of defences used by an oil refinery and its parent company during an oil spill incident. a hypothetical model of defences built on swajkowski ’ s four responses to accusations of organisational misconduct – refusals, excuses, justifications and concessions – is tested through this case. on the basis of empirical findings it is obvious that (... ) defences delay, impede and interrupt the mitigation and recovery actions of incidents. it is not possible to break the defence behaviour of individuals because it is a built - in psychological mechanism in all humans serving a valuable purpose of dosing the pain of injury. however, it is possible to separate individual and organisational behaviour so that automatic organisational procedures mitigate, recover and, ultimately, prevent incidents. the organisational psychological task of crisis management is to mitigate the organisation ’ s ego defences, recover from its emotional turmoil and prevent further traumas by making its ego stronger and more flexible. the argument of this paper is that in practice organisational defences act as bumpers against becoming too conscious of the gap between the corporate rhetoric and reality, as subconscious breaks against too fast change demands, and as batteries in their preconscious effort to prepare for the change. organisational refusals act as bumpers, excuses as breaks and justifications as batteries, while concessions imply that a change towards a more responsible corporation is taking place. ( shrink ) there is a kinship between owen flanagan ' s the really hard problem and william james ' s the varieties of religious experience that not only can help us to understand flanagan ' s book but also can help scholars, particularly scholars of religion, to be attentive to an important development in the realm of the " spiritual but not religious. " specifically, flanagan ' s book continues a tradition in philosophy, exemplified by james, that addresses questions of religious or spiritual meaning in terms accessible to a broad audience outside (... ) the context of organized religions. both james and flanagan are concerned to refute the popular perception that the sciences of the mind pose a threat to meaning and particularly to meaningful processes of human growth and transformation. where james used the subconscious to bridge between science and religion and persuade his readers of the reality of the more, flanagan uses a scientifically grounded understanding of transcendence to enchant his readers into believing in less. although i think that flanagan ' s attempt to link the psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis via the concept of transcendence is scientifically premature, his attempt at a naturalistic spirituality raises questions of definition that scholars of religion


into believing in less. although i think that flanagan ' s attempt to link the psychological and sociocultural levels of analysis via the concept of transcendence is scientifically premature, his attempt at a naturalistic spirituality raises questions of definition that scholars of religion need to take seriously. ( shrink ) in this article, i discuss the manner in which dieter henrich ’ s theory of subjectivity has emerged from the fundamental questions of german idealism, and in what manner and to what extent this theory effects a reinstatement of metaphysics. in so doing, i shall argue that henrich ’ s position represents a viable refutation of the attempt of the physicalist explanation of the world to prove the concept of the subject to be superfluous. henrich ’ s metaphysics of subjectivity is primarily focused on the ‘ ultimate (... ) questions ’ which also compose “ the deep levels of our subjectivity ” and concern the factors that should promote stability in our emotional, moral and intellectual life. i argue with henrich that the indisputable facticity of our conscious life is worthy of our special consideration and interpretation, explanation and clarification, just as the deeper meaning ( the individual and collective subconscious structure ) hidden beneath the layers of apparent comprehensibility calls for urgent investigation. such interpretation and elucidation of life ’ s meaning has a tripartite character : first, it consists of clarification of the totality of human experience together with the realities playing a part in it ; second, it builds on the process by which the contents of experience are cognized, and the knowledge thereof which results ; thirdly, it embraces the transcendental precondition enabling each and every one of us to consciously lead our lives — for life, in a human sense, does not merely happen to one. henrich ’ s metaphysical foundation of subjectivity is compared with kolak ‘ s position, according to which individual consciousness is not insular, but integrated into the totality of overall unity that some have called “ the universal self ”, “ the noumenal self ”. ( shrink ) there are a number of reasons to be interested in building humanoid robots. they include ( 1 ) since almost all human artifacts have been designed to easy for humans to interact with, humanoid robots provide backward compatibility with the existing human constructed world, ( 2 ) humanoid robots provide a natural form for humans to operate through telepresence since they have the same kinematic design as humans themselves, ( 3 ) by


interact with, humanoid robots provide backward compatibility with the existing human constructed world, ( 2 ) humanoid robots provide a natural form for humans to operate through telepresence since they have the same kinematic design as humans themselves, ( 3 ) by building humanoid robots that model humans directly they will be a useful tool in (... ) understanding how humans develop and operate as they provide a platform for experimenting with different hypotheses about humans and ( 4 ) humanoid robots, given su cient abilities, will present a natural interface to people and people will be able to use their instinctive and culturally developed subconscious techniques for communicating with other people to communicate with humanoid robots. in this paper we take reason ( 4 ) seriously, and examine some of the technologies that are necessary to make this hope a reality. ( shrink ) abstract if the question of the humanity of “ the other “ may become a question, and not be reinscribed into western colonizing patterns of thought, then its issuing must concern a limit ( always arising beyond western thought ), a delimitation of existence that is risked and put at risk without recourse to the project or operation of that colonizing thought that situates it. ideas of subjectivity, agency, and power - knowledge potential for progress, as well as rationalist instrumental thought used to recognize those peoples (... ) and cultures excluded and oppressed under the western modern tradition, must be put into question by the very agents claiming recognition, as well as the epistemic structures that sustain these concepts and the dispositions and subconscious expectations constituted by the colonizing practices of bodies and imaginaries that project the very horizons of one ' s existence. ( shrink ) we commonly identify something seriously defective in a human life that is lived in ignorance of important but unpalatable truths. at the same time, some degree of misapprehension of reality may be necessary for individual health and success. morally speaking, it is unclear just how insistent we should be about seeking the truth. robert sparrow has considered such issues in discussing the manufacture and marketing of robot ‘ pets ’, such as sony ’ s doglike ‘ aibo ’ toy and whatever more advanced devices may supersede (... ) it. though it is not his only concern, sparrow particularly criticizes such robot pets for their illusory appearance of being living things. he fears that some individuals will subconsciously buy into the illusion, and come to sentimentalize interactions that fail to constitute genuine relationships. in replying


breast cancer returns more often in black womenoctober 29th, 2007 in medicine & health / cancer contrary to previous studies, african - american women with early - stage breast cancer who have surgery to remove the cancer ( lumpectomy ) followed by radiation therapy have a higher chance of their cancer coming back in the breast and lymph nodes 10 years after diagnosis, compared to their caucasian counterparts, according to the largest study of its kind, presented at a scientific session october 29, 2007, at the american society for therapeutic radiology and oncology ’ s 49th annual meeting in los angeles. the study also shows that early - stage breast cancer patients who are african - american women who are diagnosed with the disease at a younger age have a higher disease stage at diagnosis ( larger tumors and cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes ) and more aggressive tumors than caucasian women who undergo similar treatment. “ this study confirms the aggressive nature of breast cancer in african - american women and emphasizes how important it is for all african - american women to see their healthcare providers regularly and to go for screening mammograms to try to catch any abnormalities early, ” said meena s. moran, m. d., the lead author of the study and a radiation oncologist at the yale university school of medicine in new haven, conn. “ this study also points out the need for further research in evaluating the underlying molecular, genetic and biological differences in breast cancers in african - american women so that we can develop better strategies for helping these women beat their cancer. ” for patients with early - stage breast cancer, the current standard treatment involves a lumpectomy, followed by radiation therapy to the breast over a five to six - and - a - half - week period to kill any remaining cancer cells. the cohort study involved 2, 382 patients over a 30 - year period who underwent a lumpectomy and radiation therapy for early - stage breast cancer. researchers wanted to find out if there were differences in the outcomes between africanamerican patients and caucasians. findings showed that 10 years after treatment with lumpectomy and radiation, 17 percent of african - american women had their breast cancer recur compared with 13 percent of causcasian patients. source : american society for therapeutic radiology and oncology " breast cancer returns more often in black women. " october 29th, 2007. http : / / phys. org / news112884581. html


when experiencing alpha decay, atoms shed alpha particles made of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. why can ' t we have other types of particles made of more or less protons? the reason why alpha particles heavily dominate as the proton - neutron mix most likely to be emitted from most ( not all! ) radioactive components is the extreme stability of this particular combination. that same stability is also why helium dominates after hydrogen as the most common element in the universe, and why other higher elements had to be forged in the hearts and shells of supernovas in order to come into existence at all. here ' s one way to think of it : you could in principle pop off something like helium - 3 from an unstable nucleus - that ' s two protons and one neutron - and very likely give a net reduction in nuclear stress. but what would happen is this : the moment the trio started to depart, a neutron would come screaming in saying look how much better it would be if i joined you!! and the neutron would be correct : the total reduction in energy obtained by forming a helium - 4 nucleus instead of helium - 3 would in almost any instance be so superior that any self - respecting ( and energy - respecting ) nucleus would just have to go along with the idea. now all of what i just said can ( and in the right circumstances should ) be said far more precisely in terms of issues such as tunneling probabilities, but it would not really change the message much : helium - 4 nuclei pop off preferentially because they are so hugely stable that it just makes sense from a stability viewpoint for them to do so. the next most likely candidates are isolated neutrons and protons, incidentally. other mixed versions are rare until you get up into the fission range, in which case the whole nucleus is so unstable that it can rip apart in very creative ways ( as aptly noted by the earlier comment ). $ \ alpha $ particles are really $ he ^ 4 _ 2 $ nucleus i. e made up of 2 neutron and 2 protons. as you can see in this graph, $ he ^ 4 _ 2 $ ion has a high binding energy per nucleon, i. e. it is highly stable among all the neighboring nuclei. this makes them easy to sustain their existence and makes it easier for the nuclei to emit them in radioactive decay thus making the resultant nuclei much more stable than if a $ he _ 2 ^ 3 $ would have escaped.


| mon march 24, 1969 02 : 32pm ( pst ) | this report supersedes any earlier report of this event this event has been reviewed by a seismologist mon march 24, 1969 02 : 32pm ( pst ) mon march 24, 1969 22 : 32 ( gmt ) 30. 1 km ( 18. 7 mi ) ene ( 67. azimuth ) from hanford - 300, wa 31. 7 km ( 19. 7 mi ) sse ( 151. azimuth ) from othello, wa 33. 5 km ( 20. 8 mi ) ne ( 46. azimuth ) from hanford - 400, wa | depth : | | 7. 34 km ( 4. 48 miles ) | | horizontal uncertainty : | | 26. 219 km | | depth uncertainty : | | 25. 22 km | | azimuthal gap : | | 257. 0 deg | | number of phases : | | 7 | depth within the earth where an earthquake rupture initiated. pnsn reports depths relative to sea level, so the elevation of the ground above sea level at the location of the epicenter must be added to estimate the depth beneath the earth ' s surface. a measure of how well network seismic stations surround the earthquake. measured from the epicenter ( in degrees ), the largest azimuthal gap between azimuthally adjacent stations. the smaller this number, the more reliable the calculated horizontal position of the earthquake. number of phases how well the given earthquake location predicts the observed phase arrivals ( in seconds ). smaller misfits mean more precise locations. the best locations have rms misfits smaller than 0. 1 seconds. number of p first motions a p first motion is the direction in which the ground moves at the seismometer when the first p wave arrives. we distinguish between upward and downward first motions. this is the number of observations that were used to obtain the fault plane solution. orientation of first possible fault plane the strike is the angle between the north direction and the direction of the fault trace on the surface, while keeping the dipping fault plane to your right. the dip is the steepness of the fault plane measured as an angle between the fault plane and the surface. for example, 0 degrees is a horizontal fault and 90 degrees is a vertical fault. rake is the angle, measure in the fault plane, between the strike and the direction in which the material above the fault moved relative to the material on the bottom of the fault


, 0 degrees is a horizontal fault and 90 degrees is a vertical fault. rake is the angle, measure in the fault plane, between the strike and the direction in which the material above the fault moved relative to the material on the bottom of the fault ( slip direction ). orientation of second possible fault plane the orientation of the two possible fault planes is the best solution we can find to match the observed first motions at the seismometers using a grid search method. the uncertainty of the strike, dip, and rake indicate the number of degrees by which those values can vary and still match the observations satisfactorily. code, or name, to designate a particular seismic station network code indicates the organization responsible for a particular station, the pnsn consists of uw = university of washington, uo = university of oregon, and cc = cascade volcano observatory the quality of an observed p arrival polarity indicates how well you can tell whether it is up or down and can range from 0 ( poor ) to 1 ( good ). the channel name allows one to distinguish between data from different kinds of sensors. the first character indicates the sample rate of the data, examples are e = 100hz, b = 40 or 50hz, h = 80 or 100 hz. the second character indicates whether the channel is a high ( h ) gain or low ( l ) gain velocity channel or a strong - motion acceleration channel ( n ). the third character indicates the direction of motion measured, z = up / down, e = east / west, n = north / south. polarity means the direction of motion, in this context it means whether it is up ( u ) or down ( d ).


supplement forms / alternate names : - potassium chloride - potassium bicarbonate - chelated potassium ( potassium aspartate, potassium citrate ) principal proposed uses potassium is a mineral found in many foods and supplements. but you will never see pure potassium in a healthfood store or pharmacy — it is a highly reactive metal that bursts into flames when exposed to water! the potassium you eat, or take as a supplement, is composed of potassium atoms bound to other nonmetallic substances — less exciting, perhaps, but chemically stable. potassium is one of the major electrolytes in your body, along with sodium and chloride. potassium and sodium work together like a molecular seesaw : when the level of one goes up, the other goes down. all together, these three dissolved minerals play an intimate chemical role in every function of your body. the most common use of potassium supplements is to make up for potassium depletion caused by diuretic drugs. these medications are often used to help regulate blood pressure, but by depleting the body of potassium, they may inadvertently make blood pressure harder to control. potassium is an essential mineral that we get from many common foods. true potassium deficiencies are rare except in cases of prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, or with the use of diuretic drugs. however, in one sense, potassium deficiency is common, at least when compared to the amount of sodium we receive in our diets. it is probably healthy to take in at least five times as much potassium as sodium ( and perhaps 50 to 100 times as much ). but the standard american diet contains twice as much sodium as potassium. therefore, taking extra potassium may be a good idea in order to balance the sodium we consume to such excess. bananas, orange juice, potatoes, avocados, lima beans, cantaloupes, peaches, tomatoes, flounder, salmon, and cod all contain more than 300 mg of potassium per serving. other good sources include chicken, meat, and various other fruits, vegetables, and fish. potassium pills can cause injury to the esophagus if they get stuck on the way down, so make sure to take them with plenty of water. interactions you should know about if you are taking : - loop diuretics or thiazide diuretics : you may need more potassium. - ace inhibitors ( eg, captopril, lisinopril, enalapril ), potassium - sparing diuretics ( eg, triamter


icsi intracytoplasmic sperm injection what is icsi? icsi is a procedure that is used with in vitro fertilisation ( ivf ) in which one sperm is injected directly into one egg in order to fertilise it. the technique has been especially useful for men with very low sperm counts and low motility, since icsi ensures that the sperm reaches the egg directly rather than waiting for the sperm to naturally fertilise the egg. thus, icsi is sometimes used as a treatment method for male infertility. icsi is now used as part of nearly half of all ivf treatments. which infertility problems can icsi help? icsi can help overcome many problems causing male infertility such as : • low sperm count • low sperm motility • no sperm in semen • damaged or absent vas deferens • retrograde ejaculation • irreversible vasectomy • immunological factors ( e. g. anti - sperm antibodies ) • other conditions that prevent the fertilisation of the egg how is icsi done? as with normal ivf, the woman is given fertility drugs to stimulate her ovaries to produce several mature eggs for fertilisation. the man would then produce a semen sample by masturbating into a sample pot. if the man does not have sperm within his semen, then it may be possible for the doctor to retrieve sperm from his testicle under an anaesthetic. the woman is then given an anaesthetic to remove the eggs using a fine hollow needle. ultrasound is used to help the doctor locate the eggs. within the laboratory a scientist then injects one single sperm into the egg ( icsi ) ; this is done several times to produce up to 10 possible embryos. the sperm and egg are then placed into an incubated within a petri dish and checked the following day to look for signs of fertilisation. if fertilisation has occurred then an embryo ( group of cells ) will have formed, which can be seen under a microscope. the procedure is then the same as ivf, embryos which have formed can be transplanted into the woman ’ s uterus through the cervix using a thin catheter. a maximum of three embryos can be placed back into the uterus, however many clinics are now moving towards only putting one or two embryos back. multiple births carry a greater risk to both the mother and


##x using a thin catheter. a maximum of three embryos can be placed back into the uterus, however many clinics are now moving towards only putting one or two embryos back. multiple births carry a greater risk to both the mother and the babies. any embryos which are left can be frozen and used in future treatments, in case the cycle is not successful. icsi success rate icsi has the highest fertilisation rate of 60 - 70 % ; however pregnancy success rates are similar to that of normal ivf. this is because there are other factors which effect success such as the fertilised embryos developing properly and the embryo implanting in the uterus correctly. therefore the success rate of icsi is similar to ivf in the region of 25 %, depending upon age. benefits of icsi icsi enables couples to achieve parenthood who would not otherwise do so due to male factor infertility. men with very low sperm count are able to have their own genetic child by using icsi. it is also possible to retrieve immature sperm from the testes, enabling men to have a child who have previously had a vasectomy. icsi has also helped couples have a child who have experienced unexplained infertility. risks of icsi icsi involves taking one sperm and inserting it directly into the egg. under normal fertilisation sperm have to compete and only the strongest and healthiest sperm makes it through the cell wall into the egg. it is thought that there may be a higher risk of congenital and health problems for the resulting child due to this procedure. a research study showed that 4. 2 % of children born from icsi had a malformation which mainly affected boy ’ s urinary and genital systems. this was a 3 fold increase compared to children conceived naturally. the same study found that icsi babies had more childhood illnesses and needed more medical intervention before the age of 5. the long term effects of icsi have yet to be properly seen or researched. for many parents the advantages of having their own genetic child far outweigh the risks of icsi.


kiew, ruth ( 1978 ) floristic components of the ground flora of a tropical lowland rain forest at gunung mulu national park, sarawak. pertanika, 1 ( 2 ). pp. 112 - 119. the floristic components of the ground layer at the gunung mulu national park, sarawak, are described. these components are associated with microhabitats. the microhabitats of the riverine system include the shallow stream, rocky banks and banks of larger rivers, and those of the shaded forest include permanently wet areas, rocky litter - free slopes, steep litter covered slopes, surfaces of logs, roots or rocks and the flat well - drained alluvial forest. possible causes of the uneven distribution of the ground layer species of the flat well - drained alluvial forest are discussed. the species composition of this alluvial forest is compared with other published reports from the danum valley, sabah and pasoh forest reserve malaya, and with some other lowland forest types such as kerangas and peat swamp forest in sarawak. the phenomenon of iridescence and variegation of leaves is briefly noted. | keyword : | | floristic components, ground layer, lowland rainforest, microhabitat, distribution of tropical herbaceous plants, variegated foliage. | | faculty or institute : | | faculty of environmental studies | | deposited by : | | nur izyan mohd zaki | | deposited on : | | 09 nov 2009 02 : 45 | | last modified : | | 27 may 2013 06 : 58 | repository staff only : item control page document download statistics this item has been downloaded for since 09 nov 2009 02 : 45.


new target blocks b - all, boosts gleevec ' s effectiveness against cml in mice bar harbor, maine - - three years ago, using the first of a new class of drugs known as " small molecule kinase inhibitors, " medicine slammed shut a door used by cancer. researchers at the jackson laboratory just found another door that kinase inhibitors may close to cancer. the gene bcr - abl1 causes two types of leukemia : chronic myelogeneous leukemia ( cml ) and b - cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( b - all ). in both cancers, enzymes that should regulate the growth and development of white blood cells go awry, resulting in uncontrolled growth of the cells. the swiss - based pharmaceutical company novartis developed gleevec, the first kinase inhibitor used to fight cancer by blocking the errant enzyme. it proved effective against chronic phase of cml, but not the advanced phase or against b - all. in some patients, it seems cml can develop a resistance to gleevec. in the may 2004 issue of nature genetics, a research team headed by shaoguang li, m. d., ph. d., of the jackson laboratory, announces success with another kinase inhibitor that blocks a different path used by cancer. studying mice, the researchers discovered that the bcr - abl1 gene activates three additional enzymes that lead to b - all leukemia. one of these enzymes may also be involved when cml patients no longer respond to gleevec. " because of drug resistance, it becomes increasingly difficult to stop progression of and cure this disease by targeting at only one place in a multi - molecule - involved signaling pathway used by cancer, " says dr. li. " so we needed to find a combined drug therapy targeting simultaneously more than one places in the pathway. " first, the team developed the first efficient and accurate mouse models of both forms of bcr - abl1 - induced leukemia. next, they discovered that three of the src kinase class of enzymes are required for b - all but not for cml, suggesting that different therapeutic strategies should be used for treating these two diseases although they are induced by the same bcr - abl1 cancer - causing gene. finally, in drug treatment studies, they found that the kinase inhibitor, known as cgp76030 produced by novartis, blocked those three critical src kinase enzymes. the drug impaired the proliferation of b - lymphoid leukemic cells and prolonged


treatment studies, they found that the kinase inhibitor, known as cgp76030 produced by novartis, blocked those three critical src kinase enzymes. the drug impaired the proliferation of b - lymphoid leukemic cells and prolonged the survival of mice with b - all. their findings suggest additional therapeutic agents for treating this type of leukemia in humans. all is the type of leukemia that predominantly strikes children. among all cases, 85 % are of the b - all type. according to oncologist - turned - researcher dr. li, the preclinical studies suggest a specific prediction : " drugs targeting the src kinases may be useful for the therapy of brc - abl1 - induced acute leukemia, particularly b - all. while these drugs are not effective or useful during the chronic phase of myeloid leukemia, there may be a rationale for dual kinase inhibitor therapy of more advanced leukemia. increased activation of src kinases has been observed in cml patients who have become resistant to gleevec. " dr. li and his team are currently developing additional mouse models lacking in different combinations of the src kinases, in an effort to make available a range of targeted therapies for this category of cancer. collaborating with dr. li and members of his laboratory ( dr. yiguo hu, dr. yuhua liu and shawn pelletier ) were drs. richard van etten ( tufts - new england medical center, usa ), elisabeth buchdunger and doriano fabbro ( novartis pharma ag, switzerland ), markus warmuth ( novartis pharma ag, usa ), and michael hallek ( universitat zu koln, germany ). the research was supported by grants from the irving a. hansen foundation and the v foundation for cancer research to shaoguang li, and the national institutes of health and a leukemia and lymphoma society scor grant to richard a. van etten. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. in the middle of difficulty lies opportunity. - - albert einstein


st. paul, minn. – looking into our eyes may help doctors predict who is at risk for stroke. a new study found that people with changes in the small blood vessels in their eyes are more likely to later suffer a stroke than people without these signs. the results held true even after researchers took into account traditional risk factors for stroke such as smoking and high blood pressure, according to the study published in the october 11, 2005 issue of neurology, the scientific journal of the american academy of neurology. the study involved 3, 654 australians age 49 and older. researchers took special photographs of the retina of the eyes of the participants and examined them for changes suggestive of small blood vessel damage, or retinopathy. these small vessel changes can be seen in the early stages of the condition, well before eyesight is affected. " the blood vessels in the eyes share similar anatomical characteristics and other characteristics with the blood vessels in the brain, " said paul mitchell, md, phd, of the university of sydney in australia. " more research needs to be done to confirm these results, but it ' s exciting to think that this fairly simple procedure could help us predict whether someone will be more likely to have a stroke several years later. " the researchers followed the participants for seven years, tracking which participants had strokes or transient ischemic attacks, also called mini - strokes. for those who died during the study, researchers examined the cause of death to determine whether stroke was involved. those with eye blood vessel damage were 70 percent more likely to have a stroke during the study than those without the damage. the risk was higher in those with small vessel signs in the eye but without severe high blood pressure ; they were 2. 7 times more likely to have a stroke than those without eye signs. the risk was also higher for those with more than one type of blood vessel lesion. ( because diabetes can cause this type of eye damage, these results did not include participants with diabetes, which is also a risk factor for stroke. ) the signs of damage include tiny bulges in the blood vessels, or microaneurysms, and hemorrhages, or tiny blood spots where the microaneurysms leak blood. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved. consistency is the last refuge of the unimaginative. - - oscar wilde


| abstract : | | during the period march 9 - 22, 1936, there occurred in close succession over the northeastern united states, from the james and upper ohio river basins in virginia and pennsylvania to the river basins of maine, two extraordinarily heavy storms, in which the precipitation was almost entirely in the form of rain. the depths of rainfall mark this period as one of the greatest concentrations of precipitation, in respect to time and magnitude of the area covered, of which there is record in this country. at the time of the rain there were also accumulations of snow on the ground over much of the storm - affected region that were large for the season. the comparatively warm temperatures associated with the storms thawed the snow and added materially to the quantities of water to be disposed of by drainage into the waterways, by surface storage in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, by absorption in the ground, and, probably in comparatively negligible degree, by evaporation. the total quantity of water that had to be disposed of in these ways ranged between 10 and 30 inches in depth over much of the region. the water disposed of by natural storage, absorption, and evaporation amounted to average depths over the many river basins generally within the range of 1 to 3 inches, with a significant degree of uniformity and systematic areal distribution. the remainder of the rain and snow water, generally much larger or even several times larger in amount than surface storage, absorption, and evaporation, required accommodation by the channels of the brooks, creeks, and rivers. there were generally two distinct flood peaks, and in many of the basins the destruction was seriously aggravated, especially during the first flood, by the break - up of thick ice cover accumulated through a winter of exceptionally continuous and severe cold weather. the resulting floods were extraordinarily severe, and records of river stages, extending on some streams back to or nearly to the time of settlement by white men, were broken many of them by wide margins. the peak of the connecticut river at hartford, conn., was 8. 6 feet higher than had been experienced since the settlement by white men, 300 years ago. the susquehanna river at harrisburg, pa., was 3. 5 feet higher than had been known in a period of record covering about 200 years. the ohio river at pittsburgh, pa., was 6. 1 feet higher than had been known in the period beginning 1762. this volume presents many of the facts of these notable floods with respect to the new england rivers, for permanent


since 1993, ran ’ s protect - an - acre program ( paa ) has distributed more than one million dollars in grants to more than 150 frontline communities, indigenous - led organizations, and allies, helping their efforts to secure protection for millions of acres of traditional territory in forests around the world. rainforest action network believes that indigenous peoples are the best stewards of the world ’ s rainforests and that frontline communities organizing against the extraction and burning of dirty fossil fuels deserve the strongest support we can offer. ran established the protect - an - acre program to protect the world ’ s forests and the rights of their inhabitants by providing financial aid to traditionally under - funded organizations and communities in forest regions. indigenous and frontline communities suffer disproportionate impacts to their health, livelihood and culture from extractive industry mega - projects and the effects of global climate change. that ’ s why protect - an - acre provides small grants to community - based organizations, indigenous federations and small ngos that are fighting to protect millions of acres of forest and keep millions of tons of co2 in the ground. our grants support organizations and communities that are working to regain control of and sustainably manage their traditional territories through land title initiatives, community education, development of sustainable economic alternatives, and grassroots resistance to destructive industrial activities. paa is an alternative to “ buy - an - acre ” programs that seek to provide rainforest protection by buying tracts of land, but which often fail to address the needs or rights of local indigenous peoples. uninhabited forest areas often go unprotected, even if purchased through a buy - an - acre program. it is not uncommon for loggers, oil and gas companies, cattle ranchers, and miners to illegally extract resources from so - called “ protected ” areas. traditional forest communities are often the best stewards of the land because their way of life depends upon the health of their environment. a number of recent studies add to the growing body of evidence that indigenous peoples are better protectors of their forests than governments or industry. based on the success of protect - an - acre, ran launched the climate action fund ( caf ) in 2009 as a way to direct further resources and support to frontline communities and indigenous peoples challenging the fossil fuel industry. additionally, ran has been a global advisor to global greengrants fund ( ggf ) since 1995, identifying recipients for small grants to mobilize resources for global environmental sustainability and social justice using the same priority and criteria as we use for paa and caf. through these three programs each year


the bell on display under the trinity college gazebo on the site of the original trinity college and high school was made by the henry mcshane & co. bell foundry of baltimore, md, in 1879. the bell and the gothic style papyrus - leaf columns that the gazebo stands upon are the only surviving trinity college artifacts in trinity. both appear to date to the post - civil war renovation and expansion of the original 1855 brick trinity college building. the photo above, from the duke university archives, shows the building from the south in 1861, with president braxton craven and the all - male student body posing in their new role as commander and cadet corps of the “ trinity guard. ” the three - story brick building appears similar to any of the five cotton mills built on deep river from 1838 - 1850, and in fact the college building was the focal point of trinity in exactly the same manner as the factory was the raison - d ’ etre of any mill village. one major difference is that the windows of the college are much larger than the windows in any factory. organizing the home guard unit was craven ’ s last - ditch effort to keep his student body from enlisting in the army en mass ; during the war, however, he and the students were put on active duty guarding the confederate prisoner of war camp at the former salisbury cotton mill. the 1855 college building was expanded between 1872 - 1874 with a large wing that fronted the road which is now nc62. the new wing set at a cross - angle to the 1855, so that the whole made a t - plan. the new wing contained classrooms and a chapel ; the balcony of the chapel was supported by the papyrus columns which were re - used in the 1924 trinity high school building. the 1874 college building ’ s pointed windows and door openings gave it a vague gothic revival style which was popular for educational buildings and would be carried to its pinnacle in north carolina in the 1924 west campus at duke university in durham. my favorite picture of trinity college is the only one that shows the campus and grounds, a drawing on the cover of an 1883 commencement program. whether this garden actually existed is unclear ( the photo above only shows a field or wild flower meadow ), the 1883 drawing shows a lively victorian knot garden, with extensive flower beds and gravel walks. when trinity college was moved to durham in 1892, the old college buildings were turned into a private college preparatory school, which became a public school in the early 20th century. in 1924 a special school tax district was established in trinity and a


print friendly version other names for this disease - pelletier - leisti syndrome - short stature with delayed bone age, expressive language delay, a triangular face with a prominent nose and deep - set eyes see disclaimer regarding information on this site. some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the national institutes of health. floating - harbor syndrome is a genetic disorder that was named for the first two identified patients who were seen at boston floating hospital and harbor general hospital in california. the main characteristics of this syndrome are short stature, delayed bone growth, delay in expressive language, and distinct facial features. the exact cause of floating - harbor syndrome is not known. treatment is symptomatic and supportive. - floating harbor syndrome support group. http : / / www. floatingharborsyndromesupport. com /. accessed may 7, 2009. - floating harbor syndrome. national organization for rare disorders ( nord ). http : / / www. rarediseases. org / search / rdbdetail _ abstract. html? disname = floating % 20harbor % 20syndrome. accessed may 7, 2009. on this page - genetics home reference ( ghr ) contains information on floating - harbor syndrome. click on the link to go to ghr and review the information. - the national organization for rare disorders ( nord ) is a federation of more than 130 nonprofit voluntary health organizations serving people with rare disorders. click on the link to view information on this topic. - pubmed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss floating - harbor syndrome. click on the link to view a sample search on this topic. - the the online mendelian inheritance in man ( omim ) database contains genetics resources that discuss floating - harbor syndrome. click on the link to go to omim and review these resources.


imagine a cheap, tiny, hovering aerial drone capable of being launched with the flick of a person ’ s wrist and able to provide manipulable 360 - degree surveillance views. it ’ s real, it ’ s inspired by maple seeds, and the company behind it, lockheed martin, envisions a future in which swarms of the new drones can be deployed at a fraction of the cost and with greater capabilities than drones being used today by the military and other agencies. “ think about dropping a thousand of these out of an aircraft, ” said bill borgia, head of lockheed martin ’ s intelligent robotics lab, in a phone interview with tpm, “ think about the wide area over which one collect imagery. instead of sending one or two expensive, highly valuable aircraft like we do today, you could send thousands of these inexpensive aircraft, and they are almost expendable. ” the new drone which looks like very similar to a maple seed, with a small pod - like body attached a single whirring blade, is called the samarai. the name is derived from the latin word “ samara, ” which means a winged seed, just like the one that inspired its physical design, flight pattern and construction. in june, lockheed martin released a video demo of the drone ’ s capabilities, and it is clearly impressive, launched by hand and piloted using a tablet computer, which also displays the drone ’ s live surveillance feed. “ you can literally pull this out of your pocket, throw it into the air, and it can start flying, ” borgia told tpm. “ it can take off and land vertically indoors. ” borgia said that the drone, or unmanned aerial vehicle ( uav ), was designed to be deployed in confined settings, such as urban environments or even inside buildings, where it could be piloted into different rooms and hover outside of windows, collecting surveillance footage with ease. the technology behind the drone is even more sophisticated than it looks. there are only two moving mechanical parts in the entire tiny 30 - cm aircraft : the piece that makes the propeller rotate and a flap on the large wing that comprises most of the drone ’ s form. then there ’ s the samarai ’ s realtime video feed, which an operator can pan and tilt in a full 360 degrees, a capability not found on any other drone of its class, this despite the fact that the drone only contains one camera which is constantly being whipped around by the rotating motion of the aircraft itself. in order to obtain a steady


in a full 360 degrees, a capability not found on any other drone of its class, this despite the fact that the drone only contains one camera which is constantly being whipped around by the rotating motion of the aircraft itself. in order to obtain a steady video feed with the ability to virtually pan and tilt, lockheed relies on a series of image processing algorithms, borgia told tpm. “ the algorithms sort of de - rotate the video and turn it back into a frame - by - frame view, similar to what you would see on any basic tv, ” borgia said. “ all of the image processing is done onboard. ” that means that even if disconnected from the cloud or a control server, the samarai would still be able to provide its operators with constant surveillance capabilities. borgia declined to specify the drone ’ s range or endurance, that is, the time it ’ s able to stay aloft in the air. however, he did note that the lockheed researchers behind samarai had experimented with battery - powered and carbon - based fuel versions ( the battery powered version is the one demonstrated in the video ). borgia further said that the researchers had “ developed simulation tools that allow us to scale the vehicle to meet specific applications, ” asked for by customers. lockheed martin has not revealed any of its customers or potential partners on the samarai yet, but borgia said the company would make announcements “ when the customers were ready. ” besides the 30 - cm version shown in the june demo video, lockheed also has field - tested a 17 - cm version and is working now to scale down the samarai even further, to the size of an actual maple seed. asked about any potential privacy concerns presented by the samarai, especially in light of the recent release of a voluntary industry “ code of conduct ” from drone manufacturers, borgia said that “ customers will have to work through the hurdles. ” lockheed martin began work on the samarai in 2007 under a defense department program called “ nano air, ” designed to produce “ an extremely small, ultra lightweight air vehicle system. ”


today is the first official digital archives day. all day, archivists and conservators working in digital archives of all kinds will be sharing their work under the # digitalarchivesday hashtag, and blogging at dayofdigitalarchives. blogspot. com i wanted to take a moment today to briefly talk about an innovation in digital imaging and computing that has become a frustation to many artists that have been experimenting with the web since the early years : anti - aliasing. put simply, anti - aliasing is a method of image processing that uses interpolation, to construct " new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points. " this is a function of digital signal processing that has many many important applications, from helping typefaces look good on screen, to making images not look odd when scaled down. the use of anti - aliasing that we are talking about here though, is quite specific : the display of resized digital images and video in web browsers. to illustrate how anti - aliasing has affected an era of web content, we will look at cory arcangel ' s " data diaries. " data diaries on turbulence. org in 2002, when arcangel created " data diaries, " if one were set the size of an image or video embedded in a web page larger than it ' s actual size, the browser would use nearest neighbor interpolation to display the image. in other words – if one were to embed a 50 x 50 px image or video as 100 x 100 px, each pixel would appear to double in size. this default form of nearest neighbor interpolation was exploited to aesthetic ends by many early net artists, including cory. when cory made data diaries, he rendered the original videos at the dimension of 50 x 25 px - so tiny! he embedded these videos at dimensions of 500 x 266 px...


history of the breed long before they were driving cattle across the west, horses were a strong part of american history. colonial settlers brought their trusty steeds with them from overseas, and these sturdy animals tilled fields, pulled wagons, and carried important documents throughout the colonies. settlers had a penance for speed, and would often stage horse races as a distraction from the menial tasks of colonization. however, the settlers ' horses were beat time and again by the faster, more agile horses owned by the local chickasaw indians. settlers traded and bred their english horses with these native mounts, creating a lighter, quicker line of racing horses. these horses were called the " celebrated american quarter running horse, " an homage to the quarter - mile race most commonly run by the colonial settlers. horse racing was also popular in england, and a wealthy settler by the name of john randolph imported one of these godolphin arabians named janus in 1752. janus was lighter and faster than even the chickasaw indian horses, and he crossed them to create a line of horses that were the prototype to the modern american quarter horse. the revolutionary war brought an influx of thoroughbred horses to the colonies, and these mounts were bred to local horses to further refine the breed. the last part of the quarter horse puzzle came in the form of native mustangs throughout the southwestern united states. the mustang imparted the short, stocky body type that is the hallmark of the american quarter horse we know and love today. prominent quarter horses all quarter horses trace back to the same few sires and dams, but there are a few standouts that all quarter horse enthusiasts recognize. one of the most influential sires in the quarter horse world wasn ' t even a quarter horse. native dancer was a thoroughbred stallion foaled in 1950, and is one of the most notable horses in the history of racing. quarter horse breeders crossed their fastest mares with him in order to produce faster, more agile mounts. king, the 234th registered american quarter horse, can be found in the lineage of nearly every modern quarter horse. he was a stocky bay stallion that embodied the speed, grace and power that became the hallmarks of the breed. doc bar is another familiar name in the quarter horse world. bred to be a working cow horse, this stallion was sought after for his maneuverability, a trait common in modern quarter horses. dash for cash is arguably the most prominent racing - lined quarter horse stallion in history. he is ranked and the # 2


interpreter for zoom language zoom language is new language developed at depaul university by dr. jia. zoom stands for z - based object oriented modeling notation. it ' s made up of 3 different parts : zoom specification notations zoom - s, zoom design notation zoom - d and zoom implementation language zoom - i. the syntax of zoom - i is closely based on syntax of java language. it adds several extensions to java language such as enumerations, set and list formations, relations and function mappings and more. programming language design is a challenging task. development and testing of first implementation of the language is much easier and flexible done by implementing an interpreter. changes to static or dynamic semantics of a language are more easily done in interpreter than compiler. my project is to implement interpreter for the zoom - i language. the interpreter is going to be gui application with easy development of zoom programs. working on basic statements and expressions of zoom - i langauge. - 5 / 11 / 03 : basic java statements and expressions for primitive types - 5 / 19 / 03 : extended expressions for list declaration and manipulation - 5 / 26 / 03 : extended expressions for set declaration and manipulation - 5 / 31 / 03 : start work on object oriented features - 7 / 31 / 03 : object - oriented features finished - 8 / 01 / 03 : tbd - expected completion : november 2003 - initial presentation - power point slides - david a. watt & deryck f. brown. programming language processors in java. prentice hall, 2000. - alfred v. aho, ravi sethi, jeffrey d. ullman. compilers : principles, techniques and tools. addison - wesley, 1988. - ravi sethi. programming languages, concepts & constructs. addison - wesley, 1996. - randy m. kaplan. constructing language processors for little languages. john wiley & sons, inc., 1994.


information for contributors every scientist knows the power of engaging students in working with real data. working with data derived from observations in the field, experiments, analyses, remote sensing or modeling lies at the core of being a geoscientist and is one of the most exciting things we do. the ability to learn effectively from our own data and that of others is the mark of an accomplished scientist and is a common goal for our students. this session is designed to allow the entire gsa community to come together to share and discuss how we use data to help students learn concepts, think scientifically, and develop their skills in making interpretations and communicating conclusions. we invite contributions from throughout the geosciences involving all kinds of data in the full spectrum of approaches to helping students of all ages learn geoscience. the contributions to this session will be preserved in an on - line searchable collection designed to foster continued sharing and interaction. to make the session and the resulting collection of highest use as we think about teaching and work to adapt and adopt ideas from colleagues, we ask that each contributor - submit an abstract for session 32 that introduces or summarizes the example they wish to present ( deadline july 15 ) description of session 32, view abstracts - complete the submission form ( offline - no longer valid ) which includes uploading a pdf file of their poster ( deadline oct 31 ) - display your poster at the sunday, november 2, 1 : 00 session at gsa guidelines for poster preparation the form must be completed in a single session ( leaving the session erases the data ) at the same time your poster is uploaded. you may find it simplest to review the questions on the form, compose brief answers to them offline and then actually fill out the form in one go once your poster is complete. as guidelines to help make these presentations both comprehensive and useful, we ask that all abstracts and posters address learning goals ; instructional context ; required data, tools and equipment ; and evaluation strategies in addition to providing a description of the activity and its outcomes. you may wish to use the same text in the poster that you develop for the form below. the session will take place on sunday afternoon, november 1 in the poster hall. there are opportunities for several hundred posters. the one paper rule is waived for this session.


the scene : scientist jian chen adjusts optics mounted for an experiment at one of several pulse laser laboratories housed at slac. ( pulse is a joint slac / stanford university laser science institute. ) in this experiment, a small fleck of sample material is held in a special “ diamond anvil cell ” and torqued to pressures up to 12 gigapascals — 120, 000 times greater than atmospheric pressure, similar to conditions deep inside the earth. chen and colleagues then use three separate, highly precise beams of pulsed laser light, bouncing variously through the specialized optics, to measure the behavior of electrons in the material under pressure. experiments of this sort give scientists clues about the nature and dynamics of the atomic world that could aid in developing new materials with exotic properties. the shot : canon 5d mk ii, 17 - 35mm / f2. 8l lens @ 17mm, f / 7. 1. iso 200, 1 / 40 sec exposure. three lights ( all speedlites ), one triggered with a pocket wizard ii, the others with optical slaves : one camera left ( close, with a red gel ), one camera right ( at full power, to cast the hard shadows ), and one camera left ( farther from the camera, with grid, visible in frame ) to illuminate chen. used a tripod and remote trigger for this one. ( all while wearing the same goggles chen is wearing … tough way to shoot! )


how green is my ev? it ’ s a lot like one of those maths problems that gave you fits in sixth grade : a salesman leaves home in denver and drives his electric car to a meeting in boulder. at the same time, a physicist driving the same model electric car sets out from her loft in los angeles, heading to an appointment near anaheim. for both, the traffic is light, and the cars consume an identical amount of battery power while travelling the same number of kilometres. being purely electric, they emit zero tailpipe pollutants during their trips. the test question : are their carbon footprints also equal? the answer may be a surprise. according to a report that the union of concerned scientists plans to release this week, there would be a considerable difference in the amount of greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide - that result from charging the cars ’ battery packs. by trapping heat, greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. the advocacy group ’ s report, titled ‘ ‘ state of charge : electric vehicles ’ global warming emissions and fuel cost savings across the united states, ’ ’ uses the electric power requirements of the nissan leaf as a basis for comparison. the leaf, on sale in the united states for more than a year and the most widely available electric model from a major car maker, sets a logical baseline. the california part of the story is upbeat : a hypothetical los angeles leaf would be accountable for the release of an admirably low level of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, about the same as a petrol car using 3 litres per 100km. but the denver car would cause as large a load of greenhouse gases to enter the atmosphere as some versions of the petrol - powered mazda 3, a compact sedan rated at 7. 1 litres per 100km in combined city and highway driving by the environmental protection agency. in simple terms, the effect of electric vehicles on the amount of greenhouse gases released into the environment can span a wide range, varying with the source of the electricity that charges them. california ’ s clean power makes the leaf a hero ; the coal - dependent utilities serving denver diminish the car ’ s benefits as a global - warming fighter. the ucs report, which takes into account the full cycle of energy production, often called a well - to - wheels analysis, demonstrates that in areas where the electric utility relies on natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric or renewable sources to power its generators, the potential for electric cars to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions is great. but where generators are powered by burning a high percentage of coal


in areas where the electric utility relies on natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric or renewable sources to power its generators, the potential for electric cars to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions is great. but where generators are powered by burning a high percentage of coal, electric cars may not be even as good as the latest petrol models — and far short of the thriftiest hybrids. with petrol hovering around $ 4 a gallon and mass - production evs like battery - powered versions of the ford focus and honda fit ( as well as plug - in hybrids like the chevrolet volt, toyota prius phv and ford fusion energi models ) either on sale now or coming soon, the report arrives at an ideal time. its analysis can help shoppers make informed decisions. it also fills a gap : many of the existing studies on electric - car efficiency were completed before models like the leaf came to market ; others have expressed their results in science - lab terms like pounds of carbon dioxide emissions per year, not especially useful to consumers. car makers have not always helped their customers understand the issues, either, typically painting electrics and hybrids with a green brush and an idealistic setting. the attempt to forge a simple message has created mistaken impressions, too. during a discussion with business leaders and journalists at the french consulate in new york early this month, the chief executive of nissan and renault, carlos ghosn, doubled down in declaring an environmental edge for electrics over the best gasoline models. ‘ ‘ even if you could use electricity only from coal, ’ ’ ghosn says, ‘ ‘ you ’ re still better off using an electric car than using gasoline. ’ ’ it is a position that nissan says it has held since the leaf program began, yet the studies that the company offers in support of its position show electrics outperforming only vehicles with fuel economy ratings from about 6. 5l / 100km to 8. 7l / 100km. assembled over nine months in 2011, the ucs report provides clarification in several ways, examining charging costs under various conditions and offering comparisons among the leaf, the mitsubishi i - miev electric and the volt plug - in hybrid. most revealing, perhaps, is the geographical breakdown of electricity generation. in a worst - case situation, with electric power generated from a high proportion of coal - as it is in a wide swath of the country ’ s mid - section - an electric car or a plug - in hybrid will generate slightly more full - cycle global - warming emissions, as


with electric power generated from a high proportion of coal - as it is in a wide swath of the country ’ s mid - section - an electric car or a plug - in hybrid will generate slightly more full - cycle global - warming emissions, as the report calls the greenhouse gases, than the best petrol - powered small car. in areas where the cleanest electricity is available - regions served by hydroelectric, natural gas or nuclear generating plants - greenhouse gas emissions may be less than half that of today ’ s best petrol - engined vehicles. put another way, for 45 per cent of the u. s. population, an ev will generate lower levels of greenhouse gases than a petrol - powered vehicle capable of 4. 7l / 100km in combined city - highway driving. cities in this group include the predictable - seattle, for example - as well as the less obvious, such as buffalo or new orleans. about 37 per cent of americans live in regions where a leaf ’ s greenhouse gas emissions would equate to a gasoline - powered vehicle rated at 4. 7l / 100km to 5. 7l / 100km. some 18 per cent of the population lives in regions with a comparatively dirty power supply, where the well - to - wheels carbon footprint of a leaf would be the equivalent of a vehicle such as the chevrolet cruze, ford focus and hyundai elantra. here ’ s another way to look at it : if one region were completely dependent on coal for power, its electric cars would be responsible for full - cycle global - warming emissions equivalent to a car capable of 7. 8l / 100km in mixed driving. in a region totally reliant on natural gas, an electric would be equivalent to a 4. 7l / 100km. the report divides the united states into 26 regions. each region comprises a single interconnected electricity grid, although several utility companies may operate within a region. because the utilities sell power among themselves, the emission levels for one city or utility cannot be pinpointed for every hour of every day, but regional analysis provides an approximation of average emissions over time. the report ’ s analysis is based on the epa ’ s 2007 emissions and generation resource integrated database, the most recent compilation of data available. for each region, the average amount of global - warming emissions generated to produce a kilowatt - hour of electricity was calculated, taking into account emissions resulting from the transportation of fuel to the power plant. to convert those power plant emission levels to a litres per 100km figure, calculations were based


- warming emissions generated to produce a kilowatt - hour of electricity was calculated, taking into account emissions resulting from the transportation of fuel to the power plant. to convert those power plant emission levels to a litres per 100km figure, calculations were based on the power draw of the nissan leaf : 0. 34 kilowatt - hours per mile. the volt, which draws 0. 36 kilowatt - hours per mile, requires slightly more power. the report makes it possible to compare electrics with conventional hybrids that rely solely on a petrol engine to charge their battery. in the dirtiest regions of the country, the hybrid would generate lower levels of full - cycle emissions than the electric car, but a breakdown of the data shows that more than half of americans live in regions where an electric car has lower well - to - wheels carbon emissions than today ’ s best full - hybrid vehicles, while 17 per cent live in areas where they would be equal. of course, conventional gas - powered vehicles are getting cleaner as engineering advances improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. on the other hand, electrics and plug - ins will become cleaner without technology changes as coal - burning power plants are replaced with natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, wind or solar facilities. don anair, a senior engineer in the ucs clean vehicles program, said utilities in the dirtiest electric - grid regions of the united states generate 2. 5 to 3 times more global - warming emissions than those in the cleanest regions, so there is much room for progress. but he sees the industry trending in the right direction. ‘ ‘ a number of old coal - fired power plants are now being retired, ’ ’ he said. ‘ ‘ given emission standards recently introduced by the current administration, any new coal - fired plants would be far cleaner than their predecessors. ’ ’ new york times


but in the mid - 1800s, that was hardly the case. the name " los angeles " is spanish for the angels. there is much more to this name, however. in 1769, father juan crespi, a franciscan priest accompanying the first european land expedition through california, wrote in his journal about a beautiful river they had discovered. in 1781, a new settlement was established along that same river. that settlement officially came to be known as " el pueblo de la reina de los angeles ", or " the town of our lady the queen of the angels ". | avila adobe, late19th century | ( photo source unknown ) historic olvera street started out as a short lane called wine street. in 1877 the street was extended and its name changed to olvera street in honor of agustin olvera, who owned a home at the end of the street across from the plaza, and who was the first county judge of los angeles. | the olvera street plaza, circa 1886 | ( photo reprinted courtesy of los angeles public library photo archives ) by 1903 the street had considerably declined, and an electrical substation was built next to the avila adobe to provide power for los angeles ' electric streetcars. the italian hall, a center for italian organizations, was constructed in 1907 at the north end of olvera street. across the street, the italian winery expanded its building in 1914. the condition of avila adobe deteriorated over the following years and was finally condemned in 1926 by the city health department. this caught the attention of socialite christine sterling, who during a visit to the plaza and olvera street in 1926, was so appalled by the run - down condition of the oldest part of the city, that she began a public campaign to save the adobe and olvera street. with a vibrant future of the olvera street area in mind, sterling envisioned a colorful mexican marketplace and cultural focal center. with funding provided by several influential businessmen and publicity from the los angeles times, she established a corporation to revitalize olvera street. descendants of the avila family gave permission to allow sterling to renovate the adobe. in addition, she solicited money, materials and labor to accomplish the repairs. unusual help received by mrs. sterling included engineers from the city department of water and power who drew up plans to grade the street, and the sheriff ' s department who provided prisoners to do the labor. in 1929, the los angeles city council closed olvera street to automobile and bus traffic, creating a lovely pedestrian avenue for people to stroll, shop and din


to grade the street, and the sheriff ' s department who provided prisoners to do the labor. in 1929, the los angeles city council closed olvera street to automobile and bus traffic, creating a lovely pedestrian avenue for people to stroll, shop and dine - - as seen in the attached vintage video produced back in 1937 as a travel promotion, and which is reflective of the 1930s. today, both the avila adobe and olvera street are part of the los angeles plaza historic district, which is a designated california state historic park. the entire district is listed on the national register of historic places, and avila adobe is a registered california historical landmark. the avila adobe is open to the public as a museum - - furnished as it might have appeared in the late 1840s - - and olvera street is a favourite of locals as well as tourists seeking a " peek " at what life was like in early los angeles. avila adobe and olvera street are included in our " los angeles architecture - - an eclectic landscape " © custom - designed itinerary, may 1 - 7, 2013. for more information about this unique and comprehensive heritage and cultural tour covering l. a. ' s architectural history from " early settlement to the present ", visit us at http : / / www. snobbytours. com / eclecticlaarchitecture. html reservations close march 1, 2013. © 2013 snobby tours®, inc. all rights reserved.


it ’ s like i always say, what good is urban fashion if a venomous animal lays your ass to rest with venom? game over. you need to be aware of the venomous animals that can turn your happy day upside down. like this stonefish below. that mother has venomous dorsal spines. that means your going to need a size 14 kx1 just to fit your swollen foot. venomous phylogeny : dorsal spines habitat : coasts regions of indo - pacific oceans / florida / caribbean 4. blue - ringed octopus venomous phylogeny : the toxin is produced by bacteria in the salivary glands habitat : tide pools and coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans, 3. inland taipan venomous phylogeny : fangs / venom glands habitat : arid regions of central australia 2. brazilian wandering spider venom : neurotoxin causing loss of muscle control and breathing problems, resulting in paralysis and eventual asphyxiation. habitat : tropical south america 1. box jellyfish venomous phylogeny : each tentacle has about 500, 000 cnidocytes, containing nematocysts, a harpoon - shaped microscopic mechanism that injects venom into the victim habitat : tropical and subtropical oceans, including the atlantic and east pacific / california / the mediterranean / japan and as far south as south africa


animal with an elongate, ribbon - like body bearing an adhesive depression at the posterior end. it reaches a length of 20 - 70 mm and a width of 5 - 7 mm. the dorsal surface is reddish - yellow with three longitudinal red bands ( one median and two lateral ). the cephalic regions are whitish, as well as the border of the body and the ventral surface. the numerous eyes are strewn fanwise over the anterior region ( c. rubrocincta - head ). tentacles are absent. the mouth and the short pharynx are situated posteriorly. the intestinal trunk extends anteriorly to the cerebral organ, with numerous pairs of lateral branches, which are not anastomosing. the genital pores are separated. the male copulatory complex lies dorsally or posteriorly to its aperture ; the prostatic organ is pyriform, interpolated ; penis - papilla in penis - pocket ; duplicate male complex sometimes occurs. the vagina is short ; shell - chamber spacious, dorso - ventrically compressed ; no [ t ] lang ' s vesicle [ / t ] ; the uterine canals extend into anterior third of body, where they remain separated. life - cycle not known. under stones between the tidemarks and on bryozoan colonies. english channel. records also from cape verde isle, mediterranean and japan.


geared toward upper - level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics ( such as differential equations ) to help put the theory in mathematical perspectiv... read more customers who bought this book also bought : our editors also recommend : infinite sequences and series by konrad knopp careful presentation of fundamentals of the theory by one of the finest modern expositors of higher mathematics. covers functions of real and complex variables, arbitrary and null sequences, convergence and divergence, cauchy ' s limit theorem, more. infinitesimal calculus by james m. henle, eugene m. kleinberg introducing calculus at the basic level, this text covers hyperreal numbers and hyperreal line, continuous functions, integral and differential calculus, fundamental theorem, infinite sequences and series, infinite polynomials, more. 1979 edition. introductory discrete mathematics by v. k. balakrishnan this concise, undergraduate - level text focuses on combinatorics, graph theory with applications to some standard network optimization problems, and algorithms. more than 200 exercises, many with complete solutions. 1991 edition. technical calculus with analytic geometry by judith l. gersting well - conceived text with many special features covers functions and graphs, straight lines and conic sections, new coordinate systems, the derivative, much more. many examples, exercises, practice problems, with answers. advanced undergraduate / graduate - level. 1984 edition. geared toward upper - level undergraduates and graduate students, this elementary introduction to classical umbral calculus requires only an acquaintance with the basic notions of algebra and a bit of applied mathematics ( such as differential equations ) to help put the theory in mathematical perspective. subjects include sheffer sequences and operators and their adjoints, with numerous examples of associated and other sequences. related topics encompass the connection constants problem and duplication formulas, the lagrange inversion formula, operational formulas, inverse relations, and binomial convolution. the final chapter offers a glimpse of the newer and less well - established forms of umbral calculus. 1984 edition. unabridged republication of the edition published by academic press, inc., orlando, florida, 1984. this book was printed in the united states of america. dover books are made to last a lifetime. our us book - manufacturing partners produce the highest quality books in the world and they create jobs for our fellow citizens. manufacturing in the united states also ensures that our books are printed


meta tags are a great way for webmasters to provide search engines with information about their sites. meta tags can be used to provide information to all sorts of clients, and each system processes only the meta tags they understand and ignores the rest. meta tags are added to the < head > section of your html page and generally look like this : <! doctype html > < html > < head > < meta charset = " utf - 8 " > < meta name = " description " content = " author : a. n. author, illustrator : p. picture, category : books, price : £9. 24, length : 784 pages " > < meta name = " google - site - verification " content = " + nxgudj4qpaz5l9bsjdi102tlvc21aih5d1nl23908vvufhs34 = " / > < title > example books - high - quality used books for children < / title > < meta name = " robots " content = " noindex, nofollow " > google understands the following meta tags ( and related items ) : | | this tag provides a short description of the page. in some situations this description is used as a part of the snippet shown in the search results. more information | | | while technically not a meta tag, this tag is often used together with the " description ". the contents of this tag are generally shown as the title in search results ( and of course in the user ' s browser ). more information | these meta tags can control the behavior of search engine crawling and indexing. the robots meta tag applies to all search engines, while the " googlebot " meta tag is specific to google. the default values are " index, follow " ( the same as " all " ) and do not need to be specified. we understand the following values ( when specifying multiple values, separate them with a comma ) : you can now also specify this information in the header of your pages using the " x - robots - tag " http header directive. this is particularly useful if you wish to limit indexing of non - html files like graphics or other kinds of documents. more information about robots meta tags | | when we recognize that the contents of a page are not in the language that the user is likely to want to read, we often provide a link to a translation in the search results. in general, this gives you the chance to provide your unique


| when we recognize that the contents of a page are not in the language that the user is likely to want to read, we often provide a link to a translation in the search results. in general, this gives you the chance to provide your unique and compelling content to a much larger group of users. however, there may be situations where this is not desired. this meta tag tells google that you don ' t want us to provide a translation for this page. | | | you can use this tag on the top - level page of your site to verify ownership for webmaster tools. please note that while the values of the " name " and " content " attributes must match exactly what is provided to you ( including upper and lower case ), it doesn ' t matter if you change the tag from xhtml to html or if the format of the tag matches the format of your page. more information | | | this defines the page ' s content type and character set. make sure that you surround the value of the content attribute with quotes - otherwise the charset attribute may be interpreted incorrectly. we recommend using unicode / utf - 8 where possible. more information | | | this meta tag sends the user to a new url after a certain amount of time, and is sometimes used as a simple form of redirection. however, it is not supported by all browsers and can be confusing to the user. the w3c recommends that this tag not be used. we recommend using a server - side 301 redirect instead. | other points to note : - google can read both html and xhtml - style meta tags, regardless of the code used on the page. - with the exception of verify, case is generally not important in meta tags. this is not an exclusive list of available meta tags, and you should feel free to use unlisted meta tags if they are important to your site. just remember that google will ignore meta tags it doesn ' t know.


a new survey finds that one in three homeless people in boston are clinically obese, a number that casts in relief the strange reality of food in the 21st century united states. not long ago, malnourishment was embodied by emaciation. now it ’ s far more likely to be hidden in folds of fat. “ this study suggests that obesity may be the new malnutrition of the homeless in the united states, ” wrote the researchers, led by harvard medical school student katherine koh, in an upcoming journal of urban health study. the findings are the latest and most dramatic illustration of what ’ s called the “ hunger - obesity paradox, ” a term coined in 2005 by neurophysiologist lawrence scheier to describe the simultaneous presence of hunger and obesity. around that time, a vernacular sea change occurred, with “ hunger ” and its connotations of starvationreplaced by “ food insecure, ” a term more descriptive of people who might consume enough raw calories but not enough nutrients. the paradox fit with a general modern relationship in the united states between weight and wealth. whereas obesity was once a sign of wealth, it now tracks with poverty. the poorer and less food - secure people are, the more likely they are to be overweight or obese.


international fairs enabled merchants coming from distant regions to meet one another easier and in easily accessable places. the merchants at these fairs also enjoyed special protection from the local authorities. however some of these authorities were negative towards some visitors, because they were certain foreigners. at the same time international fairs enabled these local authorities, which usually organised them, to tax and control more easily the foreign traders. the international fairs of europe, which grew up from the c12th onwards, atracted many traders from italy, france, england, spain, germany, flanders, brabant, switzerland and savoy. the notable fairs of this time were the fairs of champagne and flander, which have been referred to as what has been called the ' world ' economy of the middle ages. these fairs history, probably dates back to the c10th, but information about them have only been found from 1114 onwards. the main fairs were held at troyes in the summer and five lesser fairs around it throughout the year. the goods there were of the utmost variety : cloths and wollens from flanders and northern france ; silks from lucca ; leather from spain, pisa, africa and provence ; furs from germany ; and linens from champagne and germany. the italians also brought spices, wax, sugar, lacquer and dye - woods. there is also mention of cotton, grain and horses being traded. it was however the cloth trade which surpassed all others at these international fairs, as the cloth producing araes of the low countries and nortnern france could not sell its cloth anyware else. however the character of the fairs changed between the 13th and 14th centuries. at the beginning of the c13th, these fairs were indeed the centre of international commercial activity. but when the italians acquired the northern cloths from these fairs and began distribution throughout the mediterranean world, it can be seen that from the late c13th onwards money - changing begins to take precedence over trade. it can be said that the chief function of these fairs now became the regulation of the capital market. the champagne fairs declined in the c14th due to two primary factors ; first the industrialisation of italy and secondly the change in the precious metal market from gold to silver. it is now that the fairs of flanders and the annual fair of bruges took over as the important international fairs of europe in the c14th. this was due to the fact that flanders was a major area in the trade of cloths. the products traded at these fairs, of flanders and bruges


hate [ heyt ] show ipa | part of speech : | | verb | | definition : | | dislike very strongly | | synonyms : | | abhor, abominate, allergic to, anathematize, be disgusted with, be hostile to, be loath, be reluctant, be repelled by, be sick of, be sorry, bear a grudge against, can ' t stand, contemn, curse, deprecate, deride, despise, detest, disapprove, disdain, disfavor, disparage, down on, execrate, feel malice to, have an aversion to, have enough of, have no use for, loathe, look down on, nauseate, not care for, object to, recoil from, scorn, shudder at, shun, spit upon, spurn | | notes : | | hate means to ' dislike intensely, loathe ' and despise means ' look down on contemptuously ' | | category : | | 1. social affections | hate, hatred, vials of hate., disaffection, disfavor ; alienation, estrangement, coolness ; enmity ; animosity., umbrage, pique, grudge ; dudgeon, spleen bitterness, bitterness of feeling ; ill blood, bad blood ; acrimony ; malice ; implacability ( revenge )., repugnance ( dislike ) ; demonophobia, gynephobia, negrophobia ; odium, unpopularity ; detestation, antipathy ; object of hatred, object of execration ; abomination, aversion, bete noire ; enemy ; bitter pill ; source of annoyance. hate, detest, abominate, abhor, loathe ; recoil at, shudder at ; shrink from, view with horror, hold in abomination, revolt against, execrate ; scowl ; disrelish ( dislike )., owe a grudge ; bear spleen, bear a grudge, bear malice ( malevolence ) [ more ] ; conceive an aversion to., excite hatred, provoke hatred ; be hateful ; stink in the nostrils ; estrange, alienate, repel, set against, sow dissension, set by the ears, envenom, incense, irritate, rile ; horri


- - faramir, " the two towers " although regarded as high fantasy ( and thus conflated with " escapism, " often by those who should know better ), j. r. r. tolkien ' s the lord of the rings is also a treatise on war. books 3 and 4 of tolkien ' s tale ( the two towers ) shift the focus of the story from that of the adventures of the fellowship to a broader conflict brewing in middle earth. the company emerges from the dark pit of moria and the bright woods of lorien only to be swept up in the machinations of saruman and the great battle at helm ' s deep. in my re - reading of the lord of the rings i recently passed through the vast bogs and fens which lie between the emyn muil and mordor. this wide stretch of trackless, treacherous land is home to the dead marshes, named for the spectral corpses of fallen men, elves, and orcs that lie beneath its muck and dark waters. at one time their bodies lay on the dry dagorlad, the site of a great months - long battle of the second age of middle earth. in this battle the last alliance of elves, men, and dwarves fought sauron ' s forces at the gates of mordor. the forces of good prevailed as isildur cut the one ring from sauron ' s hand, but only after tremendous loss of life on both sides. gradually the swamp spread, covering the land and the bodies of the slain. tolkien wrote in a letter that he drew his inspiration for the landscape of the dead marshes from experiences in the somme, but it ' s no great stretch to speculate that this terrible battle made an impact in other, more profound ways on the lord of the rings. in the first day of the somme the british suffered their worst loss of men in a single day in british history ; 57, 000 casualites, including 19, 000 young men whose lives were snuffed out like candles in a hail of german machine - gun fire and shrapnel. among those to die in the somme were tolkien ' s good friends rob gilson and g. b. smith ( for a compelling and complete recounting of tolkien ' s wartime years and its influence upon his writings, i heartily recommend tolkien and the great war : the threshold of middle earth, by john garth ). in the dead marshes frodo, sam, and gollum come face - to - face with death as the great fear


upon his writings, i heartily recommend tolkien and the great war : the threshold of middle earth, by john garth ). in the dead marshes frodo, sam, and gollum come face - to - face with death as the great fear - - that it is simply the end, and that there is no immortal soul. our lives are simply snuffed out when our bodies fail or are destroyed. all men, good and evil alike, are mingled together in the common lot of corruption, the grave, where good deeds in life are not rewarded by the eternal hereafter - - because there isn ' t one. the images of the dead in the pools reflect this horror, notes frodo : they lie in all the pools, pale faces, deep deep under the dark water. i saw them : grim faces and evil, and noble faces and sad. many faces proud and fair, and weeds in their silver hair. but all foul, all rotting, all dead. a fell light is in them. in another passage from the two towers that i had forgotten, sam, frodo, and gollum manage to find a brief respite in the land of ithilien, still fair and flowering even though it has fallen beneath the shadow. but this peace is only an illusion, a respite : when sam leaves the path to examine the trees, he stumbles on a ring still scorched by fire, and in the midst of it finds a pile of charred and broken bones and skulls. tolkien witnessed too much of this senseless loss of young life in his experience during the somme, which explains why death weighs heavily on his mind in the lord of the rings. elves alone have the gift of immortality, but men are mortal and " doomed to die. " as men dwindle from the greatness of their elder days so too are their lifespans reduced. yet the lord of the rings is also infused with heroic men and martial victories. garth posits that tolkien did not believe that the sacrifice of young men ' s lives was a waste, if given for the right reasons. writes garth : " it [ the lord of the rings ] examines how the individual ' s experience of war relates to those grand old abstractions ; for example, it puts glory, honour, majesty, as well as courage, under such stress that they often fracture, but are not utterly destroyed. " tolkien personified his feelings about concepts like glory, honour, and courage in the peoples of rohan. rohan is at


puts glory, honour, majesty, as well as courage, under such stress that they often fracture, but are not utterly destroyed. " tolkien personified his feelings about concepts like glory, honour, and courage in the peoples of rohan. rohan is at constant war with the orcs and wild men, and like the dunedain must remain ever alert, guarding against encroaching evil. they believe that death on the battlefield, while sorrowful, is never in vain as long as their acts are remembered. thus the wistful ( and my personal favorite ) bit of tolkien poetry, the lament for eorl the young : where now the horse and the rider? where is the horn that was blowing? where is the helm and the hauberk, and the bright hair flowing? where is the hand on the harpstring, and the red fire glowing? where is the spring and the harvest and the corn growing? they have passed like rain on the mountain, like a wind in the meadow ; the days have gone down in the west behind the hills into shadow. who shall gather the smoke of the dead wood burning, or behold the flowing years from the sea returning? this piece captures tolkien ' s ambivalent feelings about war. the poem on the one hand portrays the magnificence of eorl, resplendent in his war gear and the full flower of his years, using the symbolic language of spring and harvests and growing corn. but the song also mourns his death, asking again and again " where has he gone? " in a question that cannot be answered. eorl ' s passing leaves no trace, like a whisp of smoke. for the living only his memories remain. the riders of rohan remember their dead with songs like these and through the simbelmyne, a small white flower which grows on their graves and tombs. according to the encyclopedia of arda, " simbelmyne is translated as ' evermind ' : a reference to the memories of the dead on whose tombs the flower grew. " tolkien does not take war lightly and the men of rohan, though portrayed in a sympathetic light, are not his ideal. that place is held by faramir, tolkien ' s portrayal of man at his best. faramir sees war with a keen eye, and tells sam and frodo that the high men of numenor, of which he is a descendant, have " fallen " and are becoming like the rohirrim, loving


his best. faramir sees war with a keen eye, and tells sam and frodo that the high men of numenor, of which he is a descendant, have " fallen " and are becoming like the rohirrim, loving valor for valor ' s sake : " yet now, if the rohirrim are grown in some ways more like to us, enhanced in arts and gentleness, we too have become more like to them, and can scarce claim any longer the title high... for as the rohirrim do, we now love war and valor as things good in themselves, both a sport and an end. " tolkien ' s clearest view on war is revealed in a famous passage in which sam views the body of a dead soldier from the south, slain at his feet by arrows from faramir ' s men in the woods of ithilien : he was glad that he could not see the dead face. he wondered what the man ' s name was and where he came from ; and if he was really evil of heart, or what lies and threats had led him on the long march from his home ; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace. in other words, war is terrible and of last resort, and slain foes are, in the end, just men - - and therefore to be pitied. war is necessary when " destroyers " like sauron or hitler would impose their will on the free peoples of the world, but it is a duty to be carried out, not glorified. it brings with it too much death and sorrow. in his famous foreward to the lord of the rings, tolkien wrote : one has indeed personally to come under the shadow of war to feel fully its oppression ; but as the years go by it seems now often forgotten that to be caught in youth by 1914 was no less hideous an experience than to be involved in 1939 and the following years. by 1918 all but one of my close friends were dead. tolkien never forgot the loss of gilson and smith, nor the somme. at some level it fed into his passion for language and myth, providing fertile ground for a great tale. we have the lord of the rings to thank.


there are a number of ways of exciting standing waves in ropes and springs using non - commercial vibrators such as loudspeakers, 1 jigsaws, 2 motors, 3 or a simple tuning fork, 4 including the rhythmical shaking of a handheld slinky. we have come up with a very simple and cheap way of exciting stationary waves in a string, which anyone, particularly children, can try at home. it consists of using an electric toothbrush to produce a regular sideways motion that can be easily transmitted to an elastic cord. most suitable for this experiment is the kind of unit that has a metal rod protruding from the front ( see fig. 1, which shows our braun oral - b® ) to which a brush is normally affixed. the ends of the cord are attached to stands. elastic cords that come with some school notebooks work well for this experiment, but a longer cord allows the observation of a larger number of modes. the toothbrush unit is placed near one end of the cord, which is wrapped once around the rod. as the toothbrush vibrates at a fixed frequency, standing waves ( see fig. 2 ) may be tuned by changing the tension of the cord while keeping its length constant. we have found up to five harmonics with a 150 - cm cord. the toothbrush can be connected to a small potentiometer to reduce the dc voltage and hence the frequency of the motor, allowing the tuning of the standing waves with a fixed tension.


california myotis ( myotis californicus ) - protection status notes - little is known about population trends. the species is not state or federally protected. - myotis californicus is a small bat with dark brown to black ears and wing membranes, a distinctly keeled calcar, and pelage that varies from dark brown to pale reddish ‑ yellow to blond. it differs from m. ciliolabrum, which is sympatric and similar in appearance, by having a more globose skull, narrower rostrum, overall more delicate appearance, and no black mask. these two species are often difficult to distinguish in the field. - life history - m. californicus mates during autumn, perhaps in the spring in california. in spring or early summer, females form maternity colonies where they give birth to one pup per year. individuals are known to be active periodically in the winter, even at temperatures below freezing. california myotis have been known to live up to 15 years. during summer, m. californicus roost alone or in small groups in caves, mines, rocky hillsides, under tree bark, and in buildings. recent studies in canada have documented maternity colonies of up to 52 individuals roosting under sloughing bark, and in cracks and hollows of large diameter, intermediate stage snags ( preferably ponderosa pine ). in winter, solitary individuals and small groups have been found in caves, mines, and buildings. california myotis are acrobatic fliers and use small waterholes to obtain needed moisture ; the kidneys are adapted for arid environments. individuals are most active soon after sunset and periodically rest at night roosts. they typically feed on moths and flies, but have been known to eat other insects. - this species occurs in a wide variety of habitats. while typical of deserts and interior basins in the western u. s., it also occurs in forested and mountainous regions. - m. californicus ranges across much of western north america from southeastern alaska and southwestern british columbia, through most of the united states west of the rocky mountains, and south to baja california and much of mainland mexico, and into guatemala. this western species known in texas from the trans - pecos region is one of the few species that winters in texas. - threats and reasons for decline - m. californicus may be affected by closure of abandoned mines without adequate surveys and by recreational caving. the species may be affected


the " methane " experiment was proposed during the transcom 2008 meeting in utrecht. the first protocol was discussed during the post - icdc8 transcom meeting in jena, followed by the final protocol in 2010. since then 16 models or model variants have performed the simulations. previous transcom experiments focused on chemically non - reactive species ( sf6, co2, 222rn ). a ch4 intercomparison requires introduction of atmospheric chemistry, which means a significant new model development for the traditional transcom participants. however, to focus on model transport properties, the ch4 chemistry is reduced to offline radical ( oh, o1d, cl ) only, which means the full - chemistry modellers have to scale down chemistry. during discussion at jena, methyl chloroform ( ch3ccl3 ) was included for tracking tropospheric oh abundance in the models, as well as sf6 and 222rn for model transport evaluations. prescribed fluxes are input to a transport model and 20 years of simulation is run with meteorological forcing appropriate for 1988 - 2007. hourly concentrations of all species are output for 280 locations. at 115 locations, species profiles, surface fluxes and meteorological variables are also output. the protocol ( version 7 ). it details the input fluxes, regridding instructions and lists of the output sites and required file formats ( similar to transcom continuous experiment ). instructions are included for accessing the ftp site for downloading input files and uploading model submissions. the model output is freely available for research purposes but please note the " conditions of use ". the data are available in two formats : the original model submissions containing output for all sites. output files can be downloaded from ftp fxp. nies. go. jp ( refer to the protocol files for access information ). in an effort towards ease of access, time series at a subset of surface sites are archived at the wmo world data centre for greenhouse gases ( http : / / gaw. kishou. go. jp / ) publications and presentations patra, p. k., s. houweling, m. krol, p. bousquet, l. bruhwiler, and d. jacob ( 2010 ), protocol for transcom ch4 intercomparison, version 7, april ( available online at transcom. project. asu. edu / pdf / transcom / t4. methane. protocol _ v7. pdf ). patra, p