transcom ch4 intercomparison, version 7, april ( available online at transcom. project. asu. edu / pdf / transcom / t4. methane. protocol _ v7. pdf ). patra, p. k., s. houweling, m. krol, p. bousquet, d. belikov, d. bergmann, h. bian, p. cameron - smith, m. p. chipperfield, k. corbin, a. fortems - cheiney, a. fraser, e. gloor, p. hess, a. ito, s. r. kawa, r. m. law, z. loh, s. maksyutov, l. meng, p. i. palmer, r. g. prinn, m. rigby, r. saito, c. wilson, transcom model simulations of ch4 and related species : linking transport, surface flux and chemical loss with ch4 variability in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, atmos. chem. phys. discuss., submitted, 2011. presentations at the 10th transcom workshop, university of california, berkeley, 2010, ( saturday session ) are available on the transcom - ch4 ftp server at nies. for more information


tri states public radio staff fri september 7, 2012 volcano shoots geyser of water up into space originally published on tue october 9, 2012 10 : 53 am what we have here is a moon — a small one ( slightly wider than the state of arizona ) — circling saturn. if you look closely, you will see a small splay of light at its top, looking like a circular fountain. that ' s because it is a fountain — of sorts. a bunch of volcano - like jets are sending fantastically high geysers of water vapor up into the sky, so high that you can see them in this remarkable print by michael benson, back lit by light bouncing off of saturn. it turns out this moon, called enceladus, is a snowball containing what may be a sea of liquid water, warmed by the squishes and stretches of saturn and other moons that pass nearby ( plus it may have a hot, rocky core. ) all that gravity pushing and pulling on this little ball squeezes the liquid inside so it shoots up through some fissures at the top. nobody knew these fountains were there until the cassini spacecraft flew near enough to enceladus to find them. but now comes the amazing part. water hose in the sky some of that water vapor turns into ice and the crystals fall like snow back onto the moon at a rate of 0. 02 inches a year ; but some ice is thrown so high, it joins a ring around saturn, one of the outer rings, labeled " e. " take a look at this image of the same moon, enceladus — it ' s the dark spot inside the bright flare — getting real close to the e ring. according to sascha kempf of the max planck institute for nuclear physics in heidelberg, this moon is " feeding " water crystals into saturn ' s ring. who knew that a moon could spray ice onto a planetary ring? before these photos were taken, scientists thought teeny meteorites, called micrometeoroids, would slam into saturn ' s moons kicking up dust ( adding to dust from a long exploded moon ) and that ' s how the rings were formed. nobody imagined that the rings would be fed by geysers. but that seems to be what ' s happening to the e ring. according to kempf, the ring will carry those ice nuggets around saturn for an orbit or two, until they meet the moon again and are recaptured. but some crystals just keep circling and circling for 50, maybe


happening to the e ring. according to kempf, the ring will carry those ice nuggets around saturn for an orbit or two, until they meet the moon again and are recaptured. but some crystals just keep circling and circling for 50, maybe 400 years. the e ring is astonishingly thin. its debris is thousands of miles across, but often only 3 meters ( about 9. 3 feet ) high. a giraffe traveling on this ring would poke out like a giant. seeing " true color " michael benson just published his print of water shooting off enceladus from a digital transmission sent by the cassini probe. it appears in his about - to - be published book planetfall : new solar system visions. what cassini saw came back as a batch of digital information — lots of ones and zeroes — which can be turned into black and white images. working from a series of picture fragments that cassini transmits in small batches, michael put them together into a single shot, then chose the hues and levels of light based on what is called " true color, " what a person would see if he happened on the scene. " i believe i was the first to see this sight the way it would appear to an actual visitor, simply by virtue of having logged the time to create the composite image, which is made of 19 raw spacecraft frames, and took several days to composite, " he wrote me. this is the way i like to tour the solar system. find a chair. sit. turn some pages. gaze. wonder. the price isn ' t bad, either.


by alexandra friedman : “ it is a complete failure, ” sighed jenn baka from her hotel room in tamil nadu, india. after months of studying a unique plant on a fulbright scholarship, baka has deemed it — the jatropha curcas — a flop. just a few years ago, it was hailed as the crown jewel of indian sustainable energy. the renewable energy industry began to explore the biofuel potential of jatropha, a plant that produces toxic, non - edible nuts. with a readily extractable 45 percent oil content and the ability to run in any diesel machine after processing, jatropha caught the attention of governments, private companies and ngos alike. the indian government championed jatropha from the start, largely due to the energy needs of its burgeoning population and its dependency on foreign fuel as the fourth largest consumer of oil in the world. with over one billion people and nearly all of its fertile land allocated to food crops, india ’ s land shortages render most biofuel cultivation impossible. still, the indian ministry of new and renewable energy pledged to achieve 20 percent biodiesel consumption by 2017 and to provide the entire indian population with a source of renewable energy by 2015. for a while, jatropha seemed like the answer, launching to the top of the national indian energy agenda due to its purported ability to grow anywhere. in 2003 the indian government began to set aside officially designated “ wasteland ” as jatropha test sites, where a combination of public and private investment enabled the planting of jatropha plantations. the mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee act of 2005, which guarantees rural indian households 100 days of employment on manual labor projects, provided the necessary workforce to plant jatropha. “ it was promoted as a crop that can survive in marginal environments under rain - fed conditions, meaning no fertilizer or extra water required, so farmers took up the crop. surprise, surprise — it doesn ’ t grow well in marginal conditions, ” explained baka. at first glance an almost messianic plant, jatropha promised to bolster employment levels and turn wastelands into producers of clean, renewable energy. researchers had estimated that one acre would yield between 200 and 400 gallons of oil, significantly more than current biofuels like soy and canola oil. but after years of trying to harvest the nut ’ s potential, researchers and farmers have begun to accept failure. “ jatropha is a pandemic like h1n1. it is not going to solve the energy


and canola oil. but after years of trying to harvest the nut ’ s potential, researchers and farmers have begun to accept failure. “ jatropha is a pandemic like h1n1. it is not going to solve the energy crisis of the world, but rather take away land where large populations are growing, ” said dr. k. k. tripathi of the indian department of biotechnology, who has conducted multiple government and private studies revealing poor yields of jatropha. dr. robert bailis of the yale school of forestry and environmental studies, who is currently researching the lifecycle of jatropha as a biofuel, agreed : “ unfortunately, the plant was really over - hyped if you go back four, five years. it was pitched as this miracle crop that can grow in really poor conditions and give great yields with very little input and very little attention from the farmer, ” he said, “ and none of that is true. ” this trend is especially apparent in the private sector, where companies are steadily decreasing investment in jatropha projects. in 2009 british petroleum sold its rights in an estimated $ 12. 1 million jatropha project joint venture with d1 oils for a mere $ 818, 900, making a timely departure before d1 oils fell into financial woes. megha rathee, chief operating officer at green consultancy firm earth 100, commented on dwindling governmental investment : “ the expected yield of jatropha never came into being, so the government lost interest. ” the haphazard implementation of projects like these causes skepticism among researchers like bailis, who questions the motives of corporations and the indian government behind the push for jatropha. “ people don ’ t act ethically when it comes to business, ” he insisted. unfortunately, farmers have suffered much more than private investors. a lack of buyers and refineries means that many of these farmers cannot sell their product, even with the government ’ s push for jatropha. on top of that, many farmers have reported poor yields and insist that in the three - year - plus period it takes to grow, process, and sell jatropha, they could turn a higher profit by planting crops like sorghum or sugarcane. over a third of the 700 farmers baka interviewed were promised loans from agricultural banks to replace their normal food crops with jatropha, many more receiving encouragement from the local government. few have received compensation for their efforts. jatropha ’ s final redeeming quality — that


farmers baka interviewed were promised loans from agricultural banks to replace their normal food crops with jatropha, many more receiving encouragement from the local government. few have received compensation for their efforts. jatropha ’ s final redeeming quality — that it grows in fallow and otherwise unused land — also falls short. proponents of the plant argue that regardless of yield, jatropha does not compete for valuable food crop space, especially when planted in “ wasteland ” areas. but baka found discrepancies in the government terminology of “ wasteland. ” baka noted that one village leader she met while doing survey work in tamil nadu told her that “ the local state government body had forced him to plant jatropha in his village even though he said he didn ’ t have land. the government was trying to promote it so heavily and do these propagation schemes that they even forced him [ to find land ] to plant it. ” because of this external pressure, villages that grow jatropha are often forced to cultivate it in common land areas, normally used as public space for gathering fuel wood or grazing animals. the indian government definition of wastelands is “ lands that can be put to more productive use with effort. ” in many instances, “ there is this whole other energy economy situated there that ’ s not mentioned in any of the government assessments of wastelands, ” said baka. these wastelands are often home to trees used for fuel wood, charcoal production, electricity production and tire retreading. in some locales, jatropha has achieved success : a handful of private companies promoting the plant have implemented an effective system of jatropha production, refinement and exportation. gold star biofuels, a private jatropha oil manufacturer, is one such company. through its unique humanitarian focus on its farmers, gold star, “ helps the economy of the country by providing jobs to unemployed farmers, keeps the families together on the farms, pays all of our farmers u. n. wages on levels projected for 2015 and pays national insurance, ” explained jack holden, the company ’ s executive director. earth 100, part of goldman sachs group ’ s efforts to reduce its carbon foot - print in india, has similarly achieved success as a buyer in the jatropha oil manufacturing industry. they provide companies with ‘ green fleets ’ of cars that are powered solely by nonedible biofuels like jatropha. most of earth 100 ’ s jatropha comes from wild sources, picked and collected by villagers


##pha oil manufacturing industry. they provide companies with ‘ green fleets ’ of cars that are powered solely by nonedible biofuels like jatropha. most of earth 100 ’ s jatropha comes from wild sources, picked and collected by villagers in an alternative, organic manner of cultivation. aside from the social benefits, jatropha seedcakes produced as a byproduct of oil extraction can help replenish the soil. “ the technology needed for avoiding chemical fertilizer is very important and significant in reducing the carbon footprint as well as energy use and improving the scenario towards sustainability [ of jatropha ], ” said dr. alok adholeya of the energy and resources institute. despite these small - scale successes, the overriding failure of jatropha has left many projects abandoned. the true sustainability of the plant is yet to be determined : factors influencing the yield, the carbon balance of jatropha, and the amount of energy used to manufacture the oil and the seedcake must still be researched. the enigma of jatropha remains unsolved. as rathee explained, “ jatropha is not the ideal solution, but it ’ s the only one that we have right now. ” alexandra friedman ’ 14 is in pierson college. contact her at email @ example. com.


a device developed in the 1930s may be the most successful cancer cure ever invented. rife frequency therapy is an early, non - toxic cancer treatment that has fallen into obscurity — but one that deserves to be resurrected! in 1933, an american inventor named royal r. rife invented an audio - frequency emitting device that was capable of sending frequencies into a person ’ s body that would destroy microorganisms found to be casually associated with cancer. though the theory may sound more like science fiction than real life, it ’ s supported by the repeated research of numerous highly respected scientists. unfortunately, like so many alternative cancer cures, rife ’ s machines were discredited by industry elites, who regarded rife ’ s work as pseudomedicine. as a result, rife machines were never put into widespread use by mainstream medicine. it is believed by many alternative health practitioners that the medical industry ’ s rejection of rife ’ s machines was caused by a conspiracy involving the american medical association, the department of public health, and other elements of “ organized medicine. ” pleomorphism : the key to rife ’ s cancer cure rife ’ s work is totally unlike any other work done in pursuit of a cure for cancer — before, during or after his lifetime. he believed that cancer was a kind of virus, and in order to pursue his theory, he invented a microscope that was 8 times more powerful than those used by his contemporaries. using his unique microscope, rife discovered two organisms, which he named “ bx ” and “ by ” and which appeared to cause carcinomas and sarcomas, respectively. further, he found that the organisms were pleomorphic — which means they could take different forms. in one form, the organisms were harmless, but in the other, they caused cancer. the idea of pleomorphic entities comes from a french scientist, antoine beauchamp. in the early days of microbiology, beauchamp and louis pasteur led opposing camps in the ideological war over the forms microbes could take. pasteur ’ s ideas dominated, but scientists since have proven beauchamp ’ s idea of pleomorphism to be correct, and the issue is still debated to this day. this pleomorphic view of microorganisms is key to rife ’ s cancer cure — but it contradicts elements of other theories behind the highly profitable antibiotic drugs that rose to popularity during rife ’ s lifetime. thus, thanks to a collusion of professional biases and profit margins


key to rife ’ s cancer cure — but it contradicts elements of other theories behind the highly profitable antibiotic drugs that rose to popularity during rife ’ s lifetime. thus, thanks to a collusion of professional biases and profit margins, rife ’ s work was cast into oblivion. sine wave destroys the cancer virus this is especially tragic because rife didn ’ t just determine the cause of cancer ( the pleomorphic organisms bx and by ), he found a way to destroy it. rife discovered that exposing diseased organisms and cells to a modified form of their own oscillation pattern ( vibrational energy ) destroys the diseased cells, while leaving healthy cells intact and unharmed. a specific frequency in particular called the sine wave could destroy the cancer virus. thereafter, rife adapted x - ray technology and built a “ ray tube ” that he used to zap the organisms with the desired audio frequency. with his special microscope, rife could watch as cancer viruses were instantly killed by his sine wave treatment. in order to achieve those results for humans, however, he had to find a way to get the audio waves into the deep tissues inside the human body. the key was a carrier wave capable of penetrating tissue. rife ingeniously found a way to “ piggyback ” the frequencies so they could travel as a unit, but remain separate and distinct. this method of delivery allowed rife to treat cancers anywhere in the body. his treatment, approved for and used on humans in the 1930s, is completely non - toxic and does not damage healthy tissue in any way. though great successes were achieved using rife ’ s “ ray tube, ” ineffective business practices undermined rife ’ s efforts to produce more machines. finding a real rife machine a typical rife machine consists of a 9 - volt battery, wiring, a switch, a timer and 2 short copper cylinders. all one has to do is hold the 2 copper cylinders in one ’ s hands and relax for about 30 minutes. the machine delivers an “ almost undetectable ” current to the body. since none of the rife machines sold today are identical to the first model, the primary difficulty for those interested in this treatment is determining if the machine in question functions in a manner close enough to rife ’ s original. rife machines that are currently available vary widely in the type of resonant frequencies they emit. there ’ s a rife machine which comes with the same double - bubble bulb configuration used


a manner close enough to rife ’ s original. rife machines that are currently available vary widely in the type of resonant frequencies they emit. there ’ s a rife machine which comes with the same double - bubble bulb configuration used by royal rife in his laboratory, and contains over 800 frequencies for treating a wide array of health conditions, including cancer. typing the key phrase “ rife machines ” on any search engine will reveal many commercially available machines that feature different configurations of functionality and programmability, and they range from $ 300 to $ 3, 000 or more. caveat emptor : unscrupulous entrepreneurs selling devices that bear rife ’ s name have been marketing their products using fraudulent claims, and some have been convicted of health fraud. it is advisable to exercise caution and due diligence when purchasing a rife device — and be sure to buy only from reputable companies. underground health reporter recommendations - the 8 - ingredient secret recipe to rebuilding your brand new body - how to erase wrinkles and lines without injections or surgery and make your skin look 5, 10, or even 20 years younger with these top 3 anti - aging ingredients... - discover how to prevent fatal disease, strengthen your mind, energize your body and look younger now by unlocking the antioxidant secret... - the missing secret behind the law of attraction that will enable you to finally manifest your desires...


sept. 19, 2011 – university of utah engineers who built wireless networks that see through walls now are aiming the technology at a new goal : noninvasively measuring the breathing of surgery patients, adults with sleep apnea and babies at risk of sudden infant death syndrome ( sids ). because the technique uses off - the - shelf wireless transceivers similar to those used in home computer networks, “ the cost of this system will be cheaper than existing methods of monitoring breathing, ” says neal patwari, senior author of a study of the new method and an assistant professor of electrical engineering. while he estimates it will be five years until such a product is on the market, patwari says a network of wireless transceivers around a bed can measure breathing rates and alert someone if breathing stops without any tubes or wires connected to the patient. “ we can use this to increase the safety of people who are under sedation after surgery by knowing if they stop breathing, ” he says. “ we also envision a product that parents put around their baby ’ s crib to alert them if the baby stops breathing. it might be useful for babies at risk of sids. ” the american academy of pediatrics says there is “ no evidence that home monitors are effective ” for preventing sids. since 2005, the group has opposed the use of breathing monitors to prevent sids, but has said they “ may be useful in some infants who have had an apparent life - threatening event, ” including some combination of apnea [ abnormal interruptions in breathing ], color change, limpness and choking or gagging. “ the aap recognizes that monitors may be helpful to allow rapid recognition of apnea, airway obstruction, respiratory failure, interruption of supplemental oxygen supply, or failure of mechanical respiratory support, ” the group states. in addition to other possible uses, patwari wants to conduct research with doctors to test his method as an infant - breathing monitor, and, if it proves useful, develop it as a medical device that would need federal approval. he also says it may be useful for adults with sleep apnea, which causes daytime fatigue and impairs a person ’ s performance. sids monitors now on the market include fda - approved medical devices that measure heart rate and respiration and are connected to babies with wires, electrodes and - or belts. other monitors, which are non - medical and over - the - counter versions, detect a lack of sound, or use mattress sensors to detect a lack of movement. patwari


and are connected to babies with wires, electrodes and - or belts. other monitors, which are non - medical and over - the - counter versions, detect a lack of sound, or use mattress sensors to detect a lack of movement. patwari says that with the new method, “ the patient or the baby doesn ’ t have to be connected to tubes or wired to other sensors, so they can be more comfortable while sleeping. if you ’ re wired up, you ’ re going to have more trouble sleeping, which is going to make your recovery in the hospital worse. ” some opposition to sids monitors is based on a fear that parents will depend on monitors instead of following other, more effective medical measures, including always placing babies on their backs to sleep, keeping redundant bedding and soft objects out of the crib, and not having babies share a bed with adults. yet many parents want monitors too. the aap acknowledges “ distribution of home monitors continues to be a substantial industry in the united states. ” new uses for wireless technology wireless technology has become pervasive, from wireless phones to wireless networks linking home computers. in 2009, patwari and then - graduate student joey wilson showed how a couple dozen wireless transceivers – devices that transmit and receive radio signals – could be used to literally see through walls to detect the location of a burglar, people trapped by a fire or hostages held captive inside a building. they formed a university of utah spinoff company, xandem technology llc, which is commercializing the wireless networks for use as motion detectors for burglar alarm systems, to help police locate hostages and even to alert out - of - town, vacationing parents if a crowd of teenagers is partying at their home during their absence. patwari ’ s new study points out pros and cons of adding wireless detection of breathing to the motion - detecting capability. “ a search and rescue team may arrive at a collapsed building and throw transceivers into the rubble, hoping to detect the breathing of anyone still alive inside, ” patwari and colleagues write. “ police or swat teams may deploy a network around a building to determine if people are inside. ” “ on the other hand, the ability to measure breathing from a wireless network has privacy implications, ” they add. “ we have shown previously that a network deployed around external walls of a building can detect and track a person who is moving or changing position. if this system can also detect and monitor a sleeping person ’ s breathing, it would


, ” they add. “ we have shown previously that a network deployed around external walls of a building can detect and track a person who is moving or changing position. if this system can also detect and monitor a sleeping person ’ s breathing, it would have additional utility for eavesdroppers or thieves. ” the study : using wireless transceivers to detect breathing because of efforts to patent the new use of the wireless breathing - detection technology – which has been named breathtaking – patwari is posting his study on the online scientific preprint website arxiv this week before submitting it to a journal for formal publication. patwari conducted the study with wilson ; sai ananthanarayanan, a postdoctoral electrical engineer ; sneha kasera, an associate professor of computer science ; and dwayne westenskow, a professor of anesthesiology and research professor of bioengineering. the research was funded by the national science foundation. in a new study, patwari showed a network of 20 wireless transceivers placed around a hospital bed could reliably detect breathing and estimate breathing rate to within two - fifths of a breath per minute based on 30 seconds of data. this is different than using wireless transmitters to relay measurements from conventional breathing monitors. the motion of the chest and abdomen during breathing impedes the wireless radio signals crisscrossing a bedridden patient, who in the study was patwari himself. each of the 20 transceivers or “ nodes ” can transmit and receive to the other 19, meaning there can be up to 380 measurements ( 20 times 19 ) of radio signal strength within a short period of time ( the transceivers transmit one after the other ). the study was conducted in a clinical room used for research at the university of utah school of medicine ’ s department of anesthesiology. patwari reclined on a hospital bed and listened to a metronome to time his breathing so he inhaled and exhaled 15 times per minute – about the average breathing rate for a resting adult. his breathing was measured two ways : by the experimental wireless network, and by a carbon dioxide monitor connected to his nostrils by tubes. it calculated breathing rate by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled with each breath. patwari also tested the wireless network with no one in the hospital bed. the study found the wireless network could measure breathing within 0. 4 to 0. 2 breaths per minute, an insignificant error rate given that most breathing monitors round to the nearest breath per minute


also tested the wireless network with no one in the hospital bed. the study found the wireless network could measure breathing within 0. 4 to 0. 2 breaths per minute, an insignificant error rate given that most breathing monitors round to the nearest breath per minute, he says. if a bedridden person or baby moves, the wireless system detects the movement but cannot measure their breathing at the same time. to decide if someone is breathing or not, the wireless system uses a computer algorithm – basically, a set of formulas. patwari says his algorithm squares the amplitude or loudness of the signal on each link between nodes, then averages it over all 380 links. a number larger than 1. 5 indicates breathing has been detected. patwari also measured how many nodes were required to measure breathing accurately. the minimum was 13 nodes or transceivers, while the rate of incorrect breathing measurements fell to zero when 19 nodes were used. the study also showed the height of the nodes around the hospital bed didn ’ t significantly affect breathing measurements. patwari plans more research on whether different or multiple radio frequencies might detect breathing better than the one 2. 4 gigahertz frequency used in the study. he also wants to test whether the system can detect two people breathing at the same rate but not in sync – something that might make it possible to design a system that could detect not only the location of hostages in a building, but the number held together.


- urge home - your body - your mind - drugs and alcohol - beyond school - our society - connecting you if someone drinks too much or has an adverse reaction while drinking, it is very important they receive professional help as soon as possible. quick responses can save lives... stay with the person until the ambulance arrives. ensure the person gets enough air by keeping crowds back and opening windows. loosen tight clothing. keep them warm - use blankets or a coat ( but not too warm ). if the person is unconscious, don ' t leave them on their back - they could choke. clear any vomit away from their mouth. turn them on their side and into the recovery position. gently tilt their head back so their tongue does not block their airway. if breathing has stopped, give mouth - to - mouth resuscitation. if there is no pulse, apply cpr. provide the ambulance officers with as much information as you can - what they have been drinking, how much they have been drinking, and any pre - existing medical conditions that you know the person has. give someone fluids ( even water ) if you think they ' re in shock or unconscious. leave someone alone, especially if they are unconscious. if the person is asleep and you are unable to wake them up. look at the person ' s skin. if it is cold, clammy, pale, bluish in colour.


resistance mechanisms are employed by bacterial organisms to gain a growth advantage in conditions that impose a tremendous selective pressure, resulting in the materialization of isolates that are resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials. surveillance systems are commonly used in human medicine to track the frequency and emergence of these strains, and this information is used to implement infection control policies aimed at reducing the number of these organisms. the implementation and sophistication of these monitoring programs in veterinary medicine lags behind the human counterpart. with the increasing prevalence of methicillin - resistant staphyloccus aureus ( mrsa ) in humans, particular emphasis is placed on methicillin - resistant staphylocci ( mrs ) at the osu - vmc. all staphylococcal species isolated during routine microbiological examination are screened for the presence of the meca gene, which defines an isolate as being methicillin - resistant. this gene is carried on the staphylococcal cassette chromosome ( sccmec ), which can be used to help further classify mrs organisms. healthcare - associated methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( ha - mrsa ) is typically isolated from patients in a healthcare setting, tends to be multidrug resistant, and is usually associated with sccmec types i, ii, or iii. community - associated methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( ca - mrsa ) is typically isolated from young, healthy individuals with no history of indwelling medical devices, recent visitation to a healthcare facility, or any other risk factors for ha - mrsa. ca - mrsa is usually associated with skin and soft tissue infections, is generally susceptible to multiple antimicrobial classes, contains the panton - valentine leukocidin ( pvl ) gene, and is most often associated with sccmec types iv, v, vi, and vii. additionally, using dna fingerprinting methods, ha - mrsa strains are generally most related to usa types 100, 500, and 800, while ca - mrsa are most related to usa types 300 and 400. bidirectional transmission facilitates the zoonotic potential of these organisms. unlike human medicine, long term veterinary studies are lacking, so little information is available to determine how the prevalence of mrsa and mrsp have changed over time. however, the availability of dna fingerprinting methods such as pfge have facilitated efforts to determine if isolates from separate


women, men and suffrage nancy kohlhoff, valparaiso branch ( ed note : this is the sixth in a series of our exclusive publication of the manuscript written by nancy after much research to fill in the gaps left by history books when dealing with women ’ s issues and their struggle to gain the vote. ) the movement for woman ’ s rights which was entangled with abolition from the beginning of the century had no impetus until elizabeth stanton took the lead. she was not the first to " analyze critically the plight of women and enumerate the changes needed to raise them from domestic servitude " to positions of equality with men. but, unlike most other reformers, elizabeth believed reform must include more than the vote and property rights for women. she wanted to collapse the patriarchy, to remove the very underpinnings of entrenched social and religious customs. that was enough to keep her in conflict most of the time with relatives, friends and enemies. in her letters, articles and speeches, elizabeth boldly stated contraception should be available to women. the practice, barely discussed by respectable people in her time, was denounced by the clergy and most people living then who had ever had the good fortune to hear of it. she also said divorce should be obtained easily and custody of children awarded to their mothers. consumption of alcohol, without government regulation or local control, was a serious social problem in the 19th century. elizabeth observed the plight of women and children deprived of food, clothing and shelter, as well as their subjection to physical and emotional abuse, because of the excessive drinking habits of husbands and fathers. yet, the law allowed that fathers, even though they may have abandoned the family, owned their children. it was common practice for custodial fathers to " farm out " their children for wages which were then collected by the drunkards and used to sustain their debilitating habits. elizabeth also argued that men whose wives worked for wages should not be allowed to collect those wages. she scorned husbands who came to the factories and mills on payday, took their wives ’ earnings and spent the money gambling or at the local saloon before their wives had returned home after a twelve - hour - a - day, six - day work week. she demanded equal pay for women for equal work. a woman then was paid about one - quarter what a male earned for doing the same job. she advocated labor unions for the working poor, including men and women. elizabeth advocated admission of women into higher education. until 1833, when


for equal work. a woman then was paid about one - quarter what a male earned for doing the same job. she advocated labor unions for the working poor, including men and women. elizabeth advocated admission of women into higher education. until 1833, when oberlin college admissions policy made " no distinction to color or sex, " no college or university in the country which admitted men, admitted women. in 1838, zeruiah porter became the first woman to graduate from oberlin although she completed only the " literary course, " not the regular college course which men took. elizabeth believed schools should be co - educational and provide the same training for females that was provided for males. she thought women should participate in sports, ride bicycles and exercise vigorously. elizabeth raised seven children but very infrequently left her home for public activity until she was fifty, when her last child became independent. however, she held controversial views on child rearing, too. she said babies should not be swaddled, as was the custom. she wanted them to be bathed daily and taken outside for sunshine and fresh air. she also encouraged mothers to give their infants water to drink in addition to their regular diet. she did not believe in corporeal punishment, but said children could be disciplined by reason and persuasion. she thought the wale - boned corsets worn by young girls and women dislodged every vital organ in the female body, and she refused to wear them. about the only custom elizabeth did not defy was women ’ s long dress. although she wore the " bloomer " costume or " free dress " for several years, she finally gave it up because she thought it diverted attention from more important reforms for women. women appearing in public in the bloomer dress were frequently jeered by passers - by and pelted with rotten fruit or vegetables by rowdy street urchins. because of her outspoken challenge to the status quo, elizabeth was suspect to nearly every segment in society. politicians, physicians, clergymen, businessmen and most women denounced her radical views. although there was never a public rift between elizabeth and henry, he seemed to copy best by ignoring her and keeping his distance. progress at last nevertheless, throughout the years, people were reading her essays and listening to her speeches. as she grew older, her reputation remained essentially unaltered, but the people did not. she had changed the way people thought. her 80th birthday was celebrated in the metropolitan opera house in new york city. a well - known


her speeches. as she grew older, her reputation remained essentially unaltered, but the people did not. she had changed the way people thought. her 80th birthday was celebrated in the metropolitan opera house in new york city. a well - known newspaper editor paid her this tribute : " every woman who seeks the legal custody of her children ; who finds the door of a college or university open to her ; who administers a post - office or a public library ; who enters upon a career of medicine, law or theology ; who teaches school or tills a farm or keeps a shop or rides a bicycle — every such woman owes her liberty largely to yourself and to your earliest and bravest co - workers. " during her last years, elizabeth, then widowed, dwelt on woman ’ s self - reliance. in looking back over her life, it occurred to her that she had managed by her robust energy, intelligence, good - natured wit, and her own spiritual and moral strengths. henry, always an advocate of equality in the abstract, apparently never made the connection between equality in the marriage and harmony in the home. in her most famous speech, " the solitude of self, " she said, ( in abbreviate form ) " no matter how much women prefer to lean, to be protected and supported, nor how much men prefer to have them do so, they must make the voyage of life alone. the talk of sheltering woman from the fierce storms of life is sheerest mockery, for they beat on her just as they do on man. whatever the theories may be of woman ’ dependence on man, in the supreme moments of her life he cannot bear her burdens. [ in ] the tragedies and triumphs of human experience each mortal stands alone. the strongest reason why we ask for woman a voice in government, in religion, in social life, is because she must relay on herself. " ( quotes from griffith, elizabeth, in her own right, oxford university press, 1984 ; general background from various published sources on woman ’ s history. copyright 1993 )


samarium : the essentials samarium has a bright silver lustre and is reasonably stable in air. it ignites in air at 150°c. it is a rare earth metal. it is found with other rare earth elements in minerals including monazite and bastnaesite and is used in electronics industries. samarium : historical information samarium was discovered spectroscopically by its sharp absorption lines in 1853 by jean charles galissard de marignac in an " earth " called didymia. the element was isolated in 1879 by lecoq de boisbaudran from the mineral samarskite, named in honour of a russian mine official, colonel samarski, and which therefore gave samarium its name. samarium : physical properties samarium : orbital properties isolation : samarium metal is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory, which is just as well as it is difficult to isolate as the pure metal. this is largely because of the way it is found in nature. the lanthanoids are found in nature in a number of minerals. the most important are xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite. the first two are orthophosphate minerals lnpo4 ( ln deonotes a mixture of all the lanthanoids except promethium which is vanishingly rare ) and the third is a fluoride carbonate lnco3f. lanthanoids with even atomic numbers are more common. the most comon lanthanoids in these minerals are, in order, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium. monazite also contains thorium and ytrrium which makes handling difficult since thorium and its decomposition products are radioactive. for many purposes it is not particularly necessary to separate the metals, but if separation into individual metals is required, the process is complex. initially, the metals are extracted as salts from the ores by extraction with sulphuric acid ( h2so4 ), hydrochloric acid ( hcl ), and sodium hydroxide ( naoh ). modern purification techniques for these lanthanoid salt mixtures are ingenious and involve selective complexation techniques, solvent extractions, and ion exchange chromatography. pure samarium is available through the electrolysis of a mixture of molten smcl3 and nacl ( or cacl2 ) in a graphite cell which acts as cathode using graphite as


what a perfect activity for a seven year old ( or a twelve year old, a 25 year old, a 45 year old or a 72 year old! ) i love that origami teaches little mr. b. the skill of carefully reading & following detailed, step - by - step instructions - - the same skill he learns when following instructions for putting together a lego set. except that, at the end of a lego project, he ends up with a big, plastic piece of junk, while when he completes an origami project, he ends up with a lovely bit of paper - art ( me? biased against legos? no, not me! ) besides the pair of technicolor penguins pictured above, we ' ve made... mama & baby owls... papa & baby hedgehogs... and a little, purple bat! there are so many good books for creating origami with children. we found these at our local library : super simple origami by irmgard kneissler absolute beginner ' s origami by nick robinson super quick origami animals by nick robinson origami for children by mari ono & roshin ono origami toys that tumble, fly & spin by paul jackson making origami fish step by step by michael g. lafosse making origami birds step by step by michael g. lafosse


the book of job is the 18th book of the old testament of the bible, and contains a single story of a man named job ( prounounced to rhyme with " robe " ). in the story, job, a faithful servant of god, has his life turned upside down and his family killed because of a bet that god makes with satan. job, who lives in the land of uz, is " perfect and upright ". ( job 1 : 1 ) he has a happy marriage with many sons and daughters, and he owns plenty of livestock and servants. god meets satan and asks : " have you considered my servant job? there is no one on earth like him ; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears god and shuns evil. " ( job 1 : 8 ) satan replies that job is good only because he has a good life, " stretch out your hand and strike everything he has, and he will surely curse you to your face. " god agrees to this wager, and gives satan complete power over job ' s life. first satan kills job ' s servants and livestock ( job 1 : 14 - 17 ). then he kills job ' s sons and daughters ( job 1 : 18 - 19 ). job himself is afflicted with terrible boils over his entire body ( job 2 : 7 - 8 ). yet job does not renounce god, even though his wife tells him that he should. he does, however, complain a lot about his situation, cursing the day he was born. job ' s neighbors then accuse him of wickedness, asserting that if he renounces his sin and returns to righteousness, he will be restored to health and prosperity. they assume that he must have been wicked, because otherwise god would not have allowed bad things to happen to him. job spends many chapters arguing with these neighbors, asserting that he has done nothing wrong and has nothing to answer for. he tries to rationalize his situation, but also asks god what he did to deserve his terrible fate. he initially receives no answer, and chastises his neighbors for lying in order to defend god ( job 13 : 7 - 11 ). then elihu, the youngest of the neighbors and supposed author of the book of job, speaks up against job with a supposedly much better argument, which comes down to : " god is way bigger and better than you, so don ' t question him and just apologize, even if you don ' t know what you did. " finally god appears to job


job with a supposedly much better argument, which comes down to : " god is way bigger and better than you, so don ' t question him and just apologize, even if you don ' t know what you did. " finally god appears to job to respond to his pleas. he essentially goes on a long tirade, not answering job ' s questions, but instead repeatedly making comments like this : " where wast thou when i laid the foundations of the earth? declare, if thou hast understanding. " ( job 38 : 4 ) " hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? declare if thou knowest it all. " ( job 38 : 18 ) " knowest thou the ordinances of heaven? canst thou set the dominion thereof in the earth? " ( job 38 : 33 ) and so forth. job is chastened. he humbly replies : " behold, i am vile ; what shall i answer thee? i will lay mine hand upon my mouth. once have i spoken ; but i will not answer : yea, twice ; but i will proceed no further. " ( job 40 : 4 - 5 ) god then proceeds to brag about his accomplishments, and job continues to be sorry for questioning him. so god wins his bet with satan, and he rewards job by giving him more than he had before. job receives twice as many livestock and servants, and has the same number of sons and daughters, only his new daughters are the very prettiest in the nation. job lives to be 140 years old and dies happy. the moral of this story is that we cannot understand god ' s motives, but if we trust in god unquestioningly, then he will provide for us. god never did explain his reasons to job. when job asked, god ' s answer was basically " were you there when i created the universe? no, so shut up! " according to the story, the real reason he dealt out all this punishment, misery, and the deaths of job ' s innocent children and servants, was to settle a bet. that strikes some atheists as extremely petty. and speaking of the children and servants, why get them involved? they were not even directly related to the bet. what did they do to deserve death? no doubt job found consolation in his new family, but that is not much comfort to the dead family.


viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. uc davis extension short courses the university of california offers many courses to the general public to assist in furthering their educational goal. these courses are offered through the university ' s outreach division uc davis extension. while uc davis extension offers courses for a wide variety of topics, in conjunction with the department of viticulture & enology, they have developed a number of excellent wine making and grape growing classes. within the last few years we have begun to adapt classes so that they may be offered as distance learning courses via the internet. more information on class schedules and requirements can be found on the university extension web site. read more >


by kate kelland london ( reuters ) - just one sleepless night can hamper the body ' s ability to use insulin to process sugar in the bloodstream, according to a study which scientists say might help explain why diabetes is on the rise. researchers said their findings suggest it may be no coincidence that while sleep duration has shortened in western societies in the past decade there has also been an increase in cases of " insulin resistance " and adult - onset diabetes. " our findings show a short night of sleep has more profound effects on metabolic regulation than previously appreciated, " said esther donga, director of leiden university medical center in the netherlands, who led the study published on wednesday. type 2 diabetes is caused by the body ' s inability to adequately use insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, to control glucose sugar produced from food. sugar levels rise and can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and major arteries. the disease, linked to poor diet and lack of exercise, is reaching epidemic levels. an estimated 180 million people now suffer from diabetes around the world. previous studies have found that several nights of poor sleep can result in impaired use of insulin, but donga said this was the first study to examine the effects of only a single bad night ' s sleep. the dutch scientists examined nine healthy people - - once after a night of eight hours sleep and once after a night of just four hours. the findings, published in the journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism ( jcem ), showed that partial sleep restriction during a single night reduced some types of insulin sensitivity by 19 to 25 percent. " our data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not fixed in healthy ( people ), but depends on the duration of sleep in the preceding night, " donga wrote in the study. " in fact it is tempting to speculate that the negative effects of multiple nights of shortened sleep on glucose tolerance can be reproduced, at least in part, by just one sleepless night. " a study by u. s. scientists published last year found that people who slept less than six hours a night were 4. 5 times more likely to develop abnormal blood sugar readings in six years compared with those who slept longer. experts say adults typically need between seven and nine hours sleep a night. donga said further studies were needed to see whether ways of improving sleep duration could help stabilize glucose levels in patients with diabetes. ( editing by andrew roche )


| title : | | sticky graphics : creating memorable graphic design using mnemonics and visual hooks | | publisher : | | switzerland : rotovision sa | | issue date : | | 2006 | | additional links : | | http : / / www. wlv. ac. uk / default. aspx? page = 16092 | | abstract : | | the researchers question the ways in which visual factors play a vital role in affecting memory, specifically examining the ways in which the visual language of graphic design plays a vital role in modifying memory. glaser and knight discusses what personal influences and world issues influence memory ( for example family and individual preference ). this research emerges from their interest in mnemonics and the fact that there was a lack of research specifically relating to visual mnemonics within graphic design. the strategies involve interdisciplinary text based research and original research with professionals leading to analysis and synthesis. the book is organized in terms of visual content and its spatial context, the pursuit of emotional response, tactile response and closes with a chapter on metaphor, metonomy and simile. the work is referenced to experienced, professional graphic designers, with examples of visual communication from around the world. the authors collate archive, analyze and present visual examples that demonstrate how visual language can aid memory. glaser ’ s primary focus is on the visual aspects, while knight ’ s is upon linguistic content. | | description : | | glaser and her co - author examine working methodologies, communication strategies, audience comprehension and retention within contemporary visual communication practices. the research focuses on the roles of graphic wit and shock, image, colour and composition, visual figures of speech and the use of materials and processes in the context of creating visual mnemonics. | | appears in collections : | | art, design and creative technology | | files in this item : | there are no files associated with this item. all items in wire are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


the tornado of 1985 - tornado memories on may 31, 1985, a series of tornadoes hit northeastern ohio and western pennsylvania, leaving behind a wide path of death and devastation. homes and businesses were destroyed and it was many years before recovery efforts were completed. the local history and genealogy center of the warren - trumbull county public library has started a collection of photographs, newspaper articles and reminiscences from those who experienced the disaster. our goal is to create a centralized collection of information relating to the tornado, so that future generations will have access to the events of that night more than 20 years ago, and the courage and community that arose in the hours, days and weeks following. see a sample of photographs from our larger collection at the photographic memories page. read what others remember about the tornado of 1985 at our memories from around the valley page. ( a complete collection of written memories - including submissions not available online - is on file in the local history and genealogy center. ) to learn more about severe weather events in the buckeye state visit the severe weather in ohio : online exhibit on the ohio historical society website. you may also want to visit this site by jim bruner, it is dedicated to all who lost their lives from the may 31, 1985 tornadoes that devastated ohio, pennsylvania, new york and canada. return to the local history & genealogy page.


total lunar eclipse on saturday, western states get rare view the last total lunar eclipse of 2011 — and the last one until april 15, 2014 — occurs saturday morning. and though those of us in the eastern u. s. won ' t really be able to enjoy it, nasa says that some folks in western states will have " a rare way to begin the day. " if the sky is clear, they ' ll be able to " face west to see the red [ eclipsed ] moon sinking into the horizon " as the sun rises behind their backs to the east. the best part of the show should be between 6 : 06 a. m. and 6 : 57 a. m. pacific time. the washington post ' s capital weather gang blog notes that it might not seem possible for anyone to be able to see a rising sun and a fully eclipsed moon at the same time because " by definition, a lunar eclipse occurs when the sun and moon are 180 degrees apart, with earth moving between them to form a straight line. " but, thanks to atmospheric refraction, the rare view will be available if you ' re in the right place. " atmospheric refraction causes astronomical objects to appear higher in the sky than they are in reality. for example : when you see the sun sitting on the horizon, it is not there really. it ' s actually below the edge of the horizon, but our atmosphere acts like a lens and bends the sun ' s image just above the horizon, allowing us to see it.... " the same holds true with the moon, as well. " there ' s even a name for when an eclipsed moon sets just as the sun rises : it ' s a selenelion ( or selenehelion, space. com says ). among cities where space. com says the effect should be visible, assuming the skies are clear : los angeles, phoenix, denver and winnipeg. it has a chart showing some cities and their selenelion times posted here. other good views of the eclipse ( though not a rising sun at the same time ), says abc news, will be " from places like hawaii, alaska and guam, where it will be the middle of the night, and from eastern asia and australia, where ( remember, they ' re on the other side of the international date line ) it will be saturday evening. " regular two - way readers know we do enjoy a lunar eclipse.


plants to be studied : tomato, especially solanum lycopersicum and solanum pennellii. - project objectives : plants acquire the bulk of their energy from light capture by leaves, and leaf shape has direct consequences on the efficiency of light capture and photosynthetic carbon fixation. as a result, leaf shape must be optimized in response to variation in light quality. to understand the genetic programs controlling fundamental developmental processes, genetic networks regulating both environmental response and morphological form must be integrated. this proposal uses a genomics approach to understand natural variation in leaf morphology and light response, and to investigate the mechanism by which these two genetic networks are integrated to ensure optimal developmental pattern. - experimental approaches : to elucidate developmental networks, we are using a " genetical genomics " approach, taking advantage of near isogenic mapping lines ( nils ) where regions of the s. pennellii genome have been introgressed into s. lycopersicum. importantly, the parental species vary significantly in both light response and leaf complexity. we are sequencing the parental line transcriptomes to deep coverage to acquire genome - wide mrna sequence and snp information. the resulting data will be used to expand the tomato unigene set and to develop a dense genome - wide marker database for s. lycopersicum and s. pennellii. the nil population will be phenotyped for leaf development and light - response traits and characterized for genome - wide transcript levels and genotypes by massively parallel short - read sequencing. construction of genetic networks regulating leaf morphology and light development from this genotype, phenotype, and trancript profile data will be coupled with genetic and transgenic approaches to identify central regulators of development and developmental variation. the resulting network will then be used as a guide to survey natural variation found in additional wild tomato accessions.


with summer just around the corner, the days are getting longer and the nights are getting shorter. this means more hours a day that the sun is in contact with your skin. with this prolonged uv exposure, it is important to keep your skin protected. keep reading for some helpful tips on using sunscreen to effectively guard your skin during the summer months. choosing your sunscreen do you ever wonder how effective your sunscreen really is? are certain types better than others? does spf actually mean anything? keep reading for some tips on choosing sunscreen. what kind is the best? there are two main types of sunscreen : physical blockers and chemical blockers. each one has its pros and cons. physical blockers are made from titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, which are materials that sit on the surface of the skin and are not quickly absorbed. because of this, physical blockers reflect uv rays. this type of sunscreen lasts longer than chemical blockers, but because it is not absorbed can be easily washed or sweated off. chemical blockers, on the other hand, are made up of benzophenones. these chemicals help to absorb uv radiation. because this type of sunscreen does soak into the skin, it is much more water resistant than physical blockers. however, it wears off much faster, and therefore needs to be reapplied more frequently. both chemical and physical blockers are effective in protecting your skin from uv rays, but which one you use should depend on the situation. if you are going to be in water or sweating a lot, a chemical blocker would probably be the best choice. any other sun exposure would most likely be fine with a physical blocker. what does spf even mean? spf stands for sun protection factor. a common misconception about spf is that the higher the number, the less you have to reapply. in actuality, the spf number is only a guide to how long you can go without reapplying. a good rule of thumb is to multiply the number of minutes it takes you to burn without sunscreen times the spf number to find your maximum sun exposure time with sunscreen. for example, if it normally takes you 15 minutes to burn, and you use a sunscreen of 20 spf, then you can go a maximum of 300 minutes in the sun before reapplying. this equation is not always accurate, however, because most people use less sunscreen than the amount used in testing ; therefore


a sunscreen of 20 spf, then you can go a maximum of 300 minutes in the sun before reapplying. this equation is not always accurate, however, because most people use less sunscreen than the amount used in testing ; therefore, reapplication needs to be even more frequent. the american academy of dermatology recommends using a sunscreen that is of an spf 30 or higher, and protects against both uva and uvb rays. in order for sunscreen to be effective, it is important to apply it properly. here are some tips for using sunscreen : - apply sunscreen 15 - 30 minutes before going outside so that it has time to fully absorb into your skin. - one ounce is usually enough to cover all surfaces of your body. typically one ounce is about 2 tablespoons. - reapply every two hours or after swimming or heavily sweating. - don ’ t forget your lips! use a lip balm with an spf of 30 or higher to protect your lips from getting burned, too. soothing a burn if you do get burned, there are some easy home remedies you can try to help ease the pain. - aloe vera or a cool compress to cool off the burn and reduce stinging. - drink water and use lotion to restore moisture back into your skin. - blend washed potatoes in a food processor or blender and apply the mixture to the burned area. once it dries, wash it off. the potatoes help to relieve some of the pain accompanied by the burn. - taking an over - the - counter pain reliever such as aspirin may also help to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. while one sunburn may only cause you a slight inconvenience, repeated exposure to the sun ’ s uv rays without protection could possibly lead to skin cancer. because of this, it is important to use sunscreen anytime you will be in contact with the sun and to reapply often. be sure to use enough to generously cover all exposed areas, and your skin will have a much better chance at surviving the summer. are you afraid of going to the dentist? studies show that about 15 % of americans suffer from dental anxiety or phobia. there are many different factors that may contribute to this fear ; however, it is important to overcome dental fears, otherwise it may have a negative effect on your health. keep reading for some tips to help set your mind at ease at the dentist. fear of the pain / drill if the fear


to this fear ; however, it is important to overcome dental fears, otherwise it may have a negative effect on your health. keep reading for some tips to help set your mind at ease at the dentist. fear of the pain / drill if the fear of excruciating pain from the drill or other procedure is what ’ s keeping you from going to the dentist, there are some steps you can take to help make the idea less scary. first, do your research. familiarize yourself with the procedure so that you know exactly what to expect every step of the way. learn about the technology used ; today ’ s advanced technology makes many procedures painless. ask your dentist, too, as his technique may be different from what is normally done. if you are still hesitant, keep your eyes closed and ask your dentist if you can put in your headphones and listen to music while he is working on your mouth. if you can ’ t see or hear what ’ s going on, it may help reduce any pain or discomfort you might otherwise experience. fear of needles the needle numbs your mouth for the procedure, but what numbs your mouth for the needle? if you ’ re afraid of that sharp needle piercing your soft gum tissue, talk to your dentist. depending on the procedure, the dentist may be able to use another means of numbing, such as nitrous oxide. if not, he may be able to use a strong numbing gel to desensitize the area before the needle goes in. it may also help to close your eyes, so that you do not see the needle being put in your mouth. in some cases, people may be avoiding the dentist because they are embarrassed by the condition of their teeth. if you are embarrassed by your teeth, talk to your dentist. it is a dentist ’ s job to provide you with dental care – regardless of the state of your teeth. chances are the dentist has seen much worse, and the only way to repair your smile is to see a dentist. voice any insecurities you have to your dentist. he or she will be able to ease your mind about getting dental care. effect on overall health severe dental anxiety can have negative effects on your health. letting fear keep you from seeing the dentist can result in poor dental health, which in turn can affect your overall health. if your teeth and gums become chronically infected, this can affect speech patterns and the ability to chew and digest properly, and even lead to heart disease. because the effect of avoiding the dentist


health, which in turn can affect your overall health. if your teeth and gums become chronically infected, this can affect speech patterns and the ability to chew and digest properly, and even lead to heart disease. because the effect of avoiding the dentist extends beyond dental health, it is important to overcome any dental fear and go in for regular cleanings. dental anxiety keeps many people from visiting the dentist, but that can have detrimental effects on oral health. if fear or nervousness is keeping you from seeing the dentist, talk to your dentist about your concerns. he or she should be able to provide you with what you need to make your experience comfortable. 90 % of americans think they have a healthy diet, according to a survey by consumer reports. however, many foods and habits that are widely considered to be healthy may actually be causing more harm than good. are you promoting a healthy lifestyle, or are your habits hurting you more than you know? keep reading to find out what foods and habits are surprisingly unhealthy. surprisingly unhealthy foods - dried fruit and nuts : dried fruit and nuts do have some nutritional value as an excellent source of fiber, vitamin c, and healthy fats and protein. however, the fruit and nut mixtures often have a ton of added salt and sugar. they may even include other items in the mix, such as chocolate chips. all of these things combined turn an otherwise healthy snack into a health hazard. look for mixes without added sugar or salt, to enjoy the snack without the risk. or buy plain nuts and dried fruit and make the mix yourself! - granola : granola is a great source of potassium, fiber and protein, but it can also be high in fat and calories. in addition, many of the items eaten with or added to granola are unhealthy, such as yogurt, chocolate or sugar. try pairing granola with low - calorie cereals to add more nutritional value, and portion control is always key. - bran muffin : while bran itself is very heart healthy and friendly to the digestive system, adding it to a muffin somewhat negates the nutritional value. muffins contain a lot of sugar and fat. in fact, health expert and author joan salge blake even said that a bran muffin could potentially have more calories than a donut! the best option is to head straight for the bran and skip the muffin altogether ; but, if you must have the muffin, there are some recipes available


even said that a bran muffin could potentially have more calories than a donut! the best option is to head straight for the bran and skip the muffin altogether ; but, if you must have the muffin, there are some recipes available for healthier muffins. - veggie patties : veggie burgers certainly have a lot of healthy nutrients in them ; however, the pre - made, frozen patties usually contain a lot of added ingredients such as yeast extract, cornstarch and gums which have little nutritional value. check the label for the ingredients and nutrition information before buying veggie patties to make sure they are a healthy choice. - reduced fat peanut butter : you would think anything with reduced fat would be a healthier option than the fatty, regular stuff, right? while oftentimes this is the case, the fat in peanut butter is actually healthy. removing it therefore eliminates a lot of the nutritional value. stick with regular peanut butter, but watch your portions since peanuts tend to be high in calories. surprisingly unhealthy habits - using hand sanitizer : while hand sanitizer can be helpful for hand washing on the go, it really isn ’ t any more effective than soap and water. in addition, some hand sanitizing gels contain the ingredient triclosan, which can actually help promote the growth of bacteria. look for brands that contain at least 60 % alcohol which help kill bacteria more effectively. - wearing flip flops : flip flops help keep your feet cool during the summer, but that ’ s about the only favor the shoes do for your feet. flip flops have no arch support or structural support for your feet, which can lead to strained muscles. likewise, wearing no shoes at all can have a similar effect. for your summer footwear, opt for comfortable sandals that will provide plenty of support for your feet. - drinking bottled water : while drinking it bottled is better than not drinking water at all, only drinking bottled water is not the healthiest option. bottled water contains no fluoride, as opposed to tap water, which does. a fluoride deficiency can lead to tooth decay, so it is important to try to get fluoride in your water. if you are concerned about what might be in tap water, you can get a purifier such as brita or pur. these purifiers eliminate any impurities in the water but keep the fluoride. - cleaning with di


you are concerned about what might be in tap water, you can get a purifier such as brita or pur. these purifiers eliminate any impurities in the water but keep the fluoride. - cleaning with disinfecting products : cleaners that claim to be disinfectant or antibacterial may seem useful in cleaning your home, but inhaling the chemicals in these cleaners can have negative effects on your health. these products contain chemicals called quaternary ammonium compounds, which can lead to asthma if inhaled. in addition, some products also contain a cancer - causing chemical called 2 - butoxyethanol. disinfectant cleaners have not been proven to be any more effective than regular cleaners, so you may want to stick with those if you are concerned about the health risk. - overbrushing your teeth : brushing your teeth is definitely a good thing, but brushing them too hard or too often can be damaging to the enamel, making teeth more prone to tooth decay. dentists recommend brushing for two minutes, 2 - 3 times a day with a soft bristled brush to avoid potential damage. if needed, you can rinse away any food particles left over from eating with a glass of water in between brushings. eating well and avoiding harmful habits is essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. therefore, it is important to be aware of what could potentially have a negative influence on your health. to find out more about what you can do to be healthier, talk to your doctor. dental hygiene is very important to overall health. however, dental care is most effective when done properly. many people do not realize that they are taking care of their teeth incorrectly. if you ’ re worried you might be one of these people, read on to discover some helpful tips on proper dental care. the proper way to brush brushing teeth is a daily task. however, many people are unaware that there is a right and wrong way to brush their teeth. in fact, according to a survey by men ’ s health news, 90 % of people brush their teeth wrong. here ’ s the proper way to brush your teeth, starting with choosing the right toothbrush. certain toothbrushes are better for your oral health than others. choose a toothbrush that is comfortable for you to use, because the more comfortable it is for you, the more likely you are to brush your teeth. many sizes and handle varieties are available, but these things are a matter of preference. the br


choose a toothbrush that is comfortable for you to use, because the more comfortable it is for you, the more likely you are to brush your teeth. many sizes and handle varieties are available, but these things are a matter of preference. the bristles, however, should be soft. hard bristles are abrasive and can damage enamel. in addition, your toothbrush should be stored in an environment that allows it to completely dry in between uses. toothbrush cases and caps are great for storing your toothbrush during travel, but should not be used immediately after use as they will lock in the moisture, increasing the chance of bacterial growth. don ’ t let this fact tempt you to skimp on rinsing your brush after each use, though ; leaving the toothbrush un - rinsed can cause bacteria to grow, as well. in addition, you should replace your toothbrush every 3 - 4 months, as it becomes worn out and is no longer as effective. how to brush brushing should be done a minimum of twice daily, at morning and at night. too much brushing, however, can wear away enamel and irritate gums. to prevent this, professionals discourage brushing more than three times a day. brushing should take a total of about two minutes, spending about 30 seconds on each quadrant of the mouth. when brushing, the brush should be held at a 45 degree angle, using short strokes in a circular, up and down motion. many people move their brush horizontally, but this can wear ridges in your enamel that cause teeth to become dull and rough. don ’ t forget to get the inner surfaces of your teeth and your tongue, too! the proper way to floss flossing is often neglected, but is an essential part of your daily oral hygiene routine. flossing gets in the tight spaces that your toothbrush can ’ t fit into. in addition, flossing has also been linked to the prevention of diabetes and other diseases. however, flossing is only effective when performed correctly ; otherwise, it may cause more harm than good. choosing the right floss there are many different types of floss available. you should use either nylon floss, which is multifilament, or ptfe ( polytetrafluoroethylene ) floss with one filament. while the nylon floss is much cheaper, its many filaments make it easy for the floss to tear or shred while in use. ptfe floss is one strand and therefore can


cause more harm than good, so be sure to stay away from alcohol based products. how to use mouthwash after you ’ ve brushed and flossed, measure out 20ml of mouthwash and gargle the liquid for 45 - 60 seconds. be careful not to swallow any of the mouthwash. after you are finished gargling, spit the mouthwash out and rinse with water, unless stated otherwise in the directions on the bottle. it is best not to eat or drink anything for 30 minutes after use for maximum effectiveness. if you use a mouthwash, you should use it one to two times a day. it can be used at any time of day, though some say it is most effective in the afternoon so the fluoride can integrate into the tooth structure. while brushing your incorrectly is definitely better than skipping brushing all together, it is not as effective and could potentially damage your teeth. for the best results, use the proper methods listed for brushing, flossing and using mouthwash. talk to your dentist for more information on proper dental care. march 20th marked the first day of spring this year, and for many people that means warmer weather, green grass and blooming flowers. for some, however, the beginning of spring is not as cheerful an event. to these people, spring only has one meaning – allergies. roughly 20 % of the american population suffers from some sort of allergy. because spring is the time of year when everything begins to bloom and grow, it is also the time of year when airborne allergies like pollen become most prevalent. keep reading to find out more about seasonal allergies and what you can do to avoid them. cause of allergies have you ever wondered how allergies develop, or why you react to a particular allergen? the exact cause of allergies is unknown, but there are many factors that are thought to play a part in the development of allergies. - genetics. certain allergies can be hereditary. if one or both of your parents are allergic to something, there ’ s a good chance you will develop that allergy as well. however, you may not always develop the same allergy as your parents. while allergies are typically genetic, the substance you are allergic to may vary from generation to generation. - age. chances of allergy development can increase after repeated exposure to a particular substance that the body does not recognize. therefore, experts believe that the likelihood of developing allergies increases later in life


are allergic to may vary from generation to generation. - age. chances of allergy development can increase after repeated exposure to a particular substance that the body does not recognize. therefore, experts believe that the likelihood of developing allergies increases later in life due to continuous exposure to an allergen. - immune response. scientists also believe that how your immune system responds to certain intruders plays a part in the development of allergies. if the immune system identifies a substance that has entered the body as a dangerous intruder, it will fight to eliminate the substance and develop a sensitivity to it. - your environment. where you live ( or are ) can also have an effect on allergic reactions. if a certain allergen has a high prevalence in a particular area, it is unlikely that people who live in that area will react to that substance. because they are exposed to it often, the immune system recognizes it as a normal substance. however, if someone from a different area is exposed to that allergen, they may develop the allergy because their immune system does not recognize it. allergies can be treated with prescription or over - the - counter medication. any of the following types of medicine are commonly taken for allergies : - nasal steroids - expectorants such as guaifenesin in addition, some non - medical treatments may be done to help relieve allergies. some types of acupuncture have been known to treat allergies, as well as some over - the - counter saline sprays. you may also consider getting an air filter for your house to make sure the air that is coming in is pure. it is also a good idea to avoid going outside or to places where your allergies may be triggered. if you ’ re prone to allergies, you may want to take extra caution during the spring months to avoid coming into contact with allergens. try one of these helpful tips for allergy - proofing your home. - close your windows and doors. in both your car and at home, open windows / doors invite airborne allergens in. keep them closed to keep out potential allergy - causing substances. - don ’ t use fans. not only do fans help spread allergens throughout a room, they are also a common breeding ground for some common allergens, such as dust mites. avoid fan usage during allergy season as it may worsen allergies. - dry clothes inside. drying clothes on a clothes line outside may attract


this article was originally distributed via prweb. prweb, worldnow and this site make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. source : bohlsen group freeda j. simmons - mcmillan ' s work continues following her passing. nashville, tn ( prweb ) december 13, 2012 throughout our nation ’ s history, differences in race and culture have been, and continue to be, a major factor in conflicts and hate crimes. with ‘ black & white in a multi - colored america ’, freeda j. simmons - mcmillan set out to break down the barriers created by cultural and racial differences. with the belief that lack of acceptance stems from a lack of familiarity, simmons - mcmillan created the works in the book to educate the readers about the similarities and differences between people of different cultures, emphasizing that people are all equal, no matter the background. simmons - mcmillan, who was a nurse for more than twenty years, died suddenly in 2010. following her death, her daughter, galileo simmons, compiled her mother ’ s work into ‘ black & white in a multi - colored america ’. “ prior to my mother ’ s death, she was writing and creating art, hoping that one day it would be published, ” says simmons. “ many years before her death, she asked that if anything happened to her, i would continue her work and get the book published. ” simmons, who is also a nurse, says that her mother pulled from her own life experiences and beliefs to write the book. “ she was inspired to write the book based on her own interactions with the many different people she treated during her long career as a nurse, ” says simmons. “ through reading my mother ’ s experiences and insights, my hope is that readers will look into themselves and change their way of thinking about people with different racial or cultural backgrounds. ” according to simmons, the book is built on her mother ’ s belief that individual parts are never greater than the sum and all people are woven together to create a bigger, beautiful picture. ‘ black & white in a multi - colored america ’ by freeda j. simmons - mcmillan available at http : / / www. amazon. com about the authors a nurse for more than twenty years, freeda j. simmons - mcmillan met and interacted with people from many different backgrounds and races. as a nurse, she worked in many different capacities, including surgery, intensive care and emergency. sadly, she passed on in early 2010. following her death, her daughter galileo simmons compiled and published freed


the bbc and master computer public domain library basic iv rom routines page last altered : 8fae execute next command line / program statement submitted by steve fewell this routine has many entry points ( depending on how the last statement finished and what needs to be done to tidy up before the next statement can be executed. the entry points are listed between square brackets ( ). therefore, this routine may not necessarily be executed in the order described. [ & 8fae ] skip the rest of the line. this routine is called when a data keyword is found ( as data statements are skipped when reached and not executed ( as the read command controls how they are handled ). it is also called when the def keyword is found ( as function and procedure definitions are not directly executed until they are called by an fn or proc keyword ). this routine is also called when a rem keyword is found, to skip the rest of the line - as it is a comment line. additionally, this routine is also executed when a ' * ' command is found ( the ' * ' command is first passed to the operating system oscli routine and then this routine skips the line - so that basic doesn ' t try to execute the ' * ' command. the rest of the line is skipped as follows : * set a to # & 0d ( the end of line character - ' < cr > ' ). * set y to the basic text pointer a offset ( & 0a ) - 1. * keep incrementing y and checking the character at basic text pointer a ( & 0b - & 0c ) plus y ( offset ) with the character in a ( the ' < cr > ' character ) until the characters match. * call routine & 9bbc to update the basic text pointer a address ( to include the y offset value ) and to reset the offset ( & 0a ) to 1. ( basically, this adds y to the text pointer a address ( & 0b - & 0c ) ). [ & 8fbd ] this routine checks whether the last character read ( in a ) is ' < cr > ', if it isn ' t then jump to & 8fae to skip the rest of the line. now, we are at the end of the line ( i. e. we have reached the ' < cr > ' character ). [ & 8fc1 ] if the basic text pointer msb address is # & 07 then there are no more program lines to execute (


the end of the line ( i. e. we have reached the ' < cr > ' character ). [ & 8fc1 ] if the basic text pointer msb address is # & 07 then there are no more program lines to execute ( as we were executing a statement from the command line - and not from within a program ), so jump to & 8f86 to prompt for the next command line input. set y to # & 01. load the next character ( offset y ) from the basic text pointer a location. if the character is negative ( i. e. # & ff ) then we have reached the end of the program, so jump to & 8f86 to prompt for the next command line input. [ & 8fdb ] set the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ) to # & 04 ( i. e. the first character of the program if the trace flag ( location & 20 ) is on ( i. e. it ' s value is not zero ), then : - * set iwa to the line number ( msb byte ( & 2b ) = the first byte at basic text pointer a ( offset 1 ) and the lsb byte ( & 2a ) - = the second byte at basic text pointer a location ( offset 2 ) ). - * call routine & 9c4b to display the trace line number ( in the iwa ) on the screen. line - after the line number and line length ). jump to & 900d to execute the statement at the basic text pointer a location. [ & 8feb ] check for special start statement characters ' * ', ' = ', ' ext keyword ' and ' [ ' set y to the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ) minus 1. load the character at the basic text pointer a location ( plus offset - y ) ( this should be the first character of the if the character is ' * ' then jump to & 8fa4 to execute the ' * ' - command. if the character is ' [ ' then set the opt flag ( location & 28 ) to 3 ( default setting ) and jump to & 8920 to begin if the character is ' = ' then jump to & 9060 to deal with returning from a function and setting the return variable ' s if the character is ' ext keyword ' then jump to & be93 to execute the ' ext = ' statement. note : in basic 2, it was not possible to assign


returning from a function and setting the return variable ' s if the character is ' ext keyword ' then jump to & be93 to execute the ' ext = ' statement. note : in basic 2, it was not possible to assign a file length ( ext ) value, only to read the ext value ; therefore, only 1 basic token exists for the ' ext ' keyword ( unlike ptr, page, lomem and himem which have 2 keyword tokens, one for the setting of the value ( where the keyword occurs before the ' = ' ), and one for the reading of the value ( where the keyword occurs after the ' = ' ) ). when basic version 4 was written, there was not enough spare basic keyword token values to have two ' ext ' keywords ( one for ' ext = ' and the other for ' = ext ' ), so this workaround directly tests for the ' ext ' keyword appearing at the start of a statement ( along with the other special start statement characters ' * ', ' [ ' and ' = ' ) in order to distinguish between the reading of the ext value and the writing of the ext value. the ext address in the keyword execution address table points to the ext read ( = ext ) routine - this is used when the ext keyword is not at the start of the basic program statement. [ & 9000 - & 9048 ] execute the basic statement [ & 9000 ] decrement the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ). [ & 9002 ] call routine & 9ba6 to check for the end of statement ( ' syntax error ' if ' : ', ' < cr > ' or ' else ' not found ). [ & 9005 ] load the character pointed to by basic text pointer a. if the character is not ' : ' then jump back to & 8fbd to skip the rest of the program line and then proceed to execute the statement on the next line. [ & 900b ] set y to the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ). [ & 900d ] keep incrementing the basic text pointer a offset ( location & 0a ) until we have found a non - space character. this skips any spaces at the beginning of the basic statement. if the first non - space character is more than or equal to # & cf ( ptr =, page =


& 0a ) until we have found a non - space character. this skips any spaces at the beginning of the basic statement. if the first non - space character is more than or equal to # & cf ( ptr =, page =,..., oscli ), [ i. e. it is not a command line - only statement ( e. g. old, new, renumber, edit ) or a middle of statement keyword ( e. g. mid $, else, and, len ), but a valid keyword that can occur at the start of a program statement ], then : [ & 9019 ] jump to the keyword ' s execution address, as follows : multiply the character ' s ascii code by 2 & add the result to the base address & 874d to form a pointer to the execution address ( lsb first, msb next ) of the required basic keyword. this resulting address is jumped to. example 1 : character = & cf [ ptr = token ] = 11001111 multiply by 2 = 10011110 ( which is & 9e in hex ). so, & 874d + & 9e = & 87eb ( the lsb of the execution address for the ptr = keyword ( & 87ec is the msb of the address ) ). example 2 : character = & ff [ oscli token ] = 11111111 multiply by 2 = 11111110 ( which is & fe in hex ). so, & 874d + & fe = & 884b ( the lsb of the execution address for the oscli keyword ( & 884c is the msb of the address ) ). basic keywords between 128 and 141 are not considered. as these keywords are used in the middle of statements ( and are not functions ), so the statements / expression handler will deal with these values. these keywords are as follows : and, div, eor, mod, or, error, line, off, step, spc, tab (, else and then. [ & 901e ] execute the basic command line statement ( which can include keywords old, new, auto, edit, etc... ) if the first / next non - space character on the command line is more than or equal to # & c6 ( ' auto ' ) then jump back to & 9019 to jump to the execution


, auto, edit, etc... ) if the first / next non - space character on the command line is more than or equal to # & c6 ( ' auto ' ) then jump back to & 9019 to jump to the execution address for the basic keyword. this includes all basic statement start keywords ( but not middle of statement keywords like mid $, len, = ptr, and, etc... ). otherwise ( the character is less than # & c6 ) continue to & 9025 to check for a variable name. [ & 9025 ] check for variable name if the character is less than # & cf then check whether it is a variable name as follows : * set basic text pointer b location to the basic text pointer a location. ( & 19 = & 0b, & 1a = & 0c, & 1b = y ) * call routine & 9909 to evaluate a variable name at the basic text pointer b location. * if routine & 9909 returns with a value other than zero then jump to the let keyword routine ( address & 904f ). to assign a value to the variable, as the variable was found and the address of the variable ' s value was found * otherwise, ( routine & 9909 returned zero ) the variable is either invalid or hasn ' t been created yet, so : - * check the carry flag status ( as returned by routine & 9909 ). if carry is set then jump to & 8feb to - check whether the basic statement begins with a special character ( ' * ', ' [ ', ' = ' or ' ext keyword ', - and issue ' syntax error ' [ via check end of statement routine & 9ba6 ] if none of these special - characters match the character at the start of the statement ). - * store the basic text pointer b offset ( in x ) back to location & 1b. - * call routine & 9b86 to check whether the next non - space character after the variable name is an ' = ' character. - if it isn ' t then issue the ' mistake ' error, as the variable assignment is not correct and a variable - cannot appear at the start of a statement unless it is being assigned a value. - * otherwise, ' = ' was found sucessfully. - * call routine & 9854 to add the new variable name to the variable pointer table. - * if the variable type is a float ( location &


assigned a value. - * otherwise, ' = ' was found sucessfully. - * call routine & 9854 to add the new variable name to the variable pointer table. - * if the variable type is a float ( location & 2c contains # & 05 ) then set x to # & 06 ; otherwise, set x to - # & 05. this specifies the amount of space to allocate for the variable ' s value. - * call routine & 9883 to allocate space for the variable ( and initialise it ' s value to zero / null ). - * decrement the basic text pointer a offset ( so that basic text pointer a points to the first character of the - variable name ) and continue to the let keyword routine to evaluate the variable name ( again! ) and - assign the value specified after the ' = ' to the variable. disassembly for the execute next command line / program statement routine | | bne - 5 - - > & 8fb3 | | 032 188 155 | | 20 bc 9b | | jsr & 9bbc update basic text pointer a ( add offset value & then reset offset to 1 ) | | bra 4 - - > & 8fc1 process the next program line | | bne - 19 - - > & 8fae skip the rest of the line and process the next program line | | beq - 65 - - > & 8f86 read & execute command line input | | bmi - 71 - - > & 8f86 read & execute command line input | | beq 10 - - > & 8fdb | | 032 075 156 | | 20 4b 9c | | jsr & 9c4b display current line number ( iwa ) on screen [ if trace is on ] | | bra 44 - - > & 900d | | 076 032 137 | | 4c 20 89 | | jmp & 8920 ' [ ' begin assembly | | 076 147 190 | | 4c 93 be | | jmp & be93 ext = | | beq - 80 - - > & 8fa4 ' * ' - command | | beq - 23 - - > & 8fe1 | | beq - 20 - - > & 8fe8 | | beq 96 - - > & 9060 ' = ' return from function call ( fn ) | | 032 166 155 | | 20 a6


& 8fe1 | | beq - 20 - - > & 8fe8 | | beq 96 - - > & 9060 ' = ' return from function call ( fn ) | | 032 166 155 | | 20 a6 9b | | jsr & 9ba6 check end of statement | | bne - 78 - - > & 8fbd skip the rest of the line ( until ' < cr > ' found ) & process the next program line | | beq - 10 - - > & 900b | | bcc 12 - - > & 9025 | | 124 077 135 | | 7c 4d 87 | | 032 224 142 | | 20 e0 8e | | jsr & 8ee0 get next non - space character pointed to by ptr a | | bcs - 12 - - > & 9019 | | 032 009 153 | | 20 09 99 | | jsr & 9909 evaluate variable / array name & return the address of the value | | bne 27 - - > & 904f create variable ( let ) | | bcs - 75 - - > & 8feb | | 032 134 155 | | 20 86 9b | | jsr & 9b86 check for ' = ' | | 032 084 152 | | 20 54 98 | | jsr & 9854 create new variable name in variable pointer table | | bne 1 - - > & 9045 | | 032 131 152 | | 20 83 98 | | jsr & 9883 allocate space for variable disassembly for 9b86 check for ' = ' routine | | 032 213 142 | | 20 d5 8e | | jsr & 8ed5 get next non - space character ( ptr b ) | | bne - 45 - - > mistake error


abandoned communities..... porth y nant it was richard muir ’ s book the lost villages of britain that got me hooked on the topic of abandoned communities. near the end of the book richard gave a short list of some of his favourite deserted villages. he then said that there is one village, porth y nant, that has all the ideal qualities combined to produce perfection. he regarded it as a place “ glorious in its beauty ”, and he was impressed by the fact that it was about to be restored and turned into a centre for the promotion and teaching of the welsh language. porth y nant lay in a small valley, nant gwrtheyrn, that runs down the lower slopes of yr eifl mountain towards the sea. the location of porth y nant can be found on google maps by entering “ nant gwrtheyrn ”. in the aerial view you can make out the original track running through the modern conifer forest as well as the present road. what the aerial view does not convey is the extreme steepness of the original track, in places one in three. in the middle of the nineteenth century there were three farms in nant gwrtheyrn. a granite quarry called porth y nant was opened in 1861. it was opened by a liverpool company called kneeshaw and lupton. the main output was rectangular granite setts, carved into shape at the quarry. at that time there was great demand for setts for use in paving the roads of the towns and cities of lancashire. a jetty was built so that steam ships could carry the setts by sea to liverpool, manchester, or birkenhead. soon after the opening of the quarry a terrace of small houses was built to provide accommodation for the workers. later, in 1878, as workers were joined by wives, partners, and children, two more terraces of houses were built at right angles to each other further up the valley. one was known as sea view as it faced west towards the beach, the other mountain view as it looked towards the mountain and the quarry. other buildings erected at about the same time were the plas, a large house for the quarry manager west of mountain view, and a chapel of the calvinistic methodist denomination. people living at porth y nant were familiar with several stories and legends associated with the earlier history of nant gwrtheyrn. in particular they would have heard about : • vortigern, a fifth century


##istic methodist denomination. people living at porth y nant were familiar with several stories and legends associated with the earlier history of nant gwrtheyrn. in particular they would have heard about : • vortigern, a fifth century british ruler whose attempts to negotiate with the invading saxons went badly wrong. according to the local legend he was forced to flee and eventually found refuge in the valley that was given his name, gwrtheyrn being the welsh form of vortigern. for everything you will ever want to know about vortigern go to the vortigern studies website. • rhys and meinir, two cousins who fell in love and arranged to be married at the church in clynnog fawr ( a place well worth a visit, by the way ). meinir failed to turn up for the wedding. in a distressed state rhys spent months searching for meinir, until a lightning strike opened a hollow tree and inside it he saw the skeleton of meinir, still clad in its wedding dress. • ellis bach, so called because of his very short stature, who as well as being a very good poet was renowned for his ability to climb over rough mountain slopes. he could be relied upon to round up sheep and goats ready for market day, but on the day itself was never to be seen. two houses in mountain view the former seilo chapel, with part of sea view terrace to the left a section of the old track, known as the corkscrew or screw