinquishes its hold on the physical world and becomes one with the cosmic consciousness, harmony and balance result. alloway, l. ( ed. ). ( 1974 ). the choice between good vs. evil new haven : yale. anders, t. ( 1994 ). the evolution of evil illinois : open court. armstrong, a. h. ( ed. ). ( 1953 ). plotinus london : george allen and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem,


and unwin ltd. berg, p. ( 1991 ). kabalah for laymen old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. berg, p. ( 1983 ). kaballah connection old city jerusalem, israel : press of research center of kabbalah. bletzer, j. g. ( 1986 ). encyclopedic psychic dictionary virgina : donning. carus, p. ( 1996 ). the history of the devil and the idea of evil new york : random house. cavendish, r. ( 1975 ). the power of evil new york : dorset. eddy, m. b. ( 1934 ). science and health ( auth. ed. ). boston. eliade, m. ( ed. ). ( 1987 ). the encyclopedia of religion ( vol. 5 ). new york : macmillan. ellwood, r. ( 1986 ). theosophy illinois : theosophical. hicks, j. ( 1982 ). " the problem of evil ". in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline, and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. jacques, m. ( 1948 ). preface to metaphysics new york jung, c. g. ( 1969a ). the collective works ( vol. 8 ). new jersey : princeton university press. jung, c. g. ( 1969b ). the collective works ( vol. 11 ). new jersey : princeton university press. kant, 1. ( 1960 ). religion within he limits of reason theodore m green, t. m. and hudson, h. h. ( trans. ). new york : harper row. kekes, j. ( 1990 ). facing evil. new jersey : princeton university press. masters, p. l. ( 1989 ). ministers course study lesson ( vol. 1 ). california : university of metaphysics press. mcclosky, h. j. ( 1982 ). " good and evil " in e. d. klemke, a. d. kline and r. hollinger ( eds. ), philosophy the basic issues new york. northrup, g. l. ( 1977 ). a critical look at moral and psychological evil new york : collier. peterson, m. ( 1986 ). evil and the christian god new york : research publishing. popkin, r., and stroll, a. ( 1956 ).


1977 ). a critical look at moral and psychological evil new york : collier. peterson, m. ( 1986 ). evil and the christian god new york : research publishing. popkin, r., and stroll, a. ( 1956 ). philosophy made simple new york : doubleday. purucker, g. de. ( 1973 ) studies in occult philosophy illinois : theosophical university press. ribi, a. ( 1989 ). demons of the inner world boston : shambhala. rousseau, j. j. ( 1986 ). emile ( b. foxley, trans. ). london : dent. russel, j. ( 1988 ). satan the early christian tradition new york. samuels, a., shorter, b. and plaut, f. ( eds. ). ( 1987 ). a critical dictionary of jungian analysis new york : routledge. sheinkin, d. ( 1986 ). path of the kabbalah new york. silverster, h. ( 1981 ). arguing with god new york : dell. standford, j. a. ( 1981 ). evil and the shadow side of reality new york : crossroad. sweeney, leo, s. j. ( 1965 ). a metaphysics of authentic existentialism new jersey : prentice hall. watson, l. ( 1995 ). dark nature : a natural history of evil new york : harper coffins


provided by : freebsd - manpages _ 6. 2 - 1 _ all chooseproc, procrunnable, remrunqueue, setrunqueue - manage the queue of extern struct rq itqueues ; extern struct rq rtqueues ; extern struct rq queues ; extern struct rq idqueues ; struct thread * remrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; setrunqueue ( struct thread * td ) ; the run queue consists of four priority queues : itqueues for interrupt threads, rtqueues for realtime priority processes, queues for time sharing processes, and idqueues for idle priority processes. each priority queue consists of an array of nqs queue header structures. each queue header identifies a list of runnable processes of equal priority. each queue also has a single word that contains a bit mask identifying non - empty queues to assist in selecting a process quickly. these are named itqueuebits, rtqueuebits, queuebits, and idqueuebits. the run queues are protected by the sched _ lock mutex. procrunnable ( ) returns zero if there are no runnable processes other than the idle process. if there is at least one runnable process other than the idle process, it will return a non - zero value. note that the sched _ lock mutex does not need to be held when this function is called. there is a small race window where one cpu may place a process on the run queue when there are currently no other runnable processes while another cpu is calling this function. in that case the second cpu will simply travel through the idle loop one additional time before noticing that there is a runnable process. this works because idle cpus are not halted in smp systems. if idle cpus are halted in smp systems, then this race condition might have more serious repercussions in the losing case, and procrunnable ( ) may have to require that the sched _ lock mutex be acquired. choosethread ( ) returns the highest priority runnable thread. if there are no runnable threads, then the idle thread is returned. this function is called by cpu _ switch ( ) and cpu _ throw ( ) to determine which thread to switch to. choosethread ( ) must be called with the sched _ lock mutex held


since you are having this confusion, i think it helps to consider the concepts of zero, infinity and " undefined ". in the most basic sense, division is the opposite of multiplication. thus, the fact that 2 x 3 = 6 implies that 6 / 3 = 2. 1 x 0 = 0. applying the above logic, 0 / 0 = 1. however, 2 x 0 = 0, so 0 / 0 must also be 2. in fact, it looks as though 0 / 0 could be any number! this obviously makes no sense - we say that 0 / 0 is " undefined " because there isn ' t really an answer. likewise, 1 / 0 is not really infinity. infinity isn ' t actually a number, it ' s more of a concept. if you think about how division is often described in schools, say, number of sweets shared between number of people, you see the confusion. if i go around some people giving them 0 sweets each, how many people do i need to go around until i have given away my 1 sweet? an infinite number? kind of, because i can keep going around infinitely. however, i never actually give away that sweet. this is why people say that 1 / 0 " tends to " infinity - we can ' t really use infinity as a number, we can only imagine what we are getting closer to as we move in the direction of infinity. however, in this case, the number of sweets i have is never changing, so i ' m not really getting closer to anywhere. even this logic doesn ' t really work. the long and short of it is that 1 / 0 doesn ' t really make sense as a calculation. when we do use the notion of infinity we tend to use positive infinity where it doesn ' t matter purely by convention. however, if you think about it too hard you start to get into philosophy and stuff, like " what actually is infinity? " and " wait, what is a number "? the things people are talking about where it does are different ways of using numbers so they don ' t really count. for example, in the trivial ring, there is only one number, which works like a 0 ( add it to anything and you get that thing ) and a 1 ( multiply it by anything and you get the same thing again ) and makes sense because you can only add it to or multiply it by itself to get itself. it ' s pretty boring actually, but in that case this one number - let ' s call it


this shape would appear to be a rectangular prism. the lateral area ( area of every side except top and bottom ) is given by the formula : la = ph ( perimeter of the base multiplied by the height ) the surface area is then found by adding the la to the areas of the bases ( top and bottom ). sa = la + 2b in your figure : la = 18 times 3 = 54 square cm sa = 54 + 2 ( 14 ) = 82 square cm the volume of a right rectangular prism is given by the formula : v = lwh ( length times width times height ) in your case, v = 7 x 2 x 3 = 42 cubic cm. well, on the offchance you can ' t understand masters ' explanation ; the easiest way to get the area is just to say : total surface area = sum of the areas of each face. so you ' ve six faces, all rectangles. the area of a rectangle is obtained by just multiplying the two sides. so, say, the face at the top is 7x2 = 14. and the face at the bottom will be the same = 14. the face in front is 7x3 = 21 as is the one at the back = 21. the other face you can see is 3x2 = 6. and the corresponding one that you can ' t see = 6 also. so the sum of the four squares is 14 + 14 + 21 + 21 + 6 + 6 = 82. the surface area is found by adding the areas of all the faces or more simply, if the base is " l " by " w " and the height is " h ", then the surface area is given by : sa = 2 ( lw + hl + hw ) another method i already gave you in my earlier post.


( herpes, genital ; herpes genitalis ; herpes simplex, genital ) | copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. | - direct contact with an infected person — such as having contact with the vagina, penis, anus, or mouth ( can include sexual or non - sexual contact ) - fluid from herpes blisters that gets on other parts of the body - pregnancy or childbirth — an infection can pass from mother to her child - high number of sexual partners - history of sexually transmitted infections - starting to have sex at an early age - illness or infection - open a blister to take a sample of it - have blood tests done — your doctor will do tests to find out if you have herpes simplex type 1 virus or herpes simplex type 2 virus. - acyclovir ( zovirax ) - valacyclovir ( valtrex ) - famciclovir ( famvir ) - take over - the - counter pain medicine - take lukewarm baths treatment for sexual partners - use latex condoms - avoid oral, anal, or genital sex if your partner has herpes blisters - avoid touching blisters to prevent spreading to other parts of the body the american congress of obstetricians and gynecologists http : / / www. acog. org international herpes alliance http : / / www. herpesalliance. org health canada http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca sex information and education council of canada http : / / www. sieccan. org berkow r. the merck manual of medical information. new york, ny : pocket ; 2000. centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. mmwr. 2010 ; 59 ( no. rr - 12 ) : 1 - 110. centers for disease control and prevention seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among persons aged 14 - 49 years - - united states, 2005 - 2008. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 2010 ; 59 ( 15 ) : 456 - 459. genital herpes : lifestyle tips. national women ' s health resource center, inc. ( nwhrc ) website. available at : http : / / www. healthywomen. org / condition / genital - herpes. updated october 20, 2010. accessed october 7, 2012. genital herpes. national institute of


( nwhrc ) website. available at : http : / / www. healthywomen. org / condition / genital - herpes. updated october 20, 2010. accessed october 7, 2012. genital herpes. national institute of allergy and infectious diseases website. available at : http : / / www. niaid. nih. gov / topics / genitalherpes / understanding / pages / transmission. aspx. updated january 26, 2011. accessed october 7, 2012. corey l, bodsworth n, et al. an update on short - course episodic and prevention therapies for herpes genitalis. herpes. 2007 ; 14 : suppl 1 : 5a - 11a. herpes genitalis. ebsco dynamed website. available at : https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us. updated june 2008. accessed october 7, 2012. herpes simplex. american academy of dermatology website. available at : http : / / www. aad. org / skin - conditions / dermatology - a - to - z / herpes - simplex / who - gets - causes / herpes - simplex - who - gets - and - causes. accessed october 7, 2012. 6 / 14 / 2012 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance https : / / dynamed. ebscohost. com / about / about - us : centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). neonatal herpes simplex virus infection following jewish ritual circumcisions that included direct orogenital suction — new york city, 2000 - 2011. mmwr morb mortal wkly rep. 2012 ; 61 : 405 - 409. - reviewer : brian randall, md - review date : 09 / 2012 - - update date : 00 / 93 / 2012 - this content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. this information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition. copyright © ebsco publishing all rights reserved.


history of science, history of medicine is an interdisciplinary program of studies leading toward an understanding of the development of science and medicine and their impact on society. it explores intellectual and cultural traditions, institutions, techniques, and practices ; the social uses of science and medicine ; the creation of science - based technologies ; and the relations of science, medicine, and public health to the state. science and drama themes in science, technology, and medicine as they have figured in modern plays written and produced in the united states and europe. these fictive treatments are compared with scientific and historical reality. playwrights include ibsen, brecht, capek, frayn, stoppard, moliere, and cassandra medley. hist 234 01 ( 12794 ) / hshm235 epidemics and society in the west since 1600 the impact of epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, and aids on society, public health, and the medical profession in comparative and international perspective. popular culture and mass hysteria, the mortality revolution, urban renewal and rebuilding, sanitation, the germ theory of disease, the emergence of scientific medicine, and debates over the biomedical model of disease. amst 135 01 ( 12848 ) / hist127 / wgss200 u. s. lesbian and gay history introduction to the social, cultural, and political history of lesbians, gay men, and other socially constituted sexual minorities. focus on understanding categories of sexuality in relation to shifting normative regimes, primarily in the twentieth century. the emergence of homosexuality and heterosexuality as categories of experience and identity ; the changing relationship between homosexuality and transgenderism ; the development of diverse lesbian and gay subcultures and their representation in popular culture ; religion and sexual science ; generational change and everyday life ; aids ; and gay, antigay, feminist, and queer movements. strategic, political, and moral dilemmas of the nuclear age a chronological inquiry into the central questions raised by the invention of nuclear weapons. topics include the impact of nuclear weapons on the theory and practice of war, nuclear deterrence, disarmament, nuclear proliferation, preemptive war, and the capacity for human self - extinction. amst 449 01 ( 22720 ) / wgss451 photography and memory : public and private lives photographs as a source for the creation of public and private memory in the united states, 1839 to the present. amst 247 01 ( 12203 ) / hlth170 / amst879 / hshm6


public and private lives photographs as a source for the creation of public and private memory in the united states, 1839 to the present. amst 247 01 ( 12203 ) / hlth170 / amst879 / hshm634 / hist147 / hshm202 / hist914 media and medicine in modern america john harley warner relationships between medicine, health, and the media in the united states from 1870 to the present. the changing role of the media in shaping conceptions of the body, creating new diseases, influencing health and health policy, crafting the image of the medical profession, informing expectations of medicine and constructions of citizenship, and the medicalization of american life. hist 151j 01 ( 21946 ) / hshm448 / wgss448 american medicine and the cold war the social, cultural, and political history of american medicine from 1945 to 1960. the defeat of national health insurance ; racism in health care ; patient activism ; the role of gender in defining medical professionalism and family health ; the rise of atomic medicine ; mccarthyism in medicine ; and the polio vaccine trials and the making of science journalism. hist 910 01 ( 21108 ) / hshm745 history of health activism this research seminar introduces students to current historical debates around health activism. topics include progressive and conservative ideologies ; debates around welfare and entitlements ; gender and reproductive rights ; medical professionalism ; and health activism as a social movement. research is focused on holdings in yale libraries. clcv232 01 ( 22321 ) / hums233 / hist20 food and diet in greco - roman antiquity a review of evidence concerning dietary habits and attitudes in the greco - roman world, examining the various meanings of eating and drinking in literary texts and the significance of food and drink in social and religious life and in health care. hist269 01 ( 22296 ) / jdst286 / jdst788 / hist979 / rlst768 / rlst230 holocaust in historical perspective a survey of the major historical issues raised by the holocaust, including the roots of nazism ; different theoretical perspectives and ways of accounting for genocide ; the behavior of perpetrators, victims, and bystanders ; and problems of representation. amst930 01 ( 11052 ) / hshm701 problems in the history of medicine and public health an examination of the variety of approaches to the social, cultural, and intellectual


victims, and bystanders ; and problems of representation. amst930 01 ( 11052 ) / hshm701 problems in the history of medicine and public health an examination of the variety of approaches to the social, cultural, and intellectual history of medicine, focusing on the united states. reading and discussion of the recent scholarly literature on medical cultures, public health, and illness experiences from the early national period through the present. topics include the role of gender, class, ethnicity, race, religion, and region in the experience of health care and sickness and in the construction of medical knowledge ; the interplay between lay and professional understandings of the body ; the role of the marketplace in shaping professional identities and patient expectations ; citizenship, nationalism, and imperialism ; and the visual culture of medicine. hist 938 01 ( 21114 ) / hshm676 the engineering and ownership of life the seminar explores the history of intellectual innovation and intellectual property protection in living matter. focusing on the united states in world context, it examines arrangements outside the patent system as well as within it. topics include agriculture, medicine, biotechnology, and law. may be taken as a reading or research course. east 525a / hist 902a / hshm 707a impact of epidemic disease in context : focus on asia the course brings historical, geopolitical, medical, and public health perspectives to bear on the study of specific epidemics, with a focus on asia. case studies include major epidemics such as cholera in the philippines and plague in manchuria in the early twentieth century, the story of japan ' s biological warfare unit 731 in world war ii, recurrent influenza pandemics, and more recently, nipah virus outbreaks in malaysia, sars in china, and pneumonic plague in gujarat, india. hshm 008 01 ( 12051 ) / hums090 history of scientific medicine the development of scientific medicine traced from classical antiquity to the dawning of the modern biomedical era. focus on the biographies of major contributors and on cultural and intellectual currents affecting discovery. hist 143j 01 ( 13155 ) / hshm452 psychopharmacology in twentieth - century america the history of psychotropic medications in america from the introduction of amphetamine in the 1930s through the rise of prozac in the 1990s. case studies of antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and stimulants within the broader social, psychiatric, cultural, and pharmaceutical landscape.


##amine in the 1930s through the rise of prozac in the 1990s. case studies of antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and stimulants within the broader social, psychiatric, cultural, and pharmaceutical landscape. hist 233 01 ( 21251 ) / hshm201 the cultures of western medicine : a historical introduction a survey of medical thought, practice, institutions, and practitioners from classical antiquity to the present. changing concepts of health and disease in europe and america explored in their social, cultural, economic, scientific, technological, and ethical contexts. hist 901 01 ( 11048 ) / hshm708 the body in science and art the course explores the history of the representations of the human body in science and art. it discusses recent literature on the role of the body in experimental practices. hist 933 01 ( 21112 ) / hshm640 molecules, life, and disease in the twentieth century the course explores the transformation of the life sciences in the twentieth century. it focuses on the rise of molecular biology and its understanding of life and disease. it shows how and why the molecular vision on life has achieved such a high level of scientific authority and social legitimacy. it emphasizes the relationship of this transformation to broader intellectual, social, cultural, and political change. hist 006 01 ( 12796 ) / hshm005 medicine and society in american history disease and healing in american history from colonial times to the present. the changing role of the physician, alternative healers and therapies, and the social impact of epidemics from smallpox to aids.


post contents list - 1 causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - 2 hemoglobinopathies - 4 classification of hemoglobmopathies – - 5 i. structural hemoglobinopathies – - 6 ii. thalassemia - - 7 iii. thalassemic variants - - 8 iv. hpfh - - 9 v. acquired hemoglobinopathies - 10 diagnosis of hemoglobmopathies – - 11 the sickle cell syndromes – - 13 sickle cell - 15 clinicalbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... » manifestations of hemoglobmopathies – - 16 thalassemia syndromes – - 17 thalassemia - 20 clinical manifestations of thalssemia syndromes – - 21 clinical manifestations of thalssemia - 23 treatment of hemoglobmopathies – causes of hemoglobinopathies blood - disorders syndromes diagnosisbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... » treatmentbiochemical analysis of dosha dhatu mala in ayurveda. read more... » – - oxygen is delivered to tissues by hemoglobin. hemoglobin is present in erythrocytes in high concentration and is responsible for the shape of the cell, viscosity of blood and cell deformability. - hemoglobinopathies are disorders of structure, function or production of hemoglobin. - different hemoglobins are produced during embryonic, fetal and adult life. - the major adult hemoglobin hba has the structure a2b2 - minor adult hemoglobin is hba2, a2d2 - hbf or fetal hemoglobin is – a2g2 - hbf predominates during gestation. - during post natal life, only small amounts of hbf is present. - at about 6 wks of gestation, the hb is mainly embryonic hb. - at 10 – 11 weeks, hbf becomes predominant. at 38 wks most of the hb is hba. - during stress, as in hemolytic anaemias, bone marrow transplant, chemotherapy, hbf increases. - hydroxyurea also increases hbf. classification of hemoglobmopathies – i. structural hemoglobinopathies – - 1. sick


poorly controlled diabetes can lead to significantly increased risk of heart disease ( cvd ), peripheral neuropathy, amputations, retinopathy, and kidney disease. the a1c blood test is considered a good indicator of overall blood glucose control. the current recommendation to decrease complications of diabetes is an a1c level less than 7 %. some medical professionals have looked into the benefit of aiming for a1c ’ s even lower, below 6 %, commonly called intensive blood glucose control. there is conflicting information as to whether the lower rate is beneficial. two studies published in the new england journal of medicine looked at the benefits and risk of intensive blood glucose control therapy. the results of both studies suggest it may be more harmful than beneficial to target the a1c less than 6. 5 %. a group called the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes ( accord ), investigated intensive therapies ability to decrease cvd risk. the study was stopped early because of higher rates of death in the intensive treatment group. the second study was conducted by the action in diabetes and vascular disease group ( advance ). their study followed intensive therapy with drug interventions and found an increase in hospitalization and low blood sugar with intensive blood sugar lowering. about the studies the accord trial was a randomized control study that followed 10, 251 patients with type 2 diabetes. patients were assigned to a standard therapy group or an intensive therapy group. the patients were tracked for any significant cardiovascular event including death. the study was halted at 3. 5 years when the intensive therapy group was found to have a higher mortality rate. also, at 3. 5 years there were no significant reductions in cardiovascular events for the intensive therapy group. the advance study followed 11, 140 patients with type 2 diabetes. participants were assigned to standard glucose control or intensive glucose control. the intensive glucose control used gliclazide and other drugs to reach an a1c level of 6. 5 % or less. while there was no difference is mortality between the groups, there was a significantly increased rate of hospitalization and hypoglycemia ( dangerously low blood sugar ), in the intensive glucose control group. the intensive glucose control group did benefit from slower progression of diabetic kidney disease but the long - term benefits of this are not known. how does this affect you? lowering blood sugar is an important part of controlling diabetes along with exercise and diet. work with your doctor to decide what level is safe and beneficial for you. do not try to lower your blood sugar or change your medications without consulting your doctor


renal concepts in critical care nursebob © 02 / 06 / 01 i. diffusion - movement of particles from greater to lesser concentration. ii. osmosis - movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. a. uses principles of diffusion. b. remove electrolytes and excess water. c. remove blood across a semipermeable membrane. d. vascular access may be temporary or perminate. 1. a / v fistula. a. connect vein and artery together. b. takes up to 2 months to mature. * c. determine patiency. * 1 ) should hear bruit. * 2 ) should feel thrill. e. dialysis takes 2 - 3 hours and must be done 2 - 3 times per week. 1. check vital signs, weight. 2. check a / v fistula. 3. check laboratory work. * 4. watch for hypotension. * 5. check for bleeding. 6. infection - risk for hiv, hepatitis, cytomeglia virus. * 7. weigh after dialysis. iv. peritoneal dialysis. a. peritoneum is a semipermeable membrane. b. fluid is instilled into the abdominal cavity. c. waste travels across the peritoneum. d. two types. 1. capd - continuos ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. 2. ccd - continuos cyclic dialysis ( done at night. ) e. risk for peritonitis. 1. cloudy foul smelling peritoneal fluid. 3. abdominal pain. 1. check weight. 2. check laboratory values. 3. warm fluid. * 4. dwell time - how long fluid remains in abdomen. all comments and questions about content at this site should be sent to nurse bob there have been visitors to this page. return to nurse bob ' s® page


summer an important time for young readers millburn children ' s librarian patt kent offers suggestions for books and tips to find the right books for them. you ' ve packed the sunscreen, the beach towels and the hand - held video games for vacation. but did you pack the books? summer marks a time when many children may not have something specifically assigned to read, and schools supt. james crisfield said they run the risk of regressing in their literacy skills if they take two months off. it ' s especially true for children who may be struggling with reading, he said. " we believe anyone can read, but it may take someone longer to learn or it could take them longer to hit their stride, " he said. " without any practice, it can be more difficult. " middile and high school students have some required reading for the fall, but elementary school students are free to read what they want. both crisfield and patt kent, millburn public library children ' s librarian, said it ' s the time of year kids can read something fun whether it ' s a comic book or something else. " a lot of parents are concerned about their kids reading trash, " kent said. " but summer is a time to read for fun. they can read the other books during the school year. " crisfield said it can be tough to find the right things to read for a child. if something is boring because it ' s too easy or they don ' t understand it, it will turn a child off to reading. but talking to a children ' s librarian can help parents find the right books for their children. with a level for reading, typically chapter books are for 8 year olds and up, kent said. books for kindergarten through second grade are typically of the emerging reader variety. there are some easier chapter books to bridge the gap between the two types of books. it can be hard to know the level of book and what ' s right, she said. if you ' re in a book store, the children ' s book sales clerks usually have a sense of what other kids that age are reading. teachers can give suggestions on what to read as can the children ' s librarians. kent said the most important thing for parents to do is listen to their child ' s interests. there are some children who will read pokemon and nothing else. reading now is about the process and keeping the flow going, so it ' s good to find interesting books, she said. for beginning readers,


is listen to their child ' s interests. there are some children who will read pokemon and nothing else. reading now is about the process and keeping the flow going, so it ' s good to find interesting books, she said. for beginning readers, she suggested, parents should look for something fun with bright pictures. then look for the topic that interests the child, like sports. " not every child will want to read the same thing, " she said. the rainbow fairies book series is popular with some girls, but not every girl will want to read it. parents also should look for authors a child likes, kent said. some authors cover a variety of topics and levels of reading. if a child is familiar with the author, she said, he may be willing to branch out and read other topics if it is by that author. plus children are starting to read what their other friends are reading. " it ' s not just adults, " she said. " i ' ve seen it as young as third graders. " if a parent does want a child to read a particular book, kent suggested asking a friend or librarian to recommend it to the child. " they may be more interested than if it comes from mom or dad, " she said. some of the popular books this summer include the red pyramid series by rick riordan, who previously wrote the percy jackson & the olympians series, which was about ancient greece. the new series is about ancient egypt. kent said riordan is doing for history books what j. k. rowling did for fantasy with harry potter. mo willems is a popular author for younger readers, kent said, and everyone is waiting for his new book. while bright children ' s books, they tell a story, she said. dan gutman books are rarely on the shelf long, kent said. he writes a variety of types of books including the weird school series and baseball card mysteries. he has different types of books on assorted topics for various age levels. there also are old favorites like nancy drew and beverly cleary that are popular, especially with the new " ramona and beezus " movie in theaters. cleary ' s books are a favorite with some parents over the junie b. jones books. some parents don ' t like how the junie b. jones series doesn ' t use proper language, which can be a problem for children just learning to read, kent said. harry potter books remain popular, and a new movie on the horizon will renew interest, kent said. there


another partisan battle appears on the horizon and, no, it ’ s not about the fiscal cliff. battle lines are being drawn over rules in the senate. for the next congress, senate majority leader harry reid is considering limiting filibusters on motions to proceed and debate bills ( but not on votes to pass legislation ), making filibusters shorter and requiring senators who want to filibuster to hold the floor of the senate and talk. republican leader mitch mcconnell ( kentucky ), said even these narrow measures would marginalize the senate minority. quoting a 2005 speech by then - senator barack obama, mcconnell warned that if reid changes the rules, hyperpartisan fighting and gridlock will only increase. senate gop whip john cornyn ( texas ) went so far as to claim that the reform “ will shut down the senate. it ’ s such an abuse of power. ” but, never mind the fact that the gop threatened the same rule changes back in 2005 when they held the majority and democrats were using obstructive tactics. the co - existence of partisanship and the filibuster are nothing new in the senate. indeed scholars have shown that partisanship and filibusters frequently went hand - in - hand in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century on issues ranging from important to trivial. for example, the 1880 election produced a narrow split between republicans and democrats and both parties sought to use parliamentary maneuvers to their advantage. between march 24 and may 6 of 1881, 114 dilatory motions were made to prevent republicans from replacing democratic officers in the organization of the new congress. the filibuster only ended when president garfield agreed to remove certain appointments. in modern times, the filibuster has been increasingly used by the minority party in the senate to block presidential appointments. for example, between 2001 and 2003 and again in 2005, democrats utilized the parliamentary maneuver to block george w. bush ’ s judicial nominees. republicans have similarly used the maneuver to prevent barack obama ’ s appointments.


why teamwork? what are the benefits? july 11, 2008 the rabbit and the turtle race remember the famous rabbit - turtle race ( tortoise and the hare )? we all know that at the end of the story the rabbit was not able to win the race against the turtle. well, this is actually not the end of the story. after a disgraceful loss to the turtle, the rabbit decided to have a race again. this time, he decided, he would not take a nap. the race started & soon the rabbit was far away from the sight of the turtle & all the spectators. this time he didn ' t stop & defeated the turtle by a big margin. the turtle lost the race this time ; however, he didn ' t give up. he challenged the rabbit again on a different racetrack. the rabbit, full of confidence, accepted it. he knew the reason he lost earlier : his laziness during the first race. he was able to win the second race because he was able to work on it. the third race started. the rabbit, like always, soon disappeared. everyone was laughing at the turtle but the rabbit didn ' t want to stop to see why & kept on running as fast as he could. he wanted to defeat the turtle by a much bigger margin than the earlier race. suddenly, he came to a river. he was not able to make out how to cross it & was forced to stop. after some time the turtle reached the river & very confidently stepped into it. he swam much faster than he could ever run. within no time he crossed the river & moved towards the finishing point while the rabbit helplessly looked on as the turtle won the race. the story does not end here. after the first race, the rabbit learned that he lost it because of his laziness. after second race, the turtle learned that he lost the race because his opponent was actually good at running. after the third race, the rabbit learned that being faster is not enough ; one should have brains as well to complete the task. the rabbit & the turtle decided to run again. this time it was just running & not a race. while running, until they reached the river, the rabbit put the turtle on his back. once they needed to cross the river, the turtle put the rabbit on his back. after crossing the river, the rabbit again put the turtle on his back & both of them reached the finishing point in less time than ever. what did they learn? they both learned that with teamwork


atv refers to all terrain vehicle, a vehicle that can assume the form of a small, open configuration that is designed for off - road use. these types of vehicles can sometimes be found in the form of a buggie, but are usually thought of as four - wheeled vehicles. most are designed for a single operator, who steers with a set of handlebars that controls the front two tires. the rider operates the vehicle in a similar fashion to that of a motorcycle, with the extra wheels providing greater stability at slower speeds. the main attraction of atvs is their ability to go over any type of terrain, and ultimately carry people and supplies to areas that other vehicles cannot reach. although four - wheeled atvs are considered the standard, there are also three and six - wheeled models in use. the four - wheeled version is often referred to as “ quad ” or “ four - wheeler ”. atvs are used worldwide, in all climates and conditions for recreation and industrial purposes. about 80, 000 atvs are sold per month across the globe. atvs were first manufactured in the united states in the 1930s. early models were quite large, often sporting six wheels around a plastic or fiberglass tub that could seat up to six passengers. the vehicles also had steering wheels or control sticks instead of handlebars. their construction was oriented around work activity, as they were able to traverse ponds, streams, and climb up walls. they were also designed to float, being able to carry people and supplies to work places such as dams or pipelines. the advent of modern, recreational four - wheelers has come to assume the “ atv ” designation as larger, amphibious vehicles are now termed aatvs ( amphibious all - terrain vehicles ). suzuki sold the first purpose - built recreational atv in 1982 with the quadrunner lt 125. this was the first design to include suspension and lower profile tires. the ability to ride in relative comfort over any terrain soon made these vehicles very popular for all types of outdoor enthusiasts. this popularity spurred other manufacturers to produce their own models, including power sport giants such as bombardier, honda, yamaha, and suzuki. similar to other power sports, a large and dedicated sub - culture dedicated to the sports aspect of atvs grew steadily in reaction to its initial popularity. these sports include racing, jumping, endurance, and adventure riding. for this type of competition, atvs are modified for increased performance and handling. many other government and industry leaders have also used atvs for service and transportation. the u. s. military currently


what is insulin shock in dogs? an insulin shock is due to high levels of insulin in the blood, which also cause extremely low blood sugar. the condition may occur in dogs that suffer from diabetes and are under insulin treatment, but may also be seen in dogs that have a pancreas disorder. diabetic shock in dogs. hypoglycemia ( low blood sugar ) in diabetic dogs rapidly leads to diabetic shock, including seizures, coma and death. hypoglycemia and diabetic shock are sometimes referred to as " insulin reaction " because they are often the result of a dog receiving too much insulin. what is insulin shock in dogs? mr what will tell you the definition or meaning of what is insulin shock in dogs also called insulin shock, diabetic hypoglycemia occurs when the body receives too much insulin. because glucose is constantly required by the brain to utilize oxygen, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures,... never alter your dog ' s insulin dose without consulting with your vet. super nervous and freaked out - dog had insulin shock and seizures : lead [ - ] registered user. posts : 2. mar 1 11 9 : 02 pm. reply ; quote ; more.... my friend who was taking care of her said she showed signs of insulin shock friday evening, but she gave her food and it seemed to be ok. a diabetic shock occurs when a dog with diabetes has low blood sugar. this condition may manifest through seizures,... you should also make sure your dog eats and stop administering insulin. consult your vet. if your dog is unconscious,... we would like to show you a description here, but the site you ’ re looking at won ' t allow us. a severe episode is sometimes also referred to as " insulin shock ". in a counter - intuitive manifestation, hypoglycemia can trigger a somogyi effect, resulting in a rebounding high blood sugar or hyperglycemia... one suggestion was that dogs could be picking up on pheromones,... insulin shock is another name for hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. this condition occurs frequently in diabetic individuals who control their blood glucose levels with insulin and other medications.... diabetic shock in dogs. beginner ’ s insulin administration guide for dogs. the insulin. insulin is the injectable medication you will be using to control your dia


who control their blood glucose levels with insulin and other medications.... diabetic shock in dogs. beginner ’ s insulin administration guide for dogs. the insulin. insulin is the injectable medication you will be using to control your diabetic dog ’ s blood sugar. the most common complication i see in diabetic pets is giving them too much insulin. when this happens the dogs go into hypoglycemic shock. this can be a life - threatening emergency. hypoglycemic dogs... insulin shock therapy or insulin coma therapy ( ict ) was a form of psychiatric treatment in which patients were repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin in order to produce daily comas over several weeks. it was introduced in 1927 by austrian - american psychiatrist manfred sakel and used... healthy dogs ; featured topics. know the signs of early pregnancy? test your smarts : what ' s safe to eat when you ' re pregnant?... diabetic shock and insulin reactions. severe hypoglycemia, or diabetic shock, is a serious health risk for anyone with diabetes. insulin shock is the term used for severe hypoglycemia, where the level of blood sugar falls drastically below the normal range and produces symptoms, like dizziness, confusion, and lack of coordination. if the food gets ahead of the insulin, your dog ’ s blood sugar can rise too far too fast. a tie is what you want - food and insulin being delivered in balance, giving your dog a steady supply of glucose in a good range throughout the day. insulin also affects fat and protein metabolism. when there is a deficiency of insulin in the body, the dog is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. find more information on signs and side effects of insulin overdose. severe dehydration can causelow blood pressure and possibly shock, so it is important to start diabetes mellitus treatment as soon as possible. causes of diabetes mellitus.... insulin. most diabetic dogs need insulin, given in daily injections. we saved our 20 lb diabetic terrier dog easily with a simple tool. ask your pharmacist for a pharmaceutical eye dropper. it ' s... can my dog or cat have diabetes and is it treatable? animal : breed : size : gender : status : zip / postal : the animal shelters news enter your e - mail adress to receive our monthly newsletter on pet care. animal... h


dog or cat have diabetes and is it treatable? animal : breed : size : gender : status : zip / postal : the animal shelters news enter your e - mail adress to receive our monthly newsletter on pet care. animal... hypoglycemia ( insulin shock ) shock ( shok ) 1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance due to failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs. what is insulin shock?. insulin shock is considered a very severe medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. this is a life - threatening situation in which someone ' s blood sugar levels drop to dangerously low levels - - - resulting in unconsciousness and shock. insulin shock... insulin shock results from blood glucose levels that are too low and but a diabetic coma can also result from blood glucose levels becoming too high. see our sections on diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia for more detailed information. diabetes in dogs and cats ( 5 ) diabetes in pregnancy ( 3 ) diabetes medication ( 55 ) diabetes monitoring and supplies ( 12 ) diabetes prevention ( 8 )... the originator of insulin shock therapy, also known as insulin coma therapy, was dr. manfred sakel. dogs with diabetes aren ' t able to make enough insulin, a hormone that allows the body to store energy from food and move glucose into cells. because this condition has serious and potentially fatal consequences, diabetic dogs are typically treated with insulin injections one or two times each day virtually all dogs have " insulin dependent diabetes " and must be treated with insulin. most cats have " non - insulin dependent diabetes. "... insulin shock. if your pet appears wobbly or drunken, his / her blood sugar level may have dropped too low. diabetic sufferers play a constant balancing act with blood glucose levels. if levels are allowed to become too low, hypoglycemia occurs. left untreated, hypoglycemia caused by too much insulin, will evolve into diabetic shock, also called insulin shock. diabetics test blood glucose... there are several forms of insulin available and your veterinarian will make the best selection for your dog. most dogs require insulin injections twice daily ( 12 hours apart and after meals ) for best control of their diabetes symptoms. in the dog, beef containing insulin products are more likely to


and your veterinarian will make the best selection for your dog. most dogs require insulin injections twice daily ( 12 hours apart and after meals ) for best control of their diabetes symptoms. in the dog, beef containing insulin products are more likely to be antigenic vs pork insulin or recombinant human insulin. in the cat, pork insulin and recombinant human insulin are likely to be more antigenic vs beef or beef - pork products. 7. author comment ; fleurferro : super nervous and freaked out - dog had insulin shock and seizures : lead [ - ] insulin shock, or diabetic coma, is the potentially fatal end result of the medical condition called hypoglycemia. knowing its signs and treatment is essential. can a dog die from getting an insulin shot if he hasn ' t eaten anything in 2 days? submitted : 2034 days and 18 hours ago. category : dog... if they are given insulin and haven ' t been eating it can cause insulin shock. this guide should help you to recognize the symptoms of insulin shock and offer a few tips on how to treat it. askville question : what is the cheapest place to buy insulin for dogs? : health beef, pork, or human recombinant insulin. pork and beef derived insulins are available only as veterinary products and are not available for human use. in most dogs, intermediate - acting insulins are the first insulin of choice and usually need to be administered twice daily. in cats, both diabetic coma is a life - threatening diabetic complication, and an insulin shock is another name for hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. both are basically complications of diabetes. let ' s see the difference. noun pathology. a state of collapse caused by a decrease in blood sugar resulting from the administration of excessive insulin. also called insulin reaction. origin : 1920... lucy is diabetic. she gets 4units 2x daily with food.. monday she started to have diarrhea and some blood in her stool. we gave her some boiled chicked and rice. on tuesday she ate her normal morning feeding with her insulin.. 2hrs later after drinking water she vomits. time to go to the vet. vetsulin is of pork origin, which is handy for dogs because canine and pork insulin are identical. vetsulin can also be used in cats, although feline insulin is closer in structure to beef insulin. vetsulin is considered to


. vetsulin is of pork origin, which is handy for dogs because canine and pork insulin are identical. vetsulin can also be used in cats, although feline insulin is closer in structure to beef insulin. vetsulin is considered to be an intermediate - acting insulin. insulin for dogs - 91 results like novolin n insulin 100 - units 10 ml vial, elanco humulin n insulin 100 units / ml - 10ml, ultimed insulin syringe u - 100 1 cc, 31 gauge x 5 / 16 " - 100 pack, ulti med ultiguard ulticare u - 40 pet insulin syringes 29g 1 / 2cc 1 / 2 " 100 / bx, novo nordisk canada novolin n... what causes insulin shock?. the condition known as insulin shock occurs when the amount of glucose in the blood drops to a level at which it becomes insufficient to maintain normal brain function. low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can cause symptoms such as dizziness, headache and... insulin shock symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment information for insulin shock ( diabetic hypoglycemia ) with alternative diagnoses, full - text book chapters, misdiagnosis, research treatments, prevention, and prognosis. without insulin, most diabetic cats and dogs will suffer severe or fatal complications of the disease. form and storage of insulin. the commonly used forms of veterinary insulin are available as suspensions of insulin in liquid. in humans, xylitol has little to no effect on plasma insulin or glucose levels, but in dogs xylitol is a strong promoter of insulin release and can cause severe hypoglycemia with collapse and seizures. print. diabetes mellitus without complication in dogs. diabetes mellitus is a diseased state by which the body suffers from either an absolute shortage of insulin ( type i ), or from an incorrect response from the cells to the insulin that is being produced, a condition termed insulin resistance... similar questions : insulin shock recent questions about : insulin shock. health > conditions & diseases. answers... " where is a cheap place to buy insulin for dogs? " ( 4 answers ) " where can you get the sure - t infusion sets for insulin pumps? " ( 3 answers ) in diabetic dogs, the main treatment for regulating blood glucose is the administration of insulin by injection. dogs with diabetes mellitus require one or


authentication provider. the party responsible for validating a user ' s credentials and issuing a token that can be used to access other sites. this is the web site you visit to do the actual authentication. content injection. in a web application that accepts data input from users, content injection refers to the act of an attacker attempting to insert html or client script content that will be processed by a client browser, or sql commands that the server may process. if successful, content injection of html or client scripts will cause the website to behave undesirably for any user that views the injected content because it ' s being processed by their browser as legitimate html or client script. content injection can result in many undesirable effects, such as causing parts of a web page to disappear, diverting user requests to a malicious location, or allowing an attacker to eavesdrop. sql injection does not affect the client browser, but if a web application accepts user input and uses it to dynamically create a sql query without verifying the content, an attacker can inject syntax into the sql query to manipulate the database and even the database server if it ' s not locked down properly. this type of attack can lead to deleted data, dropped databases, or even allow operating system commands to run as if you were typing them at the command line. cross - site scripting ( xss ). an attack whereby scripts from a malicious source are executed on a client browser as part of a trusted web page. websites that build pages with data elements originating from other sources, such as user input or shared databases, are vulnerable to xss attacks. cross - site request forgery ( csrf ). an attack in which a client browser is manipulated into performing malicious actions on a server with which the client has some form of trusted relationship through authentication, https, or ip filtering. an attacker embeds a link or a script in a piece of untrusted content that does something on the trusted site to which the user is currently authenticated. a simple example is an image element embedded in an html email that includes a url query string, which performs a malicious action. if users click the image, they unknowingly initiate the act on the site where they are authenticated. data model. an object that represents an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be


an entity built for data storage services. these are not available for use outside the boundaries of the application and are often encapsulated behind a services layer. domain model. an object that represents an entity in the problem domain, which may also be annotated or extended to support some application features such as validation or authentication. because these models need to be shared between the server and client browser, they are sometimes contained within view models and used directly for data - binding in html forms. application models and service models are variations of domain models. eavesdropping. exploiting a web application using a network data capture utility to find and record http requests and responses between a website and a client. eavesdropping can lead to disclosure of sensitive information such as passwords, personal, or financial information, and can potentially allow the execution of spoofing, tampering and message replay attacks. flow diagram. a diagram that defines the pages in the site, actions available on those pages, and navigation between pages. this diagram reflects the user stories identified in the requirements. forms authentication. forms authentication enables user and password validation for web applications that do not require windows authentication. form model. an entity that represents all of the fields in an html form that is specific to a controller action. it contains only the data that is passed into the action. generally, this corresponds to whatever form is posting back to the server. form models ( sometimes called request models ) are a special case of view models. view models are more generic in that they may also include additional data needed to render a page. a form model might end up being a property on another view model. fragment identifier. the portion of a url identified by the hash ( # ). with regard to browser navigation, hyperlinks include them to make the hyperlink unique. when used in conjunction with the hashchange event, page content is able to change without performing a full - page reload. given - when - then template. a helpful template for defining acceptance criteria that include the context of the test ( given ), the action being tested ( when ), and the expected outcome ( then ). this template provides clear and concise documentation that can be understood by team members and can be used to generate both manual and automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection


automated test scripts. jquery selectors. a syntactical aspect of jquery that allows you to select all dom elements based on specific criteria ( tag name, id, attribute name, value, and more ). once the selection is made, jquery is used to operate on the selected elements. jump list. list of commonly used tasks and destinations, enabling easy user access to destinations by eliminating the need to launch the browser and then load the relevant content. also allows users to perform common tasks without launching the web application in advance. this is a feature of windows® internet explorer® 9. malicious input. bad data that causes your system to behave undesirably and / or corrupts data. message replay attack. an attack that alters the contents of a captured http request and re - submits it to the website. message tampering. when an attacker maliciously alters the content of request and / or response messages flowing between two parties across a network. for example, if a customer submits an order for 100 widgets to an online merchant, an attacker might alter the order request to order 10, 000 widgets instead. message tampering can be part of a message replay attack or a man - in - the - middle attack. mock. the typical strategy for isolating your component under test is to supply an alternative component or function that the component calls instead of supplying the real component. these alternative components may also be referred to as fakes, doubles, or stubs. mockup. a visual representation that shows what the site will eventually look like. mockups contain details such as typography, color, gradients, images, and transparency, but no functionality. mockups should communicate all necessary details of the ui. to do so, multiple mockups for a single page may be required to convey details of the different states of the application. mood board. a visual collage made up of images and color palettes from a variety of sources that communicate the emotional connection the application aims to have with the users. persona. a representation of a particular type of user the team can identify with. a persona is a user in context that embodies work style, role, motivation, skills, and goals. if you have a complicated or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcut


or large application, some features might target multiple personas. pinned site. a feature of windows internet explorer 9 that integrates your website with the windows 7 desktop. pinned sites enable easy access to favorite websites and add shortcut functionality similar to shortcuts in microsoft® windows applications. with pinned sites enabled for a website, users can pin the site to the windows 7 taskbar or add the site to the desktop or start menu. with this feature, you can add site metadata, create custom jump lists, notification icons, and thumbnail preview toolbar controls for the websites you develop. plain old clr object ( poco ). refers to a class in the microsoft. net framework that does not have any dependencies on external libraries such as the entity framework. for example, if a class inherits from a base class provided in an external library, it is not a poco. progressive enhancement. adds features to the client - side experience based on browser capabilities. publish / subscribe pattern ( pub / sub ). a messaging pattern that enables loose communication between publishers and subscribers. a pub / sub object manages communication, relieving the publishers and subscribers from having direct knowledge of one another. relying party. the party trying to validate a user based on a security token that was issued by an authentication provider. repository. a set of interfaces and implementations providing methods for data access. repository pattern. this pattern assists the data model in separating data storage concerns from the application logic. the interfaces do not expose any data storage - specific types and the implementation classes use them. you can choose how many repositories to create based on how granular you want to factor the methods and the expected data access pattern from your application. rule of thirds. this is a rule of thumb for visual composition that states that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally - spaced horizontal lines and two equally - spaced vertical lines. important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections. safe list. a list that limits input by only allowing what is known to be valid. the advantage of safe lists is that anything that falls outside of the valid set of characters is not allowed. salt. a salt is a value combined with a cryptographic key to make the output of an encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing


encryption algorithm more random and less susceptible to attack. sandboxing. technique that allows components of the application to be tested before the entire application is complete. it also makes testing more robust by preventing software defects in one module from blocking or affecting the testing of other modules. single - page interface ( spi ) pattern. a pattern for web applications that reduces the number of full - page reloads during user navigation. when a user performs an action, such as selecting a hyperlink, which traditionally requires the site to load a new web page, the application instead modifies the current web page without reloading it. single - page interface web application. web application where the user is only required to perform a full - page load once. from that point on, all page changes and data loading is performed without a full - page reload. hotmail, office live, and twitter are examples of single - page interface web applications. sliding expiration. a pre - determined amount of time where an authenticated user can use the site. the amount of time is reset whenever the user makes a new request to the server. the advantage of using a sliding expiration is that it does not force the user to authenticate again if he or she maintains a reasonable level of activity in the application. otherwise, the user would be redirected to the authentication page after a fixed amount of time had elapsed after the initial authentication. static web application. web sites consisting of static html pages, css, and images. as each page is navigated to, the browser performs a full - page reload. structure. the html of the page as it relates to the hierarchy of elements that make up the page, rather than the visual appearance or layout of the ui. topic. the message between the publisher and subscriber in a pub / sub environment. this message, also often referred to as an event, represents the contract between the sender and receiver, and is made up of a name and an optional message body. user gestures. a specific action that a user takes in order to interact with an application. traditionally, gestures include mouse clicks and keys presses. however, many modern applications also employ interactions in which a user acts more directly on an application. for example, they may touch a screen to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in


to swipe, pinch, or pull content. viewbag. the name / value keyed collection that lets you store any loosely typed data. asp. net mvc 3 introduced the viewbag ( called viewdata in previous versions ) in addition to view. model. view models. models contained within the mvc application which are built solely for a view to data - bind against. they often follow the same composition hierarchy as the views and partial views. widget method. the method that represents the primary interface for applying the widget to elements and using the widget after it ' s applied. the widget method is named after the name of the widget. wireframe. a diagram that depicts rough placement of the text, data, and basic controls of a ui. these diagrams are tools used to help organize the page ' s information. a wireframe does not show details of the page. wrapped set. a wrapped set is the result of a query that uses a jquery selector to find elements in the dom. to call a method on a wrapped set of elements, a selector is used to select elements in the dom. for example, to add the listing css class to all ul elements directly inside a div element, you can use $ ( ' div ul ' ). addclass ( ' listing ' ).


tips and links on learning and using different types of scales will be helpful. if possible list of scales with songs in which they are used and ( artists / types of bands ) who uses certain scales to a larger degree will also be helpful. the problem with giving examples of scale use by certain artists or certain songs is that most artists don ' t really think in terms of using particular scales. they may not know the theory in the first place, relying instead on their ear to guide them, or they may know the theory but in practice concentrate on playing what " sounds right ". only when quizzed later, they can offer an explanation of why and how what they played works ( usually after spending some time figuring out what exactly they played, in scale terms ). having said that, there are some general rules of thumb you might find helpful, which stem from the fact that musicians influence each other and that certain musical ideas are more " appealing " than others in a given cultural context. i ' ll try to break down some of these ideas for you. first of all, my guess is that around 80 - 90 % of popular western music is based on either the major scale or the minor scale. thus if something sounds " lighthearted / happy " it is probably major and if it sounds " dark " or " sad " it is probably minor. in practice, when playing melodies most guitarists don ' t even go that far - opting instead to use the minor pentatonic ( the minor scale without the 2nd and 6th steps ) or the major pentatonic ( the major scale without the 4th and 7th steps ). the pentatonics are the two most important scales that you should have down, as well as the blues scale ( the minor pentatonic with an additional flatted 5th step and - more rarely - also the 7th step ). since the pentatonics are simplified versions of the major and minor scales, you can always switch between them through adding or removing the relevant steps. it sounds fine in theory, but how to use scales in practice? scales and chords most of the time you will be playing scales over chords and you ' ll notice that some of the notes in each scale sound better over a particular chord than others. the reason for this is that chords themselves are made up of notes from a scale. thus, the c major chord is most readily constructed from the c major scale. let ' s see how that works : the c major scale : c d e f g a b c the c major chord : c


up of notes from a scale. thus, the c major chord is most readily constructed from the c major scale. let ' s see how that works : the c major scale : c d e f g a b c the c major chord : c e g thus, the c, e and g notes will always sound good when played against a c chord. moreover, they will sound good against any c major or dominant extended chord such as cmaj7, c7, c9, c13 etc. the same is true for minor chords, so if we take the key of am, we get : the a minor scale : a b c d e f g a the a minor chord : a c e so we can see that a, c and e will always sound good against an am chord. bonus points if you spotted that the c major and a minor scales contain the same notes, but simply start from a different one in each case. the two scales are modes of each other. we ' ll get to using modes in a bit. strong and passing tones we ' ve seen how any note contained in a chord will sound good against that chord. notes not forming part of the chord will always sound a bit " weak " ( or downright ugly ) when stressed against it. for this reason if you intend to emphasise a note over a chord, it will work best if the note is part of the chord. what about the other notes, that aren ' t part of the chord? well, it depends on the note. sometimes, they can be stressed over a chord and thus change the harmonic sound somewhat - for example, a g note played over an am chord sounds like an am7. this is because our melody note sounds like a harmonic extension of the chord and it ' s fine, as long as that ' s the sound we ' re looking for. some notes are more troublesome ( in c major / a minor it is the f note ) and sound awful when stressed against a chord. the way to use these is to keep them as passing tones - notes we play when getting from one strong note to another. when these " clash tones " are kept short, they don ' t offend the ear. harmonised scales and combining scales with progressions we now know that using scales with chords mostly consists in ephasising the strong notes ( those that are part of the chord ) and keeping the other notes short as we pass from one strong note to another. is there some way of taking a chord progression and making