the invasion : hydrilla. august 2010. state of washington invasive species council. two - page general information publication. heading off hydrilla : another invasive species is heading towards the great lakes : hydrilla verticillata. 2006. michigan department of environmental quality. two - page general information publication. invasive weed identification guide : weeds watch out!. a guide to identifying aquatic invasive weeds in the central new york region and how to recognize the difference between the invaders and their native look - alikes. cayuga lake watershed network and seneca lake pure waters association. 2005 vermont invasive exotic plant fact sheet : hydrilla. spring 1998. departments of environmental conservation and fish & wildlife, of the vermont agency of natural resources, and the nature conservancy of vermont. two - page general information publication. c. c. jacono, m. m. richerson ), and v. howard morgan. 2011. hydrilla verticillata. usgs nonindigenous aquatic species database, gainesville, fl. us geological survey, us department of the interior. http : / / nas. er. usgs. gov / queries / factsheet. aspx? speciesid = 6


| idndr - informs - number 13, 1998 ( idndr - dirdn, 1998 ) | disaster prevention begins with timely and accurate information. when there is clarity in the perception of risk, we tend to minimize the possible consequences event. by means of sounds, images, and the printed word, the mass media report on what is going on in the world, but they can do much more. they can explain the significance of events ; they can serve as guides through an uncertain terrain, an teachers in a world where a high penalty must be paid for ignorance. if providing information means conveying the most complete available knowledge of an event, in this case natural phenomena, reporters and media outlets should not give in to sensationalism, which essentially means communicating only the most alarming information, not the most illuminating. they should explain what is going on in the clearest and simplest manner, and provide the data and background the public needs to respond effectively to an emergency. when disasters strike, information diversifies and increases in volume. in journalistic terms, there are many more stories, and many more " angles to each story. therefore, communicators have the right to receive training about the sensitive handling of natural phenomena, and should strive to get such training. the information in question is delicate, and requires specialized skills that cannot be learned in the middle of a crisis. the media may give in to tabloid - inspired pictures of devastation and chaos, or they may cooperate responsibly to reduce the impact of the tragedy and promote the most effective public response. scientific and technological advances now enable us to predict many natural phenomena. the media can play a key role in prevention and early warning by educating large numbers of people through radio, television, newspapers, magazines and even leaflets, clarifying the issues, and providing guidance. new technologies such as e - mail, usenet, and the world - wide web ( www ) provide additional feedback, optimizing human resources and helping reporters do a better job. social communication for prevention is a process that requires the coordinated efforts of many disciplines. the mass media must play their part, by informing the public of existing hazards, and by educating the population on practical measures they can take to reduce their vulnerability. at the same time, public information departments can launch campaigns to raise public awareness and contribute to a culture of disaster prevention, a culture that has not yet taken hold in our region. another key component is the existence of efficient, comprehensive information systems that can support policy - and decision - makers.


can launch campaigns to raise public awareness and contribute to a culture of disaster prevention, a culture that has not yet taken hold in our region. another key component is the existence of efficient, comprehensive information systems that can support policy - and decision - makers. the media have a social responsibility to provide accurate and useful information about disasters, not only while they are taking place, or when the tragic consequences of such events come to light but also before they occur. a culture of prevention must first take hold among reporters and commentators. they will then act as amplifiers to make sure the message reaches the audience that ultimately matters most : those who are directly threatened by natural hazards, but who can also do the most to prevent and mitigate emergencies. its geography has made latin america and the caribbean vulnerable to natural disasters both climatological ( such as floods, drought and hurricanes ) and geological ( earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis ). as if that were not enough, people ' s behaviour is modifying the environment, altering ecological cycles through excessive deforestation, overgrazing, and farming, as well as through the establishment of settlements in high - risk areas. however, if human beings can change their environment for ill, their values and actions can also play a key role in the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters. the relevance of this issue explains why the 1998 idndr campaign slogan is " natural disaster prevention begins with information ". the goal is to recruit communicators and media outlets as partners in promoting preventive measures to protect the public from the consequences of natural disasters. in this issue of idndr informs, we include a series of papers, expert opinions and experiences on the subject of social communication and disaster prevention and response throughout the region.


wednesday, november 7, 2012 students explore dynamics of local, organic food productionby katie land, news editor | students in ou ' s food quest course learn about the dynamics of local and organic food production at earthworks urban farm in detroit. in all its capacities, food has long played a role in human social and cultural systems. the consumption and preparation of food defines nations, unites traditions, builds families. and as the world has continued to develop and change, so too does the food industry and various food - philosophy movements. the food quest, an anthropology course at oakland university explores the ways in which humans produce, consume and relate to food in a global, cross - cultural perspective. “ understanding the human relationship to food illuminates the relationship we have with our larger environment, ” said tara deubel, ph. d., assistant professor of anthropology. “ from a global perspective, we need to address why people continue to die of hunger and malnutrition in 2012 when adequate food resources exist. ” “ locally, we need to ask similar questions about why many residents of detroit are unable to access healthy food on a daily basis in an area now considered to be a " food desert " due to its lack of food resources, ” dr. deubel continued. “ it is critical to re - examine the local and global systems we have put in place and advocate more sustainable alternatives that encourage smaller - scale, local food production and more healthy eating habits. ” the course covers a wide range of topics including changes in human eating patterns, the globalization of the food industry, transnational food politics, debates concerning genetically modified organisms ( gmos ), the organic and local food movements, malnutrition and hunger in developing countries, food rituals and eating disorders. housed in the department of sociology, anthropology, social work, and criminal justice, dr. deubel ’ s food quest course forces students to examine their own eating habits, and to learn about local food production and the factors that determine the food they eat. | ou ' s student organic farm grows organic produce each year. this semester, the course ’ s emphasis is on food sustainability in the metro detroit area. student research includes community food banks, urban gardens, " farm to table " business models, local farmers ' markets, and problems of food availability and access in detroit. these topics hit home for several students after a recent trip to the earthworks urban farm in detroit. students were able to see global issues enacted on the local level. " the earthworks visit


markets, and problems of food availability and access in detroit. these topics hit home for several students after a recent trip to the earthworks urban farm in detroit. students were able to see global issues enacted on the local level. " the earthworks visit was a real eye opener for me, ” said junior kristopher kildow, environmental sciences major. “ before this visit, i never realized how much politics plays a part in what we eat and i ended up learning quite a bit. i was very interested in the cost associated with becoming a certified organic grower and was shocked to learn that someone wanting to sell their organic crops would have to pay so much money and wait so long in order to label their produce for what it is. ” as they learn about the local and global impact of the food industry, several students have developed passions for the local and organic food movements. " i would like to see the concept of urban gardening spread throughout detroit and for more people to get involved and to start eating real food, not processed food from the gas stations and little grocers, ” said katherine vanbelle, a senior student majoring in environmental sciences. “ i found it sad to hear that some city kids think food comes from a gas station. i feel that it ' s reasons like this that make us one of the unhealthiest cities in america. ” the food quest course is cross - listed in anthropology and the environmental science program. it will be available online in the summer 2013 semester and as a full course next fall. for more information about courses and programs in the department of sociology, anthropology, social work, and criminal justice, view the website


in the gambia, free computer courses lead to jobs and self - respect banjul, the gambia — a graduation ceremony last month has boosted the number of computer graduates from classes offered free by the local baha ' i community to more than 900. since 1998, the baha ' is have arranged the classes to help people who cannot otherwise obtain computer skills to get a job. students have ranged from teenagers to the middle - aged, and include both men and women, said local baha ' i spokesman faramarz shams. many graduates use their newly - gained skills in jobs that they have obtained after completing the courses, mr. shams said. “ the students come from the islamic, christian, and baha ' i communities and include teachers, students, and business people, ” he said. the courses, offered at basic and advanced levels, usually involve two sessions of two hours per week for three months. the teachers are gambian baha ' is and baha ' i youth volunteers from the united kingdom, the united states, and canada. the country ' s only television station and both its major newspapers regularly cover the graduation ceremonies. on 18 december 2005, 56 students received their graduation certificates. in a speech at the ceremony, one of the graduates, fatou cham, 24, expressed her gratitude for the courses. “ i would like to thank the entire baha ' i community for their tireless efforts to disseminate knowledge in the gambia at no cost, ” said ms. cham, a muslim. “ i can remember back in 2000 when i attended the basic baha ' i computer training i could not even move a mouse, but after the course i built up a lot of interest in computing, ” she said. “ i hope that other institutions will emulate ( the baha ' i ) efforts and empower people with more ‘ it ' knowledge. ” the computers used in the training were donated by baha ' is of the gambia, the united states, and the united kingdom. classes were initially held in a rental property but they have moved to a specially designed room in the new national baha ' i centre, which opened last year. — baha ' i world news service


riparian and wetland management riparian areas are lands adjacent to creeks, streams, lakes, and rivers that support vegetation dependent upon free water in the soil. they are sometimes called " ribbon - of - green " because the vegetation on waterway banks forms a ribbon - like pattern when seen from the air. these areas, containing water and vegetation in the otherwise arid western united states, are important to fish and wildlife species, as well as to livestock. since they dissipate water energy and filter the water flowing through them, riparian - wetland areas can affect the health of entire watersheds. wetlands are generally defined as areas inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation this is typically adapted for life in saturated soil. wetlands include bogs, marshes, shallows, muskegs, wet meadows, estuaries, and riparian areas. a riparian - wetland area is healthy and functioning when adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to dissipate energy associated with high water flow. a healthy riparian - wetland area exhibits certain characteristics, such as : - purifying water by filtering sediments as water moves through ; - reducing the risk of flood damage ; - reducing streambank erosion ; - increasing water holding water in streambanks ; - maintaining instream flows and streambanks ; - increasing ground water supplies ; - supporting a diversity of wildlife and plant species ; - maintaining habitat for healthy fish populations ; - providing water, forage, and shade for livestock ; - and creating opportunities for recreationists to fish, camp, picnic, and relax. the blm ' s national science and technology center in denver has a the technical reference library with a listing of available publications for integrated resource management, inventory and monitoring classification, riparian area management, stream channel surveys, and rangeland inventory monitoring and evaluation. the reference guides section of this website has documents concerning wetlands identification, activities, and financial and technical assistance for conservation and management.


alexander ross ( 1782 - 1856 ) born in the scottish highlands, schoolteacher alexander ross immigrated to canada ’ s st. lawrence river valley in 1804. befriended by fellow scot alexander mckay, a veteran montreal - based fur trader, both men found work in american john jacob astor ’ s boldly conceived pacific fur company enterprise in 1810. the two voyaged around the horn on the tonquin, arriving at the mouth of the columbia in march 1811. ross, engaged as a clerk, remained to help build fort astoria, while mckay sailed on the doomed ship to commence trade with the natives of vancouver island, a trip that ended with the death of all aboard. as a result, astor ’ s plans for a transcontinental, trans - pacific fur - trade empire were crippled. ross was sent more than 400 miles up the columbia to establish a trading post at the mouth of the okanogan river. there he married a local indian woman named sarah, or sally. they had a large family and remained devoted partners for the rest of ross ’ s life. in addition to writing copious official correspondence, ross kept personal journals ( now lost ). his journals later became the basis for his very popular memoirs, adventures of the first settlers on the oregon or columbia river ( 1849 ) and the fur hunters of the far west ( 1855 ). staying on after the forced sale of fort astoria to the british - owned north west company during the war of 1812, ross served as that firm ’ s second - in - command at fort george ( astoria ). later promoted to chief trader at fort kamloops on the thompson river ( in present - day british columbia ), in 1818 ross was placed in command of the north west company ' s new fort nez perce, strategically situated on the east bank of the columbia about one - half mile above the mouth of the walla walla river. following the amalgamation of the company with the hudson ' s bay company in 1821, hbc governor george simpson persuaded ross to remain on the scene for a few more years. ross led the 1824 snake country brigade out of flathead post to explore and trap the streams of western montana. anxious about his health and concerned for the education of his sons, he left the pacific northwest for the hbc ’ s red river settlement ( present - day winnipeg ). there he helped found the colony ’ s presbyterian church and began philanthropies to aid the growing number of displaced indian and metis inhabitants. although criticized by some colleagues for writing official reports " full of marvelous


| | this page describes a concept which is part of our glossary are known for their robustness and reliability. the way peers connect with other instances to form the network creates a peer - to - peer infrastructure. it enables users to connect directly with each other as desired to exchange products and services without having to employ middlemen as in the current centralised ' client - server ' approach. in general, peer - to - peer networks can be formed directly between people or organisations or can be formed from many different computers and devices communicating together through the same peer - to - peer networking software. at organicdesign we ' re developing the platform specification which allows people and organisations to operate as part of a unified ontology which contains both the platform network of people and organisations aligned with the specification, and also the network of informational devices. transcending centralisation is a necessity it ' s a commonly known meme nowadays that our survival as a species depends on us figuring out how to live and work together as a single organism. another well known concept is the fractal nature of life that allows us to equate the biological cell with a person, and a single person with the planetary organism. in his book spontaneous evolution, bruce lipton shows us that we can learn from our cells how to live together in peace and harmony as a single organism since they ' re a living example of it, and have been doing it for millions of years. many people who are strong believers in this idea of humans living fully in accord with nature think that technology has no place in this vision. but by looking at how the cells in the human body are able to live together as a community with a population of over fifty trillion reveals that technology is essential. the cells manufacture and maintain huge infrastructures including the equivalent of buildings that are tens of thousands of stories high, sophisticated networking systems and even an energy based financial and banking system. we know that somehow the internet must be used to achieve this goal since it allows people all over the world to connect and share knowledge directly. but for us to use the internet to organise into a community together, we need to change the way we use it. the currently dominant method of viewing and collaborating on the internet, the world wide web, is not structured in a way that promotes the formation of people into a community from the bottom up, it doesn ' t match the way that cells organise themselves. the web is a centralised top - down structure, but it ' s the peer - to - peer networks that offer a foundation


these rings ( 20 µm across ) have color created by the width of the slits ( see black and white inset ). for example, yellow is produced with slits that are each 90 nm wide. the technique uses light funneling to catch and trap particular wavelengths. researchers at the university of michigan ( u. s. a. ) have found a way to lock in structural color using sub - wavelength structures ( scientific reports 3, 1194 ). if the technique can be developed further, it could be used with e - readers and other reflective displays, as well as for sensors and hyperspectral imagers. diffraction gratings provide structural color, but the predominant color changes with viewing angle. instead of using gratings on the order of the wavelengths, and on the surface of the material, the researchers went vertical. group leader jay guo explains, " light is funneled into the nanocavity, whose width is much, much smaller than the wavelength of the light. " surprisingly the longer wavelengths of light get trapped in narrower grooves. to demonstrate their device, the researchers etched nanoscale grooves in glass and coated the grooved glass plate with a thin layer of silver. when light hits the grooved surface, the transverse electric component creates a polarization charge at the metal slit surface, boosting the local electric field near the slit, which preferentially pulls in the transverse magnetic component of a particular wavelength of light. the demonstrated optical device has high absorption, as large as 96 percent in the visible spectrum, with colors that don ’ t change over a + / - 80 degree viewing angle. the device also demonstrated wide color tunability throughout the entire visible spectrum and pixel sizes smaller than the diffraction limit. right now, the new device can make static pictures. even static displays, however, can be attractive with bright sunlight - visible color in low - energy - consumption reflective displays.


therapy : new breakthrough for back treatment by gaetano morello, nd ozone, the gas that protects us from the sun ' s damaging rays but becomes toxic when inhaled, is experiencing a resurgence on the north american medical community. we are all familiar with the ozone layer and how it ' s thinning due to chloroflourocarbons. but the reality is that ozone production in the upper atmosphere depends on the amount energy coming from the sun. during peaks of solar activity, ozone is created at a greater rate. during low periods in the sunspot cycle, the ozone layer is thinner. at night, on the dark side of the planet, the ozone layer disappears over a period of a few hours. the layer is reformed as the sun rises in the morning. there is no ozone over the poles in the winter, because there is no sunlight. ozone is continuously being produced in the upper atmosphere as long as sunlight is present, and since ozone is heavier than air, it begins to fall towards the earth. as it falls, it combines with any pollutant it contacts, cleaning the air. when ozone contacts water vapor as it falls, it forms hydrogen peroxide, a component of rain water, and that is the reason why rainwater causes plants to grow better then irrigation. ozone is also created by lightning ; it is the ozone that gives air that fresh smell after a rainfall. therapeutic action of ozone in medicine, ozone has a number of well - established properties : it is antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal. the largest commercial use of ozone is in the purification of water. when you buy your next gallon jug of water at the grocery store, the label will say " ozone treated. " both the fda and epa certify that ozone destroys 99. 9992 percent of all pathogenic germs, while oxidizing ( destroying ) 99. 9992 percent of all pollutants in the water at the same time. a new discovery for the treatment of herniated disc : the discosan in germany, over 7, 000 doctors utilize ozone in the treatment of various diseases. in italy, orthopedic surgeons who used to perform surgery on herniated discs are now using a special mixture of ozone to treat the pathology of this condition. dr. cesare verga ( orthopedic surgeon ) developed the system in 1984 and has treated over 6, 000 patients. dr. verga claims that surgery really doesn ' t address the underlying cause. as a matter of


of this condition. dr. cesare verga ( orthopedic surgeon ) developed the system in 1984 and has treated over 6, 000 patients. dr. verga claims that surgery really doesn ' t address the underlying cause. as a matter of fact, it offsets the biomechanics of the spine. ozone, or the " discosan method " ( as it is known in italy ), represents a new approach in the treatment of herniated discs which resolves both the biological and biomedical aspect of the pathology. dr. verga states that this approach has a success rate of over 95 percent. some of the principal characteristics that make this method so unique are the following : 1. no contraindications. 2. over 95 percent success rate. 3. virtually zero recovery time. 4. no side effects. the treatment consists of injections of a special mixture of ozone and oxygen applied around the herniated zone. at the beginning, the therapy requires two treatments per week for a period of one to two months. on average, a total of 14 treatments are required, depending on the patient. the discosan method has even been shown efficacious in cases where surgery couldn ' t even alleviate the discomfort. an interesting analogy used in the italian medical circles is that ozone will mean for herniated discs is what " ranitidine ' meant one of the main questions often asked about the discosan method is : " how does this method work? " when we look at the anatomy of an intervertebral disc, we see an outer fibrous covering and an inner soft ( pulposis ) nucleus, much like a ripe cantaloupe with a hard outer shell and soft fruit inside. a herniation occurs when trauma ruptures a part of this outer fibrous covering, most commonly in the lumbosacral and cervical regions. this then causes the inner soft region to protrude and compress a nerve root, causing the pain associated with a herniated disc. the discosan method addresses this pathology by three different modes of action : 1. the ozone - oxygen mixture has specific action on the protruding pulposus, by acting on a molecular level on the bonds holding this herniation together. this in turn causes a reduction in the herniation. 2. the method brings about a microvascularization to this area, therefore bringing more blood supply and oxygen to the region, all essential for healing. dr. verga also claims that ozone brings more fi


a reduction in the herniation. 2. the method brings about a microvascularization to this area, therefore bringing more blood supply and oxygen to the region, all essential for healing. dr. verga also claims that ozone brings more fibroblasts to the area, which will help heal the pathology around the annulus fibrosus. 3. reduces the edema in the area which can also contribute to the compression the whole concept of treating a herniated disc without surgery is an exciting one. the fact that the discosan method has some sound scientific principals gives real hope to people suffering from this debilitating condition. 2011 : : privacy information posted on this website has not been reviewed or approved by the fda. oxygen healing therapies. com makes no claims regarding the equipment, instruments, books, or courses advertisers on this website may advertise. the supreme court has also confirmed that websites posting advertising or links to other websites are not responsible for the information posted on the other websites. this area and these pages are for information only, and should not be considered as medical advice. we are an information source only, and are making claims regarding any medical benefit or outcome to any disease state. ozone therapy, ewot therapy, and uv therapy are not approved for human or animal use in usa, canada, nor in many countries around the world ( which is rather unfortunate because they are approved in many other countries such as germany and italy.. but we digress ). this information is supplied so that you can make an informed decision regarding altervatives. consult with your any therapy or therapy protocols.


birth defects testing - reference triple or quadruple ( quad ) blood tests. these tests check the amounts of three or four substances in a pregnant woman ' s blood. the triple screen checks the levels of reference alpha - fetoprotein protein ( afp ), reference beta human chorionic gonadotropin ( beta - hcg ), and a type of reference estrogen ( estriol, or ue3 ). the quad screen checks those three substances, plus the level of the reference hormone inhibin a. the doctor looks at these test results — along with your age and other factors — to find out the chance that your baby may have certain problems. second - trimester tests can be done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. the triple and quad blood tests may be called the expanded afp test, the afp plus test, or the multiple marker screening test. either of these tests may be done as the second part of the reference integrated screening test opens new window. - reference ultrasound. this test allows your doctor to see an image of your developing baby. it is often done at 18 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. doctors can use ultrasound to look for certain features that are related to some problems, such as down syndrome. the test also can be used to find problems of the heart, spine, belly, or other areas. - reference amniocentesis. doctors use this test to look for chromosomal problems in the baby ' s cells. a doctor puts a needle through the belly and into the uterus to collect some of the reference amniotic fluid opens new window that surrounds the baby. this fluid contains some of the baby ' s cells. the test is done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy, usually around week 16. this test also can help find neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference april 4, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference sarah marshall, md - family medicine reference siobhan m. dolan, md, mph - reproductive genetics


panna : op ’ s in children, failed court order on pesticides, community monitoring of pesticides and more see panups updates service, for complete information. hazardous language barrier : over two thousand farmworkers in hawaii cannot read warning labels on harmful pesticides, according to a study conducted by the national agriculture statistics service field office. over 40 % of them speak ilocano from their native phillipines, not english. other workers speak only tagalog, chinese, or spanish. since the labels are printed only in english, the workers can ' t follow safety precautions when using dangerous pesticide chemicals - - a common situation around the world. pacific business news reported the story. irresponsible businesses : although a federal judge in seattle ruled over two years ago that washington retailers must post warnings to their customers regarding the risks to salmon and other aquatic life posed by pesticides, the retail business community has not been complying with the order, and the u. s. environmental protection agency claims it has no authority to enforce the rule. due to pressure from the northwest coalition for alternatives to pesticides, washington toxics coalition and other concerned groups, epa is now handing out signs to some home and garden stores that sell pesticides so they can post warnings. all pesticides with the ingredients malathion, carbaryl, 2, 4 - d, diazinon, diuron, triclopyr, or trifluralin must carry the warning. read more in the seattle post intelligencer. poisonous pyrethroids : a uc berkeley study reveals that an entire class of pesticides - - pyrethroids - - has contaminated northern california streams and waterways, wiping out " crustaceans and insects vital to ecosystems, " according to the los angeles times. the state department of pesticide regulations will be notifying pyrethroid manufacturers that their products will be re - evaluated, and that some bans may be imposed. " this is a shot across the bow to the manufacturers that we found a reason for concern and you need to provide us with data to either eliminate the concern, reformulate your products or consider taking them off the market, " said mary - ann warmerdam, department director. community empowered : residents of lindsey, california, presented evidence of dangerous pesticide drift in the air around their homes in a press conference on july 17. lindsey is one of several rural san joaquin valley communities that have suffered multiple pesticide exposure incidents in recent years. californians for pesticide reform ( cpr ), a


issue | canada engages in a new approach to resolve specific claims made by first nations. synopsis | the specific claims tribunal act established an administrative tribunal with the authority to make binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to $ 150 million per claim. claims over $ 150 million will be dealt with through a specially mandated cabinet process. timing | under the specific claims tribunal act, certain claims will be eligible for filing with the specific claims tribunal as of 16 october 2011. federal policy divides aboriginal land claims into two broad categories : specific claims and comprehensive claims. specific claims arise from the alleged non - fulfillment of historic treaties between first nations and the crown, or improper administration of first nations lands and other assets by the crown. comprehensive claims are based on the assertion of continuing aboriginal rights and title that have not been dealt with by treaty or other legal means. this overview focuses on the specific claims process. between april 2010 and april 2011, 18 specific claims were settled at a total value of approximately $ 666 million. the monetary value of the claims settled in this period ranged from $ 134, 283 to $ 231. 4 million. as of 5 april 2011, 503 specific claims remain in the federal inventory of claims under assessment or in negotiations. 1 over the past several years, the federal specific claims process has been the subject of legal and policy reform initiatives intended to reduce the backlog of outstanding claims. in response to a 2006 report of the standing senate committee on aboriginal peoples, which highlighted the need for reforms to the specific claims process in several areas, the federal government launched specific claims : justice at last – canada ’ s specific claims action plan in june 2007. the reforms proposed in the action plan included an independent tribunal to make binding decisions on claims that cannot be resolved by negotiations, dedicated funding for specific claims settlements, and practical measures to improve the processing of both small and large claims. 2 | location of specific claims under assessment or in negotiations ( as of 5 april 2011 ) | | source : figure prepared by the library of parliament using data obtained from indian and northern affairs canada. | the specific claims tribunal act was introduced in the house of commons on 27 november 2007 and came into force on 16 october 2008. the act creates the specific claims tribunal, an administrative tribunal composed of superior court judges with authority to make binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to a maximum of $ 150 million per claim. the act stipulates that a first nation may file a claim with the tribunal if the claim has been previously filed with the minister of indian affairs and


binding decisions on claims and to award monetary compensation up to a maximum of $ 150 million per claim. the act stipulates that a first nation may file a claim with the tribunal if the claim has been previously filed with the minister of indian affairs and northern development, and if : in effect, the specific claims tribunal act introduces three - year timelines for the assessment and negotiation of specific claims. as a result of these timelines, certain cases will become eligible for filing with the tribunal as of 16 october 2011. with this deadline in view, the specific claims tribunal is currently preparing for the commencement of operations. between november 2009 and november 2010, several superior court judges were appointed to the tribunal, and justice harry slade was appointed as its chairperson. draft rules of practice and procedure were made public in june 2010 and are currently under review by the department of justice. the tribunal ’ s first annual report, dated 30 september 2010, provides a synopsis of work undertaken to that date and of anticipated activities through the current and following fiscal years. 3 the introduction of the specific claims tribunal act in november 2007 was accompanied by the signing of a political agreement between the minister of indian affairs and northern development and the national chief of the assembly of first nations. the political agreement provides for additional discussion on improvements in the resolution of specific claims not directly addressed in the legislation, including matters related to claims that exceed the monetary cap of $ 150 million. the development of a cabinet process to address claims over $ 150 million is ongoing. © library of parliament 2011


software engineer / developer / programmers may work in one major industry or in a vast array of different industries. some may work for companies that produce and sell exactly what they work with. many others work in other types of industries that do not sell these products but make use of their own. so, one could work for microsoft designing computer programs to sell, while another may work for a large business and be responsible for designing the private computer programs that employees use within their office. software engineer / developer / programmers may work alone or with a team. it depends on the size of a company and the computer programs and networks they use. if it is an office with just 15 employees, there will probably only be one person working in this field. if it is an office building with hundreds of employees, there will likely be a team of people working in this position. people who work in this field must be trained to read different computer languages that are made up of mathematical symbols and different letter sequences or algorithms. it is completely different from any language people speak. software engineer / developer / programmers must be very intelligent and are required to specialize in a field about which outsiders usually do not have any knowledge. the working environment for a software engineer / developer / programmer is in an office setting. most software engineer / developer / programmers work monday through friday from 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. they use computers, software, telephones, pens and paper, and other typical office supplies. some serve a dual role as an information technology specialist and are also required to fix any computer or network problems within an office. workers of this position report to an information technology manager when in a team, or to a general manager when working the lone position of its type in a company. a bachelor ' s degree in computer science, computer programming, or information technology is required for this position. several years of experience in this field are also required by many companies. software engineer / developer / programmers work to develop technical tools to make everyone else ' s job easier. without their expertise, people would be much more reliant on more difficult manual methods to complete a job. computers are everywhere these days, and these are the people who develop the tools that computers use. software engineer / developer / programmer tasks - write code to create single - threaded or user interface event driven applications, either stand - alone and those which access servers or services. - use source debuggers and visual development environments. - test and document software for client applications. - write, modify, and de


more than three decades after the clean water act, iconic american waterways like the chesapeake bay and puget sound are in perilous condition and facing new sources of contamination. with polluted runoff still flowing in from industry, agriculture and massive suburban development, scientists note that many new pollutants and toxins from modern everyday life are already being found in the drinking water of millions of people across the country and pose a threat to fish, wildlife and, potentially, human health. ( more » ) in poisoned waters, pulitzer prize - winning journalist hedrick smith examines the growing hazards to human health and the ecosystem. " the ' 70s were a lot about, ' we ' re the good guys ; we ' re the environmentalists ; we ' re going to go after the polluters, ' and it ' s not really about that anymore, " jay manning, director of ecology for washington state, tells frontline. " it ' s about the way we all live. and unfortunately, we are all polluters. i am ; you are ; all of us are. " through interviews with scientists, environmental activists, corporate executives and average citizens impacted by the burgeoning pollution problem, smith reveals startling new evidence that today ' s growing environmental threat comes not from the giant industrial polluters of old, but from chemicals in consumers ' face creams, deodorants, prescription medicines and household cleaners that find their way into sewers, storm drains, and eventually into america ' s waterways and drinking water. " the environment has slipped off our radar screen because it ' s not a hot crisis like the financial meltdown, war or terrorism, " smith says. " but pollution is a ticking time bomb. it ' s a chronic cancer that is slowly eating away the natural resources that are vital to our very lives. " in poisoned waters, smith speaks with researchers from the u. s. geological survey ( usgs ), who report finding genetically mutated marine life in the potomac river. in addition to finding frogs with six legs and other mutations, the researchers have found male amphibians with ovaries and female frogs with male genitalia. scientists tell frontline that the mutations are likely caused by exposure to " endocrine disruptors, " chemical compounds that mimic the body ' s natural hormones. the usgs research on the potomac river poses some troubling questions for the 2 million people who rely on the washington aqueduct for their drinking water. " the endocrine system of fish is very similar to the endoc


' s natural hormones. the usgs research on the potomac river poses some troubling questions for the 2 million people who rely on the washington aqueduct for their drinking water. " the endocrine system of fish is very similar to the endocrine system of humans, " usgs fish pathologist vicki blazer says. " they pretty much have all the same hormone systems as humans, which is why we use them as sort of indicator species.... we can ' t help but make that jump to ask the question, ' how are these things influencing people? ' " " the long - term, slow - motion risk is already being spelled out in epidemiologic data, studies - - large population studies, " says dr. robert lawrence of the johns hopkins school of public health. " there are 5 million people being exposed to endocrine disruptors just in the mid - atlantic region, and yet we don ' t know precisely how many of them are going to develop premature breast cancer, going to have problems with reproduction, going to have all kinds of congenital anomalies of the male genitalia, things that are happening at a broad low level so that they don ' t raise the alarm in the general public. " smith also investigates the state of puget sound ' s environment, where decades of pollution have endangered such species as orca whales, whose carcasses have shown high levels of cancer - causing pcbs. " we thought all the way along that [ puget sound ] was like a toilet : what you put in, you flush out, " says washington gov. chris gregoire, who notes that about 150, 000 pounds of untreated toxins find their way into puget sound each day. " we [ now ] know that ' s not true. it ' s like a bathtub : what you put in stays there. " smith reveals that some of today ' s greatest pollution threats stem from urban sprawl and overdevelopment, as new housing and commercial developments send contaminated stormwater into rivers and bays, polluting local drinking - water supplies. smith speaks with scuba diver mike racine, who describes runoff into the depths of seattle ' s elliott bay as a " brown, noxious soup of nastiness that is unbelievable. " " the irony is that everybody looks at that [ picturesque ] scene and thinks that it ' s great ; everything is right with the world in elliott bay, " racine says. " but in point of fact, not 100 feet away from where


" " the irony is that everybody looks at that [ picturesque ] scene and thinks that it ' s great ; everything is right with the world in elliott bay, " racine says. " but in point of fact, not 100 feet away from where they are drinking a nice glass of wine off their white linen, there is this unbelievable gunk coming out of the end of this pipe. " in addition to assessing the scope of america ' s polluted - water problem, poisoned waters highlights several cases in which grassroots citizens ' groups succeeded in effecting environmental change : in south park, wash., incensed residents pushed for better cleanup of pcb contamination that remained from an old asphalt plant. in loudon county, va., residents prevented a large - scale housing development that would have overwhelmed already - strained stormwater systems believed to contribute to the contamination in chesapeake bay. reversing decades of pollution and preventing the irreversible annihilation of the nation ' s waterways, however, will require a seismic shift in the way americans live their lives and use natural resources, experts say. " you have to change the way you live in the ecosystem and the place that you share with other living things, " says william ruckelshaus, founding director of the environmental protection agency. " you ' ve got to learn to live in such a way that it doesn ' t destroy other living things. it ' s got to become part of our culture. "


clouds and cosmos j ' ai decouvert par hazard les travaux de henrik svensmark sur le processus de formation des nuages. ces derniers remettaient en cause les theses defendues par les tenants du rechauffement climatique du aux activites humaines. en effectuant quelques recherches sur internet j ' ai pu mesurer l ' incroyable fourvoiement de ceux qui conseillent les gouvernements sur les decisions a prendre. et pas uniquement fourvoiement mais aussi manipulation des informations, intoxication et enfumage des foules. les derniers travaux du cern sur le sujet confirment les conclusions de svensmark. affaire a suivre, car une remise au pas del ' ipcc / giec s ' avere necessaire. i discovered by chance the research conducted by henrik svensmark on the process of cloud formation. the results called into question the policies advocated by the proponents of global warming due to human activities. in doing some research online i could measure the incredible misdirection of those who advise governments on decisions. and not just misdirection but also manipulation of information, intoxication and smoking crowd. the latest work on the subject of cern confirm the findings of svensmark. stay tuned, because in depth analysis of ipcc / giec turpitudes is necessary. aug 30 " if it is an unusually warm winter in new york, it is probably also warm in washington, d. c., for example, " hansen explained. " at high - and mid - latitudes rossby waves are the dominant cause of short - term temperature variations. and since those are fairly long waves we didn ' t think we needed a station at every one degree of separation. " 5 october 2012 eso celebrates its 50th anniversary the cosmics leaving outdoor droplets ( cloud ) experiment uses a special cloud chamber to study the possible link between galactic cosmic rays and cloud formation. based at the proton synchrotron ( ps ) at cern, this is the first time a high - energy physics accelerator has been used to study atmospheric and climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of


climate science. the results should contribute much to our understanding of clouds and climate. cosmic rays are charged particles that bombard the earth ' s atmosphere from outer space. studies suggest they may have an influence on the amount of cloud cover through the formation of new aerosols ( tiny particles suspended in the air that seed cloud droplets ). this is supported by satellite measurements, which show a possible correlation between cosmic - ray intensity and the amount of low cloud cover. cern finds “ significant ” cosmic ray cloud effect best known for its studies of the fundamental constituents of matter, the cern particle - physics laboratory in geneva is now also being used to study the climate. researchers in the cloud collaboration have released the first results from their experiment designed to mimic conditions in the earth ’ s atmosphere. by firing beams of particles from the lab ’ s proton synchrotron accelerator into a gas - filled chamber, they have discovered that cosmic rays could have a role to play in climate by enhancing the production of potentially cloud - seeding aerosols. – physics world, 24 august 2011 if henrik svensmark is right, then we are going down the wrong path of taking all these expensive measures to cut carbon emissions ; if he is right, we could carry on with carbon emissions as normal. jasper kirkby is a superb scientist, but he has been a lousy politician. in 1998, anticipating he ' d be leading a path - breaking experiment into the sun ' s role in global warming, he made the mistake of stating that the sun and cosmic rays " will probably be able to account for somewhere between a half and the whole of the increase in the earth ' s temperature that we have seen in the last century. " global warming, he theorized, may be part of a natural cycle in the earth ' s temperature. churchville, va — get ready for the next big bombshell in the man - made warming debate. climate change : news and comments e physicien danois henrik swensmark ne se doutait probablement pas, en fournissant ses donnees et en faisant part de ses remarques aux realisateurs de l ' experience " cloud " au cern a geneve, que les resultats de cette experience souleveraient des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder ’ s blog, cern ’ s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks ’ s cosmic - ray theory


##ent des problemes politiques importants. wuwt reader max _ b tips us off to this article and video. according to nigel calder ’ s blog, cern ’ s cloud experiment ( testing svensmarks ’ s cosmic - ray theory ) shows a large enhancement of aerosol production and the results are due for release in 2 or 3 months ’ time. there is a short physics world interview with jasper kirkby which is worthwhile viewing and was published a couple of days ago … j. a. performed the nucleation rate analysis. s. s. conducted the api - tof analysis. results paper published in gigs ( january 2013 ) - article poste le 07 avril 2010 - “ la pluralite des voix n ’ est pas une preuve qui vaille. car lorsqu ’ une verite est quelque peu difficile a decouvrir, il serait etonnant que tout un peuple l ’ ait rencontree plutot qu ’ un homme seul ”. the climatic research unit email controversy ( also known as " climategate " ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] began in november 2009 with the hacking of a server at the climatic research unit ( cru ) at the university of east anglia ( uea ) by an external attacker. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] several weeks before the copenhagen summit on climate change, an unknown individual or group breached cru ' s server and copied thousands of emails and computer files to various locations on the internet.


1. basic drawing equipment - 1 2. pencil drawing : how to draw with pencils lesson learn the basics of learning to draw with pencils... techniques and what you need. learn techniques for drawing with pencils with the following lesson for how to draw and shade with pencils. how to hold your pencil correctly in many positions when drawing pictures lesson learn the correct positions for holding pencils while drawing. the second bit of advice a beginning artist usually gets is “ draw from life ”. and it is excellent advice! after all, if you can ' t draw what is right in front of you, you certainly won ' t be able to draw what you see in your imagination either. but the advice is a bit short, and will usually leave the artist behind unsure of what to do next. painters do not have the apparatus problems of a photographer, but they do face a similar value design problem : anchoring the middle value of a painting in a way that communicates the intended feeling of light or dark without sacrificing a complete representation of the tonal range. our visual system naturally adjusts to the average luminance in our environment to produce the best visual representation. because this adaptation also affects the appearance of any physical gray scale, the key to the value design of a painting lies in the distribution of gray values across the luminance range. pen and ink drawing lessons art books online how to draw watercolors oil painting lessons when i first got serious about cartooning for a career, one of the things i was most concerned about was inking. that seemed to me like a skill and art that would take a really long time to master, and worse yet there seemed to be no good sources of learning the art of inking out there. i found one book i still heartily recommend, called the art of comic book inking by gary martin, which is to date the best book on the subject. there used to be a great website on inking with input from many great inkers but i think it ’ s defunct. the rules of perspective christopher w. tyler our pencil portrait lesson offers an illustrated step by step tutorial that guides you through drawing a pencil portrait from start to finish. our other lessons in this section focus on the proportions of the head, the difficulties you encounter in drawing the eyes, nose, mouth and ear, and the pencil shading exercises that you should practice to develop your drawing technique. our lesson on ' painting portraits with acrylics ' illustrates the step by step skills and techniques


the difficulties you encounter in drawing the eyes, nose, mouth and ear, and the pencil shading exercises that you should practice to develop your drawing technique. our lesson on ' painting portraits with acrylics ' illustrates the step by step skills and techniques of acrylic painting. as an example we use our painting of robert burns to guide you through the entire process of portraiture exploring such stages as : the preparatory drawing, starting the painting, painting the eyes, painting the skin, painting the hair, painting the clothes, materials for acrylic painting and framing the portrait. work in progress title : " inner beauty " size : 18 " x 14 " medium : charcoal, graphite, carbon on white paper step one : i am using charcoal for the background and graphite for the subject. i ' m using arches 140 lbs hot press watercolor paper for this drawing. this is one of my favorite papers. it has enough tooth to create dark values yet is smooth enough for very delicate textures. boy, i didn ' t know what i was getting myself into when i started this. i ' ve had requests for some sort of expressions tutorial dating back a while now, so i figured, " sure! i can explain expression drawing... and it ' ll be way better than all those tutorials out there that are nothing but charts of generic expressions. yeah! just give me a day or two to whip something up... " um. learn how to draw what you see, with these step by step beginner drawing lessons. discover essential drawing skills from how to hold a pencil through to perspective, pencil shading, and sketching. progress into portraiture and figure drawing. sight - size or right - size drawing is a traditional method of observing the subject, still taught in classical ateliers. mainly used for portraiture but applicable to other subjects, sight - sizing will help you attain great accuracy when drawing from life. ben rathbone, a graduate of the school of representational art in chicago, wrote this explanation of the sight - size method. i ' m forced to agree with you, patti. bear in mind that the editors at publishing companies are not experts in art. in my books, i could have spoken of the benefits of mixing peanut butter with paint ( or something equally stupid, like soaking brushes in cooking oil to clean them in a fantasy belief in environmental purity ). by maery drawing hair is hard work. it ' s complicated, time consuming, and often the results are terrible, and


poor oral hygiene being under extreme stress may affect your mood and cause you to skip oral hygiene habits such as flossing and brushing. if you don ’ t take care of your mouth, your teeth and overall oral health can suffer. if you already have gum disease, skipping daily hygiene may worsen the problem. if your mouth is in relatively good health, falling down on brushing, flossing, and rinsing can lead to gum disease or increase your risk of cavities. when under stress, you may also develop unhealthy eating habits, such as snacking on large amounts of sugary foods or drinks. these habits increase the risk for tooth decay and other problems. just reminding yourself of the importance of hygiene and healthy eating may help. boosting or resuming your exercise routine can help you relieve stress and feel energized enough to tend to your oral hygiene and cook healthier meals. exercise will also boost your immune system — and that, too, is good for your oral health. stress can cause an increase in dental plaque, even when the high stress levels are short term. that ’ s according to a study that evaluated people who cared for loved ones with dementia and who experienced stress. long - term, the stress these caregivers felt boosted their risk of bleeding gums, or gingivitis, which can progress to serious gum disease. stress can lead to depression. and depressed patients, according to recent research, have twice the risk of an unfavorable outcome from gum disease treatment compared to those who aren ’ t depressed. you can ’ t make depression or the stress disappear, of course. but experts say that learning healthy coping strategies can help reduce the risk of gum problems getting worse. healthy coping is “ problem - focused ” with active and practical strategies to deal with the stress and depression, experts say. remember, eating a balanced diet, seeing your dentist regularly, and good oral hygiene help reduce your risks of periodontal disease. make sure you brush twice a day and floss daily. antibacterial mouth rinses also help reduce plaque - causing bacteria. excess stress may give you a headache, a stomachache, or just a feeling of being “ on edge. ” but too much stress could also be doing a number on your mouth, teeth, gums, and overall health. the potential fallout from stress and anxiety that can affect your oral health includes : - mouth sores, including canker sores and cold sores - clenching of teeth and teeth grinding


number on your mouth, teeth, gums, and overall health. the potential fallout from stress and anxiety that can affect your oral health includes : - mouth sores, including canker sores and cold sores - clenching of teeth and teeth grinding ( bruxism ) - poor oral hygiene and unhealthy eating routines - periodontal ( gum ) disease or worsening of existing periodontal disease so how can you prevent these oral health problems? canker sores — small ulcers with a white or grayish base and bordered in red — appear inside the mouth, sometimes in pairs or even greater numbers. although experts aren ’ t sure what causes them — it could be immune system problems, bacteria, or viruses — they do think that stress, as well as fatigue and allergies, can increase the risk of getting them. canker sores are not contagious. most canker sores disappear in a week to 10 days. for relief from the irritation, try over - the - counter topical anesthetics. to reduce irritation, don ’ t eat spicy, hot foods or foods with a high acid content, such as tomatoes or citrus fruits. cold sores, also called fever blisters, are caused by the herpes simplex virus and are contagious. cold sores are fluid - filled blisters that often appear on or around the lips, but can also crop up under the nose or around the chin area. emotional upset can trigger an outbreak. so can a fever, a sunburn, or skin abrasion. like canker sores, fever blisters often heal on their own in a week or so. treatment is available, including over - the - counter remedies and prescription antiviral drugs. ask your doctor or dentist if you could benefit from either. it ’ s important to start treatment as soon as you notice the cold sore forming. stress may make you clench and grind your teeth — during the day or at night, and often unconsciously. teeth grinding is also known as bruxism. if you already clench and grind your teeth, stress could make the habit worse. and, grinding your teeth can lead to problems with the temporomandibular joint ( tmj ), located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet. see your doctor and ask what can be done for the clenching and grinding. your dentist may recommend a night guard, worn as you sleep, or another appliance to help you


located in front of the ear where the skull and lower jaw meet. see your doctor and ask what can be done for the clenching and grinding. your dentist may recommend a night guard, worn as you sleep, or another appliance to help you stop or minimize the actions. an abscessed tooth is a painful infection at the root of a tooth or between the gum and a tooth. it ’ s most commonly caused by severe tooth decay. other causes of tooth abscess are trauma to the tooth, such as when it is broken or chipped, and gingivitis or gum disease. these problems can cause openings in the tooth enamel, which allows bacteria to infect the center of the tooth ( called the pulp ). the infection may also spread from the root of the tooth to the bones supporting the tooth. what are the symptoms of an abscessed tooth? a toothache that is severe and continuous and results in gnawing or throbbing pain or sharp or shooting pain are common symptoms of an abscessed tooth. other symptoms may include : - pain when chewing - sensitivity of the teeth to hot or cold - bitter taste in the mouth - foul smell to the breath - swollen neck glands - general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling - redness and swelling of the gums - swollen area of the upper or lower jaw - an open, draining sore on the side of the gum if the root of the tooth dies as a result of infection, the toothache may stop. however, this doesn ’ t mean the infection has healed ; the infection remains active and continues to spread and destroy tissue. therefore, if you experience any of the above listed symptoms, it is important to see a dentist even if the pain subsides. how is an abscessed tooth diagnosed? your dentist will probe your teeth with a dental instrument. if you have an abscessed tooth, you will feel pain when the tooth is tapped by your dentist ’ s probe. your dentist will also ask you if your pain increases when you bite down or when you close your mouth tightly. in addition, your dentist may suspect an abscessed tooth because your gums may be swollen and red. your dentist may also take x - rays to look for erosion of the bone around the abscess. regardless of how long you have used tobacco products, quitting now can greatly reduce serious risks to your health. eleven years after quitting, former smokers ’ likelihood of having periodontal ( gum ) disease was not significantly different from


your mouth is a big part of taking care of your whole body. what to expect a typical checkup and dental cleaning appointment involves a careful inspection of your mouth, teeth and gums, looking for any signs of gum disease, loose or broken teeth, a damaged tooth filling or tooth decay. dental x - rays will likely be taken. some exams may include an examination of your head and neck, your bite and the movement of your jaw. your teeth will also be thoroughly cleaned, polished and flossed, leaving them fresh and gleaming. thinking outside the mouth the benefits of maintaining that wholesome smile are plain to see, boosting confidence and improving your overall sense of well - being. but a healthy mouth is good for you in other ways, too. bacteria from untreated gum disease can actually spread infection to other parts of your body. pregnant women may be at particular risk. if necessary, your dentist may ask you to return more frequently for gum disease treatment. also, some non - dental conditions have symptoms that appear in the mouth. a dental examination can reveal signs of vitamin deficiencies, osteoporosis or more serious conditions such as diabetes or oral cancer. finally, a regular checkup can even be good for your pocketbook. identifying and treating minor problems like cavities early on can spare you the time and expense of more complicated dentistry procedures such as a tooth extraction or root canal. women who are menopausal or post - menopausal may experience changes in their mouths. recent studies suggest that estrogen deficiency could place post - menopausal women at higher risk for severe periodontal disease and tooth loss. in addition, hormonal changes in older women may result in discomfort in the mouth, including dry mouth, pain and burning sensations in the gum tissue and altered taste, especially salty, peppery or sour. in addition, menopausal gingivostomatitis affects a small percentage of women. gums that look dry or shiny, bleed easily and range from abnormally pale to deep red mark this condition. most women find that estrogen supplements help to relieve these symptoms. bone loss is associated with both periodontal disease and osteoporosis. osteoporosis could lead to tooth loss because the density of the bone that supports the teeth may be decreased. more research is being done to determine if and how a relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease exists. women considering hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) to help fight os


density of the bone that supports the teeth may be decreased. more research is being done to determine if and how a relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease exists. women considering hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) to help fight osteoporosis should note that this may help protect their teeth as well as other parts of the body. to prevent cavities, you need to remove plaque, the transparent layer of bacteria that coats the teeth. the best way to do this is by brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing at least once a day. brushing also stimulates the gums, which helps to keep them healthy and prevent gum disease. brushing and flossing are the most important things that you can do to keep your teeth and gums healthy. toothpastes contain abrasives, detergents, and foaming agents. fluoride, the most common active ingredient in toothpaste, is what prevents cavities. so you should always be sure your toothpaste contains fluoride. about 1 person in 10 has a tendency to accumulate tartar quickly. tartar is plaque in a hardened form that is more damaging and difficult to remove. using anti - tartar toothpastes and mouthwashes, as well as spending extra time brushing the teeth near the salivary glands ( the inside of the lower front teeth and the outside of the upper back teeth ) may slow the development of new tartar. if you have teeth that are sensitive to heat, cold, and pressure, you may want to try a special toothpaste for sensitive teeth. but you ’ ll still need to talk to your dentist about your sensitivity because it may indicate a more serious problem, such as a cavity or nerve inflammation ( irritation ). sometimes when you lose one or more teeth, you can get an indention in your gums and jawbone where the tooth used to be. this happens because the jawbone recedes when it no longer is holding a tooth in place. not only is this indentation unnatural looking, it also causes the replacement tooth to look too long compared to the adjacent teeth. a periodontist can fill in this “ defect ” with a procedure called ridge augmentation, recapturing the natural contour of your gums and jaw. a new tooth can then be created that is natural looking, easy - to - clean and beautiful. periodontal ( gum ) diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious infections that, left


your gums and jaw. a new tooth can then be created that is natural looking, easy - to - clean and beautiful. periodontal ( gum ) diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis, are serious infections that, left untreated, can lead to tooth loss. the word periodontal literally means “ around the tooth. ” periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone supporting the teeth. periodontal disease can affect one tooth or many teeth. it begins when the bacteria in plaque ( the sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on your teeth ) causes the gums to become inflamed. gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. it causes the gums to become red, swollen, and bleed easily. there is usually little or no discomfort at this stage. gingivitis is often caused by inadequate oral hygiene. gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and good oral home care. untreated gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. with time, plaque can spread and grow below the gum line. toxins produced by the bacteria in plaque irritate the gums. the toxins stimulate a chronic inflammatory response in which the body in essence turns on itself, and the tissues and bone that support the teeth are broken down and destroyed. gums separate from the teeth, forming pockets ( spaces between the teeth and gums ) that become infected. as the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. often, this destructive process has very mild symptoms. eventually, teeth can become loose and may have to be removed. there are many forms of periodontitis. the most common ones include the following. - aggressive periodontitis occurs in patients who are otherwise clinically healthy. common features include rapid attachment loss and bone destruction and familial aggregation. - chronic periodontitis results in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment and bone loss. this is the most frequently occurring form of periodontitis and is characterized by pocket formation and / or recession of the gingiva. it is prevalent in adults, but can occur at any age. progression of attachment loss usually occurs slowly, but periods of rapid progression can occur. - periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases often begins at a young age. systemic conditions such as heart disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes are associated with this form of periodontitis. - nec


recognizing septicemia in goldfish is difficult because more often than not, little or no symptoms occur to indicate infection. it is one of the fish diseases that causes harm from within. what is hemorrhagic septicemia in goldfish? - most common indication of septicemia in koi and goldfish are blood streaks - while it is not a communicable fish disease, the chances of it spreading is high if an infected fish shares the same tank with healthy fishes. - the most probable cause for such disease is the buildup of nitrite in the tank due to the remaining excrement of fishes in the water. overfeeding and overstocking have also been included as reasons. causes, symptoms and treatment of septicemia - it is difficult to recognize septicemia symptoms. there are only few significant signs that can guide the aquarist. to be sure about the diagnosis, it is best to consult a veterinarian. - some of the most widely reported symptoms include skin ulcers, deteriorating fins, bulging eyes, lethargy, staying on the surface or corners of the tank and anemia. - the cause of septicemia has been traced to many factors such as : - stressful conditions - poor water quality - improper handling of the fish - the remedy for septicemia is treating the infection as quickly as possible. the pet owner should feed the fish with triple - strength antibiotic food and nothing else. - the infected fish undergoing treatment must be kept within a warm environment above 68 degrees fahrenheit. - salt solution added to the treatment tank can help heal the scales back to their natural texture. - water quality should be kept in excellent conditions to prevent further complications.


if young cats can avoid injury or infectious disease ( the chances of which are much greater if they are indoor - only ), they usually only see the veterinarian for preventive care. one condition that bucks this trend is called the nasopharyngeal polyp. polyps are benign masses of tissue that can form in many places throughout the body. in this case, the descriptor " nasopharyngeal " is a bit confusing because these masses generally do not originate in the nasopharynx ( the area within the throat that lies behind the nasal cavities and above the soft palate * ) but from the tubes connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx ( eustachian or auditory tubes ) or from within the tympanic bulla, a part of the middle ear. that said, when they grow large enough, nasopharyngeal polyps can extend into the nasopharynx or even into the external ear canal. though technically benign ( not having the tendency to spread or worsen appreciably * ), nasopharyngeal polyps can cause big problems for cats. they are usually diagnosed in animals under the age of two and cause symptoms that include some combination of the following : - nasal discharge - a change in voice - difficulty breathing or eating - head shaking - ear scratching - discharge from the ear - head tilt - unsteadiness when walking - changes in the shape of the pupils or movement of the eyes of course, these clinical signs are seen with other conditions that affect young cats ( e. g., upper respiratory infections and ear infections / mites ), but when these more common problems have been ruled - out, the presence of a nasopharyngeal polyp must be considered. many nasopharyngeal polyps can be diagnosed by sedating the cat and pulling the soft palate forward within the mouth using an instrument called a spay hook. there really shouldn ’ t be anything in the space above the soft palate, so when a lump of tissue appears, you have your diagnosis. if the polyp has invaded the middle ear, it may be visible through the tympanic membrane ( ear drum ) when examining the ears with an otoscope. x - rays or a ct - scan are sometimes necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis. in the best case scenario, a nasopharyngeal polyp can essentially just be pulled off the tissue from which it is


with an otoscope. x - rays or a ct - scan are sometimes necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis. in the best case scenario, a nasopharyngeal polyp can essentially just be pulled off the tissue from which it is growing, either via the mouth or through the ear if the tympanic membrane is ruptured. the veterinarian applies steady traction on the polyp until it releases, hopefully at its base. post - op treatment with pain relievers, antibiotics, and corticosteroids is necessary. polyps can recur after traction removal and medical treatment. this is more likely if the mass had to be removed via the ear rather than through the mouth. if the polyp does come back, a more invasive surgery called a ventral bulla osteotomy is usually necessary. i ’ ve never done one of these procedures myself because there are a lot of important veins and nerves that run through the surgical site, and i ’ m a pretty wimpy surgeon. i ’ ve referred these patients out to board - certified veterinary surgeons and they ’ ve all done really well after the procedure. so, if your cat is ever diagnosed with a nasopharyngeal polyp, take heart in knowing that with appropriate treatment, he or she should go on to live a long and hopefully uneventful ( medically - speaking, at least ) life. dr. jennifer coates * dictionary of veterinary terms : vet - speak deciphered for the non - veterinarian. coates j. alpine publications. 2007.


home > phrasal verb dictionary : letter f a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t w z music, sound, light, hope ) when something fades away, it gradually becomes weaker until it disappears ; it fades. die away a moment the noise faded away, and only the sound of a light breeze, and ringing, filled my ears. ( insep ) ( family, life, marriage, relationship, house, car, business, deal ) when something falls apart, it desintegrates or falls to pieces. - the building is falling apart. - his marriage fell apart when he cheated on his wife. on [ fall back on somebody, fall back on something ]. - ( insep ) when you fall back on somebody or something, you turn to them or use it when in difficulty or because no other choice is available ; - it ' s great to have a friend to fall - people fall back on alternative medicine when modern drugs don ' t work. had no money to fall back on. ( insep ) when you fall behind or something falls behind, it remains at the same level or standard. - your schoolwork has fallen - he fell behind with the rent and was asked to leave the flat. ( insep ) when you fall down, you fall accidentallly or because something is in a poor state of repair. fell down and hurt her knees. - she tripped and fell down fall for [ fall for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fall for somebody, you fall in love with them. fell for him in a big way. - why does he always fall for the wrong women. fall for [ fall for something ]. - when you fall for something, you are tricked or deceived. could you fall for such an old trick? fell for his talk and bought the encyclopedia. fall off. - 1 ( insep ) ( bike, horse, button ) when you fall off something, you separate from it and - he fell off his bike and hurt himself. 2 ( insep ) ( attendance, interest, quality, profits ) when something falls off, it decreases or becomes less or fewer. drop off - attendance has fallen off this term. ( insep ) ( a situation, somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn '


somebody ) when two people fall out, they quarrel or have an argument and stop being - they ' ve fallen out over some stupid misunderstanding. - i don ' t like bill - i fell out with him when he sold me a car that didn ' t work. fall over. - ( insep ) when you fall over, you fall to the ground. - she slipped on the ice and fell over. - he fell over and broke his leg. - my daughter is learning to walk so she falls over quite a lot. ( insep ) ( idea, plan, project, arrangement, scheme, proposal ) when something falls through, it fails and it ' s abandoned. - the deal fell through for reasons that are not clear. - the sale fell through at the last minute. - the employees decided not to work for him and his plan fell through. with something [ be fed up with something / somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you are fed up with something or somebody, you are tired, depressed, bored or no longer interested in them. - are you as fed up with what ' s going on in washington as i am? i ' ve become increasingly concerned about the current direction of our country. ferret out [ ferret something out ]. - ( secret, the truth, details, error, facts, information ) when you ferret something out, you succeed in finding some difficult or secret information. dig out managed to ferret out the secret. fight off [ fight something off ]. - ( infection, cold, illness, attack, enemy, competition ) when you fight something off, you try to avoid or get rid of it. - i ' m taking lots of vitamin c to help me fight off this cold. weakens your immune system, making it harder for your body to fight figure out [ figure something out ]. - when you figure something out, you manage to understand. - have you figured out what the problem is? - i just can ' t figure her out. for [ fill in for somebody ]. - ( insep ) when you fill in for somebody, you do their job temporarily because they can ' t. cover for, sit in for, stand - colleen was pleased that gwen swick was able to fill in for her, as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information.


as gwen was an old friend and they had worked together many times. fill in [ fill somebody in, fill somebody in on something ]. - ( details ) when you fill somebody in, or fill somebody in on something, you give them information. - my assistant will fill you in on the details. - for those who haven ' t see it, let me fill you in on some of the highlights. fill in [ fill something in ]. - ( form, cheque, name, coupon, space, questionnaire, hole ) when you fill something in, you complete it with the correct information. gave me a form and told me to fill it in. - you will be asked to fill in a questionnaire designed to measure your quality of life. fill up [ fill up, fill something up ]. - ( glass, car, tank, bottle, container, theater ) when you fill something up or something fills up, it - you should always switch off the engine before you fill up with petrol. filled up the kettle with water and made everyone a cup of tea. find out [ find out, find something out ]. - when you find something out, you discover or get - what will she say when she finds - when you lose everything you find out who your real friends are. ( insep ) when you fit in, you get on with a group of people or you feel as if belonging to a group. difficult for them to fit in with the way of life here. flake out. - ( insep, informal ) when you flake out, you fall asleep. - he flaked out on the sofa. flare up. - ( insep ) when you flare up, you become angry. - he was an alcoholic and would flare up at anything. flick through [ flick through something ]. - ( insep ) ( magazine, book, album, article, channels, cards ) when you flick through something, you read or look quickly at the pages of a magazine or book. it also means to change repeatedly from one station or channel to another. flip through, glance over, leaf through flicked through the channels on the tv, hoping for some news. - i was flicking through the channels when i saw her on the telly. i couldn ' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out,


' t believe it. flip through [ flip through something ]. - ( insep ) the same as flick through. flush out [ flush somebody out ]. - ( rebels, resistance, militants, guerrillas, criminals ) when you flush somebody out, you force them to leave a place. - the angolan armed forces have recently flushed out the rebels from the area. - in the port of umm qasr, to the south, royal marines have been flashing out the last pockets of resistance. fob off [ fob somebody off ]. - ( patient, creditor ) when you fob somebody off, you stop somebody complaining by giving them silly answers. keep ringing them and complaining but they just fob me off! they couldnt fob off [ fob something off ]. - ( responsibility ) when you fob something off, you manage to make somebody accept something faulty, worthless or difficult to deal with. try to fob off your responsibility on others! - i don ' t want to be fobbed off with excuses, i want to know who is responsible for this problem! out [ freak out, freak somebody out ]. - when you freak out, you react in an anxious, excited and wild manner to something. - my parents would freak out if i talked to them about this. freak out and do something stupid every time something bad happens. frighten away [ frighten something away ]. - when you frighten somebody or an animal away, you make them leave using fear. scare away, scare off - they feel a refinery would frighten away tourists and potential tourism investors. frighten off. - the same as frighten away. fuck about. - ( taboo, slang ) when you fuck around, you behave in a stupid way which annoys people. - after a ridiculous amount of fucking about and watching crap on tv, i eventually persuaded them to leave. fuck around. - the same as fuck about. fuck off. - ( taboo ) ( insep ) when you tell somebody to fuck off, you tell them in a very offensive way to leave you alone. bugger off, sod off, piss off started yelling at me again and then told me to fuck off. fuck up [ fuck something up ]. - when you fuck something up, you make of mess of it. balls up, cock up, mess up - every time we win, we go and fuck up the next match with a stupid result.


famous tree - lined french canal du midi in danger of losing all its trees the 42, 000 plane trees lining france ' s historic canal du midi are being felled because of a fungus brought to europe by us soldiers in world war ii. will the planes that decorate the streets of cities such as paris and london share the same fate? story from pri ' s the world. listen to the above audio for a full report. it ' s noon in the farmlands outside toulouse, but the light on the canal du midi is dim, almost like twilight. the deep shade is created by the leafy branches of huge plane trees that tower above both banks, and arch across the water creating a dense canopy. it ' s an exquisitely beautiful scene. and one that runs the length of the canal on its 150 mile course from toulouse to the port of sete on the mediterranean. it was five years ago that jacques noisette realized something was wrong. " in the spring of 2006, i began to notice that some of the plane trees were dying, " says mr noisette, who works for the french government agency that manages the canal. " their new leaves should have been opening up, but they weren ' t. we asked ourselves why. " specialists soon identified the deadly fungus, ceratocystis platani, for which there is no apparent cure. " even a small scratch or cut on a plane tree is enough for the fungus to get inside and attack. it thrives deep in the tree trunk, " says mr noisette. " within three to five years the tree is fully infected. there ' s nothing we can do except cut the trees down, and burn them on the spot. " researchers say the trees must be felled before they die. otherwise they could fall on boaters, who travel along the canal - spreading the fungus as they go. " we know the fungus travels through the canal water, " says mr noisette. " the trees can get infected when boats scrape up against the roots. or when uninformed boaters tie - off their boats to the plane trees themselves. " french agronomist andre vigouroux, who has been studying the fungus for years, says it ' s been traced to the munition boxes american soldiers brought over to europe in world war ii, which were made from north american plane trees. it ' s been spreading through europe, from italy, and steve woodward from the university of aberdeen, says it is likely eventually to kill the planted planes that line the streets


to europe in world war ii, which were made from north american plane trees. it ' s been spreading through europe, from italy, and steve woodward from the university of aberdeen, says it is likely eventually to kill the planted planes that line the streets of cities such as london, paris and berlin. " there really are millions of these trees planted in non - native areas. " we are talking about a massive disaster if the disease continues to spread, " he says. along the canal tree - felling has begun - 1, 000 trees were cut down last winter, 2, 000 more will be felled in the coming months. it will take years to clear all 42, 000 of them, but once the trees have gone, so may the two million tourists who visit the canal every year. " it is so hot in the midi that it would just change it totally without the trees, " says retired british tourist graham barley, who has been travelling up the canal from the mediterranean in a wooden houseboat. his wife linda agrees. " in practical terms, it would make cruising between noon and 4pm unbearable, " she says, even in september. the canal du midi wasn ' t originally designed for pleasure boats. completed in 1681, it was designed to link up with another waterway further west - now known as the canal de garonne - to allow merchants to move between the atlantic and the mediterranean, without having to sail around spain and portugal. the sea route was long and arduous, and ships could fall victim to storms and pirates. the plane trees were a later addition, planted in the 1830s in part to provide shade to those using the waterway. unesco declared the canal a world heritage site in 1996, saying it had " provided the model for the flowering of technology that led directly to the industrial revolution and the modern technological age ". to retain this status, however, france will have to replant the trees it chops down. so that ' s the plan. to replant a variety of trees where the plane trees now stand. trees with strong root systems to maintain the canal banks, and with thick leaves to create shade. and ironically, given that american gis brought the fungus to europe in the first place, among the new trees to replace the old are 7, 000 disease - resistant plane trees - all the way from mississippi. whether colder parts of europe will be able to use the mississippi strain to replant any planes they lose in the future, is as yet unknown. pri ' s " the


in a video highlighting her research in plastic electronics, princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo describes some of the potentially life - changing uses for these malleable materials. play the " plastic electronics " video video stills courtesy of volker steger video feature : ' plastic electronics ' posted october 14, 2010 ; 12 : 00 p. m. new developments in plastic electronics potentially could change the quality of human life in a wide range of ways, according to princeton engineering professor yueh - lin ( lynn ) loo. " imagine tinted windows that can also generate power during the day, " loo says in this video highlighting her research in plastic electronics. " imagine disposable sensors that would change color if the water source is contaminated, or yet think of smart plastic patches that can monitor your health and deliver medication when you ' re sick. the possibilities are endless. " loo was one of five young scientists who spoke in september at the world economic forum ' s " annual meeting of the new champions " in tianjin, china. she is an associate professor in the department of chemical and biological engineering. loo ' s research is funded by the national science foundation, the office of naval research and the sloan foundation. this video was funded by a grant from the high meadows foundation. loo and her laboratory group investigate how the unique attributes of plastics, including their light weight, mechanical flexibility and low cost, can be incorporated into electronics.


history of the jigsaw puzzle its generally agreed that london print shop owner and map maker, john spilsbury created the first jigsaw puzzle, about 1760. he mounted a map onto mahogany, and cut along the borders of the countries, as a way to teach children about geography. early puzzles were called dissections. the introduction of the treadle saw in 1880, saw the name change to the now familiar jigsaw puzzle. jigsaw puzzles remained primarily a teaching tool until they moved into the adult market, about 1907. by 1908 a full blown craze had developed starting in the eastern united states. the golden age of jigsaw puzzles started in the 1920 ' s peaking in 1933. the onset of the great depression in 1929 caused people to spend more time at home, and completing a jigsaw puzzle gave a feeling of accomplishment. something that was hard to come by at that time. this was also the first time that puzzles were used for advertising purposes - a tooth brush company was the first to supply free puzzles for druggists to give to toothbrush buyers. other commercial enterprises soon jumped on the band wagon - what better way to advertise, than have someone spend hours assembling a picture of the product. in the early days puzzles made of wood or plywood were expensive - costing as much as a weeks wages for the average worker. each piece was cut individually. early puzzles did not interlock and a careless bump or sneeze could undo an entire evenings work. the 1930 ' s saw the development of mass produced die - cut cardboard puzzles, cut on giant industrial presses by companies such as parker brothers and milton bradley. libraries and drugstores then started offering puzzle rentals at 25 cents for 3 days. small run cardboard puzzles were still not economically feasible, primarily due to equipment costs. a flourishing business still exists for hand cut personal and custom puzzles, as is evidenced by the numerous web sites that offer this service. these mainly use photographs glued to plywood and are cut with either scroll saws or water jets. colour photocopiers and recent developments in ink jet printer technology, have reduced printing costs, thereby replacing the necessity for photographic enlargements. the huge industrial press problem was solved with the advent of our roller press. pressures required are enormous. the 308 piece puzzle requires 150 tons of pressure to cut 60 point chipboard. this pressure is achieved over the entire die surface by applying pressure one small area at a time. © 2005 graffiti graphics ltd.


in the alley - center infiltration approach, permeable material ( asphalt, concrete, or pavers ) is placed in the center of the alley and high - albedo concrete is placed along the outer edges. this way, water soaks through the center of the alley, but truck tires roll on top of the stronger pavement. each of chicago ' s four pervious - pavement designs can be tweaked to fit just about any alley in the city. this is an example of full - alley infiltration using permeable pavement. source : chicago dot here ' s a little - known fact about chicago : the midwest city has more miles of alleys — 1900 in all — than any other city in the world. that ' s the equivalent surface area of five mid - sized airports. that ' s also 3500 acres of impermeable surface in a city that ' s committed to going green. but going green isn ' t the sole reason for the city ' s $ 900, 000 alley - renovation pilot program, funded by general funds. “ one of residents ' biggest complaints is flooding, ” says janet attarian, project director of the city ' s streetscape and urban design program. heavy rainfalls, or rain events that last for days, flood alleys. the water spills off into — and overwhelms — the city ' s combined sewer / stormwater system, causing basements to flood and the system to overflow into the chicago river. “ basements become short - term retaining ponds until the system clears enough for them to be emptied out, ” says attarian. “ plus, we ' re discharging contaminated water into the river because our system can ' t handle it. ” according to attarian, the city ' s in - place solutions weren ' t good enough. for example, repaving a puddle - prone alley with asphalt worsens the ponding, causing excess water to run off into back yards instead of into the street where it ' s properly drained into the combined sewer system. and connecting sewer mains from the alleys to the city ' s sewer system is cost - prohibitive. other options were needed. the answer : reconstruct alleys with permeable surfaces that allow water to pass through and infiltrate the soil below. made of either porous asphalt and / or concrete or paving stones shaped to leave gaps at the corners, these pavements would reduce flooding, recharge groundwater, and save taxpayer dollars that would otherwise be spent treating stormwater or


in this video from the excel 2010 tutorial series, school of technology program coordinator, justin denton, teaches us about vlookup in microsoft excel 2010. this tutorial video is a great beginning step to your courses in technology at rasmussen college. the next formula, per se, is what ' s called a value look up. if you want to look up a given value based on a code - - we know that we ' ve got product codes. we know that we have an item name. but i want to know what those details are about each given item. we have our product codes in a different tab which lists the product name, the product code, and the actual product details. so we know it ' s a spoon, but what kind of spoon it is. it ' s a six inch dinner spoon with a gold tone. well, i want to return those on the fly back to my inventory list. and if this spoon changes, maybe the code changes, i want it to automatically update. to do that, there ' s a vlookup function. so equals vlookup, which basically stands for value look up. you ' ll do your open bracket. and then you ' ll see this really long screen tip up here, value look up, or look up value, your table array, your column index, your range look up, all this stuff that you actually have to input in to make it work. but it is not horribly hard to do. so when we look up our look up value, which - - all it is is the value we want to look up right now. well, all i want to look up is find out what ' s the product code. so i just select d4, or the product code next to the formula i ' m creating. so now i have v equals vlookup, open bracket, d4. i ' ll put a comma in after d4 because that ' s the value i ' m looking up. there ' s nothing else i ' m looking up in this specific scenario. now i need to select the table array that i ' m going to look that value up from. well, the table array happens to be on a totally different sheet. so at this point, the easiest way is to stay right here, click on the product code sheet. i ' ll see at the top of the screen here where it has the formula that i ' m building up on the top of the screen. i will now notice that it