traunik - alger county was the site of a rare bird sighting this week when an endangered whooping crane appeared off a dirt road near a corn field, about two miles north of traunik. initial reports from those spotting the bird thought it was an albino sandhill crane. the whooping crane was seen with the grayish or rusty brown - colored sandhill cranes. whooping cranes are distinctively white. the crane, known to researchers as no. 2705, is a female hatched in captivity at the necedah national wildlife refuge in wisconsin in spring 2005. in autumn that year, the bird was fitted with radio transmitters and legs bands with a distinct color pattern, allowing for positive identification. not only was the sighting unusual for local birdwatchers, but it was also interesting for researchers at the international crane foundation in baraboo, wis. " we ' ve never had a bird there before. it ' s a little bit puzzling, " said sara zimorski, co - chair of the whooping crane tracking team. " it ' s completely new to us too, so we ' re not sure what she ' s going to do. " in late march, the same whooping crane was found in northern wisconsin, much farther north than she ' d gone before. the crane migrates to tennessee each winter. in 2001, a well - publicized scientific effort was undertaken at the refuge to teach whooping cranes to migrate to florida, following ultra - lite aircraft. the cranes hatched in captivity are raised by humans wearing costumes to look like cranes. the female whooping crane seen in alger county was part of a newer program called " direct autumn release " that was begun in 2005. " those birds learn to migrate not with aircraft, but with older whooping cranes and sandhill cranes, " zimorski said. zimorski said this whooping crane may decide to spend the summer in the u. p., but would likely leave the way she got here - following sandhill cranes, back to wisconsin before winter. biologists estimate that there were between 700 and 1, 400 whooping cranes alive in 1865. their numbers dropped rapidly, however, and by 1890 the whooping crane had disappeared from the heart of its breeding range in the north central united states, due to unregulated hunting and loss of habitat. prior to the introduced population at the necedah refuge, the birds were only hanging on to a tenuous existence at the in texas at the


what is a root canal? in dentistry, the root canal is the soft nerve in the tooth that is covered by the hard enamel outer layer. the root canal, as a nerve, is sensitive and vulnerable to high pain levels if it is impacted by decay or other issues. dentists work with the root canal to alleviate some issues with the nerve. root canal procedure the root canal procedure is also called endodontic therapy. this might happen if the patient begins to experience a lot of pain because of decay of the tooth or other issues. the patient will generally see a periodontist who will advise on the issues that are making the root canal procedure necessary and identify both an immediate and a general strategy for protecting overall dental health. a root canal is done with local anesthetic. the dentist often works to change the way the nerve experiences a stimulus. this can lead to less pain in the tooth. a tooth can still “ work ” with a dead nerve, and a root canal procedure is a way of making a hurt tooth functional again. before going through with a root canal procedure, the patient should talk to the dental office about all of the risks and benefits, including cost and time involved, and give a medical history as well as a list of any known allergies to help avoid some problems and complications. - getting to the root of your pain - options after a failed root canal - potential complications of a root canal - why is a root canal needed? - can a root canal be combined with other dental treatments? - options for restoring a tooth after a root canal - the cost and financing of a root canal - risks of apicoectomy root end surgery - how apicoectomy root end surgery is performed - the cost and financing of apicoectomy root end surgery dentists in beverly hills, ca dr. kevin b. sands specializes in cosmetic dentistry, taking pride in offering the finest in patient care and services to each and every patient. he is determined to give you the smile you deserve! in fact, some of the most beautiful smiles in hollywood have come through our doors. dr. kevin b. sands has trained with some of the worlds most prominent cosmetic dental specialists. he is rapidly becoming known beverly hills leading cosmetic dentist for people...


let food be your medicine! in india, food has been used to cure minor ailments for years. learn how you can cure aches and pains, lifestyle conditions, minor skin and hair problems and common ailments at home! find home remedy body rash or skin rash is usually an inflammation on the skin. there is a change in color and texture on the affected area. body rash could be the result of irritation, disease or an allergic reaction. allergies could be to food, plants, chemicals, animals, insects or other environmental factors. body rash could affect the entire body or could be limited to a specific area. sometimes body rashes could be contagious. body rash mix 10 - 12 basil leaves with 1 tbsp olive oil, 2 garlic cloves, salt and pepper. apply a coat of this mixture to the rashes. holy basil leaves salt and pepper take foods rich in vitamin c. it has antioxidant properties that will help in fighting body rash. avoid foods causing allergic skin rash on the body or back. do not scrub your skin when there is a rash breakout. avoid using soap, switchover to gentle body cleansers. do not expose the area to direct sunlight and hot water. apply olive oil to the affected area to get relief from the body rash. another effective natural cure for body rash and back rash is to apply baking powder on the affected area. pour a cup of uncooked oatmeal into your bathwater and soak in the tub for natural treatment of body rash. it relieves inflammation. to relieve from skin rash, make a poultice from dandelion, yellow dock root and chaparral. all advice is intended to be for informational purposes only, and not a substitute for professional or medical advice and / or diagnosis / treatment. desidieter does not provide medical advice and is not a substitute for professional medical advice from a qualified healthcare provider.


about seven years ago, a brain scientist was working with primate brain signals three floors underground. the scientist was using special neurological amplifiers that amplified micro - volt signals. he called me to solve a strange, sporadic noise problem that had appeared in his amplifier outputs. his laboratory had been in operation for many years before this problem appeared. when confronted with a mysterious problem, i always ask one particular question : " what is changed, what is different? " but in this case, the answer was nothing. connecting up a scope, i soon saw a signal on the screen that coincided with a noise from a speaker connected to a neural amplifier output. we heard a distinctive " click ” sound. by slowing the horizontal time period to one second / division, we could see the entire several - millisecond - long noise pulse. but this was no ordinary noise pulse - - it was actually a perfect bipolar square wave. envision a single period of a full sine wave on a scope screen, then convert that same wave pattern to fit a bipolar square wave. that ' s exactly what it was. every few seconds it appeared, but each time, the starting and ending polarity was flipped. there was no question this was an intelligently generated signal - - but from where? soon, a pattern was discernible. pulse spacing was a consistent 5. 5 seconds. remember, this laboratory was about 60 feet underground. the building had corrugated steel plates as the base, with three reinforced concrete floors up above. line of sight with the local radar dish required that you travel through wet dirt, steel, rock, and reinforced concrete for about two miles at a slight upward angle to reach the local airport dish. and microwaves will not travel through any of these materials very well. certain types of microwave sources contain a property few engineers know about - - scalar energy. scalar electromagnetic waves have the e and b fields in phase, unlike normal electromagnetic waves where e and b fields are typically 90 degrees out of phase. there is another interesting characteristic of scalar waves - - they are not stopped by shielding, even by a faraday cage. when e and b fields are in phase, they do not interact with metal molecules like conventional rf does, which makes shielding useless. usually, only distance can stop scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this


scalar waves. based on the waveform period, there could be only one source of this signal. i called the local international airport tracon group, which stands for tracking and control. my one question to the engineer on duty was simply this : " what is the rotation period of your radar dish? i ' m certain i ' m picking up your signal at the university. " he replied : " let me look out the window and see. " a short time later, he came back to the phone, saying : " about five and a half seconds. " ah ha! there was my signal source. conventional microwave theory says this was impossible, but there it was. clearly these were not conventional microwaves at all. the engineer then asked where i was picking up their signal and i told him. he mumbled, " guess it would be good for tracking submarines, too. " apparently, i was correct. this scalar signal disappeared overnight and never returned. as for the real purpose of this scalar pulse, which traveled through two miles of dirt, reinforced concrete, steel, and rock? it remains unknown to this day. shutting down that short - lived signal, which was transmitted for just one day, did not cause the airport to close. apparently, it had little to do with air traffic control. here is the strangest part of all : it was a signal that was dc - based and detected by a neural amplifier with a - 3db bandwidth of 50hz. no diode detector, no rf amplifier, no demodulators, no if stages, no dish, no waveguides, none of the usual rf components. yet, this very low frequency signal definitely originated from a radar dish after traveling through about two miles of dirt and other materials. this entry was submitted by ted twietmeyer and edited by rob spiegel. ted twietmeyer ’ s background includes a patented optical backplane technology. he also has more than 30 years of experience in defense and aerospace systems engineering, project management, and the training of customer technical personnel. since 2000, ted has been designing advanced, custom - designed, high - performance systems at the board level. tell us your experience in solving a knotty engineering problem. send stories to rob spiegel for sherlock ohms.


“ nothing struck deeper fear into the hearts of southerners, whether they held slaves or not, than the idea of a slave revolt. ” - - historian kenneth c. davis as a young man, turner was sold to thomas moore. upon moore ' s death, turner moved to the home of joseph travis, the new husband of moore ' s widow. in each setting, he was remembered for his praying, fasting, and visions. a solar eclipse in february 1831 was interpreted by turner to be the sign for him to take action. he and a few trusted friends commenced planning an insurrection. originally slated for july 4 but postponed due to turner being ill, the plan resurfaced on august 13, when an atmospheric disturbance made the sun appear bluish - green. again construing this as a sign, turner and his fellow slaves decided to act. on august 21 - - 175 years ago this week - - they killed the entire travis family as they slept. thus began a house - to - house murdering spree that swelled turner ' s " army " to more than 40 slaves. by the morning of august 22, word of the rebellion had gotten out... prompting a calling up of the militia and a wave of fright through the region. turner and his men continued marching and killing but were badly outnumbered by the white militia. many slaves were arrested or killed, but turner eluded capture for two months. " the whites around southampton... were thrown into an utter panic, many of them fleeing the state, " says davis. by the time turner was finally caught on october 30, 55 whites had been stabbed, shot, and clubbed to death. turner ' s actions, while doomed to end with his death at the hands of the state, had impacted the south and its " peculiar institution " in a permanent manner. as davis explains, " to whites and slaves alike, he had acquired some mystical qualities that made him larger than life, and even after his hanging, slave owners feared his influence. " turner and 54 others were executed but the violent rebellion brought virginia to the verge of abolishing slavery. predictably, the state chose instead to clamp down harder on slaves but this served only to heighten awareness of how untenable the situation had become. in the immediate future lurked john brown, the underground railroad, frederick douglass, the liberator, uncle tom ' s cabin, and, of course, the emancipation proclamation. the south had indeed been put on notice. mickey z. is the


st patrick ’ s trian kids love this place, which in three separate and highly interactive exhibitions tells the history of armagh, the story of st patrick and recounts the tale of gulliver ’ s travels. the name trian [ say : tree - an ] is taken from the three old divisions of armagh – into irish town, english town and scots town, but the stories it tells have much wider interest and they are very well told. the armagh story you will have driven through armagh by the time you see this, and will see how the city grew, from it ’ s earliest pre - christian origins though the arrival of st patrick, raids by the vikings and the development of a fine georgian city right to the modern day. it is not a dull presentation – kids are engaged with drawings and via interactive screens and get to join in with activities along the way. st patrick ’ s story much of what was know about st patrick is contained in the book of armagh, a treasure of early christian ireland which is on display here in facsimile ( you can see the original in trinity college, dublin ). in this part of the trian we learn not just about st patrick, but about how these manuscripts were created. visitors can trace some of the images from the book – after they have learned to make their own ink and quill pen! interactive displays allow you to converse with and question some of those involved in creating the book. here the world expands and you become a tiny lilliputians, donning costumes and sitting in huge chairs, as you enter the home of the giant gulliver to hear his amazing story. it ’ s really fun and you even get to tie up the giant! visiting st patrick ’ s trian the exhibitions are open year round, all day monday - saturday, afternoons only on sunday. more detailed info at the website. there is an auditorium at the site where events of various kinds, including musical events, are held. there is no information about these on the website, so you will need to contact them to find out if there is anything on when you are in the area. the is a nice bright and airy cafe at the centre, serving good snacks and light meals, with a terrace to eat on if the weather allows.


above the bit : where the horse evades the rider ' s aids by raising the head above the level of the rider ' s hands. this reduces the amount of control the rider has over the horse. action : the movement of the horse ' s legs. aids : signals or cues by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. the " natural " aids include the voice, the legs, the hands, and weight. " artificial " aids include the whip and spurs. airs above the ground : high school movements performed by highly trained horses, where either the front legs or all four legs are off the ground. airs above the ground include the levade and the capriole. amble : the slower form of the lateral pacing gait. ( see pacer ) back : to step a horse backward. barrel racing : a timed event in western riding where horse and rider complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels. bascule : term used to describe the arc a horse makes as it jumps a fence. blistering : application of a caustic agent, or blister, to the leg. formerly and, occasionally, still used in the treatment of a number of conditions, such as spavin, ringbone, and bowed tendon. thought to encourage internal healing in some cases. bosal : a braided noseband used in western equitation. western bitless bridle. breaking, or breaking - in : the early education of the young horse, where it is taught the skills it will need for its future life as a riding or driving horse. broken - in / broke to ride : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called greenbroke. ) buck : a leap in the air with the head lowered and the back arched. canter : three - beated gait of the horse in which one hind leg strides first ( the leading leg ), followed by the opposite diagonal pair and finally the opposite foreleg. called the lope in western riding. capriole : one of the airs above the ground in which the horse leaps with all four legs and strikes out with the hind legs in mid - leap. cavelletti : adjustable low wooden jumps used in the schooling of horse and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning " a circle


and rider. chip / chip - in : when a horse puts in a short, additional stride in front of a fence. chukker : a seven - and - one - half - minute period in a polo game ; from hindu meaning " a circle. " class : a grouping of horses in a show involving horses with riders or shown at hand that perform according to the class specifications as described in the rulebook of that show. collected : controlled gait : a correct coordinated action. collection : where the rider, by means of carefully balanced driving and restraining aids, causes the horse ' s frame to become compacted and the horse light and supple in the hand. the baseline is shortened, the croup is lowered, the shoulder is raised and the head is held on the vertical. cooling out : cooling down a heated horse by walking, brushing, giving very small drinks of water, and sponging him off after he has been worked. counter canter : school movement in which the horse canters in a circle with the outside leg leading, instead of the more usual inside leg. courbette : one of the airs above the ground. after performing the levade, the horse bounds or hops forward on bent hind legs. combined training : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as eventing. cross - firing : condition in which the hind foot strikes the opposite front leg or hoof. crow hopping : when a horse hops or leaps repeatedly in the air, with all four feet off the ground at the same time, he is said to be crow hopping. crow hops : mild bucking motions. cues : another name for aids. signals by which the rider communicates his wishes to the horse. dishing : a faulty action, where the foot of the foreleg is thrown outward in a circular movement with each stride. disunited : canter in which the horse ' s legs are out of sequence. diagonals : the horse ' s legs move in pairs at the trot, called diagonals. the left diagonal is when the left foreleg and right hindleg move together, the right diagonal is when the right foreleg and the left hindleg move together. dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of


. dressage : ( i ) the art of training the horse so that he is totally obedient and responsive to the rider, as well as supple and agile in his performance. ( ii ) competitive sport which, by a series of set tests, seeks to judge the horse ' s natural movement and level of training against an ideal. driving : a discipline in which a horse or horses pull a vehicle such as a carriage, cart, or wagon. engagement : the hindlegs are engaged when they are brought well under the body. english pleasure : a saddleseat class judged on manners, performance, attitude, and quality of the horse. equitation : the art of horse riding. eventing : equestrian competition held over one or three days and including the disciplines of dressage, cross country, and show jumping. also known as combined training. extension : the extension of the paces is the lengthening of the frame and stride. the opposite of collection. extravagant action : high knee and hock action such as that seen in the hackney and the saddlebred. flat race : a race without jumps. floating : the action associated with the trotting gait of the arabian horse. flying change : change of canter lead performed by the horse to rebalance during turns and changes of direction. forefooting : roping an animal by the forefeet. forging : a fault in a gait which occurs when a hind foot strikes the bottom of the front foot on the same side. four - in - hand : a team of four harness horses. fox trot : a short - step gait, as when passing from walk to trot. gait : the paces at which horses move, usually the walk, trot, canter, and gallop. gallop : four - beated gait of the horse, in which each foot touches the ground separately, as opposed to the canter, which is a three - beat gait. going : term used to describe the nature of the ground, i. e. deep, good, rough. green : a horse that is in the early learning stage of his particular discipline is said to be green. greenbroke : horse that has been accustomed to the tack and the rider and has begun initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games,


initial training. ( also called broken - in or broke to ride. ) ground line : pole placed on the ground in front of a fence to help the horse and / or rider judge the take - off point. gymkhana : mounted games, including bending poles, sack race, musical sacks, and a variety of other games and races. gymnastic : combination of fences placed at relative distances to each other, used in the training of the jumping horse. habit : traditional riding attire for sidesaddle riders. half halt : an exercise, basically a " pay attention, please " used to communicate to the horse that the rider is about to ask for some change of direction or gait, or other exercise or movement. half pass : dressage movement performed on two tracks in which the horse moves sideways and forwards at the same time. halter - broke : term used to describe a young horse that has been accustomed to the very basics of wearing a halter. halt : when the horse is at a standstill. hand gallop : an extension of the canter. haute ecole : the classical art of advanced riding. see also airs above the ground. high school : advanced training and exercise of the horse. horsemanship : the art of equitation or riding. hunt seat : an english discipline which includes riding on the flat and over fences to demonstrate suitability to the hunt field. impulsion : strong, but controlled, forward movement in the horse ( not to be confused with speed ). in front of the bit : a term used to describe a horse which pulls or hangs heavily on the rider ' s hand. in hand : when a horse is controlled from the ground rather than being ridden. indirect rein : the opposite rein to the direction in which the horse is moving. when giving an indirect rein aid, the instruction comes by pressing the opposite rein against the horse ' s neck. inside leg : the legs of both horse and rider which are on the inside of any circle or curved track being travelled. inside : in a ring, the side of the horse closer to the center of the ring. interference : faulty gait in which a foot strikes the fetlock or cannon of the opposite foot ; most often done by base - narrow, toe - wide, or splay - footed horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one


horses. jog : western riding term for trot. also used to describe a slow, somewhat shortened pace in english riding. leader : either of the two leading horses in a team of four, or a single horse harnessed in front of one or more horses. the " near " leader is the left hand horse and the " off " leader is the right hand horse. leg up : method of mounting in which an assistant stands behind the rider and supports the lower part of his left leg and giving a boost as necessary as the rider springs up off the ground. leopard : a rope which attaches to the halter that is used to lead or tie a horse with. levade : a classical air above the ground in which the forehand is lifted with bent forelegs on deeply bent hind legs - a controlled half - rear. line - up : a command used in the show ring for riders to come to the center of the ring and form a line. lope : slow western canter. manege : an enclosure used for training and schooling horses. also called a school. nearside : the left hand side of the horse. offside : the right hand side of the horse. on the bit : a horse is said to be " on the bit " when he carries his head in a near vertical position and he is calmly accepting the rider ' s contact on the reins. outfit : the equipment of rancher or horseman. outside : when riding in a ring, the side closest to the rail or fence of the ring. overface : to present a young horse at a fence which is beyond his level of training, or beyond his physical capability. overreaching : faulty gait in which the hind foot steps on the heel of the front foot on the same side. occurs most often when the horse is galloping or jumping. pacer : a horse which moves its legs in lateral pairs, rather than the conventional diagonal pairs. pace : a lateral two - beat gait mostly performed by gaited horses. paddling : throwing the front feet outward as they are picked up ; most common in toe - narrow or pigeon - toed horses. passage : dressage movement in which the horse trots in an extremely collected and animated manner. passenger : one who rides a horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and cr


horse without control, letting the horse go as he wishes. performance registry : a record book in which the performance of animals is recorded and preserved. piaffe : dressage movement in which the horse trots in place, with forehand elevated and croup lowered. pirouette : dressage movement in which the forelegs of the horse describe a small circle, while the hind legs remain in place, one of them acting as a pivot. plantation pleasure : an english class judged on manners and way of going to include tennessee walking horses, which will show at the flat walk, running walk, and canter. pleasure driving : a class of horses pulling carts which is judged on manners and way of going. pointing : perceptible extension of the stride with little flexion ; likely to occur in the long - strided thoroughbred and standardbred breeds - animals bred and trained for great speed. posting trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called rising trot. ) pounding : heavy contact with ground instead of desired light, springy movement. rack : the fifth gait of the american saddlebred - a flashy four - beat gait. rein back : when a horse moves backward with the hooves being set down almost simultaneously in diagonal pairs. reining : type of western riding in which advanced movements such as spins and slides are executed in various patterns. reverse : a command used in the show ring to indicate a change of direction. rising trot : the action of the rider rising from the saddle in rhythm with the horse ' s trot. ( also called posting trot. ) running walk : a four - beat gait faster than a walk, often over 6 miles per hour. saddle seat : a discipline of riding which is typically used for breeds that show with high knee and hock action and a very flashy, animated way of going. school movements : the gymnastic exercises performed in the school or manege. school : enclosed, marked out area used for the training and exercise of the horse. ( see also manege. ) serpentine : school movement in which the horse, at any pace, moves down the center of the school in a series of equal - sized loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability


loops. shoulder - in : two - track movement in which the horse is evenly bent along the length of its spine away from the direction in which it is moving. showmanship : a class at a horse show judged on the exhibitor ' s ability to fit ( prepare ) and show a horse at halter being poised and confident while leading a well - groomed and conditioned horse through a precise pattern. side - wheeler : a pacer that rolls the body sidewise as he paces. single - foot : a term formerly used to designate the rack. speedy cutting : the inside of diagonal fore and hind pastern make contact ; sometimes seen in fast - trotting horses. spread : to stretch or pose. trailer : transportation vehicle of one or more horses, which is towed behind another vehicle. transition : the act of changing from one pace to another. walk to trot and trot to canter are known as " upward transitions. " canter to trot and trot to walk are known as " downward transitions. " trappy : a short, quick, choppy stride ; a tendency of horses with short, straight pasterns and straight shoulders. traverse or side up : lateral movement without forward or backward movement. tree : the wooden or metal frame of a saddle. trot : moderate - speed gait in which the horse moves from one diagonal pair of legs to the other, with a period of suspension in between. two track : school movements in which the hindlegs follow a separate track from that made by the forelegs. vaulting : equestrian sport involving gymnastic exercises done on the back of a moving horse. vertical : upright fence with no spread. can be rails, planks, gate, or wall. walk : a slow four - beat gait. warming - up : the process of going through the gaits while performing suppling exercises to limber up both horse and rider in the beginning of a workout. whoa : a verbal command used to signal a well - trained horse to stop. usually combined with gently pulling back on the horse ' s reins. wrangling : rounding up ; saddling range horses.


tracing jane austen ' s popularity austen is now so popular that even non - novel readers recognize the name from seeing it in various, unexpected places like tea mugs and dating guides. her immediate regency siblings and her future victorian collateral descendants would faint at seeing their sister and aunt depicted like this. for they presented her as a near saint. but austen has also stepped off the pedestal into the trenches of world war i and classrooms ranging from high school to post - doctoral school seminars. starting the saint jane myth when henry austen wrote his biography of his sister for the posthumous publications of northanger abbey and persuasion, he presented a woman ready for sainthood : faultless herself, as nearly as human nature can be, she always sought, in the faults of others, something to excuse, to forgive or forget. where extenuation was impossible, she had a sure refuge in silence. she never uttered either a hasty, a silly, or a severe expression... she was thoroughly religious and devout ; fearful of giving offence to god, and incapable of feeling it toward any fellow creature.... henry ' s notice, of course, is understandably influenced by his feelings of loss over his 41 - year - old sister. henry also had recently become a clergyman of the anglican evangelical persuasion, so this recent career move certainly affected his decision to write of his sister ' s religious devotion. but imagine the shock when the edition of her letters came out in 1932. here ' s another austen one - liner from a letter that completely undercuts henry ' s " incapable of feeling offence " line : " i do not want people to be very agreeable, as it saves me the trouble of liking them a great deal " ( letter, december 24, 1798 ). yet 1932 was still a long way from 1818 when henry wrote the biographical notice. and so the austens had time to perpetuate " saint jane. " victorianizing jane austen austen ' s next biographer was a beloved nephew, james edward austen - leigh. by the time he published a memoir of jane austen in december of 1869 ( though dated as 1870 on the title page ), he was a mutton - chopped victorian. and so it ' s not surprising that he presented this type of aunt jane to the world with the help of his two sisters ; all three of them, the children of jane austen ' s eldest brother james, knew their aunt well and still remembered her. the memoir opens by saying that austen ' s life was " singularly barren " of events. this portrayal doesn


two sisters ; all three of them, the children of jane austen ' s eldest brother james, knew their aunt well and still remembered her. the memoir opens by saying that austen ' s life was " singularly barren " of events. this portrayal doesn ' t look too promising! and because the victorian mindset is one of silence and coverup, the memoir proceeds accordingly. not that austen has anything to hide. but the memoir presents aunt jane as a simple woman who had " genius " and lived a happy christian life without complexity. the sarcasm, cynicism, and satire that you ' ve seen in her letters and even seen in some of her fiction are all missing. nevertheless, the memoir satisfied the appetites of a new generation of austen readers for information on the author ' s life. and it boosted austen ' s popularity! taking austen to the trenches in 1894, the english critic george saintsbury coined the word " janeite " to mean an enthusiastic admirer of austen ' s works. but rudyard kipling popularized the term in a short story called " the janeites, " first published in 1924. written in heavy cockney slang, the story isn ' t the easiest text in the world to read. but it ' s worth the effort. here ' s the story in summary : soon after wwi, the story ' s narrator goes to a masonic lodge on cleaning day. one of the cleaners is humberstall who ' d been wounded in the head but who still returned to the western front as assistant mess waiter for his old heavy artillery platoon. a simple and uneducated man, he tries to explain how his boss, the senior mess waiter, was able to talk with the university - educated officers on equal ground because of their shared love of jane austen ' s novels. humberstall is coached on the novels and is led to think that the austen readers, or janeites, are all members of a masonic - like secret society. they scratch the names of austen characters on the guns. then all but humberstall are killed by a hail of gunfire. when he quotes emma to a nurse, another secret janeite, she saves his life by getting him on the hospital train back to england. humberstall still reads austen ' s novels as they remind him of his comrades back in the trenches. " there ' s no one to match jane when you ' re in a tight place, " he says, noting the comfort her novels provide. yet her comfort isn ' t all healing,


as they remind him of his comrades back in the trenches. " there ' s no one to match jane when you ' re in a tight place, " he says, noting the comfort her novels provide. yet her comfort isn ' t all healing, for as the other masonic lodge cleaner notes, humberstall ' s mother has to come and take him home from the lodge because he gets " fits. " wwi soldiers agreed that while they were overseas in the war, reading austen was an effective mental escape from gas masks and bayonets. the army medical corps advised shell - shocked soldiers to read austen for the books ' soothing effects. supposedly, mr. and mrs. rudyard kipling found comfort in austen ' s novels, which they read to each other after their son was killed in 1914 in wwi. taking austen to school austen ' s novels became continuously available since 1833, when england ' s bentley standard novel series produced affordable editions of her works. in 1923, r. w. chapman ' s edition of austen ' s novels was published by oxford university press. this scholarly edition is one of the earliest of the works of any english novelist. while austen had readership popularity before, she now had academic distinction. scholars began to pay serious attention to her novels, proceeding with literary analyses. austen ' s use of irony was especially appealing to american academic critics writing just after wwii because analyzing her verbal irony made use of a popular new critical approach that treated the text as an object in itself and studied that text in terms of how the author used language. a study in 1997 – 1998 by the national association of scholars showed that in the 1964 – 1965 academic year, 25 liberal arts colleges surveyed in the united states still had no courses that cited jane austen in their catalogs. when those same schools were surveyed in the 1997 – 1998 academic year, however, austen had moved into third place, just behind those old standbys shakespeare and chaucer. austen ' s appearance in college catalogs ' course descriptions is likely the result of the women ' s movement and the expansion of the canon ( literary texts that authorities consider as the best representatives of their times ). for along with austen on the 1997 – 1998 lists were virginia woolf, toni morrison, emily dickinson, george eliot, and zora neale hurston. in the earlier list, no female writers were listed.


joe mahoney / i - news network joe mahoney / i - news network single parenthood is a bigger indicator of poverty than race, according to an analysis of six decades of u. s. census bureau data by i - news network. combined as it often is with curtailed educational and employment opportunities, the rise of the single - parent family is a major factor in the widening disparities between blacks, latinos and white state residents in the decades after the civil - rights era. the i - news analysis covered family income, poverty rates, high school and college graduation, and homeownership as reported by the census bureau from 1960 to 2010. health data and justice reports also were examined. while the rate of single parenthood has increased among all races, its surge has been particularly dramatic among blacks. in colorado, more than 50 percent of black households with young children are headed by a single parent compared to 25 percent of white households. among latino households in the state with young children, 35 percent are headed by a single parent, according to the i - news analysis. those figures dovetail with the growing trend of births to single women. nationally, 29 percent of white babies are born to unwed mothers, according to the federal centers for disease control and prevention, while 53 percent of hispanic babies and 73 percent of black babies are born to single mothers. denver mayor michael hancock said, “ the family structure has disintegrated in a sense. that challenge is real. ” while many single parents raise thriving, productive children, the growing trend of fatherless homes has enormous implications for future generations. children raised in female - headed homes in colorado are four times more likely to live in poverty than those from married - couple homes, according to the i - news analysis. other studies show they are less likely to go to college or even graduate high school. regina huerter, co - founder of the gang rescue and support project in denver, which primarily serves hispanic youths, theorized that the widening divide between the races stems from a “ mutually reinforcing ” convergence of births to unwed mothers, growing minority male incarceration rates and the demise of minority neighborhoods. all of these factors weakened the fabric of family life and changed the norms that defined communities just five decades ago, huerter said. at some point, she said, it became socially acceptable for unmarried women to have babies. “ when did that happen? what was the date? my mother would have killed me if i ’ d gotten pregnant, ” said hue


, huerter said. at some point, she said, it became socially acceptable for unmarried women to have babies. “ when did that happen? what was the date? my mother would have killed me if i ’ d gotten pregnant, ” said huerter, who is 52. huerter, hancock and others linked the absence of fathers in the home, in part, to the rising number of black and latino men in prisons, often for drug crimes. in 2010, about one in every 20 black men were incarcerated in colorado state prisons compared to one out of every 50 latino men and one of every 150 white men, according to an i - news analysis of government figures. the state ’ s black and latino incarceration rates are higher than the national averages, where disparities also exist, according to an analysis of bureau of justice reports. nationally, one of every 33 black men and one of every 83 latino men was behind bars in 2010. colorado ’ s rate for white men was equivalent to the national figure, one in 150. “ the combination of the war on crack and mandatory sentencing saw a huge sweep of black males into prison and further degeneration of the black family, ” said theo wilson, a district director for barbershop talk, a mentorship organization for men. the rev. leon kelly, who has worked with thousands of denver ’ s at - risk inner - city kids, believes intergenerational abandonment lies at the heart of the single - parenthood phenomenon. “ when you have some of these heads of household that are women, sometimes they feel like, ‘ this is the norm. this is what i was raised with, ’ ” kelly said. “ they ’ re so used to people coming in and out of their life. with their kids, their babies, it ’ s something that nobody can take away. their kids are going to be there. ” i - news is a nonprofit news service serving colorado.


per square meter warm - up : relationships in ecosystems ( 10 minutes ) 1. begin this lesson by presenting the powerpoint, “ per square meter ”. 2. after the presentation, ask students to think of animal relationships that correspond to each of the following types ; competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism a. for example, two animals that compete for food are lions and cheetahs ( they compete for zebras and antelopes ) 3. record the different types of relationships on the board. activity one : my own square meter ( 30 minutes ) 1. have students go outside and pick a small area ( about a square meter each ) to explore. it is preferable that this area be grassy or ‘ natural ’. the school playground might be a good spot. 2. each student should keep a list of both the living organisms and man - made products found in their area ( i. e grass, birds, insects, flowers, sidewalk etc. ) students are allowed to collect a few specimens from this area to show to the class. if students do not have jars, they can draw their observations. * see reproducible # 1 activity two : who lives in our playground? ( 10 minutes ) 1. after listing, collecting, and drawing specimens, students should return to the classroom and present their findings. a. have the students sit in a circle. each student should read his or her list of findings out loud. if they collected specimens or drew observations, have them present them to the class. 2. make a list of these findings on the board. only write repeated findings once ( to avoid writing grass as many times as there are students ). keep one list of living organisms and one list of man - made products. 3. for now, focus on the list of living organisms. as a class, help students name possible relationships between the organisms. see if they can find one of each type of relationship. for example, a bee on a flower is an example of mutualism because the nectar from the flower nourishes the bee and in return, the bee pollinates the flower. activity three : humans and the environment : human effect on one square meter ( 15 minutes ) 1. now that students have focused on the animal relationships of their square meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects


meter, it is time to examine the effect of humans on the natural environment. focus on the human - made product list. ask students to consider the possible relationships between the human - made products and the environment. prompt a brief class discussion on the effects of man - made products on the environment. use the following questions as guidelines. a. what is the effect of an empty drink bottle ( or any other piece of trash ) in a grassy field? will it decompose? will it be used by an animal as a habitat or food? answer : trash is an invasive man - made product. most trash is non - bio degradable and is harmful to the environment and to eco - system relations. therefore, it is a harmful addition to the square meter. b. who left the bottle there? do you think they are still thinking about it? did they leave it there on purpose? why did they leave it there? answer : most people litter thoughtlessly. they are not thinking about their actions and how they may effect the environment or eco - systems. it is important that people recognize that litter has a major effect on the environment. c. what about a bench? does a park bench have the same effect on the environment as a piece of trash? answer : a park bench can be considered as a positive human - made product. a park bench has little negative effect on the environment and even helps humans further appreciate eco - systems. the park bench may even provide shelter or a perch for the eco - systems living organisms. d. is there a difference between positive human - made products and negative ones? what are some examples of each? answer : yes, there is a difference between positive and negative human - made products. positive products have minimal effect on the functioning of eco systems whereas negative products have major effects on eco systems. an example of a positive human - made product would be a solar powered house. an example of a negative human - made product would be a car that produces a lot of pollution. wrap up : our classroom eco - web ( 20 - 30 minutes ) 1. have students create classroom artwork by illustrating the relationships between their eco - systems. 2. each student should draw at least two components of his or her square meter. 3. after everyone has finished their illustrations, create a web relating the illustrations. draw arrows between illustrated components with written indications of the type of relationship exemplified. 4. post the finished product in the classroom so that students can see the interconnectedness of the earth ’ s eco - systems. extension


the american lung association ’ s 2008 state of the air report found that about one - third of people in the u. s. live an an area with unhealthful levels of ground - level ozone pollution. ozone pollution, which forms when emissions from vehicles, yard care equipment, and other sources react with heat and sunlight, can cause health problems for kids and adults suffering from asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. viewer tip : you can help protect air quality at home by taking simple steps to reduce backyard emissions. make sure that lawn mowers and other gas - powered equipment are functioning properly, and use the correct fuel - oil mixture in two - stroke equipment for maximum efficiency. try to mow during cooler parts of the day – early morning or evening – when ozone pollution is less likely to form. and, if you have a small job, consider using hand - powered tools such as push mowers and hand clippers to eliminate emissions completely! ( source : the american lung association. 2008. “ state of the air. ” http : / / www. stateoftheair. org / ; u. s. epa office of mobile sources. “ your yard andclean air. ” http : / / www. epa. gov / otaq / consumer / 19 - yard. pdf. )


dinosaurs ' active lifestyles suggest they were warm - blooded h. pontzer, v. allen, j. r. hutchinson / plos one whether dinosaurs were warm - blooded or cold - blooded has been a long - standing question in paleobiology. now, new research on how two - legged dinosaurs walked and ran adds new evidence to the argument for warm - bloodedness, and suggests that even the earliest dinosaurs may have been warm - blooded. warm - blooded ( or endothermic ) dinosaurs — able to regulate their own body temperatures — would have been more active and could have inhabited colder climates than cold - blooded ( or ectothermic ) dinos, which would have functioned more like modern reptiles — animals that become animated only as temperatures warm. endothermic dinosaurs would have also required more energy to maintain their higher metabolic rates. evidence such as rapidly growing bones, bird - like feathers and athletic builds have led most paleontologists to believe that dinosaurs were endothermic, says paleobiologist greg erickson of florida state university in tallahassee, fla., who was not involved in the new research. but many scientists are still averse to the idea of warm - blooded dinosaurs. for example, some researchers have suggested that larger, more massive dinosaurs may have radiated much less heat than smaller dinosaurs — and thus, they could have been cold - blooded while still able to maintain relatively high body temperatures. in the new study, published today in plos one, biomechanist herman pontzer of washington university in st. louis, mo., and colleagues sought to figure out whether the lower metabolism of an ectotherm would have afforded dinosaurs the energy they needed to walk and run. to test this possibility, the team looked at two factors thought to be linked with energy requirements in modern animals : hip height and the volume of muscle used to hold up and move an animal ’ s body forward. if the limb length and active muscle volumes of dinosaurs required more energy than an ectotherm ’ s metabolism would have been able to provide, pontzer and colleagues reasoned, then the dinosaurs were likely endothermic. the team studied 13 different two - legged dinosaur species, ranging in size from tyrannosaurus to the tiny, bird - like archaeopteryx, as well as one early dinosaur relative, marasuchus. based on hip height, the results showed that the five largest dinosaurs ( including tyrannosaurus ) would have needed endothermic metabolisms just to have


archaeopteryx, as well as one early dinosaur relative, marasuchus. based on hip height, the results showed that the five largest dinosaurs ( including tyrannosaurus ) would have needed endothermic metabolisms just to have the energy to walk, and all of the dinosaurs would have required endothermy to run at a moderate speed. results based on estimated active muscle volume revealed a similar pattern : the five largest dino species would have needed to be endothermic to walk or run, while smaller, very active dinosaurs such as velociraptor, must have been endothermic to be able to run. in addition, even the most ancient dinosaur - like relative, marasuchus, may have been endothermic based on the data from the hip study, pontzer says, suggesting that endothermy evolved very early on in the dinosaur lineage. therefore, the results also suggest that all dinosaurs were endothermic, the team wrote. “ i think their study is pointing to what a lot of other studies are saying — that these animals were endothermic, ” erickson says. “ it ’ s just, what grade of endothermy were we dealing with? ” for example, modern marsupials, although endothermic, generally grow more slowly and have lower metabolic rates than other mammals, he says. the study may not put the final " nail in the coffin " for the idea that large dinosaurs could have been ectothermic, but it does provide positive evidence for an alternative metabolic strategy, says patrick o ’ connor, a paleontologist at the ohio university college of osteopathic medicine in athens who was also not involved in the new research. " studies like this add crucial new lines of evidence that help us refine existing hypotheses, " o ' connor says. estimating dinosaur metabolisms based on modern animals can only go so far, according to erickson. for example, pontzer and colleagues focused on two - legged dinosaurs because if they had used four - legged dinosaurs, they would have also needed to estimate how the dinosaurs ’ weight was distributed across all four legs. but because all modern ectotherms, such as alligators, are four - legged, pontzer and colleagues had to gauge the hypothetical ectothermic capacity for the two - legged dinosaurs against four - legged modern animals, erickson notes. moreover, even the largest modern ectotherms are much smaller than a 6 - metric


kombu, also known as kelp, is a sea vegetables of the ' laminaria ' family of which there are more than ten species. eden kombu laminaria japonica is a dark greenish brown sea vegetable with thick, wide leafy fronds that grow in the waters off the southeastern coast of hokkaido, japan ' s northern most island. this type of kombu, known as ' ma - konbu ', is highly prized. not only for its abundance of essential minerals, vitamins, and trace elements but also for its natural glutamic salts that make it makes an excellent flavoring agent. kombu contains the amino acid glutamine, a naturally sweet, superior flavor enhancer. eden kombu sea vegetable grows wild in the clean, cold northern waters where the choicest grades of kombu grow bathed in steady arctic currents. eden selects only the tender central part of the plant that has the best flavor and texture. the fronds are hand harvested using long poles with knives attached to cut the kombu free from the ocean bottom. as the kombu floats to the surface it is gathered into boats and taken ashore. the fronds are washed, folded and naturally sun dried on the white sand beaches before cutting and packaging. lesser grades of commercial kombu are cultivated artificially or simply gathered from the beach after washing ashore. many are sprayed with chemically produced and toxic monosodium glutamate ( msg ) to make the kombu more tender. eden kombu grows wild and is gathered by hand from the sea while the plant is still living. eden kombu sea vegetable is most frequently used to make the delicious japanese noodle broth, dashi, seasoned with shoyu soy sauce. it can be used, however, to make a variety of soup stocks. simply place a strip in a pot of water and bring to a boil. remove the kombu after 4 to 5 minutes and discard or chop and use in other dishes. vegetables, herbs, spices or fish can be added to the stock after removing the kombu. kombu can also be soaked, chopped and simmered with carrots, onions, squash, daikon or other sweet vegetables. a small piece of kombu added to dried beans, helps to tenderize them as they cook.


when your child steals - for parents of fifth grade children come on, admit it : you ' ve taken something that doesn ' t belong to you, even if you have to dig deep into your own childhood to remember – a candy bar at the convenience shore, a friend ' s toy, change from your mom ' s purse. yet it shocks you nevertheless when you discover your own child stealing. here ' s how to keep calm and handle it without envisioning mug shots in your child ' s future. what you need to know communicating about money is important to address : - the positive and negative emotions it brings out of people - differences in values and attitudes toward spending and saving - differences in financial goals - potential money problems and how to overcome them - identification of personal values how you can help when you discover your child stealing : - stay calm, and resist the inclination to treat your child like a common criminal – keep the phone on the hook, and your fingers away from the 9 and 1 digits for now. - try thinking in children ' s, rather than adult ' s, terms in attempt to determine why your child might have taken something that did not belong to him. remembering your own experiences as a child might help you come up with possible answers. - once you have all the facts and are certain of your ability to remain calm enough for discussion, use this as an opportunity to address personal and family values regarding money, dealing with the matter : take turns with your child answering the following questions : - on what would you spend an extra $ 20? an extra $ 2000? - what would you do if you witnessed one of your friends shoplifting? - what would you do if you found a wallet on the sidewalk with money and i. d. inside? or no i. d. inside? - what would you do if your best friend ' s birthday is coming up, but you don ' t have enough money for a present? - what would you do if a cashier charged you too much? too little? for more on this topic, please see the full article : add your own comment - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - first grade sight words list - graduation inspiration : top 10 graduation quotes - 10 fun activities for children with autism - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - should your child be held back a grade? know your rights - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - smart parenting during and after divorce : introducing your


" sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs " sustainability embodies " stewardship " and " design with nature, " well established goals of the design professions and " carrying capacity, " a highly developed modeling technique used by scientists and planners. the most popular definition of sustainability can be traced to a 1987 un conference. it defined sustainable developments as those that " meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs " ( wecd, 1987 ). robert gillman, editor of the in context magazine, extends this goal oriented definition by stating " sustainability refers to a very old and simple concept ( the golden rule )... do onto future generations as you would have them do onto you. " these well - established definitions set an ideal premise, but do not clarify specific human and environmental parameters for modeling and measuring sustainable developments. the following definitions are more specific : - " sustainable means using methods, systems and materials that won ' t deplete resources or harm natural cycles " ( rosenbaum, 1993 ). - sustainability " identifies a concept and attitude in development that looks at a site ' s natural land, water, and energy resources as integral aspects of the development " ( vieira, 1993 ) - " sustainability integrates natural systems with human patterns and celebrates continuity, uniqueness and placemaking " ( early, 1993 ) in review of the plurality of these definitions, the site or the environmental context is an important variable to most working definitions of sustainability. this emphasis is expressed in the following composite definition : sustainable developments are those which fulfill present and future needs ( wecd, 1987 ) while [ only ] using and not harming renewable resources and unique human - environmental systems of a site : [ air ], water, land, energy, and human ecology and / or those of other [ off - site ] sustainable systems ( rosenbaum 1993 and vieria 1993 ). these fundamental human - environmental exchanges of the community ’ s " site " were found very useful in developing critical " input - output " modeling techniques or indicators which directs the community ' s regenerative process. this selected network of a community ’ s human and environmental interrelationships were measured and placed in balance by the selected set of integrated design and planning strategies.


depression : using positive thinking what is an actionset? depression is an illness that makes a person feel sad and hopeless much of the time. it ' s different than feeling a little sad or down. depression can be treated with counseling or medicine, or both. positive thinking also can help prevent or control depression. if you would like more information, see the topic : return to topic : positive thinking, or healthy thinking, is a way to help you stay well by changing how you think. it ' s based on research that shows that you can change how you think. and how you think affects how you feel. cognitive - behavioral therapy, also called cbt, is a type of therapy that is often used to help people think in a healthy way. cbt can help you learn to replace negative thoughts with positive ones. these negative thoughts are sometimes called irrational or automatic thoughts. working on your own or with a counselor, you can practice these three steps : the goal is to have positive thoughts come naturally. it may take some time to change the way you think. so you will need to practice positive thinking every day. test your knowledge cognitive - behavioral therapy ( cbt ) is a type of therapy that can help change how you think about yourself. you need to see a counselor to do cbt. changing the way you think can help you replace negative thoughts with helpful ones. this can help you cope with depression and may help keep it from coming back. 1 maybe you weren ' t able to close a sale or get a big project done at work. or perhaps a relationship has ended. it ' s normal to feel down. but you ' ve had trouble sleeping. you can ' t enjoy many of your usual activities. and you ' re blaming yourself. " i ' m a failure at everything, " you tell yourself. the more you think about yourself in a negative way, the harder it is to feel hopeful and positive. the negative thinking makes you feel bad. and that can make you feel more depressed, which leads to more bad thoughts about yourself. it ' s a cycle that ' s hard to break. but with practice, you can retrain your brain. after all, you weren ' t born telling yourself negative things. you learned how to do it. so there ' s no reason you can ' t teach your brain to unlearn it and replace negative thinking with more helpful thoughts. positive thinking also can help you manage stress. too much stress can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work harder, which can increase


no reason you can ' t teach your brain to unlearn it and replace negative thinking with more helpful thoughts. positive thinking also can help you manage stress. too much stress can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work harder, which can increase your risk for a heart attack. stress also can weaken your immune system, which can make you more open to infection and disease. although you can use cbt on your own, it ' s important to talk to your doctor or a counselor if you feel that your mood is getting worse. you may need more help. test your knowledge positive thinking can help you stop negative thoughts that make depression worse. positive thinking can help your health in other ways. stop your thoughts the first step is to stop your negative thoughts or " self - talk. " self - talk is what you think and believe about yourself and your experiences. it ' s like a running commentary in your head. your self - talk may be positive and helpful. or it may be negative and not helpful. ask about your thoughts the next step is to ask yourself whether your thoughts are helpful or unhelpful. does the evidence support your negative thought? some of your self - talk may be true. or it may be partly true but exaggerated. there are several kinds of irrational thoughts. here are a few types to look for : choose your thoughts the next step is to choose a more positive, helpful thought to replace the unhelpful one. keeping a journal of your thoughts is one of the best ways to practice stopping, asking, and choosing your thoughts. it makes you aware of your self - talk. write down any negative or unhelpful thoughts you had during the day. if you think you might not remember at the end of your day, keep a notepad with you so you can write down any irrational thoughts as they happen. then write down a helpful message to correct the unhelpful thought. if you do this every day, positive or helpful thoughts will soon come naturally to you. but there may be some truth in some of your negative thoughts. you may have some things you want to work on. if you didn ' t perform as well as you would like on something, write that down. you can work on a plan to correct or improve that area. if you want, you also could write down what kind of irrational thought you had. journal entries might look something like this : test your knowledge which of these thoughts is an example of positive thinking? i ' ve had a couple of bad relationships


on top of concerns about high oil prices now comes the fear that we have reached “ peak oil ” and that global oil output will start to decline. have we? if oil has peaked, do we face a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and international conflict for supplies? no one should underestimate the energy challenge. with continued economic growth, the world ’ s energy needs could increase by half within 25 years. unchecked, this will result in significantly higher carbon emissions. many scientists agree that emissions from human activities are changing our climate and call for urgent action. the world ’ s energy needs must be met while cutting carbon dioxide emissions. but where are we going to find this energy? my view is that “ easy ” oil has probably passed its peak. but there are other reserves that are still a long way from their peak. in unconventional oil and gas – resources that are harder to tap – there are plenty of reserves. the oil industry has to explore new frontiers, develop new hydrocarbon energy sources and integrate “ co2 solutions ”. the challenge is to develop technology that can fuel growth without environmental degradation. that means applying advances on the scale necessary to make real progress. it means integrating technologies because that is where the real benefits come in this complex business. it means applying those technologies in increasingly demanding projects, and accessing resources in challenging frontier environments such as the arctic or in deep offshore waters. the biggest impact technology could have is to increase significantly the amount of conventional oil we recover from existing reservoirs. this is little more than one - third on average at present across the industry. smart technology enabling engineers to monitor and control reservoir processes remotely, along with techniques using heat, gas or chemicals to make oil flow more easily, could significantly boost recovery rates. integrating technology will also enable us to access previously inaccessible hydrocarbon resources. much of the world ’ s huge reserves of natural gas are still untapped. cooling gas into liquid allows it to be transported as liquefied natural gas for power generation in other markets. demand for lng is set to double in the next decade but this, again, depends on technological advance. technology is also being used to turn gas to liquids. this will enable the industry to unlock reserves and convert gas into fuels such as diesel, which will be ideal for reducing pollution in major cities. other new hydrocarbon energy frontiers include heavy oils and where oil is contained in sand and shales, contaminated and tight gas and coal - bed methane. there is lots of coal, too, particularly in the us and


for reducing pollution in major cities. other new hydrocarbon energy frontiers include heavy oils and where oil is contained in sand and shales, contaminated and tight gas and coal - bed methane. there is lots of coal, too, particularly in the us and china. at shell we are testing an environmentally sensitive way of unlocking the large potential of oil shale in colorado using electric heaters to heat the rock formation and release light oil and gas. coal gasification offers a way of using coal more efficiently, cleanly and flexibly. the resulting “ syngas ” can fuel efficient combined cycle power plants. it can also be used, with the same technology as gas to liquids, to produce high - quality liquid fuels. the world will need these resources. but they are more carbon - intensive and increase the urgency of finding ways of tackling carbon emissions. so my vision is for “ green fossil fuels ” with much of their co2 captured and sequestrated underground or in inert materials. in the medium term, this could be cheaper, more convenient and more flexible than alternative energies. a typical one - gigawatt coal - fired power plant produces the same carbon emissions as 1. 5m cars. china alone is building about 17 of these plants a year. this is why sequestration should be a priority for power plants. one prerequisite for success is ensuring sufficient investment to access more difficult resources and undertake long - term technology development. the international energy agency estimates that meeting global energy needs will require investing more than $ 17, 000bn by 2030. given the urgent investment needs, exacting windfall taxes is counterproductive, particularly in an industry with a history of volatile prices. so, while the good news is that there is a wide variety of energy sources to deal with the energy challenge, our industry has its work cut out for it. it will have to mobilise its experience and talents but also rely on governments and consumers to recognise that we share common concerns and have to respond to changing circumstances. the writer is chief executive of royal dutch shell


the abuse of cocaine has become a major public - health problem in the united states since the 1970s. during that period it emerged from relative obscurity, described by experts as a harmless recreational drug with minimal toxicity. by the mid - 1980s, cocaine use had increased substantially and its ability to lead to drug taking at levels that caused severe medical and psychological problems was obvious. cocaine ( also known as " coke, " " snow, " " lady, " " crack " and " ready rock " ), is an alkaloid with both local anesthetic and psychomotor stimulant properties. it is generally taken in binge cycles, with periods of hours to days in which users take the drug repeatedly, alternating with periods of days to weeks when no cocaine is used. many users are recalcitrant to treatment, and the introduction of substantial criminal penalties associated with its possession and sale have not yet been effective in reducing its prevalence of heavy use. in fact, although occasional use of cocaine diminished somewhat by the early 1990s, heavier use did not. cocaine is extracted from the coca plant ( erythroxylon coca ), a shrub now found mainly in the andean highlands and the northwestern parts of the amazon in south america. the history of coca plant use by the cultures and civilizations who lived in these areas ( including the inca ) goes back more than a thousand years, with evidence of use found archeologically in their burial sites. the inca called the plant a " gift of the sun god " and believed that the leaf had supernatural powers. they used the leaves much as the highland indians of south america do today. a wad of leaves, along with some ash, is placed in the mouth and both chewed and sucked. the ash helps in the extraction of the cocaine from the coca leafnd the cocaine is efficiently absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth. during the height of the inca empire ( 11th - 15th centuries ) coca leaves were reserved for the nobility and for religious ceremonies, since it was believed that coca was of divine origin. with the conquest of the inca empire by the spanish in the 1500s, coca use was banned. the conquistadors soon discovered, however, that their indian slaves worked harder and required less food if they were allowed to chew coca. the catholic church began to cultivate coca plants, and in many cases the indians were paid in coca leaves. although glowing reports of the stimulant effects of coca reached europe, coca use did not achieve popularity. this was no doubt


coca. the catholic church began to cultivate coca plants, and in many cases the indians were paid in coca leaves. although glowing reports of the stimulant effects of coca reached europe, coca use did not achieve popularity. this was no doubt related to the fact that coca plants could not be grown in europe and the active ingredient in the coca leaves did not survive the long ocean voyage from south america. after the isolation of cocaine from coca leaves by the german chemist albert niemann in 1860 and the subsequent purification of the drug, it became more popular. it was aided in this regard by commercial endeavors in which cocaine was combined with wine ( e. g., vin de coca ), products for which there appeared many enthusiastic and uncritical endorsements by notables of the time. both interest in and use of cocaine spread to the united states, where extracts of coca leaves were added to many patent medicines. physicians began prescribing it for a variety of ills including dyspepsia, gastrointestinal disorders, headache, neuralgia, toothache, and morend use increased dramatically. by the beginning of the twentieth century, cocaine ' s harmful effects were noted and caused a reassessment of its utility. as part of a broader regulatory effort, the u. s. government began to control its manufacture and sale. in 1914, the harrison narcotic act forbade use of cocaine in over - the - counter medications and required the registration of those involved in the importation, manufacture, and sale of either coca or opium products. this had the effect of substantially reducing cocaine use in the united states, which remained relatively low until the late 1960s, when it moved into the spotlight once again. cocaine is a drug with both anesthetic and stimulant properties. its local anesthetic and vasoconstriction effects remain its major medical use. the local anesthetic effect was established by carl koller in the mid - 1880s, in experiments on the eye, but because it has been found to cause sloughing of the cornea, it is no longer used in eye surgery. because it is the only local anesthetic capable of causing intense vasoconstriction, cocaine is beneficial in surgeries where shrinking of the mucous membranes and the associated increased visualization and decreased bleeding are necessary. therefore, it remains useful for topical administration in the upper respiratory tract. when used in clinically appropriate doses, and with medical safeguards in place, cocaine appears to be a


mucous membranes and the associated increased visualization and decreased bleeding are necessary. therefore, it remains useful for topical administration in the upper respiratory tract. when used in clinically appropriate doses, and with medical safeguards in place, cocaine appears to be a useful and safe local anesthetic. cocaine can be taken by a number of routes of administrationral, intranasal, intravenous, and smoked. although the effects of cocaine are similar no matter what the route, route clearly contributes to the likelihood that the drug will be abused. the likelihood that cocaine will be taken for nonmedical purposes is assumed to be related to the rate of increase in cocaine brain level ( as measured by blood levels ) associated with those routes that provide the largest and most rapid changes in brain level being associated with greater self - administration. the oral route of administration, not a route used by cocaine abusers, is characterized by relatively slow absorption and peak levels that do not appear until approximately an hour after ingestion. cocaine, however, is quickly absorbed from the nasal mucosa when it is inhaled into the nose as a powder ( cocaine hydrochloride ). because of its local anesthetic properties, cocaine numbs or " freezes " the mucous membranes, a quality used by those purchasing the drug on the street to test for purity. when cocaine is used intranasally ( " snorting " ), cocaine blood levels, as well as subjective and physiological effects, peak at about 20 to 30 minutes, and reports of a " rush " are minimal. intranasal users report that they are ready to take a second dose of the drug within 30 to 40 minutes after the first dose. although this route was the most common way for people to use cocaine in the mid - 1980s, it is not as efficient in getting the drug to the brain as either smoking or intravenous injection, and it has declined in popularity. when taken intravenously, venous blood levels peak virtually immediately and subjects report a substantial, dose - related rush. this route was, until the mid - 1980s, traditionally the choice of the experienced user, since it provided a rapid increase in brain levels of cocaine with a parallel increase in subjective effects. blood levels of cocaine dissipate in parallel with subjective effects, and subjects report that they are ready for another intravenous dose within about 30 to 40 minutes. users of intravenous cocaine are also more likely to combine their cocaine with heroin ( e. g., a " speedball " ) than are


and subjects report that they are ready for another intravenous dose within about 30 to 40 minutes. users of intravenous cocaine are also more likely to combine their cocaine with heroin ( e. g., a " speedball " ) than are users by other routes. in the mid - 1980s, smoked cocaine began to achieve popularity. freebase, or " crack, " is cocaine base, which is not destroyed at temperatures required to volatilize it. as with intravenous cocaine, blood levels peak almost immediately and, as with intravenous cocaine, a substantial rush ensues after smoking it. users can prepare their own free - base from the powdered form they purchase on the street, or they can purchase it in the form of crack, or " ready - rock. " the development of a smokable form of cocaine provided a more socially acceptable route of drug administration ( both nicotine and marijuana cigarettes provided the model for smoking cocaine ), resulting in a drug that was both easy to use and highly toxic, since the route allowed for frequent repeated dosing with a readily available and relatively inexpensive drug. the use of intravenous cocaine is frequently taken in combination with other drugs such as alcohol, marijuana, and opiates. in fact, almost 75 percent of cocaine deaths reported in 1989 involved co - ingestion of other drugs. when taken in combination with alcohol, a metaboliteocaethylenes formed, which appears to be only slightly less potent than cocaine in its behavioral effects. it is possible that some of the toxicity reported after relatively low doses of cocaine might well be due to the combination of cocaine and alcohol. cocaine is broken down rapidly by enzymes ( esterases ) in the blood and liver. the major metabolites of this action ( all relatively inactive ) are benzoylecgonine, ecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester, all of which are excreted in the urine. cocaethylene is an additional metabolite when cocaine and alcohol are ingested in combination. people with deficient plasma cholinesterase activityetuses, infants, pregnant women, patients with liver disease, and the elderlyre all likely to be sensitive to cocaine and therefore at higher risk for adverse effects than are others. research has been focused on the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates that mediate cocaine ' s reinforcing effects. although a number of neurotransmitter systems are involved, there is growing evidence that cocaine ' s


. research has been focused on the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates that mediate cocaine ' s reinforcing effects. although a number of neurotransmitter systems are involved, there is growing evidence that cocaine ' s effects on dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic and / or mesocortical neuronal systems of the brain are most closely associated with its reinforcing and other behavioral effects. the initial site of action in the brain for its reinforcing effects has been hypothesized to be the dopamine transporter of mesolimbocortical neurons. cocaine action at the dopamine transporter has the effect of inhibiting dopamine re - uptake, resulting in higher levels of dopamine at the synapse. these dopaminergic pathways may mediate the reinforcing effects of other stimulants and opiates as well. a substantial body of evidence suggests that dopamine plays a major role in mediating cocaine ' s reinforcing effects, although it is clear that cocaine affects not only the dopamine but also the serotonin and noradrenaline systems. in addition to blocking the re - uptake of several neurotransmitters, cocaine use results in central nervous system stimulation and local anesthesia. this latter effect may be responsible for the neural and myocardial depression seen after taking large doses. cocaine use has been implicated in a broad range of medical complications covering virtually every one of the body ' s organ systems. at low doses, cocaine causes increases in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and body temperature. there have been suggestions that cocaine ' s cardiovascular effects can interact with ongoing behavior, resulting in increased toxicity. cocaine intoxication has been associated with cardiovascular toxicity, related to both its local anesthetic effects and its inhibition of neuronal uptake of catecholamines, including heart attacks, stroke, vasospasm, and cardiac arrhythmias. cocaine is generally taken in binges, repeatedly, for several hours or days, followed by a period in which none is taken. when taken repeatedly, chronic cocaine intoxication can cause a psychosis, characterized by paranoia, anxiety, a stereotyped repetitive behavior pattern, and vivid visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. less severe behavioral reactions to repeated cocaine use include irritability, hypervigilance, paranoid thinking, hyperactivity,


, anxiety, a stereotyped repetitive behavior pattern, and vivid visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations. less severe behavioral reactions to repeated cocaine use include irritability, hypervigilance, paranoid thinking, hyperactivity, and eating and sleep disturbances. in addition, when a cocaine binge ceases, there appears to be a crash response, characterized by depression, fatigue, and eating and sleep disturbances. initially, the crash is accompanied by little cocaine craving, but as time increases since the last dose of cocaine, compulsive drug seeking can occur in which users think of little else but the next dose. nonhuman research subjects. one of cocaine ' s characteristics, as a psychomotor stimu - lant, is its ability to elicit increases in the motor behavior of animals. single low doses produce increases in exploration, locomotion, and grooming. with increasing doses, locomotor activity decreases and stereotyped behavior patterns emerge ( continuous repetitious chains of behavior ). when administered repeatedly, cocaine produces increased levels of locomotor activity, increases in stereotyped behavior, and increases in susceptibility to drug - induced seizures ( i. e., " kindling " ). this sensitization occurs in a number of different species and has been suggested as a model for psychosis or schizophrenia in humans. although sensitization to cocaine ' s unconditioned behavioral effects generally occurs, such effects are related to dose, environmental context, and schedule of cocaine administration. for example, sensitization occurs more readily when dosing is intermittent rather than continuous and when dosing occurs in the same environment as testing. learned behaviors, typically generated in the laboratory using operant schedules of reinforcement in which animals make responses that have consequences ( e. g., press a lever to get food ), generally show a rate - dependent effect of cocaine. as with amphetamine, cocaine engenders increases in low rates of responding and decreases in high rates of responding. environmental variables and behavioral context can modify this effect. for example, responding maintained by food delivery was decreased by doses of cocaine that either had no effect or increased comparable rates of responding maintained by shock avoidance. cocaine ' s effects can also be modified by drug history. although repeated administration can result in the development of sensitization to cocaine ' s effects on unlearned behaviors, repeated administration generally results in tolerance to cocaine ' s effects on schedule - controlled responding. this decrease in effect of the same


drug history. although repeated administration can result in the development of sensitization to cocaine ' s effects on unlearned behaviors, repeated administration generally results in tolerance to cocaine ' s effects on schedule - controlled responding. this decrease in effect of the same dose after repeated dosing is influenced by behavioral as well as pharmacological factors. human research subjects. a major behavioral effect of cocaine in humans is its mood - altering effect, generally believed related to its potential for abuse. traditionally, subjective effects have provided the basis for classifying a substance as having abuse potentialnd the cocaine - engendered profile of subjective effects is prototypic of stimulant drugs of abuse. thus, cocaine produces dose - related reports of " high, " " liking, " and " euphoria " ; increases in stimulant - related factors, such as increases on vigor and friendliness scale scores ; ratings of " stimulated " ; and decreases in various sedation scores. subjective effects correlate well with single intravenous or smoked doses of cocaine, peaking soon after administration and dissipating in parallel with decreasing plasma concentrations. when cocaine is administered repeatedly, tolerance develops rapidly to many of its subjective effects and the same dose no longer exerts much of an effect. this means that the user must take increasingly larger amounts of cocaine to achieve the same effect. tolerance to the cardiovascular effects of cocaine is less complete ; the result here is a potential for drug - induced toxicity, since more and more drug is taken when the subjective effects are not present but the disruptions in cardiovascular function are still present. although users of stimulant drugs claim that their performance of many activities is improved by cocaine use, the data do not support their assertions. in general, cocaine has little effect on performance except under conditions in which performance has deteriorated from fatigue. under those conditions, cocaine can bring it back to nonfatigue levels. this effect, however, is relatively short - lived, since cocaine has a half - life of less than one hour. despite substantial efforts directed toward treatment of cocaine abuse, in the mid - 1990s we are still unable to treat successfully many of the cocaine abusers who seek treatment. for many years the only approach to treating these people was psychological or behavioral. as of 1994, the most promising of these include behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, rehabilitation ( e. g., vocational, educational, and social - skills training ) and supportive psychotherapy. a major problem with these treatment approaches is related to their lack


1994, the most promising of these include behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, rehabilitation ( e. g., vocational, educational, and social - skills training ) and supportive psychotherapy. a major problem with these treatment approaches is related to their lack of selectivity. rather than tailoring programs to an individual ' s background, drug - use history, psychiatric state, and socioeconomic level, individuals receive the treatment being delivered by the particular program they happen to attend. treatment programs that focus on specific target populations will be far more successful than those which cover all who apply. for example, patients with relatively mild symptoms might do quite well in a behavioral intervention with some relapse - prevention instructions but those with more severe problems might require the addition of pharmacotherapy. pharmacological approaches to treating cocaine abusers have focused on potential neurophysiological changes related to chronic cocaine use. thus, because dopamine appears to mediate cocaine ' s reinforcing effects, dopamine agonists such as am - antadine and bromocriptine have been tried. methylphenidate, a stimulant, has been suggested as a possible substitution medication, and antidepressants such as desipramine have been studied because of their actions on the dopaminergic system. in addition, because cocaine blocks re - uptake of serotonin at nerve terminals, serotonin - uptake blockers, such as fluoxetine, have also been tested. although most of the potential medications have been shown to be successful in some patients under open label conditions, none have been clearly successful in double blind placebo - controlled clinical trials. clearly, no medication yet exists for the treatment of cocaine abuse. it may well be that different medications may be effective for the various target populations and that variations in dosages and durations of treatment might be required, depending on a variety of patient characteristics. in fact, several medications have been shown to be effective only for small and carefully delineated populations ( e. g., lithium for cocaine abusers diagnosed with concurrent bipolar manic - depressive or cyclothymic disorders ). an artificial enzyme has been developed that inactivates cocaine as soon as it enters the blood - stream by binding the cocaine and breaking it into two inactive metabolites, and this has the potential for destroying much of the cocaine before it reaches the brain. as of 1994, this technique is unavailable for human use. in addition, and most importantly,


by binding the cocaine and breaking it into two inactive metabolites, and this has the potential for destroying much of the cocaine before it reaches the brain. as of 1994, this technique is unavailable for human use. in addition, and most importantly, cocaine abuse ( and drug abuse in general ) is a behavioral problem, and it is unlikely that any medication will be effective unless it is combined with an appropriate behavioral intervention. ( see also : ; colombia as drug source ; epidemics of drug abuse ; epidemiology of drug abuse ; national household survey on drug abuse ; ) bock, g., & whelan, j. ( 1992 ). cocaine : scientific and social dimensions. ciba foundation symposium 166. chichester : wiley. johanson, c. e., & fischman, m. w. ( 1989 ). pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. pharmacological reviews, 41, 3 - 52. kleber, h. d. ( 1989 ). treatment of drug dependence : what works. international review of psychiatry, 1, 81 - 100. landry, d. w., et al. ( 1993 ). antibody - catalyzed degradation of cocaine. science, 259, 1899 - 1901. marian w. fischman did this raise a question for you?


beyond buzzwords with soa soa has had time to mature, but discussions around it are still laden with buzzwords and unrealistic expectations. learn what soa is and isn ' t with the first of a new series. a service - oriented architecture ( soa ) facilitates flexibility and cost savings for businesses, but its flexibility is also at fault for diluting the concept of soa. many technologies can be used in support of designing systems that may be described as soa, which leads to a global misunderstanding of the true spirit of soa. we often get bogged down talking about the technology, so this article is going to take a step back and explain what it ’ s really about. what soa is not soa is not any single system, technology, or application. it is an architecture, or put another way : a way to design a group of system ; a methodology. the service - oriented part speaks to the notion that systems interaction should be done via network - enabled services. most often, since they provide the most flexibility, web - based services and technologies are employed for this task. what soa is soa can be broken into two parts : it systems and the software that runs on them. in the systems design sense, soa spells out the best way to design complex systems to ensure they are multi - functional. it is at this point where many people like to compare a big erp system to soa. with a large erp system, you will have a set of servers that only interact with a database, and all the functionality is contained within that monolithic system. features and extensibility are dependent on what the vendor allows you to do. with an soa design, you can plug in features at - will, since they will interact with various “ services ” in a standard way. in reality, erp is a task, and even the largest monolithic systems usually have some extensibility built - in. we most often see soa proponents with the same erp system everyone else uses, but they have likely extended it much further. in the software engineering sense, soa is about code re - use. not in the object - oriented programming sense of re - use ; soa actually takes it much further. traditionally we might abstract common functions in software into libraries, and then share those libraries so that people don ’ t have to re - implement the same code. think of a simple banking system ’ s online credit application. one function might require that we look up the applicant


abstract common functions in software into libraries, and then share those libraries so that people don ’ t have to re - implement the same code. think of a simple banking system ’ s online credit application. one function might require that we look up the applicant ’ s ssn to see if they have other accounts. we might call this function listuseraccounts. when called, it will return a list of all past and current accounts associated with the applicant. the function contains all the logic, and knows where to look for this information. it simply returns the proper information for use by the program that called instead of requiring that software run on a single system that has access to listuseraccounts, an soa - enabled environment will provide a network - accessible service whereby many systems can access this function. in short, software functions are turned into network - aware services instead of internal functions accessible by only a few programs. the same listuseraccounts function could be used by an online banking application when a person wants to see what their account balances are. without careful design, large systems often paint themselves into a corner. soa helps designers think in such a way that avoids creating single - purpose silos, and instead creates re - usable functionality. nothing new to see here please realize that soa does not represent a silver bullet install - it - and - realize - benefits technology. it is, in effect, simply a tool that has opened eyes worldwide and allowed systems and software designers to speak a consistent language. critics of soa often claim infrastructures naturally evolve toward this type of architecture. this is absolutely correct, but soa ’ s value is that it provides a unified dictionary and set of best practices for companies to follow. best practices are often a scary concept, making businesses implement things they don ’ t really need, but the nature of soa helps alleviate the downsides of traditional “ best practices religion. ” soa, thankfully, requires businesses to design systems that map directly to their needs. implementations require that architects understand business processes as well as the capabilities of their computer systems before soa can be implemented. each implementation is different, and that does a long way toward avoiding the “ me too ” mentality too often found at it organizations around the world. that is not to say that many it shops aren ’ t grinding away implementing soa services in a haphazard fashion, just that in spite of it, the projects are sure to improve systems to some degree. the other big problem with soa is


is not to say that many it shops aren ’ t grinding away implementing soa services in a haphazard fashion, just that in spite of it, the projects are sure to improve systems to some degree. the other big problem with soa is that people believe the cost of implementing new software approaches zero as the infrastructure grows. it ’ s just a matter of rearranging pieces and calling services that already exist to implement something new. as more and more functionality becomes service - oriented, it is true that development time decreases. adding new functionality is always required, and regardless, someone still has to arrange the existing pieces into meaningful programs. it ’ s better, faster, less error prone, but certainly not ever free. the evolution of systems and services into an soa design means that designers and even programmers begin to work at a higher level. instead of implementing listuseraccounts ( again ), programmers begin to think about more creative ways to use that information. this, supports a positive evolution of the products engineers create, as their time has been freed up to work on the truly difficult problem. when companies fail at implementing soa, it ’ s often because they don ’ t embrace the true meaning and benefits of soa. changing a few things in an existing system does not make an soa ; soa requires that all systems, functions, and processes — both in current and especially future systems — present meaningful re - usable services to allow other systems to extend them. at the beginning of this article i said that people frequently getting bogged down talking about technologies is one of soa ’ s drawbacks. now that we ’ ve covered the fundamental methodology, we can delve into some of those technologies. next week, the second part of this soa tutorial will explain the popular technologies to help you make a well - informed decision about which should be leveraged in your soa endeavors.